Insurrection,+etc.+Jul-Aug

[ Costantini pic ]
 * = JULY ||
 * = 1 || 1876 - Mikhail Bakunin (b. 1814), Russian revolutionary and philosopher, theorist of collectivist anarchism, who was plagiarised mercilessly by Karl Marx (whilst at the same time being vehemently denouncing by him "a nonentity as a theoretician"), dies. [see: May 30]

1894 - The anarchist Oreste Lucchesi kills Giuseppe Bandi, the director of the newspaper '//Il Telegrafo//', and author of a series of articles attacking anarchists.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Odessa is brought to a halt by a large strike.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Jun. 18] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: During the morning the crew of the Potemkin seize the Odessa transportation vessel Peter Regir (Пётр Регир) and began to unload its cargo of coal onto the battleship. Meanwhile, the Commander of the Odessa Military District issued an order prohibiting outdoor gatherings more than twenty people and that violators of the order would be fired on without notice. The Potemkin also reiterated its demand that all military units should leave the city, Odessa citizens should be armed, popular rule should be established, al political prisoners released, and a delivery of coal and provisions be made to the Battleship. In Sebastopol, the crew of the battleship Catherine II (Екатерина II) held a secret meeting and decided to join the rebellion but the plot was betrayed and the ringleaders arrested before the mutiny could take place. At 15:00, loyalist members of Georgii Pobedonosets retook control of the ship, posing a threat to the Potemkin drawn up alongside it. Fearing being fired upon, the Potemkin's crew panicked, with some calling for the 'traitors' to be fired upon. Most however decided that they should put to sea and sail for Constanta in Romania where they believed they could restock food, water and coal. At 20:00, Potemkin left port accompanied by its escort, the destroyer No. 267 [sometimes referred to as the Ismail (Измаил)], which had mutinied alongside the Potemkin, and the port vessel Milestone (Веха). The Milestone, who was carrying the wounded from the Potemkin and whose crew did not want to rebel, turned around during the night and eventually surrendered to authorities. Meanwhile, the loyalist crew on the Georgii Pobedonosets had run the ship aground in Odessa harbour and surrendered to the port authorities. By 19:00, the ship was under the control of forces loyal to the government. In August 1905, the 75 mutineers seized on the morning of July 3rd were tried. Koshuba and two others were executed and 19 sailors got a total of 185 years of hard labour. Further mutinies in the Black Sea Fleet fizzle out. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Georgii_Pobedonosets www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 18] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Cossacks attacked several thousand workers returning from a demonstration in the Łagiewniki forest (Lesie Łagiewnickim) as they march between the chapel of St. Anthony toward Bałucki Market Square (Bałuckiego Rynku) in Łódź. Around 10 people are killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - The Program of the Partido Liberal Mexicano is published by the Organising Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri in the pages of '//Regeneración//'. Despite being one of more important political documents of the history of México, Ricardo Flores Magón (who wrote the preamble) still considered it "a timid program" when writing about it in 1915. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_del_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano]

1913 - [O.S. Jun. 19] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Serbian and Turkish forces are defeated by the rebels and retreat towards Velez (Велес). [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - Orli Wald (d. 1962), member of the German Resistance in Nazi Germany, who was sentenced to 4.5 years hard labour for high treason and later sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she was held in "protective custody" as a danger to the Third Reich, born. She earned the name of the Angel of Auschwitz working as a prisoner functionary in the infirmary at Auschwitz-Birkenau. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orli_Wald]

1917 - [O.S. Jun 18] Kerensky Offensive: Alexander Kerensky [right wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and vice-chairman of the Petrograd Soviet at the time of the February Revolution], the Provisional Government prime minister and newly appointed war minister, launches what was to be a disastrous offensive on the Eastern Front, despite incredibly low moral (with some army units calling for the overthrow of the government), poor supplies and logistics, and in the absence of sound strategic thinking. German counter-attacks bring devastating loses: 150,000 Russians are killed, with nearly 250,000 wounded. News of the offensive was met with anger and hostility in the cities. The same day in Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Ekaterinoslav, and other cities across Russia, right wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party had called a demonstrations in support of the government. However, where many of the crowd of 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd displayed 'communist' slogans calling for 'Soviet power' - the Bolsheviks would take this as a sign that 'the people' were on 'their side'. Meanwhile, under the cover of some of the demonstrations, groups of anarchists attacked several prisons, feeing 460 prisoners. The Provisional Government then turned this into propaganda, claiming the Bolsheviks helped. Many of the Petrograd Anarchists were arrested in the aftermath of the attacks on the prison there. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/jul/03.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses” libcom.org/library/remember-kronstadt-wildcat encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/july_crisis_1917_russian_empire www.emersonkent.com/history/timelines/russian_revolution_timeline_1917.htm soviethistory.macalester.edu/index.php?page=subject&show=images&SubjectID=1917july&Year=1917&navi=byYear www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwi/articles/kerenskyoffensive.aspx web.mit.edu/russia1917/papers/0618-KerenskyOffensive.pdf www.flickr.com/photos/graduateinstitute_library/14264213940/]

1917 - East St Louis Race Riot (July 1-3), probably the most notorious in US history. [www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/ibex/archive/nunes/esl history/race_riot.htm]

1937 - In Barcelona the Via Laietana, main artery of the city passing the CNT HQ is renamed Via Durruti in tribute to Buenaventura Durruti and his revolutionary activities.

[C] 1962 - Colin Jordan's National Socialist Movement holds a 'Free Britain from Jewish Control' rally in Trafalgar Square, which ends in a riot. Around 800 nazis were present, attracted by the NSM’s hatred for Jews and democracy, who were opposed by 4,200 or so anti-fascists. Denis Pirie and John Tyndall were the first to speak in front of a massive banner bore the words 'Free Britain From Jewish Control' and 'Britain Awake', the latter comparing the Jews to "a poisonous maggot", and were subjected to a continuous barracking and a barrage of pennies, tomatoes, eggs and apples from those gathered around the platform. When Jordan, who was dressed in the uniform of his NSM’s paramilitary force Spearhead – brown shirt, military boots and pagan Sunwheel symbol armband – spoke, he praised Hitler and the Nazis as well as continued to spew the anti-Semetic bile of the others two. By the time the police intervened to arrest the speakers a riot was under way after the platform had been stormed. Many of Jordan’s supporters were injured and their military-style Land Rovers damaged. 20 arrests made, fifteen cases on charges of offences against Section 5 of the Public Order Act, 1936. The event would precipitate an attempt to reform the anti-fascist 43 Group, with many of the original members as well as many new members acting under the umbrella name of the 1962 Committee aka the 62 Group. It would also be a catalyst for the formation of the mostly Jewish 'no platform' anti-fascist Yellow Star Movement. [see below] Later that year Jordan and his core officers, including John Tyndall, who went on to lead the National Front and found today’s British National Party, were convicted at the Old Bailey under the 1936 Public Order Act for organising and equipping a paramilitary force for political ends. He was jailed for nine months. [www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jul/04/archive-public-meeting-nazis-violence www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/13/obituary-colin-jordan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962) en.metapedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(1962) nazbol.net/library/authors/Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke/Black Sun.pdf www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/socialsciences/downloads/10_Richardson_British fascist discourse_final.pdf www.hopenothate.org.uk/features/article/7/colin-jordan-britains-nazi-godfather www.macearchive.org/archive.html?Title=4 newworkerfeatures.blogspot.co.uk/2007/05/right-out-of-their-minds.html www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/neo-nazi-leader-colin-jordans-legacy www.jta.org/1962/07/05/archive/british-government-to-curb-anti-semitic-rallies-in-london www.jta.org/1962/07/06/archive/leader-of-british-national-socialists-suspended-from-teaching-job hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1962/jul/03/national-socialist-movement-and scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5256&context=jclc en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62_Group]

1962 - At the same time as the NSM meeting in Trafalgar Square, Rev. Bill Sargent was holding his own protest against the NSM by wearing a yellow star at a meeting on the steps of the church in nearby St Martins in the Fields. Included in the protest were members of the Jewish Ex-Servicemen's group (AJEX), and this would mark the beginning of the Yellow Star Movement. [see: Jul. 22] [www.ajr.org.uk/journalpdf/1962_november.pdf www.searchlight.org.uk/ross/racelaws.html www.jta.org/1962/08/22/archive/rally-of-anti-fascist-yellow-star-group-banned-in-london news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19620822&id=85tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l6MMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4036,6749303]

1977 - Lewisham 21 Defence Committee demonstration in New Cross in support of local black youths arrested in police operation: '300 demonstrators marched through Lewisham and New Cross'; more than 100 National Front supporters turn out to attack it: "Shoppers rushed for cover as racialists stormed down New Cross Road" ['//Kentish Mercury//']. NF throw bottles, "rotten fruit and bags of caustic soda at marchers" ['//South London Press//']. More than 60 people, fascists and anti-fascists, are arrested in clashes in New Cross Road and Clifton Rise. [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html]

1978 - In Manchester a defence campaign was created to support Nazir and Munir Ahmed. On July 2, a group of strangers attack Nazir and Munir Ahmed's shop in Longsight. The Ahmeds, assume that the attackers are linked to the National Front but when the brothers attempt to call the police, they learn that their assailants were in fact plain-clothes officers. Nazir and Munir Ahmed were eventually charged on several counts, including assault on a policeman, wounding with intent and carrying offensive weapons. They could count themselves doubly unfortunate. For most victims of racist attacks, the police merely contributed to the problem; they were not the problem itself. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/30/southall/]

1985 - Parisian daily newspaper fail to appear following the sabotage of the IPLO print shop near Nantes. "We decided to impose a half day’s silence on the national press in honour of the rebellious jailbirds..." The action is also dedicated to all the dead prisoners who were allegedly "suicides". "All these papers are well known for their hostility to the recent movement of revolt in the prisons."

[A] 2011 - Inmates in the Security Housing Unit at the Pelican Bay State Prison, California begin their first hunger strike to protest the conditions they are subjected to including the gang 'validation' system and their long-term solitary confinement. || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm]
 * = 2 || 1809 - Alarmed by the growing encroachment of whites squatting on Native American lands, the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh issues a call to all Indians to unite and resist. By 1810, he has organised the Ohio Valley Confederacy, which unites Indians from the Shawnee, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Winnebago, Menominee, Ottawa, and Wyandotte nations. For several years, Tecumseh’s Indian Confederacy successfully delays further white settlement in the region.

[D] 1839 - Captive Africans on the Cuban slave ship Amistad, led by Joseph Cinquè (a Mende from what is now Sierra Leone), mutiny against their captors, kill the captain and the cook, and seize control of the schooner. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 19] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: At 09:30 the training ship and minelayer Rod (Прут) also mutinied and set sail for Odessa hoping to link up with the Potemkin, only to find them not there. They then decided to return to Sevastopol and its main fortress with the red flag raised to act as an example of the rebellion to the rest of the Black Sea Fleet. The Potemkin arrived in the Romanian port of Constanta at 18:20 and released it 'Appeal to the entire civilised world' (Обращение ко всему цивилизованному миру): "To all civilized citizens and to the working people! The crimes of the autocratic government have exhausted all patience… The government wants to drown the country in blood, forgetting that the troops consist of sons of the oppressed people. The crew of the Potemkin has taken the first decisive step… All free men and all workers will be on our side in the struggle for liberty and peace. Down with the autocracy! Long live the constituent assembly!!" [from 'Proletary' No. 7, July 10 (June 27), 1905] The other ships in the port immediately put to sea and the British government threatened to send its navy to sink the rebellious battleship. Port authorities accepted the battleship's lists of needed supplies and said that the demands of the rebels would be transferred to the central authorities in Bucharest and any decisions wouldl be made ​​there. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прут_(минный_заградитель) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 19] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Funerals of the victims of Jul. 1 [O.S. Jun. 18], which are attended by large crowds, are held today and tomorrow. They escalate into major demonstrations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1910 - Unemployed shoe-maker Jean-Jacques Liabeuf (b. 1886) is guillotined following his act of revenge against police for his wrongful conviction for 'pimping'. Armed with a pistol and 2 cobblers' knives, whilst wearing heavily spiked armbands, he is confronted by police - killing one, severely wounding a second and hospitalising six others. Despite widespread protests in his support organised by the anarchist //milieu//, he is executed, precipitating extensive rioting.

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 20] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: On the same day that a new Bulgarian government is chosen, about 30,000 Serbian army troops and irregulars led by Vasilije Trbić are sent to crush the uprising. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1917 - East St Louis Race Riot (July 1-3), probably the most notorious in US history. [www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/ibex/archive/nunes/esl history/race_riot.htm]

1921 - Thirteen Anarchists, held for no plausible reason in the Taganka prison in Moscow, inaugurate a hunger strike to the death, timed to coincide with the gathering of the International Congress of Red Trade Unions (the Profinterri) in the capital city, in order to campaign for the release of all political prisoners in Russia. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmch39.html www.ditext.com/voline/317.html www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1920s/disillusionment/ch29.htm]

[source?] 1926 - French police foil an anarchist plot to assassinate the visiting Spanish King. [see: Jun. 25]

1937 - A handbill from the Bolshevik-Leninist Section of Spain (on behalf of the Fourth International) expresses solidarity with the POUM militants persecuted by the Stalinists.

1977 - Lewisham 21 Defence Committee demonstration in New Cross in support of local black youths arrested in police operation: '300 demonstrators marched through Lewisham and New Cross'; more than 100 National Front supporters turn out to attack it: 'Shoppers rushed for cover as racialists stormed down New Cross Road' ['//Kentish Mercury//', July 7]. NF throw bottles, 'rotten fruit and bags of caustic soda at marchers' ['South London Press', July 5]. One teacher was kicked unconscious by the fascists. More than 60 people, fascists and anti-fascists, are arrested in clashes in New Cross Road and Clifton Rise, with 35 NF supporters and 17 anti-fascists remanded on bail following court appearances on July 4th & 5th. [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/27/the-battle-of-lewisham/]

[C] 1986 - In Chile a two-day General Strike to protest military rule begins.

1990 - In South Africa a General Strike organised by the ANC and its allies to protest against factional Black violence in Natal begins. Up to 3 million participants take part.

[A] 1998 - The eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, burning continuously since 1921 to commemorate WWI dead, is extinguished by drunken Mexican soccer fan Rodrigo Rafael Ortega with his urine.

2007 - Gerald Flamberg (b. 1922), English anti-fascist activist in the 43 Group and co-founder of the Brunswick Boys Club [now the Brunswich Club for Young People] in Fulham, dies. [see: Dec. 15] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]
 * = 3 || 1848 - Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising]: The Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops) are disbanded.

1866 - Bernardino Verro (d. 1915), Sicilain socialist and syndicalist, who helped found Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone) in 1892 and became the first Socialist mayor of Corleone in 1914, born. Having formed a strategic alliance with a Mafia clan in Corleone in order to protect the //fasci// strikers, during the Fasci Siciliani Uprising in September 1893 the Fratuzzi mobilised to boycott it. Verro quit the clan and became a staunch enemy of the //mafiosi//, and it was a Mafia assassin who killed him with 11 shots, while he was returning home on November 3, 1915. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro vittimemafia.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=257:3-novembre-1915-corleone-pa-ucciso-bernardino-verro-sindaco-del-paese-uno-dei-principali-organizzatori-del-movimento-contadino&catid=35:scheda&Itemid=67]

1890 - Josep Gené Figueras (d. 1980), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. The son of a baker of advanced ideas, he was enrolled in the Ateneo Igualadino de la Clase Obrera (Igualada Ateneo for the Working Class), a cultural institution that opened in 1890 as a day school for children aged 8-15 years. Raised in that environment, at the age of eighteen José Gene joined the Partit Republicà Democràtic Federal (PRDF; Federal Democratic Republican Party). He also read much Catalan literature, especially theatre works. An asthma sufferer, he asked to be exempted from military service, but was denied the waiver and chose to flee into exile in France. He lived in Lyon, where in 1912 he frequented the local 'Causeries Populaires' (Popular Lectures), and in Paris, where he worked at a telephone company and came into contact with the libertarian ideas popular in France at this time: he joined the French Syndicalist Youth, he began a relationship with anarchists like Carlos Malate and Sebastian Faure, and in 1914 began collaboration 'El Obrero Moderno', the newspaper of the Igualada comarca run by Juan Ferrer, with whom he always maintained a close friendship. At this time he met Leon Trotsky and became good friends with Charles Malato and Sébastien Faure. As a result of his militant activism, the French government expelled from the country in 1919, but he managed to outwit the Guàrdia Civil and returned safely to Barcelona, coinciding with the period of pistolerismo and the strike agitated form by the Canadian employers. He joined the CNT and was soon part of the committee of the Sindicat Metallúrgic in Barcelona at the Ramón Achs company. In 1921 he was elected general secretary of the Regional Committee of the CNT of Catalonia following the murder of his friedn Ramon Archs, a position of maximum danger that tested his militant determination and organisational skills. In 1922 attended the secret Zaragoza Conference that ratified the reorganisation of anarcho-syndicalism within the CNT and, that same year, he spent a short time in the Modelo in Barcelona. He was released in October 1922, decided to return to his native Igualada and work as adjuster, keeping discreetly in the background during the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera. His union militancy resumed with the arrival of the Second Republic, but remained in his native Anoia, joining the CNT Regional Committee in 1931 and in 1932 he married Maria Serrarols. He also collaborated on '//Ateneo Porvenir//' and organised rallies in Capellades, Vallbona and Pobla de Claramunt. With the beginning the Civil War, he remained in Igualada, he collectivised the family's cattle herd, bought a poultry farm and undertook to supply milk to his town as part of his contribution to the Social Revolution. He also took part in various rallies in neighboring villages and, between 1937-38, worked on the Igualada '//Butlletí CNT-FAI//'. After the Civil War, he crossed the border into France with his partner Maria Serrarols and her daughter Aurora. They embarked on the steamer Mexique, which came into the Mexican port of Veracruz on July 27, 1939. In his long period in México, he was a member of the CNT in exile and treasurer of the local federation in Mazamet. He also held a number of positions in the Mexican confederal organisation. He also worked in various jobs, finally opening a grocery store in México City, where his partner, Mary Serrarols, died in 1972 never having wished to return to Spain. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0307.html exiliadosmexico.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/garcia-lago-luis.html]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 20] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Around 100 strikers return to work but are quickly pursuaded by their fellow workers that they ahve made the wrong decision. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 20] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: In Bucharest the Romanian government had decided to offer the sailors the chance to surrender as military deserters but that they would be exempt from forced deportation to Russia, guaranteeing his personal freedom, but also banninf the supply of the battleship with coal and provisions. At the same time, the Romanian cruisers Elizabeth and Mircea were given orders to open fire on any ship that tried to enter the harbour without permission, which they did that morning when the destroyer No. 267 tried to enter the port. The Potemkin turned down the Romanian's offer and, at 13:20, the battleship and its escort, destroyer No. 267, left Constanta having decided to sail for the small, barely defended, port of Theodosia in the Crimea where they hoped to resupply. Meanwhile, in Sevastopol that morning (06:00) the crew of the training ship and minelayer Rod (Прут) decided to end their rebellion and surrender. 44 rebels ended upunder arrest. In Odessa at 08:30, 75 mutineers on board the Georgii Pobedonosets were also arrested [see: Jul. 1]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прут_(минный_заградитель) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 20] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: The first armed workers uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire, and a key event during the 1905 Revolution, breaks out. Funerals of the victims of Jul. 1 [O.S. Jun. 18] continue. Rumours quickly spreas that one of the victims of Sunday's clashes was secretly buried by police. Outraged, within a few hours Łódź workers manage to get an estimated 50,000–70,000 people out on the streets. A demonstration forms and marches through the city centre. At the corner of Piotrkowska (ulica Piotrkowskiej) and Żwirki (ulica Żwirki) Streets they clash with Cossack cavalry, in what the demonstrators claim is a pre-prepared ambush. The crowd begins throwing stones, and the Russian cavalry returned fire, killing 25 people and wounding hundreds, many in the paniiced stampede that follows. As a result of the massacre, Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania / SDKPiL) called for a general strike on Jul. 6 [O.S. Jun. 23].

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A receptive Tsar meets with conservatives opposed to a democratic assembly (Jul. 3-4); he reneges on his pledges of June 19. Liberals abandon conciliation and move closer to the revolutionary left. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsarist regime flatly rejects their proposals for the compulsory redistribution of land; the Duma is enraged. [see: May 23 & Jun. 19] The Duma passes a bill outlawing capital punishment after furious deliberations. The bill is stalled by the State Council. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

[DD] 1917 - [N.S. Jul. 16] July Days [Июльские дни]: Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet take power. Sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front. [see: Jul. 16]

1917 - East St Louis Race Riot (July 1-3), probably the most notorious in US history. [www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/ibex/archive/nunes/esl history/race_riot.htm]

1966 - Anti Vietnam War protests outside the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square.

1970 - Simultaneous bomb attacks in Paris and London against Spanish State Tourist offices, and the Spanish and Greek Embassies. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1970 - Battle of the Falls: Beginning in the afternoon, the British Army carried out extensive house searches in the Falls Road area of Belfast for members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and IRA arms. A military curfew was imposed on the area for a period of 34 hours with movement of people heavily restricted. The house searches lasted for two days and involved considerable destruction to many houses and their contents. During the searches the army uncovered a lot of illegal arms and explosives. However the manner in which the searches were conducted broke any remaining goodwill between the Catholic community and the British Army. During the period of the curfew there were gun battles between both wings of the IRA and the Army. Two people were killed by the British Army during the violence; one of them deliberately run over by an Army vehicle. Another person was shot and mortally wounded by the Army and died on 10 July 1970. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Curfew cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch70.htm cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=text&keyword=Falls Road curfew eurofree3.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/the-falls-curfew-july-3-5th-1970/]

[A/D] 1981 - Liverpool 8 Uprising / Toxteth Riots: The aggressive and heavy-handed arrest of black photography student Leroy Cooper sparks the Liverpool 8 Uprising (Toxteth Riots), one of the most significant of the period. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/leroy-cooper-toxteth-riots-were-3369244 www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/toxteth-riots-1981-background---3369242 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1419981.stm www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/07/06/leroy_cooper_feature.shtml gerryco23.wordpress.com/2011/07/04/liverpool-81-the-voice-of-the-unheard/ www.newsfromoutside.co.uk/blog/?p=16 www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jul/03/toxteth-liverpool-riot-30-years www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/social-economic-history/why-liverpool-8-exploded-and-what-happened-next]

[CC] 1981 - A gig at the Hambrough Tavern in Southall involving three bands aligned to Oi! is attacked by local Asian youths objecting to the arrival of a large skinhead presence in an area with a recent history of racial conflict. By 10 p.m., the pub is ablaze beneath a hail of petrol bombs. The next day, newspaper front pages were dominated by images of cowering police officers, burnt-out vehicles and stories of a 'race riot'. Initially a form of 'working-class protest', a street-level music that sought to align working-class youth cults in the face of welfare cuts and growing unemployment. However, by 1981, the skinhead element of Oi! were actively being recruited as foot-soldiers for the British far right, both the National Front and the British Movement, and Oi! was a target for those seeking retribution for previous cowardly racist attacks. ||
 * = 4 || 1866 - Marius Monfray (d. 1894), French anarchist trade unionist, plasterer and painter, born. In November 1886, he was sentenced to eight days in prison for organising an illegal lottery (providing support funds for Toussaint Bordat, a defendant in the Procès des 66). His shout in response — "Vive l'anarchie!". Such impudence, for "contempt of court," got him two years in prison tacked on to his eight days.

1888 - Spartaco Stagnetti (d. 1927), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/spartacostagnetti/spartacostagnetti.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Spartaco_Stagnetti www.campifascisti.it/scheda_campo.php?id_campo=75]

[C] 1906 - Emídio Santana (d. 1988), Portuguese militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. He attempts to assassinate the Portuguese dictator Salazar on this day in 1937. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emídio_Santana www.ephemanar.net/octobre16.html desenvolturasedesacatos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/emidio-santana-historia-do-atentado.html pt.indymedia.org/conteudo/newswire/1861 resistencia.centenariorepublica.pt/expo/index.php/bibliografias/38-santana-emidio pasrupccl.no.sapo.pt/bibliografias_emidio_santana.htm]

1910 - The IWW newspaper '//Solidarity//' tackles the theme of "sabotage" in reference to a strike of 600 tailors, who obtain most of their demands thanks to the solidarity of others and their use of sabotage.

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 22] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: The rebels are reinforced by the arrival of the insurrgents of the Hristo Chernopeev (Христо Чернопеев), and the Chaulev (Чаулев Чекаларов) and Vasil Chekalarov (Васил Чекаларов) groups. The Serbian army begins to burn many Bulgarian villages, and the villagers flee to Kavadarci, whilst he rebels fight fierce battles in the heights above the village of Palikura (Паликура) and along the Black (Черна) and Luda Mara (Луда Мара) Rivers. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - The Lexington Avenue bomb incident takes place in the apartment of Louise Berger in New York City. Berger was an editor of Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth News//' and her apartment was being used by fellow members of the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross Carl Hanson and Charles Berg, together with IWW member Arthur Caron to assemble the bomb that prematurely exploded. Their plan to bomb Kykuit, John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s massive mansion in Tarrytown, NY, in retaliation for the 1914 Ludlow Massacre in Colorado and police violent suppression of the ensuing protests outside Rockefeller's mansion, Rockefeller being the main owner of the Ludlow mine. Berg, Berger and Hanson, together Marie Chavez, who had not been involved in the plot but had merely been renting a room in the apartment at the time, were killed. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 17] July Days [Июльские дни]: [see: Jul. 17]

1933 - Ley de Vagos y Maleantes [Vagrancy Act]: Known popularly as La Gandula, the law to control beggars, pimps and thugs with no known occupation is approved by consensus by all political groups of the Second Republic. It was later ammended on July 15, 1954 by the Franco regime to include the repression of homosexuals. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_vagos_y_maleantes]

[D] 1937 - On his way to Mass at a private chapel in his friend Josué Trocado's house in the Barbosa du Bocage Avenue in Lisbon, as the Portuguese dictator António Salazar steps out of his car, a bomb explodes within 10 feet/3.5m of him (the bomb had been hidden in an iron case). The bomb-blast leaves Salazar untouched (though his chauffeur is rendered deaf). Following the attack, the Portuguese political police PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado) begin searching for the militant anarcho-syndicalist and founder of the Metallurgists National Union (Sindicato Nacional dos Metalúrgicos) Emidio Santana, as one of those behind the 'outrage'. Santana fled to England, only to be arrested by the British police and sent back to Portugal, where he is sentenced to 16 years in prison. In a collective letter in 1938, Portugal's Catholic bishops would claim that Salazar having escaped death was an "act of God". [www.esferadoslivros.pt/livros.php?id_li= 357]

1937 - A proposed BU march from Limehouse through the east End to Trafalgar Square is rerouted as the Home Office invokes Clause 3 of the Public Order Act. Instead it starts in Kentish Town. There are scuffles at Kentish Town and Mosley's speech in the Square is drowned out by the cries of 5,000 anti-fascists. [PR]

1970 - Battle of the Falls: The Falls Road curfew continued throughout the day. A man was killed by the British Army. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Curfew cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch70.htm cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=4&month=07&year=1970 eurofree3.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/the-falls-curfew-july-3-5th-1970/]

1977 - Lewisham National Front organiser Richard Edmunds complains about police arrests of NF supporters at the weekend and announces plans for a National Front 'anti-mugging' demonstration in Deptford in August, promising its "biggest-ever rally... Everybody will know that the Front is marching. Where we had a couple of hundred people in New Cross on Saturday, we will be talking of thousands for our march." ['South London Press', July 5] [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html]

1981 - The second of nine days of consecutive rioting in Liverpool's Toxteth district.

2011 - Up to 6,600 prisoners at a third of California's 33 prisons join the Pelican Bay hunger strike protest over the 4th of July weekend. ||
 * = 5 || [A] 1888 - The Match Girls' Strike begins in East London in support of three workers unfairly sacked for exposing the appalling working conditions there.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 22] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: Potemkin and the destroyer No. 267 arrived in Feodosia at 06:00 and 2 hours later the battleship raised signal flags and a specially made ​​red banner with on both sides in white the following inscription: "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" and "Long live the people's rule". It then demanded that the Feodosia city government immediately report on board. At 09:00, representatives of Feodosia including the mayor arrived on board. They were presented with a copy of the appeal "To all the civilized world" and threaten with bombardment of the city unless provisions, including water and coal, were brought to the battleship. Despite the prohibition of the military authorities, municipal authorities, fearing the shelling of the city, at 16:00 delivered four live bull, 200 pounds of flour, 40 pounds of bread, 40 pounds of meat, 30 pounds of cabbage, 30 buckets of wine, but not coal and water, whose provision had been strict prohibited the garrison commander. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 22] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: During the evening, an armed uprising breaks out. On Eastern Street (ul. Wschodniej), insurgents attack a company of infantry and 50 Cossacks. During the night (July 5-6 [Jun. 22-23]) the first of more than 100 barricades begin to appear in the streets of Łódź. Six regiments of infantry, two cavalry regiments and a regiment of Cossacks are hastily dispatched to the city to help put down the insurrection. In the area of ​​East street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on South Street was surrounded by the entire Russian Military Police unit. Located in several fires broke out as workers set fire to warehouses of alcohol. Soon after, government forces have made the first assault on the barricades, at first without a clear success. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 22] Białystok pogrom [Белостокский погром]: A Duma committee concludes that the bloody Białystok pogrom was organized by local officials. It lists the casualties as 82 dead, including 7 Christians and 75 Jews, 78 wounded, including 18 Christians and 60 Jews, 169 flats and shops belonging the Jewish population destroyed, amounting to losses of about 200 000 roubles. [see: Jun. 15] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Белостокский_погром veniamin1.livejournal.com/244613.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Białystok_pogrom www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm starosti.ru/archive.php?y=1906&m=07&d=04]

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 23] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: The headquarters of the uprising sent an appeal to the Bulgarian High Command to send help. But rebel detachments received orders to retreat as Bulgarian army retreat to the east. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 18] July Days [Июльские дни]: [see: Jul. 18]

[D] 1934 - San Francisco's 'Bloody Thursday': Police shoot down striking longshoremen and supporters at Rincon Hill, killing two and injuring over 100.

1942 - Germaine Berton (b. 1902), French trade union militant and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 7]

1970 - Battle of the Falls: At approximately nine in the morning the Falls Road curfew was lifted after a march by women had breached the British Army cordon. The women, mainly from the Andersonstown area of west Belfast, had brought supplies of basic foodstuff and marched to the Falls area. The British soldiers initially tried to hold back the women but were forced to let them through; so ending the curfew. [It was later reported that two Unionist ministers, William Long and John Brooke, had been driven through the area in British Army vehicles.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Curfew cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch70.htm eurofree3.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/the-falls-curfew-july-3-5th-1970/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Riots]
 * = 6 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: The Bolgoed tollgate is attacked and destroyed by a group of some 200 men.

[A] 1890 - Gasworkers victory parade; 25,000 people wound onto Hunslet Moor to celebrate the success of the strike.

1892 - Homestead Strike: The industrial lockout and strike at the Carnegie Steel Company's steel works at Homestead, Pennsylvania began on June 30, when the bosses tried to force anti-union 'yellow-dog contracts' on the workers. Following a breakdown in negotiations with the Iron and Steel Workers union, the company locked the workers out and, with the help of Pinkerton agents, tried to bring in black-legs. A gun battle broke out and three Pinkertons plus 11 strikers and spectators were shot dead.

1902 - Alfons Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Janson', 'Jan Rylski', 'Kompardt', etc. (d. 1977), German anarcho-syndicalist who took part in the German and Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi movements, born in Upper Silesia. Before WWII one of the leading activists of anarchist movement in Poland. 1917-1921 draughtsman in agronomic office in city hall of Raciborz. In 1918 joined Upper Silesia Communist Party and in 1919 anarcho-syndicalist workers union Freie Arbeiter Union Deutchlands. Until 1933 he was an activist of the FAUD. Resistance organizer against Hitler. In 1929 initiated paramilitary anarchist organization Schwarze Scharen (Black Troop) 1928-1932 editor of '//Freiheit//' (Freedom) published in Wroclaw (Breslau) and Raciborz. Accused by Third Reich regime of high treason, fled to Berlin where he was hidden. With help of Polish diplomat he managed to flee to Poland where he got political refugee status. 1933-35 scholar in Institute for Ethnographic Research in Warsaw. He was active in the Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) as an anarcho-syndicalist. 1934-36 secretary of Union in Zaglebie Dabrowskie. He represented Polish anarcho-syndicalists during IWA congress in Paris in 1938. From 1939 in Central Section of ZZZ. Published in '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front) as Jan Rylski. From May 1939 he worked in a German-language anti-Nazi programme in Katowice radio station. From July 1939 member of ZZZ board. After September defeat went to Mozejki near Wilnus [Vilna]. He joined Zwiazek Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ: Association of Armed Struggle, precursor of Polish National Army [Home Army/ AK]). Worked in an office preparing fake documents for underground. In 1942 he came back to Warsaw as a Swedish citizen. Took part in so called 'N-action' (disinformation in press and leaflets for Eastern Front German soldiers). He joined the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja Wolność (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation Freedom), published in '//Walka Ludu//' (Peoples Struggle). Took part in Warsaw Uprising in the ranks of Polish Popular Army. August 8 1944 wounded. Joined Syndicalist Brigade. After defeat of Uprising, together with his wife and daughter, evacuated to Ojcow near Krakow. From January 1945 worked as secretary of propaganda section of District Committee of Workers Unions in Krakow. In June 1945 went to Silesia where he organized reconstruction of industry. After the war he maintained contact with German anarcho-syndicalists. In 1947 he joined Polska Partia Robotnicza (Polish Party of Workers) then Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (Polish United Party of Workers – communist regime party). 1948-50 worked in office in Ministry of Western Lands. In 1950 expelled from the Party for "anarchist aberration". In 1953 imprisoned for months without sentence. He worked in Warsaw in Dom Słowa Polskiego (Polish Word House) and Panstwowa Centrala Handlu Ksiazkami 'Dom Ksiazki' (State Central of Books Trade 'Book House'). He refused to receive decorations and honorable awards. Died February 3 1977 and was buried in Powazki Cemetery in Warsaw. [libcom.org/history/pilarski-alfons-1902-1977 www.estelnegre.org/documents/pilarski/pilarski.html pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Pilarski podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/ pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność"]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 23] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A mass demonstration in memory of those who died on June 16th (O.S. Jun. 3). In the square in front of the city council, workers hold a sit-in and reiterate their demands. The area is surrounded by troops but, protected by armed members of the combat brigades and the workers' militia, the authorities dare not use force. During the evening the Govenor offers the factory owners opportunity to return to Ivanovo to conduct negotiations under his protection. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 23] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: At 01:00, the Potemkin rebels handed over to the city authorities an ultimatum, demanding the immediate supply of coal within four hours or they wouldstart shelling the city. At 05:00, the mayor appealed to residents of Feodosia,asking them to leave the city. The garrison commander also declared the city under martial law, having secretly brought troops into the port. The rebels decided to seize their own barges with coal, and at 09:00 that morning a boat with a boarding party of sailors entered the port and attempted to seize a coal barge. However, the were ambushed by troops leaving six rebels dead and several injured, whilst the sailors that had jumped into the water were taken prisoner. The boat with the surviving sailors hastily left the port. On board the battleship unrest began amongst the crew: some demanding punishment of the city; others, headed by lieutenant DP Alekseev and junior officers, were against firing. The 'Наш' signal flag, indicating that it was willing to fire on the port, was agains run up [see: Jun. 28] but the latter group previaled, and it was decided to return to Constanta At 12:00, Potemkin and its escort left Theodosius without firing a single shot at the city. Upon leaving, however, the rebels pretended towards Novorossiysk but, once over the horizon, they changed course towards Constanta. Meanwhile further ships were dispatched to intercept the rebels: the destroyer Rapid (Стремительный), which had already been involved in the search, arrived in Yalta and qucikly put to sea again upon learning of Potemkin's presence in Feodosia; and a squadron composed of four battleships, a cruisers and four destroyers of four, was dispatched from Sevastopol under the command of Admiral Grigory Krieger (Александр Кригер), with orders to sink the Potemkin. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 23] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Across Łódź all markets, workshops, shops and offices are closed and there was open clashes between workers and government forces. In the area of ​​Eastern Street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on Southern Street another group of workers were surrounded by an entire Russian Military Police unit. Several large fires broke out as workers set fire to alcohol warehouses. The most bloody battles take place on the barricades erected in the New City (Nowe Miasto) district on the corner of Eastern Street (Ulica Wschodniej) and Southern Street (Ulica Południowej) [now Revolution of 1905 Street (Ulica Rewolucji 1905 roku)], and on Northern Street (Ulica Północnej), near the Rokicińska highway (Szosy Rokicińskiej) and Źródliska Park (Parku Źródliska). On the same day SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) orders a general strike throughout the Polish Kingdom and the Tsar signs a decree introducing martial law in the city. Six infantry regiments and several regiments of cavalry also arrived from Częstochowa, Warsaw and several summer training camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 24] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Realising that help will not be arriving, the rebels leave their positions and, as Serb troops enter Kavadarci, the entire population and all the refugees gathered there from nearby villages flee into the mountains. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon resumes command of the army

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa rejoins his followers at San Juan Bautista.

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 19] July Days [Июльские дни]: [see: Jul. 19]

[D] 1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: The first CNT labour dispute since the proclamation of the Second Republic begins when the newly created [at the III Congress of the CNT, June 11-16, 1931] Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos calls out workers in the Telefónica Española telephone service, run by AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) under terms and conditions extremely favorable to the company and that were considered by many to be as a real abuse of power. The strike would end with 30 dead, more than 200 left wounded and 2,000 in prison, as the army and police try to suppress it. Following AT&T's refusal to negotiate with the CNT, 6,200 of Telefónica Española's 7,000 employees came out on strike. The intention was to stop the telephony service and for the demands to be heard. These include: · Recognition of the Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos; · Reinstatement of all those dismissed since 1925, 1,500 employees; · Review of employee records; · Inclusion in the workforce those temporary staff with over a year of service; · Creating the roster by order of seniority; · Voluntary retirement at 55 years of age and compulsory retirement at 60; · Right of female staff to marry and to grant the corresponding benefits for childbirth; and, · Wage equalisations. The strike is a success in Seville, Zaragoza and Barcelona, but has uneven results in the rest of Spain. The Socialists, in power, choose to try to alleviate its effects and send UGT members to provide services to cities like Madrid and Barcelona to try to restore 'normalcy' - protecting the interests of a foreign company and give a message of 'stability' to potential investors in the young republic. On July 7, members of the strike committee are arrested and its public meetings banned. The union fights back with a campaign of sabotage. The following day sees the Chief of Police order all Guardia Civil to lie in ambush and to shoot on sight anyone interfering with telegraph poles. On the 9th, international lines are cut, a bomb damages the Seville exchange and the antennas of the Amposta company are also damaged. July 17 sees strikers in Vizcaya arrested for sabotage and on July 18, a general strike is called in Seville in protest at the death of a striking brewery worker, resulting in further clashes that end with the murder of a worker from the Osborne factory. During his burial anarchists clash with the police, leaving four workers and three security guards dead. The next day another general strike is called in Seville. On July 22 the government belatedly declares the strike illegal as 10 days notice was not given. The Minister of the Interior orders the closure of all anarcho-syndicalist centres across Spain and the arrest of CNT leaders. Across Spain acts of sabotage continue and in Barcelona saboteurs hold up traffic in order to prevent injuries whilst they set off their explosives. July 22 also sees the declaring in Seville of a state of war and at dawn on the 23rd, in Maria Luisa Park, prisoners trying to escape from a police van are shot, leaving four dead. That same day, the Minister of the Interior orders an assault on the Casa Cornelio tavern, a rebel stronghold in the city. On August 9, a Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos member is also shot whilst playing cards in a bar. At the end of August, two months-worth of tension during the strike spill over in Zaragoza as itchy trigger-fingered Guardia Civil shoot 5 passersby, killing one, Isidro Floria Sánchez. [see: Aug. 31]. The CNT calls a 2-day strike that ends up lasting for four days, during which the army is deployed on the Zaragoza streets. Many are wounded on both sides as CNT militants continue to carry out numerous acts of sabotage. The strike ends on September 4 [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_la_Telefónica_de_1931 www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/a_los_75_anos_de_una_huelga_anarcosindic www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/2304-la-huelga-de-telefonica-de-1931-el-primer-conflicto-de-la-cnt-en-la-republica.html www.zaragozamemoriahistorica.com/huelga-telefonos-septiembre-de-1931/]

1986 - Ernesto Bonomini (b. 1903), Italian militant anarchist, anti-militarist and anti-fascist, dies. [see Mar. 18]

1994 - Nikolas Tchorbadieff (b. 1900), Bulgarian anarchist militant and propagandist, dies. [see: Mar. 1]

1998 - International blockade at Temelin, an unfinished nuclear power plant presently under construction in southern Czech Republic.

2002 - Pietro Valpreda (b. 1933), Italian dancer, writer and anarchist, who was one of those wrongly accused of the Piazza Fontana bombing, dies. [see: Aug: 29]

2007 - Former independence hero and the first president of an independent Timor-Leste Xanana Gusmão, is named the country's new prime minister, triggering widespread violence in the capital Dili. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusmão]

2010 - Fritz Teufel (b. 1943), West Berlin Communard, political activist, author and active participant in the West German anti-authoritarian student movement in the 1960s, dies. [see: Jun. 17] ||
 * = 7 || 1839 - Jules Thomas (d. 1892), French Icarien [follower of Étienne Cabet], Parisian communard, Blanquist, then a militant anarchist, born. Fled France following the fall of the Commune and took refuge in New York, founding the Société des Réfugiés de la Commune which, in addition to its solidarity actions, commemorated the anniversary of the March 18 Paris uprising.

1852 - Vera Nikolayevna Figner (d. 1942), Russian revolutionary, Bakuninist socialist, poet and memoirist, born. She first became involved in revolutionary politics as a student in Zurich (1872-75), discovering the ideas of Bakunin and joining the anti-authoritarian AIT. Returning to Russia, she worked as a nurse/paramedic amongst the peasantry and became involved with firstly the Narodniks, then Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and, in 1879 following the split of Zemlya i Volya, she became a member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (The Will of the People), conducting propaganda activities among intelligentsia, students and military in St.Petersburg, Kronstadt and southern parts of Russia. He involvement in the paramilitary wing of Narodnaya Volya included the planning the failed Feb. 5, 1880, assassination attempt on Alexander II in Odessa and the successful assassination attempt on the tsar on March 13, 1881. Figner was arrested in Kharkov on February 10, 1883, betrayed by Sergey Degayev, a police informer who had infiltrated her circle, and a was sentenced to death a year later during the Trial of the Fourteen. The sentence was commuted to perpetual penal servitude in Siberia. Having spent the 20 months before her trial in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, she was imprisoned for 20 years at Schlüsselburg and in 1904 exiled to various parts of Siberia. Allowed to emigrate in 1906, she campaign around Europe for political prisoners in Russia. In 1915 she returned to Russia but never accepted the legitimacy of the Bolshevik Government, and was constantly under Secret Police surveillance. After the 1917 Revolution she worked with the Society of the Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Обществo бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев) and was Chair of the committee in 1921 to honour Kropotkin upon his death. The committee set up a museum in Kropotkin's birthplace (Kropotkingasse No. 26), of which Vera Figner was director until she was banished by the Communists on Feb. 3, 1930, aged 78, for protesting against the maltreatment of women' in communist prisons. Her written works include a single book of poetry '//Stikhotvoreniia//' (Poems; 1906) and her memoirs '//Nacht über Rußland//' (Night over Russia; 1922) and '//Memoirs of a Revolutionist//' (Book I: '//A Task Fulfilled//' & Book II: '//How the Clock of Life Stopped//'; 1927). [www.ephemanar.net/juin15.html#15 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Nikolaevna_Figner www.fsmitha.com/h3/figner.htm]

1886 - Manuel Buenacasa Tomeo (d. 1964), important Spanish anarchist, trade unionist and Confederación Nacional del Trabajo militant, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre06.html#buenacasa autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/manuel-buenacasa-tomeo-1886-1964.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/buenacasa/buenacasa.html www.acracia.org/Acracia/Libros_-_Manuel_Buenacasa_Tomeo.html]

1890 - Marius Paul Metge (d. 1933), French individualist and illégaliste, a member of the Bonnot Gang, born.

1892 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Bernardino Verro, who had helped form one of the first Fasci in Corleone, and Giacomo Luciano, president of the Fascio di Palazzo Adriano, are arrested. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1892 - Philippine Revolution [Himagsikang Pilipino] aka the Tagalog War: The Katipunan (Samaháng Kataástaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan [Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation]), a secret Philippine revolutionary organisation advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, is founded by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7 in Manila in reaction to the banishing of the Filipino writer José Rizal* to Dapitan on the island of Mindanao. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organisation influenced by the rituals and organisation of Freemasonry (Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons), until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, in which it played a cebtral role. [* Rizal's novels, '//Noli Me Tángere//' (Touch Me Not, 1887) and '//El Filibusterismo//' (The Filibuster, 1891), were key steps in the exposure of the inequities of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling colonial government. ] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan www.maasincity.com/phil-revolution.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 24] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The factory owners reiterate their refusal to make any concessions. When this is communicated to the strikers, they send a message to the Governor stating that the Workers' Council bears no responsibility for maintaining order in the city and its surroundings. That evening, the buring of manufacturers' houses, smashing of shops and stalls, and attacks on telegraph links reignites. Police arrested 64 people. The governor immediately leaves for St. Petersburg to report to the Government, which allocates additional troops. Having sustained heavy losses during the strike, some of the manufacturers make additional concessions: the industrialist Gryaznov (Грязнов) announces a 9-hour day, wage increases of 7%, a rent subsidy and the promise not to dismiss any strikers. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 24] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: At dusk (some sources claim noon on the 8th [Jun. 24th]) the last of the barricades, on the Eastern Street and in Źródliska Park, fall to Tsarist troops - according to the sources. Over the following days there were many individual militant actions, such as attacks on police outposts or shooting at individual police patrols. In most cases, the Łódź insurgents were very poorly armed, fighting with a few revolvers, paving stones, boiling water and acid poured from the windows etc., and it was inevitable that they would succumbed to the overwhelmingly superior Tsarist police forces. They also had to combat the actions of the endecki [Narodowa Demokracja (National Democratic Party)] militias, as there was in effect a mini civil war during the June uprising between the workers associated with the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party) and the workers supporting the National Democracy movement, who resoundingly denounced the 1905 Revolution. The number of victims during the fighting is not known. Official reports claim 151 civilian deaths (55 Poles, 79 Jews and 17 Germans) and about 150 wounded, whilst historians estimate at least 200 dead and between 800 and 2,000 wounded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 18] Seventh Cavalry Reserve Regiment Mutiny: On the eve of the mutiny in Tambov (Тамбове), an angry delegation of troops in the 7th Cavalry Reserve Regiment (7-м запасном кавалерийском полку) presents their demands to their brigade commander. He promises to satisfy them within the law, managing to calm the soldiers down. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm regiment.ru/reg/III/F/7/1.htm www.istmira.com/istros/moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne/33706-moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne-stranica-76.html kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 25] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Early morning and police detachments and the IMRO withdraw towards Begnisht ( Бегнище). The city was plundered and burnt. 60 houses in Dukas (дюкана) were burnt to the ground, and 24 captured people were shot on the spot. Negotino (Неготино) suffered worse, with more than 800 houses and 750 shops burned. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1913 - Suffragette Edith Rigby firebombs Lord Leverhulme's bungalow in Lancashire, UK.

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 20] July Days [Июльские дни]: [see: Jul. 20]

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: Members of the Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos strike committee are arrested and the CNT's public meetings are banned. The union fights back by beginning a widespread campaign of sabotage. [see: Aug. 6]

1945 - Canadian troops riot in Aldershot over the slow rate of repatriation.

[D] 1954 - In Guatemala, a military coup directed & funded by the CIA deposes President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, saving the United Fruit Company for the free world. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#Guatemala www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/world/americas/an-apology-for-a-guatemalan-coup-57-years-later.html www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/historylabs/Guatemalan_Coup_student:RS01.pdf www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/guatemala.asp nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/]

[C] 1960 - Reggio Emilia Massacre: 5 Trade Unionists, including three Italian Partisan veterans, are shot by police in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Following the announcement in June 1960 by the fascist MSI that its national conference will be held in Genoa, a city famous for its resistance to Fascism, workers in Genoa organised a series of wildcat strikes. In clashes with police, one anti-Fascist trade unionist is killed. In response, the Italian General Confederation of Labour calls a national strike. In the city of Reggio Emilia, 20,000 workers take to the streets. The only 'official' space allowed - the Verdi Hall which has 600 seats - is too small to contain the crowd, so a group of 300 workers from the Mechanical Workshops Reggiane gather in front of the War memorial, singing anti-Fascist songs. The police charge and attack the crowd with tear gas and water canon. Workers man barricades and fight back. Dejected by the resistance of the protesters, the police take out their guns and start shooting. Five are killed and sixteen are wounded. Those killed: · Lauro Farioli (b. 1938), aged 22, married father of one. · Ovid Franks (b. 1941), aged 22, the youngest of the fallen. · Marino Serri (b. 1919), aged 41, a veteran of the 76th Partisan Brigade. · Afro Tondelli (b. 1924), aged 36, also a veteran of the 76th Partisan Brigade. · Emilio Reverberi (b. 1921), aged 39 years, a veteran of the 144th Partisan Brigade. The dead were imortalised in the famous song by Fausto Amodei entitled 'To the Dead of Reggio Emilia'. [www.reti-invisibili.net/reggioemilia/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Reggio_Emilia]

1980 - Juan García Oliver (b. 1901), Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist and Minister of Justice in the Republican Government, dies. Consider by many Spanish anarchists to be a traitor for his willingness to compromise with government and for having encouraging workers to disarm during the Barcelona May Days (1937).

1992 - Mika Etchebehere (Micaela Feldman; b. 1902), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist activist, who fought in the POUM in Spain, dies. [see: Mar. 14] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being]
 * = 8 || 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates a new state religion of his own invention, Le Culte de l'Être Suprême (Cult of the Supreme Being), across the new French Republic.

1898 - May (Marie-Jeanne) Picqueray (d. 1983), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, feminist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre03.html#3 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Picqueray militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8368]

1900 - Ettore Cropalti (d. 1955), Italian shoemaker, anarchist and anti-fascist militant, born. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CropaltiEttore.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2510.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11246 www.anarchismodenese.altervista.org/pages/biografie/cropalti.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 25] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: Having arrived shortly before midnight the previous day, and having held negotiations with members of the judiciary committee and the Romanian authorities, and having accepted the conditions previously proposed by the Romanian administration (on Jul. 3), the crew of the battleship Potemkin surrenders to Romanian authorities at Constanta. The crew gathered on shore at 16:00, where the Quartermaster Matiushenko shared out all the cash seized from the ship to the crew. Subsequently, the sailors moved to various cities and villages in Romania or were granted safe passage to the country's western borders. Meanwhile, once released, the crew of the destroter 'Ishmael', fled back to Sevastopol where the crew were arrested but subsequently acquitted in court. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 25] Białystok Pogrom [Белостокский погром]: The military command in Białystok commends its troops for their "glorious service" during the pogrom of June 14th. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 25] Seventh Cavalry Reserve Regiment Mutiny: Following yesterday's presentation of demands to their commander by troops of the 7th Cavalry Reserve Regiment (7-м запасном кавалерийском полку), three prominent members amongst the rebellious soldiers are arrested. The troops mutiny and armed members of the 3rd, 7th and 8th Squadrons seize control of the regiment's headquarters. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm regiment.ru/reg/III/F/7/1.htm www.istmira.com/istros/moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne/33706-moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne-stranica-76.html kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

[D] 1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: All Guardia Civil are ordered to lie in ambush and shoot on sight anyone interfering with telegraph poles. [see: Aug. 6]

1932 - Sucesos de La Villa de Don Fadrique: A strike occur during the harvest ends up resulting in a Communist-led peasant revolt, which included clashes and gun battles between the town's peasants and the Guardia Civil, plus the arson of eras (threshing areas) and agricultural machinery, the cutting of telephone and telegraph lines, and the blocking of road and rail routes. One policeman was left dead and five of his collegues wounded, one dead landlord, two peasants were also killed and twenty others injured, and more than sixty were arrested. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_La_Villa_de_Don_Fadrique]

1943 - Esteban Pallarols Xirgu aka José Riera (b. ca. 1900), Catalan individualist anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, naturist and vegetarian, sentenced to death and executed at the Camp de la Bota, Barcelona. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5985 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Pallarols_Xirgu www.ephemanar.net/juillet08.html lacntenelexilio.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/pallarols-xirgu-esteban-jose-riera.html]

1963 - Tintino Persio Rasi (b. 1893), Italian individualist anarchist activist and propagandist, journalist, writer and Futurist poet, dies. [see: Sep. 15]

1966 - Antonio Casanova (b. 1898), Spanish-born Argentinian baker, editor, translator and anarchist combatant in the Spanish Civil War and French Résistance, dies. [see: Jun. 7]

[1967 - Hong Kong Leftist Riots: hundreds of armed militia from the PRC fired at the Hong Kong Police at Sha Tau Kok - five policemen were killed in the brief exchange of fire [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_riots www.tofu-magazine.net/newVersion/pages/riots.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Committee_for_Anti-Hong_Kong_British_Persecution_Struggle]

1971 - Two Berlin radicals, Thomas Weissbecker (loosely connected to the RAF and future members of Movement 2 June) and Georg von Rauch (soon to help form Movement 2 June), are in a Berlin courtroom, charged with beating a journalist from the hated Springer Press. Von Rauch is convicted and Weissbecker is acquitted, but in the confusion after the sentences are announced, von Rauch and Weissbecker (who looked quite similar) switch places and von Rauch walks out of court a free man. As soon as von Rauch had had sufficient time to escape, Weissbecker announces that he is the one who should have been released. Confused and embarrassed court personnel are forced to release him. [www.baader-meinhof.com/july-8-1971-berlin/]

[C] 1978 - An outdoor NF by-election meeting in Moss Side, Manchester, is attacked by 70 anti-fascists, made up of AFA Squadists and locals. The fighting escalated as locals joined the anti-fascists. The police were forced to escort the NF out of town. [PR]

1982 - Virginia Hall (b. 1906), American spy with the British Special Operations Executive during WWII and who worked as a radio operator and network manager, supporting the French Résistance in the Lyon and Haute-Loire regions, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

[A] 2001 - Bradford riots begin as hundreds of Asian youths fight pitch battles with the police. Two people are stabbed and 80 police officers injured after a protest march against the National Front turns violent. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/robert_ket_and_the_norfolk_risin.htm www.wellowgate.co.uk/Appleyard/Kett/kett.pdf www.blakeston.stockton.sch.uk/subjects/humanities/History/kettsrebellion.pdf rebellionsa2.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/ketts-rebellion-1549.html]
 * = 9 || [A/DD] 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Robert Kett inspires a crowd to march on Norwich at the beginning of the Kett's Rebellion against enclosures.

[C] 1898 - Johannes Sigfred Andersen aka 'Gulosten' (The Yellow Cheese)(d. 1970), Norwegian alcohol smuggler, furniture manufacturer and resistance fighter during WWII and, as a survivor of the notorious Bastøy school home for maladjusted boys, children's rights advocate, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_S._Andersen no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_S._Andersen de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sigfred_Andersen]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 26] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: With the arrival of a squadron from Sevastopol, consisting of the battleships Chesma (Чесма) and Sinop (Синоп), and 4 destroyers, the Romanian authorities handed the Potemkin over. A Russian priest then celebrated a prayer and sprinkled holy water on the ship to expel the "devil of the revolution". But, having taken sea water on, its engines were damaged and the battleship had to be towed back to Sevastopol by the Sinop. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 26] Seventh Cavalry Reserve Regiment Mutiny: Elements of the 1st and 6th Squadrons of the 7th Cavalry Reserve Regiment (7-м запасном кавалерийском полку) clash with the troops - two companies of the 21st Kromsky (21-го Пехотный Резервный Кромский полков) and 218th Borisoglebskiy Infantry Reserve Regiments (218-го Борисоглебского пехотных резервных полк), hundreds of Cossacks, and a squadron of the 52th Nijinsky Dragoon Regiment (52-го драгунского Нежинского полка) - sent to put down their mutiny. In the clashes that followed the company commander of the 218th Borisoglebskiy Infantry Reserve, Captain Gorky (Горецкий), was killed, two Dragoons and three soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment Reserve were wounded. Six horses of the Nijinsky regiment were also killed in the battle. The troops retreated, leaving the 7th still in control of the barracks. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm regiment.ru/reg/III/F/7/1.htm www.istmira.com/istros/moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne/33706-moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne-stranica-76.html kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

1906 - Gabriel-Constant Martin (b. 1839), French member of the Commune (elected as the teachers' delegate), the International, Blanquist and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 5] [www.ephemanar.net/avril05.html#5 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MartinConstant.htm]

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 27] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Those remaining at the Uprising's HQ quietly return home and, despite assurances on their safety negotiated by the priest Grigor Hadzhiyordanov (Григор Хаджийорданов), they are subjected to bloody reprisals: in Moklishte (Моклище) 18 people are killed; in Koreshnitsa (Корешница) - 19, and in Ribartsi (Рибарци) - 16. In Kavadarci (Кавадарци) 150 people are tied to stakes left for 30 hours without water and finally killed and left unburied. According to other sources, 363 civilians were killed in Kavadarci, 230 in Negotino (Неготино), and 40 in Vatasha (Ваташа). [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1917 - Antonio Martínez, a shoemaker and anarchist, is killed by the São Paulo cops at a demonstration during a textile strike. His killing precipitates a 3-day General Strike on the 13th.

1923 - Mollie Steimer and photographer Senya Fleshin are deported from Russia. Arrested in November 1922 for propagating anarchism ("aiding criminal elements"), they were released soon after they begin a hunger strike to publicise their situation.

[D] 1947 - The Greek government orders the arrest of 11,500 persons on charges of plotting a Communist revolution. || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre12.html#pissarro dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/art/camille_pissarro/biography.html artetanarchie.com/auteurs.htm]
 * = 10 || [B] 1830 - Camille Pissarro (d. 1903), French Impressionist painter, anarchist, contributor to the magazine '//Temps Nouveaux//', born.

1868 - [O.S. May 29] Wealthy merchant Kosta Radovanovićand his brother Pavle assassinate Michael Obrenovich III, Prince of Serbia, his mistress Katarina Konstantinovićand her mother Princess Anka in Belgrade. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenović_III,_Prince_of_Serbia]

[D] 1886 - George Wellington 'Cap' Streeter's 35-ton steamboat Reutan runs aground on a sandbank off Chicago's north shore in Lake Michigan, creating a new island. This is settled as an autonomous zone - Streeterville - and defended against the State of Chicago for 25 years.

1894 - Beatrix Excoffon (Julia Beatrice Oeuvrie; d. unknown), Communard and militant anti-clericist, born. At the outbreak of the Paris Commune, she campaigned in the Comité de Vigilance des Femmes in the Montmartre quarter and was Vice President of the anti-clerical Club de la Boule Noire. On April 1, 1871, she found herself at the head of a women's demonstration whose target was to march on Versailles but, to prevent bloodshed, she convinced the crowd that was better to rescue the injured. Like her friend Louise Michel, she was an ambulance nurse, first in the fort of Issy and then at the barricade in the Place Blanche. At the fall of the Commune, she was arrested and after three mock executions, was finally interned at Camp Satory. On October 13, 1871, a court martial sentenced her to deportation, which was later commuted to 10 years in prison, but "good behavior" led to her being released on September 26, 1878. She remained a life-long friend of Michel's, despite a sometimes stormy relationship, and became publisher (including works of Michel) and bookseller in Montmartre with her husband François Excoffon.

1894 - A new repressive law is passed against anarchist attacks, the possession of substances or explosive devices. This law will be enacted on September 2, 1896, by a Royal Decree which create a special corps of police to prosecute and punish these attacks.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 27] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: With the declaration of martial law in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) and facing the inevitable use of force to restore order ordered, the Workers' Council adopted a resolution ending the strike on July 1 [N.S. Jul. 14]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 27] Seventh Cavalry Reserve Regiment Mutiny: Following yesterday's failed attempt to wrest control of their barracks from the 7th Cavalry Reserve Regiment (7-м запасном кавалерийском полку), the arrival from Oryol (Орёл) of the 141st Morshansky Infantry Regiment (141-й пехотный Можайский полк) results in the disarming of the rebels and the regaining of control over the whole regiment. Amongst the rebels, 243 troops were subsequently put on trial: 21 received sentences ranging from eight to 15 years in prison, the others were either given shorter prison terms or sent to a penal battalion. Nicholas II also ordered the removal of the regiment's standard. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm regiment.ru/reg/III/F/7/1.htm shapkino.ru/375-1/4883-807 www.istmira.com/istros/moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne/33706-moryaki-v-grazhdanskoj-vojne-stranica-76.html kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

[C] 1934 - Erich Mühsam (b. 1878), German anarchist poet, murdered on the night of July 9/10, by the Nazis at the Orianenburg concentration camp following months of beatings and torture. His battered corpse is found hanging in the latrine on the morning of 10th. [see: Apr. 6]

1944 - Robert Abshagen (b. 1911), German insurance agent, sailor, construction worker, Communist and resistance fighter against National Socialism, who was a member of the the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group, the largest resistance organisation in the Hamburg area, is behaeded by the Nazis. [see: Jan. 12]

1946 - Stuart Christie born in Glasgow, Scotland.

1998 - Soledad Maria Rosas, 22-years-old Argentinean anarchist, hangs herself this evening in Benevagienna, Italy, where she is living under house arrest in the Sotto i Ponti community. Her body is taken to the hospital of Mondovì, as required by a magistrate, very upset because of this unexpected interruption of his fishing day. Arrested, along with Silvano Pelissero and Edoardo Massari, on March 5th by Italian police on serious charges of subversive association for the purpose of constituting an armed gang, they are accused of various cases of direct action linked to the popular struggle against the construction of the High Speed Train Project (TAV) through the Val Di Susa in Piemonte. Edoardo Massari, a 38-year-old anarchist from Ivrea, died in the Vallette prison in Turin on March 28, 1998. The authorities claim that he had hanged himself with a bed sheet. Maria Soledad Rosas, would go on to hang herslef, choosing the same weekday and time to die as her companion Eduardo. The surviving prisoner, Silvano Pelissero, undertook a month long hungerstrike until on July 22nd he was finally transferred from the maximum security prison of Novara to house arrest. On January 31, 2000, he was sentenced to six years and 10 months. On appeal in Jan. 2001 the sentence is reduced by 9 months but on in Nov. 2001 the Court of Cassation in Rome invalidate the main charge (of terrorist activity with subversive purposes). Released in Mar. 2002, the Court of Cassation in Rome in the end reduces Silvano's penalty to 3 years and 10 months. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Silvano_Pelissero]

2013 - Ali Ismail Korkmaz (b. 1994), a 19-year-old university student, who had fallen in a coma due to a brain haemorrhage suffered following a brutal police beating as he tried to escape tear gas fired by police during anti-government protest in the city of Eskisehir, dies. [tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_İsmail_Korkmaz www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/07/130710_gezi_olum humanrightsturkey.org/2015/01/22/the-ali-ismail-korkmaz-trial/] ||
 * = 11 || 1846 - Léon Bloy (d. 1917), French novelist, essayist and diarist, born. Confusing character who has been labelled a 'right wing anarchist'. Anti-bourgeois Catholic "un communard converti au catholicisme" who on occasion defended //attentats//. He spent his life in squalid poverty, waiting for a beatific vision which his God denied him.

1854 - Toussaint Bordat (d. unknown), Lyons anarchist, militant trades unionist and direct action advocate, born. Silk weaver and member of the Parti Ouvrier Socialiste, which he left in 1881 to start his own anarchist Parti d'Action Révolutionnaire. He was sentenced to a month's imprisonment following the violence that took place during a demonstration in memory of the bloody suppression of the miners at Ricamarie on June 18, 1882. He also worked on the Lyon anarchist newspapers '//Le Droit Social//' and '//L'Etendard Révolutionnaire//'. On October 14, 1882, he was arrested and charged with other activists "reconstruction of a revolutionary International" and tried during le Procès des 66. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2760 rebellyon.info/Toussaint-Bordat-un-acharne-contre.html]

[D] 1892 - Ravachol (François Claudius Koenigstein) (b. 1859), French accordionist and anarchist bomber, is publicly guillotined in Montbrison, France. [see: Oct. 14] [rebellyon.info/11-juillet-1892-execution-de-Ravachol-a.html]

1893 - Lucien Eugène Haussard aka 'Houssard' (d. 1969), French anarchist militant, propagandist, freethinker and anti-Franco activist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre03.html#haussard militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2615 www.estelnegre.org/documents/haussard/haussard.html]

1894 - The Italian parliament approved three '//anti-anarchiche//' laws that aim to ban all the protest movements against the state.

1903 - [O.S. Jun. 28] Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprisings [Илинденско-Преображенско въстания]: An Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) congress at Petrova Niva (Петрова нива) near Malko Tarnovo (Малко Търново) in the Strandzha (Странджа) 'Republic' sets the date of July 23 for an uprising, then deferred it a bit more to August 2 when those in the Thrace region, around the Adrianople Vilayet, said they were not ready and needed a later date for the uprising in that region. The uprising is based on the General Plan for the Uprising (Общ план на въстаниет), conceived in May 1903 by leading IMRO member Hristo Matov (Христо Матов). [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 28] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Count Pavel Pavlovich Shuvalov (Павел Павлович Шувалов), the military governor of Moscow, is shot and killed by a former Social-Revolutionary Combat Organisation member Peter Kulikovsky (Петром Куликовским) in the Prefecture of Police, Moscow. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шувалов,_Павел_Павлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Куликовский,_Пётр_Александрович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_партии_социалистов-революционеров]

1914 - The funeral demonstartion in Union Square, NY, of Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross members Carl Hanson and Charles Berg and IWW member Arthur Caron, the three anarchists killed in the Lexington Avenue bomb explosion of July 4, 1914. However, the authorities refused to allow a public funeral to take place for the Anarchists. Regardless, their friends were insistent that a funeral of their beloved comrades would take place. And on that day over twenty thousand supporters gathered in Union Square to mourn for Berg, Hanson, and Caron. The police refused to allow the funeral to continue, but instead of attempting to remove the crowd from Union Square, detectives arrived at Berkman's house in an attempt to seize the urn that contained the remains of Caron, Berg, and Hanson. One step ahead of the police, Berkman was able to slip out the back door where he had a red automobile waiting for him, just in case. He sped towards the demonstration in hopes of being able to make it to the speaking podium before being caught. As he approached the crowd, the police mistook Berkman's car to be that of the Fire Chief and eagerly cleared a lane for the car all the way up to the platform. By the time the police realized what had transpired, Berkman was already up on the platform. Any attempt to seize the urn at this point would have caused a riot. After the demonstration, the urn was placed in the offices of Mother Earth, which had been decorated with wreaths and red and black banners. The urn, itself, took the shape of a pyramid with a clenched fist reaching out of its apex. The creator of the urn, Adolf Wolff, explained the meaning of the design, "It conveys three meanings. By the pyramid is indicated [sic] the present unjust gradation of society into classes, with the masses on the bottom and the privileged classes towering above them to the apex, where the clenched fist, symbolical [sic] of the social revolution, indicates the impending vengeance of those free spirits who refuse to be bound by the present social system and rise above it, threatening its destruction. The urn further symbolizes the strength and endurance of the revolution in so solid a base. A third suggestion is that of a mountain in course of eruption, the crude, misshapen stern fist indicating the lava of human indignation which is about to belch forth and carry destruction to the volcano which has given it birth." Thousands of mourners passed through the office to pay their last respects. After the funeral, the urn of the fallen comrades was taken from the Mother Earth offices to the Ferrer Center where it remained there until the school closed several years later. From there it was taken to the Stelton Colony where the ashes were released in the wind. Afterwards, the bronze fist and hollow pyramid of the urn was used by the Stelton Colony as a bell to call children and adults to meetings. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf]

1917 - Beginning of 'deportation' of IWW miners from Bisbee, Arizona by vigilantes into the Sonoran desert.

1918 - Polish anarchist freedom fighter Simón Radowitzky (1891-1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', escapes from the Ushuaia concentration camp on the island of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Radowitzky is serving a life sentence for assassinating the chief of Buenos Aires police, who had ordered the Red Week massacre of workers during a May Day demonstration in 1909. Captured after just 23 days freedom, he spent 21 years in prison until his pardon, fighting in the Spanish Revolution and, from 1940 until his death, lived in México.

1925 - Today and tomorrow, the police in Illinois destroy by fire all records of correspondence, documents and books belonging to the IWW that had served as evidence in the trial of William D. Haywood in 1918, thereby destroying the records of a large part of the history of the IWW's revolutionary syndicalism.

1944 - Operation Walküre: Lieutenant Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (1907 - 1944) again attempts to assassinate Hitler and the Nazi hierachy at the Berghof with a briefcase bomb [see: Jul. 6] but the operation is called off due to Himmler not being present. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

[B] 1974 - A Barcelona cinema screening Carlos Saura's film '//La Prima Angelica//' (Cousin Angelica), which portrays the Civil War from a republican view point, is firebombed.

[A] 1978 - A group of homeless people blows up the office of the Communist Party housing assessor in Rome.

[CCC] 1981 - Bradford 12: In the summer of 1981, and against a series of firebomb attacks on Asian properties by fascists and other racist attacks, rumours began to circulate that fascists were planning to attack Bradford’s Asian communities on July 11th. Members of the United Black Youth League (UBYL), an organisation which had recently been formed in Bradford after a split in the Bradford Asian Youth Movement over the issue of state funding, decided to organise the defence of the community. A group of young Asians made and stashed away two crates of petrol bombs to be used in the event of any such attacks. On July 17th, someone informed the police of the petrol bombs' whereabouts and the cops replace the petrol with tea and set a trap to catch the manufacturers. No one turned up and 13 days later, 12 young men from the Asian community in Bradford - Giovanni Singh, Praveen Patel, Saeed Hussain, Sabir Hussain, Tariq Ali, Ahmed Mansoor, Bahram Noor Khan, Tarlochan Gata Aura, Ishaq Mohammed Kazi, Vasant Patel, Jayesh Amin and Masood Malik - were arrested and subsequently charged with making an explosive substance with intent to endanger life and property, and conspiracy to make explosive substances. [In fact 13 were arrested, but the thirteenth, the only woman, Shanaaz Ali, was released without charge.] The 12 appeared before the local magistrates on Saturday, August 1st and were refused bail, spending the next 3-4 months in prison before they were eventually granted bail under particularly arduous conditions. Meanwhile, a very active defence campaign had been set up that, with thousands had marching in Bradford and Leeds under the slogan "Whose conspiracy? Police conspiracy!" and hundreds attended the trial each day, where 9 of the defendants admitted knowledge of the petrol bomb cache but argued, in a defence that they had not disclosed in advance of the trial, which began in Leeds Crown Court on April 26 1982, that their actions amounted to community self-defence. "Yes, we made these petrol bombs, the young men said. We were forced to, to defend our communities from the threat of an invasion by the far-right National Front, against which we knew from previous experience there would be no police protection." [IRR website] The trial lasted 31 days and the jury returned an 11 to 1 verdict of not guilty. [thebradford12.wordpress.com/about/ www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/53/bradford-12-acquitted.html history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/short-hot-summer-1981-bradford-12.html www.tmponline.org/2013/05/01/beyond-liberal-antifascism/ www.irr.org.uk/news/bradford-12-lessons-for-organising/ kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/from-streetfighters-to-bookburners/ libcom.org/files/politics of asian youth movement.pdf libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf] ||
 * = 12 || 1828 - Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (d. 1889), Russian radical critic, materialist philosopher and utopian socialist, born. He helped lay the basis for revolutionary populism and helped found the //narodniki//. Wrote '//What is to be Done?//', a political novel that influenced two generations of Russian intelligentsia, including many anarchists such as Emma Goldman. [NB: Alexander Berkman used Rakhmetov as a pseudonym when he prepared to assassinate Henry Clay Frick in 1892.] It served as the manifesto of the 19th Century Russian Nihilists and prompted a number of responses, including Tolstoy and Lenin's sperarate appropriations of the title and Dostoyevsky roundly mocked the novel's utilitarianism and utopianism in his novella '//Notes from Underground//' (1864) and the novel '//The Devils//' (1872) aka '//The Possessed//'.

1834 - Aristide Rey (d. 1901), militant French Blanquist, internationalist and Bakuninist Communard, born.

1850 - Oscar William Neebe I (d. 1916), US anarchist, labour activist and one of the defendants in the Haymarket bombing trial, born.

[DD] [1873 - Rebelión Cantonal [July 12, 1873 - January 13, 1874]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A Fasci protest takes place in Belmonte Mezzagno that morning involving around fifty women, protesting for abolition of the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system and the adoption of the Patti di Corleone. It should be noted that women were particularly prominent in many of the Fasci activities, especially the demonstrations. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

1917 - During the Bisbee mine strike, company-hired vigilantes attempting to kidnap and deport Jim Brew, a miner and IWW member, while he sleeps in a boarding house, shoot and kill him when he resists, then hastily bury him at midnight.

1918 - Luigi Molinari (b. 1866), Italian lawyer, educator and anarchist militant, active with Errico Malatesta and Camillo Berneri, dies. [see: Dec. 15]

1919 - Poet and expressionist Erich Mühsam, on trial in Munich since July 7 for High Treason, is sentenced to 15 years in prison for his involvement in Bavarian Workers' Councils uprising.

[CC] 1934 - Oswald Mosley attempted to hold a BUF rally at the Dome in Brighton, which he considered to be a fascist stronghold. However, the rumour that he was planning to stand as a parliamemntary candidate in the town together with the Olympia debacle ensured that he was greeted by a large voiciferous crowd outside when he turned up to speak. A few days before the meeting, local anti-fascist and community activist Harry Cowley had organised with workers at the Dome to wire up the hall with loudspeakers hidden in the chandeliers and a cable leading to the nearby offices of Labour councillor Lewis Cohen. When Mosley started to speak, the strains of '//La Marseillaise//' were heard instead throughout the hall. Mosley’s lip curled with anger as he struggled to be heard against the more melodious sound coming from the loudspeakers. Afterwards the fascists attempted to march around Brighton but were met by determined opposition from hundreds of counter demonstrators. Any attempts by the Blackshirts to silence those jeering at them was resisted and a number of fascists had to be treated for their wounds in nearby Victoria Gardens. It was not the first time there had been clashes between fascists and their opponents in Brighton but it was a turning point in the Fascists' fortunes in Brighton and they never managed to hold an unopposed meeting in the town again. [PR] [www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/page.php?did=125-bla-1934b&pageno=34&date_option=equal&textonly=yes www.theargus.co.uk/magazine/nostalgia/pastpresent/9728304.Fighting_fascism/?ref=arc]

1936 - Riot of Corporation Fields: Unable to find an indoor venue that would host a Mosley meeting and organisers decide to hold one outdoors in Corporation Fields. The open air meeting was held at Corporation Fields, in Hull. The trouble had developed before the arrival of the Blackshirts, making a meeting almost impossible. Blackshirts were greeted by a hail of bricks and Mosley´s car, it was claimed, was hit by a bullet, smashing a car window - no bullet was ever found and Mosley made no complaint to the police. The Blackshirts fought back with steel-buckled belts and 8 of them were hit on the head by bricks. The Chief Constable told Mosley to abandon the meeting or he would read the Riot Act. Mosley complied and jumped off the coal cart he had been using as a speakers platform and into his car. The Blackshirts marched off in the pouring rain in ranks of three, with "[m]any of the younger Blackshirts ... frightened, with hundreds screaming for their blood, they were surrounded." More than 100 people required medical treatment, with one fascist source claiming that only 21 Blackshirts were injured. Amongst the weapons police collected after the battle were "brush staves with six-inch nails in the end, bicycle chains, lengths of ship's steel hawser, knuckledusters, raw potatoes studded with razor blades and thick woollen stockings with broken glass in the heel and foot." No anti-fascist was arrested because, according to the police: "owing to the violence of the crowd it was impossible to take anyone into custody for these assaults, as we had our work cut out to protect ourselves." [PR] [www.heretical.com/British/charnley.html www.bills-bunker.de/63090.html]

1936 - Lt. José Castillo is assassinated by Falangists. Tomorrow the Monarchist leader Calvo Sotelo is assassinated in reprisal while in the custody of State security forces. The Falangists attempt their fascist coup on the 17th, but the anarchists immediately battle back and prevent the takeover, ultimately sparking the Spanish Revolution.

[source?][D] 1966 - Major riots in the Puerto Rican communities begin in Chicago and quickly spread to other cities. The target is the police.

[A] 1967 - Six days of rioting begin in Newark, New Jersey, sparked by yet another incident of routine police violence against an African-American community member. Ends with 26 dead and 1,500 injured. Over 1,400 people are arrested and $16 million in property damage. || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]
 * = 13 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: Two incidents that showed not only the fact that there was (and always is) one law for the rich and another for the poor, but the contempt which some of the landed elite held the tolls followed incidents on July 13 & 14, 1843. On the 13th, the wife of Colonel Colby refused to pay the toll on passing through a gate near Narberth, and the following day, one of her servants, William Harris, also refused to pay, but went a step further and broke the toll bar, allowing unrestricted passage. The Reverend Richard Buckley, who alerted the government to the incident, believed if an example were made of the lady, it would show the rioters that law and order always prevailed, regardless of the wealth and status of the individual. The general opinion in the area, according to the Reverend, was that ‘a rich man may do that with impunity for which a poor man would be punished’. The Home Office responded by alerting the magistrates of the district in order to make the matter public. Harris was duly arrested and brought before a Grand Jury, but was ultimately discharged. Whilst Harris’s misdeeds were made known in the press, Mrs Colby’s name was not, her reputation preserved.

1876 - Auguste Durand (d. unknown), French anti-militarist, militant anarchist and Marseilles revolutionary syndicalist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1396]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Following yesterday's protests in Belmonte Mezzagno, a delegation of women goes to the police station to demand the abolition of the //gabello// 'duty', the dismissal of the Mayor and the dissolution of the City Council. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[C] 1915 - José López Penedo aka 'Liberto López' (d. 1950), Galician bricklayer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who fought in the Durruti Column and later as a member of Francisco Sabate Llopart 'El Quico' guerrilla group, born. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4342 www.estelnegre.org/documents/lopezpenedo/lopezpenedo.html gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_López_Penedo puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2243-jose-lopez-penedo-guerrillero-antifranquista.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/7748-jose-lopez-penedo-qliberto-lopezq-1915-1950.html]

1917 - A 3-day General Strike erupts in São Paulo following the killing of the anarchist shoemaker, Antonio Martinez, three days ago.

1920 - Today and tomorrow, the trial in Milan of the anarchists Guido Villa, Aldo Perego, Elena Melli and Maria Zibardi, accused of complicity in the September 7, 1919, attempted bombing of the Café Biffi in the gallery Vittorio Emanuele where the city's wealthiest were holding one of their regualr get-togethers. Bruno Filippi dies during the attack when his bomb exploded prematurely. Aldo Perego gets 12 years and Guido Villa 10 years in prison.

1921 - The Taganka hunger strikers [see: Jul. 2] end their hunger strike after 11 days following the Central Committee of the Communist Party agree to allow them to leave Russia on pain of being shot if they try to return. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmch39.html www.ditext.com/voline/317.html www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1920s/disillusionment/ch29.htm]

1944 - Germans authorities ban the use of bicycles in Italy, the preferred means of transport used by Gruppo d'Azione Patriottica (Patriotic Action Groups; GAP) to make its attacks. [www.ilpostalista.it/tramonto_009b6.htm][pic]

[D] 1949 - The militantly anti-communist Pope Pius XII excommunicates all communist Catholic voters in Italy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_against_Communism]

1977 - New York City blackout, during the night of 13-14th. Much looting.

1996 - 7,000 Anti-Roads protesters took over the A41 motorway in north London to stage a huge all-day street party.

[AA] 2011 - The 27-day siege of El Rodeo II prison in Venezuela ends with the peaceful surrender of the 60 or so armed prisoners who had held off thousands of police and National Guards. At least 5 prisoners died during the siege, with a further four being shot dead after escaping shortly before the prison was retaken. || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet14.html#14]
 * = 14 || 1764 - Jean-François Varlet (d. 1837), French revolutionary considered by many an anarchist precursor, involved with Les Enragés faction in the French Revolution, born.

[A/D] 1789 - Prise de la Bastille [Storming of the Bastille]: One of the key events of the French Revolution. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prise_de_la_Bastille]

1811 - Luddite frame-breaking at Sutton-in-Ashfield.

1896 - José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange* (or Domínguez) (d. 1936), legendary Spanish //sindicalista y revolucionario anarquista//, born. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1407.html guerracivildiadia.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/buenaventura-durruti-1896-1936.html www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/d/durruti.php libcom.org/files/Paz - Durruti in the Spanish Revolution.pdf www.ephemanar.net/novembre20.html#20]
 * [NB: Domínguez is the Castillian version of the Catalan Dumange]

[B] 1939 - Dieter Kunzelmann, German left-wing radical and political activist and theoretician, Happenings artist and writer of art and social manifestos, born. Member of the Munich artist group SPUR and the Situationist International, and active in the 68er-Bewegung ('68 Movement) as one of the co-founders of Kommune 1 (K1), the Zentralrats der Umherschweifenden Haschrebellen (Central Council of Wandering Hash Rebels) and, along with Georg von Rauch, founder of the underground Tupamaros West-Berlin. Kommune 1 members Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, attempted to bomb Richard Nixon's motorcade in Berlin on Feb. 27 1969, but the bomb is discovered. Kunzelmann was arrested on July 21 1971 for his bombing activities in the West Berlin Tupamaros. He was later convicted and sentenced to nine years. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Kunzelmann www.spiegel.de/thema/dieter_kunzelmann/ www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/dieter-kunzelmann/ www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/west-berlin-tupamaros/]

1948 - Lo Sciopero del 14 Luglio: An anti-communist student, Antonio Pallante [of somewhat confused political alignment, having been a youthful fascist, joined the Partito Liberale Italiano, which he then left as it was too socially conservative, and then became a journalist on the communist newspaper 'l'Unità'] tried to assassinate the leader of the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI), Palmiro Togliatti, shooting him three times. PCI militants reacted immediately and the whole country was the scene of riots: factories and public buildings were occupied, roadblocks were set up, strikes broke out, military vehicles requisition, the police attacked, leaving many dead and wounded. The Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (Italian General Confederation of Labour) immediately called for a general strike on the same day. According to some interpretations, this reaction was the sign of the activation of the paramilitary organisation of the PCI, which felt that the time had come to act. According to others, it was a popular reaction to what was considered a very serious political provocation. In hospital and alarmed by the possible social and political consequences, Togliatti sent a message to his party colleagues: "Be careful, do not lose your heads". The Communist leadership, which met that same evening, reiterated that it had no plans for an ​​armed insurrection. [www.resistenze.org/sito/ma/di/cp/mdcp5g14.htm it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparato_paramilitare_del_PCI cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/tabello/tabe1543.htm www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pallante it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti]

1970 - Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt]: A general strike is called in protest at the government decision to make Catanzaro, not Reggio, regional capital of Calabria. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio] ||
 * = 15 || [D] 1381 - John Ball, one of the leaders of the Peasant's Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of Richard II.

1886 - Charles Gallo is sentenced to 20 years in prison and is sent to New Caledonia for his failed assassination attempt of March 5, 1886, at the Paris Bourse.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: 600 peasants took to the streets of Belmonte Mezzagno. The town's mayor ordered this peaceful march broken up by forces. All women attending the event were arrested, and some men were transported to Misilmeri prison. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

1908 - At the co-operative resturant at 33 rue Guersant in Paris, a fight breaks out when a Commissaire de Police, accompanied by a secretary, an Inspector and 2 agents of the Anthrométrique Service (crude criminological criminal biometric service), attempt to pull down from the resturant's window an anti-militarist flag declaring "A Bas la Patrie!" Customers beat up the cops. Later, anarchist chauffeur Maurice Girard, who was not even at the resturant but whose car (which he had lent to his brother) had been parked outside at the time of the incident, is charged and sentenced on Aug. 19, 1908, to two years in prison along with his fellow chauffeur Albert Jacquart. Their support campaign will stage the first manifestation en automobile through Paris on Jan. 20, 1909.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Following his defeat in the Toma de Zacatecas, Victoriano Huerta resigns the presidency. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 2] July Days [Июльские дни]: The Kadets Party walks out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the government coalition. A government crisis ensues. Meanwhile, at a secret conference, anarchists decide to call the Petrograd workers and soldiers out to an anti-government demonstration the following day. [see: Jul. 16]

1918 - Intelligence agencies begin to circulate the names and addresses of over 8,000 '//Mother Earth//' magazine subscribers, targeting them for investigation. Emma Goldman also reluctantly concurs with Stella Ballantine's decision to close the Mother Earth Bookshop.

[CC] 1927 - Vienna Palace of Justice fire (Wiener Justizpalastbrand) aka July Revolt of 1927: Mass rioting breaks out following the acquittal of 3 members of the Austrian right-wing paramilitary group the Frontkämpfervereinigung Deutsch-Österreichs. They had been on trial for the murder of a World War I veteran and an eight-year-old boy, having shot them from ambush, during a clash between the Frontkämpfer and the Social Democratic Republikanischer Schutzbundin Schattendorf, Burgenland on January 30, 1927. The so-called 'Schattendorf Verdict', during which the paramilitaries pleaded self-defence, precipitated a general strike aimed at bringing down the government. Massive protests began on the morning of July 15, when a furious crowd tried to storm the main building of the Vienna University on Ringstrasse. The protesters attacked and damaged a nearby police station and a newspaper building, before proceeding to the Austrian Parliament Building. Forced back by police, they arrived in the square in front of the Palace of Justice. At about noon, protesters entered the building by smashing the windows; they then demolished the furnishings and began setting fire to files. Soon the building was ablaze; the fire quickly spread out as the Vienna fire brigade was attacked by several demonstrators, who also cut fire hoses, and could not be brought under control until the early morning. The ex-Austrian chancellor Johann Schober, and then Vienna chief of police, ordered his police to suppress the protests with force. Supplied with army rifles, they opened fire, killing 84 protesters. Five cops were also killed and more than 600 people were injured. Wilhelm Reich was present at the Palace of Justice fire and, though already a member of the Sozialdemokratischen Arbeiterpartei Österreichs (SDAP), he secretly joined the Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) radicalised by what he had witnessed. "As if struck by a blow, one suddenly recognizes the scientific futility, the biological senselessness, and the social noxiousness of views and institutions, which until that moment had seemed altogether natural and self-evident. It is a kind of eschatological experience so frequently encountered in a pathological form in schizophrenics. I might even voice the belief that the schizophrenic form of psychic illness is regularly accompanied by illuminating insight into the irrationalism of social and political mores." ['//People In Trouble//' (Menschen im Staat; 1937/1953)] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Justizpalastbrand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolt_of_1927 www.wien-vienna.at/julirevolte.htm nachrichtenbrief.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/der-rote-faden-die-revolutionaren-sozialdemokraten-teil-1/ johnshaplin.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/15-july-1927-by-christopher-turner-et.html www.orgonomie.net/hdoeng09.htm zabalazabooks.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/the_irrational_in_politics_brinton.pdf]

1970 - Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt]: In the city there is an air of guerrilla war. In the afternoon the barricades begin to burn. Clashes between protesters and security forces, the launch of tear gas, the repeated charges, the crowd respond with stone-throwing. First victim: Bruno Labate, a 46-year-old railway workers, is found in via Logoteta. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

[C] 1976 - Eva Schulze-Knabe (b. 1907), German painter and graphic artist, and resistance fighter against the Third Reich, dies. [see: May 11]

1977 - The Battle of Lewsiham: fire at headquarters of West Indian League, 36 Nunhead Lane, SE15, an organisation providing advice and activities for black youth. Fire brigade suggests that the fire may have been started by a petrol bomb ['//South London Press//']

1998. - Vincent Ruiz (b. 1912), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who participated in the Spanish Civil War, dies after a long illness. [flag.blackened.net/vrf/biog.htm] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz_revolution es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_Tuitiva reyquibolivia.blogspot.com/2012/07/revolucion-de-1809-en-la-paz.html]
 * = 16 || [D] 1809 - Junta Tuitiva [La Paz Revolution]: In the city of La Paz, as celebrations for the Virgin of Carmen were taking place, a group of revolutionaries led by Colonel Pedro Domingo Murillo and other individuals besieged the city barracks and forced the Spanish governor, Tadeo Davila and the Bishop of La Paz, Remigio de la Santa y Ortega, to resign.

1900 - A tunnel being dug for Alexander Berkman to escape from prison (serving 22 years for the attempted assassination of US industrialist Henry Frick) is discovered. Although prison officials cannot verify who is responsible or the tunnel for, Berkman is placed in solitary confinement. The tunnel rat, Eric Morton, sick from the physical hardship of digging the tunnel, soon sails to France and is nursed back to health by Emma Goldman.

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 3] July Days [Июльские дни]: The third in a series of crises (after the April 1917 crisis and the June 1917 crisis) in Russia in the period spanning the period from the February bourgeois-democratic revolution to the October Revolution, when soldiers and industrial workers engaged in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government. After receiving an order to go to the front, thousands of machine-gunners hold a meeting about an armed insurrection. Spontaneous demonstrations break out in Petrograd started by the soldiers of the 1st Machine-gun Regiment, influenced by the anarchist decision yesterday to call Petrograd's workers and soldiers out on an anti-government demonstration. The soldiers decide to march, fully armed, and send delegates from one factory after another, with workers dropping everything to join the march. Tens of thousands go marching, demanding All power to the Soviets! Initially having tried to restrain the protesters, the Bolsheviks change tactics. No longer trying to restrain the masses, they agree to support them, so long as they peacefully march to the seat of government, elect delegates, and present their demands to the Executive Committee of the Soviets. The masses agree. Meanwhile, the Government spends the entire day calling on troops from across the country to come in defence of the capital. The Mensheviks and SRs decry the Bolsheviks for the insurrection, claiming they are threatening the Soviets. The leadership of the Petrograd Soviet changes its composition and becomes a Bolshevik majority. Further strengthening the Bolshevik majority, the Mensheviks and SRs refuse to co-operate and walk out, having lost their majority power. They remain in control of the Soviet Executive Committee, and thus the ravine deepens futher between local Soviets and the Soviet Executive Committee. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Июльские_дни dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/91724/Июльские dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1305466 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/July+Days+of+1917 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses”]

1934 - Beginning of the San Francisco General Strike. 127,000 workers participate. The West Coast Longshoremen's Strike (begun May 9) has escalated (via 'Bloody Thursday' on July 5) to become a two-day general strike, paralysing the area and leading to a successful settlement.

1936 - In Barcelona members of the powerful Confederación Nacional del Trabajo urge, without success, Luis Companys, president of the Catalonian Generalitat (governing body), the distribution of weapons to the workers, to counter the imminent threat of a right-wing military coup d'etat.

1942 - The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup: The two-day Opération Vent Printanier (Operation Spring Breeze) begins in Paris with raids and the mass arrest of Jews. 13,152 victims are herded in to the Vélodrome d'Hiver cycling stadium and the Drancy and Beaune la Rolande internment camps nearby, prior to their being shipped to Auschwitz and their extermination. Following the launch of an appeal by the Comité Vel d'Hiv' 42 in 'Le Monde' on this date in 1992, the first Anniversaire de la rafle du Vélodrome d'hiver is first marked on July 16 1994 as a prelude to the unveiling of a memorial the following day at the site of where the velodrome once stood. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/07/16/l-histoire-mouvementee-de-la-commemoration-de-la-rafle-du-vel-d-hiv_1733317_3232.html]

1970 - Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt]: The mayor proclaimed a day of mourning. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

[C] 1978 - Battle for Brick Lane: A mass anti-racist, sit-down protest on the corner of Brick Lane and Bethnal Green Road in London's East End is staged in an attempt to prevent National Front literature from being sold. [www.vads.ac.uk/large.php?uid=90634 libcom.org/files/Brick-Lane-1978.pdf] || Everywhere looting, riots, bombings, fires broke out... [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Peur en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fear www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/grande-peur/ www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article3540]
 * = 17 || [D] 1789 - La Grande Peur [The Great Fear]: As the news about the storming of the Bastille slowly spreads across France, it adds to the increasing unrest in rural areas sparked by fears of an aristocratic plot to ruin the harvest. The harvests in France had been poor since the massive 1783 Laki volcanic eruption on Iceland and frosts and snow had also damaged vines and wrecked chestnut and olive orchards in the south. To this were rumors that robbers paid by the nobles, had been responsible for cutting the unripe wheat to cause a famine or that landlords were hoarding the grain to sell at the highest price during the welding (time of pre-harvest shortage). In eastern France, it was said that the Comte d'Artois was back at the head of a large army. Others said that the queen had plotted a conspiracy, planning to blow up the Estates General and to massacre all of Paris.

[A] 1816 - Runaway slaves occupying a deserted British fort at Fort Gadsden on the Apalachicola river in Florida are besieged by US forces.

1890 - Hans Westermann (d. 1935), German Communist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter in the German Resistance, who died in Gestapo custody, born. A member of the left wing of the SPD, in 1914 he was drafted into the navy, though opposed to the war. During this period, Westermann sympathised with the Spartacus League and the Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD; Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany). During the November 1918 Kiel Mutiny, he was elected delegate of the minesweeper flotilla in the Sailors' council. In 1919, he joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and in 1921, became the full-time party secretary in Hamburg but in 1930 he was expelled from the party for his criticism of Ernst Thälmann's leadership of the party. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, a group that had formed around Westermann (made up of people from the KPD's Conciliator faction) began working underground, focusing on dock and shipyard workers and employees. Westermann was arrested and kept in detention between June 1933 and August 1934. On his release, made contact with other Conciliator groups both within and outside the KPD, eventually rejoining the party. However, shortly after he had begun reorganising the Hamburg party, Westermann and numerous others were arrested during the night of March 5-6, 1935, and died a few days later in the Fuhlsbüttel concentraion camp in Hamburg. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Westermann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Westermann]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 4] July Days [Июльские дни]: At 3am, 80,000 workers and soldiers reach the Tauride Palace. Junkers meet the demonstrators, and tear up placards. A shot is fired, but disaster is averted. The Bolsheviks spend the early hours of morning figuring out how to organise the demonstrators. By 11:00 the demonstrators assemble yet again. Now, entire Regiments arrive, but they are no longer at the front of the demonstrations: the workers have taken the lead by shear mass of numbers. Even in factories where Mensheviks and SRs hold influence, four out of five workers join the demonstrations. The nation witnesses a massive General Strike. Lenin speaks to the demonstrators, encouraging their slogan of All power to the Soviets! Over 500,000 people attend the demonstrations in Petrograd. The first of the soldiers from the front arrive ready to support the Provisional Government, and frightened that a revolution is imminent, are ordered to launch ambushes against the masses. 700 people are killed and wounded. The Mensheviks, hands covered in blood, eventually "convince" the demonstrators to go home. The SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the insurgents. They begin to disarm workers, disband revolutionary military units, and carry out arrests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Июльские_дни dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/91724/Июльские dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1305466 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/July+Days+of+1917 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses”]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 4] Polubotkivtsi Uprising [Восстание Полуботковцев] or Polubotko Club Affair: An armed revolt by Kiev garrison troops during the July Days (July 17-18) following the collapse of the Kerensky Offensive (July 16), which takes its name from the Ukrainian Military Club of Pavlo Polubotok (Украинский военный клуб имени гетмана Павла Полуботка), a revolutionary nationalist organisation within the Ukranian military. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polubotkivtsi_Uprising ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_полуботковцев ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Украинский_военный_клуб_имени_гетмана_Павла_Полуботка tiffanivl.ru/vystuplenie_soldat_ukrainskogo_polka_im.html tiffanivl.ru/ukrainskii_voennyi_klub_imeni_getmana.html]

1917 - Alexander Berkman is wrongly indicted in absentia in San Francisco for complicity in three murders stemming from the July 16, 1916 Preparedness Day Bombing.

1919 - Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero' (b. 1884), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicato de Tintoreros of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, one of the most powerful unions in the textile industry, is kidnapped and killed by a band of employers' //pistoleros// led by Commissioner Manuel Bravo Portillo. Portillo will be killed in revenge on September 5. [see: Mar. 5]

1932 - Altonaer Blutsonntag [Altona Bloody Sunday]: Violent confrontations between the Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS), the police, and Communist Party (KPD) supporters in Altona (Now in Hamburg, but at the time a part of Schleswig-Hosltein, which was part of Prussia) leaves 18 people dead, including two SA members, most of them killed by police bullets. The riots were used by Papen as an excuse for his Prussian Coup on July 20. When the Nazi Party seized power in Germany in May 1933, 15 Communists who had been arrested were tried for murder. In addition to prison terms, four of the accused were sentenced to death and executed in the guillotine on August 1, 1933. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona_Bloody_Sunday de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altonaer_Blutsonntag www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/altonaer-blutsonntag-1932.html]

[C] 1936 - Army uprising in Morocco as Rightist generals declare war on the Spanish Republic. In Barcelona workers of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, seize 200 rifles from the holds of 2 ships docked in the harbour and distribute them to union activists. The Spanish Revolution begins.

1970 - Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt]: Fourth day of general strike. Incidents continue. Antonio Coppola, a 17-year-old student, is hospitalised in a coma. Barricades and clashes in the suburbs. The Chamber of Labour is attacked. Twenty-one wounded among the police, 47 arrests. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

1978 - Battle for Brick Lane: The Hackney and Tower Hamlets Defence Committee organises a day long strike, which brings Tower Hamlets to a standstill. They are joined by 400 pupils from the predominantly British Asian Robert Montefiore school in protest against the racist violence in and around their school. [www.ideastore.co.uk/assets/documents/bengali booklet FINALcropped1.pdf libcom.org/files/Brick-Lane-1978.pdf]

1980 - Juan García Oliver (b. 1901), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist, anti-Franco fighter and Minister of Justice of the Republican government, dies. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/janvier20.html#garciaoliver militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1984]

1994 - A monument commemorating the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup is iinaugurated on the site of where the Vélodrome d'Hiver once stood.

1997 - Police raid anarchist centres and homes across Italy. The Italian Anarchist Federation denounces the raids. || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet18.html#18 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6486 libcom.org/history/sellenet-jules-1881-1941-aka-boudoux-francis-or-françois-or-js-also-jean-le-vieux]
 * = 18 || 1881 - Jules Sellenet, known as Francis or François Boudoux and as Jean Le Vieux (d. 1941), French militant, anti-militarist and anarcho-syndicalist secretary of the l'union des syndicats de Meurthe-et-Moselle, born. In 1907 during a peaceful demonstration by strikers in Raon-l'Etape, the forces of "order" opened fire on the procession, killing two workers. Boudoux deliveres a speech at the funeral services for the two workmen. [see: Jul. 28] A member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste, Boudoux was arrested numerous times for his anti-military activities and also for "offences related to industrial disputes". His own union denounced him as an agent provocateur, a charge that the Communists would revive following WWI. On January 11, 1924, he was wounded during a meeting that ended in a brawl between anarchist trade unionists and Communists (two anarchists were killed). In 1926, he served with Pierre Besnard, founder of the C.G.T- S.R (revolutionary syndicalist), as secretary of the Federation of Builders. He also fought in Spain in 1936 with the Durruti Column.

1887 - Ettore Mattei founds La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos, the first organised workers' resistance society, in Buenos-Aires. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina at the time, writes its statutes.

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 5] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: After two days of debate (July 17-18), during which elements of the Social Democrats, Trudoviks and Kadets parties called for its redrafting with stronger language, the Duma passes the 'Appeal to the People' (Воззвание к народу), drawn up in the wake of the Government's rejection of its agrarian reform bill on July 3rd. The 'Appeal', which lays out the proposed reforms and the government's rejection of them, in effect calls for the Duma to assume executive power. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm www.litmir.info/br/?b=82732&ShowDeleted=1&p=66]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 5] Markovo Republic [Марковская Республика]: Cossacks put an end to the Markovo Republic [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Марковская_республика cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 5] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the Duma's pronouncements of land reforms, the Tsar decided that a liberal government is in fact a liabilty that cannot be allowed to continue. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ww.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\T\Stolypinagrarianreforms.htm]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: A series of bloody confrontations breaks out between the Spanish army and the working classes of Barcelona and other Catalan cities, backed by anarchists, socialists and republicans. It was caused by the calling-up of reserve troops by Prime Minister Antonio Maura to be sent as reinforcements when Spain renewed military-colonial activity in Morocco on July 9, in what is known as the Second Rif War in Melilla. The transports had begun on July 11th without incident but on the 18th the first major flashpoint occurred when a party of conscripts, including the Batalló de Caçadors de Reus, integrated in the Brigada Mixta de Cataluña, boarded ships owned by the Marques de Comillas, a noted Catholic industrialist, en route for Morocco. The soldiers were accompanied by patriotic addresses, the Royal March, and religious medals distributed by pious well dressed ladies. Spain's narrow social construction was thus on display for all to see, an affluent Catholic oligarchy impervious to the rise of secular mass politics. The onlooking crowd, which contained a number of anarchist and socialist agitators, jeered and whistled, shouting: "¡Abajo la guerra! ¡Que vayan los ricos! ¡Todos o ninguno!" (Down with the war. They are the rich. All or nothing.) as the emblems of the Sacred Heart were thrown from the transport ship Cataluña into the sea. The police reacted by firing into the air and arrested several people. The protests increased in the following days, with street demonstrations, not only in Barcelona, ​​but also in Madrid and other locations, as news began to come in of the first deaths in combat of the reservists. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1911 Henriette Bie Lorentzen (d. 2001), Norwegian humanist, peace activist, feminist, editor and WWII resistance member, who survived torture by Gestapo at Arkivet, then periods in Grini concentration camp and the Nazi Ravensbrück concentration camp, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Bie_Lorentzen no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Bie_Lorentzen]

1913 - During the Potlatch Riots in Seattle, Washington, sailors destroy the Industrial Workers of the World union hall and burning all the books they found there.

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Jul. 5] Polubotkivtsi Uprising [Восстание Полуботковцев] or Polubotko Club Affair: An armed revolt by Kiev garrison troops during the July Days (July 17-18) following the collapse of the Kerensky Offensive (July 16), which takes its name from the Ukrainian Military Club of Pavlo Polubotok (Украинский военный клуб имени гетмана Павла Полуботка), a revolutionary nationalist organisation within the Ukranian military. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polubotkivtsi_Uprising ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_полуботковцев ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Украинский_военный_клуб_имени_гетмана_Павла_Полуботка tiffanivl.ru/vystuplenie_soldat_ukrainskogo_polka_im.html tiffanivl.ru/ukrainskii_voennyi_klub_imeni_getmana.html]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 5] July Days [Июльские дни]: At 6am, the Government begins the offensive. The offices and printing machinery of '//Pravda//' are destroyed. Workers distributing the paper are murdered in the streets. Ironically, the last documents to come from the press are the continued Bolshevik position of stopping the demonstration. Government agents then ransack the Kshesinskaya Palace, headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee and Petrograd Committee. Union and Soviet workers are arrested in mass from factories and meeting halls in retaliation for their leadership of the demonstrations. Wide-scale fear and intimidation grips the city as the police presence intensifies to an almost martial law status; the mere mention of Lenin or the Bolsheviks is cause for arrest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Июльские_дни dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/91724/Июльские dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1305466 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/July+Days+of+1917 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses”]

[A] 1917 - Beginning of city-wide General Strike in Rio de Janeiro, for an 8-hour day and 20% wage increase.

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: A general strike is called in Seville in protest at the death of a striking brewery worker, resulting in further clashes that end with the murder of a worker from the Osborne factory. During his burial anarchists clash with the police, leaving four workers and three security guards dead. [see: Aug. 6]

1936 - Rightist rebels seize control of a third of the Spanish mainland and martial law is declared in the Canary Islands. The newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' features the headline: "In Seville, the fascists shoot at our brothers! In Cordoue, the soldiers uprise! In Morocco, one fights in the streets! Who does not fill their revolutionary duty is a traitor to the cause of the people! Long Live Libertarian Communism!"

1964 - Riots break out in Harlem, New York - the first of a series of summer racial riots in Brooklyn (on the 20th), Rochester, Paterson, Elizabeth, Newark, Philadelphia and suburban Chicago - after a police officer shoots an unarmed 15-year-old black youth.

[DD] 1977 - Motín en la cárcel de Carabanchel: A major uprising in Carabanchel prison in Madrid organised by Coordinadora de Presos en Lucha (COPEL / Coordination of Prisoners in Struggle). It continues until the 22nd. [expand] [www.autodefentsa.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95:la-historia-de-un-periodo-en-la-lucha-dentro-de-las-carceles-espanoles-la-copel&catid=42:lucha-represion-y-critica&Itemid=64 boletintokata.wordpress.com/2013/02/23/prisiones-en-llamas-la-copel-y-los-presos-sociales-en-la-transicion/ dentrofueradentro2011.blogspot.com/2011/07/como-nace-la-copel-carabanchel-madrid.html www.sindominio.net/desdedentro/textos/Dosscopel/cronologia.htm elpais.com/diario/1978/01/27/sociedad/254703606_850215.html salvemoscarabanchel.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/el-origen-de-la-crcel-de-carabanchel-al.html]

1997 - In Bombay, at least 8,000 low-caste Indians riot after a funeral for 10 children killed by police. ||
 * = 19 || 1894 - The anarchist Paolo Lega is sentenced to 20 years and 17 days in prison for his June 16 failed assassination attempt on the Italian prime minister, Francesco Crispi. [see: Dec. 9]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A joint Zemstvo-City Council conference meets in Moscow in defiance of the government, drawing up a draft constitution and calls for mass agitation. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 6] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: With the manufacturers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) having begun to renege on their promises with an attempted lockout, the Workers' Council is reactivated and resumes rallies on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка). Despite the lack of funds to support the striking workers and their families, they decide that only hunger will manage to force them to accept the partial concessions offered by the entrepreneurs and resume work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Cabinet secretly votes to dissolve the Duma. At the same time the leader of Kadets (Конституционно-демократической партии), Pavel Milyukov (Па́вел Милюко́в), warns of the possibility of civil war if the Duma is dissolved. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm] ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Милюков,_Павел_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov]

1907 - José Xena Torrent born (d. 1988), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juillet19.html#xena]

1913 - Charles Keller (b. 1843), French poet, Paris Communard and Bakuninist, dies. [see: Apr. 30]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 6] July Days [Июльские дни]: Around 120 Kronstadt sailors refuse to give in, and retreat to the Peter and Paul fortress. Red Guards (a militia of regular factory workers) accompany the sailors, following their pledge to protect them. The Government forces setup a barricade and begin a seige. Stalin mediates and reaches an agreement with both sides: the Kronstadters will disarm, in return for getting free passage back to Kronstadt. The General Strike comes to an end, and workers return to their jobs, fearful of arrest. The Government induced terror becomes near hysteria, and countless numbers are arrested as spies. All troops called in from the front arrive in Petrograd, in a massive show of force. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Июльские_дни dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/91724/Июльские dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1305466 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/July+Days+of+1917 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses”]

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: Whilst on its way from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven, sailors on board the dreadnought SMS Prinzregent Luitpold stage one of a series of ongoing protests, against the poor quailty of the rations and the unequal treatment of officers and crew, in the middle of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, blocking it. [see: Aug. 2 & Oct. 29]

1919 - In Bologna Riccardo Sacconi, Armando Borghi, Giuseppe Sartini, Virgilia D'Andrea, and others are arrested for their activism in social struggles (including the fight against rising food prices following the war) and their participation in various anarchist meetings.

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: Another general strike is called in Seville following the previous day's clashes. [see: Aug. 6]

[C] 1936 - Military uprising in Barcelona put down by 'committees of defence' organised by the CNT, FAI and Libertarian Youth. "... Y nosotros, proletarios, hemos escrito con nuestra sangre la única proclama : ¡ Muerte al fascismo y viva la Revolucion!" (... And we proletarians have written with our blood the only proclamation: Death to fascism and long live the Revolution!) - in '//Tierra y Libertad//' (July 17, 1937).

1936 - Enrique Obregón Blanco (b. 1900 or 1904), Mexican-Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist secretary of the FAI groups, dies during the attempted fascist uprising, either protecting the central telephone exchange or the shipyards. The secretaries of the Catalan united socialist youth (Francisco Graells) and of the POUM youth (Germinal Vidal) also die in the fighting. [elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/extranjeros-cnt-fai.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1907.html]

1936 - Arturo Menendez López, who was director general of Seguridad for the Second republic during the Casas Viejas incident, is arrested during the night by the military rebels in the Barcelona-Madrid train station Calatayud. He was taken to Pamplona and shot. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas]

1936 - A planned meeting by the BU at Albert Croft in Miles Platting, Manchester is opposed by 5,000 anti-fascists. The Manchester Watch committee attempted to prevent the march taking place under the city's ban on politcal uniforms [see: Jun. 28] as black shirt likey to be present on the march would be provocative. However, a uniformless march goes ahead but an anti-fascist crowd jump the fascists' pitch in advance and when the march of 600 fascists arrives, it is roundly booed. [The BU's paper claims there were several tousand fascists in a half-mile long column.] Mosley is shouted down and scuffles break out. However, a heavy rain storm intervenes and the fascists decide to march off. [PR] [www.hssr.mmu.ac.uk/mcrh/files/2013/01/mrhr_04i_gewirtz.pdf www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/page.php?did=125-bla-1936b&pageno=25&date_option=equal&textonly=yes www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/page.php?did=125-act-1936b&pageno=55&date_option=equal&textonly=yes]

1951 - In Barcelona, César Saborit Carrelero, Catalan //guerrillero anarquista// and member of the action group of José Lluis Facieras, is killed by two police officers of the Brigada Politico-Social. [see: Feb. 16]

[D] [July 19 - August 1 1953 - Vorkuta Uprising [Воркутинское Восстание]: [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Воркутинское_восстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkuta_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkutlag nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/vorkuta-prisoners-strike-improved-conditions-russia-1953 libcom.org/library/1953-gulag-uprising-vorkuta] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuné_Henry]
 * = 20 || 1821 - Fortuné Henry (d. 1882), French libertarian journalist and poet, who was one of the most influential figures in the Paris Commune, born. Father of Émile Henry (1821-1882) and Jean-Charles Fortuné Henry (1869-19??).

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The current Minister of Internal Affairs, Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин), is chosen to replace the archconservative Ivan Goremykin (Ива́н Горемы́кин) as Prime Minister. As a consequence, the once powerful General Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), the chief of police and gendarme corps, looses influence. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin spartacus-educational.com/RUSstolypin.htm www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Горемыкин,_Иван_Логгинович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Duma demands that the instigators of the Białystok pogrom be punished and that the government resign. As a final act before it dissolution, the Duma publishes its 'Appeal to the People' (Воззвание к народу). An outraged Tsar decides to sack the Duma. In preparation for potential unrest, troops start moving into St. Petersburg. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm www.litmir.info/br/?b=82732&ShowDeleted=1&p=66]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: News of the first armed clashes in Morocco and the death of the first reservists arrives in Spain, provoking further protests. [see: Jul. 18]

1917 - [O.S. Jul. 7] July Days [Июльские дни]: The Provisional Government orders the arrest of Lenin, claiming he is a German spy, and that the Bolsheviks incited the uprising. The Provision Government further orders the disbandment of the Petrograd garrison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Июльские_дни dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/91724/Июльские dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1305466 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/July+Days+of+1917 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2007-11-01/1917-the-july-days-“the-party-must-remain-with-the-masses”]

1920 - The militant anarcho-syndicalist Spartaco Stagnetti, secretary of the Syndicat des Traminots de Rome is attacked and wounded by a bunch of nationalists and fascists, setting off a General Strike.

1923 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa, his secretary Daniel Tamayo, his driver Colonel Miguel Trillo and four bodyguards are ambushed while driving through Parral. As Villa passed by a school in his black 1919 Dodge roadster, a pumpkinseed vendor ran toward Villa's car and shouted "Viva Villa!", a signal for a group of seven riflemen who then appeared in the middle of the road and fired more than 40 shots into the automobile. In the fusillade of shots, nine Dumdum bullets hit Villa in the head and upper chest, killing him instantly. [www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/jrn/cwp/pvg/assassination.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa]

[D] 1923 - Francisco 'Pancho' Villa (José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; b. 1878), Mexican revolutionary, is ambushed and killed in Parral, México. [see: Jun. 5]

1936 - In Barcelona, following the fascist uprising by Franco and the military against the Republic yesterday, the workers of the CNT and POUM counter-attacked and today only Atarazanas barracks remain in fascist hands.

1936 - Francisco Ascaso (b. 1901), militant Spanish anarchist activist and anarcho-syndicalist, emblematic figure of the anti-Francoism killed during the anarchist raid on the Ataranzas barracks in Barcelona. [see: Apr. 1]

1942 - Paolo Antonini (b. 1920), Italian anarchist who fought with the Republican forces during the Spanish Revolution, dies in prison in Casablanca, victim of ill treatment by French jailers. He was imprisoned with a number of fellow anarchists for trying to seize a trawler to sail to Gibraltar. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article131 www.ephemanar.net/juillet20.html]

1943 - Shlomo (or Szlomo) Podchlebnik and Josef Kopf, members of the Waldkommando (Forest team) at Sobibor, whilst obtaining water to drink at the nearby village of Zlobek, attack the 2 Ukrainian guards, killing one, with them with a knife Podchlebnik had in his boot. They took the guards' guns and encouraged the others Jews in the Waldkommando to also try to flee. The others in the group decided to flee on foot while their eight guards were eating lunch later that day. Several of them - Podchlebnik, Kopf, Zindel Honigman, Chaim Korenfeld, Symcha Bialowitz, Abraham Wang, and Aron Licht - were able to successfully escape. Josef Kopf and Aron Licht were murdered by Polish anti-Semites in separate incidents after their escapes. The others survived the duration of the war. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/sobibor/sobiborrememberme.html chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/work_commandos.html]

[C] 1944 - July 20 Plot/Operation Walküre: Another attempt is made to assassinate Adolf Hitler [see: Jul. 6 & 11], this time inside his Wolf's Lair (Wolfsschanze) field headquarters near Rastenburg in East Prussia. High ranking Wehrmacht officers plotted to seize political control of Germany and its armed forces from the Nazi Party (including the SS) in order to obtain peace with the Allies as soon as possible. The failure of both the assassination and the military coup d'état (under the guise of Operation Walküre) which was planned to follow it led to the arrest of at least 7,000 people by the Gestapo. Amongst those prominent in the planning were Lieutenant Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (1907 - 1944), Oberleutnant Werner Karl von Haeften (1908 - 1944), General Friedrich Olbricht (1888 - 1944) and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben (1881 - 1944), and they were among the 4,980 people executed in the aftermath. The methods involved ran from hanging and firing squad to beheading and slow strangulation with a garrote. Count Berthold Schenk von Stauffenberg (1905 - 1944), Claus von Stauffenberg's eldest brother, was killed by the latter method, which involved multiple resuscitations, all filmed for Hitler's later enjoyment. Others, including Colonel General Ludwig Beck (1880 -1944), Chief of the German General Staff, Generalmajor Henning von Tresckow (1901 - 1944) and Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel (1891 - 1944), commited suicide, with Rommel being forced to do so by Hitler or face the persecution of his family. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Valkyrie valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

[DDD] 1967 - Wuhan Incident [七·二〇事件/ July 20th Incident]: Tanks and other military units are sent into Wuhan during an armed conflict in the People's Republic of China between two hostile groups - the Million Heroes (百万雄师), mainly skilled workers, state and local party employees, and were supported by the local PLA, and the Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters (工人总部), mostly comprised workers and students from Red Guard organisations - fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Incident www.bopsecrets.org/SI/11.China.htm www.massviolence.org/chronology-of-mass-killings-during-the-chinese-cultural lishi.xilu.com/20150630/1000010000831735.html]

1979 - Native American political prisoner Leonard Peltier escapes from Lompoc federal penitentiary, California. || [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]
 * = 21 || 1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: As the protests grow against the war in Morocco (Second Rif War), Solidaridad Obrera held a rally in Terrassa at which a proclamation by the socialist journalist Antoni Fabra i Ribas is read calling for a general strike throughout Spain on Monday July 26th. The 4,000 workers present approved the resolution in favour of the strike. There was now enormous pressure on the UGT to call a general strike throughout the State on August 2, which they would eventually bow to but too late for the workers in Catalonia. Their strike eventually took place on August 2 but with little support, due to the repressive measures taken by the government, which included the arrest in Madrid on July 28 Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the socialist party leadership.

1920 - In Turin, Guglielmo Musso is killed by his own bomb during a solidarity strike following yesterday's fascist attack on Spartaco Stagnetti (the trade union secretary in Rome). The young anarchist Musso, about to toss a bomb at a group of police officers, apparently chose to hang onto the bomb at the last moment to avoid killing innocent bystanders.

[D] [1921 - Strage di Sarzana: one of the few instances of armed resistance to the rise of fascism in Italy.] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Sarzana www.anppia.it/news/2014/07/22/21-luglio-1921-i-fatti-di-sarzana/ stragedisarzana.blogspot.com/ bagcarrara.wordpress.com/2013/01/02/storie-di-arditi-del-popolo-e-donne-ribelli-sarzana-e-livorno-1921-1922/ storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/07/21/21-luglio-1921-sarzana-gli-arditi-del-popolo-e-la-popolazione-mettono-in-fuga-i-fascisti/]

1930 - 24-hour general strike in Montevideo, Uruguay, protesting the imprisonment of anarchists.

1931 - Émile Pouget (b. 1860), French anarcho-communist militant and propagandist, dies. Founded '//Le Père Peinard//'. Author and signatory to the '//Charte d’Amiens//' (Charter of Amiens; 1906), adopted by the CGT. [see: Oct. 12]

1936 - Start of the Siege of the Alcázar in Toledo. Creation of the Central Anti-Fascist Militias Committee (CAMC) in Catalonia, formed with representatives not only from the CNT but also from the POUM and bourgeois Catalan political parties in the Generalitat (the Catalan government). Within a few months the CAMC was dissolved, the Generalitat was reconstituted and the CNT entered the Generalitat on September 28th, 1936, taking over the Department of Food Supplies. Thus concessions by the CNT leadership towards the state had started already. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/spain49.html www.selfed.org.uk/the-%E2%80%98may-days%E2%80%99-in-barcelona-1937]

1940 - César Terron Abad (b. 1915), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist //guerrillerio//, dies when his guerrilla group is attacked and he is shot in the head. Previously involved in the anarchist insurgency of 1933 (December 9), taking over the city of Fabero and proclaiming Libertarian Communism. Captain of the 210th Battalion (of the 192th Brigade), during the Spanish Revolution, which distinguished itself in the battle of El Mazuco. With the loss of Asturies in October 1937, César Terron formed a group of about 30 guerrillas who continued badgering and fighting the fascists. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/6djhv2]

[C] 1944 - Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (b. 1907), German army officer and aristocrat who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power, is executed by firing squad (alongside his aide, Lieutenant Werner von Haeften (1908 - 1944), General Friedrich Olbricht (1888 - 1944), and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim (1905 - 1944)) at 1 a.m., following an impromptu court martial (called by their fellow conspirator Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm, Commander-in-Chief of the Replacement Army, in order to save his own neck) had condemned the ringleaders of the conspiracy to death shortly after the bomb that he planted in the Wolf's Lair (Wolfsschanze) failed to explode and Operation Valkyrie is aborted. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1944 - Herrmann Karl Robert 'Henning' von Tresckow (b. 1901), German Generalmajor, who organised Wehrmacht resistance against Adolf Hitler, commits suicide after the failure of the July 20 plot to assassinated Hitler. [see: Jan. 10]

1974 - Aurelio Fernández Sánchez (b. 1897), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, member of Los Solidarios, dies. Active in the FAI and CNT. Took refuge in México, with Garcia Oliver. Became secretary of the CNT (in exile) of México. [see: Sep. 29] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/aureliofernandez/aureliofernandez.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/aurelio-fernandez-sanchez-1892-1974.html] ||
 * = 22 || 1886 - In San Francisco a brewery workers union (formed last month among mostly socialist German workers to resist the prevailing 16-18 hour workday) win all it's demands as breweries admit defeat. The demands include free beer, the closed shop, freedom to live anywhere for brewery workers (who had, until now, typically lived in the brewery itself), a 10-hour day, six-day week and a board of arbitration.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 9] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: St. Petersburg workers strike to commemorate Bloody Sunday. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 9] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In the early hours of the morning troops forcibly dissolve the First Duma, occupying its seat, the Tauride Palace (Таврический дворец). Deputies turning up to the Palace were faced with locked doors and on a nearby pole hung a manifesto signed by the Tsar terminating the First Duma: "Elected by the population, instead of constructive legislative work, it turned aside into areas that do not belong to them... the peasantry, not expecting it to improve their legal provisions passed in a number of provinces into open robbery, theft of another's property, disobedience to the law and the legal authorities... Be it known that we will not tolerate any self-will or lawlessness, and with all the force of state power and law the diobedient will submit to the indomitable will of the Tsar." This act is accompanied by displays of force by the government throughout the Russian Empire. Pavel Milyukov and the Kadets leaders issue a call for civil disobedience and In response, 120 Kadets and 80 Trudoviki (Трудова́я гру́ппа aka 'The Labour Group') and Social Democrat deputies left for Vyborg, then a part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and thus beyond the reach of Russian police, in order to decide upon their response. In the Hotel Belvedere they settle down to their discussions, which begin at 23:00 and continue into the later afternoon of the following day, resulting in the Vyborg Manifesto (Выборгское воззвание). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трудовая_группа dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/17908/ТРУДОВИКИ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudoviks]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 9] Vyborg Manifesto [Выборгское воззвание]: 200 Russian deputies finish their deliberations upon their response to the forcible disbanding of the Duma, which started late the previous evening and had continued deep into the afternoon. Their manifesto, 'To the People from the People's Representatives' (Народу от народных представителей), largely written by the Kadets leader Pavel Milyukov (with an obvious Trudovik influence, given is more radical stance than would be expected from a soley Kadets-written document), it calls for the non-payment of taxes and for draft avoidance - "not a single kopeck to the treasury, nor one soldier to the army" - and declares that all loans concluded without the Duma’s consent would be invalid. It also appeals for passive resistance, hoping to prevent a possible revolutionary outburst following the dissolution of the Duma and to channel the population's anger in a 'constitutional' direction. It also posits an obvious subtext, namely that the deputies should be reinstated to their previous positions. Many of the deputies retuned to the capital with printed copies of the manifesto to try and ferment opposition to the government. Others, fearing the outcome of their actions instead left for Terioki (or Terijoki), now Zelenogorsk (Зеленого́рск), part of St. Petersburg, but then in the safe territory of the Grand-Duchy of Finland. There presence there would lead to the calling of the Terioki Conference The appeal proved both ineffective and counterproductive; it largely failed to elicit any reaction in the population at large and merely provoked the government to crack down harder on the Manifesto's signatories. Several ex-deputieswere arrested and tortured or exiled, 24 were imprisoned and 74 others had a variety of sentences imposed on them. The vast majority (182) were brought to court in December 1907 and deprived of all political rights, including the entire Kadet leadership. They could not stand as candidates in future elections or hold any state post. This was an obvious blow to the Kadets. In such an atmosphere, ten deputies managed to go into hiding. [see: Dec. 25 & 31] Ironically, the Kadet Party would begin to backtrack from, and ultimately disown the Vyborg Manifesto well before the disqualification of it leadership. [see: Jul. 31 & Oct. 7] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Выборгское_воззвание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto ttolk.ru/?p=21940 www.thefreelibrary.com/The+First+State+Duma,+1906%3A+the+view+from+the+contemporary+pamphlet...-a0280302020 terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=meeting1906]

1912 - Charles Ostyn (François Charles Ostyn Leopold; b. 1823), French communard, Bakuninst and anarchist, dies. [see: Oct. 20]

1916 - A bomb explodes during a Preparedness Day parade [a demonstration demanding the entry of the United States in the global confict] in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring 40. Unsurprisingly, the authorities immediately suspect anarchist involvement in the bombing. Two radical labour organisers Tom Mooney and Warren K. Billings, are framed through perjured testimony and convicted -Mooney to hang and Billings to life (both were pardoned by Roosevelt in 1939). A few days after the bombing, the offices of '//The Blast//' are searched by police and material aseized. Alexander Berkman (founder/editor) and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald are threaten to arrest.

1920 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa telegraphs Adolfo de la Huerta requesting amnesty, Huerta gives a 25,000 acre estate.

1920 - Police raid the IWW's Santiago headquarters. In Valparaiso, police plant dynamite in the Wobbly hall and arrest most of the IWW organizers on terrorism charges.

1931 - The Republican government belatedly declares the strike illegal as 10 days notice had not been not given. The Minister of the Interior orders the closure of all anarcho-syndicalist centres across Spain and the arrest of CNT leaders. Across Spain acts of sabotage continue and in Barcelona saboteurs hold up traffic in order to prevent injuries whilst they set off their explosives. July 22 also sees the declaring in Seville of a state of war. [see: Aug. 6]

1932 - Errico Malatesta (b. 1853), peripatetic Italian anarchist militant and theorist, London ice cream seller, mechanic and member of the Naples section of the International Working Men's Association, dies after 6 years of fascist house arrest. [see: Dec. 14]

1942 - The Nazis under SS General Jurgen Stroop begin the Gross Aktion Warschau, the deportation of the Jews confined in the Warsaw Ghetto: "All Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age and gender, [would] be resettled in the East". The Ghetto Jewish Council Judenrat and its leader, Adam Czerniaków, are required to find 7,000 'volunteer's a day for 'resettlement' resulting in about 254,000 Jews being sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Gross Aktion lasted until 12 September 1942. Overall it reduced the once thriving Warsaw Jewish community of some 400,000 to a mere 55,000 to 60,000 inhabitants. The Gross Aktion Warschau also sparks the hardening of moves in the ghetto (first proposed, and rejected by the Jewish Labour Bund, in March 1942) towards the formation of the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization), a self-defense organization made up of members of various left Zionist youth groups, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Dror. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization]

1942 - Krzemieniec Ghetto Uprising: In response to the systematic liquidation programme initiated in the ghettos in the provincial towns around Krzemieniec, an armed uprising begins in the city's ghetto. Responding, the Germans set fire to part of the ghetto and some of the inhabitants manage to escape into the surrounding countryside. The ghetto will survive a further 2 weeks but its 19,000 inhabitants will almost all be murdered. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenets pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzemieniec_(miasto) www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/krzemieniec]

1962 - The Union Movement holds a 3 p.m. rally in Trafalgar Square but, with the first speaker Jeffrey Hamm less that 15 minutes into his speach, the hostile crowd of a round 7,000 charged the plaform and the police disbanded the meeting even before Mosley has arrived. 56 people are arrested and an unknown number injured. Protesters then tried to reach the UM HQ in Vauxhall Bridge Road, but were ridden into by mounted police and badly beaten by the cops. Bill Sargent and Harry green (AJEX) had taken the opportunity to hand out hundreds of Yellow Star badges before hand in the Square but had protested on the St Martins in the Fields church steps again. [www.oswaldmosley.com/jeffrey-hamm-2/ www.jta.org/1962/07/23/archive/mosleyite-open-air-meeting-in-london-broken-up-by-jeering-crowd heresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620728-1.2.17.3.aspx collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/Online/object.aspx?objectID=object-765514&start=9&rows=1 collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/Online/object.aspx?objectID=object-765515&start=7&rows=1 www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/927910/henry-grant-injured-girl-at-the-anti-fascist-demonstration-1962]

[1970 - Reggio Revolt: A bomb explodes on the Treno del Sole, the Palermo-Turin train, in the Calabrian city of Gioia Tauro, killing 6 persons and wounding 136. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt]

1971 - During a dispute between Ford management and the militant shop steward John Dillon, in the Ford Liverpool plant, the Angry Brigade blow up the home of Ford's managing director, William Batty, in Essex. The same night a bomb damages a transformer at the Dagenham plant of the Ford Motor Company.

[D] 1983 - Martial law, declared in December 1981 in an effort to destroy the Solidarność trade union workers' movement in Poland, formally ends. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/23rd-july-1812-trial-of-horbury-food.html]
 * = 23 || [1812 - The trial of the Horbury food rioters at York Summer Assizes

1870 - At the outbreak of war between France and Prussia, the International Working Men’s Association issues a statement (written by Karl Marx) condemning the war, and warning that victory as well as defeat could prove disastrous for working people. It approvingly quotes a declaration adopted by an assembly of workers’ delegates in Chemnitz, which states: "In the name of German Democracy, and especially of the workmen forming the Democratic Socialist Party, we declare the present war to be exclusively dynastic.... We are happy to grasp the fraternal hand stretched out to us by the workmen of France.... Mindful of the watchword of the International Working Men’s Association: Proletarians of all countries, unite, we shall never forget that the workmen of all countries are our friends and the despots of all countries our enemies." [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm]

[A] 1892 - In Pittsburgh, Alexander Berkman attempts and fails to assassinate the despised industrialist Henry Clay Frick, responsible for the deaths of nine miners killed by Pinkerton thugs on July 6, during Homestead Strike.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Pro-tsarist reactionaries in the Ukraine launch a pogrom that kills around 100 Jews. 406 are also wounded and 100 houses looted. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Peasants’ Union calls for civil disobedience in the wake of the dissolution of the Duma, taking up the theme of the Vyborg Manifesto. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

[CC] 1908 - Elio Vittorini (d. 1966), Italian writer, novelist, one-time '//fascista di sinistra//' and latterly an anti-fascist, born. At thirteen, he ran away from home to see the world, using free tickets gained via railwayman father. Begins to attend the Technical Institute for accountants and binds friendship with the anarchist Alfonso Faihla, participating in the activities of anarchist groups Syracuse. In 1927, after a daring elopement and wedding to Rosa Quasimodo, sister of the poet Salvatore Quasimodo, he became associated with those around the literary review 'Solaria', which saw to establish an art free of the prevailing ideology i.e. fascism and tradition, and was therefore implicitly anti-fascist, pan-European and pro-Modernism. During this period his work had already began to be published more widely and one article published in the pro-fascist magazine '//La Conquista dello Stato//' (The conquest of the state) saw him bizarrely being identified with the bourgeois fascist tendency. However, his work that was subsequently published in 'Solaria' and elsewhere including '//Il Mattino//' (Morning) and '//Il Lavoro Fascista//' (Fascist Worker), and especially the essay 'Scarico di coscienza' (Discharge of consciousness) in 'Italia Letteraria', in which he accused the Italian literature of provincialism, caused something of a scandal and began to earn him a name as "uno scrittore tendenzialmente antifascista" (a writer of the anti-fascist tendency). In 1931, edizioni di Solaria published his first book, '//Racconti di piccola borghesia//' (Tales of the petty bourgeoisie), a collection of short stories and 'Solaria' serialised his novel '//Il Garofano Rosso//' (The Red Carnation) between 1933 and 1934 as fascist censorship prevented its publication, the fate of many of his novels and short stories from this period ('//Il Garofano Rosso//' was not published until after World War II). Living in poverty, in the years 1931-1937, he worked on the '//Bargello//', the weekly of the Fascist Federation of Florence, on which he expresses his views of the //fascista 'di sinistra'// (leftist) tendency, and in 1937, he was expelled from the National Fascist Party for expressing in print his support of the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War and calling for Italian youth to got to fight. In fact, he had planned to go to Spain with his friend and fellow writer Vasco Pratolini but never made the trip. Becoming more conscious of the contradictions of fascism and annoyed by the "continuing harassment" of the fascists, leave Florence in 1938 and moved to Milan, where he goes to work at Simon and Schuster. An anthology of American literature which he edited for them was ceased by the fascist censors. Remaining an outspoken critic of Benito Mussolini's regime, Vittorini joined the Italian Communist Party and began taking an active role in the Resistance, which provided the basis for his 1945 novel '//Uomini e No//' (Men and not Men). In 1943 he was commissioned by the Italian Communist Party to strengthen its contacts in Sicily and, on July 26 that year, he was arrested and remained in San Vittore prison until September. Upon his release, he became involved in the underground press, as well as helping found the Fronte della Gioventù (Youth Front) and organise a general strike in Florence in February 1944. Fearing arrest by the fascist police, he hid out in the mountains where, between the spring and autumn of 1944, he wrote '//Uomini e No//', published by Simon and Schuster the following year. Also in 1945, he briefly became the editor of the Italian Communist daily '//L'Unità//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Vittorini it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Vittorini www.provsr.it/pv/vittorini.htm www.italialibri.net/autori/vittorinie.html]

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: At dawn in Maria Luisa Park, prisoners allegedly trying to escape from a police van are shot [cf. ley de fugas], leaving four dead. The Minister of the Interior also orders an assault on the Casa Cornelio tavern, a rebel stronghold in the city. [see: Aug. 6]

[D] 1967 - Detroit or 12th Street Riot: The people of Detroit, angry at the disappearance of jobs and, especially, at the abusive and virtually all-white police department, erupt following a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar. Six days of rioting, finally put down by the National Guard, leave 43 dead, at least 347 injured, and 3,800 in jail. During the riots, 1,300 buildings are burned to the ground and 2,700 businesses are looted. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm wn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-12th-street-riot www.blackpast.org/aah/detroit-race-riot-1967 solidarity-us.org/node/824 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/13_detroit.html dlxs.lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?type=bbaglist;view=bbthumbnail;bbdbid=405] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopédie]
 * = 24 || 1749 - Denis Diderot is arrested in Paris during a government crackdown on writers and publishers of subversive books - for writing his '//Encyclopedie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers//' (Encyclopaedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts).

1791 - Robespierre expels all Jacobins opposed to the principles of the French Revolution from the Société des amis de la Constitution aka the Club des Jacobins.

1894 - American forces invade Seoul, Korea, 'to protect American interests' in their own inimitable fashion. They remain until April 3, 1896. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 11] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Premier Stolypin ruthlessly suppresses the liberal Kadet Party; Kadets headquarters in St. Petersburg are closed and a purge of Kadet members from government posts begins. Stolypin's actions also mark the beginning of a wave of arrests of the liberal opposition. Widespread anti-government demonstrations occur across Russia. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: News arrived from Morocco that the Spanish army had been defeated by the Rif in Ait Aixa. 26 soldiers were dead and another 230 were wounded. The masses could not wait until August 2nd to begin their fight. The leaders of Solidaridad Obrera were forced to form a central strike committee and begin mobilising for the general strike on Monday 26th. The strike committee was formed composed of the Socialist Antoni Fabra i Ribas (who tried unsuccessfully to postpone the Barcelona mobilisation so it would coincide with a general strike that the PSOE and UGT planned to call across Spain, and which eventually took place on August 2 with little support, due to the repressive measures taken by the government, which included the arrest in Madrid on July 28 Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the socialist party leadership), the anarcho-syndicalists, and the bricklayer, and later police informer, Miguel Villalobos Moreno. None were then prominent within the Catalan workers movement. Workers began touring the city collecting money for the fund of resistance for what was planned to be an insurrectionary general strike. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: Representatives of the crew of the SMS Prinzregent Luitpold gather to plan a peaceful demonstration, together with shipyard workers, against the poor quality of their rations and the unequal treatment of officers and crew. [see: Aug. 2 & Oct. 29]

1935 - Against the background of increasing numbers of new BUF recruits in the East End of London, Oswald Mosley makes his first public appearence in Stafford Town Hall. Twenty four cops inside the hall prevent minor disturbances escalating into a full-blown riot. Mounted police prevent angry crowds outside reaching the building. [PR]

[A/D] 1936 - "Llevamos un mundo nuevo en nuestros corazones" (We carry a new world in our hearts) - the motto of the Durruti Column. The Durruti Column, made up of 2,500 militiamen, leaves Barcelona towards the Zaragoza front. Along side it is the 800 fighters of the Columna Ortiz, also known as the Segunda Columna, Columna Sur-Ebro or Columna Roja y Negra. [www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/357-la-columna-durruti.html www.anarcosindicalismohistoria.info/historia/milicias-y-ejercito/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_Durruti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durruti_Column ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_Sud-Ebre es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_Sur_Ebro es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicia_confederal www.english.illinois.edu/maps/scw/durruti.html]

[C] 1974 - In Barcelona, the militants and MIL (Iberian Liberation Movement) members Oriol Solé Sugranyes and José Luis Pons Llobet (arrested near the French border on September 17, 1973 after a run in with the Guardia Civil) are condemned to 48 and 24 years of prison, respectively.

1996 - It is reported that 3 prisoners in Turkey have died during a hunger strike by 1,900 inmates in 33 prisons. The protests were for government transfers of prisoners to remote locations and cancellation of visiting rights for political prisoners. || Largely lost to history, the 'conference' was described at the time as the "final swansong of the 'first parliament'." [Ivan Subbotin (Иван Субботин) - 'The dissolution of the First State Duma' (Роспуск первой государственной думы), 1907] The meetings produced a serious of mixed messages; there was unanimity on the need to renew the call for a revival of the Soviets, and the RSDRP and the Trudoviks jointly called on the military to revolt, whilst the Kadet leadership began thier retreat from the (as they saw it too radical) Vyborg Manifesto. However, the factions remained as far apart as ever. Kadets insisted that with the country so calm it was impossible to save the Duma. Only a revolutionary upsurge would open up different tactics. The Trudoviks and RSDLP countered that an attempt to maintain the Duma as the new centre of power should be at the forefront of an attempt to generate a revolution. There were also irreconcilable differences over a Trudovik proposal that they establish an Executive Committee of the liquidated Duma to resolve tactical questions about how to best implement the demands of the Vyborg Manifesto. However, Kadets declined the Trudoviks proposal because it lacked credibility given the committee's origins in such a small meeting meant that it could not claim to speak for the whole Duma. There were also numerous practical difficulties, not least the government's likely measures against such a committee and the on-going persecution of the ex-deputies. In the end the Terioki meetings proved inconclusive and the deputies began returning to their provinces and the backlash of the new government. Some were tortured and imprisoned or exiled. Many ended up in prison and the vast majority, including the whole Kadets leadership, were deprived of all political rights following a in December 1907. Also, one of the princpal organisers of the Terioki meetings, Mikhail Herzenstein, was murdered by the Black Hundreds several days later on July 31st. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm socialist.memo.ru/books/html/melancon.htm www.thefreelibrary.com/The+First+State+Duma,+1906%3A+the+view+from+the+contemporary+pamphlet...-a0280302020 www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/jun/27.htm terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=meeting1906]
 * = 25 || 1906 - [O.S. Jul. 12] In Terioki (or Terijoki), now Zelenogorsk (Зеленого́рск), part of St. Petersburg, but then in the safe territory of the Grand-Duchy of Finland a series of inter-party meetings (July 25-27 [O.S. Jul. 12-14]), someting called the 'New Resort' (Новый Курорт) or Terioki Conference, take place. Called by members of Kadets and the Trudoviks, they also involve RSDLP representatives as well as Socialist-Revolutionaries and can be seen as another in the long line of attempts at establishing a 'Left bloc' following the Third RDSLP Party Congress in April/May 1905. Whilst this 'Left bloc' cooperation did take place at the level of strike committees, labour unions, and other groups, and meant that the different parties could jointly call for a general strike, an armed uprising, the nonpayment of taxes, or expropriations, at the state level the Bolshevik's opposition to their particiaption in the Duma limited the potential scope of their co-operation. However, with no current Duma, there was less of an obstacle.

1907 - Théodule Meunier (b. 1860), French anarchist and advocate of propaganda by deed, dies in the Cayene penal colony. [see: Aug. 22]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: Yesterday's decision to hold the general strike tomorrow is ratified at a meeting with delegates from 250 factories throughout the region of Barcelona, despite the civil governor of Barcelona, Ángel Ossorio i Gallardo, having officiall banned the holding of the meeting. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

[D] 1934 - Nestor Makhno (b. 1889), Ukranian anarchist general who fought both the Red and White armies during the Russian Revolution of 1917, now exiled in Paris, dies in the early hours from tuberculosis. He was 44. [see: Oct. 27] [www.nestormakhno.info/english/]

1938 - The beginning of the great battle in Spain on the Ebro front, the last protracted battle that end mid November with the defeat of the Republican forces.

1967 - President Johnson orders federal troops into Detroit under the Insurrection Act to put down the 12th Street Riot.

[A] 2001 - In Dijon, 40 anarchists occupy the Italian consulate to protest police violence at the G8 Summit in Genoa, Italy. A streamer proclaiming: " le G8 tue pour faire taire la colère de la rue " (G8 kills to bury the anger of the street) is hung above the entrance. [www.ainfos.ca/01/jul/ainfos00932.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution]
 * = 26 || 1817 - Second Serbian Uprising [Други српски устанак]: Miloš Obrenović succeedes in forcing Maraşlı Ali Paşa to negotiate an unwritten agreement, ending the Second Serbian uprising. Obrenović goes on to become the ruler (Prince) of the new Principality of Serbia. [see: Nov. 6]

1830 - Trois Glorieuses [Three Glorious Days] or La Révolution de Juillet: The Second French Revolution [July 26-29] marks the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Louis-Philippe would himself be overthrown in turn in 1848. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses]

1877 - Battle of the Viaduct in Chicago: Federal troops, recently returned from a massacre of Native Americans in the west, backed by militia and police, attack striking furniture workers. They kill at least 30, and leave more than 100 seriously injured. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Viaduct]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 13] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: According to a report of the provincial gendarmerie chief, only 3 mills and 4 factories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) are currently operating, the rest of them stand idle. The regional governor sends the troops back into the city, where they occupy businesses and schools. Troops are als sent to Kohma (Кохму) and Shuya (Шую) where spontaneous workers protests have also broken out. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: The July Revolution (Revolució de Juliol (Cat.) / Revolución de Julio (Sp.) or the Glorious Week (Setmana Gloriosa / Semana Gloriosa) [more commonly known by the name given to it by the Catalan bourgeoisie, Setmana Tràgica (Semana Trágica (Sp.) / Tragic Week) begins in Barcelona. Although the civil governor Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo had received ample warning of the growing discontent, little had been planned in advance of the general strike to prevent serious civil disorder. So, when the strike in Barcelona began in the suburbs, where most of the factories were located, little was done to halt the burning of the booths where the hated consumos (consumption) tax was collected. The strike spread like wildfire from the suburbs to downtown. By midmorning the whole Catalan economy was paralysed. Many employers, for fear of the workers, decided to close their businesses directly what added more space to the protest. Small businesses, some for fear of the pickets, others sympathetic to the reasons for the strike, closed their doors. Workers began began to forcibly stop trams which, as a key economic sector of the city life, the government tried to protect, but after several clashes between the Guardia Civil and the protesters, they had to abandon their efforts. By the afternoon the city was in working hands. Workers had managed to secure weapons and began clashing with the Guardia Civil and the police, and attacking Guardia Civil barracks and police stations (military barracks initially went unnoticed), freeing political prisoners. To prevent the arrival of reinforcements rail lines were dynamited, cutting the city off from Madrid, while in the working class neighborhoods rose hundreds of barricades. The police had dispersed unable to stop the move. The state apparatus was divided between those who wanted the strike suppress immediately (the Minister of the Interior) by bringing in the army, and those like Governor Ossorio who did not want to use troops, fearing that they would fraternise with the workers. That same afternoon, the Madrid government finally forced Ossorio to resign and, unable to stop the workers, the Capitán General de Cataluña, Luis de Santiago, declared martial law in Barcelona. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

[C] 1912 - Dawid Eugeniusz Dawidek Szmulewski (d. 1990), Polish Jew who fought in the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War and was active in the resistance in Auschwitz-Birkenau, who provided the camera used by the Sonderkommando to photgraph the crematoria and helped blow up Crematorium IV in Birkenau on October 7, 1944, born in Koło (Poland). After fighting in the International Brigades in Spain, he was interned in Saint-Cyprien concentration camp and escaped with others following the French decision to move the majority of prisoners were transferred to Africa. Eventually arrested, he was deported to Auschwitz on March 27, 1942. After the war, he remained in Poland and occupied important positions in the security services. It is part of the Jewish communists who were expelled from their positions in 1968 by a regime they had served for years. He moved to France, where he wrote a testimony (in Yiddish), 'Souvenirs de la Résistance dans le Camp d' Auschwitz-Birkenau' (Memories of Resistance in Auschwitz-Birkenau; 1984). [bcrfj.revues.org/6563?lang=en www.milimcultural.com.ar/newsletter/milim018.htm www.alba-valb.org/resources/media/SzmulewskiConCyrankiewicz.jpg/view?searchterm=David Szmulewski www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/jewish-volunteers-in-the-spanish-civil-war/jewish-spanish-civil-war-veterans-during-world-war-ii/?searchterm=Szmulewski www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Oswiecim/auindex.html www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/pressac0424.shtml]

1936 - With the attempted fascist takeover of Spain faltering, Adolf Hitler agrees to provide aid to the insurgents. The Comintern finally agrees to seek aid for the democratic Republic (after sending its gold reserves to Russia).

1936 - Jewish People's Council Against Fascism and Anti-Semitism (JPC) founded at the Absa House Conference in the east End of London. Organised by working class Jews in the face of the Board of deputies passivity in response to BU activities, it involved 87 different Jewish working class organisations: "Jewry – itself united against Fascism and thus against anti-Semitism – must seek alies. Who are our possible allies? Only the democratic forces also threatened by fascism. Can we say to them, "help us in our fight against anti-Semitism, but we will not fight with you against Fascism"? Can we expect allies on such terms? Clearly the answer is "No." From amongst some of those involved emerged 2 radically different Jewish anti-fascist groupings. The rather curious Legion (or League) of Blue and White Shirts, a small short-lived group which claimed to be a non-political and non-sectarian organisation aimed at physically combatting fascism and anti-Semetism in all its forms - BUF labelled them the "storm troops of Jewry". The Ex-Servicemen's Movement Against Fascism (EMAF) on the other hand consisting of both Jews and non-Jews and had close links with the CPGB. With a strong base of support in the Jewish East End, it could mobilise 1,000 members [the largest anti-fascist organisation in the capital outside of the CPGB] at short notice to "attack Fascism in its strongholds and sweep it off the streets". [digirep.rhul.ac.uk/file/3f8d58cc-857b-44b3-5d27-f89d441c61cf/4/Daniel_Tilles_PhD_Thesis2.pdf wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4468/1/WRAP_Cullen__0481824-cedar-241011-sh_fascism_cullen_checked_(2).pdf]

1948 - Raúl Carballeira Lacunza (b. 1917 or 1918), Argentinian anarchist who was active in the Spanish anti-Franco resistance, commits suicide rather than be captured in the Montjuich gardens during an ambush mounted by commissioner Eduardo Quintela Vault, head of Brigada Politicosocial de Barcelona. [see: Feb. 28]

1952 - Hated despot Farouk I of Egypt is overthrown and forced into exile by a militart coup. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2014/01/25/The-overthrow-of-the-king-Farouk-s-dramatic-departure-from-power.html www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/abdication-king-farouk]

[D] 1953 - Fidel Castro begins his revolt against Fulgencio Batista with an unsuccessful attack on an army barracks in eastern Cuba. Fidel Castro leads a small group of revolutionaries (outnumbered more than 10 to 1 by the defenders) in an attack on the Moncada army barracks in eastern Cuba. It fails and Castro is arrested shortly afterwards. Fifteen soldiers and three policemen were killed and 23 soldiers and five policemen wounded during the attack. Nine rebels were killed in combat and eleven wounded, four of them by friendly fire. Eighteen captured rebels were immediately executed in the Moncada small-arms target range within two hours after the attack. Their corpses were strewn throughout the garrison to simulate death in combat. Thirty-four fleeing rebels captured during the next three days were murdered after admitting their participation. The attack would provide Castro with the name for his revolutionary movement - Movimiento 26 Julio or M 26-7. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncada_Barracks en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement]

[A] 1979 - Native American Leonard Peltier recaptured six days after his escape from prison. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses]
 * = 27 || 1830 - Trois Glorieuses [Three Glorious Days] or La Révolution de Juillet: The Second French Revolution [July 26-29] marks the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Louis-Philippe would himself be overthrown in turn in 1848. [expand]

1849 - Vera Zasulich (d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, anarchist and then a Marxist and Menshevik, born. Involved with radical politics as a student, she was arrested and imprisoned in May 1869 for her contacts with the nihilist Sergey Nechayev. Released in 1873, she joined the Kievan Insurgents, a revolutionary group of Mikhail Bakunin's anarchist supporters, becoming a respected leader of the movement. On Feb. 5 1878, Zasulich attempts to shoot General Trepov, prefect of police of St Petersburg, in revenge for his having ordered the flogging of Alexei Bogolyubov, a political prisoner who had refused to remove his cap in his presence. Trepov was wounded and Zasulich acquitted at her trial after having effectively put Trepov on trial. Zasulich fled to Switzerland to avoid further arrest and there converted to Marxism, later becoming involved in the founding of '//Iskra//' and the Mensheviks, supporting the Russian war effort during WWI and opposing the October Revolution of 1917. '//Vera, or the Nihilists//' (1880) by Oscar Wilde is allegedly based upon the story of her life. [www.ephemanar.net/mai08.html#8 www.online-literature.com/wilde/vera-or-the-nihilists/0/]

1894 - Théodule Meunier, French practitioner of 'propaganda by the deed', is sentenced to life in prison in the Cayenne penal colony. "A perpétuité? La société bourgeoise n'en a pas pour aussi longtemps! Courage, copains, et vive l'anarchie!"

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: In Barcelona hundreds of barricades were erected and several armouries were looted for their pistols and rifles. Attacks were directed against churches and church properties, especially the convents, schools and boards of religious orders. In the space of a few hours many religious buildings were set on fire. In some cases the friars and nuns and property were respected, but in most cases arsonists rushed to plunder and pillage and burned furniture and fixtures. The parish priest of Poblenou died of asphyxiation in the basement of his church where he had taken refuge. Some cemeteries are also desecrated convents. The highlight of the anticlerical violence occurred during the so-called noche trágica from Tuesday to Wednesday in which twenty buildings in the city centre and eight convents on the outskirts were burned down, and many Catholics suffered insults and taunts, such as the elderly nun who was forced to strip to ensure that she hid nothing bunderneath her habit. Prominent in the carrying out of these acts of vandalism were the violently anticlerical jóvenes bárbaros (young barbarians), associated with the Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party) of Alejandro Lerroux, who at the time was in exile. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1911 - Władysław Głuchowski (d. 1941), Polish teacher, anarcho-syndicalist activist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. 1931-1932 editor of '//Życie Uniwersyteckie//' (University Life) in Poznan, activist of Zwiazek Polskiej Mlodziezy Demokratycznej (ZPMD; Union of Polish Democratic Youth), graduated from the History Faculty. After his studies he worked as a teacher in Belorussian secondary school in Wilnus [Vilna]. 1934-1939 anarcho-syndicalist activist in ZZZ (Union of Workers Unions). At the same time member of Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski (AFP: Anarchist Federation of Poland). Published in '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front, newspaper of ZZZ). In 1935 became a section secretary of ZZZ in Krakow. Arrested January 10, 1937, after rally in Chrzanow, accused of calling for overthrow of the state. In October 1937 acquitted by the court after police and workers’ testimony. 1937-1939 secretary of section of ZZZ in Czestochowa. Strike organiser. Initiator of many workers common-rooms in Upper Silesia and people’s house in Czestochowa. With the lawyer Zygmunt Choldyk was an initiator of underground Polski Związek Wolności (PZW: Polish Association of Freedom). In 1940 joined Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolnosc' (Syndicalist Organization 'Freedom'). June 12, 1940, arrested by the Gestapo and send to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. January 12, 1941, died of infected wounds as prisoner no.17710. He left a daughter, Helen. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Władysław_Głuchowski www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/ www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Wladyslaw_Gluchowski]

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: A shop stewards meeting is held to finalise a plan of action and a coordinating group of 4 stokers, Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch, Hans Beckers and Willy Sachse, and seaman Wilhelm Weber, is formed. [see: Aug. 2 & Oct. 29]

1918 - Julio Rodríguez Fernandez, aka 'El Cubano' aka 'Fedor' aka Rafael Grau Raimundo (d. 1949), Cuban anarchist and anti-fascist guerrilla, born. [poss. alternate date includes 31 Jul.]

1918 - United Mine Workers organiser Ginger Goodwin is shot by a hired private cop outside Cumberland, British Columbia. His murder sparked Canada's first General Strike.

1936 - In Catalonia, with the enthusiasm of the revolution throughout Spain of the past few days, a new rationalist school - the Centre de l'Escola Nova Unificada (New Unified School Centre) is founded, based and run upon the Modern School principles of Francisco Ferrer.

1940 - Plans were laid for an assassination attempt on Hilter at a victory parade due to be held on the Champs-Elysées in Paris. Lieutenant Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg, who had been an active participant in earlier attempted coups in Berlin, and Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier, worked in the Information Division of the Foreign Ministry, planned to shot Adolf while he stood in the reviewing stand along the parade route. However, on July 20 Hitler cancelled the parade. He quietly slipped unannounced into Paris in the early morning hours of July 23 and visited several places of personal interest, including Napoleon's tomb, the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower, and the Palace of Justice. Just as discreetly he left the city, his would-be assassins unaware of his brief sojourn there. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

[D] 1941 - Srb Uprising [Ustanak u Srbu]: An uprising against the fascist Independent State of Croatia in Srb, a village in the Gračac municipality in Lika region, by the local population, aided by the Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans, after its troops had killed about 900 Serb civilians in the area. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb_uprising www.ravnagorachetniks.org/istorija_e_2.html hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb dalje.com/en-croatia/uprising-day-marked-in-srb/516317 www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/croatia-antifascist-uprising-marked-in-srb www.jutarnji.hr/ustanak-u-srbu--sto-se-dogodilo-27--srpnja-1941--/850034/]

1970 - António de Oliveira Salazar (b. 1889), Portuguese professor and politician who founded the Estado Novo (New State) and served as its Prime Minister/dictator from 1932 to 1968, finally dies still believing that he is still Prime Minister despite being removed from office 2 years earlier following a series fall and brain hemorrhage. [see: Apr. 28 & Aug. 3]

1973 - Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot: Oklahoma State Pen aka 'Big Mac' explodes into one of the destructive prison riots in U.S. history. Built to hold 1,100 prisoners, the McAlester facility held more than 2,200 at the time of the uprising. It began at 2:30 pm in the mess hall when 2 prion officers were stabbed. Eventully 21 were taken hostage, with 3 inmates dying at the hands of their fellow prisoners. By 6 pm the prison was on fire. Among the demands the inmates made for the release of hostages were a total amnesty for the 'ringleaders', media coverage and access to Justice Department and American Civil Liberties Union attorneys. [oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/25/three-days-of-mayhem-the-mcalester-prison-riot/ oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/24/the-mcalester-prison-riot/ newsok.com/pictures-from-the-1973-mcalester-prison-riot/article/3940129]

1973 - The 2 June Movement carry out a bank robbery In West Berlin, stealing 200,000 Deutsch Marks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_June_Movement]

1981 - Liverpool 8 Uprising / Toxteth Riots: A second wave of rioting breaks out in Toxteth, Liverpool in protest against racist policing. Black youth from the area, joined by white youths from surrounding districts, attack police with missiles and petrol bombs. Cars were set on light and 26 officers injured. Baton charges having proved ineffectually during the previous riots, the police resorted to the tactic developed in Northern Ireland by the RUC (and used during the Moss Side riots by Greater Manchester Police earlier in the month) of driving vehicles at high speed into crowds in order to disperse them. This led to the death of David Moore, a local disabled man struck and killed by a police Land Rover in the early hours of July 28. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/leroy-cooper-toxteth-riots-were-3369244 www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/toxteth-riots-1981-background---3369242 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1419981.stm www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/07/06/leroy_cooper_feature.shtml gerryco23.wordpress.com/2011/07/04/liverpool-81-the-voice-of-the-unheard/ www.newsfromoutside.co.uk/blog/?p=16 www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jul/03/toxteth-liverpool-riot-30-years www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/social-economic-history/why-liverpool-8-exploded-and-what-happened-next]

2005 - Arsonists identifying themselves as the Earth Liberation Front damage two homes under construction in Whatcom County, Washington. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses]
 * = 28 || 1830 - Trois Glorieuses [Three Glorious Days] or La Révolution de Juillet: The Second French Revolution [July 26-29] marks the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Louis-Philippe would himself be overthrown in turn in 1848. [expand]

1894 - In Paris the Chamber of Deputies passes the last //lois scélérates// (villainous laws), condemning any individual or publication using anarchist propaganda.

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 5] Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprisings [Илинденско-Преображенско въстания]: The message setting the date for the uprising as August 2 (July 20 in the old Julian calendar), the feast day of St. Elias (Elijah), a holy day known as Ilinden, is sent out through out the revolutionary movements, with the secret being kept until the last moment. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 15] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The new Russian prime minsiter, Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин), begins his attempts (July 28-August 2 [O.S. Jul. 15-20]) to recruit moderates for his government, but refuses to pledge to enact any liberal reforms. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Jul. 15] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: A general uprising in the Baltic Fleet had been scheduled for August 10 (July 29), 1906 by the RSDLP, but in the Sveaborg garrison and 20th Naval Depot, located on the island of Skatudden (Скатуден), an uprising begins prematurely. Spontaneous disturbances break out during the evening among the sailors of a mine company demanding the cancelation of an order stopping the issuance of so-called "wine money", regularly issued to supplement poor miltary rations and inprove nutrition. The next day the company refuse to lay minefields. The Sveaborg Socialist Revolutionaries group, which had proposed that the uprising should be jointly organised, but had been snubbed by the RSDLP, takes advantage of this opportunity to call for their own uprising. The St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP hastily sent a delegation to Sveaborg to try and arrange a postponement of the uprising. And if a postponement were to prove impossible, the delegation was to take part in leading the uprising. The delegation however arrived at the height of the uprising and was unable to enter the fortress. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

1907 - In Raon-l'Etape during a peaceful demonstration by French strikers, police open fire on the procession, killing two workers. Barricades appear in the streets and the black flag is raised. Francis Boudoux (Jules Sellenet), anarchist and secretary of the l'Union des Syndicats de Meurthe-et-Moselle, delivers a speech at the funeral services for the two workmen.

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: Dawn saw Barcelona shrouded by the smoke plumes coming from numerous burning religious buildings. Throughout the day anti-clerical violence and shootings between insurgents and the forces of law and order continues, with the most serious incidents occurring in the district of San Andrés de Palomar, where rebels armed with rifles captured casetas de consumos (consumption tax booths) guards, whilst members of the Militia built barricades and set fire to the parish church. However the same day the first military reinforcements arrived from Zaragoza and Valencia, believing that they would be suppressing a "separatist" movement. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1909 - In Madrid, Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the leadership of the PSOE is arrested ahead of the planned countrywide general strike... [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1920 - Pasquale Binazzi, Italian trade union militant and director of the anarchist magazine '//Il Libertario//', is arrested in Spezio and charged with forming an armed gang during social disturbances in the city last month. In response to his arrest workers initiate a General Strike.

1969 - Following the death of a local man, Kenneth Horsfall who was stabbed to death, a series of riots break out in the Burley area of Leeds (centred on Burley Road, Woodsley Road and Burley Lodge Road). Three 'coloured' immigrant men are arrested in connection with the murder and local white people target the local Asian population, attacking homes and businesses. The disturbances, which drew white youths from across Leeds, were in part fermented by local fascists from the NF, BNP and BM, and there were numerous arrests for criminal damage, assault and setting cars on fire. In a separate incident, which reignited tensions, a West Indian man driving a car hit a white man and killed him. The disturbances continue for 3-4 nights. The 3 men arrested in connection with the murder would appeared at Leeds Assizes in January 1970. Two were convicted of the murder and received life imprisonment and one man was acquitted of aiding and abetting the murder and carrying an offensive weapon. [www.secretleeds.co.uk/forum/Messages.aspx?ThreadID=2987 www.onemickjones.com/forum/viewtopic.php?id=18926]

1973 - Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot: National Guard troops and Oklahoma Highway Patrol officers were called out to help get the prison under control. At 12:30 pm prisoners released the hostages. [oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/25/three-days-of-mayhem-the-mcalester-prison-riot/ oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/24/the-mcalester-prison-riot/ newsok.com/pictures-from-the-1973-mcalester-prison-riot/article/3940129]

1981 - Liverpool 8 Uprising / Toxteth Riots: In the early hours of the morning, the use by the police of the tactic of driving vehicles at high speed into crowds in order to disperse them (as developed as a riot control technique in Northern Ireland by the RUC) claims its first victim on the UK mainland during the second wave of rioting in Toxteth as a local disabled man, David Moore, is struck by a police Land Rover and killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/leroy-cooper-toxteth-riots-were-3369244 www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/toxteth-riots-1981-background---3369242 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1419981.stm www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/07/06/leroy_cooper_feature.shtml gerryco23.wordpress.com/2011/07/04/liverpool-81-the-voice-of-the-unheard/ www.newsfromoutside.co.uk/blog/?p=16 www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jul/03/toxteth-liverpool-riot-30-years www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/social-economic-history/why-liverpool-8-exploded-and-what-happened-next]

[C] 1985 - Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) is officially launched at a meeting in Conway Hall, London, attended by 250 people. Representatives from Red Action, Class War, the Jewish Socialist group, Newham Monistoring Project, Workers Power, Searchlight, the Refugees Forum and various local antiracist bodies from across the country. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/afa-brief-chronology-of-events-1985-1997.pdf antifascistaction.tumblr.com/ libcom.org/history/1985-2001-anti-fascist-action-afa libcom.org/blog/anti-fascist-action-%E2%80%93-fighting-talk-documentary-27022012 beatingthefascists.org/category/afa/ libcom.org/library/anti-fascist-action-magazine-fighting-talk]

2000 - Anti-government protesters fight street battles as the struggle to bring down President Alberto Fujimori kicks off. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses]
 * = 29 || 1830 - Trois Glorieuses [Three Glorious Days] or La Révolution de Juillet: The Second French Revolution [July 26-29] marks the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Louis-Philippe would himself be overthrown in turn in 1848. [expand]

1871 - Roberto Elia (d. 1924), Italian militant anarchist and Galleanist, born. Elia and his friend Andrea Salsedo owned a print shop in the US. In 1920, during the Palmer Raids in suspects in the 1919 wave of anarchist bombings, both were abducted without a warrant or arrest [see: Mar. 8]. Held in secret, interrogated and beaten for eight weeks, Salsedo mysteriously "falls" from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice offices (May 3, 1920). Elia refused an offer to cancel deportation proceedings if he would testify about his role in the Galleanist organisation. [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FA0B15FD3A5511738DDDAE0994DF405B808EF1D3]

[D] 1900 - Angelo Gaetano Bresci assassinates King Umberto I of Italy at Monza, in revenge for the repression of the insurrection in Milan, two years before. "As he left a gymnastic display organised by the society of "Fort e Liberi" Umberto I was hit by two revolver shots fired by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci, who had come from Patterson, USA, with the express purpose of avenging the Milan massacres of 1898. Wounded in the neck and shoulder blades, the king died shortly after. Bresci, condemned to convict prison, was found strangled in circumstances which remain obscure, in cell no 515 of Santo Stefano prison on May 22nd, 1901." [ Costantini pic ]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Menshevik paper '//Iskra//' urges students to abandon their academic strike in Sep. and to use the universities for mass agitation. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The SR terrorist Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков) escapes from prison in Sebastopol with the assistance of a sailer and SR combat organisation, Vasily Mitrofanovich Sulyatitsky (Василий Митрофанович Сулятицкий), sailing to Romania and then to Germany via Hungary and Switzerland. arrested in Sevastopol, which was preparing an attempt on the Black Sea Fleet Commander Admiral GP Chuhnina Г. Чухнина. managed to escape from his prison cell in Odessa sentenced by a military court to be hanged [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/savinkov.php en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Savinkov spartacus-educational.com/Boris_Savinkov.htm www.rummuseum.ru/lib_s/terr22_03.php www.nivestnik.ru/2009_1/15_ioffe_15.shtml ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сулятицкий,_Василий_Митрофанович]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: Starting with the area of ​​the Ramblas and the port, about 10,000 soldiers were occupying the city of Barcelona, ​​while the morale of the insurgents was falling as they were aware that their rebellion was not being supported in the rest of Spain. Between Friday and Saturday the city was gradually regaining normal except in the districts of San Andrés and Horta, where they continued the shootings occurred and where the last burning and looting of monasteries and religious schools. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1920 - 'No more war' demonstrations by disabled German veterans.

1921 - Maria Occhipinti (d. 1996), Italian anarcha-feminist, born. In 1945 she was involved in the Non si parte! anti-draft revolt in Ragusa, for which she was imprisoned. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet29.html#occhipinti ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Occhipinti palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/03/26/news/storia_di_maria_occhipinti_una_donna_contro_la_guerra-55386264/ www.riff.it/en/finalisti-2013/con-quella-faccia-da-straniera-il-viaggio-di-maria-occhipinti/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wdbt02]

1923 - International 'No more war' demonstrations occur in 23 countries.

[C] 1944 - Silvano Fedi (b. 1920), Italian anarchist, anti-fascist partisan and local hero, is killed in a Nazi ambush. [see: Apr. 25]

1947 - British Forces in the Palestine Mandate execute Avshalom Haviv, Yaakov Weiss and Meir Nakar, 3 Irgun Zvei Leumi paramilitaries sentenced to hang under the 1945 Defence Emergency Regulations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sergeants_affair www.newstatesman.com/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots]

1962 - Mosley and the UM again tried to march through Manchester to Belle Vue but this time he had only 30-40 supporters. Even before march had started, 5 anti-fascists had rushed Mosley and knocked him to the ground (one of three occasions on which he was floored that day), only for him to be rescued by some of the 250 police present, who formed a ring round him and escorted him to the head of the march. Anti-fascists, who managed to prevent Mosley from parading through the centre of the city by sheer weight of numbers, showered the Mosleyites with tomatoes, eggs coins and stones, and the fascists' flags and banners were ripped down. At end of march, Mosley's speech before a hostile crowd of 5,000 people was inaudible and police called off the meeting after just seven minutes. Clashes between the Blackshirts and anti-fascists continued for some time after the rally had ended, with 47 people being arrested, including Jeffrey Hamm who was charged with threatening behaviour. [news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19620730&id=35tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l6MMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3042,3695547 eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620804-1.2.21.2.aspx www.jta.org/1962/07/30/archive/47-persons-arrested-at-mosleyite-open-air-meeting-in-manchester www.jta.org/1962/07/31/archive/thirty-persons-fined-for-riot-at-mosleyite-meeting-in-manchester afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1963 - Two bombs explode in Madrid, including on at the Direction Générale de la Sécurité (General Security Directorate) which explodes prematurely causing 20 minor injuries. The press whip up a frenzy of resentment against the anti-Francoists. Anarchists Joaquin Delgado and Francisco Granados are arrested in possession of explosives in an unrelated incident. They are tortured before being sentenced to death by a military court and executed by garrot vil on August 17, 1963.

[A] 1968 - Riots rock Seattle's Central Area after a police raid on the local Black Panther Party headquarters. Seattle BPP leader Aaron Dixon is arrested for possession of a stolen typewriter. (Later acquitted.) 69 are arrested in riots over the following three days.

1970 - Johannes Sigfred Andersen aka 'Gulosten' (The Yellow Cheese)(b. 1898), Norwegian alcohol smuggler, furniture manufacturer, resistance fighter during WWII and, as a survivor of the notorious Bastøy school home for maladjusted boys, children's rights advocate, dies. [see: Jul. 9]

1973 - Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot: Highway Patrol troopers and National Guard troops enter the prison grounds. At the end of the three day uprising, 4 prisoners were dead (one from a heart attack), 12 buildings were burned, 21 inmates and guards had been injured, and 24 buildings destroyed, mainly through fire. Total damage estimated at $20-30 million. [oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/25/three-days-of-mayhem-the-mcalester-prison-riot/ oklahomawatch.org/2013/07/24/the-mcalester-prison-riot/ newsok.com/pictures-from-the-1973-mcalester-prison-riot/article/3940129 digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/m/mc002.html oktrooper.com/bigmac.html photos.denverpost.com/2013/07/26/photos-mcalester-prison-riots-40-years-later/]

2000 - Goliardo Fiaschi (b. 1930), Italian anarchist partisan who fought Franco, Moussolini and Hitler's troop, dies. [see: Aug. 21]

2000 - The Direct Action Network stages a protest at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, United States.

2012 - Three US Ploughshares protesters break into the Y-12 National Security Complex at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Cutting their way through 3 three security fences, they spray-painted peace messages on the plant's bomb-grade uranium storehouse exterior, draped banners and crime-scene tape, and poured human blood onto the concrete. ||
 * = 30 || 1898 - As a wave of anti-worker and anti-anarchist repression intensifies following riots in Milan, Amilcare Cipriani and five other libertarians are sent to prison with sentences ranging from 1-5 years.

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 17] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: General Vladimir Layming (Владимир Александрович Лайминг), the commandant of the fortress, orders the disarming and arrest of the sailors in the mine company, some 200 people. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свеаборгское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

1906 - Alfonso Failla (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, who took part in the armed resistance against the fascist //squadristi// in the 1925 Siracusa Uprising and who spent many years interned on the island of Ponza by the fascist regime, born. [libcom.org/history/failla-alfonso-1906-1986 ita.anarchopedia.org/Alfonso_Failla circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/alfonso-failla/]

1908 - Following the June 2 shooting of two workers during the Société des Sablières strike in Vigneux Draveil, passions are still running high and the acts of sabotage continue. Despite the CGT claiming to be behind calls for a general strike, only the Fédération du Bâtiment (construction workers) strike for the day and hold a rally. After the meeting in Vigneux, they march to the cemetery at Villeneuve-St-Georges singing the Internationale. However, a regiment of Dragoons attack them with their sabres, seriously injuring many - Rirette Maîtrejean receives a leg wound, whilst Libertad is forced to jump into the river, narrowly escaping death. When the protesters arrive at Villeneuve-St-Georges, with many wounded among them, the streets leading to the station are blocked by the army, making any return on Paris impossible. Protesters begin to build barricades and throw stones at the soldiers, but they open fire on the crowd, causing carnage - leaving four dead and over 200 injured on the side of the workers. On the army's side, 69 are wounded and 5 dead. Key CGT officials are arrested, including Yvetot, Griffuelhes, Pouget and Henri Dret (who had an arm amputated following the battle). Some activists go into hiding in Belgium and Switzerland to escape arrest. Other anarchists present at the event, such as Georges Durupt, are charged with "inciting military disobedience."

[D] 1936 - Airlift of Spain’s fascist military leaders and their troops from Africa to the Iberian Peninsula with planes supplied by the fascist regimes of Germany and Italy.

[C] 1938 - Frank Airlie (b. unknown), member of No. 4 Company of the British Battalion of the International Brigades, from Bellshill, Scotland (or Newcastle) dies at Gandesa during the Battle of the Ebro. [www.international-brigades.org.uk/content/roll-honour irelandscw.com/ibvol-EDJose.htm]

1950 - Fusillade de Grâce-Berleur: During a protest against the return of the exiled king, Leopold III, part of the Communist-inspired general strike in Wallonia, police fire upon a crowd of protesters in Grace-Berleur just outside Liège. Three people are killed outright and one dies later of his injuries. Most are former resistance fighters and one of those who was killed had not been taking part in the protest but leaning on his bicycle, watching from a distance. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Grâce-Berleur]

1969 - The Cap Rouge company is targeted by the FLQ with Canada’s first booby trap car bomb, which exploded before it could be disarmed.

[A] 1996 - Four Ploughshares activists acquitted, in Liverpool, of all charges on the basis of preventing a greater crime, after having extensively damaged an F-16 fighter jet set to be sold to the Indonesian government in its genocidal occupation of East Timor. ||
 * = 31 || 1848 - At the National Assembly in Paris, Proudhon presents a bill for the progressive abolition of land ownership. A frontal attack on the bourgeoisie, it proposes the abolition of l'ancienne société and continues the work begun with the Revolution of February 1848. The speech arouses public outrage and only Louis Greppo, a weaver from Lyon, votes in favour of the proposition.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: At the Fascio congress in Corleone, the Patti di Corleone (Corleone Covenants), model agrarian contracts for labourers, sharecroppers and tenants, are drafted and readied to present to the local land owners. The Patti di Corleone are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy. According to the press, the Corleone Fasci now have 50,000 people involved in them - the true figure is probably double or triple that number. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[1905 - [O.S. Jul. 18] Ivanovo Soviet / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Ivanovo strike collapses. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 18] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: Yesterday's disarming and arrest of the sailors in the mine company provokes an uprising. Around 22:00, seven of the garrison's ten artillery companies take part in the uprising, and are joined by the sailors of the Sveaborg Port Company Command and the 20th Naval Barracks on the Skatudden Peninsula, a total of more than 2,000 military personnel. Seizing rifles and machine guns, the rebels captured Aleksandrovskiy (Александровским), Artilleriiskiy (Артиллерийским), Mikhailovskiy (Михайловским), and Inzhenernyi (Инженерным) islands and began an artillery bombardment of Komendantskiy (Комендантский)and Lagernyi (Лагерного ) islands, where troops loyal to the tsarist government are located. The workers of Helsingfors (Helsinki) declared a general strike in support of the uprising. Detachments of the Finnish Red Guard (about 150-200 men) joined the revolutionary forces; Red Guards also got involved in battles with police detatchjments (known as the 'White Guards') as the latter tried to prevent the strike. The rebels, however, undertook no further offensive operations. Aware that an uprising was imminent in Kronstadt, they awaited the arrival of revolutionary ships of the Baltic Fleet. At the same time, the Social Democratic organization, headed by the officers Arkady Emelyanov (Аркадий Емельянов) and Eugene Kochanski (Евгений Коханский), tried to give the uprising an organised character, deploying slogans that called for the overthrow of the autocracy, the granting of freedom to the people, and the transfer of the land to the peasants. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свеаборгское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 18] Kadet land reformer Mikhail Yakovlevich Herzenstein (Михаил Яковлевич Герценштейн) is murdered by members of the right-wing nationalist Union of the Russian People (Сою́з ру́сского наро́да; СРН), a Black-Hundredist monarchist organisation - his killers are later pardoned by the Czar and investigations into their connections with the right are squelched [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Herzenstein ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_русского_народа ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Герценштейн,_Михаил_Яковлевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Герценштейн,_Михаил_Яковлевич www.shtengel.com/history/herzenstein.htm terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=meeting1906 terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?lang=ru&page=molchherz]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: The uprising in Barcelona had been more or less fully suppressed and the Maura government, through its Minister of the Interior Juan de la Cierva i Peñafiel, immediately began to exact a harsh and arbitrary repression. In the city, more than 2,500 people were arrested (had to enable ships to store the prisoners because it exceeded the capacity of the Barcelona jails) of which 1,725 ​​were prosecuted. 175 were sentenced to exile, 59 to life imprisonment, 18 to temporary detention, 13 to 'rigorous imprisonment' (prisión mayor), 39 to correctional prison and 5 were given death sentences. In addition, unions were closed down, including Solidaridad Obrera, and the closure of secular schools was also ordered. The five people sentenced to death and executed by the government were: Josep Miquel Baró, a Republican nationalist was executed on August 17, 1909 in Montjuic Prison; Antonio Pujol Malet a Lerroux Republican, executed on September 13; Clemente Garcia, a young man with Down syndrome accused of dancing with the body of a nun in the streets of Barcelona, ​​executed on October 4; Eugenio del Hoyo, a former policeman and security guard; and best known of all, Francisco Ferrer Guardia, the anarchist educationalist and co-founder of Escuela Moderna, executed by firing squad on October 13, the govenment having used the pretext of his supposedly been the instigator of the uprising to rid itself of a prominent opponent. His murder cause worldwide protests. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1918 - Julio Rodríguez Fernandez, aka 'El Cubano' aka 'Fedor' aka Rafael Grau Raimundo (d. 1949), Cuban anarchist and anti-fascist //guerrillerio//, born. [poss. alternative date to 27 Jul.]

1919 - Primo Levi (d. 1987), Italian-Jewish writer, chemist and Auschwitz survivor, born.

[C] 1922 - A General Strike against Fascism, the Sciopero legalitario (Strike for legality) to protest against fascist violence, is called in Italy. It collapses on the August 2nd and the Fascists respond by attacking the last outposts of resistance to their rule. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero_legalitario]

1937 - Felipe Cortiella y Ferrer (b. 1871), prominent Catalan author, poet, translator and dramatist, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

1947 - The bodies of 2 British army sergeants, Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice, kidnapped by Irgun Zvei Leumi paramilitaries in retaliation for the death sentences passed on three of its own fighters, [see: Jul. 29] are discovered in a eucalyptus grove near Netanya. They had been hanged and the ground beneath them booby-trapped with a landmine. In retailation, British troops and policemen went on the rampage in Tel Aviv, breaking the windows of shops and buses, overturning cars, stealing a taxi and assaulting members of the Jewish community. Groups of young Jews then took to the streets and started stoning police foot patrols, which were then withdrawn from the city. Police in armoured vehicles later opened fire on two buses in Tel Aviv, killing one Jew and injuring three others on the first bus and killing three on the second. They also raided two cafés, detonating a grenade on departing from the second, bringing the Jewish death toll to five. No criminal charges were brought in connection with the violence and deaths. The killings also provoked widespread anti-Jewish rioting across the UK over the August Bank Holiday weekend. [see: Aug. 1] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sergeants_affair www.newstatesman.com/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots]

1962 - In Ridley Road, Dalston, anti-fascists had jumped the UM pitch were Mosley was due to speak. More than 200 police - including 10 on horseback - then attempted to clear an area around the lorry-platform. As soon as his meeting opened, Mosley and a gang of Blackshirts are punched to the ground. Police were forced to close the meeting within three minutes and made 54 arrests - including Mosley's son Max. As soon as he appeared from between two police buses the crowd surged forward, knocking Mosley to the ground. After police had helped him to climb on the lorry to give his speech, he was met by a hail of missiles including rotten fruit, pennies and stones and he was drowned out by a continuous chorus of "down with the fascists". When people tried to storm the platform, police had to quickly shepherded him to his car, which was also came under attack. fights between anti-fascists and the Blackshirts continued for well over an hour after the meeting was forced to close. The Mayor of Hackney, Alderman Sherman, and his wife were injured after being assaulted by UM supporters with iron bars. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/31/newsid_2776000/2776295.stm uk.news.yahoo.com/on-this-day--oswald-mosley-assaulted-at-fascist-rally-in-east-london-080856550.html#QMiIBRc www.jta.org/1962/08/01/archive/riot-at-mosleyite-meeting-in-londons-east-end-50-persons-arrested www.jta.org/1962/08/02/archive/commons-gets-bill-to-outlaw-racial-hatred-anti-semitism-denounced www.britishpathe.com/video/mosley-gets-rough-house]

1963 - Spanish anarchists Francisco Granados and Joaquín Delgado are arrested for two bombings they did not commit. Convicted solely on the basis of their being anarchists, they were later garrotted.

[D] 1968 - In México students occupy many schools and faculties, and convocate a General Strike. Violent battles erupt in México City between students and Granaderos special corps (riot police). The movement has its tragic climax on the 2nd of October in the Tlatelolco Massacre.

[AA] 1971 - Despite close police protection in the home of the Secretary for Trade and Industry, John Davies, is badly damaged by a powerful explosion in London. This action followed close on Davies' announcement of his intention to close Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, throwing thousands of men out of work. This is accompanied by the 11th Communique from the Angry Brigade.

1977 - 60,000 strong demonstration against Super-Phenix nuclear reactor, Malville. One person is killed.

1980 - Louis Simon (b. 1900), French mathematician, individualist anarchist and militant pacifist, dies. [see: Jul. 9]

2002 - Zapatista Uprising: The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores Magón denounces an attack on the Zapatista support bases in the La Culebra ejido by a group of 40 armed paramilitaries from the PRI community San Antonio Escobar. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2005 - René Bianco (b. 1941), French anarchist activist and historian, free-thinker and a Freemason, dies. [see: Oct. 4] ||


 * = AUGUST ||
 * = 1 || 1765 - Following the posting of a notice in the local newspaper the Northampton Mercury inviting "well-wishers to the Cause now in Hand" to a football match at West Haddon, a tumultuous mob assembles and pulls down and burn the fences of a recently enclosed field.

1902 - Lola Iturbe (Dolores Iturbe Arizcuren; d. 1990), Catalonian militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. Wrote many of her Mujeres Libres article under the pseudonym Kyralina, in tribute to the famous novel by Panaït Istrati. Secretary of Sindicato del Vestido de Barcelona and editor of the collection '//La Mujer en la Lucha Social y en la Guerra Civil de España//' (Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 1974). [www.ephemanar.net/janvier05.html#iturbe]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 19] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Faced with further repression, the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов) hold its final meeting at which the deputies decide to resume work. Hunger has indeed forced the workers to be satisfied with only partial concessions and return to work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 19] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: During the morning, the Helsingfors Red Guards reinforce the rebels, who resume bombardment of the islands occupied by loyalist troops. In the evening the Revel squadron arrives, the battleships Tsarevich (Цесаревич) and Glory (Слава) and the cruiser Hercules (Богатырь). They gave four shots - a signal indicating that the ships on the side of the rebels. The signal, however, was false as the fleet command had already ordered the arrest of the revolutionary sailors, and replaced them with the Cadets Marine Corps, the ships consequently did not join the uprising. At 18:00, the ships with the long-range large-calibre guns began shelling the fortress from beyond the range of its guns. At the same time, government troops that had been moved in from St. Petersburg and other points began an attack from Helsingfors and Lagernyi Island. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свеаборгское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

[DD] 1906 - [O.S. Jul. 19] Pamiat Azova Mutiny [Память Азова мятеж]: A mutiny briefly breaks out on the cruiser Pamiat Azova (Память Азова) in the Bay of Papon (Папон), 60km off Revel (Ревеля). The RSDLP had already planned for a general uprising in the Baltic Fleet to take place on August 10 (July 29), 1906, however events in the Sveaborg (Свеаборг) garrison and 20th Naval Depot, located on the island of Skatudden (Скатуден), led to the uprising beginning prematurely during the night of July 17-18th. In order to take control of the situation, the RSDLP Committee in Revel had dispatched representatives to Sveaborg and to the artillery training detachment of the Baltic Fleet, which consisted of the the cruisers Pamiat Azova, Voivod (Воевода), Abrek (Абрек), the training ship Riga (Рига), and 6 destroyers. The RSDLP's representative Arseny Koptyukh aka 'Oscar' (Арсений Коптюх 'Оскар') arrived on board the Pamiat Azova in secret to communicate the Committee's decision that the ships of the artillery training detachment should support the Sveaborg Rebellion (Свеаборг Восстание). However, during the night guards discovered Koptyukh and arrested him. Members of the Pamiat Azova crew decided to take action on their own initiative, turning off the ship's dynamo and seizing rifles from the armoury. [www.navy.su/daybyday/july/20/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pamiat+Azova genrogge.ru/merkushov/15.htm wunderwafe.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pamat_Azova/12.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мазуров,_Георгий_Николаевич]

1907 - Angelo Pellegrino Sbardellotto (d. 1932), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, born. Exiled in France following the rise of Fascism in Italy, he is arrested on June 4, 1932, having planned to assassinate Mussolini. He is summarily tried and executed by a fascist firing squad on June 17. [www.ephemanar.net/juin17.html#sbardelletto]

1909 - Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa: With employers promising that Barcelona workers would receive a full weeks salary, if they returned to work as if nothing had happened, most did. In many other Catalan towns, full normality did not return until Thursday August 5. In Barcelona the casualty list for the week's upheavals was 75 dead workers, most killed by police and government installed snipers on rooftops or in battle defending the barricades (some sources put the figure at more than 104). Three soldiers also dies. More than 500 workers were injured, some of whom went on to die subsequently, conscious of the fact that if they went to the authorities for healthcare would end up in prison. Also, one hundred and fifteen buildings (of these, 80 were religious buildings) were destroyed through arson. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1909 - A general strike called across Spain by the PSOE in protest against Prime Minister Antonio Maura's call-up of the reservists to fight in the Second Rif War, passes off almsot unnoticed following the pre-emptibve arrest of the party's leadership in Madrid on Jul. 28th.

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: Venustiano Carranza calls out troops to break up strike in México City.

1917 - IWW organiser and miners' strike leader Frank Little is lynched in Butte, Montana and his body is left dangling from a railroad trestle with a sign around his neck as a warning to potential victims.

[1919 - First day of rioting during Liverpool police strike.]

1936 - José Sánchez Rosa (b. 1864), Spanish autodidact, teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, is assassinated by Francoist forces. A few days after the fascist uprising of 18 July 1936 he is arrested. A squad of Requetés loaded a truck with his books, pamphlets and all his documents, placing the old Anarchist teacher, who had taken to his sickbed suffering from diabetes, on a mattress on top of his confiscated library. On the morning of August 1, 1936, he is placed up against a wall in the cemetery of Seville and shot. His body is then thrown into the mass grave.

1943 - Będzin Ghetto Uprising: Members of the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization) led by Frumka Płotnicka stage an uprising [August 1-3] against attempts to deport 8,000 Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bęzin_Ghetto www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/bedzin/]

[C] 1943 - During the final liquidation of the ghetto at Sosnowiec, Poland, the underground resistance units organised under the leadership of Hashomer Hatzair activist Zvi Dunski, began a spirited resistance with a couple of hundred, Jews including Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) members, holed up in improvised bunkers holding off almost 800 German soldiers and policemen until around August 8th. Dunski had previously organised the various Jewish youth movements to teach the ghetto's children when the schools were closed and they had also conducted a campaign urging their fellow Jews not to report for the deportations, before arming themselves and building their bunkers to fight against the inevitable liquidation of the ghetto. [www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/sosnowiec/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1083419]

1944 - Jean Prévost (b. 1901), French writer, journalist, and Résistance fighter under the //nom de guerre// Captaine Goderville, is killed in a German ambush at the Pont Charvin, in Sassenage, whilst fighting with the Maquis du Vercors. [see: Jun. 13]

[D] 1944 - Warsaw Uprising [Powstanie Warszawskie]: As part of the countrywide Operation Burza (Tempest), the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK) begins the Powstanie Warszawskie to liberate Warsaw from the Nazis. It would end with the capitualtion of Polish forces to the Wehrmacht on October 2 and the entire civilian population of Warsaw being expelled from the city and sent to the Durchgangslager 121 transit camp. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising www.polandinexile.com/rising.htm www.polishresistance-ak.org/4 Article.htm www.warsawuprising.com/ info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/pajak.html]

1944 - Warsaw Uprising; The 104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich (Company 104 of the Union of Polish Syndicalists) is formed in Warsaw district of Old Town on August 1, 1944, on the first day of the Uprising, as part of Company Róg (Horn) of the Northern Group (Grupa 'Północ') of the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army). It fought throughout the Uprising and amongst the last armed group left defending the barricades from the advancing Nazis - many argue that the AK deliberately exposed the fighters to almost certain capture or death after they had withdrawn from the Old Town. However, the last 70-80 fighters managed to withdraw from the area in late August, escaping through the sewage canals to the Warszawa-Śródmieście. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Company_of_Syndicalists zsp.net.pl/conference-syndicalists-warsaw-uprising]

1947 - Following the killing of 2 British army sergeants by Irgun paramilitaries in the Palestine Mandate, [see: Jul. 31] and the sensationalised newspaper headlines, a wave of anti-Jewish rioting breaks out across the UK on the Bank Holiday weekend, this despite widespread condemnation by the British Jewish community. The attacks would continue until at least the Tuesday (5th). As a direct consequence of the events in Palestine, the fascist movement gained new members and a fresh impetus. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sergeants_affair www.newstatesman.com/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots www.workersliberty.org/node/6351 www.jewishpress.com/blogs/fresno-zionism/antisemitism-in-the-uk-then-and-now/2013/06/09/ www.jta.org/1947/08/05/archive/britons-arrested-for-attacks-on-jews-in-liverpool-manchester-saiford www.jta.org/1947/08/06/archive/anti-semitic-attacks-in-britain-continue-into-fourth-day-700-riot-in-manchester stevesilver.org.uk/from-anti-fascist-war-to-cold-war/]

1977 - The August 13 Ad Hoc Organising Committee issues statement calling for a 'They Shall Not Pass' rally to assemble at Clifton Rise in New Cross at 12 on the day of the NF demonstration (the NF were planning to assemble at Clifton Rise at 14:00). The statement also 'welcomed the decision of the ALCARAF to route their march to reach New Cross by 13:00. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/30/southall/]

[A] 2003 - The Earth Liberation Front burn down a 206-unit condominium being built in San Diego, California causing damage in excess of $50 million. || Having learnt English from British troops at the end of the war, he went on to work and teach in various universities in England and in Canada. He returned to France in 1929, teaching at a college in Montpellier and obtained his doctorate in arts with a thesis '//Le Detective Novel et l'Influence de la Pensée Scientifique//' (1929). An anarcho-syndicalist and pacifist, he called into question the standard pedagogy and dogmas of official teaching, and as an active militant, became, in 1936, secretary of the Fédération Générale de l'Enseignement (General Federation of Teachers). As a writer and poet, Messac published two science fiction novels '//Quinzinzinsili//' (1935) and '//La Cité des Asphyxiés//' (1937), as well pieces for various reviews, on libertarian and proletarian literature. In all, his work includes 30 books, one of which is a posthumous novel '//Valcrétin//', a sort of sci-fi anti-colonial satire written in 1943, which was published in 1973. During the German occupation in WWII, Messac was a member of the Résistance, organising escape routes for those fleeing compulsory labour conscription, and wrote an anti-Vichy tract '//Pot-pourri Fantôme//', a chronicle of the war and occupation between 1939 and 1942. Arrested on May 10 1943 during the German occupation and sent to the Nazi concentration camps, he is believed to have dies some time during 1945 in Gross-Rosen or Dora. Many of his books are currently being reprinted by the French publisher Ex nihilo. [cira.marseille.free.fr/includes/textes/bios.php?ordre=25 artetanarchie.com/auteurs.htm www.etab.ac-caen.fr/lebrun/histoire/RegisMessacbiographie.pdf]
 * = 2 || 1893 - Régis Messac (d. 1945), French teacher, union organiser, Résistance member, writer, novelist, poet, pacifist and anarchist, born. Like his parents, he was a teacher but suffers a serious brain injury during WWI. Demobilised in 1919 and disgusted with the war, he wrote 2 autobiographical novels: '//Le Voyage de Néania, à travers la guerre et la paix//' (1926) and '//Ordre de Transport//' (unpub.); a play, '//Phobie du Bleu//' (unpub.); a pamphlet, '//Le Pourboire du Sang//' (1936), and a small book of poems: '//Poèmes Guerriers//' (1926).

1894 - The Italian anarchist Jeronimo Santo Caserio goes on trial for the assassination of French President Sadi Carnot, in revenge for the death of Auguste Valliant.

1900 - On the Avenue Malakoff in Paris, anarchist François Salsou tries unsuccessfully to kill Muzaffar al-Din, the Shah of Persia, during an official visit to France. Jumping on the Shah's open coach, he points his pistol at the chest of the Shah but the weapon is defective and fails to fire. Disarmed by the crowd, he narrowly escapes being lynched.

[C] 1900 - Ilya Grigoryevich Starinov (Илья Григорьевич Старинов; d. 2000), Soviet military officer, who served with the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War and was one of the leaders of the Soviet partisan movement during the WWII, born. Starinov trained Republican forces in sabotage and guerrilla tactics, and during the 'Great Patriotic War' he was in chage of the preparation of obstacles, the mining railroads, highways, and other vital facilities in advance of the German invasion forces. He later trained and organised partisan forces in places such as the Ukraine, Poland and Yougoslavia. He is known as the "grandfather of the Russian spetsnaz". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Starinov ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Старинов,_Илья_Григорьевич www.peoples.ru/military/hero/starinov/ persona.rin.ru/eng/view/f/0/18257/starinov-ilya-grigorievich]

[A/D] 1903 - [O.S. Jul. 20] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание]: An uprising, in planning since May, begins across large parts of the areas around Bitola, in the south-west of what is now the Republic of Macedonia and some of the north of Greece. The day chosen for the uprising was August 2 (July 20 in the old Julian calendar), the feast day of St. Elias (Elijah). This holy day was known as Ilinden. During the night of August 2 and early morning of August 3, the town of Kruševo is attacked and captured by 800 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) rebels. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/05/01/scores-of-treasure-hunters-pillage-medieval-fortress-late-iron-age-settlement-in-search-of-legendary-bulgarian-rebels-gold/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 20] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: The military council of the rebels decide to end their hopeless struggle. The fort again raises the government's flag. 900 soldiers and 100 civilians (including 79 Finnish Red Guards) who participated in the uprising are arrested and the soldiers and sailors court-martialed. More about 600 were killed or disappeared. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свеаборгское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 20] Pamiat Azova Mutiny [Память Азова мятеж]: Following the arrest of the RSDLP's representative Arseny Koptyukh aka 'Oscar' (Арсений Коптюх 'Оскар') yesterday night, the mutineers had turned off the ship's dynamo and seized rifles from the armoury. Then, at 03:00, the first shots in the mutiny were fired, killing the officer of the watch, and seriously wounding a senior officer, ship's Captain Second Class George N. Mazur (Георгий Николаевич Мазуров). Those officers who resisted were driven to the stern of the ship. from which they escaped on a barge. The remaining five officers were arrested. Having gained control of the ship, was released and seized the cruiser and a sailors’ committee, which included Koptyukh together with artillery quartermaster Nefed Lobadin (Нефед Лобадин) and 10 other sailors, were elected to lead the insurgency. After discussing the situation, the ship's committee decided to try to raise a rebellion on other ships in the group, and then move to Revel in order to get the support of the workers of the city and restock on food and coal. At first light the cruiser raised a red flag, weighed anchor, and stood at the entrance of the bay in order to prevent any other ships putting sea if they did not want to join the rebellion. Preparing for battle, the cruiser signaled the other ships to follow its lead. However, the uprising failed; the cruisers Voivod and Abrek were run aground and the destroyer Obedient (Послушный) was scuttled in shallow waters. An attempted revolt by the crew of the Riga also failed. The Pamiat Azova alone put to sea. The failure to pursuade other ships to join them had a depressing effect upon many of the mutineers, especially on many of the gunners who had reluctantly joined in with the rebellion, and some of the non-commissioned officers began to plot with their imprisoned superiors to retake the ship. At 17:00, the Pamiat Azova arrived at the anchorage off Revel, where the Tsarist 146th Regiment, Cossacks and the city's police awaited them. Unable to enter the port or, with any workers and sailors attempting to reach them also being immediately arrested, the sailor's committee decided to threaten the city's government that they would begin shelling them unless food and coal was delivered to the cruiser. At the same time an armed group of non-commissioned officers and gunners, most of the students, released the imprisoned officers. A firefight between them and the mutineers broke out, during which more than 20 sailors were killed and 50 wounded, including Lobadin. The officers also managed to send a Mayday message to the port commander, who immediately dispatched two companies of infantry and a detachment of gendarmes to the Pamiat Azova. The mutiny was brutally supressed and 307 people were arrested, amongst them Koptyukh. After a preliminary investigation, 169 of the sailors who were deemed to to have taken an active part in the mutiny were sent back to Kronstadt. 95 of the mutineers were held in Revel awaiting trail. [www.navy.su/daybyday/july/20/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pamiat+Azova genrogge.ru/merkushov/15.htm wunderwafe.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pamat_Azova/12.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мазуров,_Георгий_Николаевич]

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: Following the Battle of Jutland, the capital ships of the Imperial Navy had been confined to inactive service in harbour. Many officers and crewmen had volunteered to transfer to the submarines and light vessels which still had a major part to play in the war. The discipline and spirit of those who remained, on lower rations, with the battleships tied up at dock-side inevitably suffered. One of these was the dreadnought SMS Prinzregent Luitpold, whose stokers had previosuly protested the low quality of the food they were given on June 6 and July 19, 1917, the latter was on its way from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven in the middle of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, blocking it. Subsequently, on July 24, representatives of the crew gathered to plan a peaceful demonstration, together with shipyard workers. At a shop stewards meeting held on July 27, a plan of action was finalised and a coordinating group of 4 stokers, Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch, Hans Beckers and Willy Sachse, and seaman Wilhelm Weber, formed. On August 2, some 800 men on board SMS Prinzregent Luitpold and its sister ship, the Friedrich der Große, staged a hunger strike and protest demonstration in Wilhelmshaven. The ship's officers relented and agreed to form a Menagekommission, a council that gave the enlisted men a voice in their ration selection and preparation. However, the coordinating committee were among 200 men arrested following the protest, and a military court on August 25 sentenced Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch, Hans Beckers and Wilhelm Weber to death as the 'ringleaders of the protests', and fined Willy Sachse. Weber and Becker's death sentences were later commuted into prison sentences of 15 years and Reichpietsch and Köbis were executed by firing squad on September 5, 1917 at the Wahr firing range training grounds near Cologne. Sentences on others involved amounted to 360 years imprisonment. During the remaining months of the war secret sailors' councils were formed on a number of the capital ships, some of which were involved in the Wilhelmshaven na Kiel mutinies the following year. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Prinzregent_Luitpold de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Friedrich_der_Große_(1911) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Köbis libcom.org/history/albin-köbis-1892-1917 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reichpietsch de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Sachse self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1917 - Vancouver General Strike: The first such in Canadian history, is held in protest against the killing of draft evader and labour activist Albert 'Ginger' Goodwin, who had called for a general strike in the event that any worker was drafted against their will... [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Vancouver_general_strike www.carpentersunionbc.com/Pages/gingergoodwin.html]

[1919 - Second day of rioting during Liverpool police strike.]

1922 - Mécislas Charrier (b. 1895), French individualist anarchist and illegalist, is guillotined in Paris. He goes to his death at four o'clock in the morning singing the '//Internationale//', '//Hymn to the 17th//' and '//La Carmagnole//'.

1930 - Mill Dam Riots: Since the C19th. the port of South Shields had been a home to foreign seamen and the first Arab Seaman's Boarding House had opened in August 1909 in the Holborn riverside district of the town. During WWI, foreign labour had been used to keep the Merchant Fleet running, while British seamen were drafted into the Royal Navy. But, at the end of WWI the mainly Arab foreign seamen were now seen as unwanted guests with the post-war demobilisation of white British seamen and the onset of economic depression. 1919 saw the first serious street violence and racial unrest in areas inhabited by foreign seamen, with attacks on Arab Boarding Houses and cafes. Throughout the 1920's and 1930's popular feeling in the town seems to be firmly against the Arabs. During this period, the left wing 'Minority Movement', a group of black and white workers formed to challenge the National Union of Seamen and the Shipping Federation, who were under-representing and failing to defend the welfare of foreign workers, was formed. Throughout 1930, the Minority Movement held public meetings at the Mill Dam to campaign against a new rota system which they felt discriminated against the Arabs. Violence over the dispute erupted in North Shields on April 29, 1930 when 13 Somalis were brought over from South Shields to sign on as Firemen as part of a crew of 41 on a steamer, Cape Verde, and a large crowd of white seamen tried to stop them reaching the Union Office. The Somalis were then attacked and, despite drawing their knives, were severely beaten. Three Arabs were imprisoned and subsequently deported. On Bank Holiday Saturday, 2 August, members of the Minority Movement were making rousing speeches to an audience of white and Somali and Yemeni seamen outside the Shipping Foundation Offices at the Mill Dam. When four white men were hired to work on the steamer, Etheralda, the crowd were incensed, causing one of them, Ali Hamid, to call out, "They work, but there is no work for the black man". At the same time, a large mob of white seamen who had been roaming the waterfront hunting for any Arabs and foreigners, arrived at the Federation Office to the shipping office and, according to one version, racial insults from a white worker called Hamilton, provoked a violent fight between the two group. Then, the police who had turned out in force expecting violence against white workers hired to work on the steamer Etheralda, drew their truncheons and charged, only to be met by a hail of stones and shouts of abuse. Once among the crowd, the Arabs drew their knives, stabbing four Policemen. The Police waded in with their truncheons as the riot spilled over into nearby Holborn, injuring dozens of innocent bystanders. Fifteen Arabs were jailed and deported for their part in the riot including Ali Said who had spoken out about injustices but hadn't actually taken part in the riot itself. On Monday morning at the magistrates' court, six white men and twenty-one Arabs (seven of the Arabs' heads were swathed in bandages and had obviously not received adequate medical attention) appeared before the court. The main charges were inciting to riot and rioting, with charges of wounding police officers later brought against 3 of the defendants. All were eventually sentenced to hard labour and jailed. Fifteen Arabs were deported at the end of their sentences, including Ali Said who had spoken out about injustices but hadn't actually taken part in the riot itself. [4freedoms.com/group/uk/forum/topics/first-muslim-riots www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/family-and-community/south-shields-yemeni-riots.shtml www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/roots/2003/10/arabontyne.shtml www.playaudiovideo.com/msearch?co=v&loc=25-56588508842-1-0-753934000&wo=arab www.thefreelibrary.com/%27Riots+were+not+over+race%27+South+Shields+was+the+scene+of+so-called...-a0353720750 www.thefreelibrary.com/Story+of+love,+a+riot+and+an+Arabian+adventure.-a0137853424]

1943 - Będzin Ghetto Uprising continues. [see: Aug. 1]

[CC] 1943 - Treblinka Prisoner Uprising: Jewish inmates organized a resistance group in Treblinka in early 1943. When camp operations neared completion, the prisoners feared they would be killed and the camp dismantled. During the late spring and summer of 1943, the resistance leaders decided to revolt. On August 2, 1943, prisoners quietly seized weapons from the camp armory, but were discovered before they could take over the camp. Hundreds of prisoners stormed the main gate in an attempt to escape. Many were killed by machine-gun fire. More than 300 did escape, though two thirds of those who escaped were eventually tracked down and killed by German SS and police as well as military units. Acting under orders from Lublin, German SS and police personnel supervised the surviving prisoners, who were forced to dismantle the camp. After completion of this job, the German SS and police authorities shot the surviving prisoners. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka/revolt.html holocaust-history.org/operation-reinhard/uprising-in-treblinka.shtml www.ushmm.org/research/the-center-for-advanced-holocaust-studies/miles-lerman-center-for-the-study-of-jewish-resistance/medals-of-resistance-award/treblinka-death-camp-revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp#Treblinka_prisoner_uprising]

1943 - Berek Lajcher [also remembered by Treblinka survivors by the names Dr Marius Leichert and Dr. Lecher](b. 1893), Jewish physician, former reserve officer in the Polish Army and social activist from Wyszków before the Holocaust in Poland, who was a leading member of the Organising Committee in the prisoner uprising at Treblinka extermination camp, is killed during the uprising in which some 150 Jewish prisoners escaped. [see: Oct. 24]

2009 - Félix (Felicísimo) Álvarez Ferreras (b. 1921), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Civil War and Résistance fighter, writer and polyglot, dies. [see: Jun. 8] ||
 * = 3 || 1894 - The Italian anarchist Jeronimo Santo Caserio is condemned to die by a Rhône Court of Assizes for the assassination of French President Sadi Carnot (to avenge Auguste Valliant).

1896 - A crowd of 20,000 people gather at the statue of Étienne Dolet in the Place Maubert, Paris, following the call from Parian socialist groups for people to express their anti-clericalism and atheism. This annual gathering of freethinkers will face, over the years, repeated attempts by the authorities to ban it. The Nazis would melt the statue down during the Occupation.

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 21] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание] / Kruševo Republic [Крушевска република]: The town of Kruševo is captured during the morning by 800 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) rebels. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Привремена_влада_на_Крушевската_република www.krusevskarepublika.mk/?itemid=4 www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html www.duma.bg/node/37387 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 21] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: During the night of August 2-3 (O.S. Jul. 20-21), a RDSLP-dominated meeting of representatives of leftist parties and organisations is held in Terioki, Findland, which decides on the immediate declaration of a general strike in support of the rebel soldiers and sailors. The appeal 'To all the Workers of Russia' (Ко всем рабочим России), which calls upon the workers and peasants for a decisive struggle against the tsarist regime, "for the Government of the People, for the Constituent Assembly, for land and freedom", is adopted by the meeting. Later in the day, the strike begins in St. Petersburg. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm leninism.su/books/4213-lenin-i-revolyucziya-1905-god.html?showall=&start=23]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 21] Ivan Block (Иван Львович Блок), the Governor of Samara, is blown up by bomb thrown by Socialist-Revolutionary Grigory Frolov (Григорий Фролов). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Блок,_Иван_Львович tainy.info/history/bomba-dlya-gubernatora/]

1913 - Four die in the so-called 'Wheatland riots' when police fire into a crowd of California farmworkers trying to organise for better working conditions. Two labour leaders, one not even present on this day, are later convicted of murder for encouraging workers to organise!

[D] 1919 - The third day of riots and looting during Liverpool police strike. [expand] [whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.pdf libcom.org/history/1919-liverpool-police-strike-pat-omara en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/police-strike-1919/4552230277 www.dppf.org/police_strike.html]

1922 - Jacques-Mécislas Charrier (d. 1895), French anarchiste illégaliste, is guillotined for an attempted train robbery which he didn't commit. [see: May 2]

1943 - German forces bring the Będzin Ghetto Uprising to an end. [see: Aug. 1]

1943 - Frumka Płotnicka (b. 1914), Polish Jewish resistance fighter during World War II, is killed defending a bunker in Podsiadły St. against the Germans during the Będzin Ghetto Uprising. She had been a member of the Zionist organisation Dror (Freedom) before the war and joined ŻOB as a courier, co-organiser of self-defence squads in the ghettos of Warsaw, Sosnowiec and Będzin, and had taken part in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumka_Płotnicka]

1949 - Paul Roussenq (b. 1885), known as the "anarchist convict" for the long prison sentences he endured following various offences against authority, dies. [see: May 5]

[C] 1968 - António de Oliveira Salazar, Portugal's dictator of the past 36 years, suffers a fall as he is having his toenails cut for him (although another version has him falling from his bathtub). The blow to his head precipitates a brain hemorrhage. Expected to die shortly after his fall, President Thomaz replaced him, but Salazar held on for 2 more year, believing that he was still prime minister as his circle refused to tell him otherwise and he 'ruled' on in privacy until his death in July 1970.

2010 - Marilyn Buck (b. 1947), American Marxist revolutionary, convict, and feminist poet, who was imprisoned for her participation in the 1979 prison escape of Assata Shakur [Nov. 2], the 1981 Brinks robbery [Oct. 20] and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing [Nov. 7], dies. [see: Dec. 13] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Peur en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fear]
 * = 4 || [D] 1789 - La Grande Peur [The Great Fear]: In an effort to appease the peasants and to forestall further rural disorders, the National Assembly formally abolished the feudal regime, including seigneurial rights and privileges and the sale of offices, signalling the impending end to the Ancien Régime.

1895 - At a banquet for more than four thousand organised to celebrate the fiftieth birthday of M. Vuillemin, the director of the Compagnie des Mines d'Aniche (Aniche Mines Company) in Auberchicourt (Nord), anarchist and former miner Clément Delcoux, who had been sacked following a strike in 1893, fires several shots at Vuillemin as he leaves a celebratory Mass. Hit 4 times, the group of engineers and shareholders present attempt to disarm him but a bomb he is carrying explodes, killing Delcoux and injuring several of the guests. Vuillemin survives the attack.

[B] 1896 - José Domingo Gómez Rojas (d. 1920), Chilean poet and anarchist, who was a victim of the Guerra de don Ladislao, born. [expand] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120804 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Domingo_Gómez_Rojas es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_don_Ladislao www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3476.html www.elciudadano.cl/2010/10/03/27268/jose-domingo-gomez-rojas-el-poeta-cohete-lucha-prision-y-muerte/]

1901 - Juan Manuel Molina Mateo aka 'Juanelo' (d. 1984), important Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout04.html#molinamateo anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120804 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5212 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2341-juan-manuel-molina-mateo.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Molina_Mateo]

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 22] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание]: Under the leadership of Nikola Karev (Никола Карев), a local administration is set up known as the Kruševo republic. Turkish troops begin an unsuccessful attempt to retake Kruševo. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Привремена_влада_на_Крушевската_република www.krusevskarepublika.mk/?itemid=4 www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html www.duma.bg/node/37387 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Karev en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruševo_Republic]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg Soviet authorised the strike but later during the day news of the suppression of the uprising by the authorities in the Baltic Sea begins to spread. In an effort to try and maintain momentum in the strike (and save face), Lenin offers to drop the pro-mutiny slogans calling for solidarity with the strikers in Sveaborg, Helsingfors and Kronstadt, and holding a general political strike instead. The same day the government arrests the St. Petersburg committee of the RSDRP. By August 7th the strike has almost completely fizzled out. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm leninism.su/books/4213-lenin-i-revolyucziya-1905-god.html?showall=&start=23 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1907 - Joaquín Pérez Navarro (d. 2006), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/k3jbcq barcelona.cnt.es/pivot/entry.php?id=332 liberarlasmentes.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/joaquin-perez-navarro-torturado-por-una.html www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/sep/19/obituaries.mainsection www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/04/one-mans-war-in-spain-thievery-treachery-and-trickery-by-joaquin-perez-navarro-the-last-of-the-friends-of-durruti-12-95-inc-pp-uk-translated-and-edited-by-paul-sharkey/]

1918 - The Race Riots begin in Japan.Over eight weeks, ten million peasants and workers riot.

1919 - 30,000 Rumanian troops entered Budapest, Hungary, and begin a reign of terror in crushing the Hungarian Soviet Republic (Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság). [hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarországi_Tanácsköztársaság en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic theorangefiles.hu/the-hungarian-soviet-republic/ acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/lect13.htm]

1920 - Count de Salvatierra, ex-governor of Barcelona (the 'Pacifier of Barcelona', responsible for the repression of the CNT, and the //ley de fugas// (law of escape - where arrested prisoners are 'allowed' to escape so that they can be shot) murders of 30 trade unionists) is shot down by several anarchists.

1933 - Ley de Vagos y Maleantes [Vagrancy Act]: Known popularly as La Gandula, the law to control beggars, pimps and thugs with no known occupation is approved by consensus by all political groups of the Second Republic. It was later ammended on July 15, 1954 by the Franco regime to include the repression of homosexuals. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_vagos_y_maleantes]

1941 - Generalmajor Henning von Tresckow [see: Jan. 10 & Jul. 20] and other members of the Schwarze Kapelle (Black Band) group planned to assassinate Hitler when he was forced to plan a visit Army Group Centre (AGC) on the Eastern Front to placate Field Marshal von Bock following his objections to Hitler's plan to remove the AGC's Panzers, leavig Bock with basically only infantry troops for its attack on Moscow. The visit was scheduled several times only to be cancelled, rescheduled, then cancelled again. Finally, in early August a fleet of cars arrived from the Führer Headquarters in East Prussia to await Hitler's arrival. Hitler refused to use cars supplied by the army for fear they might be booby trapped with explosives. When he finally arrived at Bock's headquarters in Borrisow, Tresckow and his fellow conspirators were overwhelmed at the amount of security people that accompanied him and the rigid security measures they imposed. The would-be assassins barely caught a glimpse of Hitler, much less an opportunity to shoot him. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

[A] 1972 - PROP organise a 24-hour general strike involving 10,000 prisoners in 33 prisons across the UK in support of the demands in the PROP charter.

1987 - The SADF launches Operation Moduler to try and stop the Angolan advance on Mavinga and thereby prevent a rout of UNITA, marking the beginning of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale [also known as the Battle of the Lomba River], marking a turning point in the Angolan Civil War and the beginning of the end for the Apartheit regime in South Africa. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale www.sahistory.org.za/topic/battle-cuito-cuanavale-1988 www.sa-soldier.com/data/06_sadflinks/UsedPDFs/From_a_Cuban_perspective.pdf]

2000 - Salvador Clement (b. 1916), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, active with the CNT, who took refuge in France following the failure of the Spanish Revolution, dies. [www.ephemanar.net/aout04.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0408.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Salvador_Clement] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 5 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: The Marquess of Northampton's army arrives at Norwich and gains entrance to the city. After fierce battle at St Martins at Place Plain, Kett's forces recapture Norwich. 300 lives including that of Lord Sheffield are lost. Marquess of Northampton's army retreats to Cambridge and the rebels regain control of Norwich.

[AA] 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: The Plug Plot riots (also known as the 1842 General Strike) begin in Ashton-under-Lyne in response to high unemployment, high food prices and declining wages. There was a spontaneous strike wave of weavers, spinners and miners culminating in a general strike. The riot got its name when the plugs were pulled out of factory boilers. The strikers were influenced by the Chartist movement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1846 - Emilio Covelli (d. 1915), Italian anarchist organiser involved in the Matese insurrection of 1877, member of the Fédération Italienne de l'AIT, born. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre02.html#covelli]

[A] 1882 - During the night tonight, the Bande Noire of anarchist miners makes one of its first attacks against clericalism by throwing the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne to the bottom of the mine in Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) igorsevitch.kif.fr/la-bande-noire-de-montceau-les-mines-c701642]

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 23] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание] / Kruševo Republic [Крушевска република]: Turkish troops continue their unsuccessful attempt to retake Kruševo. The town of Kleisoura, near Kastoria, is taken by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) insurgents and a siege of the town of Smilevo by the rebels begins. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 23] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The last striking workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) have returned to their jobs. The deputies continued their work in the factories and when attempts were later made to dismiss the strike leader or of the deputies, the immediate response of the workers was protest. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1910 - Ricardo Flores Magón, Librado Rivera, and Antonio I. Villarreal are met by a large group of friends and supporters at the Los Angeles railroad station. In the evening, a mass meeting is held in the Labour Temple in their honour.

1910 - Constant Marie aka Le Père Lapurge (b. 1838), French anarchist militant, Communard, singer and songwriter, dies. [see: Aug. 27]

1917 - Eduard Vives (d. 1971), Catalan militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. Member of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) from a young age, during the Revolution of 1936 was part of the Control Patrols and fought the fronts (Teruel) in the Los Aguiluchos column, where he was wounded several times. In 1938 he was captured by Franco's troops, weeks later, after being sentenced to death, managed to escape the day before his execution and go to the Republican zone. He rejoined the Republican army, becoming a decorated commander. When the war ended on 9 February 1939, he crossed the Pyrenees and spent a year interned in a concentration camp and working in the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE). In 1945 he founded the Local CNT Federation in Castelnaudary and was appointed secretary. In 1959 he went to America, where he directed a department of an electronics factory. In New York, he fought in the anti-Franco groups, collaborated with the newspaper '//España Libre//', took part in group activities of the editorial group of Proletarian Cultural and the New York Libertarian Centre, and was secretary of the American delegation to the International Antifascist Solidarity (SIA). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0508.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2347-eduardo-vives-de-la-columna-los-aguiluchos.html]

1919 - With the city's garrison and the Red Guards now disarmed, the occupation of Budapest and destruction of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) complete, Rumanian troops continue their reign of terror with mass arrests and an attempt to loot the National Museum, which was thwarted by the Harry Hill Bandholtz, the US military mission commander in Hungary. [hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarországi_Tanácsköztársaság en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic theorangefiles.hu/the-hungarian-soviet-republic/ acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/lect13.htm]

1919 - 30,000 Rumanian troops entered Budapest, Hungary, and begin a reign of terror in crushing the Hungarian Soviet republic. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-08-August.htm]

1923 - September Uprising [Септемврийско въстание]: Following criticism from the Comitern of their inactivity during the June Uprising (Юнско въстание), and under pressure from young and radical activists of the party, headed by Georgi Dimitrov (Георги Димитров) and Vassil Kolarov (Васил Коларов), at a plenary session (Aug. 5-7) of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party (Българската комунистическа партия ) an attempt to overthrow the Alexander Tsankov's new government of Bulgaria, which had come to power with the coup d'état of June 9, is organised. It is supported by the anarchist and agraian forces that the BCP singularly failed to support during the June Uprising. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm]

1925 - Georges Palante (b. 1862), French philosopher and sociologist, who advocated an aristocratic libertarian individualism, dies. [see: Nov. 20]

1928 - Gaetano Grassi (b. 1846), Italian anarchist, dies. [expand] [www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gaetano-grassi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=25893:grassi-gaetano&lang=it]

1943 - Adam Kuckhoff (b. 1887), German writer, journalist and member of the anti-Nazi Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, is executed at Plötzensee Prison. [see: Aug. 30]

[D] 1952 - 14 CPUSA leaders are convicted in Los Angeles of conspiracy to teach and advocate the overthrow of the US government by force and violence in violation of the Smith Act of 1940, and sentenced to five years of imprisonment and fined $10,000. [www.cacd.uscourts.gov/newsworthy/historical-decades/1950s]

1982 - Albert Guigui-Theral (aka Varlin; b. 1903), Algerian-born French anarchist, militant syndicalist, mechanic and French Résistance fighter, dies. [see: Mar. 26] ||
 * = 6 || 1859 - Oreste Lucchesi (d. 1904), Italian anarchist, who was sent to prison in 1895 for killing Giuseppe Bandi, the director of the newspaper '//Il Telegrafo//', and author of a series of articles attacking anarchist, born.

1894 - In Paris the Procès des Trente (Trial of the Thirty) begins. The authorities, hoping to put an end to 'propaganda by the deed' and other anarchist opposition, enacted //lois scélérates// (villainous laws, nickname for very severe anti-anarchist laws) in December 1893 and added to these in July, allowing them to intensify repression against the anarchist movement. [www.ephemanar.net/aout06.html#procesdestrente]

1919 - Friedrich István, the leader of the rightist anti-communist organisation the White House Fraternal Association [Fehérház Bajtársi Egyesület], is installed in power having deposed the shortlived new government headed by Gyula Peidl (elected by the underground Budapest Workers' Soviet when Béla Kun and other high-ranking Communists fled to Austria on August 1) with the help of Romanian military forces, signaling the end of three and a half months of Marxist political administration in Hungary. [hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarországi_Tanácsköztársaság en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic theorangefiles.hu/the-hungarian-soviet-republic/ acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/lect13.htm]

[D] 1936 - The famous 'King Kong' armoured car is delivered to the Durruti Column by the CNT's Sindicato Metalúrgico in Barcelona.

[C] 1936 - Ramón Acin Aquilué (b. 1888), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, professor, writer and avant-garde artist, is murdered by pro-Francoists. Involved with the CNT and imprisoned for his support of political prisoners. [see: Aug. 30]

1937 - Franco's artillery opens fire on Madrid.

[CC] 1942 - In one of the most famous incidents of the Warsaw Ghetto, Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit (22 July 1878 or 1879 - August 1942), Polish-Jewish educator, children's author and pediatrician known as Pan Doktor (Mr. Doctor) or Stary Doktor (Old Doctor), who was director of a Warsaw orphanage that had been forced to move into the Ghetto, quietly marches his 192 children to the Umschlagplatz and the transport arranged to take them to Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak and his staff stayed with the children (he had already turned down a number of Nazi offers of "special treatment" and the possibility of being sent to Theresienstadt and the offer of sanctuary on the 'Aryan side' by Żegota, the Polish Council to Aid Jews; even the German officer in charge of the escort, and who had been a fan Korczak’s King Matt books as a child, offered him the chance to leave) in order not to frighten them. Korczak and the orphan's story is told in Andrzej Wajda’s film 'Korczak '(1990) as well as a number of books, stage plays and an opera. [www.executedtoday.com/2011/08/06/1942-janusz-korczak-and-his-orphans/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korczak]

1970 - Yippies storm Disneyland chanting "//Freedom for Mickey Mouse//" and Vietcong slogans.

[A] 1988 - Tompkins Square Park police riot in New York. [expand]

2007 - Former independence hero and the first president of an independent Timor-Leste Xanana Gusmão, is named the country's new prime minister, triggering widespread violence in the capital Dili. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusmão] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army bcw-project.org/church-and-state/sects-and-factions/agitators bcw-project.org/church-and-state/second-civil-war/eleven-members faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-28.htm historysheroes.e2bn.org/hero/timeline/3]
 * = 7 || [D] 1647 - During the English civil war, the New Model Army enters the City of London, seizing it from the Presbyterians and reinstalls excluded Independent MPs.

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: The Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain’s upper classes and in the process created a new industrial working class. Far from sharing in the newfound industrial wealth of their employers, workers endured abysmal working conditions, unpredictable wages, and no job security. The constant advancement of technology in the cotton mills frequently made large numbers of employees obsolete. A country-wide depression beginning in 1837 made the workers’ situation even more difficult. All of these factors added up to great hardship for working class families, who, as a rule, struggled to obtain basic necessities. Although trade unionism was illegal in Britain, unions were well-established in many locations and frequently clashed with the government. The unionists constituted one of two powerful populist movements. The other was known as Chartism, named after the People’s Charter which demanded universal male suffrage, the eligibility of all classes to be Members of Parliament, and other political reforms. Broadly popular among laborers, Chartism also drew support from the disaffected lower-middle-class, who felt shut out of the political process. The ongoing depression led factory owners to cut wages two or three times between 1840 and June 1842. Each occasion prompted scattered strikes and protestations, but the tide of cuts continued. Two mass meetings of workers attended by between 8,000 and 10,000 from Ashton and Staleybridge were held on Mottram Moor on Sunday August 7 1842 against the threatened reduction in wages, and support was given for a 'Grand National Turn-Out' to begin the next day. Support for the Charter was incorporated into the resolutions passed: "that all labour should cease until the People's Charter became the law of the land". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1859 - Émile 'Michel' Hugonnard (d. unknown), French carpenter-cabinetmaker and anarchist militant, born. [www.militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2728 www.ephemanar.net/aout07.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0708.html grainedanar.wordpress.com/lyon-ville-rebelle/]

1897 - Albert Perier (or Perrier)(aka Germinal; d. 1970), Argentine-born French anarchist militant, revolutionary syndicalist and anti-fascist résistant, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4575 www.ephemanar.net/aout07.html#perier]

1900 - The Mexican anarchist periodical '//Regeneration//' / '//Regeneración//' is first published by Jesus and Ricardo Flores Magón brothers, along with Licenciado Antonio Horcasitas. Suppressed by authorities, '//Regeneración//' temporarily suspends publication, eventually resurfacing in the US after Ricardo and Enrique go into exile there (January 3, 1904). "The town in rivers of pulque sails, while the bells repican & rockets resound & centellean the knives between the flare lights. Crowds swarm the tree-lined avenue and other prohibited streets, sagrada zone of the ladies of corsé and the gentlemen of jaqué, with the Virgin in you walk. From their high boat of lights, the wings of the Virgin protect and guide. Today is the day of Our Lady of Los Angeles, for Mexicans signalling a week of verbenas, and, on the brink of madness, the violent joy of the town, like wanting to deserve it, is born a new newspaper. It is called Regeneration. It inherits the fervours and the debts of the Democrat, closed by the dictatorship." 'Regeneración' resumed publication in San Antonio, Texas, on November 5, 1904. It was smuggled into México clandestinely and continued to remain an annoying thorn in Mexican dictator Diaz's side. '//Regeneración//' was influential enough that Diaz worked repeatedly to have it shut down, where "freedom of speech" in the United States proved deceptively false. It's circulation grew to 30,000 that year. In fact, even moderates like the Governor of Yucatan and Madero were receiving '//Regeneración//' and later, when Ricardo's anarchism was more apparent, prominent anarchists, such as Voltairine de Cleyre became involved in the Mexican paper. Familiar with the works of Kropotkin, Bakunin, Grave, and Malatesta as early as 1900, Ricardo didn't openly advocate anarchism until 1907. [www.archivomagon.net/Periodico/Periodicos.html]

1908 - Robert Bernardis (d. 1944), Austrian resistance fighter involved in the July 20 Plot to kill Adolf Hitler, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bernardis de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bernardis www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/bernardis/]

1927 - Huge demonstrations take place around the world against the imminent execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. In Paris, a heavily policed procession which is joined by Luigia Vanzetti, sister of Bartolomeo, brings together more than 100,000 people. There is a call for a 24-hour strike for tomorrow (Monday).

1944 - July 20 plotters: The trial and sentencing to death of Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, First Lieutenant Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, Colonel-General Erich Hoepner, Lieutenant General Paul von Hase, Major General Hellmuth Stieff, Captain Karl Friedrich Klausing, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Bernardis, and First Lieutenant Albrecht von Hagen takes place in Berlin’s Plotzensee Prison.

1952 - Benigno Andrade García aka 'Foucellas' (b. 1908), Spanish locksmith, anarchist militant and anti-Francoist guerilla, is executed by garrote at 7 am in the provincial prison of A Coruña, Galicia. [see: Oct. 22]

[C] 1963 - Ramón Vila Capdevila (b. 1908), also known as 'Caracremada' (Caraquemada, Burnt-face), 'Jabalí' (the Wild Boar), or 'Capitán Raymond', famed anti-fascist guerrilla is shot down and purposely left to die following a shoot-out with the Guardia Civil. [see: Apr. 2]

[1971 - Gastown Riot / Battle of Maple Tree Square: Police attack a Yippie smoke-in. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastown_Riots]

[A] 1995 - Due to international pressure, state of Pennsylvania announces a stay of its planned Aug. 17 execution of political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal.

1999 - Three people in Pisa associated with the animal and earth liberation journal '//Il Silvestre//' arrested and charged with firebombings of companies. || [hoydensandfirebrands.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/leveller-women-and-english-revolution.html]
 * = 8 || 1643 - The first of a series of women's peace demonstrations takes place outside Parliament, leading to clashes with male on-lookers. "[A] multitude of women described elsewhere" as two to three hundred oyster-wives, 'taking example by the unlawful and tumultuary proceedings of the former faction. . - came to the very doore of the House and there cryed . . . Peace, Peace, and interrupted divers of the members both as they went in and as they came out of the House,' and threatened violence to those members who were enemies to peace" - Sir Simonds D'Ewes.

[DD] 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: The 'Grand National Turn-Out' begins as workers left their factories and began to move from workplace to workplace, "turning out" other workers to join them. In all of these actions, women and child workers marched alongside men. Marchers were for the most part orderly and serious, although mild fighting did occur when police and managers attempted to guard factory gates. This trend continued throughout the campaign - workers typically did not seek violence in their demonstrations, but did not hesitate to fight when provoked by soldiers or police. The derogatory name often given to these events - the "plug plot" in fact derives from this time; as the workers closed down a factory they would frequently remove the boiler plug to prevent it restarting. As the strike went on, the workers took control. Factories were permitted to operate only with the permission of "committees of public safety" that now began to emerge to co-ordinate action. These committees gave permission, for example, for work to be completed so that goods would not spoil or for humanitarian reasons. In one case, permission was granted to keep water pumps operating without which coal mines would have flooded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

[D] 1870 - Failed attempt at insurrection in Marseille: 40,000 people, including Gaston Crémieux, Charles Alérini, Combes, Naquet, Brochier, Rouvier, Matheron, etc., demonstrate outside the préfecture. The arrest of Alfred Naquet causes a surge of anger and immediately forms a central revolutionary Action Committee, the crowd soon occupies the mayor and members of the Committee are brought to power by popular acclaim. The Committee, consisting mainly of members of the International and some radical Republicans, and chaired by Gaston Cremieux, express the desire of the people to proclaim a Republic and establish a revolutionary Commune. Unfortunately, a squad of police dispersing the crowd and, after a brief exchange of gunfire, capture the Committee members. The prisoners, numbering about thirty, are locked in Fort St. John and crammed into a stinking dungeon. They later face a council of war and are imprisoned. [www.increvables-anarchistes.org/articles/date/1871-et-avant/1871-la-commune-de-marseille]

[A] 1879 - Emiliano Zapata (d. 1919), Mexican revolutionary hero and //anarquista//, born. "//Tierra y libertad//". [expand]

1890 - The trial of those arrested during the May Day events in Vienna opens in Grenoble. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout08.html#procesgrenoble]

1897 - Anarchist Michele Angiolillo assassinates Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the Spanish Prime Minister, who in May had ordered the execution of five anarchists held responsible for a bombing in Barcelona the year before. He is quickly tried and executed on the 20th.

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 26] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание]: After three days of fighting and a siege, the town of Smilevo is captured by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) insurgents. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Gen. Victoriano Huerta sent to Cuernavaca with 1,000 federal troops and forces Emiliano Zapata to demobilise part of his peasant army.

1942 - María del Milagro Pérez Lacruz aka 'La Jabalina' (The Wild Sow)(b. 1917), Spanish anarchist and member of Juventudes Libertarias, who fought with the Iron Column, is shot by firing squad alongside 6 male comrades in Huerta Oeste, Valencia. Her life was the basus for the novel 'Si Me Llegas a Olvidar' (If I Get to Forget; 2013) by Rosana Corral-Márquez. [see: May 3]

1944 - July 20 plotters: Lieutenant Colonel Robert Bernardis, First Lieutenant Albrecht von Hagen, Lieutenant General Paul von Hase, Colonel-General Erich Hoepner, Friedrich Karl Klausing, Major General Helmuth Stieff, Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, and First Lieutenant Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg are hanged naked at Berlin’s Plotzensee Prison on thin cord (some sources say piano wire) suspended from meathooks whilst being filmed for Hitler's later edification.

1944 - Robert Bernardis (b. 1908), Austrian resistance fighter involved in the July 20 Plot to kill Adolf Hitler, is tried and sentenced to death in the Volksgerichtshof (People's Court), and executed the same day in Berlin-Plötzensee prison. [see: Aug. 7]

[C] 1999 - Gino Bibbi (b. 1899), Italian engineer, anarchist and militant anti-fascist, who became a Republican fighter pilot during the Spanish Civil war and muntions designer, dies at the age of 100. He was cremated with a red and black scarf tied round his neck. [see: Feb. 5] || [www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1792-La-premiere-Commune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris_(Révolution_française) wikirouge.net/Commune_de_Paris_(1789-1795) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution) www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/aug-10-1792.htm fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journée_du_10_août_1792 www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1911_num_72_1_460970_t1_0633_0000_002]
 * = 9 || [D] 1792 - Delegates from all quarters of Paris assemble at the Hôtel de Ville during the last hours of August 9th to form a new insurrectionary Commune. [expand]

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: The strike reached Manchester, the epicenter of the industrial region. 20,000 workers marched through the streets in a peaceful demonstration of strength. The Commissioner of Police, Sir Charles Shaw, strongly desired to disperse the ‘mob’ violently, but the city magistrate apprehended the political danger of the situation and convinced Shaw not to take action. Once the strike reached Manchester, workers rapidly spread unrest to the rest of the region. Within days, the strikers shut down every factory within fifty miles of Manchester. Workers from each industry set up “trade conferences” in each city to decide what, exactly, they wanted out of the strike. Each conference debated the crucial question of whether to steer the strike firmly in the Chartist direction or to remain narrowly focused on wage issues. Local-level strike leaders formed strike committees to negotiate arrangements between shop-owners and hungry laborers. Despite some success in procuring bread for the strikers, food stress remained a huge problem throughout the strike. Workers respected the sanctity of private property and refused to raid farms to feed themselves. Strike committees actually permitted some factories to temporarily reopen in order to make use of perishable materials. Once the materials were expended, workers walked out again. All of these measures demonstrate that, although the Charter contained elements of class warfare, the strikers were conscious of public relations and strove to present a respectable face, the best to remedy their miserable situation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1843 - Rebecca Riots: Rebecca rioters swoop on the Walk gatehouse toll in Llandeilo, destroying it and then vanishing into the night before the troops could even get out of bed.. The following account of the affect Rebecca had on Llandeilo is provided by William Samuel in 'Llandeilo Present and Past' (1868): "Our sires, and even ourselves, have vivid recollection of the time when the Cawdor Arms Hotel was the head-quarter of a troop of her Majesty''s fourth regiment of light dragoons - kept ever on the qui vive by the "Flying Dutchman", the invisible Rebecca - nevertheless, here, there, and everywhere, like Sampson at Gaza carrying off the gates, but suddenly, rapidly, and no more seen than a clap of thunder, and infinitely less audible. Before the trumpeter could rouse to horse, or indeed before he could be roused himself, the deed was done, and behold, all around was still as night long before the cavalry could come to the charge - the assailants had not only been dismissed but had dispersed; many in their beds, the rest wending their way unconcerned in safety to their homesteads. The dragoons, thus constantly done, had only to face about and go to bed, too. The horse having failed, recourse was had to the foot; and the present vicarage became the barracks of a portion of the 41st regiment for about one year. Llandilo thus for nearly two years was a military station, and had for the time ten percent added to its population, the addition consisting, of course, of gentlemen of independent means so far as resources of the locality were concerned. Therefore the riots, as they were called, was a wind that brought much money to Llandilo." [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]

1898 - Vassil Ikonomov (d. 1925), Bulgarian anti-fascist anarchist guerilla fighter and an important figure in the Bulgarian movement, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout09.html#9]

1920 - The British Trades Union Congress appoint a Council of Action to arrange a General Strike if Britain declares war on the USSR.

1927 - Protests and strikes against the imminent execution of Sacco and Vanzetti scheduled for August 10 continue around the world. [www.ephemanar.net/aout08.html]

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: A Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos member is shot dead whilst playing cards in a bar.

1939 - Ceferí Llop Estupiñà (b. 1916), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, member of the FIJL and CNT, dies. [see: Aug. 16] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journée_du_10_août_1792 www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/aug-10-1792.htm www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1911_num_72_1_460970_t1_0633_0000_002]
 * = 10 || [D] 1792 - Journée Révolutionnaire du 10 Août 1792 [Insurrection of August 10, 1792]: One of the defining events in the history of the French Revolution, which resulted in the fall of the French monarchy after the storming the Tuileries Palace by the National Guard of the Insurrectional Paris Commune and revolutionary //fédérés// from Marseilles and Brittany.

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: "On Wednesday, the 10th instant, a body of men and women, computed at six and seven thousand, made their appearance in New Mills, Derbyshire, and turned out all the hands from the mills; from there they proceeded to Mr. Walsh's print-works, at Furnis, and ordered all hands out. Mr. Walsh entreated them to let him work one day more, to complete an order, but they refused, drew the fire from under the boilers, let off the steam, and forced him to stop his works; from there they proceeded to Messrs. Wright and Hodgson's cotton mills, at Bugsworth, and turned all the hands out; from there to Bugsworth Basin, where they turned out all the lime-burners and stone-getters at Christ quarry, belonging to the Peak Forest Canal Company; from there they proceeded to the paper-works at Whitehall, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, belonging to Messrs. Ingam, Barnes, and Hughes. Mr. Ingam wished to know their object. One of the turn-outs explained that they would have the same rate of wages as they received in 1840, and that they would have it before they went to work again. By this time night had approached, and they returned by the same route to New Mills. Early on Thursday morning they re-assembled, and proceeded to Bridgham-green Mills, belonging to Mr. Riley, and turned the hands out; from there to Chapel-en-le-Frith, where, also, they stopped all kinds of works, and also stopped the carts on the road; from there they went to Mr. Kirk's iron-works, and compelled all his men to leave work; from there they proceeded to Blackhole limestone quarries, and stopped all the men at work belonging to Peak Forest Canal Company; and from there to Doveholes limekilns, which they stopped also. On Friday, the mob having heard that Mr. Walsh's works were resumed, proceeded to the Furnis print-works with all haste, let his reservoir off, and did a great deal of damage. All the collieries have been stopped." '//The Derby Mercury//', Wednesday, August 24, 1842

1889 - Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (d. 1968), Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter, who co-founded the wartime Polish organization Żegota, set up to assist Polish Jews to escape the Holocaust, born. In 1943 she was arrested by the Germans and sent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp, but survived the war. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka]

1924 - Giacomo Matteotti (b. 1885), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, is murdered by fascist thugs. [see: May 22]

1937 - The Council of Aragon's agricultural self-management is forcibly disbanded by the Republican government.

1944 - La Strage di Piazzale Loreto [Piazzale Loreto Massacre]: At dawn, fifteen antifascist prisoners are taken from their cells in the San Vittore prison in Milan and loaded on a truck. They are Umberto Fogagnolo, one of the organizers of the general strike in March 1944, who was arrested for having tried to prevent a fascist inflicting a savage beating on a worker; Domenico Fiorani, a socialist who worked on clandestine newspapers and belonged to the Brigate Matteotti; Vitale Vertemati, a mechanic linked to various partisan groups; Giulio Casiraghi, a militant communist and engineer, who had returned from exile and was a radio operator, receive messages from London about airdrops of arms for the partisans; Tullio Galimberti, deserter and Gappista; Eraldo Soncini, militant socialist worker at Pirelli Bicocca and member of the 107ª Brigata Garibaldi (Squadre d'Azione Patriottica); Andrea Esposito, communist militant and partisan in the113th Garibaldi brigade; Andrea Ragni, partisan captured during an operation to recover weapons; Libero Temolo, militant communist and Squadre d'Azione Patriottica organiser; Emilio Mastrodomemico, GAP commander; Salvatore Principato, militant socialist and teacher, politically persecuted under fascism, who was arrested by the SS as a member of the Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria and of the 33rd Matteotti Brigade; Renzo del Riccio, mechanic, socialist and anti-fascist partisan, who was arrested after having escaped deportation; Angelo Poletti, partisan at the Isotta Fraschini car factory and socialist militant; Vittorio Gasparini, operator of a clandestine OSS radio transmitter; and Gian Antonio Bravin, partisan and head of Group III of GAP. At 06:10, the fifteen antifascists are executed by a firing squad of fascist Ettore Muti in the Piazzale Loreto. The massacre of Piazzale Loreto is perpetrated in retaliation for a bomb attack three days earlier against a German truck, which was parked in Viale Abruzzi. In the attack no German soldier was killed, but six Milan citizens were killed instead. After the shooting the bodies of fifteen antifascists are left in the sun all day. A sign reading "Assassins" is placed next to them, and the ttore Muti legionnaires remain to check that no one comes close, preventing the relatives from taking away the bodies, and as a continuing insult to the fallen. Only late in the evening, thanks to the mediation of Cardinal Schuster, were the bodies finally given to their families. On some corpses are found, hidden in the pockets of clothes and scribbled with uncertain writing on tiny pieces of paper, letters to family members and classmates, written a few moments before the shooting. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Piazzale_Loreto]

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: As a reprisal for the FLN shootings of June 21-24, the former military intelligence officer in the SDECEE (Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage) and supporter of a French Algeria, with the assistance of the 'Ultra' pieds noirs terrorist group the Union Française Nord-Africaine, André Achiary plants a bomb in the Algiers Kasbah during the night of August 10th. It explodes, killing 73 Muslims and marks a turning point in the war in Algeria. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Following yesterday's police killing of unarmed 18-year-old black teenager Michael Brown, a day of memorials began peacefully, but by the evening candlelight vigil looting of businesses, trashing of vehicles and confraontations with 150 local cops in riot gear from the mostly white police force. Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who tried to block off access to several areas of the city. At least 12 businesses were looted or smashed up and a QuikTrip convenience store and gas station set on fire, leading to over 30 arrests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 11 || 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: Rioting begins in Lancashire towns, spreading to other English counties.

1898 - In Brussels, a commissaire de police attempts to arrest anarchist Henri Willems at his home but it met by gunfire. Willems escapes, firing 22 times at the pursuing crowd and police. A young sculptor/carver and director since 1893 of the Belgian newspaper '//Le Libertaire//', and subsequently banned by the police on February 20, 1894, following its publication of articles inciting civil disobedience whilst saluting the memory Auguste Vaillant. Arrested in early 1895, Willems was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for articles written in '//Le Libertaire//' and in '//L'Antipatriote//'.

1899 - Dario Cagno (d. 1943), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Dario_Cagno www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2312.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article584 anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/dario-cagno/ museotorino.it/view/s/938d2b8257c0439e92984f2b282fc356]

1905 - Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905]: Catalan labourer and anarchist sympathiser Salvador Planas i Virella attempts to shoot the Argentine President, Manuel Quintana, as his coach approaches the Casa Rosada. He fires his old pistol 3 times but the gun is defective and Quintana escapes unharmed. He then turns the gun on himself but it again fails to work properly. He is arrested and, despite the allegations of mental instability by his lawyer, is sentenced to 10 years in prison for attempted murder and locked up in Las Heras prison. On January 6,1911, he and Francisco Solano Regis, serving 20 years for an assassination attempt on President José Figueroa Alcorta, escape through a tunnel and are never heard of again. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quintana ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Planas_i_Virella www.estelnegre.org/documents/planasvirella/planasvirella.html]

1919 - Ukrainian anarchist partisan Maria Nikiforova and her companion Witold Bzhostek (or Brzostek) are recognised on the street in Sevastopol and arrested by the Whites. Marusya's group, despairing of being able to rescue her, head for the Kuban region to return to the partisan fight in the rear of the Whites. They will be tried and executed before a field court-martial held on September 16, 1919. [see: Sep. 16]

1937 - The Republican government, toeing the Communist line, disolves the Council of Aragon, the last bastion of the revolutionary anarchist ideals of social revolution and libertarian communism as practiced for the past year in the Aragon farming communities. Its president Joaquín Ascaso and other board members are arrested. To quell any revolt by the peasants, the government sent the 11th Division commanded by the Stalinist Líster. Destroying all collective achievements, it forces farmers to return the collectivised land and tools to the wealthy landowners. He also arrests over six hundred CNT activists, some of whom are shot in the name of reestablishing state order.

[C] 1945 - Having established an International Camp Committee at Buchenwald under the leadership of the German Communist, Walter Bartel, in mid 1943 and the International Military Organisation of Buchenwald, as well as rescuing numerous Jewish children through collective and individual actions, and sabotaged the work in the ammunition factories as well as smuggling weapons into the camp, the imates rose up against the SS guards as the Soviet army neared, taking over the camp. The gaurds fled the camp and when the Soviets arrived, they found armed groups of prisoners hunting the SS in the nearby woods. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_Resistance www.scrapbookpages.com/Buchenwald/Resistance.html buchenwald1.weebly.com/resistance.html 90thdivisionassoc.org/forum/pop_printer_friendly.asp?TOPIC_ID=645]

[A/D] 1964 - Stuart Christie and Fernando Carballo Blanco are arrested with explosives in Spain, on a mission to blow up Franco. [expand]

1965 - The Watts Riots begin in Los Angeles, USA. [expand]

1997 - Conlon Nancarrow (b. 1912), American-born composer, jazz trumpeter, communist and anti-fascist, who fought in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in Spain, dies. [see: Oct. 27]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Police fire tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse a crowd at the burnt shell of the QuikTrip convenience store, set on fire by looters last night. Gunshots are heard in Ferguson and rocks are thrown at police. The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds upon those protesting. Five arrests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 12 || 1812 - Lady Ludd leads a riot over high bread prices in Nottingham. [source?]

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: A mass meeting of around 3,000 cotton workers took place at Chadwick’s Orchard in Preston. They pledged to "strike work until they had a fair days wages for that work, guaranteeing its continuance with the Charter", the Chartist newspaper 'The Northern Star' reported that "Before night every cotton mill was turned out without resistance - all done chiefly by boys and girls". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Strike_of_1842 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1861 - Luigi Galleani (d. 1931), influential Italian anarchist militant, born. [expand] "//When we talk about property, State, masters, government, laws, courts, and police, we say only that we don't want any of them.//" - '//The End of Anarchism?//' (1925). [www.ephemanar.net/aout12.html#12 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/galleani/biography.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/galleani/galleani.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GalleaniLuigi.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/d51cvp www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ngf2s6]

1874 - Oreste Ristori (d. 1943), Italian journalist, militant individualist anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-fascist, born. [expand] [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Ristori it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Ristori www.oresteristori.it/ www.dellastoriadempoli.it/archives/17817 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120812 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/oreste-ristori-un-incorregible.html www.transfinito.eu/spip.php?article1367]

1882 - During the night tonight, the Bande Noire of anarchist miners from Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, continue their attacks against clericalism by destroying the cross at Alouettes.

1894 - The Procès des Trente comes to an end. Intended to justify repressive measures against the anarchists and to reassure the public after the recent attacks, the indictment of Advocate General Whelk fails to prove an agreement and alleged criminal conspiracy between the various defendants (19 anarchist theorists and 11 common thieves) as the defendants, some of whom do not even know each other, had no trouble refuting the charges. The jurors acquitted all 26 appearing in court except Philippe Léon Ortiz (sentenced to fifteen years hard labour), Annette Chericotti (eight years of hard labour) and Orsini Bertani (six months imprisonment and a fine of sixteen francs) Paul Reclus, Alexander Cohen, Constant Martin, Louis Duprat and Emile Pouget will in the meantime be sentenced in absentia on October 31 to 20 years hard labour. When they return to France following an amnesty, they are (with the exception of Paul Reclus) all acquitted. [see: Aug. 6]

[D] 1903 - [O.S. Jul. 30] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание] / Kruševo Republic [Крушевска република]: Following the 10 hours Battles of Sliva (Слива) and Mechin Stone (Мечкин Камен), the rebels retreat from the town and a 18,000 people strong Ottoman force recaptures a heavily shelled Kruševo. It had been held by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) insurgents for just ten days. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 30] Pamiat Azova Mutiny [Память Азова мятеж]: In Revel the trial of 95 Pamiat Azova mutineers begins before a special commission. [www.navy.su/daybyday/july/20/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pamiat+Azova genrogge.ru/merkushov/15.htm wunderwafe.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pamat_Azova/12.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мазуров,_Георгий_Николаевич]

1921 - Abel Paz (Diego Camacho; d. 2009), Spanish militant anarchist and historian, born. Paz helped found the 'Los Quijotes del Ideal' group in August 1936, along with Victor García, Liberto Sarrau and other young libertarians. (Los Quijotes del Ideal opposed anarchist collaboration with the Republican government.) Author of '//Durruti, the People Armed//' (1976), '//CNT 1939-1951: El Anarquismo contra el Estado Franquista//' (Anarchism versus the Francoist State; Madrid: 2001); etc. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout12.html#paz anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120812 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Jonas]

[A] 1936 - The first International Brigade volunteers arrive in Spain.

1977 - The Battle of Lewsiham: "At least 2000 police will be in the borough... and in reserve the police will have about 200 shields and helmets... Lewisham council has moved old and disabled people away from potential trouble spots, and public buildings, shops and public houses on the routes have been closed or boarded up." ['//Times//', Aug. 13]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Several hundred protesters gather in Clayton, the county seat, demanding criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting. Protesters in Ferguson carriy signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting "don't shoot!" According to police, some protesters threw bottles at them, prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd. The following day, a SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse. That night, police use smoke bombs, flash grenades, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the crowd. Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording. During the night of the 12th-13th, police fire tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters. At least seven protesters are arrested after being told by the cops to "go home or face arrest." CNN cameras film on cop taunting protesters by saying "Bring it, you fucking animals, bring it." That night a peaceful protester was also shot in the head non-fatally by an unknown assailant. The gunshot survivor, Mya Aaten-White, later criticised the police for not investigating her case in a timely manner. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 13 || [A] 1830 - When a police force is introduced in Wiltshire [England], the people of Calne riot. One cop is killed, several badly injured.

1842 - Lune Street Riot / 1842 General Strike: Following yesterday's strike meeting in Preston, news spread that some mills had resumed work. The remaining strikers met in Chadwick’s Orchard on Saturday around 06:00 and went to Messrs. Sledden’s machine shop on North Road and compelled workers there to turn out, "after several windows were broken and a few slight wounds inflicted on both sides." They then started moving through Preston from factory to factory. The Mayor Samuel Horrocks, officials and the police were called upon to deal with the unrest and protect property. They enlisted the help of soldiers stationed in the town from the 72nd Highlanders to help stop the riot. The strikers moved into the centre of town to Messrs Paley’s Mill where they met Preston officials accompanied by about 30 soldiers from the 72nd Highlanders and members of the County and Borough police. Their final confrontation was on the bottom of Lune Street outside the Preston Corn Exchange. Members of the crowd including men, women and boys gathered stones from near the canal and began throwing them at the police and military. The Mayor Samuel Horrocks read the Riot Act. This gave local authorities the right to use force if necessary to disperse unlawful assemblies and stop riots. When the violence escalated and the crowd did not disperse the military then fired, shooting at least eight men, four of whom - John Mercer, William Lancaster, George Sowerbutts and Bernard McNamara - where killed. The rioters then fled in shock and the injured men were taken to the House of Recovery. Accounts vary as to who exactly gave the order and how shots were fired, but, at the later trial of chartist leader Feargus O’Connor, the police officer Mr Bannister stated that it was Samuel Horrocks who had given the order, but that he had not heard the order himself. Whatever the case, public discontent for the shooting was quickly directed at the Mayor Samuel Horrocks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Strike_of_1842 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: In London, Home Secretary Sir James Graham dispatched artillery and troops toward Lancashire. On this same date, Queen Victoria issued an edict declaring the illegality of the strikes and offering a £50 reward for turning in a fellow striker. Although some laborers earned only £5 per month, few chose to desert the campaign. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1871 - Karl Liebknecht (d. 1919), German socialist and co-founder, with Rosa Luxemburg, of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERliebknecht.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LiebknechtKarl/]

1882 - During the night tonight, the Bande Noire of anarchist miners from Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, continue their attacks against clericalism by destroying the wooden cross at Roulot.

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 31] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание] / Kruševo Republic [Крушевска република]: Despite the white flags flying above the town, Ottoman forces continue to shell Kruševo. It had been held by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) insurgents for just ten days. Krusevo was bombed, robbed and destroyed. Shops and houses were looted, robbed and burned, the women raped, and any men discovered they beat and killed. 117 people, including 15 women, 5 girls and 6 children, died. More than 150 girls and women were raped, 159 houses and 210 shops, including most of the bazaar, were burned. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 31] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The All-Russian Peasants’ Union organise a clandestine conference in Moscow (Aug. 13-14). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1917 - Eugene Bonaventure de Vigo (b. 1883) aka Miguel Almereyda (anagram: Y'a la merde), anarchist and anti-militarist propagandist, is murdered in his prison cell - strangled by a shoelace. Father of anarchist film maker Jean Vigo; founder and director of the ultra-leftist paper '//Le Bonnet Rouge//'; co-founder of the newspaper '//La Guerre Sociale//'; founding member of 'l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste' (A.I.A.) and founder of 'Les Jeunes Gardes révolutionnaires', action combat groups which clash in the street with the extreme-right-wingers. [www.ephemanar.net/aout13.html#13 www.estelnegre.org/documents/almereyda/almereyda.html] [ Costantini pic ]

1936 - The first issue of '//El Frente//' (The Front), "Boletin de guerra de la Columna Durruti CNT-FAI" on the Aragon front, is publsihed in Pina de Ebro.

[C] 1977 - The Battle of Lewsiham: Opposing the planned NF march, from Clifton Rise and through the centre of Lewisham (the council refused to hire them the Concert Hall as, "The NF is a racialist organisation, and the hall belongs to the community which is multi-racial." ['//Kentish Mercury//', Jul. 28]), is opposed by three different protests: the All Lewisham Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (ALCARAF) demonstration of more than 5000 people from over 80 organisations from Ladywell Fields to New Cross (12.00 - 1.00 pm), whose policy for the day is that "if the police cordon off the road from Algernon Road to Clifton Rise, then the marchers will disperse. But if there is no police opposition the march will continue to Clifton Rise" ['//South London Press//', Aug. 12]; the August 13 Ad Hoc Organising Committee calling for a 'They Shall Not Pass' rally to assemble at Clifton Rise in New Cross at 12 on the day of the NF demonstration, marching with ALCARAF and occupying the site; and, London Anti Racist/Anti-Fascist Co-ordinating Committee (ARAFCC) who mobilsed for anti-fascists to physically stop the march. 11:55 am: ALCARAF march sets off down Ladywell Road and into Lewisham High Street. 12:10: First clash between police and anti-fascists in New Cross: "The SWP were occupying the derelict shop next to the New Cross House pub. Police broke down a door and evicted the squatters, arresting 7 and taking a quantity of propaganda and banners". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] 12:45: A wall of police prevent ALCARAF march reaching New Cross. "Police block the way to New Cross at the junction of Loampit Hill and Algernon Road. As the lorry leading the march turns in Algernon Road, march stewards try and stop it. Commander Randall shouts "Keep that lorry on the move". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 12] The police want marchers "to go along Algernon Road back to Ladywell". The Mayor of Lewisham, Councillor Roger Godsiff, formally appeals to police Commander Douglas Randall to "allow the march to go on the original route that was agreed" (i.e. on to New Cross) - this is refused. 1:00: Mike Power of ALCARAF tells the crowd "ALCARAF is not prepared to be directed away from Deptford" and appeals "for the march to disband peacefully there and then'' ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 16] Although the march as such is halted, many of the demonstrators managed to get to New Cross via other routes. "The order is given to disperse [the ALCARAF march]. The police allow hundreds of people to pass on to New Cross". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] 1:30: National Front begin to assemble behind police lines in Achilles Street. New Cross Road is closed with at thousands of anti-NF protesters in Clifton Rise and New Cross Road. ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] Estimates of anti-NF crowd vary from 2000 ['//Kentish Mercury//'] to up to 4000. ['//Times//'] 2:00 pm: "Police in two wedges - one from Clifton Rise the other from New Cross Road - moved into the crowd to eject them from Clifton Rise". Two orange smoke bombs are thrown, and a tin of red paint. Clifton Rise and New Cross Road "became a seething mass of demonstrators and police. Police helmets were knocked off as arrests were made". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] 2:00 pm: As fighting rages in New Cross, the Bishop of Southwark leads a church service against racism and for peace at St Stephens Church, Lewisham High Street. 200 people attend, with a banner outside with the words 'Justice, love and peace'. ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] 2:06 pm: "10 mounted police moved into the crowd from New Cross Road to be greeted by a sustained bombardment of bottles, cans, and attacks with poles. The ferocity of the attack drove the horsemen back. Youths began to gather bricks from a builders yard in Laurie Grove and pelt police". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] "Running battles broke out at the top of Clifton Rise and, after, a smoke bomb exploded, mounted police moved in to drive the crowd back into New Cross Road". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] Two mounted police are dragged from their horses. 2:10 pm: "The police line on foot at Clifton Rise broke, but reformed. A youth attacked a policeman with a stick". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] 2:20 pm: "Police drew truncheons and used them against the crowd. Most of Clifton Rise and New Cross Road was cleared of demonstrators. The battle for control of Clifton Rise was over. A man lay unmoving outside the New Cross Inn and was taken off in an ambulance. Another stretcher case lay in New Cross Road". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] 3:00 pm: Police escort National Front marchers out of Achilles Street, up Pagnell Street and into New Cross Road, behind a large 'Stop the Muggers' banner. Estimates of NF marchers range from 600 ['//South London Press//'] to 1000 ['//Kentish Mercury//']. "Suddenly the air was filled with orange smoke, and a hail of bricks, bottles and pieces of wood fell onto the Front from demonstrators and householders leaning out of their windows... At one point the Front marchers stopped. Half the marchers remained in Pagnell Street, afraid to walk into the hail of missiles". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] Anti-fascists break through police lines and attack back of NF march, "separating them from the main body". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] There is hand to hand fighting in New Cross Road, and NF marchers are forced off the road onto the pavement. "One young man, perhaps 16 years old, rushed into the Front ranks and grabbed a flagpole from one of them, broke it in half and held the pieces up while the crowd cheered. Others hurled dustbins and fence stakes into the Front column from close range". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] 'The protesters then burnt captured NF banners". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] Police separate NF and anti-fascists, and mounted police clear a path through crowd attempting to block progress of march towards Deptford Broadway. For part of the route the NF are forced off the road onto the pavement. Police lead the march "through deserted streets of Lewisham" with crowds held back by "by road blocks over the whole area". ['//Kentish Mercury//']. Marchers are flanked by three deep police on either side, with 24 mounted police in front. The march route goes down Depford Broadway/Blackheath Road, Lewisham Road and Cressingham Road, where "more missiles were hurled at the marchers". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] While small groups attack the march from side streets, large numbers of anti-fascists head East along Lewisham Way. They reach Lewisham Town Centre and block the High Street. The NF approach the town centre. "The fighting intensified as the Front members were escorted from Cressingham Road to their rally in Conington Road". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] Unable to meet in the town centre proper, the NF hold a short rally in a car park in Conington Road, addressed by NF Chairman John Tyndall, police usher NF "through a tunnel in Granville Park and then into Lewisham station, where trains were waiting to take them away". ['//Times//', Aug. 15] Clashes continue between the police and crowd, the latter largely unaware that the NF have already left the area. Anti-fascists occupy the area by the Clock Tower. "A road barrier was dragged across the High Street by demonstrators". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] Police bring out riot shields for the first time in England, and attempt to disperse crowd south down Lewisham High Street towards Catford. Bricks and bottles are thrown. "On the corner of Molesworth Street, mounted police prepared to charge. Beside them were police on foot, truncheons drawn. Police came racing down the street. One officer shouted 'get out of the way' and as he ran a man was hit. The officer then apparently collided with an elderly woman. She went sprawling on the pavement". ['//Kentish Mercury//', Aug. 18] A police Special Patrol Group van is surrounded and its windows smashed, and part of the crowd attempts to surround Lewisham Police Station in Ladywell Road. A press photographer's BMW motorbike is set on fire near Ladywell Baths. Several shop windows are smashed in Lewisham High Street, including Currys (no.131), Kendall & Co. (no.256) and Caesars' fancy goods (no.230). 4:40 pm: "...the riot in Lewisham High Street had been quashed, but there were continuing outbreaks in side streets. It was not until after 5 pm that the fighting ceased and an uneasy calm settled over Lewisham". ['//South London Press//', Aug. 16] 214 people have been arrested and at least 111 injured. ['//Times//', Aug. 15] [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/27/the-battle-of-lewisham/ www.dkrenton.co.uk/lewisham_1977.html vnnforum.com/archive/index.php/t-8246.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lewisham news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/13/newsid_2534000/2534035.stm century.theguardian.com/1970-1979/Story/0,,106928,00.html libcom.org/history/1977-the-battle-of-lewisham lovelyoldtree.wordpress.com/2011/08/14/the-battle-of-lewisham/ www.workersliberty.org/system/files/117-p10.pdf www.thefullwiki.org/Battle_of_Lewisham www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/09/381266.html afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/a-bulwark-diminished.pdf]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: As night fell projectiles, including Molotov cocktails, are thrown and police launch tear gas and smoke bombs. While police are clearing a McDonald's restaurant, '//The Washington Post//' reporter Wesley Lowery and '//The Huffington Post//' reporter Ryan Reilley are arrested having been asked by the cops to leave and then given a 45-second countdown when they were not moving fast enough. Then, according to Lowery: "Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of. Al Jazeera America journalists including correspondent Ash-har Quraishi covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear-gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team. An officer was captured on video turning the reporters' video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Pontelandolfo_e_Casalduni www.napoli.com/viewarticolo.php?articolo=38771 www.comune.casalduni.bn.it/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:unita-ditalia-il-racconto-della-strage-e-delleccidio-di-casalduni-e-pontelandolfo-nel-sannio-beneventano]
 * = 14 || 1861 - Massacro di Pontelandolfo e Casalduni [Massacre of Pontelandolfo & Casalduni]: The towns of Pontelandolfo and Casalduni are sacked and torched by the Piedmontese military during the so-called "war against brigandage" in Southern Italy. On the orders of General Enrico Cialdini the towns are reduced to rubble and townspeople indiscriminately slaughtered - women and children are burnt alive in their houses; girls are raped and hanged; unarmed old and young are gutted and killed with bayonets by Piedmontese troops - all in retaliation for the death of 41 soldiers at the hands of partisan loyalists.

1878 - The opening in the Benevento Assize Court of the prosecution of the Banda del Matese internationalists for armed insurrection in April 1877 in the villages of Matese. The best known of the defendants are Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero and Cesare Ceccarelli. They are charged with "the crime of conspiracy to destroy and change the form of government, to encourage people to take up arms against the state power in order to provoke civil war (...) an attack by an armed group, and complicity in the crimes of: voluntary injuring by firearm on the person of the king's riflemen...", injuries that caused the death of a rifleman. The defence of the accused is provided by four lawyers, including a very young 21 years old Neapolitan Saverio Merlino, whose passionate defence leads to the acquittal of the defendants.

1887 - Rirette Maîtrejean (Anna Henriette Estorges; d. 1968), French individualist anarchist activist and propagandist, born. Editor of the newspaper '//l'Anarchie//' after the death of Albert Libertad, companion to the anarchist Mauricius (Maurice Vandamme) and to Viktor Kibaltschin alias Victor Serge. Both were tried as members of the Bonnot Gang - both knew the gang members (Serge having grown up with a number of them), both were involved in pro-Bonnot propaganda and 2 revolvers linked to the gang were found in their house. She was acquitted but Serge received 5 years in solitary. She wrote for many anarchist publications, such as '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Défense de l'Homme//' and '//La Liberté//' (founded by Louis Lecoin in 1959).[expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin14.html#maitrejean militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7647 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Rirette_Maitrejean]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 1] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание]: Under the leadership of Nikola Pushkarov, some Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) bands near Skopje attack and derail a military train. Further east in Razlog in Pirin Macedonia (the Blagoevgrad Province in present-day Bulgaria) the population join in the uprising. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 1] A pogrom in Białystok leaves sixty Jews dead and 200 wounded. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

[C] 1908 - Manos Katrakis (d. 1984), Greek theatre and film actor, who fought with the EAM/ELAS communist anti-fascist resistance during WWII and refused to sign a declaration of repentance during the Greek Civil War of 1946-49, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_Katrakis el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Μάνος_Κατράκης]

1936 - In Spain fascist insurgents take Badajoz; over 4,000 people are massacred in the next 10 days.

1944 - Ivan Vasilyevich Turkenich (b. 1920), Ukrainian partisan, who was one of the leaders of the underground anti-Nazi Komsomol organisation the Young Guard, which operated in Krasnodon district during the German-Soviet War (1941-44), dies of his wounds following a battle near the Polish town of Głogów. [see: Jan. 15]

1944 - Irma Bandiera aka 'Mimma' (b. 1915), Italian anti-fascist partisan courier and fighter in the VII Brigade 'Gianni Garibaldi' of GAP in Bologna, is murdered by the Nazis after 7 days of torture during which she refused to give up the names of her comrades. Her body was then dumped in the street outside her parent's house. [see: Apr. 8]

[D] 1945 - August Revolution [Cách mạng tháng Tám] / August General Uprising [Tổng Khởi nghĩa tháng Tám]: Uprising launched by the Việt Minh against the French colonial rulers in Vietnam. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Revolution]

1954 - Nikos Ploumpidis (or Ploumbidis)(Νίκος Πλουμπίδης; 31 December 1902),, Greek member and leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) during the Metaxas dictatorship, the German Occupation and the Civil War in Greece, but also one of the most tragic figures in the history of the Communist Party, is executed by firing squad in Agia Marina, near Dafni. The Greek government release a photo of his execution to the Greek press, however '//Rizospastis//' and '//I Avgi//', the two left newspapers, do not publish the photos following KKE's allegations that the execution was fake and Ploumpidis is spending the money he took for his treason. [see: Dec. 31]

1974 - The East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線) anarchist urban guerrilla group try to blow up the Morotomo (もろとも) iron bridge over which Emperor Hirohito's royal train was travelling, which they code-named the Rainbow Operation (虹作戦). However, the plot was aborted because a member was spotted shortly before it was to be put into action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/虹作戦]

1980 - After two months of labour unrest, 16,000 Polish workers seize the Lenin Shipyard, Gdansk.

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Following yesterday's targetting of the media, the St. Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that "... the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage" and that the SWAT team had helped journalists move their equipment at their request. A raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as "St. Charles County SWAT" rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down. Tom Jackson, the Ferguson police chief, also denied any suppression of the media. During the evening a large march in Ferguson passes off peacefully. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [www.bbc.co.uk/lancashire/content/articles/2008/05/30/darwen_st_plaque_feature.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 15 || 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: In Blackburn five men - named Ingham, Walmsley, Rawlinson, Hartley and Proctor - plot to pull the plugs out of the boilers of the factories along Darwen Street and extinguish the flames thereby stopping production. They thought they could then demand better pay and conditions. They hoped the textile workers would follow them from factory to factory. A very brave plan, but if it failed it could mean death to them all. However their plot is overheard and the local magistrate infomred. He in turn called for a platoon of Highland Infantry Red Coats to be called in. Meanwhile, the five had broken in to the first factory, pulled out the plugs from the boilers with great success and had been joined by the textile workers from the factory. Making their way to the next factory they were intercepted by the Red Coats. The Riot Act was read and the Infantry opened fire on the unarmed textile workers. Arrested, the five were brought before the Magistrate the following day and sentenced to death. The 5 lads pleaded their case and their sentences were commuted to transportation. They never saw their families or walked the streets of Blackburn again and all five had died of exhaustion within five weeks of arriving in Tasmania.

[D] 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: Great Delegate Trades Conference is held in Manchester, with each local trade conference sending a representative. Each delegate stood and voiced the concerns of his local tradespeople; then, the conference overwhelmingly voted to endorse both the Charter and a return to 1840 wage rates. That evening, city magistrates entered to disperse the meeting. The delegates left, but agreed to meet the next day at a different location. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: Today and tomorrow, soldiers fired on demonstrators in several cities, killing approximately eight and wounding many more. Despite this violence, the fact remained that the government simply did not have sufficient law enforcement manpower to forcibly remove all the strikers. City governments conscripted special constables from among the middle class, but many of these constables empathized with the workers and refused to fight them. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1849 - Pavlos Argyriadis (Παύλος Αργυριάδης; d. 1901), Greek journalist, writer and member of the Paris Commune, born. [ngnm.vrahokipos.net/index.php/apend02]

1906 - Krwawa Środa [Bloody Wednesday]: The Organizacja Bojowa Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej (Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party) carries out a series of attacks on Russians, primarily police officers and informants during the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905-07). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Wednesday_(Poland) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_the_Polish_Socialist_Party]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Victoriano Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the Constitutional government.

1918 - In the U.S., Ricardo Flores Magón and Librado Rivera are sentenced to twenty years in prison and a $5,000 fine and fifteen years respectively for having published on March 16, 1918, in their journal '//Regeneración//' the manifesto to '//the members of the party, to the anarchists of the world and the workers in general//'. They are taken to McNeil Island Penitentiary.

1927 - Spartaco Stagnetti (b. 1888), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist, is murdered whilst exiled by the Fascist regime on the island of Ustica, near Palermo [NB. Year often incorrectly given as 1928.] [see: Jul. 4] [www.campifascisti.it/scheda_campo.php?id_campo=75]

1964 - A 'race riot' breaks out in Dixmoor in Chicago after a white liquor store owner beats a woman he had accused of stealing a bottle of gin. Two days of rioting [Aug. 15-17] break out in the predominantly black neighbourhood.

1972 - 110 political prisoners attempt a massive escape from the prison at Rawson, the capital of Chubut Province in Argentina. Only six of the 110 inmates (members of the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) and Montoneros) succeeded. The event was to precipitate the 'Trelew massacre'.

1977 - 100 local anti-racists and leftists picket Boulton Road School in Handwsworth where John Tyndall is due to speak on behalf of the NF's Ladywood by-election candiate, Anthony reed Herbert. Later, 200 Handsworth youths, mobilised by a loudspeaker van touring the area and by activists visiting cafe, youth centres and billiard hall, swell the numbers picketing the election meeting to 5-600. When the demonstrators realise that the cops had smuggled the NF into the building, angry anti-fascists stry to storm the school, despite the presence of 400 police protecting the meeting. Riot shields were again deployed following their first appearence on the mainland in Lewishman 2 days before. 58 police officers were injured, six seriously including one with a broken collarbone, and extensive damage was caused, with cops turned over and set on fire. The police station where most of those arrested were taken was attacked and black youths were later involved in attacks on shops in the nearby Soho Road. [PR] [jiscmediahub.ac.uk/mediaContent/open/scripts/1977/19770816_LT_01_ITV.pdf]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Nearly one week after the officer shot Brown on Saturday afternoon, Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson names the officer involved in the shooting in a morning news conference as Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white male Ferguson police officer. He also links the shooting directly to a "strong-arm" robbery that had occurred a few minutes before the shooting at a nearby convenience store called Ferguson Market & Liquor, describing Brown as the suspect involved in the robbery. Hours later, Jackson has to hold another news conference to state that Wilson wasn't aware of the robbery when he stopped Brown. Bang goes a possible 'justification'. That Friday night the protests continued in "an almost celebratory manner" near the QuikTrip until police arrived at around 11:00 p.m. At around 1:30 a.m. Saturday morning, rioters broke into and looted the Ferguson Market & Liquor store that Brown allegedly robbed prior to his shooting, as well as other nearby businesses. Some protesters then gather to protect the stores from further looting. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [www.peterloomassacre.org/history.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre spartacus-educational.com/PRpeterloo.htm spartacus-educational.com/peterloo.html]
 * = 16 || [A/D] 1819 - Peterloo Massacre: In Manchester a crowd of 60,000–80,000 had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation at an event organised by the Manchester Patriotic Union Society. The key speaker was to be famed orator Henry Hunt, the platform consisted of a simple cart, located in the front of what's now the Gmex centre, and the space was filled with banners - REFORM, UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE, EQUAL REPRESENTATION and, touchingly, LOVE. Many of the banner poles where topped with the red cap of liberty - a powerful symbol at the time. Shortly after the meeting began local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest Hunt and several others on the hustings with him, and to disperse the crowd. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn as the crowd lined arms to try and prevent arrests being made. An estimated 18 people, including a woman and a child, died from saber cuts and trampling. Over 700 men, women and children received extremely serious injuries. All in the name of liberty and freedom from poverty.

1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: Following yesterday's 'dispersal' of the Great Delegate Trades Conference by the city magistrates, the chairman, Alexander Hutchinson, defiantly declared that the conference had not been broken up the previous evening, but had finished its agenda and dispersed. With the region around Manchester paralyzed, the National Charter Association (NCA) officially endorsed the campaign and the strike movemnt becomes a truly national event. The NCA’s nationwide organisational network immediately helped spread the strikes further. Parts of South Wales, Scotland, Dorset, and Somerset now joined the strike. Workers also spread unrest in London, but proper strikes never developed there due to intense police attention. The strike was now at its high-water mark, the moment where the threat to the national government was greatest with the campaign having immense authority and dangerously close to becoming a revolutionary counter-government. The momentum did not last, however. Following the close of the Great Delegate Conference, delegates returned to their hometowns and left a void in central leadership. The NCA leaders also dispersed, and, although they continued to work locally, the Charter was a national-level political document which required top-down inception. With the campaign once again decentralised, more achievable wage demands began to dominate the discourse. Meanwhile, Home Secretary Graham forged local police and soldiers into a unified force of repression, ready to harass and disband marchers wherever they should turn up. By August 20, Chairman Alexander Hutchinson and many other union and Chartist leaders had been arrested. Others filled in, but the national strike organisation became less robust. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1878 - The German anarchist Heinrich Emil Maximilian Hödel, who tried to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I in Berlin on May 11, is sentenced to death and swiftly beheaded. His last words are "Vive la Commune".

1893 - Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes: Fighting breaks out in Aigues-Mortes, France, between Fench and Italian seasalt harvesters working for the Compagnie des Salins du Midi. It escalates and tomorrow sees the death of a number of Italian workers. In the summer of 1893, the seasonal recruitment of workers for threshing and lifting the salt in the evaporation ponds (salines) was under pressure being reduced because of the economic crisis in Europe, but the prospect of finding a seasonal job had attracted a greater number of workers than usual. These fell into three categories: local 'Ardéchois' peasants, 'Piémontais' from northern Italy prepared to work at cut-rate wages, and 'trimards' (tramps and vagabonds). The company policy was for foremen to form teams comprising both French and Italians, which led to friction and fighting. A brawl between the two communities rapidly escalated into a battle of honour and, despite the intervention of a justice of the peace and gendarmes, the situation rapidly deteriorated. Rumours spread that the Italians had killed some local Aiguemortais, bringing villagers into the fray and the troops that préfet had summonsed did not arrive til later on in the day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Italians_at_Aigues-Mortes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_des_Italiens_d'Aigues-Mortes it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Aigues-Mortes]

1894 - Santo Geronimo Caserio (Sante Jeronimo) (b. 1873), Italian anarchist who stabbed French President Sadi Carnot to avenge the execution of Auguste Valliant, is guillotined at 4:55am. Carnot died from his wounds. "//Corragio camaradi, evviva l'anarchia//!" (Courage comrades, long live anarchy!) [ Costantini pic ]

1895 - One year after the execution of Sante Caserio, a bomb explodes in front of the French consulate in Ancona (Italy), breaking its windows and front doors.

1902 - Paweł Lew Marek (born Melajach Lew; d. 1971), Polish journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist, co-founder of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski during the Second Republic, born. He participant defense of Warsaw in 1939, and then fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising and the Warsaw Uprising itself. After 1945, he became as trade union activist. His autobiography covering the war years, '//Na krawedzi zycia. Wspomnienia anarchisty (1943-1944)//' (After a life. Memoirs of an Anarchist (1943-1944)), was published posthumously in 2005. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paweł_Lew_Marek militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3928 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4qrg5n www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9]

1907 - Georgette Léontine Roberte Augustine Kokoczinski aka 'La Mimosa' (Georgette Léontine Brivadis-Ango; d. 1936), French anarchist, actress and nurse, born. At the age of 16, unable to get on with her parents any longer, she left for Paris where she was taken in by André Colomer and his partner Magdalena who introduced her to libertarian ideas. She frequented the cabarets in Montmartre and was attracted to show business and poetry. In 1928 she started using the stage name Mimosa as part of a theatre group that added colour to libertarian meetings and festivals in the area through singing, poetry readings and staging dramas. She disappeared on October 16 during the Battle of Perdiguera (Zaragoza) and died the same day (or on Oct. 17), possibly shot by firing squad, in circumstances that are not entirely clear. [www.ephemanar.net/aout16.html#mimosa militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2944 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/xwddbb autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/kokoczinski-georgette-leontine-mimosa.html]

1907 - Miquel Liern Barberà (d. 1971), Spanish anarchist, CNT member and combatant on the Teruel, Brunete and Ebro fronts, born. Following Franco's victory, he was interned in the Barcarès and Argel è s concentration camps, later working for the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers. In 1941 he was arrested by the Germans and sent to Mauthausen concentration camp and then to Dachau. He managed to survive until the Allied liberation and settled in Montpelier, working as a mosaic maker and was active in the local CNT. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html]

1912 - José Villanueva (d. 1989), Spanish anarchist and CNT member, who volunteered and fought in the Durruti Column alongside his brother Floreal Carbó, born. Following Franco's victory, went to France and was interned in the concentration camp at Vernet. After World War II he settled in Languedoc and remained a militant in the CNT in exile. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html]

1916 - Ceferí Llop Estupiñà (d. 1939), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, member of the FIJL and CNT, born. Following the 1936 military coup, he joined the Comitè Revolucionari de Manresa and volunteered for the front. Following Franco's victory, he went to France but soon returned. However, he was denounced as a member of the Comitè Revolucionari de Manresa militia and of having participated in the assault of the Dominican convent. Arrested by Franco's army, on 28 April, 1939 he was tried by an emergency summary court martial and sentenced to death for the crime of "military rebellion". He was shot on August 9, 1939 in the Camp de la Bota del Poblenou in Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html www.memoria.cat/censpresos/content/les-condemnes-mort-la-privació-del-dret-existir-ceferí-llop-estupiñà]

1919 - Conchita Guillén (born María de la Concepción Bertolín Pilar Guillén; d. 2008), Spanish militant anarcho-feminist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. Sister of the anarchist painter Jesús Guillén Bertolín. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/conchitaguillen/conchitaguillen.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3147-conchita-guillen-mujeres-libres.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Concha_Guillén_Bertolín]

1924 - The body of Giacomo Matteotti (b. 1885), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, is found outside Rome, murdered by fascist thugs. [see: Aug. 10]

1943 - Białystok Ghetto Uprising: The second Jewish uprising following Warsaw, is initiated by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa (Anti-fascist Militant Organisation) as regiments of the German SS reinforced by Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Latvian auxiliaries tries to carry out the final liquidation of the Ghetto. During the night [16-17] several hundred Polish Jews start an armed uprising against the troops carrying out liquidation of the aktion. The guerillas led by Mordechaj Tenenbaum and Daniel Moszkowicz arere armed with only one machine gun, rifles, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The main resistance lasted just one day, but isolated pockets resisted for several more days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Białystok_Ghetto_Uprising www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/bialystok/ www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005170 www.zabludow.com/kaplanbialystokuprising.html www.zabludow.com/bialystokghettofighters.html www.deathcamps.org/occupation/bialystok ghetto.html www.jhi.pl/en/resistance_and_the_holocaust/treblinka_sobibor_bialystok/189 shelf3d.com/i/Białystok Ghetto Uprising www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/bialystok/bialystok.html www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/30/armed_resistance.asp]

1943 - Krychow slave-labour camp uprising: Armed resistance by Jewish prisoners during the liquidation of the Krychów labour camp, a satelitte camp to Sobibor built before World War II as a detention camp for Polish prisoners. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1944 - French Résistance fighters captured three German posts along the Swiss border.

1964 - The 'race riot' in Dixmoor, Chicago, which broke out after a white liquor store owner beat a woman he had accused of stealing a bottle of gin, continues in the predominantly black neighbourhood.

1969 - Home of Duncan Sandys, Tory MP, fire-bombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2011 - Two men from Warrington in Cheshire are sentenced to four years each in prison for "organising and orchestrating disorder" on Facebook during the UK riots.

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: At a press conference Missouri Governor Jay Nixon declares a state of emergency, implementing nightly curfews in Ferguson from midnight to 5:00 a.m. Some residents at the press conference claim that the cops were instigating all the violence with their military-like tactics. Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald S. Johnson, the black face that had been drafted in to front the authorities' PR, states that police will not enforce the curfew with armoured trucks and tear gas, and will give protesters time and opportunity to leave before curfew. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || Despite this, with regular troops now on the streets with fixed bayonets and many of the strike's leaders now under arrest, the tide had turned against the strikers. The turn-outs ran on through August, and in many cases into September, with the Manchester weavers holding out to the last at the end of September. In many cases, mill workers went back with some element of their demand for a return to earlier wage levels met - or, at the very least, employers' demands for wage cuts abandoned. But all hope of achieving the Charter was now lost. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 17 || 1842 - 1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots: Mass meetings took place in London between August 17-20, and both the police and military were sent to disperse them. In Preston, troops fired on an unarmed crowd, killing four; soldiers also charged and fired on crowds at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Halifax and Skipton. But some elements of the state's response proved less than solid - in Manchester, a troop of Chelsea Pensioners refused to confront a crowd of strikers; shopkeepers and others called up to act as special constables declined to act against the workers, and there were reports of soldiers being taken away in chains for refusing to fight.

1864 - Librado Rivera (d. 1932), Mexican teacher and school principal, militant anarchist propagandist and one of the closest comrade and collaborator of Ricardo Flores Magón, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librado_Rivera www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ttdzw2 biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras36/texto3/sec_1.html]

1867 - Romeo Frezzi (d. 1897), Italian anarchist, who was to die under interrogation following his arrest (he was found in possession of a photo of a group of people, including the putative assassin Pietro Acciarito) in connection with the attempted assassination of King Umberto I on April 22 1897, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Frezzi www.linkiesta.it/giuseppe-pinelli-romeo-frezzi]

1893 - Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes: Tensions from yesterday's unrest flared up and the rioters went into the Peccais salines, where the largest number of Italians were. Whilst these Italians were being escorted by gendarmes to the railway station in Aigues-Mortes, they were attacked by the rioters and massacred by a crowd that the gendarmes were unable to contain. Estimates range from the official number of eight deaths up to 150 (claimed in the Italian press at the time). Those killed were victims of lynchings, beatings with clubs, drowning and rifle shots, as well as many casualties. When the news of the massacre reached Italy, anti-French riots erupted in many cities. The testimonies of the injured Italians as well as inaccurate news agency dispatches (there was a talk of hundreds of deaths, children impaled and carried around victoriously, etc.) contributed to a growing wave of indignation, which in turn led to widespread rioting through out Italy. In Genoa and Naples trams owned by a French company were set on fire, and in Rome the windows of the French Embassy were smashed by an angry mob. Seventeen people were charged with the deaths but all were acquitted, much to the delight of the audience in the court. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Italians_at_Aigues-Mortes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_des_Italiens_d'Aigues-Mortes it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Aigues-Mortes]

1902 - Julián Guijarro Priego (d. 1987), Spanish foundry worker and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, born. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera he participated actively in all the workers and social struggles. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he participated in the street fighting and joined a Revolutionary Committee. With the triumph of Franco, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned at the concentration camp at Vernet. He later enlisted in the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE). During the occupation was registered on a list of "dangerous anarchists" and sent to work in Germany as part of the Service du Travail Obligatoire. He later joined the Maquis. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2551 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Aug. 4] Pamiat Azova Mutiny [Память Азова мятеж]: The verdicts in the trial of the 95 Pamiat Azova mutineers are handed down: Arseny Koptyukh and 17 sailors were sentenced to death, 12 others were sentenced to hard labour, 13 sent to the disciplinary battalions, and 15 were sentenced to other disciplinary punishments. The Pamiat Azova itself became a training vessel in September 1907 and in February 1909 the cruiser was renamed the Dvina (Двину). It reverted to its old name after the February Revolution of 1917, but was sunk by a British torpedo off Kronstadt on the night of August 19, 1919. [www.navy.su/daybyday/july/20/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pamiat+Azova genrogge.ru/merkushov/15.htm wunderwafe.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pamat_Azova/12.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мазуров,_Георгий_Николаевич]

1909 - José Sabaté Llopart (aka Pepet or Pep; d. 1949), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist activist and fighter against Franco, older brother of Francisco Sabaté 'El Quico', born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre17.html#josesabate libcom.org/history/llopart-manuel-sabate-1927-1950 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/556-francesc-sabate-i-llopart-qquicoq-la-leyenda-de-un-maquis.html raforum.info/spip.php?article5693 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7434]

1909 - Josep Miquel Baró (b. 1865), Catalan Republican is shot at 7 a.m. in the Santa Amàlia battery of the Montjuïc fortress in Barcelona. He was one of five (the others being the anarchists Francesc Ferrer Guàrdia, Antoni Malet Pujol, Eugenio del Hoyo and Ramon Clemente García) tried and executed in the aftermath of the Setmana Tràgica. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) eixida.wordpress.com/2009/07/19/100-anys-de-la-setmana-tragica-que-va-passar-a-sant-andreu/ www.bcn.cat/setmanatragica/ca/index.php/Slide/index/category/3a.html]

1944 - Francisco Ponzán Vidal (b. 1911), Spanish militant anti-fascist //guerrillero//, anti-Francoist and resistance fighter, dies, shot by the Nazis in Buzet-sur-Tarn, near Toulouse. [see: Mar. 30]

[C] 1947 - The Battle of Ridley Road: The anti-fascist journalist Fredric Mullally had, via his Sunday Pictorial column, challenged Jeffrey Hamm of the British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, who had taken to holding their meetings in and around the bustling Ridley Road street market in Dalston, to a public debate after having been outraged by the open displays of Nazi sympathies at their meetings, including an appearence by Mosley. The 43 Group had offered Mullally their protection as they had long been involved in running battles with the fascists as they tried to close down their meetings, but he refused. The police were out in great force, as were people eager to hear Mullally speak. When he arrived, 200 cops tried to clear a way thrugh the crown to the platform but, as Mullally neared the platform, the fascists started to attack him and he ended up on the ground. Fortunately, the 43 Group activists managed to rescue him and took him to a nearby street where they had set up their own platform but the police quickly closed that meeting down. The 43 Group then took Mullally into Ridley Road to the Communist Party loudspeaker car platform. However, before he had a chance to speak, 200 Blackshirts charged at Mullally’s small and heavily outnumbered group. Mullally was again rescued by 43 Group members and taken to the safety of a nearbt pub, as the battles spead up and down Kingsland Road and mounted police went in to clear the area. The following Sunday, Mullally was invited back by the 43 Group to speak on a platform in Ridley Road that the anti-fascists had held since early morning. An all-London anti-fascist callout had been made and a 50-strong group of bodyguards met Mullally at Dalston station and he addressed a large rally, marking the effective end of the fascists' control of the streets in the area. [fredericmullally.com/News-Ridley.html stevesilver.org.uk/no-regrets-frederic-mullally-recalls-his-fight-against-mosley/ hurryupharry.org/2009/02/16/the-43-groups-final-reunion/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/27898614 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19470915&id=pC0rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5091,2650479]

1963 - Spanish anarchists Francisco Granado Gata and Joaquín Delgado Martinez, having been arrested less than three weeks ago for a bombing they did not do, tortured and tried in secret, are garrotted in Carabanchel prison, still protesting their innocence. [see: Mar. 4 & Oct. 4] [puertoreal.cnt.es/es/denuncias/1301-asesinatos-de-francisco-granados-y-joaquin-delgado.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html]

1964 - The 'race riot' in Dixmoor, Chicago, which broke out after a white liquor store owner beat a woman he had accused of stealing a bottle of gin, ends with more than 80 arrests.

[AA] 1965 - The Watts Riots end after 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests and over $40 million in property damage. Gov. Brown will feel safe enough to lift his curfew.

1976 - José Luis Quintas Figueroa (aka 'El Quintas', 'Alfonso' & Clemente Cabaleiro Covelo; b. 1911), Spanish tinsmith, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of FIJL, MLE and CNT, and anti-Franco //guerrillero//, dies. [see: Apr. 17]

1987 - Julián Guijarro Priego (b. 1902), Spanish foundry worker and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

[A] 2009 - Prisoners at Sollicciano, the main prison in Florence, riot after being served mouldy bread for 3 days running.

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Despite prior assurances, in the early hours of the morning tear gas and tactical units are deployed, One of the protesters is shot and critically wounded, with the police claiming that they did not fire any shots. Seven other people are arrested. Later that morning, a Missouri Highway Patrol spokesman announces that the curfew would be extended for a second day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_liégeoise nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luikse_Omwenteling en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabant_Revolution fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_brabançonne nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabantse_Omwenteling nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotten www.dbnl.org/tekst/wit_079nede01_01/wit_079nede01_01_0007.php]
 * = 18 || 1789 - Liège Revolution [Révolution Liégeoise / Revolucion Lidjwesse] aka the Happy or Blessed Revolution [Révolution Bienheureuse / Binamêye Revolucion]: Simultameously with the outbreak of the French Revolution and the Brabant Revolution [Révolution Brabançonne / Brabantse Omwenteling] in neighbouring Netherlands, the Prince-Bishop of Liège is removed by a coup of the bourgeoisie, supported by the workers and peasants. Feudalism is abolished. The revolution occured in three phases, which ended in 1795 with the disappearance of the principality and its incorporation into the French Republic.

1812 - Riot of women and boys led by ‘Lady Ludd’ at Corn Market in Leeds, also food shops threatened. Riots in Sheffield against flour and meal sellers. [Luddites] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/18th-august-1812-food-riots-in-leeds.html]

[D] 1823 - Slaves in Demerara, using the licence to travel on an official rest day (for the purposes of churchgoing), launch an uprising of over 30,000.

1824 - André Léo (pen name of Victoire Léodile Béra; d. 1900), French feminist, revolutionary, Communard, Bakuninist, novelist and journalist, born. Member of the International who was also involved with the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded. After writing her first novel '//La Vieille Fille//' (1864), Béra took the pen name André Léo, she started the newspaper '//La Coopération//', advocating workers associations. Returning to Paris in 1860, she became involved with the Republicans and with the feminist activists Paule Minck and Louise Michel, and was arrested alongside Louise Michel at a protest put down by the army in Sept. 1870. She then founded a newspaper, '//La République des Travailleurs//', and joined the Paris Commune, publishing editorials in '//La Sociale//', which had a distribution of 100 000 copies, and for ' //Cri du Peuple//', and organising girl's eduction with Noémie Reclus and Anna Jaclard. She escaped the repression of the Bloody Week and went into exile in Switzerland and Italy, taking a prominent part in the publication of the journal '//Le Socialisme Progressif//'.

[BB] 1886 - Emil Szittya (Adolf Schenk; d. 1964), Hungarian anarchist, writer, journalist, painter, art critic, traveller and vagabond, born. He arrived in Paris in 1906 and, later that year moved into the Monte Verità settlement at Ascona. Around 1908, he met Blaise Cendrars in Leipzig, then they meet in Paris. In 1910, Emil Szittya published in Paris a first series of anarchist magazine, the Franco-German '//Neue Menschen: Les Hommes Nouveaux//' (The New Men). A second series will be published in 1911 in Vienna and Munich. In October 1912, he collaborated with Marius Hanot, Blaise Cendrars and Freddy Sausey on the first issue (third series) of the French version of '//Les Hommes Nouveaux. Review Libre//'. One issue emerged. When war broke out in 1914, he moved to Zurich, where he remained until 1918, getting to know Lenin, Radek and Trotsky. In 1915, in collaboration with Hugo Kersten, he published the pre-Dadaist '//Der Mistral//' and frequented the Cabaret Voltaire from it inception in 1916. There he met a fellow Hungarian, the painter and writer Lajos Kassák who published the avant-garde magazine '//A Tett//' and with whom he returned to Hungary in 1918 to take part in the revolution. Following time spent in Budapest, Vienna and Berlin publishing numerous magazines including '//Horizont-Flugschriften//' with Hans Richter, he fled the rise of fascism and returned to Paris, where he published the anti-fascist magazine '//La Zone//' (1933-1934), a "cross-section of German politics, culture, science, art, theater, music and radio." With the Nazi invasion, he fled to the south of France and took part in the Résistance. In 1961 he met in Paris another marginal revolutionary, Franz Jung, and his '//Hommage à Franz Jung//' (1988) would be published posthumously. He also published a series of monographs on numerous leading contemporary European artists. He also knew most of the European avant-garde such as the members of Les XX: Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honneger, Erik Satie, etc., numerous artists including Picasso, Otto Dix, Dressler, Derain and was important in championing Chagall. And his memoir, 'Das Kuriositäten-Kabinett: Begegnungen mit seltsamen Begebenheiten, Landstreichern, Verbrechern, Artisten, religiös Wahnsinnigen, sexuellen Merkwürdigkeiten, Sozialdemokraten, Syndikalisten, Kommunisten, Anarchisten, Politikern und Künstlern' (The Cabinet of Curiosities: Encounters with strange events, vagrants, criminals, artists, religious lunatic, sexual oddities, social democrats, syndicalists, communists, anarchists, politicians and artists; 1923), caused something of a scandal when published. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre26.html#szittya www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120818 www.dada-companion.com/journals/per_hommes.php www.dada-companion.com/journals/per_horizont.php www.dada-companion.com/journals/per_horizont-hefte.php]

1908 - Jan Paweł Rogalski (d. 1993), Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. Before the war, employee newspaper '//Ostatnie Wiadomości//' (Last News), a member of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski (AFP; Polish Anarchist Federation). In 1924, one of the editors of the socialist magazine '//Nowy Zew//' (New Call). Since 1926, a student of the Faculty of Politics and Social Sciences at the Polish Free University. In the same year he began to act in self-education anarchist group organised by Benjamin Wolman, then in 1927 he was on the organising committee of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski (Polish Anarchist Federation), a comrade of Jerzy Borejsza. Worked in the clandestine AFP newspaper '//Walka//' (Struggle). In 1929, in Warsaw, arrested in connection with the Akademią Kropotkinowską (Kropotkin Academy). During this time, he served as Secretary of the Organisation of the Warsaw AFP. In 1930 he went to France, where he worked as a labourer and studied at the Sorbonne. In 1932, he returned to Poland. During the occupation, went into hiding and helped hide others. In October 1939 together with Roman Jablonowski (before the war member of Communist Party of Poland, then close to syndicalists, activist and last leader of ‘Zegota’ (Council for Aid to Jews) initiated a socialist resistance group. In August 1942, escaping from the Warsaw ghetto. During the Warsaw Uprising, he was arrested along with his ​​family by the SS Division Galicia, but they manage to escape. By the end of the occupation, they were hiding in Nadarzyn. In January 1947 invited by Rose Pesotta (union activist and member of anarchist group publishing Freie Arbeiter Shtimme Yiddish language paper, who visited Poland in 1946) Rogalski went to the USA, where he held a series of lectures on Poland and the Warsaw Uprising. After his return, he was interrogated by Urzad Bezpieczenstwa (Public Security – secret police). In 1946, together with other anarchists and Roman Jabłonowski found the Spoldzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy 'Słowo' ('Word' Cooperative Publishers Institute) in Lodz, becoming its chairman. As part of its activities, among others, issued Kropotkin's books. Rogalski also lectured extensively, including in America, on the Warsaw Uprising. The Cooperative was persecuted by Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (Polish United Workers Party) and was forced to close in 1949. From mid-1949 until his retirement he worked in the ‘Ksiazka i Wiedza’ (Book and Knowledge) publishing house. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.przeglad-anarchistyczny.org/biogramy/17-jan-pawel-rogalski www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5381]

1936 - Celestino Alvarado Quirós (b. 1903), Andalusian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicat del Metall of the CNT, member of the Germinal group of the FAI and Freemason, is murdered by Falangists. [see: Aug. 18]

[C] 1942 - Marianne Baum (b. 1912), German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who led the Gruppe Baum, a largely Jewish resistance group, with her husband Herbert, is executed in Berlin-Plötzensee Prison. At the end of the 1920s, Marianne Cohn was a member of the Deutsch-Jüdischen Jugendgemeinschaft, where in 1928 she met Herbert Baum, whom she later married. In 1931 she joined the Kommunistischen Jugendverband (Communist Youth Federation; KJVD) and, after the Nazi seizure of power, he together with his wife Marianne Baum and their friends, Martin and Sala Kochmann, began to organise anti-Nazi meetings. The circle of friends, most of whom were Jewish, designated Herbert Baum as chair and up to 100 youths attended these meetings at various times, engaging in political debates and cultural discussions. The group openly distributed leaflets arguing against National Socialism. In 1940, she and Herbert were forced into slave labour in the Jewish department at the Siemens electric motors factory. By 1941, Herbert Baum was heading a group of Jewish slave labourers (including Marianne) at the plant, who, to escape deportation to concentration camps, went into the Berlin underground. There they organised semi-clandestine demonstrations, leafleting and propaganda poster campaigns and the printing of a 19-page document, 'Organisiert den revolutionären Massenkampf gegen Faschismus und imperialistischen Krieg' (Organize the mass revolutionary struggle against Fascism and the Imperialist War). In May 1942, the group decided to target the massive anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition 'Das Sowjetparadies' (The Soviet Paradise) that had been organised by Goebbels’ propaganda services at the Berlin Lustgarten. The Rote Kapelle (Red October) group had already targetted the exhibition [Liane Berkowitz and Otto Gollnow posted approx. 100 anti-Nazi posters in the vicinity of the Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstrasse whilst Harro Schulze-Boysen acted as a lookout] and the Baum Group also flypostered but, wanting to go further, decided to carry out a firebomb attack on it. Herbert and Marianne Baum, Hans Joachim, Gerd Meyer, Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse and Irene Walter took part in the action, planting their miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition on May 18 (they had tried the day before but too many people were present). Within days of the event, the seven participants and most of the other members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo (the Baums on May 22). On July 16, 1942, Marianne was tried by a special court in Berlin and sentenced to death. She was executed in Berlin-Plötzensee Prison on August 18, 1942. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Baum www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/baum-1/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baum-gruppe-jewish-women]

1944 - Miquel Bueno Gil (b. ca. 1882), Spanish miner, member of the CNT, MLE and a well known FAI activist, bor. He was active participation in the uprising in January 1932 leading to a spell in prison. During the Civil War he was a militiaman in the Durruti Column. Exiled in France following Franco's victory, during WWII he participated directly in the resistance along with his son-in-law as part of the network organised by Pat O'Leary and Francisco Ponzan Vidal to smuggle allied pilots out of France via Spain. In October 1943, was stopped by the Gestapo and arrested, under the pseudonym Miguel Solano García, along with his son Josep Bueno Vela and both were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp. On 18 August 1944, he was killed in the gas chamber at Mauthausen following a protest against the brutalities committed by the SS guards. His daughter Alfonsa Bueno Vela participated in resistance activities along with her ​​husband Josep Ester Borràs, who was himself arrested and deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where he was experimented on by Nazi 'doctors', the consequnces of which affected him for the rest of his life. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article567]

1963 - Suffering from cancer, Amadeo Ramón Valledor (aka 'El Asturiano' and 'Ramón'; b. 1920), Spanish miner militant anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian anti-fascist fighter, commits suicide in Perpignan by a shot to the heart. [see: May 24]

1970 - The London offices of Iberia Airlines, Spanish State airline, bombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[A] 1977 - Steve Biko, a leading student apartheid resister, is arrested prior to his death on September 12th following prolonged interrogation in Police Room 619.

1991 - Attempted coup against Mikhail Gorbachev's government begins with tanks on the street.

1992 - Felicitas Casasín Bravo (b. ca. 1913), Aragonese militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, active in the FAI and FILJ, dies. Member of the Catalan CNT, she took part in the street fighting in Barcelona during the fascist uprising in July 1936. Her father, Bartolomé Casasín Pérez, also a CNT member, was shot by the Falangists alongside 36 others in Huesca on January 5, 1937. Following the libertation of Huesca, she returned there but went into exile in France in 1939 and was interned in the concentration camps at Casimira Sarvisse Sesé and Belle Isle. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article641]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Following last night's violent clashes during the imposed curfew, the National Guard is called in to "help restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson". It is also announced that there will be no curfew on the night of August 18. Amnesty International sends in a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest methods. Police are also recorded threatening the media with mace and Obama dispatches Attorney General Eric Holder to Ferguson to monitor the unrest there. That night several hundred protesters throwing bottles, charge toward a wall of police 60 wide and five deep but some in the crowd pushed them back by locking arms, averting a more serious confrontation. 78 people are arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 19 || 1612 - Trial at Lancaster Assizes of the Pendle Witches ends.

1692 - The Salem 'witches' hanged.

[1812 - Food rioting continues in the Leeds & Sheffield area [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/19th-august-1812-food-rioting-continues.html]

[D] 1896 - Philippine Revolution [Himagsikang Pilipino] aka the Tagalog War: The existence of the secret Philippine revolutionary organisation the Katipunan is revealed to Spanish authorities following a dispute between two Katipuneros (Katipunan members). Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio de la Cruz both worked at the Spanish-owned '//Diario de Manila//' and, in an action against de la Cruz, Patiño revealed the secrets of the society to his sister, Honoria, an inmate at the orphanage in Mandaluyong in the suburbs of Manila. She was shocked and upset at the revelation, and her crying alerted Sister Teresa the orphanage's portress. Patiño was asked by the Sister to tell all he knew to Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Guadalupe, which he did. The friar rushed to the printing shop of the '//Diario de Manila//' and, with its owner, conducted a search of the premises. They found the lithographic stone used to print Katipunan receipts, which was confirmed by Patiño. In a locker they also found a dagger and other documents. The news of the discovery of the Katipunan spread rapidly as did that of the mass arrests that followed. Upon learning of this, Bonifacio told his runners to call all the leaders for an emergency general assembly to be held on August 24, in Balintawak, Caloocan. That night, he, his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario were able to slip past the Spanish sentries in the area. Before midnight, they were in Balintawak. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan www.maasincity.com/phil-revolution.htm]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 6] Preobrazhenie Uprising [Преображенско въстание] / Strandzha Commune [Странджанската република]: During the night of August 18-19th and the following morning, attacks by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) insurgents are made on villages throughout the region, including Vasiliko (now Tsarevo), Stoilovo (near Malko Tarnovo), and villages near Edirne. The main goal of the uprising in Thrace is to give support to the uprisings further west (the Ilinden uprisings), by engaging Turkish troops and preventing them from moving into Macedonia. Many of the operations are diversionary, though several villages were taken, and a region in Strandzha (site of the declared Strandzha Republic or Commune) is held for around twenty days. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandzha_Commune bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Странджанска_република bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Одрински_революционен_окръг]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar issues a manifesto on the creation of a state Duma; this plan, created by Bulygin and nicknamed the Bulygin Duma, is rejected by revolutionaries for being too weak and having a tiny electorate. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1911 - During the 'Great Unrest' sweeping south Wales (the riots and strikes that started in July with Cardiff dockers and culminated in October with copper workers in Swansea), a series of (what have sometimes been labelled anti-Semetic) incidents starts when a handful of alcohol-fueled miners leaving a Tredegar pub on Saturday night, began attacking Jewish-owned businesses, unpopular for their perceived high prices and sharp practices, scapegoating them for their distress at the poverty caused by the year-long Cambrian Combine strike. Windows of Jewish shops and homes were smashed and 20 Jewish businesses looted as the crowd rose to over 200 rioters. Police were unable to prevent the riot spreading beyond Tredegar to nearby towns like Caerphilly, Ebbw Vale and Bargoed. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14582378 www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/The-Tredegar-anti-Jewish-Riots-of-1911 www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/val1_tredegar/history_riots.htm]

[DD] [1920 - Tambov Rebellion [Тамбо́вское Восста́ние]: The revolt begins in a small town of Khitrovo where a military requisitioning detachment of the Red Army, pursuing the Bolshevik 'War Communism' (военного коммунизма) policy of Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка - confiscation of grain and other agricultural produce from the peasants for a nominal fixed price according to specified quotas) appropriated everything they could and "beat up elderly men of seventy in full view of the public". The Bolsheviks are unable to suppress the revolt until May 1921. The first case in the history of the use of Chemical Weapons against an insurgent population. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog]

1953 - Coup in Iran installs the pro-Western Shah Mohammed Pahlevi in power.

1961 - Emili Vivas Blanco (b. unknown), Catalan journalist, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. Prosecuted along with 5 collegues for their part in the La Candadenca strike in 1919, he emigrated to the U.S. in the mid '20s with his companion Aurora. During the campaign in defence of Sacco and Vanzetti they were both imprisoned. Returning to Spain, he became active in the trentistes section of the Confederació Nacional del Treball (CNT) in Catalonia, was appointed secretary of the Ateneu Sindicalista Llibertari in Barcelona in June 1932 and at the beginning of 1933 he became active in the Federació Sindicalista Llibertària (FSL), an organition created within the CNT in opposition to the Federació Anarquista Ibèrica (FAI). During this period he worked on the trentistes newspaper 'Cultura Llibertària' (1931-1933). In the War, he was secretary of the Sindicat de Periodistes in València and editorial secretary of the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper 'Fragua Social'. In August 1937 he was arrested on charges of having published an anonymous article in 'Fragua Social' critical of the Director General of Security. Afetr the war, he crossed into France and was one of the first to join the Résistance in the Roussillon area in the ​​Languedoc. Arrested by the Vichy authorities, he was jailed for a few months in Toulouse. In the summer of 1943, he was arrested by the Gestapo in Perpignan and in 1944 ended up in the Fresnes prison in Paris (Ile de France). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1908.html]

1969 - Bomb explodes after being thrown into army recruiting office, Brighton. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1969 - Black Panther Party leader Bobby Seale is arrested in San Francisco and charged with murder.

1991 - Gibbering drunkard Boris Yeltsin single-handedly defeats the attempted coup against Mikhail Gorbachev's government by climbing onto a tank to harangue the crowd!

1996 - Parliament House Riot / Canberra Riot: protesters broke away from the "Cavalcade to Canberra" rally organised by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and sought to force their way into the national Parliament of Australia, causing property damage and attacking police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Parliament_House_Riot]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: 47 arrests are made during the day and night. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 20 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Rebel attack on Yarmouth is repelled.

[1812 - 'Lady Ludd' leads autoreduction in Leeds again! [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/20th-august-1812-lady-ludd-leads.html]

1889 - Élie Étienne Monier (or Monnier) aka Simentoff (d. 1913), French illegalist anarchist member of the Bonnot gang, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout20.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html]

[AA] 1897 - Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (b. 1871), Italian typographer, anarchist and proponent of 'propaganda by the deed', who shot and killed the infamous reactionary, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo [see: Aug 8], refuses the last sacraments and is garrotted in the prison yard. His execution, photographed by the press, is one of the first visual testimonies of this official brand of cruelty. [see: Jun. 5] Michele Angiolillo refused the last sacraments and was garrotted in the prison yard. "The that smile of his, full of light, life and dawn, expired there on the horrifying garrotte: GERMINAL!" [ Costantini pic ]

1899 - Following Sébastien Faure's invite in the pages of '//Le Journal du Peuple//' for all libertarians to gather that Sunday on the Place du Chateau d'Eau "en faveur de la vérité (affaire Dreyfus), du bien-être et de l'émancipation sociale", the préfet Lépine responded by mobilising the police to try and prevent the demonstartion. Confronted by the police, protesters target the clergy (who had been prominent in the anti-Semetic campaign aganst Dreyfus), forcing their way into the Church of St-Joseph on the Rue St. Maur. Clashes continue into the evening with 200 arrests, including that of Sébastien Faure. According to the Lépine, 137 officers were injured, including a policeman severely beaten after trying to seize a red flag.

1902 - Aldo Aguzzi (Lucio Ermes aka Agal; d. 1939), Italian anarchist activist, propagandist and anti-fascist, active in Italy, Argentina and Spain, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article79 ita.anarchopedia.org/Aldo_Aguzzi www.ephemanar.net/aout20.html#aguzzi www.estelnegre.org/documents/aguzzi/aguzzi.html]

1922 - Bernard Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Aniela' & 'Kondek' (d. 2002), Polish journalist, libertarian and a key figure in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, born. Inspired by the involvement of his father, Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Wicek', in the anarchist movement, he was active during the Nazi occupation, helping Jews to escape from the Warsaw ghetto and organising hideouts for them, including in his own family's house. He also played an important role, liaising between the inside and outside of the ghetto, and organising and directly participating in the smuggling of food, clothing and letters into the Ghetto. During Warsaw Uprising a soldier of Syndicalist Brigade (104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich), as was his father. After WWII, he was awarded the title ‘Righteous Among the Nations’. Journalist in the cooperative movement press and member of the Polish Journalists Association. In the Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (ŻIH; Jewish Historical Insitute) in Warsaw, there are many examples of that activity. He placed many of his charges, which escaped from the ghetto, in the apartment of his parents and later in other shelters relatively more secure. Among others, the following benefited from his help: Bronka Frydman, Fryda Hofman, Halina Horowic, Pawel Lew Marek and his wife and mother, Roza Rozenberg, Mr. Szlamowicz and his wife and sister, Dr. Aleksander Wolberg, Dr. Zelikson. Bernard obtained from his neighbour a room in the loft for the ghetto escapees. After the fall of the Warsaw Uprising he helped to build a bunker where 40 Jews hid. Among them were two Greek Jews from the ca. 400 Jews from Greece, France and Belgium, liberated by the Polish scouting battalion ZOSKA from Gesiowka (a central camp in the Warsaw ghetto) on Aug. 5, 1944. Pawel Lew Marek underlined his noble attitude to the people helped. The latter in his long account written in July 1966 says: "With his lightheartedness, and his disrespect for danger, he kept up the spirit of all of us and never showed to anyone that he is his benefactor. All this lasted for four years, and especially the last two years, in which every minute decided about life and death. In every one of them 'Kondek', as they called him, and his deceased father showed the most beautiful humanitarian attitude, of which the Polish nation may be proud." Fryda Zgodzinski wrote a similarly glowing homage in July 1966. She relates how he brought her to the ghetto letters from her betrothed from a Stalag (POW camp for soldiers). She describes also how he received her, staying himself at a neighbour's, after she jumped from the train transporting Jews to extermination, wounded and half living, and later how many services he rendered with total disinterestedness and with the greatest warm-heartedness. "He was for them a treasure beyond value and the memory of him will remain as the only shining point in those terrible years." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017749 www.savingjews.org/righteous/sv.htm pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność" www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos28010.html]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Army of Alvaro Obregon enters México City. Venustiano Carranza makes a triumphal entry into México City and becomes president.

1922 - Tram 948 in Milan is hijacked and driven by the Blackshirts, in an attempt to break the general strike called "against fascist lawlessness'". [pic] It is driven by Aldo Finzi. With his Jewish ancestry, Finzi fell out of favour in 1938, he was sent into internal exile and expelled from the PNF. In 1943 he went to the resistance in Roma. Captured by the Germans, he was murdered at the Ardeatine. [www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/?p=17162]

1927 - [some cite 1925] Manuel Sabaté Llopart (d. 1950), Catalan anarchist and anti-Franco guerrilla Spanish, who was the youngest of the three Sabaté brothers, born. Despite a youthful desire to become a bullfighter, he cross the Pyrenees to join his brothers in France in 1946. Neither brother wanted him to become a guerrilla but in September 1949, taking advantage of Francisco then being in prison and José being in Spain with his action group, he joined the guerrilla group headed by Ramon Vila Capdevila aka Caracremada (Burntface). After crossing into Spain, the group was ambushed and scattered. Manuel was captured by a couple of the Guàrdia Civil. Tried by a summary court martial on December 10, 1949, he was sentenced to death and was executed on February 24, 1950 at the Camp de la Bota in Barcelona (Catalonia), along with fellow guerrilla Saturnino Culebras Saiz. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Manuel_Sabaté_Llopart losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7435 raforum.info/spip.php?article5707 libcom.org/history/llopart-manuel-sabate-1927-1950]

1940 - Trotsky gets his courtesy of an icepick.

1941 - Francisco Mares Sánchez (b. ca. 1895), Spanish construction worker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, is executed by firing squad in Paterna. He began working as a construction labourer at 10 whilst attending night school. He soon joined the construction section of the CNT in Valencia. At the beginning of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, he emigrated to Cuba, returning in 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. He later became associated with the Sindicats d'Oposició of the trentista tendency of the CNT. In November 1933, he was one of those arrested in connection with the death of Francesc Puchades Xulià, president of the Torrent polling station, and a member of the Valencian Regional Rights party during the elections on November 19 that year. When the fascist coup of July 1936 occured, he was living in Barcelona and was a member of the local Comitè Executiu Popular (Popular Executive Committee) plus one of the organisers of the Iron Column. After militarisation, the column became the 83rd Mixed Brigade of the Republican Army and he was appointed commander of the Second Battalion of the Brigade (73 Division) and Brigade Commander, replacing the wounded Josep Pellicer Gandia, fighting on the Teruel and Extremadura fronts. In 1939, with the triumph of Franco, he was taken prisoner at the port of Alicante and was interned in the Albatera and Los Almendros concentration camps, but escaped and joined the first National Committee of the CNT in Valencia. In late 1939, on his way to France after completing a mission in Barcelona, ​​he was arrested by the police and sent to the Modelo prison in Barcelona, though the Francoist press did not announce his capture until May 5, 1940. After a time in the Modelo prison in Valencia, he was sentenced to death in an emergency summary trial by the Military Court in Valencia. On August 20, 1941, he was shot by firing squad at the Camp de Tir in Paterna alongside Francisco Cano Alcaraz, director of the EA5A.D Radio Torrente republican radio station. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4621 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3870-francisco-mares-sanchez-fusilado-en-valencia.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html]

[C] 1944 - During an uprising by the Résistance in Toulouse, André Malraux (aka Colonel Berger, commander of the Lot maquis), who had been held their since his arrest in July, takes command of the Saint-Michel prison. [www.ladepeche.fr/article/2013/08/16/1690268-la-prison-saint-michel-sanctuaire-de-la-resistance.html]

[D] 1955 - Battle of Philippeville / Massacres du Constantinois: An uprising at Aïn Abid a small village about forty kilometers south of Constantine, which had been the scene of the killing of seven of its European inhabitants by the ALN, and at the mine of Al-Alia near Philippeville (now Skikda) degenerated into a massacre of Europeans, followed by the summary execution of Muslims. [ldh-toulon.net/Algerie-aout-1955-la-mort-filmee.html alger-roi.fr/Alger/el_halia/textes/4_massacres_el_abid_el_halia.htm francaisdefrance.wordpress.com/tag/fln/ club-acacia.over-blog.com/article-proces-de-claudine-dupont-tingaud-61534016.html novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/algeria62.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippeville fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_du_Constantinois_en_1955]

1959 - Jean-Baptiste Victor Sipido (b. 1884), Belgian anarchist and tinsmith's apprentice, who attempted to assassinate the Prince of Wales at the Brussel-Noord railway station in Brussels on April 5, 1900 and was subsequently acquitted, dies. [see: Dec 20]

1968 - Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. [expand] [www.lib.umich.edu/soviet-invasion-czechoslovakia/]

1976 - Grunwicks: A small number of Asian workers walk out "in protest at oppressive working conditions", sparking one of the longest strikes in British history, before it was eventually defeated in July 1978. [www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick/chronology www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/the-intersectional-politics-of-the-grunwick-strike/ libcom.org/library/the-grunwick-strike-a-sivanandan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwick_dispute www.striking-women.org/module/striking-out/grunwick-dispute www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/57/grunwick-strike-strikers-in-saris-unite.html]

1978 - The ANL organise a march to (prematurely) celebrate the departure of NF paper sellers from Brick Lane, who appeared to have been driven out of the area. [libcom.org/files/Brick-Lane-1978.pdf]

[A] 1989 - José Peirats Valls (b. 1908), member of the FAI and CNT, combatant in the Spanish Revolution, including a stint with the Durutti Column in Aragon and Catalonia, dies. Editor, writer and director of various papers ('//Solidaridad Obrera//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Acratia//') and author of '//Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution//' etc. [see: Mar. 15]

1991 - August Coup [Августовский путч]: At 12:00, Moscow military district commander General Kalinin, who was loyal to Gennady Yanayev, chair of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, as well as Vice President (and acting president during the coup days) of the Soviet Union and one of the 'Gang of Eight', declares a curfew in Moscow from 23:00 to 05:00, an act widely understood as a signal that the attack on the White House was imminent. In response, more that 100,000 people rally outside the Russian parliament building to protest the threatened coup, secretly tined for 02:00 tomorrow morning. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Августовский_путч en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d'état_attempt www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/opinion/sunday/the-soviet-coup-that-failed.html?_r=0]

2007 - José Palacios Rojas aka 'Piruli' (b. 1914), Spanish farm labourer, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Civil War combatant, dies. [see: Apr. 14]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Only 6 arrests, prompting Missouri Governor Jay Nixon to withdraw the National Guard tomorrow [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roux fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roux_(prêtre) www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html]
 * = 21 || 1752 - Jacques Roux (d. 1794), French radical Roman Catholic priest that took an active role in the revolutionary politics during the French Revolution, born. Nicknamed 'le Curé Rouge', he is considered a precursor of modern socialism and anarchism. A skillful orator who communicated the ideals of popular democracy and classless society to crowds of the poorest Parisian sans-culottes, working class wage earners and shopkeepers, radicalising them into a dangerous revolutionary force as well as inciting women to assert their rights. He became a leader of a popular far-left political faction known as the Enragés, writing the famed '//Manifeste des Enragés//', which was signed by Jean Varlet and Leclerc d'Oze, and in 1791 was elected to the Paris Commune.

1791 - During the night of the 21st-22nd, the slaves of Saint Domingue in Haiti rise up in revolt and plunge the colony into civil war. Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. Whites kept control of only a few isolated, fortified camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history library.brown.edu/haitihistory/]

1848 - The working-class population of Vienna take to the the streets to protest high unemployment and the government's decree to reduce wages. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]

1869 - Jean-Charles Fortuné Henry (d. unknown), French anarchist militant, anti-militarist and founder of the libertarian Aiglemont community, born. His father, Henry Fortune (1821-1882) was sentenced to death in absentia for being a member of the Paris Commune, and his brother, Emile, was guillotined for committing two //attentats//, including the Café Terminus bombing on February 26, 1894. Artists who came to Aiglemont included the cartoonist Alexandre Steinlen, playwright Maurice Donnay, journalist and novelist Lucien Descaves, the painter Francis Jourdain, and the novelist Anatole France. [www.aiglemont.com/indexpc.php?r=9&s=16 www.ephemanar.net/aout21.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9234 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles_Fortuné_Henry]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 8] Preobrazhenie Uprising [Преображенско въстание]: The harbour lighthouse at Igneada is blown up. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

[CC] 1911 - Nicholas Turčinović aka Nicolas (or Nicolò) Turcinovich or Nicola Turcini (d. 1971), Croatian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, born. He left school at an early age and came into contact with libertarian workers circles in Rovigno. In August 1927, he signed on as a cabin boy aboard the Belvedere, a ship plying between Trieste and the Americas. After a fight on board with a fascist who provoked him, he decided during a stop-over in Buenos Aires not to go back to fascist Italy, and he deserted. At around the same time, in December 1929, he was sentenced in absentia by a court in Pula to six months in prison. In Buenos Aires he made contact with the FORA in which a number of Istrian militants were active, people such as Francesco Depanghere and Giuseppe Pesel, members of the Umanitá Nova group. He tried all sorts of jobs to earn a living. In 1930, fleeing the repression that followed upon General José Félix Uriburu’s coup d’etat, he stowed away on a Yugoslav ship bound for Europe. After coming ashore in Antwerp he settled in Paris where he worked as a bricklayer and, according to the police, became "one of the most active Italian militants", as a result of which he was expelled from France in May 1931. With some Spanish comrades, he then left for the newly proclaimed Spanish Republic and, in Barcelona, he joined the CNT. In September 1931 he was arrested following a general strike and charged with having helped in the armed defence of the CNT Construction Union premises in the Calle Mercaders in Barcelona when it was attacked by the police and he was held on the prison ships, the Dedalo and the Antonio Lopez. In February 1932, together with fellow Italians Luigi Sofra and Egidio Bernardini, he mounted an escape bid. In February 1933, following an intensive campaign mounted by the CNT he was amnestied but was handed an expulsion order and escorted with Egidio Bernardini and his partner, Livia Bellinari, to the French border. After passing through Belgium and Holland, by May 1933 he was back in Barcelona. Charged with membership of a "criminal gang", he was promptly arrested and committed to the Modelo prison in Barcelona for "breach of an expulsion order". In December 1933 he took part in a mass break-out from the Modelo, only to be rearrested within days. On his release on 28 February 1934, he was arrested again and tried for "resisting the security forces" and given a 4 month jail term. In September 1934 he was expelled and escorted to the border with Portugal. He managed to re-enter Spain via Andalusia and settled in Seville, but the repression following the Casas Viejas incident was so severe that in October the same year he fled to Tangiers and thence to Algeria, living in Algiers and in Oran. Persecuted even in Algeria, by 1935 he was back in Spain and settled in the Valencia area. Following the coup attempt in July 1936, he set off for Barcelona where the FAI put him in charge of organising the Italian Section of the Ascaso Column. According to a number of witnesses (Umberto Calosso, Carlo Rosselli, etc.) he played a crucial part in the engagements in Monte Pelado and Huesca. In January 1937, at the request of the CNT’s Federació Regional de Pagesos (Regional Peasant Federation) of Levante, he was dispatched to Valencia to oversee the running of some farming collectives. The end of the civil war found him stranded in the Alicante rat-trap but he managed to get out to Madrid and laid low in the home of a fascist whose life he had saved during the early months of the war. On March 29, 1941, after he was "turned in" by his landlord, he was arrested in Madrid. Extradited to Italy, he was sentenced in September 1941 to five years’ internment on the island of Ventotene. In July 1943, with the collapse of fascist rule, he was moved to the Renicci d’Anghiari concentration camp (in Tuscany) together with dozens of other anarchist comrades deemed "dangerous". On September 18, 1943, he was freed and set off for Istria where he promptly joined the partisans led by Josip Broz aka Tito. After he fell out with the Yugoslav communists, he left for Genoa where he made contact with the libertarian movement in the city. With other activists (Marcello Bianconi, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Caviglia, Alfonso Failla, Pasquale Binazzi, etc.) he took part in the Liberation struggle. Using the experience gained in Spain he served as a liaison between anarchist partisan groups and groups from other organisations. He also commanded the Malatesta Brigade – part of the Squadra Partigiane of Azione (SAP; Partisan Action Squads) – alongside Francesc Ogno, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Pozzi and Giuseppe Verardo – and the Pisacane Brigade, an anarchist urban guerrilla outfit operating in the Cornigliano and Plegi quarters of Genoa. After the Liberation he was one of the most active militants in Genoa. In June 1945 he was the Federazione Comunista Libertaria Ligure (FCLL; Ligurian Libertarian Communist Federation) delegate to the Milan congress of the Italian Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici (FdCA). In 1946 he moved to Venice where he set up home with Alberta Machiori and they had a daughter the following year. In 1954 he returned to Genoa where he took part in most of the congresses held in the city by the Federazione Anarchica Italiana (FAI). In 1965 at the Carrara congress he was appointed to run the FAI book service and served on the organisation’s Correspondence Commission. In 1970 he was one of the founders of the Armando Borghi Circle in Genoa, marshalling young people drawn to anarchism through the social struggles of the day. Nikola Turcinovic died on December 30, 1971 in Genoa and was buried on January 2, 1972 in that city. In 2005 the 'Nicola Turcinovic' Libertarian Group was launched in Genoa. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/5hqczq anarhizam.hr/arhiv/39-biografije/126-nikola-turinovi-nicolo-turcinovich]

1913 - Nearly 200 men and boys in the parcels office of the Tramway Company in Dublin receive the following notice: "As the directors understand that you are a member of the Irish Transport Union, whose methods are disorganising the trade & business of the city, they do not further require your services. The parcels traffic will be temporarily suspended. If you are not a member of the union when traffic is resumed your application for re-employment will be favourably considered." This act precipitates the 1913 Lock-Out in Dublin which begins August 26, when tram drivers took out their union badges, pinned them in their buttonholes and walked off their trams.

1930 - Goliardo Fiaschi (d. 2000), Italian anarchist partisan who fought Franco, Moussolini and Hitler's troop, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/c2frm0 www.estelnegre.org/documents/fiaschi/fiaschi.html circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/gogliardo-fiaschi/ libcom.org/history/articles/1930-2000-goliardo-fiaschi/obit.php]

1941 - A German naval cadet became the first victim of French Résistance, shot in a Metro station in Paris, France. Over 150 Parisians were shot in reprisal.

1942 - As part of Operation Reinchardt, the destruction of the Minsk-Mazowiecki Ghetto is ordered. Around 1,000, including those who did not follow the order to gather in the centre of the ghetto, are summilarily executeds. The next day captured Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. 370 qualified workers are saved and employed in the Wehrmacht factory and Rudzki factory. They are kept in the labour camp, in the Mikołaj Kopernik’s school building at Siennicka Street (Camp Kopernikus), which would stage an uprising on January 10, 1943.

1943 - During the final Aktion in the Minsk Ghetto about 2000 Jews are murdered at Maly Trostinets. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

[C] 1944 - Maquis uprising, which involves more than 4,000 Spanish exiles, begins today in Paris. [libcom.org/history/articles/spanish-resistance-in-france-1939]

1944 - Eugène Dieudonne (b. 1884), individualist, illegalist and member of the Bonnot Gang, dies. [see: May 1]

[D] 1967 - The US embassy in London is machine gunned by the First of May Group.

1968 - Juan Antonio Llerda (b. ca. 1908), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. Born in Crete, he was a member of the CNT and in July 1936 joined a militia column in Tarragona that ended up in Horta and Gandesa and in which he served as a stretcher bearer. After the Republic's defeat in the region, he left for France, returning to Barcelona and fought on the Ebro front where he was severly wounded by an explosive bullet. During the Retirada, he was interned before enlisting in a Compagnie de Travailleurs Etrangers. During the German occupation he was requisitioned under the STO to work in the submarine base in Bordeaux, where he came into contact with the resistance. Following his release, he joined the Bataillon Libertad, trained as an anarchist Guerrilla and in 1945 fought with the Basque Guernika Battalion against the last German pockets of the Pointe-de-Grave. Some of the weapons he captured went directly to the anti-Franco guerrillas bound for Spain. He remained a member of the Comarcale de Valderrobres in exile, the militia of the FL-CNT in Bordeaux. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3400 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html]

[A] 1971 - George Jackson, Black Panther, and five others are shot and killed by guards in San Quentin prison, California, during a supposed escape attempt.

1971 - House in Amhurst Road, London, raided by Special Branch and CID. Jim Greenfield, Anna Mendelson, John Barker and Hilary Creek are arrested. The four are taken to the `Bomb Squad' HQ in Albany Street, London, where the two men are subjected to a brutal beating-up to extract a confession from them. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1973 - Juan Portales Casamar (b. 1922), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: May. 24]

[B] 1996 - René Cavanhié (pen name René Cavan; b. 1922), French poet, songwriter, anarchist and Résistance fighter, dies. [see: Mar. 25]

2006 - Joaquín Pérez Navarro (b. 1907), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Aug. 4]

2007 - Jacinto Pérez Merino aka 'Pinilla' (b. 1915), Basque metalworker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, dies. [see: Sep. 21]

2011 - Léandre Valéro (b. 1923), Algerian anarchist and anarchist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and was active in the Algerian independence movement, dies. [see: Oct. 12]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: The National Guard withdraws from the town following Governor Jay Nixon's decision yesterday. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest#August_2014] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_haïtienne en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution www.blackpast.org/gah/loverture-toussaint-1742-1803 www.herodote.net/22_aout_1791-evenement-17910822.php]
 * = 22 || [D] 1791 - The slaves of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) begin the first, and only successful, slave revolt in history with the 'Night of Fire' (Aug. 22-23) as plantations burn. At its height, 100,000 slaves were involved in the insurrection.

[1812 - General Maitland gives the Home Office his view of the recent West Riding riots [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/22nd-august-1812-general-maitland-gives.html]

1860 - Théodule Meunier (d. 1907), French anarchist and advocate of propaganda by deed, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html www.ephemanar.net/juillet25.html por.anarchopedia.org/Théodule_Meunier www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m906jt fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier]

1890 - Juan José Luque Argenti (d. 1957), Spanish civil engineer and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He held numerous government infrastructure jobs and became the chief engineer of the Board of Works for the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. For his activities against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he was deported to Cap Juby (now part of Western Sahara). He was part of the CNT group took part in the plot of 'Sanjuanada', the attempted military uprising on the eveniong of 24 June, 1926 that attempted to overthrow Primo de Rivera. Arrested, he was finally acquitted by a court martial in 1927. He was also dismissed as chief engineer of the Board of Works for the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. During the Civil War he was a member of the National Committee of the CNT and participated in important meetings of the political section of the anarcho-syndicalist union. He was also one of the leaders of the Associació Nacional de Tècnics d'Espanya (ANTE), attached to the CNT. In 1938 he worked in the newspaper '//CNT Marítima//' and was a member of the Consell Econòmic Confederal. When fascist troops reached the capital, he was one of the few members of the National Committee who had not abandoned Madrid. Following Franco's triumph, he was arrested and remained in jail, where he met Cipriano Mera Sanz, until at least 1944. Following his release, he joined several clandestine CNT committees, representing the Canary Islands. He became a member of the Provisional National Committee of the CNT formed in November 1945 and later was appointed the CNT representative on the Alliance Nationale des Forces Démocratiques (ANFD), tasked with forging links with anti-Franco monarchists. In April 1946 the whole National Committee was arrested with the exception of Luque, who flee abroad. The talks with the monarchists continued until August 1948 when Juan Borbon, the pretender to the throne, came to an arrangement with Franco. He returned to Spain in August 1951 under safe-conduct agreement that fixed his residence in Madrid, where he remained on probation. A few months after he was arrested during a raid which also was detained Tierno Galvan. Juan José Luque Argenti died August 29, 1957 at the Los Alamos clinic in Madrid. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4463 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjuanada_de_1926 www.interior.gob.es/archivos-56/galeria-de-imagenes-y-documentos-la-sanjuanada-de-1926-un-relato-en-primera-persona-del-intento-de-golpe-de-estado-contra-la-dictadura-de-primo-de-rivera-1729?locale=es enciclopedia_universal.esacademic.com/23883/Sanjuanada_de_1926]

1904 - Lucio Arroyo Fraile aka 'El Verdejo' and 'El tuerto Teruel' (d. 1988), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Joined the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) early and was one of the founders of a Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) branch in his home town. Living in France in 1932, he was expelled from the country for his anarchist activities. During the Civil War, he fought with the Columna de Ferro (Iron Colum), and then in the International Brigades, being wounded three times. At the Battle of the Ebro he lost an eye, which earned him the nickname El tuerto Teruel (The Eye of Teruel) by his companions and obtained the rank of captain. Crossing the border with France on February 6, 1939, he was sepearted from his wife and 3 children (who were sent to the Mâcon area) and he was interned in the Boulou (Voló) concemtration camp. The following month he joined the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers No. 10 and was sent to Bordeaux to work on the construction of the munitions store at Saint-Médard-en-Jalles. At the outbreak of war in June 1940, while his wife and children were returned to Spain, Lucio Arroyo was interned in the Argelès camp. In October 1940, he was enlisted in the Groupement de Travailleurs Étrangers (GTE) No. 183 and worked in the learing and reconstruction following severe floods in Catalan country. In March 1943 he was interned in the camp of Saint-Médard-en-Jalles requisitioned for forced labor (Organisation Todt) in the submarine base near Bordeaux. He was then tranferred to Soulac and Cap Ferret. Arrested by the Germans, he twice escaped whilst being deported to Germany and, in June 1944, joined the Maquis and particiapted in the liberation of Ariège. He remained in Pamiers in the Ariège region, aiding clandestine crossings by militants into Spain. In 1947 he and his family settled in Perpignan, where he held positions in the Local Federation of the CNT, and their home was a haven for militants who had fled the Iberian Peninsula. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article812]

1917 - In Italy, police open fire on protesters against the war and the lack of food. The majority of the protesters are women. Tomorrow a General Strike is declared, insurrectionist barricades rise high and cops occupy the labour halls. On the 24th a state of siege is proclaimed, but confrontations continue until the 26th. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html]

1921 - [some sources cite Aug. 26] Piotr Petrenko-Platonov, Makhnovist guerrilla, elected member of the Revolutionary Military Council of Guliaipolé and commander of a detachment of troops in the Ukrainian insurrectionary army of Sýmon Petliüra, dies in the last major battle against the Red Army, having successful helped in securing Nestor Makhno's flight abroad. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4605]

1936 - Diego Rodríguez Barbosa (b. 1885), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, anarcho-naturalist propagandist, writer, poet and novelist, is arrested whilst in hiding following the July Fascist uprising, and is tortured and killed by Phalangists. The fascists cut off his head and play football with it. [see: Nov. 5]

1936 - Robert Rizal Ballester (b. 1915), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies at the Gusen concentration camp in Austria. [see: Oct. 12]

1944 - A group of 32 Spaniards and four Frenchmen tackle a German column (consisting of 1,300 men in 60 lorries, with six tanks and two self-propelled guns), at La Madeiline in France. The Maquis blow up the road and rail bridges and position themselves on surrounding hills with machine guns. The battle rages from 3:00pm till noon tomorrow. Three Maquis were wounded, 110 Germans killed, 200 wounded and the rest surrendered. The German commander committed suicide!

1950 - Antonio Ejarque Pina aka 'Jarque' (b. 1905), Aragonese metalworker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Mar. 25]

1972 - 16 militants of different Peronist and left organisations held as political prisoners in Rawson Penitentiary are forced to repeat a faked escape attempt mimicing that of 15 August.. The prisoners are recaptured and subsequently shot down by marines led by Lieutenant Commander Luis Emilio Sosa as revenge by the dictatorship for the successful escape of some of their comrades during the initial prison break. 3 ex-Army officers were eventually to life imprisonment in Oct 2012 for their part in the killings. [Trelew massacre]

1978 - Sandinistas capture of Nicaraguan National Palace starts a revolution.

1980 - Umberto Tommasini (b. 1896), Italian blacksmith, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Mar. 9]

[C] 1981 - A group of NF paper sellers is attacked by anti-fascists armed with pickaxe handles, ironb bars and shovels [according to the '//NF News//', Oct. '81] in Kingsbury, North London. Several NF salesmen were injured, including Graham John, NF North and West London Regional Organiser, and Paul Nash, NF Haringey Organiser, who was hospitalised after his head was gashed open and one of his hands slashed. [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1983 - Juan Ruiz Martín (b. ca. 1912), Andalusian labourer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in exile in London. [some sources give Aug. 2] Affiliated to the Joventuts Llibertàries, in March 1932 he was elected second secretary of the Sindicat d'Oficis Diversos of the CNT in Marbella, a postion he held when the war broke out in 1936. Member of the Comités Antifascistas, from Septermber 1936 he was part of the Comitè d'Enllaç (Liaison Committee), the Comitè del Front Popular and the Comitè d'Abastiments (Committee of Supplies) until the fall of Malaga in Jamuary 1937. He was then an artillery officer in the Army of the Second Republic on the Ebro front, where he was wounded. In 1939, following Franco's victory, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned in the Vernet concentration camp. Then he was sent to a Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE), which was able to escape, but was stopped by the police and deported to a concentration camp in the Maghreb. In 1941, in the Djelfa camp in Algeria he was a nurse and eventually enlisted in the British army, staying in England when the was ended (as did Agustín Roa Ventura, Antonio Vargas Rivas and others). Earning his libving as a kitchen worker in a hotel, he remained active organising aid for Spanish activists and wrote for '//Cenit//' (Zenith), '//España fuera de España//' (Spain outside Spain), '//Faro//' (Beacon) and '//Nervio//' (Nerve). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html]

1989 - Huey P. Newton (b. 1942), Black Panther Party co-founder, is shot dead. [see: Feb. 17] ||
 * = 23 || 1757 - The first riot against the Militia Act occurs at Washingborough, Lincs, from where it spreads rapidly to Bedfordshire and Nottinghamshire. The Act is meant to conscript troops to fight a colonial war and quell a year of domestic food riots; it succeeds instead, in provoking prolonged and massive rioting across 11 more counties.

1848 - Austrian troops open fire on unarmed demonstrators following 3 days of protests. [see: Aug. 21] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]

1896 - Philippine Revolution [Himagsikang Pilipino] aka the Tagalog War: Seven days after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the Katipunan secret society, Bonifacio met his men in Pugad Lawin, rather than in Balintawak. Bonifacio asked his men if they were committed to carry on the fight. All agreed to fight until the last drop of blood. To symbolise the commitment for the armed revolution against Spain, Bonifacio led his men in tearing up their cédulas personales (community tax certificates), shouting: "Mabuhay ang Filipinas!" (Long live the Philippines). For some time, the event was commemorated in the Philippines as the Cry of Balintawak [Sigáw ng Balíntawák]. Later, this was corrected to the Cry of Pugad Lawin [Sigáw ng Pugad Lawin]. The Cry of Pugad Lawin is help up as signalling the start of the Philippine Revolution. [NB: The exact date of the event is disputed, being given as taking place between the 23rd and 26th.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan www.maasincity.com/phil-revolution.htm]

1901 - Albano Franchini (d. 1984), Italian anarchist-communist militant and resistance fighter, born. An activist in Mòdena and in 1918 joined an anarcho-communist youth group. A worker in the Oficina Mecànico Industrial, he was called up in 1920 but when he returned to Mòdena in July 1922, he was not reinstated due to his libertarian politics. Later that year, he attempted to create a committee for the protection of political victims and prisoners, returning to the anarchist struggle in Mòdena. Arrested by the Fascists for distributing anarchist propaganda, he was imprisoned in 1923-24, later deciding to emigrate to France. He returned the following year, however, and was arrested again in Mòdena in 1926 on the occasion of the failed attempt on Mussolini's life in Bologna by Anteo Zamboni. Once free, like many other anarchists, he found that most anarchist organisations involved in the antifascist struggle had been dismantled. So he joined the underground structure of the Italian Communist Party. Arrested in December 1930, he appeared before the Special Tribunal and was sentenced in April 1931 to four years in prison for "Communist propaganda", but was released in October 1932 under an amnesty. Arrested yet again in June 1937 at a meeting of "subversives", he was let off with a 'warning'. Arrested again in July 1943 for his anti-fascist activities, he succeeded in escaping and joined the ranks of Giustizia e Libertà, fighting under the nom de guerre of Paolo Romanelli in the Brigata Allegretti and taking part in the liberation of Mòdena. Join the Resistance in Allegretti Brigade, Division Modena-plain, and on behalf of the shareholders becomes part of the first democratic junta to free Modena appointed by the CLN. While Franchini did not participating actively in the movement post-WWII, he remained a libertarian. He died May 3, 1984. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Albano_Franchini www.anarchismodenese.altervista.org/pages/biografie/franchini.htm militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1820 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Aug. 10] Sveaborg Rebellion [Свеаборг Восстание]: The leaders of the uprising, a total of 43 persons, including Arkady Emelyanov (Аркадий Емельянов) and Eugene Kochanski (Евгений Коханский), are shot. The others are sentenced to hard labour, imprisonment, or service in disciplinary companies. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свеаборгское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лайминг,_Владимир_Александрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sveaborg+Uprising+of+1906 www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1906-sveaborg-rebellion-and-hakaniemi-strikes/]

1907 - Mexican anarchists Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio Villarreal and Librado Rivera are arrested after their hiding place is discovered. Thomas Furlong, of the Furlong Detective Agency, had been employed by Enrique Creel, governor of Chihuahua, early in 1907 with the sole aim of hunting down PLM activists and had been on the trail of Flores Magón for a while. Many Mexicans knew he was in Los Angeles but he was using a pseudonym, and his location and identity was only known by 2 people other than his close comrades. It was one of these, Librado Rivera, who had left the city when it was known that they were being sought by agents working for the Mexican government, and who was followed on his return to Los Angeles and to Magón's hiding place. Finally, on August 23, 1907, Magón, Rivera and Antonio Villarreal were arrested without a warrant by Furlong, two of his assistants and some officers from the Los Angeles police department. During the arrest Ricardo was beaten unconscious when he tried to attract the attention of passers-by. The following day the Furlong detectives returned to the offices of '//Revolución//' and removed all important letters and documents. 'Revolución' continued publication under the editorship of several comrades who were arrested one after the other until the journal was ﬁnally silenced in January 1908. [cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19070824.2.14# archive.org/stream/fiftyyearsadetec00furl#page/138/mode/2up]

1908 - Pedro Calvo Calvo (d. 1992), Aragonese basketmaker, railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. His four siblings, Isidro, Andrés, José and Jesús, were all members of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). In 1927, he was a member of an anarchist group and, with the proclamation of the Second Republic, he joined the CNT in Jaca. Leaning the trade of basketmaking, he was able to travel the region, distributing anarchist literature alongside his baskets. In July 1932, he began working for the Ferrocarril del Nord and 2 years later joined the timber workers union. When Jaca fell into Franco's hands, he was able to cross into France and from there he made his way to Barcelona. There, he joined the 25th Division, fighting on the Aragon front. Later in the 130th Brigade, he worked in supplies and fought as a sapper in the area of ​​Huesca (Olivan, Broto) and was a quatermaster in the 176th Brigade. Exiled in France at the end of the war, he was interned in the camp at Septfonds and, in September 1939, he was sent with the Compagnie de travailleurs to the mines at Gravan. In 1940, he was confined in the internement camps at Argelés, Bram and again at Argelés. Requisitioned to work in Germany, he managed to escape in July 1941 and then participated in the anti-Nazi resistance. After the war, he worked as a forester in various places (Arbusol, Illas, Canet, Perpignan, etc.) and belonged to the MLE in exile in Perpignan. He lived with Adelina, a nurse whom he had met on the Aragon front. He also collaborated on '//Tierra y Libertad//' and was the author of '//Un arrancapinos de la provincia de Huesca//' (A small man from Huesca province; 1987 & 1991, revised and enlarged) and '//La sociedad liberal y sus contradicciones//' (The liberal society and its contradictions; 1987). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article598]

1909 - A group of IWW strikers board a streetcar in McKees Rock, Pennsylvania looking for scabs. A deputy sheriff shoots at them and dies in the return fire. The ensuing battle leaves 11 people dead but, despite the battle, the striker remains solid and on September 8, 1909, the company gives in to their demands.

1911 - José Gonzaga Herrera (d. 2006), Andalusia labourer and anarcho-syndicalist, who joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in 1929, born. A machinegunner during the Civil War, he fought for the Pedro Rubio Battalion in the Castuera area and was a defender during the seige of Madrid at the Ciutat Universitària, gaining the rank of seargenat in the Republican Army. With Franco's victory, he returned to his village where he was arrested and imprisoned. Court-martial, he was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted after a year to 30 years in prison. Between 1942 and 1944 he was one of the 2,000 political prisoners working as slave labour on the digging of the Canal del Baix Guadalquivir aka Canal de los Presos (Canal of Prisoners) under Franco's Redención de Penas por el Trabajo policy. Caught with barley, from which prisoners made a coffee substitute, he was imprisoned in Sevilla and worked raising rabbits. In total, he spent 13 years, 3 months and 3 days, in prison and was released on August 6, 1952. He returned to his home village Constantina, but threats from the local Falange forced him to move to Madrid. After the death of Franco, he returned to Constantina and was reinstated as a seargent in the army, receiving compensation as a prisoner of 1,600,000 pesetas. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/sections/ha-muerto-jose-gonzaga-los-95-anos-superviviente-del-canal-los-presos-militante--0?quicktabs_6=1 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_del_Bajo_Guadalquivir www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/62582-canal-del-bajo-guadalquivir-o-el-llamado-canal-de-los-presos-represión-franquista.html]

1917 - The 1917 Houston or Camp Logan Riot occures [only a few weeks after probably the most notorious US 'race riot' in East St. Louis, when gangs of whites roamed through black neighborhoods indiscriminately beating and murdering black men, women, and children on July 1-3] when 156 African American soldiers of the Third Battalion of the all-black Twenty-fourth United States Infantry Regiment sought revenge on the city's white police (only 2 members of the 159-man force were black) after the brutal beating of two of thier fellow soldiers. They stole weapons from the camp depot and marched on the city of Houston. After two hours of violence, 16 (white) civilians, including four policemen, are killed and 12 more injured. Four soldiers died. 118 soldiers in total were charged with disobeying orders, mutiny, murder, and aggravated assault in connection with the riots and, between November 1, 1917 and March 26, 1918, the army held three separate courts-martial. In all, testimony was heard from 169 prosecution witnesses, but only 29 for the defence. None of the testimony was conclusive that any of the men on trail had participated in the event. On November 28, 13 of the men were sentenced to be hung, however, they were not notified of their sentence until Dec. 9, two days before their execution. Sixteen other death sentences were passed down in the other 2 trials, but 10 were later commuted to life following pressure from the NAACP and National Equal Rights League on President Woodrow Wilson. In total, 19 soldiers were eventually executed, most in near total secrecy, and 79 received life sentences, in one of the most infamous courts-martial ever involving African-Americans. Continuing public pressure on Woodrow Wilson led to most prisoners being freed within the next ten years, with the last released in 1938. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Riot_%281917%29 www.tbhpp.org/riots.html scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=trotter_review]

1939 - Josep Domènech Agulló (b. ca. 1896), Spanish shoemaker, anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT and of the member of the Municipal Council in Cocentaina (Valencia), is executed by Franco's troops at the entrance of Alcoi cemetery. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html]

1958 - Nottingham Riots: A number of events have been identified as the spark that set off the rioting in St. Ann's but it is clear that the 'racial' unrest that had been building up between the largely Afro-Caribean immigrants and the white population in Nottingham for quiet some time, particularly around the latter's opposition to interracial sexual relationships. Those tensions boiled over on the night of Saturday 23rd. when a young black man was assaulted outside a pub and soon a crowd of over 1,000 had gathered in the area and went on the rampage. The heavily outnumbered black population were quick to arm themselves and fierce fighting broke out. The violence lasted for many hours and eight people were reportedly taken to the city hospital, including a police constable allegedly run down by a black driver's car. One man required 37 stitches following a wound to the throat. [www.blackpast.org/gah/nottingham-riots-1958 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6675793.stm www.diversitynottingham.org.uk/uploads/newspapers/386b659a326aa9e46ad70c6e9d07bfc59fac1a65.pdf www.nottinghampost.com/Bygones-race-riots-50-years/story-12174920-detail/story.html]

1970 - Sterling Hall bombing: A car bomb planted by anti-war activists - Karleton Armstrong, Dwight Armstrong, David Fine, and Leo Burt, aka the New Year's Gang - explodes at 03:42 at the University of Wisconsinin Madison, killing 33-year-old researcher Robert Fassnacht. The intended target, the Army Math Research Center, is largely undamaged. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing]

1971 - Angry Brigade charges are laid against Stuart Christie, Jim Greenfield, Anna Mendelson, John Barker and Hilary Creek at Albany Street Police Station: Conspiring to cause explosions between January 1 1968 and August 21 1971. Possessing explosive substances for an unlawful purpose. Possessing a pistol without a firearms certificate. Possessing eight rounds of ammunition without a firearms certificate. Possessing two machine guns without the authority of the Secretary of State. Possessing 36 rounds of ammunition without a firearms certificate. Jim: attempting to cause an explosion in May 1970. Anna and Jim: attempting to cause an explosion in Manchester, October 1970.Stuart: possessing one round of ammunition without a firearm certificate. (This was dated back 2 years when a bullet was taken from his flat. No charges were preferred against him at the time.) John, Jim and Stuart: possessing explosive substances. Jim, John and Hilary: receiving stolen vehicle. Stuart: possessing explosive substances. (The two detonators planted by the police). All are refused bail and remanded in custody to await trial.

1987 - First strike in its 195-year history shuts down the London '//Times//'.

1994 - Enrique Garcia Sanchiz (b. 1907), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Dec. 11]

1996 - Mariano Cruellas Maraña (b. ca. 1913), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies in Caracas. Born into a family of small landowners in Fraga, Huesca who were part of the anarchist movement. One of the founders of the Jeunesses Libertaires (FIJL) in Fraga, during the war he was a Milicien in the Roja y Negra column, fighting on the Huesca front where, after a failed attack and a confrontation with the Stalinists, his unit was dissolved and he left the front. Exiled in France with his wife Salvadora Serveto (born circa 1917 in Fraga, who died in November 1992 in Perpignan), he first fought in the Résistance in Perpignan and eventually emigrated to Venezuela, where he participate at the core of the CNT in Caracas. After having started a small buisiness with a number of employees, the CNT decided in the 1960s to excluded from the organisation. Told of the decision, Mariano Cruelas said that the union could remove his membership but they would never remove the CNT, which he had been a member of since 15 years old, from his heart. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2245 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html]

[C] 2001 - Henriette Bie Lorentzen (Anna Henriette Wegner Hågå; b. 1911), Norwegian humanist, peace activist, feminist and WWII resistance member, who survived Ravensbrück concentration camp, dies. [see: Jul. 18]

2003 - Helmut Kirschey (b. 1913), German construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

[A] 2009 - A new immigrant detention centre is burnt down at Rotterdam airport.

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Peaceful protests continue with just 3 people arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 24 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Earl of Warwick's army arrives at Norwich. Pardon is offered to Kett's followers and rejected. Warwick's army enters the city. Running battles are fought through the streets of Norwich. By nightfall Warwick controls the City while Ketts force returns to Mousehold.

1814 - In a show of imperial pique, a British force burns the White House in Washington in retaliation for the burning of York (now Toronto) the previous year by American forces. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-08-August.htm]

1896 - Pere Massoni Rotger aka 'Mazoni' or 'Massoni Viva' (d. 1933), Catalan roofer and anarcho-syndicalist, born. In 1915 he joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and became a delegate of the Sindicat d'Obrers Rajolers del Ram de la Construcció (Tilers Branch of the Construction Workers Union). This was an era where gunmen hired by employers regualrly attacked unionist and union organisers and, on 23 April 1919, he suffered an attack at the hands of a squad of pistolers and was seriously injured. He failed to recover from all his injuries and a progressive paralysis in the leg limited his abilty to worker as a tile, and he ended up as the caretaker at the Tilers Union offices in the Carrer de l'Om in Barcelona. He continued to work within the CNT, helping organise strikes, was a member of the defence committee for fellow tiler Enric Guiot i Climent, sentenced to death for robbery, and helped reorganise the sindicats de Treballadores de l'agulla (Needleworkers union), de Construcció (Construction) and de Constructors de Persianes (Blindmakers). During this period, he also became a good friend of Josep Peirats Valls. In 1924, he was jailed for taking part in the conspiracy against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, accused of being one of the organisers of the December 1924 Bera insurgency. In 1928, he joined the Solidaridad group and published a pamphlet '//Los ladrilleros a través de las luchas sociales//' (Bricklayers across the social struggle). In April 1928, he attended the Assemblea de Cooperatives Catalanes and, in June, represented the CNT on the first Comitè Revolucionari de Catalunya, which plotted against the dictatorship. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html gipuzkoa.cnt.es/spip.php?article385]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 11] October All-Russian Political Strike: Workers from all of the shops of the Sytin plant in Moscow meet and present management with a list of demands, which includes a nine-hour workday (eight on Saturdays and before holidays), graduated pay raises that would decrease pay differentials among workers, sick pay, maternity leave (of interest to female binding workers), and no retribution against workers who participate in negotiations. Although the Sytin workers ask for an answer in two days, they are not in fact especially impatient. After managers explain that some of the directors are out of town and that their answer to workers would in any case depend on the results of sales at the Nizhnii Novgorod fair, workers agree to wait an entire month for an answer to their demands. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print]

1905 - Ramón Lafragueta (d. 1981), Spanish railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. Particiapnt in the libertarian movement from a young age, he joined the Sindicat Ferroviari, part of the Federació Nacional d'Indústries Ferroviàries (FNIF) of the CNT, and held a number of union positions. During the Civil War, he fought on the Aragon front. After the war, he went to France and was interned in various concentration camps (Argelés, St Cyprien, Bram and Vernet). On his return from exile, he participated in 1945 in a tour throughout France in order to reorganize the Spanish libertarian movement. He then moved to Grenoble, where for 15 years he was the treasurer of the FL-CNT and held various positions of responsibility at departmental level. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3040 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html]

1919 - Victor García (Tomás Germinal García Ibars) (d. 1991), indefatigable militant Catalan anarcho-syndicalist, writer, translator and historian of the international movement, born. [expand] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qv9t36 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3435 www.ephemanar.net/aout24.html javierbarreiro.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/victor-garcia-germinal-de-un-tiempo-nuevo-que-no-fue/ historiadejuventudes-libertarias.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/vctor-garca.html]

1923 - Giovanni Minzoni (b. 1885), Italian Catholic priest and anti-fascist, who fought the introduction of the fascist youth movement, the Opera Nazionale Balilla, in Argenta, his home town, is murdered by two fascist squadristi, who smash his skull with a club. The case is a cause celebre in Italy. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Minzoni]

1927 - Violence breaks out in Paris in the wake of the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti.

[D] 1937 - Santoña Treason: The Euzko Gudarostea (Basque Army) surrenders to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie, without the knowledge of the Republican government, following the Santoña Agreement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoña_Agreement en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzko_Gudarostea en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie]

1941 - Vichy France passed anti-terrorist laws, punishable with death sentences, to deal with the résistance movement.

[CC] 1944 - The Spanish anarchist participation in the liberation of Paris: After having been interned in the French concentration camps and used as labour cheap, many Spanish anarchists took part in the anti-Nazi resistance in France and Africa. With their experience gained during the Spanish Revolution, they were adept at staging guerrilla actions in the countryside, drawing the German occupying forces and Pétain's militia away from the cities. Amongst those were La Nueve (The Nine - the 9th Company of the Régiment de Marche du Tchad, composed of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists) who, as part of the Free French Forces, participated in the liberation of Paris and were amongst the first to enter the city. At 20:41, the first half-tracks of the Division Blindée de Leclerc (commanded by Captain Raymond Dronne) break into the insurgent capital, by the Porte d'Italie. They are led by the Spanish anarchists of La Nueve, who carry the names of battles fought against Franco in Spain (Guadalajara, Teruel, Brunete, Belchite, Ebro, Madrid, etc.). At 21:22, the armored half-track 'Guadalajara' is the first to appear in front of the Hotel de Ville. Spaniards are welcomed as liberators. "Nous avons été les premiers à entrer dans Paris. Le premier canon installé place de l'Hôtel de Ville, c'est moi qui en étais responsable, nous l'avions appelé 'El Abuelo'." (We were the first to enter Paris. The first cannon installed in the Place de l'Hotel de Ville, I was in charge, we called it 'The Grandfather') - testimony of Jesus Abenza. [www.ephemanar.net/aout24.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nueve anorinfanterie.free.fr/Html/H-RMT.htm]

1947 - The Battle of Ridley Road: Following the previous Sunday's battles, [see: Aug. 17] the 43 Group invite the anti-fascist journalist Fredric Mullally back to Dalston to speak on a platform in Ridley Road that the anti-fascists had held since early morning. An all-London anti-fascist callout had been made and a 50-strong group of bodyguards met Mullally at Dalston station and he addressed a large rally, marking the effective end of the fascists' control of the streets in Dalston. [fredericmullally.com/News-Ridley.html stevesilver.org.uk/no-regrets-frederic-mullally-recalls-his-fight-against-mosley/ hurryupharry.org/2009/02/16/the-43-groups-final-reunion/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/27898614 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19470915&id=pC0rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5091,2650479]

1954 - The Communist Party is virtually outlawed in the U.S. as the Communist Control Act is signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower. Capitalism in America is saved for posterity. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Control_Act_of_1954 www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-passes-communist-control-act]

1958 - Notting Hill Riots: Two incidents in the run up to the 1958 Notting Hill 'race' riots occur in Shepherd's Bush and Notting Hill involving white youths assaulting black men, a number of whom were seriously injured. In the week that followed, groups of white youths, mainly Teddy Boys, armed with knives, iron bars, and other weapons, began attacking Afro-Caribeans on the street, hospitalising many of them.

1967 - Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin and other Youth International Party members throw 300 one-dollar bills from the balcony onto floor of New York Stock Exchange, creating instant bedlam and causing trading to cease as people scrambled for the cash.

1970 - Sterling Hall bombing: A car bomb planted by anti-war activists - Karleton Armstrong, Dwight Armstrong, David Fine, and Leo Burt, aka the New Year's Gang - explodes at 03:42 at the University of Wisconsinin Madison, killing 33-year-old researcher Robert Fassnacht. The intended target, the Army Math Research Center, is largely undamaged. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing]

1974 - Following their woeful attempts at organising against the Imperial Typewriters strike (despite throwing large amounts of money at creating a NF union presence) and the fear of loosing any further confrontations with anti-fascists following Red Lion Square, the NF turnout was less than 600. Also, in lieu of Red Lion Square, the police banned the Front from going anywhere near the main Asian Communities. 5-6,000 anti-fascist take part in the Inter Racial Solidarity Campaign Committee's counter- demonstration. The march organisrs have problems with the International Socialists, who turn up with their own loudspeaker van and steward their own section of the march. Many anti-fascist militants ignore the counter-demonstration andsubject the Front demo to continous heckling and abuse. Matin Webster is attacked. [marxists.catbull.com/history/etol/newspape/isj/1976/no093/leicester.htm kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf www.macearchive.org/Archive/Title/atv-today-26051976-national-front-in-leicester/MediaEntry/1586.html www.macearchive.org/Results.html?County=Leicestershire&Keywords=Imperial+typewriter cdm16445.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/searchterm/ Imperial Typewriter Company/order/nosort cdm16445.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16445coll2/id/4567/rec/2]

1982 - Ludovic Massé (b. 1900), proletarian writer, novelist and libertarian, dies. [see: Jan. 7]

2006 - Antonio Moreno Ronchas (b. 1910), Spanish railway worker, miliatant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Franco combatant, dies. [see: Oct. 1]

2011 - Today and tomorrow, the Workers' United Center of Chile organise a nationwide two-day strike. Four separate marches take place in Santiago today, as well as additional protests across the country. According to union officials, a total of about 600,000 people were involved in protests. Upwards of three hundred people are arrested, with six police officers wounded in Santiago, where protesters construct roadblocks and damage cars and buildings. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile#August_24.E2.80.9425_protests] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 25 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Kett's followers make an attempt to recapture the City. Rebels torch houses and merchant halls. Whitefriars bridge is destroyed .The Day ends in stalemate.

[A] 1775 - Sailors in Liverpool de-arrest nine comrades imprisoned for wrecking a ship when paid short wages. They then disable their ships and tax local merchants. When several demonstrators are killed at the Liverpool Exchange, the sailors raid warehouses and gunsmiths for arms and seize two cannon from a whaling vessel. On the 30th they "//hoist the bloody flag//", attack the houses of merchants and other "//obnoxious persons//" and bombard the Exchange.

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Aug. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: An attempt on the life of Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин), the newly installed Russian prime minister, is made by SR Maximalists [Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов)] as they blow up his cottage on Apothecary Island (Аптекарском острове), St. Petersburg. Stolypin and his cabinet escape with minor injuries but 27 people are killed on the spot and 33 are seriously injured, many of whom later died from those injures. As a direct result, courts-matrtial for terrorist trials were introduced on September 1 [O.S. Aug. 19]. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Взрыв_на_Аптекарском_острове istmat.info/node/21974]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Land belonging to the Imperial family is transferred to the peasants’ land bank for purchase - Stolypin’s agrarian reform is underway. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm] ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпинская_аграрная_реформа en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reform www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567072/Stolypin-land-reform www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\T\Stolypinagrarianreforms.htm]

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: A military court trial of those identified as the 'ringleaders of the mutiny sentences Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch, Hans Beckers and Wilhelm Weber to death, and fines Willy Sachse. Weber and Becker's death sentences were later commuted into prison sentences of 15 years and Reichpietsch and Köbis were executed by firing squad on September 5, 1917. Sentences on others involved amounted to 360 years imprisonment. [see: Aug. 2 & Oct. 29]

1922 - Returning from a lecture tour, Ángel Pestaña, militant anarcho-syndicalist and CNT reformist, is ambushed by a right-wing death squad in the industrial town of Manresa, Catalonia, and seriously wounded. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2508.html]

1922 - La Grève du Havre: With the banning of all public gatherings and the summonng of the army into Le Harve in an attempt to break the steelworkers' strike, a general strike breaks out in the city. It will continue until September 1, 1922. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1936 - Felicia Mary Browne (b. 1904), English artist and communist, is the first British volunteer to die in the Spanish Civil War. [see: Feb. 18]

1944 - Members of La Nueve take part in the fighting against the occupying Nazi forces in Paris, including in the Place de la République. [see: Aug. 24]

[C] 1944 - Abdulla Aliş (Alişev Ğabdullacan Ğäbdelbari ulı; b. 1908), Soviet Tatar poet, playwright, writer and resistance fighter, who wrote mostly novels for children, is guillotined with fellow resistance fighter and poet Musa Cälil (b. 1906) in Plötzensee prison. [see: Sep. 15 & Feb. 15]

1944 - Musa Cälil (Musa Mostafa ulı Cälilev; b. 1906), Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter, is guillotined with fellow resistance fighter and poet Abdulla Aliş (b. 1908) in Plötzensee prison. [see: Feb. 15 & Sep. 15]

[DDD] 1958 - Nuit Rouge: The FLN begins a military campaign on the territory of metropolitan France, marking a decisive turning point in its struggle for independence. The decision to open the second front was taken at a meeting of senior FLN members in Cologne in late July 1958 with the aim of forcing the government to maintain the maximum number of troops on the mainland, thereby allieviating the sustained pressure that the FLN in Algeria had been under ever since the end of the 'second' Battle of Algiers. The date set was midnight on the night of August 24-25 when 'choc' (shock) cells of the FLN's Organisation Spéciale would go into action, attacking military and infrastructure targets across the mainland. 02:15 - Le Havre, sabotage and fuel storage and refinery fire of Notre Dame-de-Gravenchon 02:30 - Paris, machinegunning and arson at a the Boulevard de l'Hôpital police headquarters garage, 3 guards killed and one wounded 03:00 - Bois de Vincennes, sabotage attempt at the Cartoucherie (cartridge factory) ends in a fierce firefight. A police seargent is killed and several cops wounded. On the FLN side two are killed and eight wounded. 03:15 - Marseille, sabotage and fire at the Shell depot. 03:15 - Narbonne, sabotage and the fuel depot fire. 03:15 - Saint-Mande, collision with a car of activists trying to break though a roadblock. 03:15 - Port-la-Nouvelle, two large explosions at the fuel depot. Within 4 hours, ten out of twelve tanks were destroyed and 17,000 cubic metres of oil were in flames. 03:18 - Frontignan, attempted sabotage the refinery; 5 bombs discovered. 03:20 - Paris, Porte des Lilas shootout with militants in a car trying to break though a roadblock. 03:20 - Toulouse, fire and fuel depot sabotage. The damage is estimated at 150 million francs. 03:35 - Ivry, fire at a military vehicle stoage facility. 03:35 - Gennevilliers, fuel depot fire at the Port of Paris. 03:43 - Marseille, one incendiary explodes and 5 others discovered at the fuel depots Aygalades and Cap Pinède fuel depots. An estimated 3 million litres of fuel lost. 04:00 - Airfield Villacoublay, attempted sabotage and capture of the commando. 04:00 - Paris, attack on a police jeep, 3 officers injured. 05:00 - Salbris, discover the sabotage of the Paris-Vierzon railroad. [www.liberte-algerie.com/contribution/une-date-occultee-le-25-aout-1958-209601/ niarunblog.unblog.fr/un-peu-dhistoire/larbi-ben-mhidi-et-les-principes-de-la-soummam/le-25-aout-1958ouverture-du-2eme-front-en-france/ exode1962.fr/exode1962/en-savoir-plus/metropole/attentats-fln.html www.marxists.org/history/algeria/1958-1960.htm www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/7093 www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/102436 www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/49006 encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1962 - 200 communists and AJEX members break up a UM meeting in Leeds. [PR]

1968 - Battle of Lincoln Park: At the Democratic Convention in Chicago people attending a music festival in Lincoln Park are attacked by the police trying to clear the park before a 9pm curfew. A battle ensued between riot cops and the crowd, swelled by protesters in town for the convention, urged on by Yippie leader Jerry Rubin.

1990 - Julián Arrondo (b. 1917), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. Born in Villafranca, Navarra, as a young man he moved to Barcelona, where he joined the Bonanova Joventuts Llibertàries. During the Civil War, he was a militiaman in the Durruti Column on the Aragon front. Escaping to France in February 1939, he was interned in various camps and joined one of the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers. After his release, he became a forester on the Côte d'Or, settling in Dijon where he became the treasurer of the local fedeartion of the MLE/CNT in exile, as well as treasurer of the Dijon-Nevers region. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2508.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2542]

2011 - During the 2-day strike in Chile, another 450 people are arrested and several dozen reported injured. In Santiago, police forces use tear gas and water cannons on protesters at the end of the demonstrations; earlier, some protesters had thrown stones and started fires. One person, 16-year-old Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, later dies from gunshot wounds to the chest; witnesses claim that he was shot by a police officer. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile#August_24.E2.80.9425_protests]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: The funeral of Michael Brown takes place, Brown's family having asked that supporters suspend their protests for one day out of respect during the funeral proceedings. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 26 || [D] 1789 - The '//Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen//' is published in Paris in the lead-up to the French Revolution.

1826 - Nathalie Lemel (d. 1921), French militant anarchist, feminist and bookbinder, born. Joined the First International in 1866 and helped found, with Eugène Varlin, the La Ménagère food cooperative and the La Marmite cooperative resturant. An active participant on the barricades in the Paris Commune, she also organised food for the city's poor. Following the defeat of the Commune, she was deported to Nouvelle Calédonie alongside Louise Michel. Amnestied in 1880, she went on to be employed by the newspaper '//L'Intransigeant//' and continued her fight for women's rights. [NB: Other dates given include Aug. 24 and the alternative year of 1827.] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html]

1837 - Carlo Gambuzzi (d. 1902), Italian Anarchist, who fought alongside Garibaldi at the Battle of Aspromonte in 1862, dies. Follower of Mikhail Bakunin, he eventually married his widow Antonia Kwiatkowska. [www.liberalsocialisti.org/articol.php?id_articol=227 www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-gambuzzi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/]

[DD] 1855 - Insurrection de la Marianne: Hundreds of Trélazé slate workers, many of them members of the Marianne secret society, dedicated to the overthrow of the regime of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and the restoration of democracy, revolt in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, plundering the gendarmerie to seize weapons. The numbers involved grows during the night and early next morning to more than 600 men. They then march on Angers with, at their head, François Attibert, a marianniste quarry worker, singing 'La Marseillaise' in defiance against Napoleon III and the Second Empire. Alerted, armed police are waiting for them. There are no casualties, but hundreds are arrested. The leaders Jean-Marie Secrétain, Joseph Pasquier and François Attibert are deported to Cayenne. [www.trelaze.fr/Une-tradition-de-luttes-sociales.html www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1997_num_104_3_3951 revolutionnairesangevins.wordpress.com/la-marianne/la-marianne-en-anjou-linsurrection-des-ardoisiers-de-trelaze-26-27-aout-1855-par-jacques-guy-petit/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trélazé]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 13] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: General Georgy Min (Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Мин), who was prominent as commander of the Semenov Life Guards (лейб-гвардии Семёновского) regiment in the brutal suppresion of the Moscow Uprising in December 1905, is assassinated by a Socialist-Revolutionary gunman in the New Peterhof (Новый Петергоф) railway station in St. Petersburg. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мин,_Георгий_Александрович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Семёновский_лейб-гвардии_полк]

1913 - The 1913 Lock-Out in Dublin continues on the first day of Horse Show week. At ten o'clock the tram drivers took out their union badges, pinned them in their buttonholes and walked off, leaving the trams stranded in the middle of the road. The strike was on. The demands were reinstatement of the parcels staff, equality of hours and wages with the tramway workers of Belfast.

1915 - Juan José Sacramento García (d. 1997), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. He started working at a young age as an apprentice baker and joined the CNT in Villena (Alicante) at the age of 15. Following Franco's coup d'état in July 1936, after participating in the fighting in Villena, he enlisted in the Columna España Libre and was sent to the Madrid front. His group of ccomrades assisted in the flight of the Republican government when they retreated to Valencia. In March 1939 he was taken prisoner in Alicante and was interned in the concentration camps at Los Almendros and d'Albatera before being transferred to Villena prison in Alicante, where he was sentenced to 30 years and interned at Dueso. Paroled in 1945, he moved to Barcelona where he worked as a baker and a wooden platform builder and became part of the clandestine CNT. It particular he helped his friend Ginés Camarasa García to hide and helped many wanted militants. After Franco's death he joined the CNT in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, where he died on June 6, 1997. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7447

1916 - José Iglesias Paz (d. 2006), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. on August 26, 1916 in Lobios (Ourense, Galicia). Moved to Sallent, Barcelona, to work in the potash mines, where his brother was already working. In 1935 joined the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) and the Juventudes Libertarias in Sallent, becoming its secretary. In July 1936, with the outbreak of the fascist military coup, he attended night school in order to take the entrance exam for the Post Office. He was immediately incorporated as a medical orderly into the Tierra y Libertad Column formed in the mining region of Upper Llobregat, and after a few weeks of training in Barcelona, ​​left for the Central front. He participated in various battles, including Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, San Martin de Valdeiglesias, Àvila. In early 1937, after his column was militarised in the II Battalion of the 153th Mixed Brigade, he fought on the Aragon front, where he participated in the failed assault on Belchite. For a while José he was assigned, although reluctantly, to work in military censorship, working under the Stalinist Santiago Carillo. During the events of May 1937, he was forced to defend himself, with gun in hand, from a group of Stalinists who wanted to kill him and, with a few comrades, succeed win helping free his brother, a militant of the CNT, held in a communist prison. In February 1939, during the withdrawal, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned in the concentration camp at Saint Cyprien, from where he managed to escape 18 months later. For two months he worked in a mine in the area of ​​Lourdes, but after spending two months in hospital due to poisoning, ending up interned in the camp of Argelès. Two months later he managed to escape and found a job as a lumberjack. In 1942 he was arrested in Perpignan and forced to work in Bordeaux under the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO). In October he was sent by train to Baden-Baden and then onto to Karlsruhe to work in a munitions factory. When he was released, he had to remain hospitalised three months recovering from malnutrition. After the Second World War he returned to France and settled first in Paris and then in Lyon, where he played in the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) in exile and supporting the anarchist action groups leaving for Franco's Spain. In July 1948, as a delegate of the Legal Section of the CNT, he clandestinely crossed into the Peninsula to Roncesvalles, with the task of assisting (find lawyers, bribe judges, etc.). He was specifically in charge of aid and assistance to prisoners in Valencia, Barcelona, ​​Zaragoza and Madrid, settling in Terrassa, Barcelona. On May 3, 1950, having been denounced by the mother of one of his colleagues, he was arrested along with several members of action groups, including Silvio Aiguaviva Vila, Pedro Meca López, Ginés Urrea Piña and Santiago Amir Gruañas, and tortured for 17 days in the dungeons of the Direcció de Policia (Police Directorate). On February 6, 1952, he was tried at a court martial, with thirty members and supporters of libertarian action groups, and sentenced to death, along with eight other companions. Five of them (Santiago Amir Gruañas, Pere Adrover Font, Jordi Pons Argilés, José Pérez Pedrero and Ginés Urrea Piña) were executed on March 14, 1952, and the remainder had their sentences commuted to 30 years in prison. For two years he remained locked in Barcelona's Modelo prison, where he was responsible for the library, and was then transferred to the prison of Dueso (Santoña). In 1961, following an amnesty, he was put on probation and went to Galicia, where he worked in municipal services in several locations (Ponferrada, Lugo, Vilalba, vilagarcía, etc..), But was always dismissed because of police harassment. In 1968 he married Pilar Rodriguez. Unable to find steady work, he went into exile in 1972 with his partner and her son George in Switzerland, settling first in Locarno and then Lugano, where in 1973 achieved the status of political refugee. He worked as a bricklayer and grocer and participated in the activities of the local anarchist movement, always in contact with the CNT and militants in the Italian section of the Lega Svizzera dei Diritti dell'Uomo (Swiss League of Human Rights). Following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, he regained the Spanish passport in July 2003 and finally returned to Galicia with his partner, settling in San Bieito and resuming contacts with the Galician CNT. The April 17, 2004 he participated in the Second 'Xornadas Cangas pola Memoria Común' (Cangas Days of Common Memory) and in November 2005, with Joaquina Dorado Pita and others, on the Libertarian Days Compostela. He also talks, participated in several local meetings and, on 05 January 2006, in the Antifascist Days II Lalin. Jose Iglesias Paz died on June 10, 2006 at the hospital in Ourense (Galicia) and was buried two days later in his hometown to many colleagues and after a speech of tribute paid by Rosa Bassave, secretary of the CNT de Compostela. He left unpublished autobiographical notes, parts of which were collected in the Italian edition of Albert Minnig's '//Diario di un volontario svizzero nella guerra di Spagna//' (1986). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2006/06/en-memoria-de-jose-iglesias-paz.html www.cntgaliza.org/?q=node/114 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=438&PHPSESSID=be163280efe61aa1d6450a49d0c0e07d en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_%281937%29]

1921 - Alexander Taranovski (b. 1888), Ukranian anarchist reolutionary, dies. Born into a middle class peasant family of Jewish origin, in 1917 he fought in the Great War as a lieutenant and that same year declared himself an anarchist. He headed the Polish Jewish society's 'Black Guard' and, during the autumn of 1918, he entered the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Nestor Makhno, and was appointed a member of staff in October 1920. He also commanded the battalion of Jewish guerrillas created in Hulaipóle. In November 1920, he left Crimea and, after breaking the siege by the Red Army, he managed to collect Makhnovist forces at Hulaipóle. In August 1921, he participated in the group responsible for the escape of Nestor Makhno abroad. Taranovskiwas captured on 18 August 1921 by a group of Ukrainian anti-Makhnovist peasants who, on 26 August 1921, burned him alive. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html]

1922 - La Grève du Havre: The Salle Franklin - the traditional seat of the Bourse du Travail and the trade unions - is ordered closed. As protesters gather outside the building, mounted police charge into crowds. The strikers respond by throwing stones and troops are ordered fix bayonets and load their rifles. The mounted police charge results in the death of three demonstrators aged 18, 21 and 22. A fourth died of his injuries a few days later. Many others are left injured. The following day many of the strike organisers are arrested and the city is placed in state of siege. With the closure of the Salle Franklin, steelworkers are forced to hold their meetings in the Forêt de Montgeon, the 'trou des métallos' (steelworkers hole), a grassed arena able to accomodate up to 20,000 people, and now a municipal park. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1922 - Cyril Paskin (d. 2011), British anti-fascist, who was a co-founder and later a field commander of the 1962 Committee or 62 Group, born. [expand] [blog.thecst.org.uk/?p=3165 uaf.org.uk/2011/11/obituary-cyril-paskin-veteran-antifascist-activist/ www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/nick/article/1472/cyril-paskin paskinchildrenstrust.org.uk/cyril.html www.searchlightmagazine.com/archive/november-2011-editorial]

1937 - Santander falls to the Nationalists.

1944 - Members of La Nueve triumphantly march up the Champs-Elysées before the arrival of General De Gaulle. [see: Aug. 24]

1949 - Enrique Martinez Marin ('Quique'; b. 1927) and Celedonio García Casino (aka 'Celes' or 'el Largo'; b. 1922), anti-Francoist //guerrillero// members of José Luis Facerías' Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL) group are ambushed (alongside 'Face', Antoni Franquesa Funoll and 2? others) and killed by the Guardia Civil ambush on the French frontier. [see: Apr. 14 & Dec. 25]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following intelligence gained by (General Massu's chief of staff) Colonel Yves Godard's operatives, the troops of the 3e Régiment de Parachutistes d'Infanterie de Marine (3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment) raid a house in the Impasse Saint-Vincent where Yacef Saâdi's new bomb-maker, Debbid Cherif aka 'Si Mourad', and his deputy, Hadj Athman aka 'Ramel', are believed to be hiding. After suffering several casualties trying to capture the two alive, both men were eventually shot dead, together with Benhafid Nourredine (Ramel's brother) and Amitouche Zahia, a 20 years old woman, who were hiding with them in the Lower Casbah. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/6871-chronique-d’un-martyre.html]

[DDD] 1958 - Nuit Rouge: With the French papers full of the attacks all across the country, the Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution of the FLN announce that their military offensive on French territory has begun, claiming that the long-planned offensive was in response to the refusal of the French rulers to recognise the independence of the Algeria in the integrity of its territory, including the Sahara. "Le FLN entend d'ores et déjà affirmer solennellement que les civils ne seront pas visés, malgré la responsabilité quasi unanime du peuple français, complice par passivité de la poursuite barbare de la guerre d'Algérie… De nombreux Français ont prêté main forte aux gens de la répression et se sont livrés à plusieurs reprises à de véritables lynchages d'Algériens." (The FLN has already stated and reaffirms that the civilians will not be targetted, despite the almost unanimous responsibility of the French people, passively complicit in the barbaric continuing war in Algeria ... Many French people have lent a hand to the people carrying out the repression and have several times engaged in the lynching of Algerians.) [www.liberte-algerie.com/contribution/une-date-occultee-le-25-aout-1958-209601/ niarunblog.unblog.fr/un-peu-dhistoire/larbi-ben-mhidi-et-les-principes-de-la-soummam/le-25-aout-1958ouverture-du-2eme-front-en-france/ exode1962.fr/exode1962/en-savoir-plus/metropole/attentats-fln.html www.marxists.org/history/algeria/1958-1960.htm www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/7093 www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/102436 www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/49006 encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1987 - Domingo Díaz Ferrer (b. c.1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and railway worker, dies. Member of the Federació Nacional de la Indústria Ferroviària (FNIF; National Federation of Railway Industry) of the CNT. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he represented the CNT on the Comissió d'Ordre Públic (Public Order Commission) of Alicante. Shortly after he voluntered for the militia and became an organiser of the medical corps of the Iron Column. On November 20, 1936, he was one of the witnesses at the execution of the Falangist José Antonio Primo de Rivera. From February 1937 he represented the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), was a member of the Provincial Council of Valencia and was later appointed Commissioner of Health of Valencia hospitals. At the end of the war he managed to reach Algeria and in 1945 became a pastry maker in Oran. At that time he was appointed head of the Interim Regional Committee of the FNIF in North Africa and political secretary of the Departmental Committee for North Africa of the CNT in exile. After Algerian independence, he settled in Nice (Provence, Aquitaine), where he worked remained active in the CNT and worked on the Parisian newspaper 'Frente Libertario' (Libertarian Front). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1270 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html]

1999 - Zapatista Uprising: Confrontation between the army and Zapatista support bases in the community of San José la Esperanza, municipality of Las Margaritas. Three indigenous people are detained and 7 military personnel receive machete wounds. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2006 - Renato Biagetti, a 26-year-old Italian antivist in the Rome social centre movement in Rome, is murdered in Fiumicino, near Rome. Renato, who frequented the Acrobax project, where his brother was involved too, had been at a reggae party in Fiumicino, near Rome. After the concert, he and his friends had climbed into their car prior to heading home, when a metallic gray car approached them. After a brief exchange of words ("It's over the party?. Yes? So why do not you go to Rome?!") one of the two Nazis stabbed Renato three times in the chest. He died and his girlfriend and another friend were injured in the attack. [www.reti-invisibili.net/renatobiagetti/ www.ecn.org/antifa/article/1024/AssassinatounragazzouncompagnoaFoceneOstia acrobax.org/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 27 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Warwick's army is reinforced. Kett abandons camp and Warwick's army attack rebels - 3000 rebels die in the field.

1838 - Constant Marie aka Le Père Lapurge (d. 1910), French anarchist militant, Communard, singer and songwriter, born. Author of the revolutionary songs '//Dame Dynamite//', 'l//e Père Lapurge//' and '//la Muse Rouge//'. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3671 www.estelnegre.org/documents/constantmarie/constantmarie.html]

1855 - Insurrection de la Marianne: Following yesterday's uprising by hundreds of Trélazé slate workers, many of them members of the Marianne secret society, dedicated to the overthrow of the regime of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and the restoration of democracy, and their raid for arms on the gendarmerie in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, they march on Angers. Singing '//La Marseillaise//' in defiance against Napoleon III and the Second Empire, the rebels now number more than 600 men with, at their head, François Attibert, a marianniste quarry worker. Alerted, armed police are waiting for them. The insurrection is quickly over. There are no casualties, but hundreds are arrested. The leaders Jean-Marie Secrétain, Joseph Pasquier and François Attibert are deported to Cayenne. [www.trelaze.fr/Une-tradition-de-luttes-sociales.html www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1997_num_104_3_3951 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trélazé]

1884 - Anne-Thérèse Dondon (d. 1979), French anarchist illegalist, born. Moving to Pars as a young woman, she quickly became involved in libertarian circles (//'L'Anarchie//' and Libertad's Causeries Popularies) as well as a prisoners relief committee. Having married George Dondon, she becamed involved with his brother in passing counterfeit currency, for which she was convicted twice, the second in 1906 she was sentenced to five years in Rennes prison. Released in 1909, she returned to Paris and became involved with René Valet, secretary of the Jeunesse Révolutionnaire. The couple lived in the Romainville libertarian commune where they later met members of the Bonnot Gang. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1310]

1896 - Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (1861-1915) is released from the dreaded Montjuïc prison, thanks to help from family members. The Cuban-born Spanish anarchist theorist, writer, free-thinker, engineer, teacher and director of the Escuela Politecnica of Barcelona was imprisoned in the prison following the Proceso de Montjuïc into the June 7, 1896 bomb attack on the Corpus Christi procession in the Cambios Nuevos, Barcelona. It was only due to the fact that one of his jailers happened to be an old student and recognised him that he was released. [puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2936-los-procesos-de-montjuic.html www.foblc.org.uk/2009/09/accidental-death-of-cuban-anarchist.html]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 14] Ilinden Uprising [Илинденско въстание]: Kleisoura is finally recaptured by Ottoman troops. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1903 - Mosko Atanasov Rashev (or Rachev)(d. 1925), Bulgarian anarchist guerrilla, born into an extremely poor family. Illiterate, he worked in poorly paid manual jobs. and later, via Georgi Popov and Petar Maznev, came into contact with libertarian circles. A staunch enemy of the police, he joined the clandestine anarchist movement. His first guerilla activity involves the seizing of firearms in the barracks of the region of Veliko Tarnovo. During the night of June 3, 1921, was part of the squad led by armed anarchist revolutionary Gueorgui Sheitanov that ambushed a police escort, freeing anarchist Petar Maznev. The military coup of June 9, 1923, which established the proto-fascist regime of Alexander Tsankov, resulting in the death of 35,000 workers and peasants and provoked an armed resistance that culminated in the bombing of Sofia Cathedral by the Communist Party in April 1925. Following the proclaimation of martial law, which precipitated fierce repression against the revolutionary movement, Rashev joined the Sheitanov' libertarian guerrillas, who were dedicated to assaulting military garrisons, the sabotage of railways and telegraph, burning files and property, etc.. In the summer of 1925, after the breakup of the guerrilla group and the murder of several colleagues in Gorna Oryahovitsa, he decided to continue his fight under the banner of "Victory or death", sending a provocative letter to that effect to the authorities in a letter. The police launched a series of raids, searching for him and he is ambushed and killed by police and army units near Béderliy September 17, 1925 after a fierce firefight. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 14] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar demands harsh new anti-terror laws. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1906 - Julien Francois Gabriel Toublet (d. 1991), French jewellry worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist, as was his son Jacky Toublet, born. Active during the Spanish Revolution recruiting volunteers to fight, fundraising, coordinating the purchase and supply of arms, etc. In 1939, he was commissioned by the CNT-FAI to organise a Rescue Committee that visited the refugee camps. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/?article5977 www.estelnegre.org/documents/toublet/toublet.html]

[C] 1906 - Bjarne Dalland (d. 1943), Norwegian trade unionist, politician and communist resistance member, born. Bergen dock worker, steward of the local trade union, leader of the Young Communist League of Norway (1929-30), and a member of the central committee of the Communist Party. During the Nazi occupation, he was in charge of organising the illegal activities of the Communist Party in Western Norway. Arrested by the Nazis in 1940, and imprisoned for six months at the Ulven concentration camp, he was arrested for the second time on September 8, 1942, and imprisoned in the Grini concentration camp and Møllergata 19. He was sentenced to death in a trial on 27 February 1943, along with eight prisoners from Odda. In the same trial his brother Hans was sentenced to ten years imprisonment in Germany. On March 1, 1943 he was executed at Trandum. An SS police press release, titled 'Dødsdom over 17 nordmenn', appeared in Norwegian newspapers. Dalland's name was included on the list among seventeen persons who had been sentenced to death and executed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Dalland no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Dalland]

1927 - Thousands continue to turn out in violent protests over deaths of Sacco and Vanzetti.

1940 - Manuel Pérez Feliu (b. 1892), Spanish cabinetmaker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, is shot by a Phalangist firing squad. [see: Aug. 27]

1976 - Ángel Continente Saura (b. 1901), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies in Saint-Paul-de-Jarrat. Born in Velilla de Ebro, Zaragoza, he moved to Barcelona at a young age, working in the port handling coal cargoes and joined the Transport section of the CNT. On December 17, 1931, he was arrested, along with comrades Antoni Anglès, Ismael Montoliu, Josep Balaguer Salvador and Felip Cano Pallarès, for the possession of a gun during a shootout between guards and workers during a transport strike at the western dock in Barcelona, in which the worker Luis Menéndez García was killed. On March 10, 1932 whilst still in Barcelona prison, he ​​signed a manifesto against Ángel Pestaña and the trentiste strategy. In July 1937 he was elected member of the Board of the Secció del Carbó Mineral del Sindicat de les Indústries d'Aigua, Gas, Electricitat i Combustibles (Coal Mineral Section of the Union of Industries of Water, Gas, Electricity and Fuels) in the Catalan CNT. In 1939 and the Fascist victory, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned in various concentration camps. After WWII, he lived in Paris, where he was an active member of the Local Federation of the CNT, and between 1959 and 1960, he worked in the Parisian magazine '//Nervio//'. He was also a member of the FAI group 'Los sin pasaporte' along with José Pascual Palacios, Jesús Imbernón, Bernabé Esteban, Olavarri, Josep Rossell, J. Martínez, etc. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html]

[D] [1987 - Food riots in Beirut [news.google.com/newspapers?id=bjAaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uSQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6718,7412693&dq=beirut+food+riots&hl=en en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_riots_in_the_Middle_East]

2001 - Juan Gómez Casas (b. 1921), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist, underground militant, writer and historian, who was the first post-Franco Secretary General of the CNT, dies. Born in Bordeaux into a family of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, who had emigrated for economic reasons, with proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931, his family returned to the Iberian Peninsula. After college, he joined his father as a member of the CNT (Chemical Industry section of Miscellaneous Crafts Guild) and, from 1936, the Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries (FIJL) in Madrid. During the civil war, he was appointed secretary of the FIJL in the Retiro district and had articles published in the CNT paper '//Castilla Libre//'. In April 1938, he joined the 39th Mixed Brigade of the Republican Army and fought on the Teruel front for three months. With the triumph of Franco, he was arrested in the port of Alicante and interned in the Albatera concentration camp, but managed to escape from a juvenile prison. Returning to Madrid, he took up the clandestine struggle with the FIJL. Member of the Sindicat de la Construcció in the CNT and was an anti-collaborationist. In 1947, he was elected as the Secretary General of the Juventudes Libertarias del Centro in Toulouse, France. Upon his return to Spain, he was arrested with his partner (María del Carmen Martínez Herranz) and his sons. In a search of his home they discovered the printing press used for the clandestine publishing of '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Juventud Libre//'. In July 1948, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison for "membership in illegal organization". On February 6 1956, he made a failed escape attempt and was finally freed from prison in 1962 and went on to work as an antiques painter, a trade he learned in prison, and was an accountant for a Madrid hotel. Despite having no formal education, he wrote many books, including '//Historia del anarcosindicalismo español//' (The history of Spanish Anarcho-syndicalism; 1968), '//Historia de la FAI//' (The history of the FAI; 1977) and other historical books that are still considered classical texts. He even translated the classic book '//Moby Dick//' into Spanish. He also wrote under the pseudonyms of Jacques de Gaulle (for dectective novels, etc.) and Benjamín. During the late 1960s, he was a member of the Grup Anselmo Lorenzo in Madrid, alongside Mariano Trapero, Pedro Amijeiras, Florentino Rodríguez and Pedro Barrios, and, among other things, published in Paris in 1969 the anti-Marxist dicussion document '//Manifest Llibertari//' and the pamphlet '//Problemas presentes y futuros del sindicalismo revolucionario en España//' (Present and Future Problems of Revolutionary Unionism in Spain; 1969). In the seventies, he became one of the leading representatives of the CNT during its reorganisation and its first post-Franco secretary, from August 1976 to April 1978. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gómez_Casas www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html archivo-periodico.cnt.es/272oct2001/sindical/archivos/gs19.htm libcom.org/history/casas-juan-gomez-1921-2001 historiadejuventudes-libertarias.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/juan-gomez-casas.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett's_Rebellion spartacus-educational.com/TUDkettR.htm]
 * = 28 || 1549 - Kett's Rebellion: Robert Kett finally captured.

[D] 1830 - Swing Riots: In a period where rural workers were facing particular hardship stemming not just from a series of poor harvests but from social factors including the tithe system, the Poor Law guardians, and the rich tenant farmers who had been progressively lowering wages while introducing agricultural machinery, protests by the workers had been patchy. These had mostly been limited to arson attacks on farm building in Kent, England but the Swing protests (so named after the fictitious Captain Swing whose signature that was often appended to the threatening letters sent to farmers, magistrates, parsons, and others, and who was regarded as the mythical figurehead of the movement) take on a new phase with the first destruction of threshing machines in Kent. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riots www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ruralife/swing.htm www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/45n1a3.pdf www.swingriotsriotersblacksheepsearch.com/index.php?p=1_6_The-Riots]

1882 - Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero Hurtado (d. 1910), Mexican journalist, poet, anarchist propagandist and secretary to the 'Junta Organizadora del Partido liberal Mexicano', born. He served as an insurgent leader during the 1910 Revolution, is the first Mexican anarchist to give his life for Land and Liberty, when he was killed, at the early age of only 28, on December 30, 1910, during an attack on the town of Janos, Chihuahua, in the early months of the Mexican Revolution. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Práxedis_G._Guerrero en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Práxedis_Guerrero www.estelnegre.org/documents/guerrero/guerrero.html www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/historia/prax/4.html resistenciacivilmexico.blogspot.co.uk/2006/08/gilberto-praxedis-guerrero.html placard.ficedl.info/mot7848.html]

1891 - Affaire de Clichy: At the trial of the three anarchists arrested and severly beaten on May Day when attacked by police, the Advocate General Bulot demands the death sentence for Henri Louis Decamps. He fails to secure that but the verdicts on two of the three are still severe: Decamps is sentenced to five years in prison and Charles Auguste Dardare to three years. Louis Leveillé is acquitted. [see: May. 1] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_de_Clichy lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/1891-l-affaire-de-clichy dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php]

1904 - Agustín Remiro Manero (d. 1942), Spanish commander of one of the Durruti Column's machine-gun battalions, born. He was captured, tortured, then killed during an attempted prison escape. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustín_Remiro losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6798 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3697-agustin-remiro-manero-de-la-columna-durruti.html guerracivil.forumup.es/about841-0.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/41nsvn]

1918 - Ramón Liarte Viu (d. 2004), Spanish anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist militant, autodictat, journalist and writer, born. Born in Almudébar, Huesca, his poor working class family moved to Barcelona whilst he was a child. During the Second Spanish Republic to become the general secretary of the Juventudes Libertarias of Catalonia. During the fascist uprising of July 1936, he was caught working in Jaca as a waiter and crossed the Pyrenees into Catalonia via Seu d'Urgell. He fought at the front in the Durruti Column and later in the 26th Division, becoming the editor of its newspaper '//El Frente//'. In February 1937, at the Second Congress of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) held in Valencia, was appointed secretary of the organisation. Also in June of that year, following the plenary session of the Cataln Regional Committee of the CNT, he was appointed as its secretary, a position he held until September of that year. On July 21, 1927, he participated in the CNT-organised rally held at the Olympia in Barcelona, along with Federica Montseny, Francisco Isgleas and Joaquim Cortes, to protest against the events of the Hecho de Mayo 1937 and the the repression that followed, and defending the FIJL's opposition to the Stalinist counter-revolution. In February 1938, following the Second Congress, he was appointed Secretary of the Organización del Comité Peninsular of the FIJL and later made secretary of the Organización del Comité Peninsular of the FAI. In March 1939, he joined the Comité de Coordinación y Defensa (Defence Coordination Committee) in opposition to the Consejo General del Movimiento Libertario Español (General Council of the Spanish Libertarian Movement; MLE). With the fascist victory, he crossed into France and was held in various prisons (El Templo, Fresnes, Roland Corvejones, etc.) and concentration camps (Vernet, etc.). In 1942, he managed to escape the Algeria camp at Djelfa. He then fought in the French résistance and participated in a failed attempt to invade the mainland via the Basque Country. He was also arrested during a clandestine crossing into Spain and held in Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería and Granada prisons. Once freed, he returned to France, where he helped rebuild the MLE whilst hodling various post in the moderate i.e. collaborationist wing of the movement. In 1951 he was delegate to the Congress of the International Workers Association (IWA), was secretary of the Subcomité pro España and was proposed as a potential minister in a possible Republican coalition goverment. In 1955 he replaced Miguel Sebastián Vallejo as Secretary General of the collaborationist wing of the CNT. In 1957, he was appointed chair of the Alianza Sindical de España designed to united the anti-Francoist activities of the CNT, Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and Sindicato de Trabajadores Vascos (STB). In 1962, he was made the Cultural Secretary of the CNT in Toulouse and went on to direct '//Solidaridad Obrera//' between 1980 and 1982, following on from his editorship of '//España Libre//', '//Esfuerzo//', '//Estudios//' and '//El Frente//' at various times. A prolific author, also writing under the pseudonyms 'Rotaeche' and 'Rali', he wrote for various newspaper and magazine, contributed to and wrote numerous pamphlets and books, including: '//AIT: La Internacional del sindicalismo revolucionario//' (AIT: The International of revolutionary syndicalism); '//Estudio de la revolución española//' (A Study of the Spanish Revolution); '//Voces juveniles: Interpretación àcrata de nuestra revolución//' (The Voice of Youth: Our Interpretation of the anarchist revolution; 1937, with others); '//La CNT y los pueblos de España//' (CNT and the people of Spain); '//La revolución social española//' (The Spanish social revolution; 1975); '//La CNT y el federalismo de los pueblos de España//' (CNT and the federalism of the peoples of Spain; 1977); '//La lucha del hombre: Anarcosindicalismo//' (The struggle of man: Anarchosyndicalism; 1977); '//La CNT al servicio del pueblo//' (CNT in the Service of the People; 1978); '//Marxismo, socialismo y anarquismo//' (Marxism, Socialism and Anarchism; 1978); 'La sociedad federal' (Federal Society; 1989); '//Fermín Salvochea "El libertador"//' (Fermín Salvochea "The Liberator"; 1991); and '//Bakunin, la emancipación del pueblo//' (Bakunin, the emancipation of the people; 1995), etc. However, his most famous works are probably the '//Los pasos del tiempo//' (The steps of time) trilogy - '//El camino de la libertad//' (The Road to Freedom; 1983), '//¡Ay de los vencedores!//' (Woe to the winners!; 1985) and '//Entre la revolucion y la guerra//' (Between Revolution and War; 1986) - a largely autobiographical account of the Civil War in which this fictional protagonist, Ramiro Rueda, travels the winding paths of Spanish history from the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera to exile. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Liarte_Viu puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3082-ramon-liarte-anarquista-autodidacta.html www.alasbarricadas.org/antigua/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3290 www.foroporlamemoria.info/noticias/cnt_huesca_10012004.htm]

1918 - Elizaveta 'Liza' Chaikina (Елизаве́та Ча́йкина; d. 1941), wartime Soviet partisan and guerrilla unit organiser, born. Liza Chaikina went on intelligence collecting missions into enemy-occupied towns and villages. In November 1941 Liza was spotted by a turncoat while on a guerrilla commander's mission and was caught by the Nazis in a safehouse Kuprovyh. The family sheltering her is shot. After terrible torture by the Nazis, who wanted her to disclose the location of the guerrilla unit, she revealed nothing and was shot on November 23, 1941 in Chaikin Peno. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чайкина,_Елизавета_Ивановна www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=296 www.m-necropol.ru/chaikina-liza.html]

1936 - The Italian section of the Ascaso Column repulse an attack by fascist forces at Monte Pelado, near Huesca, Aragon. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/116024 www.oocities.org/soho/den/7257/numero3/antg2.html]

1936 - Michele Centrone (b. 1879), Italain carpenter, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, is shot in the head and dies during the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon front, between Huesca and Almudébar (Aragon, Spain), one of the first Italians to fall there. [see: Dec. 30]

1936 - Fosco Falaschi (b. 1899), Italian brickmaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, is shot in the stomach and dies during the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon front, between Huesca and Almudébar (Aragon, Spain), one of the first Italians to fall there. [see: Nov. 21]

1936 - Vincenzo Perrone (b. 1899), Italian railway worker, sales representative and anarchist, dies during the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon front, between Huesca and Almudébar (Aragon, Spain), one of the first Italians to fall there. [see: Jan. 25]

1936 - Ricardo Naval Pimentel (b. ca. 1906), Andalucían merchant and anarchist, born Born in Chipiona, he was the third of eight children. Member of the Nuevo Horizonte union, affiliated to the CNT, the Guardia Civil labelled him as a "downright leftist and member of the Popular Front whose behavior leaves much to be desired." Arrested by marauding fascists, he was shot on the morning of August 28, 1936 in Cuesta Blanca, the road between Chipiona and Sanlúcar de Barrameda along with 4 other people: Segundo Alonso Leira, a fellow member of Nuevo Horizonte, the CNT and the FAI; Domingo Caro Blanco, member of the CNT and its onetime president; Antonio Rey Lora (Antoñito Iglesias), of the PSOE; and Manuel Ruiz Sáenz, of the PCE. He left a wife, Ursula Santos Galafate, and son, Augustus. His brother, Eduardo Naval Pimentel, a travelling trader and CNT member, was also executed on December 8, 1936 near Rota, and his sister, Elvira Naval Pimentel was stripped naked and purged with castor oil [a standard Spanish torture regularly used in its prisons]. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/ricardo-naval-pimentel-anarquista.html]

1954 - Marius (Alexandre) Jacob (b. 1879), French anarchist illegalist burglar who was the inspiration for Maurice Leblanc's fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, takes his own life with an overdoes of morphine. [see: Sep. 29]

[A] 1968 - Chicago Police riot outside the Democratic National Convention, attacking not only 3000 protesters trying to march to the convention hall, but the attending press and bystanders. Carried live on national TV, the whole world was really watching.

2012 - Isidre Guàrdia Abella aka Leopoldo Arribas, 'Codine', Juan Lorenzo, 'Viriato', Juan Ibérico, 'Isigual', etc. (b. 1921), Spanish writer, autodictat, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Jun. 15] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_haïtienne en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léger-Félicité_Sonthonax]
 * = 29 || [D] 1793 - Slavery is abolished (with severe limits on this freedom) in the north province of the French colony of Santo-Domingo (Haiti).

1900 - Exactly one month after assassinating King Umberto, the anarchist Gaetano Bresci, appears in court, defended by Francesco Saverio Merlino. He is convicted and sentenced to seven years in a one day trial. In May 1901 he is found dead in his prison cell, likely killed by his guards.

[B] 1933 - Pietro Valpreda (d. 2002), Italian dancer, writer and anarchist, who was one of those wrongly accused of the Piazza Fontana bombing, born. He grew up in Milan and was involved in the Circolo la Gioventù Libertaria (Libertarian Youth Cicle), alongside Giuseppe Pinelli, and later the Circolo Ponte della Anarchica Ghisolfa (Anarchist Circle of the Ghisolfa Bridge). Moving to Rome, he frequented the Circolo Bakunin, later helping form the more confrontational Circolo 22 Marzo (believed to largely be a tool of the State, controlled by the intelligence services via the neo-fascist infiltrator and provocateur Mario Merlino). An ideal target to use as a cover for the fascist bombing of Milan's Piazza Fontana on December 12, 1969, which left 16 dead and 88 injured, and the group was rounded up with Valpreda's arrested on Dec. 15. Vilified in the press, he languished in jail awaiting trial for 3 years. Eventually released in 1972, it would not be until 1979 that he was acquitted and officially declared innocent in 1985. It would not be until 2001, the year before Valpreda died, that Delphi Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi, Giancarlo Rognoni and Stephen Tringali will be found guilty of the bombing (Zorzi, Maggi and Rognoni's convictions were later overturned and Tringali's sentence reduced). [ita.anarchopedia.org/Pietro_Valpreda ita.anarchopedia.org/circolo_anarchico_22_Marzo libcom.org/history/valpreda-pietro-1933-2002 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bkp9 www.socialismolibertario.it/valpreda.htm piazzafontana.altervista.org/pietro_valpreda.htm]

[C] 1942 - Occupation officials in the East inform Berlin that the "Jewish problem" has been "totally solved" in Serbia. Since German occupation, 14,500 of Serbia's 16,000 Jews have been murdered. [www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/358.html]

1958 - Notting Hill Riots: During the summer of 1958, Notting Hill had become the centre of increasing racist violence as gangs of Teddy Boys began roaming the street attacking anyone who was black, as well as targetting Caribbean shops and businesses. Against that background, a minor incident took place - an argument between a husband and wife outside Latimer Road Tube Station - that would ultimately lead to a week of racially-motivated violence in the district. The argument was between a Swedish woman and ex-sex worker, Majbritt Morrison, and her husband, Raymond Morrison, a West Indian painter and pimp. There already had been some tension between the neighborhood and Ray, who had had his windows smashed recently, and when a white crowd began racially abusing Ray, obviously thinking they were defending Majbritt, she turned on the abusers, who then turned on her, calling her a "nigger lover". Some of Ray's West Indian friends then turned up and suffles broke out, though no one was seriously injured.

1968 - In Chicago police brutally attack demonstrators, reporters and bystanders as antiwar protesters clash with police and national guardsmen in the streets outside the Democratic national convention in the city. "The whole world is watching"... but a fat lot of good it did.

[A] 1970 - A march against the Vietnam draft ends in riots in Los Angeles, with three killed. A largely Chicano mob trashes the city for the next week.

1971 - Two massive bombs explode at Edinburgh Castle during the military Tattoo, causing extensive damage. The are attributed to the Army of the Provisional Government (APG) aka 'The Tartan Army'. [www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/fringe-terror-with-a-tartan-tinge-1.760400 www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMAPGArmyoftheProvisionalGovernmentandtheTartanArmy.aspx www.electricscotland.com/History/tartan_army14.htm]

[1987 - Lebanese food riots continue [www.nytimes.com/1987/08/30/world/lebanon-food-protests-spread.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_riots_in_the_Middle_East]

1999 - Juan Andrés Álvarez Ferreras aka Íbero Galo (b. 1916), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Civil War and Résistance fighter, dies in Los Angeles. Born in France, the son of an emigrant anarchist who, in 1931, with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, returned with his family to Spain and settled in Tolosa in the Basque Country. In this city he worked as a hairdresser and various members of his family were active libertarians and during the Republican years he actively participated in anarchist agitation. Following the revolutionary events of October 1934, it was imprisoned for a few months in Ondarreta and Irun. Also as a result of the transport strike in the Basque Country, he was jailed for three months in Ondarreta prison. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he fought in San Sebastian, Bilbao, Irun and Santander in the Batalló Malatesta, until he was captured by Italian forces when they occupied Santander. After passing through several workers battalions (working on the reconstruction of Belchite, etc.), in 1941 he was repatriated to France, where he was born and imprisoned in Fort Montluc in Lyon on charges of deserting from the French Army. Then he was sent as a forced labourer to Germany, where he remained until the end of WWII. Once freed in 1945, he collaborated in the reorganisation of the Local Federation of the CNT in Exile in Montlucon (Aquitaine) and was an activist in the Cultura y Acción group of the FAI, with his brother Félix and Salvador Fernández Canto. From 1952 he lived in Canada, first in Quebec, where he worked at Lake St. John, and then in Calgary. In 1962, he moved to Los Angeles and remained active in the American libertarian movement. He also collaborated, under his pseudonym, on numerous anarchist periodicals, such as '//Centi//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//La Escuela Moderna//', '//L'Espoir//', etc.. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2908.html]

2006 - Pedro Fernández Eleta aka 'El Taxista' (b. 1919), Spanish taxi driver, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Jun. 29] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]
 * = 30 || 1820 - James Wilson is executed for his part in the Scottish Insurrection of 1820 (aka the Radical War). [see: Apr. 3]

1843 - Rebecca Riots: Wheat mows on the estate of the powerful Dynevor family are set ablaze by the 'Daughters of Rebecca'. [www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_1_3_Rees.pdf]

1887 - Adam Kuckhoff (d. 1943), German writer, journalist and member of the anti-Nazi Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on September 12, 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on August 5, 1943. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kuckhoff de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kuckhoff]

1888 - Ramón Acin Aquilué (d. 1936), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, professor, writer and avant-garde artist (painter, sculptor, cartoonist), born. Involved with the CNT and imprisoned for his support of political prisoners. A friend of film director Luis Buñuel, he helped finance '//Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan//' (1932), with money he won on the lottery, and is credited as co-producer on the film. He often signed his work under the pseudonym Fray Acín. [www.fundacionacin.org/ www.ephemanar.net/aout06.html#acin anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120830 losdeabajoalaizquierda.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/ramon-acin-anarquista-y-artista-de.html libcom.org/history/acin-aquilue-ramon-1888-1936 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Acín_Aquilué recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/AcinRamon.htm raforum.info/spip.php?article2403 www.afed.org.uk/org/issue66/acin.html]

1900 - José Ledo Limia (d. 1977), Galician anarchist agitator and Civil War fighter, born. During the Great War, he emigrated to Rio de Janeiro and later travelled to Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Peru. In 1919 he was expelled from Argentina and returned to the Peninsula as a stowaway. He returned to Spain as a stowaway and was arrested in Vigo. He joined the army in the wake of the Anual military disaster (Morocco) and served for several years as a gunner in Africa (1921-25). Later he travelled to Havana and on to México (1925-26) and worked in the United States (Pennsylvania). It was in the USA that he came into contact with A. Quintas who introduced him to anarchism. A short time after that he was deported to Spain over his involvement in the Sacco-Vanzetti campaign. He arrived in a Spain under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and spent several months in prison. Later he lived in hiding but was very active, amongst other things helping to set up the social Ateneo in Madrid. During the republic he worked for the Transmediterrnea shipping line (travelling to Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay) acting as a liaison between anarchists on both sides of the Atlantic (smuggling militants and propaganda materials). He gave up the sea after a trip to Fernando Poo when he nearly died of malaria. He was intensely active then in Barcelona and Madrid; the uprising in Asturias in 1934 found him up to his neck in the revolution and he was jailed along with Fosco Falaschi and Benigno Mancebo. He was released on parole in mid-1935 (although some people claim that he was sentenced to death and released under the amnesty in 1936). Thereafter he was active in the catering union in Madrid and in the anarchist federation the FAI. When the civil war broke out, he joined the Galician column as its trade union delegate, fighting on the Madrid front - and rejecting promotion. He later joined the Investigation Branch (in Barcelona-Madrid) whose task was to counter the Stalinist counter-revolution (1937). At this time he was disappointed at the course being taken by the revolution and was bitter at the sight of yesterdays red-hot revolutionaries jockeying for 'position'. He had a miraculous escape from capture by the Francoists at the end of the war and crossed into France via Matar and Camprodon, only to begin an odyssey through concentration camps in Argeles, Barcares, St Cyprien and Arles - from which he escaped several times (he was in Perpignan in February 1939), but to little avail. He was sent to punishment camps and assigned to the Sur-Niort labour battalion. Eventually he made it to Paris where, after some harsh confrontation with anarchist trade union, the CNT, leaders he secured a passage to the Americas. In April he sailed from Le Harve, bound for Cuidad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. Later he moved on to Queretaro in México in 1942, where he remained until 1965 when he smuggled himself to Portugal from where he was forced to flee to México after a short while. In 1974, sorely disenchanted, he returned to end his days in his native land, working on the land. An indefatigable battler, not much given to writing (though he was friendly with well-known libertarian intellectuals) and a born activist, he was without doubt one of the greatest anarchists of his day and one of the ones who resisted the temptation to compromise which seduced lots of other CNT members in 1936. Among his friends were Carpio, B. Esteban, Odón, Tato, Lamberet and Mancebo. Yet he remains a little-known militant. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3008.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3221 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4qrg39 puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3619-jose-ledo-limia-del-grupo-los-intransigentes.html]

1900 - Camilo Arriaga publishes the 'Invitacion al Partido Liberal' manifesto, sparking a movement resulting in the formation of Partido Liberal Mexicano five years hence. Ricardo Flores Magón formally joins the emerging movement today, & it is the main vehicle for organising the anti-Diaz struggle and spreading the ideals of anarchism throughout México. [www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/historia/programa/3.html]

1936 - Teodoro Mora (b. unknown), Spanish communist and then anarchist, is killed in action at Casavieja. A construction worker, whose militancy began at 14 in the Unió General de Treballadors (UGT), the main trades union on the Peninsular. He was expelled from the Partit Comunista d'Espanya (PCE) for refusing to criticise anarchists. In the early '30s, and under the influence of his friend Cipriano Mera, he joined the CNT and was activie in the organisation in the Madrid region. With Mera, Miguel Gonzalez and Feliciano Inestal Benito Anaya one of the architects of the exclusion of the union of its Bolshevik elements. During the great construction strike in Nouvelle Castille launched by the CNT in spring 1936, he defended the position of the Alianza Obrera. Arrested in June 1936 as a member of the strike committee, on 17 July 1936 he was released due to popular demonstrations demanding the release of prisoners. On July 19 of that year he presided in Madrid, along with Mera, the general assembly of members. He participated in the assault of the Montaña barracks and was one of the first organisers of the confederal militias in places such as Alcalá, Vicálvaro and Guadalajara. In August he led, with iron discipline, the Battalion Mora, part of the framed Colonne Del Rosal, which fought Buitrago and Serradag. Teodoro Mora was killed in action on August 30, 1936 at Casavieja (Avila, Castile, Spain). Other sources cite the September 12, 1936 in Mijares, Castile, and still others believe he was captured by the fascists in Gavilanes, also in Avila, being put in a cage and eventually murder. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4056 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3008.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3896-teodoro-mora-asesinado-en-avila-por-los-fascistas.html]

1936 - An East London Trades Council organised anti-fascist march through the East End of London and rally in Victoria Park, is attacked along its route by Blackshirts throwing stones as well as bags of flour and soot. At the head of the parade was a contingent of war veterans wearing their medals and parade marshals prevented them from joining in the melee that followed the attack. Brawling began as the march entered Victoria Park and jeering Blackshirts rampaged up and down Green street attacking anyone they thought was Jewish. Two boys aged eight ad nine were badly beaten and the YCL offices were broken into and wrecked. After speeches in the park, the returning procession was again attacked as it was leaving the district, the BU fascists ambushing the head of the march in a narrow street. Police and parade marshals energetically prevented reinforcements from the ranks that sought to join the battle. One of those injured by fascist stoes was Sylvia Pankhurst, who was also one of the speakers at the rally. [PR] [www.jta.org/1936/08/31/archive/mosleyites-stone-anti-fascist-parade-sylvia-pankhurst-hurt]

[A] 1957 - José Luis 'Face' Facerias (b. 1920), Spanish anarchist and resistance //guerrillero//, is assassinated by the Barcelona police. [see: Jan. 6]

[C] 1958 - Notting Hill Riots: 300 to 400-strong mobs of white youths, many of them Teddy boys armed with iron bars, butcher's knives and weighted leather belts, and shouting "Keep Britain White", "Down with the niggers" and "Go home you black bastards", go "nigger-hunting" among the West Indian residents of Notting Hill and Notting Dale. By the end of the night, five black men have been left lying unconscious on the pavements of Notting Hill. Following yesterday evening's events, [see: Aug. 29] on Saturday night Majbritt Morrison is attacked as she leaves a blues dance. Recognised as haaving been involved in the previous night's incident, a crowd of drunken white men outside a Notting Hill pub began abusing her, calling her a "Black man's trollop" amongst other insults. She is pelted with stones, glass and wood, and struck in the back with an iron bar as she tried to get home. The mob followed her home but she stood her ground, despite being wounded and police orders to go inside. She was then arrested and the crowd dicided to go off and attack a house party organised by one of Britian's first sound systems, Count Suckle. The police arrived just in time to prevent the attack but were unable to prevent mobs roaming the streets, breaking windows and attacking people in the street. Most of the Afro-Caribean residents stayed inside but some came out to fight the mobs. The 'riots' would continue for the rest of the coming week, with neo-fascist groups, such as Colin Jordan's White Defence League and John Bean's National Labour Party, taking the opportunity to exploit the situation. More than 140 people during the two weeks [Aug. 24 - Sep. 5] of the disturbances, mostly white youths but also many black people found carrying weapons to defend themselves with. 108 people were charged with crimes such as grievous bodily harm, affray and riot and possessing offensive weapons. 72 were white and 36 were black. Nine of the white youths were given "exemplary sentences", five years in prison and £500 fines. In January 1959, five months after the riot, a direct precursor of the Notting Hill Carnival, the Caribbean Carnival, was held indoors at St Pancras Town Hall in central London as an act of solidarity and defiant in response to the racist events. Majbritt Morrison would later write a book, '//Jungle West 11//' (1964), about her and Ray Morrison's involvement in the Notting Hill 'race riots'. [www.blackpast.org/gah/notting-hill-riots-1958 www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/notting-hill-riots-1958 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7571879.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majbritt_Morrison www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/24/artsandhumanities.nottinghillcarnival2002 www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/white-riot-the-week-notting-hill-exploded-912105.html]

1958 - Nottingham Riots: A week after the mass disturbances on Saturday 23 August in Nottingham's St. Ann's district, 4,000 people turn out on the streets looking for further trouble. But black people were conspicuous by their absence and, without any visible targets' the white crowd turned on itself. A huge fight ensued and dozens were arrested but the events were overshadowed by what was happening on the streets of Notting Hill in London. [news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6675793.stm]

[D] 1970 - The London home of the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Sir John Waldron, is damaged by a bomb blast. The bombing is not reported in the national press. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1974 - The bombing by the anarchist East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線) of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Headquarters, killing 8 and wounding 376 people, much to the surprise of those involved. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/三菱重工爆破事件 throwoutyourbooks.wordpress.com/2014/08/30/east-asia-anti-japan-armed-front-mitsubishi-bombing/]

1976 - The Notting Hill Carnival Ends in Riots. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/43/notting-hill-carnival-ends-in-riots.html] ||
 * = 31 || 1818 - Weavers strike in Bolton, Manchester and across the north-east of England.

1865 - Paolo Schicchi aka 'il leone di Collesano' (d. 1950), Italian anarchist supporter of the spontaneous/anti-organisational current (anarchico-spontaneista/tendenza antiorganizzatrice), anti-militarist, anti-clericalist, who was prominent in the anti-fascist struggle, born. An individualist anarchist since an early age, he represented the tendency advocating terrorism i.e. the attentat as a way of sustaining the current political struggle at the 1891 libertarian socialist congress in Capolago. A regular resident of Italian jails, he was editor of the '//L'avvenire Anarchico//' newspaper in Pisa in 1910 and a great influence among Sicilian workers and also the Partido Socialista Italiano (Italian Socialist Party) in the region. He also published '//La Zolfara//', '//Il Piccone//' and '//La Zappa//', and was active in the land occupations of that period. After WWI, in 1921, he founded '//Il Vespro Anarchico//', one of the most courageous and unstinting of newspapers in the struggle against fascism and the maffia, which, despite his individualism, he used to expond his views on the need for a united front of revolutionary forces to oppose squadrismo. Mussolini reacted by banning '//Il Vespro//' and jailing Paolo. He managed to escape prison and leave Italy a few months later, settling in Tunisia. In August 1930, he tried to return to Italy to rejoin Salvatore Renda and Filippo Gramignano in the internal fight against Mussolini, with Severino Di Giovanni providing financial assistance in getting him back into the country. However, the ship's captain betrayed him and he was arrested. At his trial he was defiant and was sentenced to ten years in prison. Upon his release he was sent into internal exile. Following the defeat of fascism, he began publishing '//Conversazioni Sociali//', a series of collections of memoirs and old and new writings and, from March 1946 with a new monthly magazine '//L'Era Nuova//', "rivista mensile di cultura sociale", in which he argued "the absolute necessity to form a united front of all revolutionary healthy forces to oppose any reactionary forces anywhere and under any banner that might come". This led him to work with communists and socialists alike in the realisation of a policy that still informs Italian anti-fascism today. He died on December 12, 1950 after having spent forty years in prison and in both internal and external exile. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Paolo_Schicchi www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=22702:schicchi-paolo-il-leone-di-collesano&lang=it www.collesano.org/storia-e-cultura/lanarchico-paolo-schicchi-profilo-di-un-personaggio-storico-quarta-parte.html unanarchicoalgiorno.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/paolo-schicchi.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Paolo_Schicchi www.collesanocorreinrete.it/curiosita/personaggi/472-lanarchico-e-gli-arabi-paolo-schicchi.html cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1608.html]

1867 - Charles Pierre Baudelaire (b. 1821), French poet, essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe, dies. [see: Apr. 9]

[D] 1896 - Philippine Revolution [Himagsikang Pilipino] aka the Tagalog War: The Kawit Revolt marks the beginning of the revolution in Cavite, when 400 bolomen led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who would go on to become the first President of the Philippines, surprise and overpower the Guardia Civil in the town hall of Kawit, seizing their rifles. Later that afternoon, they raised the Magdalo flag at the town hall to a large crowd of Kawitenos all assembled after hearing of their city's liberation. After the bloodless and successful revolt, Aguinaldo quickly armed his men and by September 1896, Aguinaldo had a major force of 600 men and they marched to the city of Imus to the south of Kawit, which Aguinaldo saw as a strategic place to capture because of its proximity to Manila. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawit_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution www.maasincity.com/phil-revolution.htm]

1900 - Gino Lucetti (d. 1943), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in September 1926, for which he got 30 years in prison, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Lucetti ita.anarchopedia.org/Gino_Lucetti www.katesharpleylibrary.net/cnp6dn libcom.org/history/lucetti-gino-1900-1943 archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/settembre/11/anarchico_Gino_Lucetti_voleva_uccidere_co_10_060911022.shtml]

1901 - Ramón Domingo (d. 1995), Spanish anarchist propagandist and Civil War combatant, born. When he was 17, he emigrated to Barcelona in search of work, where he joined the anarchist movement. As a CNT member, in 1919 he participated in the La Canadiense strike, for which he was imprisoned in the Modelo prison in Barcelona. In 1923, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he went to France, where he worked picking grapes. In 1933 he returned to El Ordial to work on family land and opened a library, which was later burned by Franco's troops during the war. In 1936 he joined the CNT militia that marched to Aragón, fighting at Cogolludo and Cifuentes and later joining the 43rd Battalion. With the fascist victory, went into exile in France and suffered in the concentration camps of Argelès and Barcarès. Later he became a Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE) worker in the Brest arsenal, from which he escaped and fled to Tours. From January 5, 1942 he was a member of the Local Federation of the CNT in Exile in Tours. He then went to live in the Paris region. An active anarchist propagandist - he sold the movemnet's newspapers on the streets and markets - and became a self-taught and cultivated reader - from '//l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste//' to Sébastien Faure, and '//L'homme et la Terre//' to Élisée Reclus. Ramon died on Sunday June 16, 1995 in Montreuil and was cremated on 23 June in the Parisian cemetery of Père Lachaise. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3108.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2449]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Victoriano Huerta orders Emiliano Zapata's arrest, Zapata flees into the countryside.

1913 - Bloody Sunday: Dublin police baton-charge a crowd gathered to hear a speech by Jim Larkin, who is arrested on charges of seditious libel and conspiracy, because he advised the crowd (most of whom are mere bystanders i.e. not trade unionist, who are attending a rally elsewhere in the city) to defend themselves against assaults by the police.

[E] 1918 - Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; b. 1890), a 28-year-old Socialist-Revolutionary Party member, attempts to assassinate Lenin at the ' Serp i Molot ' (Серп и Молот / Hammer and Sickle) factory [its name, not what it produced]. Of the 3 shots fired, one of the poisoned bullets passed through his coat but the other two hit him in the neck and left shoulder. Despite 4 days of Cheka torture, Kaplan refused to implicate anybody else and was executed on September 3, 1918 with a bullet to the back of the head. The incident, along with the killing of the Bolsheviks’ Petrograd security boss Moisei Uritsky the previous week, is used as a pretext to launch the 'Red Terror'.

1920 - The Union Anarchiste Italienne (UAI), with half a million members, begins a series of factory occupations in Milan, Turin and across northern Italy following the adoption of a policy advocating Factory Councils at the organisation's July 1-4 congress in Bologna. Anarchists, and Malatesta in particular, speak in the occupied factories and form pickets to guard them to oppose attacks by the police and fascists. The movement has gained such momentum by early September, that the bosses are driven to introduce some degree of self-organisation in their workshops, but they do not extend this to entire factories. The reformist unions, alarmed by the magnitude of the revolutionary movement (especially in steel and automobile industries), are eager to sign an agreement with employers to end the movement. [www.ephemanar.net/aout30.html]

1923 - The Italian Navy bombards the Greek island of Corfu and lands up to 10,000 troops on the island. Following the August 27, 1923, assassination of the Italian general Enrico Tellini, three of his assistants and their interpreter fell in an ambush during a border dispute between Greece and Albania and an ultimatum from Italy 2 days later demanding: (1) a complete official apology, (2) a solemn funeral in the catholic cathedral in Athens, (3) military honours for the bodies of the victims, (4) full honours by the Greek fleet to the Italian fleet which would be sent to Piraeus, (5) capital punishment for the guilty, (6) an indemnity of 50 million lire within five days; and (7) a strict inquiry, to be carried out quickly with the assistance of the Royal Italian military attaché; the response to be given within 24 hours. The Greek response, accepting four of the demands with modifications, was deemed unsatifactory by Mussolini and the Italian Cabinet and Mussolini launches an invasion of Corfu. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_incident]

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: At 16:00 a group of workers from the telephone company had just repaired lines on the Paseo de la Independencia in Zaragoza, escorted by two pairs of the Guardia Civil. Having gotten into their truck several shots rang out, the Guardia Civil then opened fire on passersby who surrounded them and the scabs, with the result of several serious injuries; Serafín Rodríguez, Tomás López Gascón, Enrique Moret and Felipe Zarzuela. Isidro Floria Sánchez suffered fatal wounds. Only one of them, Seraphim, is a telephone worker; the rest are civilians. Witnesses claimed that the shots from the Guardia Civil caused most of the victims, something the governor confirmed to the minister, by telegram, stating the he could not ensure that the victim was not shot by the police. The UGT called for a one-day strike for the following day, an act supported by the governor. The CNT called a meeting and, raising the stakes, called a two-day strike which in fact lasted for four and was accompanied by widespread sabotage and protest. The goverment responded by sending the army in to guard government buildings, banks, Telefónica premises and the Central Market. Cavalry units also patrolled the centre of Zaragoza. The Guardia Civil was strengthened by sending in 200 reinforcements. Strikes and sabotage spread across the country to town and cities including Cadiz, Huelva, Teruel, San Sebastián, Pozoblanco, Zamora, and Criptana. Telephone lines were pulled down and cable and ducts ripped up and burnt. Sabotage was repeated in the Plaza de Sas and in the Calles Democracia, San Pablo and San Blas. Telephone communication with Barcelona was broken and the trams were attacked and stopped as tram lines were lifted in the Calle Espartero. Many on both sides were shot and wounded on both sides, the first being two passersby, Manuel Ortín Sebastián and José Catón Ara, shot by a Guardia Civil near the Arco de San Roque. The authorities subsequently claimed that they fired first despite neither being armed. On the 3rd and 4th, the clashes increased especially in the Paseo Independencia and the Plaza San Miguel; in the Paseo María Agustín a Guardia Civil sergeant was injured in one shootout and in the Calle Alfonso a ticket collector on a tram was wounded. [see also: Aug. 6] [www.academia.edu/8706574/Diario_de_una_ciudad_libertaria www.zaragozamemoriahistorica.com/huelga-telefonos-septiembre-de-1931/]

1933 - Italian labour organiser, Giovanni Pippan (b. 1894), is murdered during his campaign to organise the Italian bread wagon drivers of Chicago. The well-known activist is shot and killed by unknown assailants on a street corner in Cicero, Illinois. During his short career, Pippan did a great deal to promote the plight of workers in his homeland of Italy as well as in the US. At the age of 25 he became the secretary of the Italian Federation of Coal Miners in the Albona region of Italy. However, Pippan fled his native country during the 1920s with the rise of fascism. Pippan was also active in the campaign for Sacco & Vanzetti and the struggle against pro-fascist forces in the Italian immigrant community in the US, and, shortly before his death, he organised the Italian Bread Drivers' League.

1935 - Leroy Eldridge Cleaver (d. 1998), US writer and Black Panther Party activist, including as Minister of Information, born. Many of the philosophical and political essays in his book 'Soul on Ice' (1968) were originally written in prison before his release in 1966 and subsequent membership of the Oakland chapter of the BPP. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcleaver.htm]

1936 - Isaac Puente Amestoy (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist, CNT member and physician, is shot by a fascist firing squad during the night of August 31 - September 1. [see: Jun. 3]

1970 - Philadelphia police raid office of local Black Panthers Party. Amongst those arrested is a young teen Wesley Cook, later known as Mumia Abu-Jamal.

[AA] 1976 -The Hull Prison riot begins with 100 prisoners taking over 3 of the 4 wings of the prison in protest against the brutality of the screws.

1976 - Sympathisers battle with police as prisoners occupy the roof of Turin prison.

[A] 1979 - At Wormwood Scrubs prison the Minimum Use of Force Tactical Intervention (MUFTI) Squad breaks up a peaceful sit down protest by lifers in D Hall, causing more than 50 to suffer head wounds from batons.

1980 - Hipólito Marivela Torres aka Germán Marivela (b. 1917), Castillian carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist and fighter with the Durruti Column, dies. [see: Oct. 11] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7435maqui  the communist newspaper [|l'Unità]