Labour+Movement+May-Jun


 * = MAY ||
 * = 1 || 1838 - Louis Champalle (d. unknown), French weaver and anarchist, who was involved in the //Procès des 66//, born.

[FF] 1886 - __General Strike for the 8-Hour Day__: First US countrywide General Strike for 8-hour day, commemorated in 1889 as the first International Labour Day. 340,000 workers in Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities strike. Four demonstrators are killed and over 200 wounded when police attack the Chicago rally. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair#May_Day_parade_and_strikes www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday denvergeneralstrike.noblogs.org/files/2012/02/consulta_handout_may1_genstrike.pdf h2g2.com/edited_entry/A627662]

[FF] 1886 - __Bay View Massacre or Bay View Tragedy__: About 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St. Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, angrily denouncing the ten-hour workday. The protesters marched through the city, calling on other workers to join them. All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills. Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields. On the morning of May 5, as protesters chanted for the eight-hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, some of whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene, including a child. The 'Milwaukee Journal' reported that eight more would die within twenty-four hours, adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_View_massacre libcom.org/history/1886-bay-view-massacre www.theclio.com/web/entry?id=13666 www.linkstothepast.com/milwaukee/bayviewmassacre.php]

1890 - 30,000 march in Chicago May Day demonstration as the newly prominent American Federation of Labour throws its weight behind the 8-hour day campaign. May Day labour demonstrations spread to 13 other countries.

1890 - In Vienna, the working population responding to the call of anarchist Louise Michel, Eugène Thennevin and Peter Martin takes to the streets to encourage those working to strike. The procession bearing red flags and black flags and singing '//La Carmagnole//' but it does not take long before the agents of law and order arrive. Barricades are erected, a textile factory is ransacked, but the leaders are arrested. Spontaneous strikes will continue for a week. Three anarchists will be heavily sentenced to Grenoble before the Assize Court of Isere in August 1890 for these events. [see: Aug. 8]

1890 - The first May Day celebration in Poland gathers about 10,000 Warsaw workers. All nine organisers are arrested and sent to prisons in Russia (two of them die there) after the famous 'May Day Trial'.

1890 - 1st May Demonstrations in Italy and clashes in Livorno between workers and authorities occurs.

[DD] 1891 - __Fusillade de Fourmies__: In the industrial city of Fourmies in northern France workers had been campaigning for the 8-hour day and planned a general strike for May, encouraged by amongst others Paul Lafargue. On April 30th the local factory owners had put posters up on the walls of Fourmies stating their determination to make no concessions. Under their leadership, the mayor asked for two infantry companies of the 145th regiment of the line to be send in. At 05:00 200 protesters try to bring out the Sans-Pareille factory and the owner calls in the police. The protesters sing the 'Marseillaise' and chant demands for the 8-hour day. 06:00 the first arrests are made. 09:00 with strikers trying to persuade those not on strike to come out and tension mounting as further arrests are made, five mounted police charge the crowd of 2000 people. Amazed and indignant, the crowd responds by throwing stones. Five demonstrators were arrested and locked up at City Hall. More troops arrive. 10:00: At the Town Hall Square a workers' delegations and a crowd of around 800 people, including women and children carrying flowers and palms. Attempts to clear the square by the police ended in failure. Two more workers are arrested. On the church steps Hippolyte Culine, a local labour leader, calls for calm and that the festivities continue. Troops shooting in the air clears the square. 11:30 - 13:30: A workers' delegation is received by the mayor, who postpones for a few hours the release of prisoners; this has the effect of increasing tension, and thus the cancellation of the festivities. The mayor, the sub-prefect and the deputy prosecutor then go to talk to Francois Boussus, the most influential textile boss in the region. At 16:30 protesters occupied the corner of Noizet where they are beaten and dispersed by mounted police. At 17:00 a crowd demanding the release of prisoners gain gathers, whilst the city officials return to the town hall. 18:30: The tension is extreme amongst the crowd of 150-200, who are faced by 300 soldiers equipped with the new Lebel rifle - it contains 9 bullets that can easily pass through 3 bodies when fired from less than 100 metres. As a few stones are thrown, the troops' commander, Chapus, orders them to fire in the air. The crowd do not flee, even when Chapus orders "Baïonnette! En avant!" The crowd and their flag bearer Kléber Giloteaux instead advance. Chapus responds by crying "Feu! feu! feu rapide! Visez le porte-drapeau!" (Fire! Fire! Rapid fire! Aim for the flag bearer!) Nine people are killed, including 4 young women shot in the head, Giloteaux and two children aged 11 and 14 years-old. At least 35 are also left injured. Culine and Lafargue both arrested later that month and sentenced to prison for incitement to murder, Culine receives 6 years imprisonment and Lafargue one. A lockout of 1,200 workers is pronounced by the three main employers in the city, which is enforced with the help of the army. The Chamber of Deputies eventually votes to amnesty the arrested protesters. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Fourmies de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Fourmies lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/2014/05/1891-massacre-de-fourmies.html]

1891 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The Fascio di Catania, the first such truly effective organisation, is established. Its formation effectively kick-started the Fasci movement in Sicily. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1891 - The first issue of '//Le Pot à Colle//' (The Glue Pot), published by l'Union Syndicale de l'Ebénisterie et du Meuble Sculpté (syndicalist union of joiners and furniture carvers), appears in the Bagnolet district of Paris.

1891 - In Rome, where the internationalist anarchist Amilcare Cipriani and Galileo Palla are speaking at a rally calling for the reduction of the working day to eight hours, the police attack the crowd of more than two hundred with their swords. The crowd retaliate with stones. A worker, Antonio Picistrelli, and a police officer are killed and more than a hundred injured. Over two hundred people are arrested in the following days, including Cipriani and Palla.

1891 - __Australian Shearers' Strike / Great Shearers' Strike of 1891__: One of the first May Day marches in the world takes place during the 1891 strike in Barcaldine. The 'Sydney Morning Herald' reported that 1340 men took part of whom 618 were mounted on horse. Banners carried included those of the Australian Labor Federation, the Shearers' and Carriers' Unions, and one inscribed "Young Australia". The leaders wore blue sashes and the Eureka Flag was carried. The 'Labor Bulletin' reported that cheers were given for "the Union", "the Eight-hour day", "the Strike Committee" and "the boys in gaol". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Australian_shearers'_strike]

1892 - Anarchists disrupt the Central Labour Union's May Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In retaliation, the organisers of the celebration stop Emma Goldman's speaking by hitching a horse to the open wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.

1894 - __May Day Riots in Cleveland__: A series of violent demonstrations and riots take place throughout Cleveland, Ohio in the wake of the city's soaring unemployment rate stemming from the Panic of 1893, ending rioting amongst the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894 anarcranks.wordpress.com/2014/05/01/cleveland-may-day-riot-1894/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18940503.2.8]

1899 - [N.S. May 13] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 13] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1905 - In Poland, 60 workers found dead after fights with police on May Day.

1905 - [N.S. May 14] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: 200,000 workers go on strike in nearly 200 towns throughout Russia.

1905 - The Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú" (Workers' Union of Bakeries "Star of Peru"), which the previous year had been reconstituted from the remnants of the old union and the Sociedad Obrera de Panaderos, led by Manuel C. Lévano, which had disbanded from the craft-based Confederación de Artesanos "Unión Universal" (Confederation of Craftsmen "Universal Union"), adopts a new constitution. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/v41qc1 periodicohumanidad.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/historia-de-la-federacion-de-obreros-panaderos-estrella-del-peru/]

1907 - The first issue of '//L'Exploitée: Organe des femmes travaillant dans les usines, les ateliers et les ménages//' (The Exploited: Paper of women working in factories, workshops and households) is published in Bern. It has considerable influence in the unionisation of workers, in particular needle makers and goes on to become their official newspaper in Oct. 1907.

1909 - __Semana Roja__: In Argentina, Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists. [EXPAMD] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Roja_(Argentina) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina) www.anred.org/spip.php?article2962 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/argentine-workers-campaign-human-rights-semana-roja-1909]

1913 - First May Day celebrations in Mexico. Also La Casa del Obrero (House of the Worker) changes it's name to Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World-wide Worker).

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Seventy seven children of Paterson strikers are sent to families in New York City to keep them safe and fed for the duration of the strike. Unlike the 1912 Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' textile strike, the police do not try and interfere. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_massacre libcom.org/history/everett-massacre-1916-walt-crowley www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0511.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/everett-massacre.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/ www.historylink.org/File/9981 www.newspapers.com/newspage/83612240/ depts.washington.edu/iww/everett_story.shtml depts.washington.edu/iww/faces_of_iww.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/emerson.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/weaversdoc.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_weaver guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341845&p=2299873]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The Paint Creek miners accept and sign a new settlement contract imposed on the striking miners by the new West Virginia governor, Dr. Henry D. Hatfield. The Cabin Creek miners continued to resist and held out until the end of July. The agreement provided for the same working conditions existing in the unionised Kanawha field, except that the Paint Creek miners had gone to work for two and a half cents per ton less than their former scale.

1914 - The first issue of the monthly '//Le Falot: Critique Populaire Valaisan//' is published in Vouvry, Switzerland. Created by Clovis Pignat and directed by a group of friends unionists, anarchists and free thinkers, the four page newspaper includes one in Italian.

1916 - Karl Liebknecht is arrested following a Spartacist organised demonstration in Berlin against the war.

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: In spring of 1916 the shingle economy had recovered from a sharp recession, yet workers in Everett mills were not receiving scale pay. Their pay had been cut by 20% in 1915 in agreement with the union, but now the newly reorganised AFL-affiliated International Shingle Weavers' Union of America in Everett had called a strike in hopes of its members regaining their 1914 wage scale following a recovery in the price of cedar. The dispute was swiftly settled in favour of the mill owners, except at one mill, the Jamison Mill, which continued on strike. The IWW, who was not itself involved in the strike, saw this as an opportunity to organise and provide support to the striking workers. This inevitably drew them into conflict with the local business and commercial interests, their hired thugs, the police and local vigilantes. [see: Jul. 31]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: Following the rejection of the workers' demands as expressed in the April 13th manifesto published by the Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias (Committee for the Lowering of Subsistence), a general strike is called by the Comité. On May 4 a demonstration in Lima was violently suppressed. In El Callao, which suffered a total shut down of employers, there were serious clashes between the army and the workers, with a large number of deaths and looting. The main workers and anarchist leaders were arrested, including Gutarra, Fonkén and Barba. In Chosica there were also two dead and several wounded. The government imposed the Martial Law, and raided private homes, and local anarchist and trade union offices. A new anti-riot force, denominated Guardia Urbana, was created due to the reluctance of some troops to take part in the repression of the workers movement. But the popular movement did not withdraw and on July 4, the President of the Republic José Pardo y Barreda was deposed. On July 12 the detainees were released and there were popular demonstrations of celebration. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1919 - __May Day Riots Cleveland__: A series of violent demonstrations occur throughout Cleveland, Ohio on May Day in protest the jailing of Eugene V. Debs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1919]

1919 - May Day riots in Boston and throughout the US.

1920 - The first edition of '//Der Freie Arbeiter//', the Brazilian revolutionary anarchist twice weekly 'Journal of Socialist Workers and German Association, is published in Porto Alegre.

1920 - A rally at the Trades Union hall in Turin attended by over 100,000 is addressed by speakers including the anarchist Raffaele Schiavina. The meeting ends when the police attack the crowd, firing into it killing two and wounding thirty.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: With the Fédération Nationale des Cheminots responding to the strike movements in the transport sector running out of steam by calling for a new staggered unlimited strike (//grève illimitée//), timed to coincide with the traditional workers' May Day demonstrations, the French government fearing the possibility of insurrectionary riots in Paris had sent the military in to support the gendarmerie. Troops now occupy Paris railway stations, whilst the city's avenues are patrolled as a preventive measure by police patrols, mounted dragoons and municipal guards, whilst tanks and armoured cars stand guard on street corners. However, the mobilisation fails to prevent demonstrations across the country turning violent. In fact, rather than preventing trouble, it ends up provoking trouble and leads to the death of at least two people in Paris. One, a 60-year-old woman, who had been standing at a first floor window in the Rue Beaurepaire was hit in the head by a police bullet, dying in an ambulance en route to hospital. In another incident, on the Boulevard de Magenta around 14:30, demonstrators whistled at a group of police officers passing by, to which the police responded with a sabre charge, setting of often bloody skirmishes in the district, in one of which the député Alexandre Blanc was wounded. The following day 'Le Gaulois' spoke of a "fiasco anarchiste", during which "quelques agents ont suffi à mettre à la raison les apprentis bolchevistes" (a few agents have sufficed to put the Bolshevist apprentices to the test). The paper also reported tow dead and thirty injured. In 'Le Figaro', the right-wing journalist Louis Latzarus hailed the victory of the "bourgeois" over the "//manuels//" (manual workers): "La volonté de nous défendre, la résolution ferme de ne pas subir le gouvernement des manuels, telle est notre arme, tel est notre salut." (The will to defend ourselves, the firm resolution not to undergo the government of the manual class, is our weapon, this is our salvation.) In Paris the general strike is largely a failure, with the syndicats 'jaunes' (yellow unions) and the mobilisation of the bourgeoisie and students from the grandes écoles stepping in to run Parisian transport services. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_en_1920 www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du clio-texte.clionautes.org/IMG/xbs_PDF/xbs_pdf_article_5423.pdf www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm www.chronorama.net/un_pays.php?pays=France&debut=10795]

1920 - In Japan, May Day rally is held outdoors for the first time. 5000 workers participate, with red and black flags a-flying.

1931 - In Barcelona, and against the background of rising social tensions, the CNT organise a demonstration. Amongst the delegates from the international anarchist movement are: Augustin Souchy (Germany), Ida Mett and Volin (Russia), Camillo Berneri (Italy), Helmut Rüdiger (Sweden), and Louis Lecoin and Pierre Odeon (France). A huge procession, estimated at more than 100,000 people, gathers to demand the radical reform of society by the new Republic. At 13 hours, the event is blocked by the Civil Guard. An officer advances, revolver drawn. Francisco Ascaso attempts to negotiate, but when the Civil Guard demands the immediate dissolution of the event, Ascaso disarms him with a punch. The disarmed officer returns to his men. Durruti, brandishing a red and black flag, exclaims "Passage to the FAI!" The crowd then invades Plaza de la Constitución, but when delegates try to enter the Palace to present their resolutions, shooting from the building causes panic and the first victims in ranks of demonstrators. Some groups of armed workers then retaliated with gunfire despite an appeal for calm Durruti (who is injured, as is Ascaso). A company of infantry, commanded by Captain Miranda, sides with the demonstrators, ending the confrontation. Result: 1 dead and 15 wounded on the protesters, side, two dead and several wounded amongst the civil guards and Carabinieri.

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: With May Day not yet a public holiday, workers across France celebrate the day with a strike, attending their union offices. In Le Havre, thousands of workers turn up with their union cards to take part in a meeting, many wearing red roses in their buttonholes.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: Workers' demonstrations take across Alsace the day before the second round of parliamentary elections are due to take place. The workers chanted the demands: "Semaine de 40 heures! Congés payés pour tous!" (A forty hour week! Paid leave for all!) In the election the Front Populaire triumphs across Frence except in Alsace. These teo events would play a significant part in the outbreak of strikes the following month. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - The fourth congress of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is held in Zaragoza, Spain.

1937 - 60,000 people gather in Hyde park in London for a May Day demonstration, the first time in 30 years that an anarchist, Emma Goldman, under the auspices of the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, has appeared on the platform. EG speaks about the revolutionary experience and the collectivisation then being carried out on the Iberian Peninsula. The speech is the result of her experiences as a militant anarcho-syndicalist that she gained on her first trip to these lands. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0105.html]

1950 - General Strike against repression in South Africa.

1968 - In Paris, during the traditional May Day demonstrations fights break out around a black flag as Communists try to exclude the anarchists from the procession.

[F] 1974 - __Imperial Typewriter Strike__: Asian workers at the Imperial Typewriter Copdale Road factory go out on strike against unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and union branch refused their support [the NF attempted to support the TGWU and intimidate the strikers], but the strikers, supported by other black workers and Race Today, stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks. This Transport and General Workers' Union enquiry into the dispute criticised local union officials and instituted changes to ensure that shop stewards and the branch committee were more representative of local membership.

1986 - South Africa experiences a general strike of 1.5 million workers.

1990 - Parisian Metro's Stalingrad station is renamed Commune de Krondstad by the libertarian group Commune de Paris. "S'il ya faillite des idéologies, ce n'est pas le cas de nos idéaux reposant sur la liberté de chacun, l'égalité pour tous, l'entr'aide et le fédéralisme autogestionnaire." (If there is a bankruptcy of ideologies, it is not the case with our ideals which rest on the freedom of everyone, equality for all, mutual aid self-management and federalism.)

1996 - Riots with Berlin police erupt after two separate May Day marches, one of 20,000 workers protesting government social spending cuts and one of 10,000 'radical leftists' protesting anti-squatting raids. Ten police are injured.

1996 - Three killed and 69 injured when Turkish police attack banned leftist demonstrators in a 100,000 person May Day rally in Istanbul.

2006 - __Huelga de Maestros / Oaxaca Teachers' Strike & Protests__: On 1 May 2006, teachers in the Mexican city of Oaxaca handed in a document listing their grievances and demands as part of their annual protests against government wage cuts and diminishing resources for their students. While normally these protests ended after a few days or weeks with small wage concessions by the government, the teacher’s strike of 2006 lasted for five months and followed a very different action trajectory. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6102018.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_popular_de_los_pueblos_de_Oaxaca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Popular_de_los_Pueblos_de_Oaxaca www.tomzap.com/OAXgo.html biiacs-dspace.cide.edu/handle/10089/15841 www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/21/index.php?section=opinion&article=027a1pol]

2010 - Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in central Athens and other Greek cities for May Day rallies fuelled by anger at expected harsh austerity measures needed to secure rescue loans for near-bankrupt Greece. [articles.latimes.com/2010/may/01/world/la-fg-mayday-protests-20100502] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Internacional_en_España madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html]
 * = 2 || 1869 - Giuseppe Fannelli founds the AIT section in Barcelona, ​​with a number of distinguished names amongst its members: Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antonio Marsal Anglora, appointed secretaries of the organization, Gaspar Sentiñón, Trinidad Soriano, José García Viñas, Juan Nuet, Jaime Balasch, Clement Bové and Juan Fargas. The Madrid section would not be officially recognised until December that year.

1883 - Otto Weidt (d. 1947), German anarchist and pacifist, who ran a workshop in Berlin for the blind and deaf and fought to protect his Jewish workers against deportation during the Holocaust, born. As one of his customers was the Wehrmacht, Weidt managed to have his business classified as vital to the war effort. Up to 30 blind and deaf Jews were employed at his shop between the years of 1941 and 1943. When the Gestapo began to arrest and deport his Jewish employees, he fought to secure their safety by falsifying documents, bribing officers and hiding them in the back of his shop. Though Weidt, forewarned, kept his shop closed on the day of the Fabrikaktion in February 1943, many of his employees were still deported. After the war, Otto Weidt established an orphanage for survivors of the concentration camps. He died of heart failure only 2 years later, in 1947. On September 7, 1971, Yad Vashem recognised Weidt as a Righteous Man of the World's Nations. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weidt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weidt www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Weidt.html www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/widerstand1944.en.html www.ottoweidt.zeitzeugenagentur.de/index-eng.php]

1915 - Following the repudiation at the IX Congreso on April 1 of the principles of anarcho-communism established at the V Congreso in 1905, at an emergency assembly the anarchist minority splits from the FORA del IX Congreso rump to form the FORA del V Congreso (anarquista) in order to maintain adherence to the declaration of the Fifth Congress. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_V_Congreso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_IX_Congreso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORA]

1918 - Amilcare Cipriani (b. 1844), Italian Garibaldian revolutionary, partisan internationalist, communard, anarchist and socialist, dies. [Oct. 18]

1918 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (Malla Rosell o Mariposilla; d. 1995), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0205.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3533-maria-malla-fabregas-poeta-escritora-y-militante-anarquista.html]

[F] 1919 - In São Paulo, a General Strike begins at the Matarazzo plant in Bras after workers walk out in support of a colleague who was being victimised for having made a May Day speech. The workers go from factory to factory persuading their fellow workers to come out on strike. 'A Plebe' claimed that the strike eventually involved more than 50,000 workers of all trades and unions in São Paulo region. [libcom.org/history/organized-labor-brazil-1900-1937-anarchist-origins-government-control-colin-everett]

[C] 1933 - The Nazis abolish all labour unions: police units occupy all trades union offices, union officials and leaders are arrested and union funds appropriated. [www.historylearningsite.co.uk/trade_unions_nazi_germany.htm]

1944 - __Huelga de Brazos Caídos [Strike of Lowered Arms*__]: Led by El Salvador's students, the strike to depose the country's dictator Maximiliano Hernández Martínez began on May 2 in the universities and irresistibly spread to the country's factories. Their strategy was to avoid direct confrontation with the regime's soldiers by simply, passively, non-violently staying home. During this massive political action, Salvadoran society was completely paralysed until he was deposed. On May 5, sdoctors, lawyers, dentists, teachers, pharmacists, engineers, shopkeepers, market women, laborers, technicians, theater employees, and bank, railroad, and electric-utility employees enthusiastically participated, successfully turning it into a general strike. On May 7 police fired into a group of youths, and fatally struck a 17-year-old who happened to be a U.S. citizen. This increased the pressure on the regime. After attempting to negotiate a delayed departure date, Hernández Martínez resigned outright. By May 11 the strike was over, and he had fled to exile in Guatemala. [see: Apr. 2] [*or "strike with arms at our sides"] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/el-salvadorans-bring-down-dictator-1944 bloquepopularjuvenil.org/la-huelga-general-de-brazos-caidos-de-1944/ old.laizquierdasocialista.org/node/919 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximiliano_Hernández_Martínez]

1954 - __Gran Huelga Bananera [Great Banana Strike__]: On May 1, Luis García, who had been chosen by United Fruit Company dockworkers in Puerto Cortés as their spokesman, submitted the workers' request for double pay for work on Sunday. When UFCO officials said they would consider the request, the workers returned to their jobs, only to find that García had been fired for being an "agitator". On May 2, and with company officials ignoring the workers' demands that García be reinstated, the dockworkers went out on strike. All 25,000 UFCO laborers, along with 15,000 from Standard Fruit, soon joined them. Mine, textile, tobacco, and brewery employees soon followed suit. The 69-day general strike paralyzed the whole north coast of Honduras but ended with the UFCO workers returning to work on July 9th with an agreement on terms well short of their original demands. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike_of_1954 lasa.international.pitt.edu/LASA98/Bowman.pdf nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/united-fruit-company-laborers-campaign-economic-justice-honduras-1954 hondurasresists.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/may-1-mayo-60-year-anniversary-of.html www.elsoca.org/index.php/america-central/movimiento-obrero-y-socialismo-en-centroamerica/2470-honduras-1-de-mayo-de-1954-a-58-anos-de-la-gran-huelga-bananera munielprogreso.hn/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=72 anarquismoenhonduras.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-del-54-en-honduras-una-lucha.html]

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: The University of Paris at Nanterre closed down by the administration following months of conflict between students and the authorities, the first significant event in May 1968. || [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]
 * = 3 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 21] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On Saturday April 21, 1883, pay day, two weeks after having been told that their already starvation level wages were to be cut, 120 desperate women from the Spooling section headed to the director Tomasz Garvie to ask him not to lower their wages. They explained that they could not live on this new salary rate but, despite their ardent pleas, they were thrown out the door. The women decided to reconvene tomorrow on their day off to decided what to do now.

1886 - Chicago police kill four and wound at least 200 after they attack a rally of striking workers outside the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant in the city. The workers had gone on strike to demand an 8-hour day and had been locked out since early February, with strikebreakers hired to replace them. Speaking to the rally August Spies advised the striking workers to "hold together, to stand by their union, or they would not succeed." When the end-of-the-workday bell sounded, however, a group of workers surged to the gates to confront the strikebreakers. Despite calls for calm by Spies, the police fired on the crowd. Outraged by this act of police violence, local anarchists quickly printed and distributed fliers calling for a rally the following day at Haymarket Square. Printed in German and English, the fliers claimed that the police had murdered the strikers on behalf of business interests and urged workers to seek justice. The first batch of fliers contain the words "Workingmen Arm Yourselves and Appear in Full Force!" When Spies saw the line, he said he would not speak at the rally unless the words were removed from the flier. All but a few hundred of the fliers were destroyed, and new fliers were printed without the offending words. More than 20,000 copies of the revised flier were distributed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair#May_Day_parade_and_strikes dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/haymarkethistory.html www.historybits.com/haymarket-riots.htm]

1890 - Alternative birth date [see: 23 February 1882] for enigmatic novelist, German anarchist revolutionary, B. Traven (d. 1969) aka Otto Feige, Albert Otto Max Wienecke, Berick Traven Torsvan, Hal Croves, Torsvan Croves, Ret Marut, Bent Traven. [libcom.org/history/ret-marut-early-b-traven-james-goldwasser libcom.org/history/art-weapon-frans-seiwert-cologne-progressives-martyn-everett latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-scrittori-libertari-pierre-afuzi-marut-traven-l-homme-de-l-ombre-etait-homme-de-lumiere-da-a-contretemps-n-23-gennaio-2006-47918762.html]

1898 - Bread riots begin in Milano — put down May 8 with heavy loss of life.

1899 - [N.S. May 15] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 1]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 15] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The government instigates a wave of arrests against the stikers on the pretext of plotting against the security of the State. Those arrested include the leaders of the strike committee, including Pierre Monatte, one of the leaders of the Comités syndicalistes révolutionnaires, the revolutionary minority within the CGT, though not a railway worker. Meanwhile, a union delegation attemps to negotiate a return to work if the companies guarrentteno reprisals. Also, dockworkers come out on strike in support of the railworkers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1920 - Nazis officially change 'German Worker's Party' to 'National Socialist German Workers Party', recuperating both 'socialist' and 'worker' into an anti-workerist corporate ideology.

[F] 1926 - __General Strike (UK)__: A general strike "in defence of miners' wages and hours" officially begins at one minute to midnight. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike libcom.org/history/articles/british-general-strike libcom.org/tags/1926-general-strike spartacus-educational.com/TUgeneral.htm www.unionhistory.info/generalstrike/ www.unionhistory.info/generalstrike/links.php nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-general-strike-support-mine-workers-1926 warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/subject_guides/gs/ www.wcml.org.uk/our-collections/protest-politics-and-campaigning-for-change/general-strikes/general-strike-of-1926/ www.theguardian.com/gnmeducationcentre/2016/may/01/newspapers-in-the-general-strike-1926-archive-teaching-resource www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/class-war-in-may-1926-nine-days-that-shook-the-uk-6102058.html]

1926 - __'Fiske v. Kansas'__: The appeal of the conviction of IWW organiser Harold B. Fiske under Kansas' 1920 Criminal Syndicalism Act is first argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. During the appeal the state of Kansas could prove neither that Fiske had any actual or imminent intent to illegally change the economic structure of the United States nor that he intented to overthrow the US government. Fiske's words were thus protected by the First Amendment and so could not be barred. The court's decision was handed down on May 16, 1927. In it the Syndicalism Act was described as "an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power of the State" and its use to convicted Fiske was found to be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgement of the state court was reversed, and Fiske was found to be not in violation of any law. [see: Jul. 2] [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

1937 - Three truckloads of Communist Guards commanded by Rodriguez Salas attempt to seize the worker-run Telephone Exchange in Barcelona. Armed resistance from the CNT workers on the upper floors thwarts this. Within a few hours, a host of armed bands has been formed and the first barricades erected. The mobilisation resolves into two sides: one made up of the CNT and the POUM, the other of the Generalidad, the PSUC, the ERC and Estat Català. Fighting spread to all parts of the city, lasting for four days. Stalinists denounce Trotskyite P.O.U.M. as "Franco's Fifth Column" in preparation for its own liquidation (assassinations, etc) of independent radicals and anarchists (similar to purges in Russia as well). ||
 * = 4 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 22] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The women Spooling Room workers from the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory) hold a series of meetings and conversations, finally deciding that they would not start work on Monday, which would result in the factory having to halt production due to lack of yarn.

[A] 1886 - __Haymarket Massacre__: A bomb thrown at police by a provocateur during a labour demonstration protesting police brutality yesterday at McCormick Reaper Works kills 7 Chicago cops and ultimately results in the trial of eight anarchists, who are condemned to death. [ Costantini pic ]

1892 - Paulino Díez Martín (d. 1980), Spanish carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist and CNT militant, who spent frequent periods in jail because of his untiring activism, born. Following the Spanish Revolution he escaped to Panama, where he lived in exile until his death in 1980. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Díez_Martín www.estelnegre.org/documents/paulinodiez/paulinodiez.html manelaisa.com/articulo/articulo-18-paulino-diez-y-el-anarcosindicalismo/]

[F] 1919 - __Fremantle Wharf Riot aka Battle of the Barricades__: A strike called by the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) over the use of National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers to unload the quarantined ship Dimboola escalates into fatal violence when WWF workers and supporters attempt to prevent NWWU members from carrying out the work. In 1917, the Fremantle Lumpers Union refused to load ships that they believed were destined to take supplies to Germany, then an enemy nation. This belief was denied by the government of the day (but was however later proven to be correct), and in response the shipowners and government brought in strike-breakers under the NWWU banner. This was intended to be only for the job at hand, but the NWWU labour continued to be employed after the immediate need, and despite their willingness the WWF workers were prevented from returning to work for some time. On May 4, 1919, the WWF were blockading the wharf to prevent the NWWU workers from reaching the Dimboola. The NWWU workers, however, arrived in boats down the river, accompanied by the recently appointed Western Australian Premier, Hal Colebatch. In the fracas, Tom Edwards, a union worker, was attempting to assist the WWF president William Renton when he was struck on the head by a police baton. He died three days later at Fremantle Hospital. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Fremantle_Wharf_riot en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fremantle_Wharf_Crisis_of_1919 freoworkers.org/1919.html www.policewahistory.org.au/html_pages/Dimboola_incident.html www.publicartaroundtheworld.com/Tom_Edwards_Memorial_Fountain.html pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/24883/20100515-0207/john.curtin.edu.au/education/tlf/R3292/00568005002_image/index.html trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/81397537 monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/humanitarian/display/60515-tom-edwards]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: A demonstration in Lima in support of the demands put forward by the Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias is violently suppressed. [see: May 1]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: Henri Sirolle, deputy secretary of the fédération des cheminots and one of the leaders of the strike committe is arrested. [see: May 1 & 3]

1924 - Having shown extreme caution since the military coup by Primo de Rivera, on September 13, 1923, the CNT holds its last national convention before going underground.

1926 - __General Strike (UK)__:

1927 - On the 41st anniversary of the Haymarket affair, a streetcar (tram) jumped its tracks and crashed into the monument to the dead policemen. The motorman said he was "sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised".

1953 - __Plovdiv Strike & Workers' Uprising [Забастовка и рабочее восстание в Пловдиве__]: In the spring of 1953, workers' protests in the Bulgarian city ​​of Plovdiv, a major centre of the tobacco industry, as well as nearby Khasskovo. What began as a strike by the tobacco industry under economic demands, quickly turned into a mass anti-Stalinist action against the communist government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. On April 20, 1953, the Plovdiv tobacco workers sent an appeal to the general secretary of the BKP Central Committee, Valko Chervenkov. They warned that in the absence of an agreement on their demands (guaranteed employment, a five-day working week and even to ensure the right to strike), submitted in response to the government's planned layoffs at tobacco enterprises announced in early April, they would refuse to leave work and hold a protest action in front of the office of the Derzhavnia Tyutyunov Monopol, the State Tobacco Monopoly. On the night of April 21, a 20-person strike committee was elected, headed by the anarchist Kiril Dzhavezov. The central and local authorities regarded these events as an unacceptable disobedience. In Plovdiv uniformed police were reinforced. In response, on May 3 the largely female striking workforce expelled the factory security and barricaded themselves in the warehouse. The room was immediately blockaded by the police. On the morning of May 4, 1953, a spontaneous expansion in the protests began, largely facilitated by female workers. The Stefan Kirajiev and Georgi Ivanov warehouses were seized by the strikers. The police began shooting into the air, but retreated under the pressure of the crowd. At a meeting of many thousands, Stanho Vutev, a veteran of the labour movement and participant in the underground anti-fascist struggle, called for a protest at the DTM building. A party and government delegation arrived in Plovdiv from Sofia, addressing the strikers on the Boulevard Ruski. A speech by the Minister of Industry Anton Yugov was met by boos, anti-communist slogans and eventually stones. The Minister of Agriculture Stanko Todorov was met by a similar reaction. The police again started shooting in the air. The bloodshed was initiated by the secretary of the Plovdiv committee of the BCP Ivan Primov, who gave the command "Fire!". The Sofia delegation retreated under police protection, whilst the police continued firing. Clashes continued for several hours and by midday the authorities were back in control. Nine people were killed, including three members of the strike committee, and dozens injured, whilst hundreds of others were beaten, arrested and sent to 'correctional centres'. [digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111324 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пловдивска_стачка_и_работнически_бунт_1953_г. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовка_и_рабочее_восстание_в_Пловдиве_(1953) bulgaria1944-1989.eu/tour/bg/istina/от-социални-искания-към-политически-б-2/ toross.blog.bg/politika/2010/05/22/plovdiv-mai-1953-pyrvata-stachka-sreshtu-komunizma-v-iztochn.549706 www.168chasa.bg/Article/2307824]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The government declares the state of siege in Asturias, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa provinces. However, the strike maintains its momentum despite increasing state repression. [see: Apr. 7] ||
 * = 5 || 1818 - Shameless Bakunin plagiarist and bad-mouther (of the same) Karl Marx born.

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 23] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On (Monday) the first day of the strike, 245 workers of the Żyrardów linen factory fail to turn up for work in protest at their pay cuts. However, this failed to force the factory director into to making any concessions, although Karol August Dittrich, surprised by the events and worried about the losses that could come from it, proposed a settlement with the strikers, but he was over-ruled by the rest of the factory board, headed by Mikołaj Wątróbski. In order to intimidate the strikers, several women from the Spooling section and their fathers and husbands were identified, and they were threatened with expulsion from the factory and settlement and being forced to return to their home towns. This threat was serious and caused some of the Spoolers to waver, but it also prompted some of the young weavers to persuade women to maintain their stance. The lack of willingness to cooperate on the part of the management and the steadfastness of the women themselves led to the strike spreading to other parts of the factory and mass demonstrations in the city, demanding "chleba, pracy i godnych warunków życia" (bread, work and decent living conditions). [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

[F] 1886 - __Bay View Massacre__: Workers in Milwaukee agitating for an 8-hour day, having been on strike since May 1st, march to the last important factory that remained open was the North Chicago Railroad Rolling Mills Steel Foundry in Bay View. 14,000 workers are fired upon by 250 National Guardsmen, killing seven, including a thirteen-year-old boy.

1906 - __Huelga y Masacre de Cananea [Cananea Strike & Massacre__]: The Cananea Consolidated Copper Company based in Nogales had about 5,360 Mexican workers in its Cananea copper mines, receiving three and a half pesos per day while the 2,200 US workers received 5 pesos for the same work. The conditions in which Mexican labourers worked were deplorable. During Cinco de Mayo celebrations, Mexican employees made public their grievances while the local authority imposed martial law to prevent further conflicts. [see: Jun. 1]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: John and James McNamaras are arraigned and pleed not guilty. McManigal, who had turned state's evidence, is not charged at that time. [see: Oct. 1]

1917 - __Everett Massacre Trial__: After 21 hours of deliberation, a jury in Seattle, one of the county’s first juries to include women, finds Thomas H. Tracy not guilty after a two-month long trial. Shortly afterwards, all charges were dropped against the remaining 73 defendants and they were released from jail. [see: Nov. 5 & Mar. 5] [www.weneverforget.org/hellraisers-journal-victory-for-industrial-workers-of-the-world-tom-tracy-found-not-guilty-by-seattle-jury/ www.seattlestar.net/2014/03/march-5-1917-the-wobblies-on-trial/]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Syndicat des Métaux de Paris, which had come out on strike in support of the railworkers, is disowned by its own confederation. [see: May 1 & 3]

[D] 1931 - __Battle of Evarts__: On strike since February, Kentucky coal miners fight back against heavily armed deputies and company men, called “gun thugs” by the miners. "(T)hree carloads of deputies armed with machine-guns, sawed off shotguns, and rifles drove into Everts" and are caught in an ambush that leaves 3 of the deputies dead (along with one miner). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County_War parallelnarratives.com/remembering-bloody-harlan/ theclio.com/web/entry?id=12137]

1943 - __April-Meistakingen__: Following days of violence from both sides, the Limburg miners agreed to return to work. After days of carnage, the strikes had resulted in over 180 deaths, 400 casualties, and 900 prisoners of war being sent to concentration camps. [see: Apr. 29]

[1950 - __Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion__]: armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) of peasants against forced collectivisation in the Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša in the Bosanska Krajina region, as well as in Slunj, Croatia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion] ||
 * = 6 || 1854 - Giuseppe Scarlatti (d. 1916), Italian Bakuninist anarchist, born. Author of '//L'Internazionale dei lavoratori e l'agitatore Carlo Cafier//o' (The Workers International and the Agitator Carlo Cafiero; 1909).

1875 - Ida Aalle-Teljo (Ida Sofia Ahlstedt; d. 1955), Finnish baker, seamstress, socialist, feminist and MP, born. In 1898 Aalle-Teljo was a founding member of Helsinki Workers' Association women's department and one of the founders of the Women Workers Union in 1900, as well as its first chair. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905. Between 1899-1903 and 1905-1906, she was the only female member of the party committee of the Suomen Työväenpuolueen (Finnish Labour Party), as well as a Social Democrat Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) speaker and lecturer, and a SSP MP (1907-17). During the Finnish Civil War (Suomen Sisällissota), she was a member of the Workers' General Council (Työväen Pääneuvosto), which was the Parliament of Red Finland (Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic / Suomen Sosialistinen Työväentasavalta). With defeat of the communists, she fled to Soviet Russia but returned to Finland in 1919, whereupon she was imprisoned from 1919 to 1922 because of her role in the administration of Red Finland. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Aalle-Teljo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_sisällissota en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers'_Republic fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Työväen_pääneuvosto]

1877 - Fernand Julian (d. 1927), French anarchist and syndicalist who help found the Cité Coopérative Paris-Jardin à Draveil, born.

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 24] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Tuesday, no more than three hundred employees now turn up work. The demands of strikers have also developed and they are now demanding pay increases, shortening of working hours, lowering of rents in company housing, the abolition of the factory penalties system, women to be treated respectfully by their superiors, a ban the hiring of children in the factory and the expulsion of German workers from the factory. The workers now also plan to take direct action against the factory by digging a dyke near the factory pond to drain it of water. The plan however failed to take effect because of an early denunciation. The factory bosses now surrounded the pond with the local fire crew and a number of police. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

1893 - Ludvik Buland (6 May 1893 – 5 February 1945), Norwegian trade unionist, who chaired the Norwegian Union of Railway Workers, and was imprisoned and died during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Buland]

[1898 - __Moti di Milano__: Trades unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country are arrested. All but one of those arrested were eventually released following the intervention of a deputy, Filippo Turati. This was followed by a number of stone-throwing incidents where the police fired a few warning shots. The most serious incident occured around 18:30, when 1,000 demonstrators attacked police barracks, piling furniture and other materials at the front door, and trying to set fire to it. The protestors were eventually forced back and after further clashes, 2 demonstrators were left dead and another six injured. A Pubblica Sicurezza guard also had a gunshot wound, from which he died later. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]

[F] 1937 - 400 African-American women tobacco stemmers walk out at the I.N. Vaughan Company in Richmond. Within 48 hours, the strikers secured wage increases, a forty-hour week, and union recognition. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

[D] [1950 - __Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion__]: armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) of peasants against forced collectivisation in the Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša in the Bosanska Krajina region, as well as in Slunj, Croatia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion]

1986 - A general strike is held in Belgium to protest austerity measures. || The workers now invaded the factory, demolishing and destroying everything they could lay their hands on, whether it was machinery or just bleached canvas. A dyke was dug to the pond, letting water flood part of the factory. Dittrich was also heavily wounded. All eight thousand workers now stood up for their rights, taking their protests into the city's streets. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]
 * = 7 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 25] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: News of the strike had reached the authorities of the Warsaw governor who, in the person of Governor M. Medem and his assistant Martynow, arrived in Żyrardów on 25 April. They were accompanied by troops from the tsarist army and Cossacks, a clear indication to the workers that if they did not return to work, the strike would be suppressed by force. The presence of the troops did little to calm the situation down and even intensified it. There were clashes between workers and Cossack, the latter eager to disperse the assemblies of the already over 800 striking workers. During these riots, ten workers were detained and subsequently taken to the municipal detention centre. The strikers surrounded the detention centre, demanding that the troops stationed there release their colleagues. At that moment, the tsarist NCO Rybałko lost control of the situation. Having ordered a volley of warning shots to be fired over the crowd's heads, the second volley went directly into the crowd. Three workers died from their wounds, and four others were injured. Franciszek Klepacz (17 years old) and Franciszek Brodowski (19) were killed on the spot, whilst Jan Gradowski (15 years) died the follwoing day from his injuries. The enraged workers defeated the resistance of the army and freed their comrades. Despite the losses, this situation had shown the workers that if they act together and are unyielding, they can do a great deal even against the military.

[D] [1898 - __Moti di Milano__: General strike is declared following the arrest of unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country and the death of 2 demonstrators following clashes with troops and police. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]

[F] 1907 - __Bloody Tuesday / San Francisco Streetcar Strike__: Two die and twenty are injured in San Francisco when United Railroad company strikebreakers open fire on striking streetcar operators. The Streetcarmen (tram drivers) were among the most militant of San Francisco workers, going out on strike in five of the six years from 1902 to 1907, with the 1907 strike being amongst the most violent of the streetcar strikes in the United States between 1895 and 1929. When the streetcar Carmen's Union struck on May 5 in support of demands an 8-hour day and $3 per day, four hundred armed strikebreaks organised by James A. Farley, nationally known "King of the Strikebreakers", took control of the entire system. The violence started two days later, when six trams driven by scabs appeared at 03:25 from the Turk and Fillmore carbarn and, as they crossed the picketline outside, they were greeted by a hail of sticks and stones from the strikers. Armed strikebreakers on board opened fire leaving two dead – 19-year-old James Walsh, a teamster who was shot through the head, and John Buchanan, 23, who died of a stomach wound – and about 20 injured. Clashes continued through out the strike as the strikes felled trees and power lines to block the rails to try and foil the scabs. Unfortunately for the people of San Francisco, the scabs weren’t ready for the steep hills they encountered on the job and they were directly responsible for the death of twenty five people killed in streetcar accidents on the system and an estimated 900 others injured over the course of the strike - this was out of a total of thirty-one people killed and another 1,100 injured over the six months of the dispute. The union strikers had one last big protest on Labor Day (Monday September 2, 1907), when five thousand strikers attacked the streetcar fleet. One of the strikers, J. J. Peterson, eventually died of the gunshot wound to his thigh sustained in the incident. On November 6, the striking United Railroads workers returned to the job. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_streetcar_strike_of_1907 www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Francisco-Bloody-Tuesday-1907-streetcar-strike-11122082.php 48hills.org/sfbgarchive/2014/06/10/streetcar-standoff-0/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070903.2.3]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Revolutionary outbreaks throughout Mexico, Porfirio Diaz offers to resign. Jose Luis Moya killed in heavy fighting at Zacatecas. Followers of the anarchist Flores Magón brothers begin their march from Mexicali to attack Tijuana.

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: Even though he’d never mounted a soapbox, Joseph Mikolasek was one of the first Wobblies arrested in the free-speech fight. He became the court’s test case for violating the ordinance. On March 9, Judge Puterbaugh gave him 30 days. Back on the street, Mikolasek became even more outspoken — for the cause and against the brutalities he’d witnessed in jail. Earlier in the day, police officers at Soapbox Row had beaten Mikolasek repeatedly with their nightsticks. At 20:30, as he stood in the doorway at 13th and K, two blue-coated policemen approached. He recognised their faces in the semi-darkness, until one turned a flashlight on his eyes and ordered him outside. The other shot him in the leg. Mikolasek grabbed an axe just inside the doorway and swung at the flashlight in self-defense. The downed officer fired in all directions. He hit Mikolasek in the stomach, and, spinning around, hit the second officer at least twice. Mikolasek crawled down to Tenth Street and begged Mrs. Frank Fuqua for help. She called the police. Mikolasek died 19 days later. On his deathbed, he swore that Stevens and Heddon had beaten him savagely at the IWW rally and followed him home for "more of the same". The six Wobblies arrested at the house said that Mikolasek had acted in self-defense. There were no assassins, and Heddon shot Stevens by mistake. They also mentioned a third policeman, who rode up on a motorcycle and fired the first shot. A later search revealed that the 'headquarters' was only one downstairs room, where six or eight men stayed. Most of the other residents were Latino families unaffiliated with the IWW. In the room, police found stacks of Wobbly literature, including documents that showed "an organised attempt to launch a civil war in this city." According to one report, they also found three revolvers, two rifles, ammunition, and a Maxim silencer that made no more noise than an air rifle. Word of the incident shot through the city. The 'riot call' blew at the firehouse: five steam-whistle blasts, a pause, then five more. Within minutes, between 200 and 400 'citizens' crowded around the police station. They collected nightsticks and formed patrols. Some carried rifles, and there was talk, two newspapers reported, "of lynching". By the next morning, police and citizen patrols had arrested over 80 suspects and locked them in the Mason Street School and the newly built stockade at Grape Street. Many of the "lawless nomads" had never heard of Soapbox Row. Unable to hold a funeral in San Diego, which was now under a virtual state of martial law, the IWW shipped Mikolasek’s body to Los Angeles, where a funeral procession drew over 10,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Patrick Quinlan's trial began, with a large crowd assembling outside the Passaic County Courthouse in Paterson to cheer Quinlan and other IWW leaders and boo the police "in a manner not unlike a sports event" to quote Anne Huber Tripp. It would end in a mistrial, with the jury hopelessly deadlocked with 7 in favor of acquittal and 5 voting to convict. Just two days after the conclusion of the first trial a second trial against Quinlan began. The same exact case was presented by the prosecution, while the defense bolstered its case with a New York clergyman and prominent lawyer testifying to Quinlan's good character, as well as a local journalist who swore that Quinlan had not spoken at the February 25 meeting in question at Turn Hall. Nevertheless, in the retrial Quinlan was found guilty as charged by the speedily-picked jury after just two hours of deliberations. On Thursday, July 3, 1913, with cases against the other IWW defendants at last concluded, Quinlan went before Judge Abram Klenert for sentencing. Klenert sentenced Quinlan to 2 to 7 years in Trenton State Prison and fined him $500 on the basis of his conviction. No release pending appeal was allowed and the following Monday Quinlan was taken to Trenton to begin serving what would be two years behind bars. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_L._Quinlan www.dailykos.com/story/2013/7/4/1221183/-Hellraisers-Journal-Hotel-Workers-Win-Right-to-Union-Recognition-after-Fight-Four-Years-Long]

[E] 1937 - Domitila Barrios de Chúngara (Domitila Barrios Cuenca; d. 2012), Bolivian labour leader and feminist, famed for her peaceful struggle against dictatorships of René Barrientos Ortuño and Hugo Banzer Suárez, born. She joined the Housewives’ Committee of the Siglo XX tin mine, wives of miners who had been imprisoned for demanding wage rises, in 1963 and quickly rose to become its General Secretary. [expand] On June 24, 1967, under orders from the de facto president, General René Barrientos, the army carried out the Masacre de San Juan at Siglo XX, killing about 400 miners and their families. Domitila denounced the massacre and, a few day's later, she was arrested and tortured, leading to her loosing the unborn chld that she was carrying.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Chúngara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Barrios_de_Chungara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_San_Juan www.heroinas.net/2014/07/habla-domitila.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism#People.27s_Charter_of_1838 www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/chartists1/historicalsources/source4/peoplescharter.html www.chartists.net/the-six-points.htm victoriancommons.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/the-peoples-charter-and-the-victorian-commons-2/ www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/peoples-charter.htm en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chartist_Movement/Chapter_1#]
 * = 8 || [A] 1838 - Publication of '//The People’s Charter//', the first manifesto of the Chartist movement in Britain. Chartism is a working-class movement that seeks political reform, including the removal of the property qualifications which deny the vote to the working class.

1877 - Mary Marcy (Mary Edna Tobias; d. 1922), US author, poet, pamphleteer, socialist and Wobbly, who was a member of the Socialist Party of America, associate of the Dil Pickle Club and editor of the anarchist-friendly Chicago-based monthly magazine '//International Socialist Review//', born. Eugene Debs called her "one of the clearest minds and greatest souls in all our movement". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Marcy www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH6f72dff90486a83c33f27a]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 26] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The whole of the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory) workforce was now on strike, and crowds of workers from the plant (about 8,000 people) turned up the streets. There were acts of destruction of factory machinery. The police and the military did not intervene. Governor Medem now decided to take conrol of the situation, deciding not to exacerbate the situation until the previous day's victims had been buried. It was then that Karol August Dittrich appeared before the workers and announced that, in return for the end of the strike, the company undertook to: Shorten the working day, Restore the old wage rate for the spoolers, Organise factory grocery stores, with cheap food for the workers, Cover the medical care of those injured during the strike, Fund the solemn burial of those killed during the strike, Pay for strike days, Not to seek reprisals against the strikers, Not to employ children under the age of 15, Dismiss one of the directors and many other officials who had been brutal and vulgar towards the Polish workers. All theses promises were kept, apart from the repression of the strikers.

1891 - Miguel Arcángel Roscigno (or Roscigna; d. 1936?), Argentinian blacksmith and celebrated anarchist expropriator, born into a family of Italian immigrants. He became interested in anarchist ideas during 1909 following the Semana Sangrienta / Semana Roja (Bloody or Red Week) in Buenos Aires and the subsequent assassination of Colonel Ramon L. Falcon by the Ukrainian anarchist Simón Radowitzky. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Arcángel_Roscigna www.ephemanar.net/mars27.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2703.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3387-detencion-de-miguel-arcangel-roscigna.html viajes.elpais.com.uy/2013/03/24/1928-fuga-por-la-carboneria/]

[D] 1898 - __Protesta dello Stomaco / Massacro di Bava-Beccaris [Moti di Milano__]: In Milan the army opens fire on demonstrators protesting high bread prices, killing hundreds. Many are arrested, among them anarchists and socialists. King Humbert I decorates General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, the man responsible for the appalling butchery. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/blog/articoli/330/ www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/4650-6-maggio-1898-le-quattro-giornate-di-milano www.identitainsorgenti.com/la-rivolta-dello-stomaco-ricordando-il-1898-e-la-rivolta-proletaria-che-attraverso-il-paese-da-milano-a-napoli/]

1900 - __St. Louis Streetcar Strike__: Employees of St. Louis Transit Co., controlling all but a few routes, vote at 02:00 to strike. The bosses immediately vowed to carrying on operating the cars with blackleg workers. Strikers and sympathisers quickly gathered along the routes leading downtown. At 15th Street and Washington Avenue, women from the Garment Workers Union stood across the tracks. A large crowd at Sixth and Locust streets pelted streetcars with rocks and cut overhead power lines. When a police sergeant arrested one rock thrower, his friends tossed the sergeant into a mud puddle. All over town, motormen and passengers abandoned streetcars with shattered windows. At 10:30, on Washington at 13th Street, a besieged motorman fired a pistol, wounding a teenage bystander. The boy survived and the motorman was arrested. But the next day, Spanish-American War veteran Frank Liebrecht, 21, was shot to death during a demonstration along the Hodiamont line at Taylor Avenue. A transit employee fired the shot, but Police Chief John Campbell blamed Liebrecht for being there. The strike blew open class resentments simmering since the brief general strike of 1877. Many blue-collar workers wore buttons saying, "I will walk until the streetcar companies settle." At the Merchants' Exchange, businessmen grumbled about sore feet. When the smaller St. Louis & Suburban line settled, everyone flocked to its cars. St. Louis city Sheriff John Pohlman create an armed posse of more than 2,000 volunteers from the professional and upper classes. Posse members armed with shotguns rode St. Louis Transit cars and harassed the horse-drawn buses operated by strikers. Many restaurants refused to serve strikebreakers. More than 8,000 members of 28 unions joined 3,300 strikers in parade on a rainy May 19, but Edwards Whitaker, St. Louis Transit president, refused to meet with the Railway Employees Union. On the evening of June 10 outside the posse headquarters at 510 Washington, vigilantees fatally shot three strikers returning from a picnic, leaving 14 others wounded. A dozen or more eyewitnesses disputed the sheriff's version of events – he claimed that as the strikers were marching down the street, a brick and bomb had been thrown at a street car and, as posse members ran toward the strikers, a pistol had gone off and posse members had responded by shooting into the crowd, killing three and injuring 14. Reform-minded lawyer Joseph W. Folk, a future governor, brokered a deal, with Whittaker signing an agreement on July 2 to take back the workers and let them unionise. However, Whitaker reneged on the deal. The strike eventually ground to a halt in September, with no advantage having been gained by the then exhausted workers. with a toll of 14 killed. It would take 18 years and another strike for streetcar workers to win union recognition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_streetcar_strike_of_1900 www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/look-back-bloody-streetcar-strike-in-wins-working-class-support/article_ca886618-1f12-5be6-bb04-aff64fa1130d.html www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/a-look-back-bloody-street-strike-in-rips-open-class/article_483cd720-0051-59a0-acda-630b34955262.html www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/metro/news/this-week-in-south-side-history-posse-killed-in-streetcar/article_45b20291-9ad2-50f3-8b64-88d73e215b22.html archives.chicagotribune.com/1900/06/17/page/6/article/strikers-lose-st-louis-fight www.urbanreviewstl.com/2012/06/breakthrough-on-transit-worker-strike-june-22-1900/ www.depauw.edu/files/resources/metinger-2005-history-senior-seminar-paper.pdf]

1921 - Nathalie Lemel (b. 1827), militant French anarchist, feminist and bookbinder, dies. [see: May 8]

1928 - Luisa Lallana (b. 1910), an Argentinian anarcho-syndicalist militant, is assassinated whilst handing out leaflets during an industrial dispute. Employed at the Mancini factory sewing burlap bags for bagging grain for export, she was affiliated to the Federación Obrera Local and a member of the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina. Whilst distributing leaflets by the Comitè de Dones de Portuaris (Women Port Committee) with her friend Rosa Valdez in support of striking dockers during a dispute organised by the Societat d'Estibadors (Dockers Society) in the port of Rosario, she is shot in the forehead by a blackleg, Juan Romero, a member of the extreme right-wing and paramilitary Liga Patriótica Argentina (Patriotic League of Argentina. He and other blacklegs had been recruited by Tiberio Podesta, manager of the Association of Labour (aS), in charge of recruiting 'treballadors lliures' (free labourers), also known as //crumiros// (rustlers) or //carneros// (or rams), also a Liga Patriótica Argentina member. Luisa Lallana dies later that evening. In reaction to the outrage, a general strike was called by FORA, the Partit Comunista and the Federació Obrera Local. Her funeral procession the following day was led by a thousand women to the La Piedad cemetery and, in a large demonstration of solidarity by the working class in Argentina – the estimated numbers varied between 3,000 and 20,000 demonstrators – which was severely repressed by the police. The climate of workers' agitation was so great that the torpedo boat Córdoba and the gunboat Independencia were sent to reinforce the navy and police in Rosario. Luisa Lallana became a symbol, but she was only one of 11 members of the working class who were killed during that strike May 1928. [anred.org/spip.php?article9807 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0805.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/10081-mujeres-y-luchadoras-sociales-louise-michel-y-luisa-lallana.html]

[B] 1930 - Gary Snyder, American poet, essayist, lecturer, Deep Ecology environmental activist, Buddhist anarchist and one-time Wobbly, born. "The Frontier-type Wobbly-Thoreau anarchism is in my blood, i.e. that's my own tradition, I was raised up in it. So put it with the Oriental historical depth, and I got a fulcrum to tip the whole damn civilization over with." Gary Snyder in a letter Philip Whalen [talking about his discussions with Kenneth Rexroth] [www.sf360.org/?pageid=12826]

1962 - In Belgium, an estimated 9,000,000 people participate in a ten-minute work stoppage to protest nuclear weapons.

[F] 1970 - __Hard Hat Riot__: When about 200 construction workers mobilised by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent State shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot]

1979 - Police kill 23 people and wound 70 outside the municipal cathedral of San Salvador. The victims were members of the Popular Revolutionary Bloc, a coalition of anti-government students, teachers, peasants and workers. || Born in Kaluga, Russia and educated in the Russian language and literature, he began publishing Russian poems aged 12. After escaping the Kiev pogrom of May 8, 1881, he emigrated to America in 1882, first living in Cincinnati, working in the garment industry and became active in the developing anarchist movement. In 1888 he moved to New York where he continued working in sweatshops and participated in the first Jewish anarchist group in the city, the Pionire der Frayhayt (Pioneers of Liberty). He also began to write his first poems in Yiddish and was chosen in 1891 to become the editor of the main Yiddish anarchist paper, '//Di Freie Areibeter Stimme//' (The Free Voice of Labour), which he edited until shortly before his death. He also collaborated on '//Die Wahrheit//', '//Tfileh Zakeh//', '//Varhayt//' and '//Der Morgenshtern//', often using the pseudonym Paskarel. Edelshtat's lyrics, sung in sweatshops and on picket lines, depict the world's imperfections and the wondrous life to come after a social revolution, with many being dedicated to the Chicago Martyrs. He died on October 17, 1892, in Denver, aged just 25, of tuberculosis contracted in the difficult labour conditions he and his fellow sweatshop workers had to endure. He was buried in the Workmen's Circle in the Golden Hill Cemetery City in Denver. After his death many Edelstadt cultural groups sprung up in cities across America (Chicago, Boston, etc.) as well as the Edelstadt Singing Society in New York and an Edelstadt Group in Buenos Aires.
 * = 9 || [BB] 1866 - David Edelstadt (d. 1892), American Yiddish anarchist and poet, born. One of the New York 'Sweatshop Poets' (who included Morris Rosenfeld, Morris Vinchevsky and Joseph Bovshover), poets who were themselves workers, slaving in horrible working conditions for twelve or more hours a day. Their most creative period was the 1890s and 1900s, writing poems based on their own experiences expressing working class solidarity and a desire for a revolutionary change in the workers' conditions.

Vi lang, oy vi lang vet ir blaybn nokh shklafn Un trogn di shendlekhe keyt? Vi lang vet ir glentsende raykhtimer shafn Far dem, vos baroybt ayer broyt? Vi lang vet ir shteyn, ayer rukns geboygn Derniderikt, heymloz, farshmakht? Es togt shoyn! Vakht oyf un tse-efnt di oygn! Derfilt ayer ayzerne makht! Klingt umetum in di frayhayts-glokn! Farzamlt di laydnde knekht! Un kemft bagaystert, un kemft undershrokn Far ayere heylikhe rekht! Un ales vet lebn, un libn un bli-en, In frayen, in goldenem may! Brider! Genug far tiranen tsu knien, Shvert, az ir must vern fray!

(How long, oh, how long will you suffer in bondage In slavery still to remain?  How long will you toil to create all the riches  For those who reward you with pain?  How long, oh, how long, will you carry the yoke  Of oppression and sorrow and fear?  Awaken! And see the new day that is dawning  A free song is ringing mighty clear!  Ring out, bells of freedom! Let’s gather together  The suffering slaves in all lands  Let’s struggle for life and for love and for beauty  Created by hard-toiling hands  Then all things will live and will love and will bloom  In a free and a golden-bright May.  No more will we suffer a miserable doom  Now swear that you’ll bring forth this day.) - '//Vakht Oyf//' (Wake Up).

[libcom.org/history/edelstadt-david-1866-1892 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EdelstadtDavid.htm www.estelnegre.org/documents/edelstadt/edelstadt.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/poetry/david_edelstadt/com.html www.poemhunter.com/poem/at-strife/ www.poemhunter.com/poem/my-will-11/]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 27] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The funeral of the dead strikers took place on Friday April 27 in the early hours of the morning in the Wiskitki cemetery. There were no incidents. Several thousand people attended, including the Dittrich family. Immediately after the funeral, the pacification campaign began. The city was divided into small areas, each patrolled by six policemen and four Cossacks. The patrols were banned from communicating with the locals. Shops and markets were also protected, as fire and sabotage were feared. A state of emergency was introduced in the city and arrests of the most active strike activists began: eight that afternoon and a further six during the night. Twenty nine others were also arrested for attempting to resist the authorities. Żyrardów was overwhelmed by a wave of terror. At the same time, the management was reportedly ready to fulfill most of their.

1899 - Marcel Wullens (d. 1928), French anarcho-syndicalist who participated, with his brother Maurice, in the review '//Les Humbles//', the journal '//L'Insurgé//', and helped found '//La Révolution Prolétarienne//', born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6339]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana / First Battle of Tijuana__: Tijuana is captured by the anarchist Magónistes of the Mexican Liberal Party after a fierce battle that killed 32 and wounded 24. Lower California is now almost entirely in their hands. The Magónistes encouraged the people to take collective possession of the lands, to create co-operatives and refuse the establishment of any new government. The Magónistas were led by Jack Mosby, a deserter from the US Marines, and later by Caryl Ap Rys Price. The Magónistas were supported and joined by many American members of the I.W.W. (Wobblies); they previously captured Mexicali (January 29) and Tecate (March 12, holding it for a few days). Tijuana is held by the Magónistes until routed by Mexican Federalists on June 22. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tijuana]

1912 - Tom Mann's trial in connection with the reading out of sections of '//Open Letter to British Soldiers//' at a meeting in Salford on March 14, takes place at the Manchester Assizes, during which he defended himself. He was found guilty and given the same (revised) sentence as Guy Bowman, six months without hard labour in Strangeways prison. He only served seven weeks. [see: Mar. 19]

[F] 1918 - Workers from the Izhora (Ижорского) factory in Kolpino (Колпине) south-east of Petrograd protesting food shortages are shot and killed by Red Army troops, the first instance of the massacre of unarmed workers by the Bolsheviks. On the morning of May 9, women standing in line for bread outside the shop on Troitskaya Street (Троицкой улице) were told that all stocks were sold, and there would be no new deliveries in the next two days. The desperate and distressed women gathered near the fire station to try and call the city's residents for a rally. People began to gather in the city square and, fearing that the meeting could take a decidedly undesirable turn for the Soviet, two members of the Soviet's staff and a member of the investigative commission attached to the Soviets then in the square pressed seven Red Guards manning a nearby checkpoint to try and disperse the crowd. However, this use of force (rifle butts) only served to aggravate the situation. Pushing aside the sentry, one of the teenagers rushed to the whistle at the fire station and managed to give a signal. As the crowd grew, the situation became increasingly more heated. Attempts were made to take away the rifles from the Red Army soldier, and to prevent this, they fired a volley into the air. Stones and other objects flew into the Red Army. According to the testimony of one of the Izhora workers, M.V. Kostromitin (М. В. Костромитина), the shooting was started by G. Trofimov (Г. Трофимов), a member of the investigative commission under the Revolutionary Tribunal. Surrounded by some of the women, Trofimov had shouted: "Take off, or I'll shoot!", one of the women swung her bag at Trofimov's and called him a parasite. A volley followed, and someone in the crowd shouted: "You give us bullets instead of bread, which even the tsarist autocracy did not do." A second salvo followed. Trofimov then shot the teenager who had set off the siren, who again sounded the siren. Then several people attacked Trofimov and he defended himself with his revolver, wounded another crowd member. The crowd then scattered in all directions. Workers from the Izhorsky factory, hearing the siren and shot, stopped working and gathered at the factory chapel. Having heard what had happened, the workers held a rally at the plant. The two thousand people at the meeting decided to immediately re-elect the local soviet, demanded the dissolution of the Red Guard and the arrest of the perpetrators of the shooting of women and children. By this time, the Bolsheviks had sent two armoured cars to the plant, and had deployed armed Red Guards in the garden opposite the gates. When the workers came out of the gate, the soldiers opened fire. At least six workers were seriously injured and one was killed. That afternoon, additional armoured cars arrived in Kolpino, and machine guns appeared at the crossroads. The workers of the Izhora plant sent a delegation to Petrograd to inform factory workers there about the events in Kolpino. On the same day, rallies critical of the actions of the authorities were held at the Obukhov (Обуховском) and Putilov (Путиловском) factories. On May 11, rallies were held at the Russo-Baltic (Русско-Балтийском) plant, at the Simmens-Schuckert (Симменс-Шуккерт) plant, at the Arsenal (Арсенале), at the Rechkin (Речкина) plant and other enterprises in Petrograd and other industrial cities. The funeral of the murdered workers, which took place on May 14, turned into a mass political event, in which at least a thousand people took part. Representatives of many Petrograd factories arrived from Petrograd to Kolpino: Arsenal, Patron (Патронного), Putilov, Obukhov, Russko-Baltic, Siemens Shukkert, Nevsky (Невской) paper mill, Wagon Works (Вагоностроительного), etc. Many came with factory banners and sang revolutionary songs. On the grave were laid wreaths: "Victims of tyranny - defenders of the hungry" and "Victims of hunger - killed by the well-fed authorities." The day after the funeral, the Petrograd Soviet issued a notice 'To the attention of all', in which it was alleged that the riots were provoked by the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks. It further asserted that "the Soviet government will consider all such marches and speeches as direct assistance to an external enemy and will ruthlessly suppress them". [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Расстрел_рабочих_Ижорского_завода_в_1918_году]

1919 - __Fremantle Wharf Riot aka Battle of the Barricades__: The funeral of Tom Edwards, who was struck on the head by a police baton after going to assist Fremantle Lumpers President, William Renton, in the Fremantle Wharf riot of May 4, 1919, and died three days later at Fremantle Hospital as a result of his wounds, takes place. To mark the funeral, industry workers throughout the state stopped for 3 minutes reflection. Bill Renton, the union president, on horseback with his still-bandaged head, led the mile-long funeral procession – the largest ever seen in the city – from Fremantle Trades Hall to the Fremantle Cemetery past thousands gathered along the route. His wife and 3 children continued to live in Fremantle after his death and received donations of food from land farmed by the Industrial Workers Union. [freoworkers.org/1919.html espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97293&local_base=ERA01JCPML trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/81392819 trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27604305]

1934 - The beginning of the West Coast Longshoremen's Strike that would ultimately lead to 'Bloody Thursday' (see: July 5) and the San Francisco General Strike (see: July 16).

1937 - '//Solidaridad Obrera//' dismisses the manifesto issued yesterday by the Friends of Durruti as demagoguery and the Group's members as provocateurs. Their manifesto had spoken of "treachery" by the CNT leadership.

2001 - In Panama riots over bus fares injure 20. Fourteen people are shot and six others injured as protesters and police clash during the worst night of rioting and looting since the 1989 United States invasion, police said. Thousands of stone-throwing students and workers battle with police and loot stores late into the night. ||
 * = 10 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 28] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Saturday, the strike came to an end and the workers returned to work in the factory.

[F] 1887 - Albert 'Ginger' Goodwin (d. 1918), Anglo-Canadian coal miner, union militant, socialist and conscientious objector, whose murder by a bounty hunter hired to hunt down conscription evaders led to Canada's first general strike in Vancouver on August 2, 1918, born in Treeton, Yorkshire. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goodwin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Vancouver_general_strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_Smelter_dispute www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-myth-and-mystery-of-ginger-goodwin/article982238/ waughfamily.ca/Waugh/BigStrike1912-1914.PDF ww.timescolonist.com/the-life-and-death-of-ginger-goodwin-martyr-or-myth-1.2012002 vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150/canada-150-ginger-goodwin-labour-martyr]

1906 - Angelo Galli (b. unkown), an Italian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant is killed during a general strike in Milan. An active trade union agitator - the anarchist newspaper '//La Protesta Umana//' called him "un grande signore dell'ideale, un'anima pulsante col dolore del mondo [...] smanioso d'azione" (a great lord of the ideal, his soul pulsing with the pain of the world [...] eager for action) - he had been at the forefront of organising the strike in response to a serious incident of repression, when royal guards had fired on workers on May 6, 1906, killing one and injuring 8 others. On the morning on May 10, Galli and 2 comrades went to the Macchi e Pessoni factory to intercept some scabs but he was stabbed to death by guards at the factory. His funeral, led by 15 huge red and black flags and which resulted in heavy clashes between anarchist mourners and Italian police determined to stop any political displays, was immortalised in Carlo Carrà's 1911 work, '//The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli//'. However, Carra wrongly gave the date as January 19, 1904 in his autobiography. Carlo Carra - "I saw before me the bier, covered with red carnations, wavering dangerously on the shoulders of the pallbearers. I saw the horses becoming restive, and clubs and lances clashing, so that it seemed to me that at any moment the corpse would fall to the ground and be trampled by the horses." - '//La Mia Vita//' (1943). [raforum.info/spip.php?article893 ita.anarchopedia.org/Angelo_Galli smarthistory.khanacademy.org/carras-funeral-of-the-anarchist-galli.html]

1910 - Tom Mann for six months for urging soldiers not to shoot striking workers.

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Federales in Ciudad Juarez surrender, Francisco Madero and Pancho Villa can now supply their forces with modern weapons.

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The operators on Paint Creek and Cabin Creek mines hire the notorious Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to break the strike. Baldwin–Felts responded by sending more than 300 mine guards led by Albert Felts, Lee Felts, and Tony Gaujot. [see: Apr. 18]

1920 - British dock workers refuse to load armaments for use by Allies against Russia.

1922 - In Chicago 200 labour activists are arrested for complicity in the murder of two policemen and bombing of factories.

1933 - Following the abolition of the right to strike in Germany and the dissolution of the country's free trade unions, including the NS-Betriebszellenorganisation, which Hitler saw as being dominated by the Strasser wing of the NSDAP and out of control, the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front) is founded. It's role was outlined in a decree signed by Hitler on October 24, 1934, and issued by the Reichsleiter of the NSDAP and head of the DAF, Robert Ley: "The goal of the German Labor Front is the formation of a real Volks-(gemeinschaft - people's community) und Leistungsgemeinschaft (strong performance organisation) of all Germans. It has to ensure that each individual can take his place in the economic life of the nation in the mental and physical state, which enables him to achieve the highest achievement, thus ensuring the greatest benefit to the national community." [Adolf Hitler - '//Ordinance on the Nature and Goal of the DAF//', 1934] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Arbeitsfront en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/ns-regime/ns-organisationen/deutsche-arbeitsfront.html]

1934 - The General Strike in Aragon, which totally paralysed the Aragonese capital throughout April 1935, ends today.

1936 - Azaña is named President of the Spanish Republic. Wave of strikes. Land seizures in the west and the south of the country.

1943 - Régis Messac (1893-1945), French teacher, union organiser, résistance member, writer, novelist, poet, pacifist and anarchist, is arrested during the German occupation and sent to the Nazi concentration camps. [see: Aug. 2] || [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]
 * = 11 || [F] 1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: A half mile long procession of gas workers, with brass band and silk banners, converged on Deptford Broadway calling for an eight hour day, in place of the then current 12 hour shift system.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Conseil des Ministres take legal action against the CGT and plans to dissolve it. As a result, the trade union union of the North calls for the strike against what it considers to be a provocation. [see: May 1 & 3]

[FF] 1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: At the Breguet aviation factory in Le Havre workers, who had become tired of the bullying tactics carried out by the leaders of the Croix de Feu and the Chief of Personnel, Gazon, a notorious fascist, down tools and occupy the factory to protest against the sacking of Triboulet and Vachon, two workers who had taken part in the May 1 strike. This is the first strike to be accompanied with a factory occupation (grève sur le tas) to be carried out in France. Following arbitration involving the mayor of Le Havre, the workers win all their demands: reinstatement of the two dismissed workers, payment of wages for lost days, no retribution for strike action, and priority in the rehiring of personnel in the event of downsizing. The factory occupation tactic would now serve as the model for the ensuing waves of strikes and during the following week similar actions were carried out in Courbevoie and Villacoublay. These strikes received no media coverage in the workers' press. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

1942 - Georges Yvetot (b. 1868), French typesetter and corrector, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-patriot, pacifist, dies. [see: Jul. 20]

1963 - Antonio 'El Gallego' Soto Canalejo (b. 1897), Spanish-Chilean militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

[A] 1972 - Preservation of the Rights of Prisoners (PROP) launched. Goes on to help organise over one hundred prison demonstrations, strikes and protests in the UK.

1983 - __Primer Protesta Contra la Dictadura [First Protest Against the Dictatorship__]: Originally planned as a national strike, but changed to a National Day of Protest, in this first action the people of Santiago slowed down all activities during the day and then let loose a barrage of noise at 8 o’clock in the evening. They banged on pots and pans, honked horns, and used other methods to express solidarity with one another and frustration with the regime. Police responded violently to this action, arresting 600 and killing several protestors. Nonetheless, the action had mobilized the Chileans who were fed up with the military dictatorship. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/chileans-overthrow-pinochet-regime-1983-1988 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornadas_de_Protesta_Nacional www.laizquierdadiario.com/11-de-mayo-de-1983-primer-paro-protesta-contra-la-dictadura]

2011 - Police have clashed with demonstrators as thousands marched through the Greek capital, Athens, during protest at part of a one-day general strike against the government's austerity measures. At least 17 people were injured, one critically - 31-year-old Ioannis Kafkas, who suffered a life-threatening head injury - as police used tear gas and stun grenades to disperse youths hurling stones and petrol bombs. Police said there were several arrests and that two officers were hurt. At least 20,000 people marched through the capital, police said, while another 8,000 protested in the northern city of Thessaloniki. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13356923] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-May-12.htm]
 * = 12 || 1870 - American abolitionist, social activist, suffragist, pacifist, poet, and the author of '//The Battle Hymn of the Republic//' (1861), Julia Ward Howe issues a call for women to rise up and oppose war in all its forms. She proposes the establishment of a 'Mother's Day for Peace' to be celebrated on June 2. Her appeal falls on deaf ears.

1876 - Louis Jakmin (aka Eugène Jacquemin) (d. 1930), French blacksmith, anarchist propagandist, anti-militarist and militant syndicalist, born. Secretary of la Fédération Communiste Anarchiste (1913), manager of '//Libertaire//', and participant in the newspaper '//Le Réveil Anarchiste Ouvrier//'. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/mai12.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2807 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1205.html]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: The first of three explosions [the other two are on June 5 and October 30, 1883] that target the engineer Michalovski. All three see his bedroom destroyed but he escapes unharmed each time. These actions appear to be part of a campaign of class struggle against the bourgeoisie. Unlike the Bande Noire action against the spies, the aim in this case appears to be the "murder of the bourgeois" in the context of a class struggle as opposed to mere "suppression of the bourgeoisie". Yet no victims are killed during these two years of attentats. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1892 - Pietro Ferrero (d. 1922), Italian union activist and anarchist, born. Secretary of the metallurgists union (F.I.O.M.) and organiser of the Councilist movement in the factories, was murdered in December 1922 by fascist thugs. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ferrero_(sindacalista) libcom.org/history/pietro-ferrero-1892-1922]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Dr Nicola Barbato, who organised a Fascio in Piana dei Greci, who is amongst the Fasci leader who have been denonouced as agitators, is thrown into prison. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicolo-barbato_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1910 - Auguste André Delalé (b. 1864), anarcho-syndicalist and founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam, dies. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal '//La Révolte//', with Émile Pouget on '//Père Peinard//', '//Libertaire//', etc. [see: May 16]

1912 - __Waihi Miners' Strike__: The Waihi Workers’ Union, which was affiliated to the New Zealand Federation of Labour, nicknamed the 'Red Feds' due to its links with the NZ Socialist Party, and many of whose leading member were strongly influended by the syndicalist ideas expounded by the IWW, had deregistered itself from the Compulsory Arbitration System. It was therefore now legally able to use the threat of strikes to improve its members' conditions and a number of disputes between it and the Waihi Goldmining Company had already achieved a number of concessions from the mining company, particularly relating to the long-disputed contracting system. However, with the conivance of the company, desperate to establish a separate officially recognised union (fifteen new members were required to officially recognise a new union) and render the Arbitration Court’s decisions as binding on all 1,200 Waihi miners, the company helped register the 'moderate' Engine Drivers' Union on May 11, 1912. The following day the WWU executive took the decision to send an ultimatum to the mining companies demanding that they disband the new and divisive union, an organisation that was an anathema to their syndicalist principles. They also called their members out on strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihi_miners'_strike www.waihimuseum.co.nz/museum-and-research/waihi-history/the-waihi-strike-1912/ nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/black-tuesday/the-1912-waihi-strike iso.org.nz/2012/10/09/review-the-significance-of-the-1912-waihi-strike/]

[A] 1916 - Execution by firing squad of James Connolly, IWW organiser and Irish nationalist, for his role in the Easter Rising of 1916.

[F] 1926 - __General Strike (UK)__: The British general strike is called off by the Trades Union Congress after nine days, though the coal miners remain out through the summer. Representatives of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) go to Downing Street and inform the PM Stanley Baldwin that the strike is over. The Miners Union rejected the new terms and they were the only ones not to return to work. They were locked out of the pits which led to communities suffering great hardship with many families becoming dependent on public soup kitchens. There was violence between those on strike and those who had returned to work, and during the last few weeks of the strike, between the miners and the police. On November 19 the Strike came to an end in Wales when the workers had a choice between striking and starving. By this time the miners had to accept the terms and conditions of the owners and these were much less favourable than those offered the previous May. The number of miners in South Wales fell from 218,000 in 1926 to 194,000 the following year.

1965 - __Los Acontecimientos De Mayo__: An inter-union pact between miners, restaurants, factory and construction workers, urban and rural teachers, etc. is signed in the city of La Paz to fight for the defence of labour organisations and for achieving social gains, this was despite the fact that the Central Obrera Boliviana was still a functional organisation. In response, the military junta arrest and exile FSTMB and COB Executive Secretary Juan Lechín Oquendo on May 15 and, when COB calls a general strike, the junta goes on to decree the dismantling of existing union structures two days later, whilst declaring a state of emergency at the same time. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]
 * = 13 || [AA/DD] 1839 - __Rebecca Riots__: The 'Daughters of Rebecca' make their first appearance in Pembrokeshire when a group of men disguised in women's clothing demolished the tollgate at Efail Wen near Narberth and attacks took place again in June and July. The owner of the tollgate was one Thomas Bullin, an Englishman who owned Turnpike Trusts all over southern Britain, from as far afield as east London, Portsmouth, Bristol and west Wales. Bullin was persuaded to pull the Efail Wen gate down and 'Rebecca' disappeared for a while before reappearing in November 1842 when a gate near St Clear's was destroyed.

1840 - Pierre 'Ernest' Teulière (d. unknown), French journalist, member of the International and Communard, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8388]

1875 - Josep (José) Negre i Oliveras (d. 1939), Valencian typographer, journalist, orator and anarcho-syndicalist militant, who participated in the foundation of Solidaridad Obrera in 1907 and was the organisation's last general secretary as well as being elected in 1910 to be the first general secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, which replaced S.O. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Negre es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Negre www.estelnegre.org/documents/josepnegre/josepnegre.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3577-jose-negre-militante-anarquista-muerto-en-el-campo-de-concentracion.html]

1890 - Pietro Gori, Italian lawyer and anarchist, is arrested today for "inciting" the clashes during May Day demonstrations in Livorno, charged with fomenting rebellion and class hatred, and organising strikes towards these ends.

1899 - [O.S. May 1] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 1] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: A strike and occupation takes place at the Latécoère aviation factory in Toulouse to protest, as in Le Havre two days earlier, against the dismissal of workers who had taken art in the May Day strike. The demands were acceded to after the factory had been occupied over night. The following week similar actions were carried out in Courbevoie and Villacoublay. These actions are not covered by media coverage in the worker press [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

[F] 1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: The beginning of a series of popular protests, which included demonstrations and strikes as well as open confrontations with the security forces, breaks out in the Argentinian city of Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe. The protests took place between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorship of the de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía. The first spark is a protest in Tucumán, where former workers of a sugar mill take over the factory and hold its manager as hostage, demand overdue payments. The Primer Rosariazo protests would continue until the end of the month (May 30). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery] ||
 * = 14 || 1771 - Robert Owen (d. 1858), English industrialist and utopianist-socialist, born.

[D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Local Militia take part in Loughborough Market food riot. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/14th-may-1812-local-militia-take-part.html]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: A mob of vigilantes waits for Emma Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station and follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, and his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters I.W.W.. Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles. [www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/jul/04/unforgettable-big-noise/%0A]

[BB] 1912 - Mary Stanley Low (d. 2007), Anglo-Australian Trotskyist and later anarchist, poet, Surrealist, linguist and classics teacher, born. In 1933 she met the Cuban Trotskyist poet Juan Breá (1905-1941) in Paris. They joined the Surrealist group there, working alongside André Breton, Paul Eluard, René Magritte and Yves Tanguy. The poet and Surrealist ELT Mesens and the poet Benjamin Peret also become close friends. With the outbreak of the Revolution, she and Breá (rejecting the Breton-inspired Stalinist orthodoxy) went to Spain and joined POUM, where she helped organised the Women's Militia, edited the English-language paper '//Spanish Revolution//'. Her sympathy for the anarchists was aroused by the organisation by the CNT of the shoeshine boys and the prostitutes into their own unions, and by her attendance of Durruti's funeral. In December that year, they had to flee the country after Breá narrowly avoided an assassination attempt (presumably by Stalinists, who tried to run him over as he left a POUM meeting). In London, she and Breá married and co-authored '//Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution and the Civil War//' (1937), with a preface by C. L. R. James, the first book on the Revolution. Following stays in Cuba and Paris, from early 1938 the couple lived in Prague with fellow Surrealists Toyen and Jindřich Štyrský, until they were forced to flee the Nazi invasion in July 1939. Ending up in Cuba in 1940, where Breá dies the following year and Low was to marry Trotskyist Cuban journalist trade-unionist Armando Machado in 1944, and giving birth to 3 daughters. With the Cuban Revolution, Machado was arrested and only released thanks to the protection of Guevara. Eventually they won asylum in the US in 1965, where she was involved with the Cuban anarchist exile review '//Guangara Liberteria//'. Her works include '//La Saison des Flutes//' (1939); '//Alquimia del recuerdo//' (Alchemy of memory; 1946); the trilingual book of poetry, '//Three Voices, Voces, Voix//' (1957); '//In Caesar’s Shadow//' (1975); '//Alive in Spite Of//' (1981); '//A Voice in Three Mirrors//' (1984); and '//Where the Wolf Sings//' (1994). [The last two were illustrated by her own collages and drawings, and printed by AK Press.] [www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-low-434250.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Low www.benjamin-peret.org/documents/96-mary-low-1912-2007.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol9/no4/plant3.html www.marxists.org/history/spain/writers/low-brea/red_spanish_notebook.html www.fundanin.org/marylow.htm bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/mary-low-poeta-trotskista-y-revolucionaria/]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Syndicat du Gaz officially declares its support for the rail workers' strike. [see: May 1 & 3]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Sorbonne students occupy and open the University to the population, inviting "the workers to come and discuss with them the problems of the University". All demonstrators who were arrested have been released.

[F] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Workplace occupations start. A significant aspect of the May Upheaval. By the end of this month over 10,000,000 workers are involved in occupations. In Nantes, the workmen of South-Aviation, begin the first occupations of factories.

1968 - Students occupy the University of Milan.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: In Córdoba, automobile industry workers protest against the elimination of the Saturday rest day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1988 - José Xena Torrent (b. 1907), militant Catalan anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 19] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html]
 * = 15 || 1887 - Against a backdrop of increased repression of the anarchist movement and social conflict, the fifth and final meeting of the Federación de Trabajadores de la Region Española takes place [May 15-17]. Only 16 delegates attend.

1891 - Halfdan Jønsson (d. 1945), Norwegian trade unionist, vice chair of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions and resistance member, born. Arrested on January 7, 1944, he died in Dachau shortly before liberation. [nbl.snl.no/Halfdan_Jönsson]

1891* - William Sidney 'Sid' Hatfield (d. 1921), a staunch supporter of the United Mine Workers of America, was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan [see: May 19], born. He and his deputy refused to accept bribes from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to allow them to station machine guns in the town during a dispute between miners and the Stone Mountain Coal Corporation. The clash led to the deaths of seven Baldwin-Felts Detectives, including Albert and Lee Felts. Hatfield and 22 other people were charged with the murder of the former but the chatges were later dropped. Tom Felts, the last remaining Felts brother swore revenge, and on August 1, 1921, Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse located in Welch, West Virginia. [* some sources give the year as 1893] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Hatfield en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matewan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain]

1893 - [N.S. May 27] Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, is born in Kiev, Ukraine. Just nine months old, her parents moved with her to London. In June 1912, as a eighteen-year-old Nellie set up a Modern School, based on the values and ideas of Francisco Ferrer, in Whitechapel in the East End of London. Within a year the school had one hundred children aged five to fifteen. The school, which was run by the children, supported the Suffragists during their public protests, protecting the women from violence, invited guest speakers to teach them and took an active part in the politics of their community. Nellie went to America in January 1917 with her husband Jim, who she had met at a May Day demonstration in 1913 and had previously set up the Liverpool Anarchist Communist Sunday School, and became involved in the Stelton libertarian colony and the Modern School, which had moved there in 1915. Nelly Dick took over the kindergarten and, in 1923, when another libertarian community started in Mohegan, New York State, founding and running the Modern School there. In June 1928 they returned to Stelton. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dick/dick.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6113 friendsofthemodernschool.org/history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States) www.talkinghistory.org/stelton/steltonhistory.html]

1899 - [O.S. May 3] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 13]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 3] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

[F] 1911 - __Grand Rapids Furniture Workers Strike__: Factory owner Harry Widdicomb attempts to personally drive scabs through a crowd of 1,200 striking furniture workers and supporters gathered outside his factory in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A battle broke out and the fighting drew more people to help the strikers, swelling the crowd to 2,000. When it ended at midnight, every window in the factory had been smashed. [expand] [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/http/en.wikipedia.org/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=367x31565 www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/index.ssf/2011/04/grand_rapids_furniture_strike.html www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/index.ssf/2011/04/labor_strife_in_wisconsin_remi.html grpeopleshistory.org/2017/04/04/celebrating-the-grand-rapids-furniture-workers-strike-of-1911-lessons-for-contemporary-organizing-and-resistance/ grpeopleshistory.org/2016/08/15/a-working-class-and-capitalist-perspective-revisiting-the-1911-grand-rapids-furniture-workers-strike-part-two/]

1919 - __Winnipeg General Strike__: The general strike called by the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council begins today and by 11:00 virtually the entire working population of Winnipeg is out on strike after somewhere around 30,000 workers in the public and private sectors have walked off their jobs – half of whom were not even union members – in support of the city’s building and metal trade workers, on strike over wages and working conditions. The strike lasts until June 26th, when the Winnipeg Labour Council "officially" declares the strike over. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/canadian-workers-wage-general-strike-winnipeg-canada-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-winnipeg-general-strike www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Winnipeg_General_Strike.htm www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike/ www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/canada/index.html]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Railway Companies issue a final warning to strikers: "pour la dernière fois ses agents à reprendre le travail. Avis est donné que les révocations, ou radiations de cadres, ou suppressions d'emploi, déjà prononcées, sont maintenues ; il en est de même de celles qui pourront encore intervenir. Quant aux autres mesures disciplinaires qui seront prononcées contre les agents grévistes non révoqués, elles seront d'autant plus graves que l'absence aura été plus longue." (Roughly: "for the final time to resume work. Notice is hereby given that the dismissals, or removals of managerial staff, or cancellations of employment, already pronounced, are still in force; It is the same with those who continue to intervene [i.e. picket]. As for the other disciplinary measures to be taken against strikers not yet facing sanctions, they will be all the more serious the longer your absence goes on.") [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1942 - T-Bone Slim (Matti Valentinpoika Huhta; b. 1880), Finnish-born American IWW songwriter, dies. "Wherever you find injustice, the proper form of politeness is attack."

1946 - __Rochester General Strike__: By midnight on Wednesday, May 15, l946, special messengers had delivered to the homes of 489 Rochester municipal workers copies of a letter from Public Works Commissioner August H. Wagener: "This is to advise you that the position held by you in the Department of Public Works has been abolished by the City Manager and your services with the City of Rochester are terminated as of midnight, this date. This action is the result of a change of policy deemed necessary to protect public interest..." This sudden action, ratified by a caucus of the Republican-dominated City Council, was explained to the public in a statement released by City Manager Louis B. Cartwright: "It has become apparent that a number of city employees are determined to persist in tactics that... would lead not only to an exorbitant increase in the cost of important municipal services but to a dangerous crippling of services vital to public health, safety and welfare..." What were the worker tactics which Cartwright claimed threatened Rochester's very existence? They had formed a union! [www.rochesterlabor.org/strike/ www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2016/05/17/memmott-70-years-ago-general-strike-brought-rochester-halt/84459490/ www.bls.gov/wsp/1946_work_stoppages.pdf]

1965 - __Los Acontecimientos De Mayo__: Juan Lechín Oquendo, Executive Secretary of the Central Obrera Boliviana and the Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia, and head of Partido Revolucionario de la Izquierda Nacionalista, is arrested by the Dirección de Investigación Crimina at his home on Avenid 6 de Agosto (building belonging to COMIBOL) at 12:15 and exiled to Paraguay at 14:05 the same day. A statement from the Ministerio de Gobierno gave a number of reasons justifying this lightning operation: "If to govern is to prevent, we have avoided days of bloodshe and chaos in the country, anticipating the disruptive action of the left-wing coup leaders led by Mr. Lechin, who with resources, money and plans sent from abroad, intended to turn Bolivia into a new focus of violence and extremism in the Southern Hemisphere." [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

[A] 1968 - __Mai '68__: The French Prime Minister appeals to the population to resist "anarchy". Occupation of the théâtre de l'Odéon by 2,500 students and the Renault factory at Cléon is occupied by workers.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: The University of Corrientes increases the price of food tickets in its cafeteria fivefold, and the ensuing protest end up with one student, Juan José Cabral, killed by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery] ||
 * = 16 || 1717 - Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) suspected of writing subversive satire, is imprisoned for the first time in the Bastille.

1848 - An unsuccessful communist coup is attempted, Paris.

1864 - Auguste André Delalé (d. 1910), French anarcho-syndicalist, born. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal '//La Révolte//', with Émile Pouget on '//Père Peinard//', '//Libertaire//', etc. Delale was a founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam. [www.ephemanar.net/mai16.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1127 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1605.html]

[D] 1871 - __Paris Commune__: The Paris Commune, following the decree of April 12, destroys the Vendôme Column ("monument de barbarie").

1901 - Gustave Lefrancais (b. 1826), French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, and a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation, dies. [see: Jan. 30]

1914 - Hans Schmitz (d. 2007), German anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, militant anti-fascist and conscript to the Wehrmacht, born. Member of Freie Jugend Morgenröte (Free Youth Dawn), der SAJD Syndikalistisch-Anarchistische Jugend Deutschlands (SAJD; Anarcho-Syndicalist Youth of Germany) - the youth organisation of FAUD, the Freien Arbeiter Union Deutschland (FAUD; Free Workers Union of Germany) and in the Schwarzen Scharen (Black Bands) militant anarchsit anti-Nazi organisation. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0ch0t libcom.org/history/schmitz-hans-1914-2007 www.fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrufe/hans-schmitz-16-mai-1914-2020-22-marz-2007 www.estelnegre.org/documents/schmitz/schmitz.html]

[A] 1917 - [N.S. May 29] The Kronstadt Soviet declares independence from the Provisional Government. [see: May 29] [libcom.org/files/Israel_Getzler_Kronstadt_1917-1921_The_Fate_of_a_Soviet_Democracy_Cambridge_Russian,_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Studies_ _1983.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1989/trotsky1/12-return.html]

[F] 1927 - __'Fiske v. Kansas'__: The Supreme Court of the United States hands down its decision. In it the Criminal Syndicalism Act was described as "an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power of the State" and its use to convicted Fiske was found to be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgement of the state court was reversed, and Fiske was found to be not in violation of any law. [see: May 3] [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

1935 - As a precursor to the events that led up to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier, 50 casual dockers at the port at Powell River who had organised themselves, and demanded wage increases and better working conditions, are locked out. Refusal to handle scab cargo by longshoremen at Ballantyne Pier on June 4 leads to the whole of Vacouver waterfront being locked out and the collective agreement is unilaterally terminated by the employer. [see: Jun. 18]

1938 - The U.S. Supreme Court issues its decision in the case of NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., permitting employers to permanently replace striking workers. The court said that management could not fire strikers, but could "permanently replace" them. The United States remains one of the few countries in the world where it is legal for strikers to lose their jobs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRB_v._Mackay_Radio_%26_Telegraph_Co.]

1945 - The Czechoslovak Revoluční Odborové Hnutí (Revolutionary Trade Union Movement) is formed by the Trade Union Department of the KSČ to consolidate power and sideline the syndicalist tendencies prevalent in the factory councils. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluční_odborové_hnutí en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluční_odborové_hnutí]

1965 - __Los Acontecimientos De Mayo__: The leaders of the Central Obrera Boliviana, under the presidency of Daniel Saravia, unanimously agreed to call a general strike from midnight on the 17th, "until the return of Juan Lechín and the obtaining of respect for trade union immunity and full guarantees for the workers' movement". Some of the most important mines were already in the hands of the workers' militias, this without waiting for any decision at the national level by the FSTMB or COB. [see: May 12]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Strikes hit other factories throughout France, plus air transport, the RATP and the SNCF. Newspapers fail to be distributed.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: Students at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario protest yesterday's killing; other faculties joined them. The rector suspended university activities until the following Monday (19th). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/] ||
 * = 17 || 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having spent six weeks on the York prison hulk lying off Portsmouth, George Loveless sails aboard the William Metcalfe for Van Diemen's Land, reaching Hobart Town on September 4. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

1897 - At the Erste Kongreß der lokalorganisierten oder auf des Grund des Vertrauensmännersystems zentralisierten Gewerkschaften Deutschlands (First Congress of Localist Trade Unions, Germany, and Centralised Trade Unions of Germany) on May 17-19, 1897, the Vertrauensmänner-Zentralization Deutschlands (German Confederation of Centralisation), an independent organisation of Lokalisten (Localist) unions across Germany is formed. The localists rejected the centralisation of the trade unions and following the expiry of the Sozialistengesetze (Socialist laws) in 1890, which prohibited socialist, social-democratic, communist associations, assemblies, and writings whose purpose was the overthrow of the existing state and social order, it was proposed that the organisation change its basic democratic structures. Thus, in 1901 it changed its name to the Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions) as it continued to develope towards a syndicalist trade union structure and practice. This culminated at the FVdG's 12th Congress, held in December 27-30, 1919, in the creation of the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschland (Free Workers Union Germany). [deu.anarchopedia.org/Freie_Vereinigung_deutscher_Gewerkschaftenwww.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/die-historische-faud/6234-muemken-vom-lokalismus-zum-revolutionaeren-syndikalismus de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Vereinigung_deutscher_Gewerkschaften de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistengesetze]

1916 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (d. 2002), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1705.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article454 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2909-jose-borras-cascarosa-anarquista-aragones.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.com/2009/10/biografia-jose-borras-cascarosa.html]

1937 - Juan Negrin forms a communist government which excludes the anarchists and begins repressing those elements it cannot control (including assassinations and summary executions). Some earlier revolutionary reforms are rescinded. Republican attacks on Segovia and Huesca fail. The UGT Regional Committee for Catalonia demands that all POUM militants be expelled from its ranks and presses the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo] to mete out the same treatment to the Friends of Durruti.

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: José Solís Ruiz, national delegate of the Sindicato Vertical (the Organización Sindical Española, the Falangists' hierachical trade union organisation set up in direct opposition to the anarcho-syndicalist CNT) and minister-secretary general of 'Movimiento' (the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista [Traditionalist Spanish Phalange and Board of the National Trade Union Offensive]), who was widely known as 'la sonrisa del Régimen' (the smiling face of the Regime), addresses the strikers over the airwaves on Radio Asturias, Radio Oviedo, Radio Langreo and Radio Gijón, telling them that the "strike had frustrated wage improvements already underway", and that only with a return to work ("the restoration of normality") would the price of hard coal rise and detainees be released. The strikers understood that much remained to be done and the strike continued. [vientosur.info/spip.php?article6474 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Solís_Ruiz es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato_Vertical es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministro-Secretario_general_del_Movimiento es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Española_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional_Sindicalista]

[F] 1965 - __Los Acontecimientos De Mayo__: In reaction to the declaration of a general strike by the Central Obrera Boliviana, the Bolivian military junta launch an all-out attack on the organised working class, passing a series of decrees: Decreto Ley No 7169, which declares state of siege throughout the territory of the Republic; Decreto Ley No 7170, which calls up all Bolivian aged 19-50; and Decreto Leys Nos. 7171 and 7172, which dismantle the existing trade union structure, whilst 'depoliticising' and severely limiting the scope of the newly established structures. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7169-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7170-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7171-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7172-del-17-mayo-1965/]

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: A protest begins at the cafeteria of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario over food price rises. The police supress the demonstration, killing a student, Adolfo Bello. The CGT labour union called for a "status of alert", and Bello's murder is denounced by the public. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

2012 - Laura Gómez, secretary of the CGT-Barcelona, is released from prison. Laura had been in jail since April 25, charged with arson and fire damage to the Barcelona Stock Exchange for having burned a cardboard box filled with false trading tickets in front of the Barcelona Stock Exchange, a symbolic action organised as part of the general strike protests in Spain on March 29. [www.anarkismo.net/article/22628] ||
 * = 18 || 1855 - George Speed (d. unknown), anarchist agitator, active in the Haymarket defense of the falsely accused anarchists, Coxey's Army, the Pullman Strike, and as a labour organiser for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), born.

1888 - __Congrés de Constitució del Pacte d'Unió i Solidaritat [Constitution Pact of Union and Solidarity Congress__]: Also known as the Federación Española de Resistencia al Capital (Spanish Federation of Resistance against Capital). With further decline in the activities of the Federació de Treballadors de la Regió Espanyola, a congress [May 18-20] is announced by the organisations working in and around Barcelona. It was attended by representatives of 24 trade sections, two covering various trades and six local federations. Almost all the delegates were from Barcelona and its area of influence plus representatives from Alcoy, Grazalema (Cádiz), Valencia and Valladolid. The PACTE held two congresses: Valencia in October 1888 and Madrid in March 1891. The Valencia Congress approved forming a parallel anarchist organisation and the Madrid event was held with the idea of extend it to other workers', especially in Andalusia. However, PACTE was only really ever a propaganda organisation and had little impact on the labour movement. [www.veuobrera.org/00finest/888pacte.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With the Paterson police taking every opportunity to jail picketing workers and those attending strike meeting, every Sunday from the beginning of March until July 20, the IWW had held regular rallies in the nearby town of Haledon, New Jersey, outside Paterson's city limits. The town's Socialist mayor William Brueckmann was a strike sympathiser and allowed the strikers to organise without fear of police intervention. The regular venue for the meetings was outside the 12-room house of the Botto family, the head of the family being Pietro Botto, an Italian silk weaver at the Cedar Cliffs Mills in the town, with speakers able to use the balcony above the front door to address the gathered crowds from. The size of the crowds at Botto's house ranged from 5,000 to 6,000 up to 15,000 to 20,000 and the meeting held on May 18, 1913, was one of the largest. Patrick Quinlan had just been convicted of inciting a riot because of his speech at the funeral of a man killed by a security guard hired to protect one of the mills. The strikers cheered for fifteen minutes when he took his place on the Botto balcony. Other speakers that day included Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, Bill Haywood, Fred S. Mowell, a socialist from New York, Upton Sinclair, the famed author of the 1906 novel 'The Jungle', and Frederick S. Boyd, a leading socialist. One speaker rallied the strikers with the words "the Paterson silk mills are slaughter houses, where your blood is used to decorate the backs of the aristocratic women of the United States." [www.thehistorygirl.com/2013/03/gathering-for-cause-botto-house-and.html njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/striking-out/]

[F] 1928 - William Dudley 'Big Bill' Haywood ( b. 1869), US labour activist, founding member of the IWW, and member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America, dies in exile in Moscow. [see: Feb. 4]

1929 - The Confederación Sindical Latinoamericana, the Latin American branch of the Red International of Labour Unions aka Profintern, is officially founded at a congress [May 18-26] in Montevideo, Uruguay. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Sindical_Latinoamericana es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Sindical_Latinoamericana www.lahaine.org/b2-img10/pelaez_csum.pdf]

1991 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 27]

2009 - Débora Céspedes (b. 1922), Uraguayan poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 8] || [www.brokenhill.nsw.gov.au/broken-hill-history/great-strike redflag.org.au/article/broken-hill-radical-history www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4102b.htm www.marxists.org/history/australia/1945/18201920.htm www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/no-29/jack-cogan/ philgriffiths.id.au/writings/gregson/i%20Chapter%206%20Broken%20Hill%20context.pdf]
 * = 19 || 1919 - __Broken Hill Miners' Strike__: Thousands of miners are on strike in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Cooperative depots were established to supply struggling miners’ families with the basic food stuffs, such as bread, margarine, potatoes and onions that the mine workers and their families who struggled to survive on during the eighteen month-long strike, which ended in November 1920 with improved safety conditions, better health monitoring, and a 35-hours work week.

[FF] 1920 - __Matewan Massacre / Battle of Matewan__: The spring of 1920 was a troubled time in the West Virginia coalfields. A nationwide coal strike settled during the winter of 1919 had won United Mine Workers miners a 27% wage increase. Unfortunately, the settlement didn't help most miners in southern West Virginia, the largest non-unionised coal region in the country. When the UMW stepped up its campaign to organise Logan, Mingo, and McDowell counties, coal operators retaliated by hiring private detectives to quash all union activity. Miners who joined the UMW were fired and thrown out of their company-owned houses. Despite the risks, thousands defied the coal operators and joined the UMW. Tensions between the two sides exploded into violence on May 19, when 13 Baldwin-Felts detectives arrived in Matewan to evict union miners from houses owned by the Stone Mountain Coal Company. Matewan chief of police Sid Hatfield intervened on behalf of the evicted families. A native of the Tug River Valley, Sid Hatfield supported the miners' attempts to organise. He was also known throughout Mingo County as a man who was not afraid of a fight. After carrying out several evictions, the detectives ate dinner at the Urias Hotel then walked to the depot to catch the five o'clock train back to Bluefield, Virginia. They were intercepted by Hatfield, who claimed to have arrest warrants from the county sheriff. Detective Albert Felts produced a warrant for Hatfield's arrest, which Matewan mayor C. C. Testerman claimed to be a fake. The detectives didn't know they had been surrounded by armed miners, who watched intently from windows and doorways along Mate Street and, while Felts, Hatfield, and Testerman, faced off, a shot rang out. The ensuing gun battle left 7 detectives and 4 townspeople dead, including Felts and Testerman. Hatfield became a local hero and was eventually acquitted of murder charges for his part in the "Matewan Massacre." But in the summer of 1921, Hatfield and an associate, Ed Chambers, were shot dead by Baldwin-Felts detectives on the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse, where they were to stand trial for a shooting in a nearby coal camp. Their murders galvanized thousands of union miners, who planned to march on Logan County. The march ended with the Battle of Blair Mountain, in which state and federal troops defeated the miners and halted the UMW's campaign in southern West Virginia. Most of the southern coalfields remained non-union until 1933. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matewan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers www.wvculture.org/history/labor/matewan04.html www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/1576 www.historicmatewan.com/history www.iup.edu/archives/coal/unions-and-mining/the-coal-strike-of-1919-in-indiana-county-and-its-aftermath/ libcom.org/history/us-miners-strikes-1919-1922-jeremy-brecher]

[F] 1928 - In Geneva, Lucien Tronchet, anarchist and trade unionist, the anarcho-syndicalist militant Clovis-Abel Pignat and trade union organiser Augusto Vuattolo instigate a 15-day wildcat strike (widely referred to as a "//grève sauvage//") in the building sector, which results in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc. [www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=cmo-001:2010:26::59 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=798&PHPSESSID=b65d8634ca0fae0454be9f203ce47026 www.storiastoriepn.it/nuovissimo-liruti-1-augusto-vuattolo-organizzatore-friulano-degli-operaio-edili-svizzeri/]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: The first major instance of violence takes place, as Minneapolis Police and private guards attack a group of strikers who are attempting to stop scabs unloading a truck in the city's market area, which would become a central location for strike action and violence. Several strikers who had responded to a report that scab drivers were unloading newsprint at the two major dailies' loading docks were also beaten by the cops. When those injured strikers were brought back to the strike headquarters the police followed; the strikers, however, not only refused to let the police into the headquarters, but left two of them unconscious on the sidewalk outside. [see: May 16] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934 libcom.org/history/1934-minneapolis-teamsters-strike libcom.org/history/minneapolis-teamsters-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher teamster.org/about/teamster-history/1934 www.laborstandard.org/MN_Teamster_Festival/Dave_R_on_1934.htm www.marxists.org/history/usa/date/1934/1934-mpls/index.htm] || [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]
 * = 20 || 1889 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Two National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers South Metropolitan Gas Co. branch representatives attended an all-London meeting of the GWU, where it is decided to petition management for 72 retorts per shift (the 8-hour-day). This petition was agreed to by a mass meeting at Deptford and sent to the South Met. Board. The Manager at Rotherhithe told Mr Rowbottom, the union representative, ‘if the men acted straightforward’ they would be treated similarly.

[F] 1891 - __Australian Shearers' Strike / Great Shearers' Strike of 1891__: Thirteen union leaders arrested during the strike and charged with sedition and conspiracy, are convicted following a protracted trial in Rockhampton. They are sentenced to three years hard labour on St. Helena Island in Moreton Bay.

1900 - André Léo (Victoire Léodile Béra; b. 1824), French novelist, journalist, militant feminist and member of the First International, who was involved in the Revolution and the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

[D] 1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The Partido Liberal Mexicano publish a proclamation calling for the peasants to take collective possession of the land in the territories of Lower California where they have driven out the government, for "a free and happy life, without Masters or Tyrant."

1921 - __Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike__: Workers in the Spinning Department of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Madras (Chennai), India, refuse to work until the management agree to discuss their wage rise demands. [see: Jun. 20]

1938 - Unemployed members of the Relief Project Workers’ Union of Vancouver, BC, occupy the Hotel George, the Vancouver Art Gallery, and the central post office and begin a sit-down strike at the latter two buildings that would last until they were forcibly evicted on June 19, 'Bloody Sunday'. Within hours, thousands of Canadians rallied to protest the police action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1938)]

1945 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Kater (b. 1861), German trade unionist, publisher, socialist and then anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist in the FVdG and its successor FAUD, and editor of '//Die Einigkeit//' (The Unity) and later '//Der Syndikalist//', dies after having spent the past 12 days in hospital with burns to his face and chest after an incendiary bomb that had fallen into the garden of his house had exploded whilst he was trying to defuse it. [see: Dec. 19]

1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: A National Day of Protest called for May 20 result in failure. [expand][see: Mar. 1&12]

1968 - __Mai '68__: An estimated 10 million workers are on strike; France is practically paralyzed.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: Students in Rosario announce a national strike (similar protests took place in other provinces). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

2003 - Domingo Trama (b. 1910), Argentine shipyard worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Sep. 2]

2006 - __Dhaka Garment Workers' Strike__: A series of wildcat strikes amongst Bangladesh garment workers with nearly 4000 factories at its May 20-24 peak. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dhaka_strikes] ||
 * = 21 || 1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: A Royal Order on "freedom of contract" nullifies all the gains that had been achieved by the workers in the agreements of the previous summer. Around this time, workers discover that the Madrid government 'secret' revocation on August 9, 1854, of the order banning 'selfactines' following approached by the cotton manufacturers. [see: Jul. 2]

[A/D] 1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The beginning of 'Semaine Sanglante' as the horrendous repression and butchery during the suppression of the Paris Commune begins, with government massacres and summary executions leave 20,000-35,000 dead.

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1905 - __Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905__]: After three months of a state of emergency and the crushing of the rebellion, the regime takes to opportunity to simultaneously crack down on the labour and socialist movements as well as the rebels. Hundreds of unionised workers were detained as well as the most active militants, the socialist and anarchist press was banned, the premises of the newspapers '//La Vanguardia//' and '//La Protesta//' among others were raided, and union locals were closed down. In protest at the repression, the Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) and labour organisations, including the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers) and the anarchist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Regional Workers Federation of Argentina), organised a demonstration in Constitution Square in Buenos Aires. Forty thousand workers gathered at the Plaza Constitución and marched from there to the Plaza Lavalle, where the demonstration ended tragically as the protest is attacked with bullets and sabers, leaving three dead and about twenty wounded, victims of police fire and baton charges. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. May 8] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Union of Unions (Союз Союзов) is organised at a meeting in Moscow (May 21-22) as a federation of the left-liberal professional unions, dominated by Pavel Milyukov (Па́вел Милюко́в), liberal politician and future leader of Kadet Party, the Constitutional Democratic Party (Конституционно-демократическая партия). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_союзов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Милюков,_Павел_Николаевич]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: Against the backdrop of an increasingly confused and trouble picture, with violence between pickets and non-strikers increasing, tensions within the ranks of the Fédération Nationale is high. A meeting of the confederal committee holds a number of heated debates, that concludes with a call for the resumption of work.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1931 - __Lossmen-Ekträsk-Konflikten [Lossmen-Ekträsk Conflict__]: The longest lockout in Swedish labour history, which had begun in 1924 when the Holmsund, Sandvik and Mo & Domsjö forestry companies delivered an ultimatumn to the Lossmen-Sävsjöns and Ekträsks Lokal Samorganisation (Local Co-operation) syndicates, local syndicalist workers organisations, to either dissolve their organisations or to become unemployed i.e. to order a lockout, enters the endgame. The syndicalist workers, whose local organisations were part of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden), had refused and begun a blockade of their own that had effectively ended all logging in the Spring of 1925. Now, Sandvik make the first move aimed at ending the strike when company officials at the works in Kalvträsk contact the striking syndicalists to tell them that they would recognise their union and accept their salary demands. Shortly afterwards, the other companies agreed terms with the syndicalists and the conflict was over. [see also: Jan. 15] [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossmen-Ekträsk-konflikten www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Arkiv/Textarkiv/Texter-om-SAC/Lossmenkonflikten-1924-1930/(language)/swe-SE sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Arbetares_Centralorganisation]

1941 - __Teaterstreiken [Norwegian Theatre Strike__]: Staff at theatres in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim mount a five-week strike in protest against the Nazi occupying force's revocation of working permits for six actors, after they had refused to perform in the Nazified radio. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_theatre_strike_in_Norway no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_teaterdirektorat www.nrk.no/programmer/tv_arkiv/drommen_om_norge/4629228.html]

1968 - __Mai '68__: The 'Workers-Students Action Committee-Citroen', forms.

1968 - Beginning of the Occupations of the University of West Berlin, demanding university reform, and in sympathy with the student occupations and demands in France.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: University student groups and secondary school students, along with the CGT, organise a silent march, which gathers 4,000 people. The police sent to put down the protest are forced to retreat, but kill a 15-year-old student, Luis Blanco. This was later known as the first Rosariazo. That evening the city is declared an emergency zone under military jurisdiction. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]
 * = 22 || [A] 1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: The Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot' begins in Littleport in Cambridgeshire. [expand]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The Semaine Sanglante continues following the defeat of The Paris Commune. [rewrite]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1901 - Gaetano Bresci (b. 1869), Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Umberto I, King of Italy in revenge for the army's crushing of the 1898 worker's insurrection in Milan, is found hanging in his prison cell at Santo Stefano, believed 'suicided' by his guards. [see: Nov. 10]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. May 9] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A meeting of RSDLP members including representatives of Party cells in almost all the factories and enterprises in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) is held in the forest just outside the city. Amongst the key players is 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), newly arrived from Moscow. The meeting produces a list of 26 economic and political demands of the city's employers. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The first arrest under California's criminal syndicalism law take place in San Francisco, only a few weeks after the statute went into effect and amid considerable but unfounded hysteria about impending IWW terror campaigns and other outrages. Initial scattered arrests in the Bay Area were followed by a raid on an IWW hall in Stockton on June 29, in which nineteen Wobblies were arrested for criminal syndicalism. This was followed a few days later by a raid in Oakland, in which several men and a woman were arrested, and another in San Francisco, which netted several more people. Most of those arrested were released after a short time and never charged. And yet, before the summer was over, authorities in the Bay Area charged more than sixty people, all but two of whom were Wobblies or alleged Wobblies. In Fresno in June, the union's secretary for the state was arrested. Later that fall and winter, authorities in Los Angeles followed suit, launching their own campaign against the IWW. By February 1, 1920, the California police had arrested ninety IWW members. [scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: With none of the railway companies making any concessions to the unions, the Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand, orders the army in to run the trains, as well as pupils of the grandes écoles and "citoyens de bonne volonté" (citizens of good will) to volunteer to run the trains. At the same time it orders the CGT to resume work. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1930 - Agustín 'Gringo' Tosco (d. 1975), Argentine union leader, member of the CGT de los Argentinos and an important participant in the historic local uprising known as the Cordobazo, born [expand]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustín_Tosco]

[F] 1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: 15,000 coal miners congregating in Brussels to protest their "famine wages" are tear-gassed by the police. The following day, the same number of protesters are joined by their wives, children and the press. The strikers held up signs saying "Nous voulons du pain pour nos enfants, pas des bombes lacrymogènes" (We want bread for our children, not teargas bombs), and called the five Socialist members of the Van Zeeland cabinet traitors. That same day, fifteen miners quit a hunger strike at the suggestion of their colleagues. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: First 'cacerolazo' (pot-banging) demonstration in Córdoba calling for price and taxes freezes [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2006 - __Huelga de Maestros / Oaxaca Teachers' Strike & Protests__: On May 22, having had no response from the government, the teachers of Section 22 of the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (National Union of Education Workers) struck for the 25th consecutive year. This year however, they set up encampments in the Zócalo, the city centre of Oaxaca, and urged students and their families to join them in occupying the streets. Up to 80,000 teachers and their supporters laid siege to the city centre and, in order to further their message and document their actions, the teachers created a radio station, Radio Plantón. While the Oaxacan government asked the teachers to remove themselves from the streets and return to work, the strikers refused to do so. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6102018.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_popular_de_los_pueblos_de_Oaxaca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Popular_de_los_Pueblos_de_Oaxaca www.tomzap.com/OAXgo.html biiacs-dspace.cide.edu/handle/10089/15841 www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/21/index.php?section=opinion&article=027a1pol] || The date marks the anniversary of the widespread strikes and protests that shut down Kingston on May 23, 1938, after police attacked workers on strike over wages and working conditions at the Frome sugar factory, killing four people and arresting 109 others. [jis.gov.jm/features/labour-day-dignity-community-solidarity/ www.javavillas.org/index.php/about-us/news/item/374-the-origin-of-labour-day-in-jamaica]
 * = 23 || [F] __May 23__ - Labour Day in Jamaica.

1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: The Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot' spreads to the nearby city of Ely in Cambridgeshire. [see: May 22] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The Semaine Sanglante continues, the citizens of the The Paris Commune are bathed in blood by the troops of Thiers. Members of the Council of the Commune evacuate the town hall. Pindy gives the command to set fire to the building; Ferré orders the same for the court buildings and the police prefecture. In the evening, the Pantheon quarter falls into the hands of Versailles.

1934 - In the Battle of Toledo, 10,000 strikers at Ohio's Auto-Lite plant drive away police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Lite_strike]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Following yesterday's teargassing by police, the 15,000 protesting coal miners are now joined by their wives, children and the press. The strikers hold up signs saying "Nous voulons du pain pour nos enfants, pas des bombes lacrymogènes" (We want bread for our children, not teargas bombs), and denounce the five Socialist members of the Van Zeeland cabinet as traitors. That same day, fifteen miners quit a hunger strike at the suggestion of their colleagues. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Against a backdrop of the widespread electoral success of fascist parties across Europe, in Belgium trade unions and socialist organisations had been carrying out popagnda tours ahead of the May 24th election, which would eventually see the far right VNV (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond / Flemish National Alliance) receive 7.1% of the votes under the name Vlaamsch Nationale Blok. At the end of one such meeting on the night of May 22-23 in Antwerp, a group of socialist militants had been told that fascists from the fascist groupuscule De Realisten were attacking the Union Belge des Ouvriers du Transport / Belgische Transportarbeidersbond local in the Paardenmarkt and had set fire to a union banner. Four of the fascists were intercepted in the Italiëlei sticking up poster and when Albert Pot, the head of propaganda for the Jeunesse Syndicale, challenged one of the fascists, he drew a revolver and shot Pol twice. Pol died en route to hospital. The remaining anti-fascists gave chase and, close to the Opera, Theophiel Grijp, a member of the Conseil de la Ligue des Travailleurs in the city's port, was shot in the neck by the same gunman. He too died en route to hospital. A passing customs officer challenged and disarmed the gunman, holding the four fascists until the police arrived. The killer Jean Awouters, a leader and candidate for De Realisten, was later sentenced to twelve years in prison, reduced to eight years on appeal. May 26, 1936, the day of the funeral of Albert Pot and Theophiel Grijp, became a general protest day against fascism. A week later, a general strike began in the port of Antwerp, which went on to become the largest general strike the country had known. The strike would eventually end with a number historical social gains for the workers, such as wage increases of 7 to 8%, the introduction of a statutory minimum wage, a minimum 6 days of paid leave per year, and a forty-hour week was introduced in the country's port and mines. [www.grafzerkje.be/nieuwsbrief/63/artikel/26 aff.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/30/75-ja.html solidaire.org/articles/la-greve-de-1936-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fonde-la-securite-sociale nl.marxisme.be/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/mv16belgie.pdf]

[F] 1938 - During widespread strikes and protests that shut down Kingston, police attack workers on strike over wages and working conditions at the Frome sugar factory, killing four people and arresting 109 others. [jis.gov.jm/features/labour-day-dignity-community-solidarity/ www.javavillas.org/index.php/about-us/news/item/374-the-origin-of-labour-day-in-jamaica]

1965 - __Los Acontecimientos De Mayo__: Following the declaration of a general strike by the Central Obrera Boliviana on the 16th and the siezure of the mines by the workers, the military junta declares (in Decree Law No. 7181 of May 23, 1965) all Corporación Minera de Bolivia establishments to be military zones under the provisions of the Military Penal Code, thereby legitimising the use of armed force in the seizing back control of the mines from the occupying workers and the crushing of the general strike. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: A massive strike takes place in Rosario and the nearby Industrial Corridor. Blanco's funeral is attended by more than 7,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

[D] 1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Looting of supermarkets breaks out in Córdoba [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2008 - Utah Phillips (b. 1935), anarchist, labour organiser, Wobbly, protest poet and folk singer, dies. “//The state can't give you freedom, and the state can't take it away. You're born with it, like your eyes, like your ears. Freedom is something you assume, then you wait for someone to try to take it away. The degree to which you resist is the degree to which you are free...//” || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]
 * = 24 || 1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: Troops of the 1st The Royal Dragoons and the Royston troop of volunteer yeomanry cavalry restore order in Ely and Littleport.

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Strikers seize the Strong mine on Battle Mountain, which overlooked the town of Victor. The next day, at about 09:00, 125 deputies arrived in Altman and set up camp at the base of Bull Hill. As they started to march toward the strikers' camp, miners at the Strong mine blew up the shafthouse, hurling the structure more than 300 feet into the air. A few moments later, the steam boiler was also dynamited, showering the deputies with timber, iron and cable. The deputies fled to the rail station and left town. [see: Feb. 7] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1905 - [O.S. May 11] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A second meeting of RSDLP members is held in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), attended by representatives of more than 50 factories. It decides to begin a general strike tomorrow. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1920 - Amadeo Ramón Valledor (aka 'El Asturiano' and 'Ramón'; d. 1963), Spanish miner militant anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian anti-fascist fighter, born. Member of the CNT, as were his brothers and father, Amadeo Ramón Chachón. Following the fascist coup of July 1936, he managed to escape and arrived in Asturias. Following the deafeat on the Gijón Front, he and a number of comrades were captured whilst trying to escape by boat. Tried, he received a harsh prison sentence. On the night of 25-26 December 1942, he and others members of the 'Minas de Moro' Society managed to escape from the prison mines at Fabero (Lleó), joining the guerrilla group organised by his cousín Serafín Fernández Ramón (O Santeiro). [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ramonvalledor/ramonvalledor.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6719 landeramemoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/18-de-julio-de-1936-comienza-la.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/biografia.html]

1922 - Juan Portales Casamar (d. 1973), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born into a libertarian family. From an early age, he particiapted, like his brothers and his sister Suceso, in the clandestine struggle with the Andalusian Juventuedes Libertarias (JJLL). In February 1944, during a regional plenum held by the CNT in Seville, he was appointed to the Andalusian Regional Committee of the CNT. From January 1947, he was, with his brother Luis, a member of the Fédération Ibérique des Jeunesses Libertaires (FIJL) and was especially responsible for the distribution of the underground newspapers '//Juventud Libr//e' (FIJL) and '//Tierra y Libertad//' (FAI) - getting paper to the clandestine printing press in the Madrid house of Juan Gomez Casas and then preparing shipments to various regional organisation. He was also defence secretary of the Comitè Peninsular. At the end of 1947, he was arrested in Madrid along with Liberto Sarrau, as was Gómez Casas together with his printing press. The arrest of Gómez Casas was considered by some to be the result of an act of betrayal and that he was 'allowed' to escape in return for information on the printing press. In France he maintained his links with the Peninsular Committee of FIJL and was one of the founders of the Regional Federation of the CNT in Cachan. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6514]

[F] 1925 - The Nihon Rōdō Kumiai Hyōgikai (日本労働組合評議会 / Council of Labour Unions of Japan), a communist-dominated trade union centre, is founded at a conference [May 24-27, 1925] in Kobe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyōgikai ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本労働組合評議会]

1926 - The founding conference of the Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Jiyû Rengôkaii (the All~]apan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions - Zenkoku Jiren for short) takes place in Tokyo. Attended by some 400 delegates, representing 8,372 workers from 25 unions, Zenkoku Jiren was the anarchist answer to the social-democratic Sôdômei and the Communist Party’s Hyôgikai union federations. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenjiren libcom.org/library/anarchist-movement-japan-2 libcom.org/history/anarcho-syndicalism-japan-1911-1934-philippe-pelletier flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/texts/war/japan.html]

1928 - Louis Ségeral (d. 1988), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, engineer, Résistance fighter, poet, painter and novelist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5111 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2405.html]

1936 - __Accords Matignon__: With a total lack of press coverage, including in the workers' press, of the strikes earlier in the month, page five of the day's issue of '//L'Humanité//' that was handed out to some of the 600,000 demonstrators at the annual 'mur des Fédérés' march to the cimetière du Père-Lachaise carries an evocation of "une belle série de victoires dans les usines d'aviation" (a beautiful series of victories in the aviation factories). The following week, a first wave of strikes affects the aviation and automobile factories in the Paris region. The strikes wave would force the Front Populaire government of Léon Blum, formed on June 4, to immediately seek an accord with the unions. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm communication-ccas.fr/journal/manifestation-du-24-mai-1936-vers-la-greve-generale/ www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: In Belgium, the result of the elections clearly shows the rise in popularity of the fascist parties. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The Boletín Oficial del Estado in Spain announces that the demands of striking coal miners had been acceded to by the Franco regime. [see: Apr. 7 & Jun. 5]

[FF] 1965 - A strike (May 24 to June 12) at Courtaulds Red Scar Mill in Ribbleton, Preston breaks out at the rayon spinning mill. Led by the Indian Workers Association (IWA) and involving Indian, Pakistani and African-Caribbean workers. It would be the first significant postwar strike by black workers in Britain as action was taken over the management's decision to force Asian workers (who were concentrated with a few West Indians in one area of the labour process) to work more machines for less pay. The strike was not successful but exposed the active collaboration of white workers, local (TGWU) union officials and management against the black workers. [libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ www.marxists.org/archive/foot-paul/1973/xx/racism.html www.k-solutionsgroup.org.uk/downloads/connect-connects-project/cotton-connects-booklet.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/publications/pdfs/Policy Papers in Ethnic Relations/PolicyP No.5.pdf]

1968 - __Mai '68__: By today — barely two weeks after the great demonstration of May 13 — approximately 10 million workers are on strike. Immense demonstrations continue to occur, while the government plans to call out the army. In the evening battles break out in the streets and on the barricades near the Lyon Station in the Latin Quarter. In the provincial towns street fights break out. De Gaulle goes on TV to announce a referendum. Overnight rioting in Paris sees 795 arrests, and 456 injured. An attempt to torch the Bourse is made. Other incidents throughout France; a Commissaire de Police is killed in Lyon by a truck. Committees for the Defense of the Republic (CDR) are launched.

1986 - Cinta Blanch (b. 1905), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was one of the pillars of the Aldover agricultural community during the Spanish Revolution along with her partner Agustí Pons, her brother Joan Blanc and other comrades, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2405.html]

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Supermarket looting spreads to Rosario [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf] || Master shoemakers took the matter to court, and on November 1, 1805, a Philadelphia grand jury indicted eight journeymen on charges of combination and criminal conspiracy to violate English Common Law that banned schemes to force wage increases. The trial, officially known as Commonwealth v. Pullis, began March 2, 1806, in the Mayor’s Court and became a political contest between Federalist aristocracy and Jeffersonian democracy. In a prosecution paid for by the employers (rather than the government), the eight were found guilty and fined eight dollars each. The law established in this case, that labour unions are illegal conspiracies, would remain until another case in 1842, Commonwealth v. Hunt – also involving a strike by shoemakers – overturned the precedent set by Commonwealth v. Pullis. [philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cordwainers-trial-of-1806/ patrickmurfin.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/philadelphia-court-snuffed-one-of-first.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Pullis journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/30723/30478 socialistaction.org/2016/06/30/200-years-ago-journeymen-shoemakers-strike-in-philadelphia/]
 * = 25 || 1805 - In 1794 Philadelphia shoemakers had organised the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers in an effort to secure stable wages as shoemaking moved away from a craft indusrty to an industrialised one. Over the following decade, the union had managed to secure some wage increases, despite the employers' frequent use of scab workers. On May 25, 1805, officers of a local union of shoemakers were arrested in Philadelphia for leading a 'turn-out' (strike) for higher wages, one of the first such organised work stoppages in American history (they had organised one such 'turn-out' in 1799 that had failed and had in fact led to a general wage cut).

1864 - The Loi Ollivier is passed, repealing the Loi Le Chapelier of June 14, 1791, thereby abolishing the 'Délit de Coalition' (the Offence of Coalition), which forbid workers' organisations, most notably trade guilds of the period, but also peasant and worker assemblies. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Ollivier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Le_Chapelier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Délit_de_coalition]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: Only Butte aux Cailles still resists. The Left Bank is now in the hands of the reactionaries of Versailles, which begins summarily executing the Communards with a machine-gun.

1885 - __La Bande Noire__: The second trial of the Bandes Noire opens at Chalon with around 30 in the dock. Eleven are eventually convicted with Gueslaff and Hériot being sentenced to 10 and 20 years of forced labour respectively. Brenin, abandoned by Thévénin and now insane, is sentenced to 5 years forced labour, commuted to 5 years imprisonment. The others get between 2 and 12 years. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71 raforum.info/dissertations/IMG/pdf/Annexes_de_GERMAIN-_Le_mouvement_anarchiste_en_Sao_ne-et-Loire_-_GERMAIN_Emmanuel-Marie.pdf]

1885 - At Père-Lachaise police bayonet charge an anniversary commemoration of the Commune inside the cemetery, whilst outside cavalry disperse demonstrators. 40 people are injured and 60 arrests are made.

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: At about 09:00, 125 deputies, thugs from Bowers' private army, arrived in Altman and set up camp at the base of Bull Hill. As they started to march toward the strikers' camp, miners at the Strong mine blew up the shafthouse, hurling the structure more than 300 feet into the air. A few moments later, the steam boiler was also dynamited, showering the deputies with timber, iron and cable. The deputies fled to the rail station and left town. A celebration broke out among the miners, who broke into liquor warehouses and saloons. That night, some of the miners loaded a flatcar with dynamite and attempted to roll it toward the deputies' camp. It overturned short of its goal and killed a cow. The following day, mine owners met again with Sheriff Bowers in Colorado City. The owners agreed to provide more funding to allow the sheriff to raise 1,200 additional deputies. Bowers quickly recruited men from all over the state, and established a camp for them in the town of Divide, about 12 miles away from Cripple Creek. Meanwhile, groups of armed men were forming in mining towns throughout Colorado, planning to march to Cripple Creek to support the strikers. At Rico, for instance, a hundred fully armed men seized a train and rode 100 miles toward Cripple Creek before they were stopped. In Colorado Springs, the mine-owners' citadel, rumors were widely believed that the city was about to be attacked. [see: Feb. 7] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1900 - Francesco Carmagnola (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and labour organiser, born. Forced in 1922 into exile in Australia for his radical ideas and political record. Pivotal anarchist/anti-fascist in the Italian community in Australia, Carmagnola led the 1934 Canecutters' strike.

1901 - Founding congress of the Federación Obrera Argentine (FOA) is held in Buenos Aires. [today and tomorrow]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. May 12] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A strike breaks out amongst the textile workers in the Bolshevik stronghold of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), marking the start of a general strike that lasted 72 days and at its peak involved 70,000 workers. Only hunger forced the workers to be satisfied partial concessions entrepreneurs and resume work. Under the leadership of a Bolshevik group, headed by 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), that had taken the decision to strike yesterday, the strikers demand an eight-hour day, higher wages, abolition of fines, the elimination of the factory police, freedom of speech, of association, of the press, of strikes, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительного собрания ), and others. These events have resulted in the creation of the the first workers Soviet in Russian history. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1911 - André Renard (d. 1962), Belgian socialist, anti-fascist résistant, syndicalist and Wallonian activist, who was prominent in the 1960-61 Grève Générale de l'Hiver and founded the political ideology Renardisme, which combined elements of syndicalism with Walloon nationalism, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Renard_(syndicaliste) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Renard fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renardisme connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/merite/renard-andre]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The strike on the Réseau de l'État (State Network), and the federation finally calls for a country-wide resumption of work on May 28, 1920. The railwaymen would pay dearly for this failure: 400 militants were charged with conspiracy against the security of the State, and 20,000 workers sacked. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: Employers in the city accepted many of the striker's demands and go on to worked through other issues with the help of mediators appointed by the governor. The strikers returned to work on May 25, but in a matter of weeks it became apparent that the employers were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Many union members were fired. Between May and July workers filed more than 700 cases of discrimination. The companies also refused to recognise their agreement to let the union organise inside workers. [see: May 16]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Against a backdrop of the widespread electoral success of fascist parties across Europe, in Belgium trade unions and socialist organisations had been carrying out popagnda tours ahead of the May 24th election, which would eventually see the far right VNV (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond / Flemish National Alliance) receive 7.1% of the votes under the name Vlaamsch Nationale Blok. At the end of one such meeting on the night of May 22-23 in Antwerp, a group of socialist militants had been told that fascists from the fascist groupuscule De Realisten were attacking the Union Belge des Ouvriers du Transport / Belgische Transportarbeidersbond local in the Paardenmarkt and had set fire to a union banner. Four of the fascists were intercepted in the Italiëlei sticking up poster and when Albert Pot, the head of propaganda for the Jeunesse Syndicale, challenged one of the fascists, he drew a revolver and shot Pol twice. Pol died en route to hospital. The remaining anti-fascists gave chase and, close to the Opera, Theophiel Grijp, a member of the Conseil de la Ligue des Travailleurs in the city's port, was shot in the neck by the same gunman. He too died en route to hospital. A passing customs officer challenged and disarmed the gunman, holding the four fascists until the police arrived. The killer Jean Awouters, a leader and candidate for De Realisten, was later sentenced to twelve years in prison, reduced to eight years on appeal. May 26, 1936, the day of the funeral of Albert Pot and Theophiel Grijp, became a general protest day against fascism. A week later, a general strike began in the port of Antwerp, which went on to become the largest general strike the country had known. The strike won the workers a seris of major concessions: wages increases of 7 to 8%, the introduction of a statutory minimum wage, a minimum 6 days of paid leave per year, and a forty-hour week was introduced in the country's port and mines. [www.grafzerkje.be/nieuwsbrief/63/artikel/26 aff.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/30/75-ja.html solidaire.org/articles/la-greve-de-1936-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fonde-la-securite-sociale nl.marxisme.be/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/mv16belgie.pdf]

1937 - Francisco González Moreno (b. unknow), Secretary of the Sindicato Único de Oficios Varios of the CNT in Mascaraque (Toledo) and an ex-communist, is shot by members of the Lister Brigade (XLVI Brigada Mixta) behind the Christus Church in Mora de Toledo, the 60th CNT member to be executed by the Stalinist hatchetman Enrique Líster Forján and his troops. González Moreno had made a number of unsuccessful attempts at escape since his 'arrest' the previous day. [see: May 24] NB: Lister would go on to lead the attacks on the anarchist rural collectives in Aragon in August 1937, part of the Communist-dominated Generalitat's plans of erradicating all, especially anarchist, opposition to the PCE's domination of the Revolution. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy.html angelmanuel-gonzalezfernandez.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/los-asesinatos-de-enrique-lister-jesus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Líster [haigography] www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1938/revolution-spain/ch14.htm insurgentnotes.com/2013/10/the-spanish-revolution-past-and-future/ navioanarquico.org/index.php/sangre/represion/all/0]

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Fearing the soldiers will fight side-by-side with the workers and students, and fearing radicalisation of the military, the French government had called up reservists and kept the soldiers in isolation. The government, employers' federation and unions met to negotiate a country-wide pact called the Grenelle accords. France's state radio and television goes on strike: no TV-news at 20:00. || [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimmi_Kanervo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1905_suurlakko]
 * = 26 || 1870 - Mimmi Kanervo (Tuticorin Grönlund; d. 1922), Finnish servant, trades unionist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP and lecturer, who cooperated with the communists later in her political life, born. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905.

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: Battles at the Bastille and Villette, the Communards are defeated this evening at Belleville and Père Lachaise. The Versailles forces assassinate casualties in their ambulances; a crowd seeks revenge by executing 50 hostages on rue Haxo, despite the protests of Eugene Varlin.

1895 - Dorothea Lange (d. 1965), influential US documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her photographs documenting the effects of the Depression and poverty on displaced farm families, sharecroppers, and migrant labourers, born. Her photographs were widely published in newspapers, and help to prod the government to act to prevent outright starvation. In 1941, she documented the forced evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans. Her photographs were considered so dangerous that the Army seized them to prevent them from being published. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange]

1901 - The first issue of the Lyon workers daily '//Le Quotidien//' is published by Sébastien Faure. It ends publication in March 1902 after 294 issues.

1905 - [O.S. May 13] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: 30,000-40,000 workers gather in front of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building (now Revolution Square ), at which thier list of demands is read. It is decided to hold a fundraiser in support of the strikers as well as to begin electing a Board of Workers' Deputies to carry out negotiations with the employers. In the evening a second meeting is held on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка) at which the norm for representation is established: one deputy per 500 workers. Voting began and by the end of the meeting 50 representatives had been chosen. The elections would continue over the following three days and result in 151 delegates. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1913 - 112 theatrical performers gather at the Pabst Grand Circle Hotel in New York City to found the Actors’ Equity Association, adopting a constitution and electing comedian Francis Wilson as the association’s first president. Composer, director, and producer George M. Cohan said, "I will drive an elevator for a living before I will do business with any actors’ union." Later a sign appeared in Times Square reading, "Elevator Operator Wanted. George M. Cohan Need Not Apply". [www.americantheatre.org/2013/03/01/when-actors-equity-staged-its-first-strike/]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: The general strike initiated in Le Havre on May 11 has spread widely. Nearly 100,000 metal workers are now on strike in the Paris region, including at the Nieuport, Lavalette, Hotchkiss, Sautter-Harlé, Lioré-Ollivier, Farman and other factoires. Three-quarters of these strikes are accompanied by factory occupations to prevent lock outs, with strike committees taking on the responsibility of organising security, supplies and maintenance disipline. the Le Havre tactic of factory occupation having quickly spread to all of France. These occupations are a measure of protection both against the risk of employer lockouts and fascist attacks. The unions accept negotiations in most cases, usually with the securing of significant salary increases. But the strike quickly began again elsewhere, sometimes even in factories that had already returned to work, spreading to all professions, such as department stores in Paris and in the provinces. The economy was now largely paralyzed [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The day of the funeral of the two dockers, Albert Pot and Theofiel Grijp, shot dead on the night of May 22-23 in a clash with fascists, sees a tide of tens of thousands of ordinary Antwerpers carrying red flags bordered by black accompany the duo on their last journey from the Breydelstraat to the Brederodestraat. The port of Antwerp itself, is paralyzed by a general strike called on the initiative of the Communists in solidarity with the victims and against the fascists who, the day before, as they feared, had won seats in the election. A few weeks later the whole country is on strike in a campaign that will eventually end with a number historical social gains, such as the forty-hour week, the seven-hour day, and paid holidays. [www.grafzerkje.be/nieuwsbrief/63/artikel/26 solidaire.org/articles/la-greve-de-1936-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fonde-la-securite-sociale nl.marxisme.be/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/mv16belgie.pdf]

1937 - __Little Steel Strike__: On March 13, 1937, the US Steel Corporation had signed a historic collective bargaining agreement with the CIO's Steel Workers Organizing Committe, providing for a standard pay scale, an 8-hour work day, and time and a half for overtime. On March 30, 1937, SWOC proposed an agreement similar to the one with US Steel to 'Little Steel', US Steel's four smaller competitors, Republic Steel Corporation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, and Inland Steel Company. The companies dragged their heels during the negotiations, whilst preparing for a long dispute wit the SWOC - bringing in poison gas and other weapons, hiring private police, donating weapons to official law enforcement, encouraging law enforcement to hire more deputies, stocking their plants with food and bedding, installing search lights and barbed wire, and firing hundreds of union workers. With 'Little Steel' refusing to recognise the CIO and SWOC and engage in negotiations over the workers' demands for better wages, benefits, and working conditions, the Little Steel Strike started on May 26, 1937. Within days of SWOC authorising the strike, 67,000 workers were off the job and the scattered violence that began to erupt was a harbinger of more dire things to come - with it going on to become one of the most violent strikes of the 1930s, with thousands of strikers arrested, three hundred injured and eighteen dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steel_strike www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Little_Steel_Strike_of_1937 libcom.org/history/memorial-day-massacre case.edu/ech/articles/l/little-steel-strike/]

[C] 1944 - Insurrectional General Strike against the Nazis is called in Marseille; A US bombing raid on Marseille kills 6,000 in the workers' districts.

1944 - Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (b. 1880), Irish revolutionary, labour activist and radical feminist, who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 and was a member of the radical nationalist women's organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), as well as a prominent member of the Dublin lesbian network of the period, dies. [see: Dec. 30]

1968 - __Mai '68__: The May Days continue. A General Strike has essentially paralysed the government which is on the verge of collapse.

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Looting spreads across Argentina and continues sporadicaly over the following 2 months, with the main peak between May 29-31. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf] ||
 * = 27 || 1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: Desperate combat by the Communards ends in the Père Lachaise cemetery. The Communards are lined up and shot against the wall — which becomes known as "mur des fédérés", in honour to their memory.

1879 - Alberto Meschi (d. 1958), Italian anarchist, trade union organiser, writer, and anti-fascist, who fought in Spain with the Rosselli Column from 1936 up to the fall of the Republic, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/55-alberto-meschi- militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7192 libcom.org/history/meschi-alberto-1879-1958]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: The conflict escalated, as the mine owners recruited 1,200 additional deputies, ex-police and ex-firefighters, to form a private army, and miners resorted to dynamite and armed conflict. In a development unparalleled in American labour history, Colorado Governor Davis H. Waite declared the mine owners' force of 1,200 deputies to be illegal and ordered the group disbanded. However, this army of deputies, organised by Sheriff Bowers, eventually got out of control, and state militia was again called in—this time to protect the miners and civilians of the town, and threatening to declare martial law. The deputies finally disbanded on June 11. The Waite agreement, providing for the resumption of the $3.00-per-day wage and the eight-hour day, became operative the same day, and the miners returned to work. Union president Calderwood and 300 other miners were arrested and charged with a variety of crimes. Only four miners were convicted of any charges, and they were quickly pardoned by the sympathetic populist governor. [see: Feb. 7]

1905 - [O.S. May 14] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A meeting is held in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building, which is attended by the Governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев), newly arrived from Vladimir (Владимира), accompanied by a battalion of infantry. At the meeting the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) states that the employers refuse to discuss the workers demands in a general meeting and propose to discuss them separately, with elected representatives at each enterprise and who will be immune from prosecution according to the governor. The workers reject this proposal. Svirsky is informed that the strike will continue until all the demands are fully satisfied and that the workers have nominated their representatives for the collective negotiations. In the evening a meeting of industrialists decide not to give in to the strikers, and appealed to the governor not to use force in order not to stir up the crowd and aggravate the situation. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1908 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/torrelles/torrelles.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Inés_Ajuria_de_la_Torre]

1911 - Jerzy Zbigniew Złotowski aka 'Poręba' (d. 1944), Polish architectural engineer, syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. He part in the defence of Poland during the Nazi invasion as a member of Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army)[Grupa 'Północ' (Group 'North')]. From November 1939, he was a member of Central Committee of the Związek Syndykalistów Polskich (ZSP; Union of Polish Syndicalists). Lieutenant and then commanding officer of the ZSP Headquarters Combat Units. During Warsaw Uprising, he was an officer in 104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich (Company 104 of the Union of Polish Syndicalists) in the Old Town and of the Syndicalist Brigade (PAL) in Śródmieście. On September 30, 1944, he fell in combat on the corner of Krucza St. and Wspolna St. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/brygada-syndykalistyczna-w-powstaniu-warszawskim/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ zsp.net.pl/syndykalisci-w-powstaniu-warszawskim pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Związek_Syndykalistów_Polskich www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Jerzy_Zlotowski]

1935 - __Battle of Ballantyne Pier__: The lock-out of Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association (VDWWA) members that led to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier begins. [see: Jun. 18] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier libcom.org/history/1935-battle-ballantyne-pier]

[F] 1941 - __Nord-Pas-de-Calais Miners' Strike__: A strike breaks out in the coal-rich Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, then under occupation by German troops – one of the first acts of collective resistance to the Nazi occupation in France. A 'zone interdite' (forbidden zone) under direct military administration from Brussels, the strike followed on from the Belgian Grève des 100 000 earlier on in the month (May 10-18). It too was a Communist-organised act of passive resistance to the German occupation that had begun as a strike to protest against the deterioration of their living and working conditions – in particular the decision by the occupiers to increase the length of the working day by half an hour from January 1, 1941, with no increase in wages. On top of the longer days, wage freezes and insufficient rations, the mining companies decided on May 27 to impose payments by team, rather than individual, which would have meant lower wages for some miners. This was the final straw which broke the camel's back. The strike began at the Compagnie des mines de Dourges' Pit No. 7 and over the following five days it had spread across the Nord-Pas-de-Calais to become a general strike, peaking between June 4-6 to involved over 100,000 striking from a workforce of 143,000. Related industries including coking plants and power stations were affected, which then had a knock-on effect on the textile industry. The movement was widely supported by women, who helped spread the strike. Everywhere they formed pickets, barring the entry of tanks and urging miners to strike. They demonstrated outside oil company offices in Lievin, in Hénin-Liétard and Billy-Montigny to name but a few, and in some cases could only be dispersed by German troops using live ammunition. Émilienne Mopty was one such woman. The wife of a miner, during the strike she became the key organiser of the women's demonstrations in Hénin-Liétard on May 29 and Billy-Montigny on June 4. Forced into hiding, she was later arrested by the Gestapo and beheaded in Cologne on January 18, 1943. Faced with this dire situation, the occupation authorities began to ramp up the repression. The first arrests were made on May 28 from lists provided by the mining companies from reports made by engineers and mine guards. However this was insufficient to halt the spread of the strike, so army reinforcements were brought in. On June 3, General Niehoff ordered the putting up posters containing two notices: the first requiring miners to return to work, the second announcing the sentencing of eleven strikers to five years of forced labour and two women and two to three years of hard labour. Still, the strike continued, so German troops occupied the pits. Public places, cafes and cinemas were all closed and gatherings of people banned. Payment of wages was suspended and ration cards were no longer distributed. Arrests multiplied. Men and women were taken to the prisons of Loos, Bethune, Douai and Arras. The Kleber barracks in Lille and Valenciennes Vincent barracks were transformed into internment camps. The toll was heavy: hundreds of people were arrested. 270 minus were deported in July in Germany; 130 died. Others were shot later in the year. Many of those who avoid arrest chose to go underground. The wave of terror and hunger took its toll on the miners, and they were forced to return to work on June 10, having cost the German war machine 500,000 tonnes of coal in lost production. However the authorities were forced to grant concessions: German authorities introduced a special service to bring additional food and workloads to the miners, and the Vichy government granted a general increase in wages on June 17. [libcom.org/history/nord-pas-de-calais-miners-strike-1941 www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/miners-strike-nord-pas-de-calais-region-may-27-june-9-1941 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_des_mineurs_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais_(1941)]

1968 - __Mai '68__: The Upheavals of May '68 continue. The agreements of Grenelle (signed between employers and the trade unions), ratifies a wage increase, but is rejected by the workers who heap abuse on the trade-union representatives. ||
 * = 28 || [A/D] 1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The Paris Commune is finally defeated today with 20,000 people executed during the 'Boody Week' (Semaine Sanglante). Amongst those executed today is Eugene Varlin (b. 1839), an anarchist bookbinder who was elected a member of the Commune.

1882 - Fortuné Henry (b. 1821), French libertarian journalist and poet, who was one of the most influential figures in the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Jul. 20]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Having declared the mine owners' force of 1,200 deputies to be illegal and ordered the group disbanded the previous day, Colorado Governor Davis H. Waite visits the miners, who authorise Waite to negotiate on their behalf. [see: Feb. 7]

1897 - Carl Nold and Henry Bauer are convicted and imprisoned for aiding in Alexander Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Frick, are released from the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh. Berkman remained in prison for many years and his book '//Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist//' is now considered one of the masterpieces of prison literature.

1905 - [O.S. May 15] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Meetings are held across the city to elect the final delegates. The Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов), which consists of 151 delegates, including 25 women, gathers at 18:00 in the city council building. More than half of the deputies in Russia's first city-wide Soviet are members of the RSDLP (according to the Bolsheviks themselves), and at least 2 (and possibly 3) are spies for the secret police. The engraver and poet Nozdrin Abner Yevstigneyevich (Ноздрин Авенир Евстигнеевич) is elected to the chair. Guarded by workers in the square, they send their demands directly to the individual factory owners. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: At 09:30, 35,000 workers at the Renault plant in Boulogne-Billancourt go out on strike after the Communist section demand that the factory is occupied following a derisory wage offer from management.. They are joined by workers from Fiat, Chausson, Gnome et Rhône, Talbot, Citroën, Brandt, Salmon, as well as Le Matériel Téléphonique and the Crété printing house. The Minister of Labour, Frossard, swiftly organises a meeting between the Union of Metallurgical and Mechanical Industries of the Paris Region (GIM) and trade unions. Discussion continue on til May 30, with strike numbers across France steadily dwindling.

[F] 1946 - __Rochester General Strike__: At least 30,000 workers in Rochester, NY, participate in a general strike in support of the 489 municipal workers who had been fired on May 15 for forming a union. The following day, the city agreed to reinstate all of the discharged workers, drop the illegal charges against arrested pickets, and recognise the workers’ right to organise and bargain collectively. [www.rochesterlabor.org/strike/ www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2016/05/17/memmott-70-years-ago-general-strike-brought-rochester-halt/84459490/ www.bls.gov/wsp/1946_work_stoppages.pdf] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/29th-may-1812-trials-of-thomas-brookes.html]
 * = 29 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: The trials of Thomas Brookes, Hannah Smith and other Middleton rioters at Lancaster Special Commission.

[E] 1830 - Clémence-Louise Michel (d. 1905), French anarchist, Paris Communard and revolutionary hero, born at the Chateau of Vroncourt, France. As well as the numerous theoretical texts and essays she wrote, she also published a number of books of poems, including '//À Travers la Vie//' (Through Life; 1894), '//La Fille du Peuple//' (1883) and '//L'Ère Nouvelle, Pensée Dernière, Souvenirs de Calédonie//' (The New Era, Final Thought, Memories of Caledonia; 1887) [prisoners' songs and poems]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel centralworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/RedVirgin.pdf www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html www.ac-creteil.fr/lycees/93/lmichelbobigny/louise/chrono/chrono.htm libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes3.html www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article465]

1900 - René Michaud (d. 1979), French anarchist and author of the Parisian working class memoir of 'J//'avais Vingt Ans: Un Jeune Ouvrier Au Debut Du Siecle//' (1967), born.

1905 - [O.S. May 16] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council calls manufacturers to a meeting with the governor and the Factory Inspectorate. At a strike meeting in the main square, the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) announces the rejection of the workers demands. A meeting of the Workers' Council vows to carry on with the strike. Two battalions of the 10th Little Russian Grenadier Regiment (10-го гренадёрского Малороссийского полка) have arrived from Vladimir (Владимира). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1917 - [O.S. May 16] The Kronstadt Soviet declares independence from the Provisional Government. [expand] [libcom.org/files/Israel_Getzler_Kronstadt_1917-1921_The_Fate_of_a_Soviet_Democracy_Cambridge_Russian,_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Studies_ _1983.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1989/trotsky1/12-return.html]

[F] 1941 - __Disney Animators' Strike__: With Walt Disney refusing to recognise the Screen Cartoonists Guild, whilst maintaining that the Disney animators were represented by the 'Federation of Screen Cartoonists' (a sham union that had been set up by the studios and declared illegal by the National Board of Labor Relations), Disney fires the prominent animator Art Babbitt along with 16 other cartoonists belonging to the SCG, with Disney citing Babbitt's "union activities" in his termination notice. Two days later, a mass meeting was held by the Disney employees where the motion to strike was put forward by an assistant to Babbitt and the Screen Cartoonists Guild brings out Disney's 200 animators on strike starting the next day, May 29, 1941. Incidentally, Babbitt was one of the most highly paid animators in Disney's employ, but had a strong union ethos and was instrumental in keeping the strike going over the coming weeks. The strike occurred during the making of the animated feature Dumbo, and a number of strikers are caricatured in the feature as clowns who go to "hit the big boss for a raise". During the strike, animators from other studios offered support for the strikers. Animators from Warner Bros., including Chuck Jones, volunteered their cars to form a motorcade around the Disney studio. The strike lasted five weeks. Toward the end, Disney accepted a suggestion by Nelson Rockefeller, that he make a tour of Latin America as a goodwill ambassador, and his removal from the scene enabled passions to cool, and in his absence the strike was settled with the help of a federal mediator, who found in the Guild's favor on every issue. The Disney studio signed a contract and has been a union shop ever since. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_animators'_strike libcom.org/history/1941-disney-cartoonists-strike www.awn.com/animationworld/disney-strike-1941-how-it-changed-animation-comics animationguild.org/about-the-guild/disney-strike-1941/]

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo] / Córdobazo__: A wildcat General Strike breaks out in the city of Córdoba, which brings police repression provoking two days of massive rioting throughout the Córdoba province, involving students and workers in the car and heavy industries, an episode of civil uprising later termed the Córdobazo. The following day the CGT called for national strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/] || The events in Fobbing mark the beginning of a peasant insurrection that raged across England throughout the first half of June, and into July as the rebels are hunted down by the King's men seeking revenge. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 30 || [AA/DD] 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Peasants chase Thomas Bampton, a member of Parliament, a Justice of the Peace and the king's tax collector, who had come to Essex to investigate the non-payment of the poll tax, out of the village of Fobbing in Essex. Bampton and two sergeants had attempted to arrest Thomas Baker, the village's representative, when he had declared that his village had already paid their taxes, and that no more money would be forthcoming. The well-organised villagers, armed with old bows and sticks, attacked them and Bampton fled back to London.

1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: The trials of Barton and Worsley food rioters and Bolton illegal oath giver/takers at Lancaster Special Commission [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/30th-may-1812-trials-of-barton-worsley.html]

1814 - Mikhail Bakunin (d. 1876), anarchist theorist and assassin of God, born in the village of Pryamukhino near Moscow. [expand] [ Costantini pic ]

1831 - Large Reform Rally at Twyn y Waun led by dissident radicals including Cyfartha coal miner Thomas Llywelyn. Issues raised at this rally are reformist and relating to trade union rights under banners which declare ‘Reform in Parliament' but also ‘God Save William IV’. The event takes place just 2 days before the Merthyr Rising broke out. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

[D] 1842 - 19-year-old out-of-work carpenter John Francis attempts to assassinate Queen Victoria as she drives down Constitution Hill with Albert. [www.bjc.me.uk/2012/07/john-francis.html www.queenvictoriaonline.com/Assassination-Attempts-on-Queen-Victoria.html]

1887 - Benjamin J. Legere (d. 1972), US actor and IWW organiser, born in Tauton, Massachusetts. Legere was active in both the American and Canadian Labor movements as an IWW organiser and as a member of the General Executive Board of the Canadian One Big Union. In 1912 he helped lead the Little Falls, New York, textile strike and, following his arrest on October 30, spent six months on remand til he was sentenced to "not less than one year nor more than one year and three months in Auburn prison" for allegedly stabbing a cop in the buttocks. During 1919 Legere was a participant in the New York actor's strike and in 1922 he was one of the leaders of the Lawrence, Massachusetts textile strike. Moving to the West Coast in the mid-1920's Legere was active in San Francisco Bay Area theater and radio as a playwright, actor, director and critic. Several of his plays, which dealt with labor movement themes, were financial successes. In addition to his work in the theatre and labour movement Legere held positions in a number of reformist political organisations and causes: First Secretary of the San Francisco Council of the Democratic Party, Chairman of the California Production for Use Congress, Chairman of the Joint Bay Area Strike Committee of the W.P.A. and the San Francisco Bay Area Sobell Committee. Ben Legere died on January 29, 1972 [reuther.wayne.edu/files/LP000709.pdf bportlibrary.org/hc/labor/a-labor-of-love/ cjm.nonprofitsoapbox.com/storage/documents/Exhibitions/2015/chasing_justice/2_ChasingJustice_CompleteWallText.pdf]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: At the trial of the fasci leaders, the sentences were handed down: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail. The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and in the United States. In Palermo a group of students went to the Teatro Bellini and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of Garibaldi. The theatre audience applauded loudly. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani salvatoreloleggio.blogspot.com/2010/03/il-processo-ai-fasci-siciliani-1894.html ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2009/02/05/il-tribunale-militare-fu-un-abuso-di.html sellerio.it/it/catalogo/Processo-Imperfetto-1894-Fasci-Siciliani-Sbarra/Messina/1806 cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1893c.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Petrina en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Felice_Giuffrida it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Felice_Giuffrida]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: An initial meeting called by governor Waite and several local civic leaders on the campus of Colorado College in Colorado Springs, at which union president Calderwood and mine owners Hagerman and Moffat were to negotiate nearly ended in disaster as a mob of local citizens attempted to storm the building in order to lynch Calderwood and Waite, who they blamed for the violence in Cripple Creek. Calderwood and Waite escaped out a rear door and onto the governor's waiting train. Negotiations resumed in Denver on June 2, and the parties reached an agreement on June 4. The agreement provided for resumption of the $3.00-per-day wage and the eight-hour day. The mine owners agreed not to retaliate against or prosecute any miner who had taken part in the strike, and the miners agreed not to discriminate against or harass any nonunion worker who remained employed in the mines. [see: Feb. 7]

1905 - [O.S. May 17] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев) returns to Vladimir (Владимира), where he issues a decree banning meetings in the city from May 30 onwards. In response, meetings are moved outside the city to the left bank of the River Talka (Реки Талка). Meanwhile, the bosses attempt to resume production using blacklegs (штрекбрехеров) and further military, police and Cossack reinforcements arrive. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1915 - [N.S. Jun. 12] A crowd of local women from Orekhovo (Оре́хово), mostly soldatki (soldiers' wives), wrecked the stalls in the trading rows in protest against the high price of eggs and other products; one of numerous women's food riots across Eastern Europe during WWI. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[F] 1925 - __May Thirtieth Incident [五卅惨案] / Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工__]: Sikh police under British command opened fire on a crowd of Chinese demonstrators at the Shanghai International Settlement in what became known as the May Thirtieth Incident (五卅惨案). At least 9 demonstrators are killed, and many others wounded and led to the formation of the May Thirtieth Movement (五卅运动) and the 16 month-long Hong Kong General Strike (省港大罷工). [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/unions-and-students-hong-kong-and-canton-strike-boycott-against-british-imperial-rule-1925-1]

1937 - __Memorial Day Massacre / Little Steel Strike__: Chicago Police Department shoot and kill ten unarmed demonstrators at the Republic Steel plant in south Chicago as the crowd tries to flee. Following a Memorial Day Sunday meeting at the CIO headquarters, workers from the Republic Steel Plant in Chicago, Illinois protesting the company officials’ refusal to sign a union contract, had begun marching to the nearby Republic Steel plant in South Chicago with their families and supporters to set up a picket line (or, according to the police, "capture" the plant and stage a sitdown). When the picketers refuse to disperse, members of the Chicago Police Department attacked the marchers, deploying tear gas, nightsticks and firing their pistols. The crowd responded by throwing missiles but, as soon as they saw people fall under the hail of bullets or those in the rear heard gunfire, they turned en masse and ran. Stragglers and those too slow to catch on to what was happening, are ganged-up on by the cops and beaten mercilessly. Those fleeing are chased by the police, who continue to club those within reach and fire on those not. Ten of the protesters were left dead or dying from police bullets or, in one case, from a fractured skull. Thirty others suffered non-life-threatening bullet wounds. They were amongst the more than a hundred taken to hospital, 28 with serious head injuries from the police clubbings. Another nine people were left permanently disabled. Of the total of forty injured by gun shots union physician Dr. Lawrence Jacques, who was present during the massacre and its immediate aftermath, estimated that "10% received front wounds, 22.5% received side wounds, and 67.5% received back wounds". The police claimed that they suffered twenty six injured on their side during the 'riot' and the press were quick to accept their version of events, despite their having reporters present who contradicted those claims. The 'Chicago Daily Tribune' the following morning had a front page headline of 'Riots Blamed On Red Chiefs' and other newspapers carried stories of 'red' infiltrators or union agitators having deliberately started the riot. A coroner's jury would later declare the killings to have been "justifiable homicide" and no policemen were ever prosecuted for the slaughter meted out that day. Years later, one of the protesters, Mollie West, recalled a policeman yelling to her that day, "Get off the field or I'll put a bullet in your back." [www.trussel.com/hf/memorial.htm libcom.org/history/memorial-day-massacre en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steel_strike chicagology.com/notorious-chicago/1937steelriot/]

1968 - __Mai '68__: In France, the trains don't run, airports closed; millions of workers have barricaded themselves within their factories and offices; football players have occupied their stadiums; there is no mail and it is almost impossible to make a phone call; Universities are closed; France is in the middle of a massive General Strike. By radio, de Gaulle announces the dissolution of the National Assembly and says the elections will take place within the normal timetable. Georges Pompidou remain Prime Minister. An allusion is made that force will be used to maintain order, if necessary. Tens of thousands of government supporters march from Concorde to the Etoile. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 31 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Following yesterday's events in Fobbing, a local bailiff, John Geoffrey, attempted to rally support in the area to take on the rebels.

1786 - __Philadelphia Journeymen Printers Strike__: At a meeting of Philadelphia journeymen printers is held at the house of Henry Myers on the evening of Wednesday May 31 following a decision by employers to cut the weekly salaries of employees from 45 shillings ($6.00) a week to 35 shilling (about $4.33) a week. Two resolutions are passed unanimously: Resolved, That we, the subscribers, will not engage to work for any printing establishment in this city or county under the sum of 45 shillings ($6) per week. Resolved, That we will support such of our brethren as shall be thrown out of employment on account of their refusing to work for less than 45 shillings ($6) per week. The document is signed by twenty-six printers, probably comprising a majority of the competent men in the city at that time. The strike began on June 2 and ended on June 10, with the printers having successfully earned back their $6 a week wage.

1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: An attempt by bailiffs from the Court of Requests to seize goods from the home of Lewis Lewis, known as Lewsyn yr Heliwr (Lewis the Huntsman) provides the spark that ignites the Rising. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx]

1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Thomas Llywelyn attempts to hold another reform rally at Hirwaun Common [see: May 30]. Here however his 'Reformism' platform runs into the more militant men of Hirwaun, who seemed intent on more radical measures. Their purpose is to put right more immediate wrongs and has more to do with a long tradition of struggle for natural justice. Thomas Llywelyn then leads his trade unionists off on a march to Aberdare to seek workers' justice in term of labour rights; improved conditions and wages. Back on Hirwaun Common other more militant matters are being considered, which would come to an head tomorrow. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

[F] 1911 - __Great Transport Workers' Strike / Liverpool General Transport Strike__: In Liverpool a massive demo organised by the Transport Workers Federation in support of the two seamn's unions then on strike. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Liverpool_general_transport_strike www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mrlhp/students/transportstrike/transportstrike.htm libcom.org/history/1911-liverpool-general-transport-strike www.liverpoolpicturebook.com/2013/12/transport-strke-1911.html 1911gunboatsonthemersey.blogspot.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-14529243 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/transport-strike-1911/4554644764]

1914 - American anarchist Rebecca 'Becky' Edelsohn (ca. 1892 - 1973) is arrested, along with Arthur Caron, Charles Plunkett, and twelve other anarchist and IWW members during an anti-Rockefeller demonstration in Tarrytown, New York, that she had help organise. Charged with 'disorderly conduct', "the time-worn cloak to cover suppression of unpopular ideas" [Alexander Berkman in '//Mother Earth//', August 1914], at their trial before a police magistrate, she and the other arrestees rejected legal counsel and carried out their own defence, with Becky labelling John D. Rockefeller, Jr. a "multi-murderer". The Court sentenced her to give a bond of $300 "to keep the peace" for three months. Refusing to pay the bond, she was sent to prison "for a period not to exceed 90 days". [ibid] There she immediately went on hunger strike, adopting the tactic then in use by British suffragettes, becoming the first American woman to use the hunger strike as a political campaign tool. She continued to refuse both food and to put up a bond for good behaviour. In a letter smuggled to Alexander Berkman, she wrote, "I am still sticking to my programme, having fasted over twenty-seven days. I am very weak." This letter prompted her friends to raise the $300 needed to post a bond for her release. Released on August 20, 1914, a 'New York Times' article the following day reported that plans for her funeral were finally called off when she was released, weakened and very thin, after serving a month of her sentence. Born in Odessa, Ukraine but whose parents had move to the US when she was one or two years old. She had ended up living in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York and, after her discharge from the orphanage in 1902, live in Emma Goldman's home, becoming active in unemployment protests, anti-militarism, and solidarity actions with both the Mexican Revolution and the Colorado miners strike at the time of Rockerfeller's notorious Ludlow Massacre. Edelsohn married fellow anarchist Charles Plunkett after WWI, with whom she had a son, and died of emphysema in 1973. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Edelsohn www.katesharpleylibrary.net/k98t9w ramblingdigitalhumanist.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/becky-edelsohn-early-hunger-striker.html query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=950DE3DA113FE633A25752C0A9609C946596D6CF query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9504E7D7113FE633A25752C2A96E9C946596D6CF www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=119924478]

1997 - Rose Will Monroe (b. 1920), who became known as 'Rosie the Riveter' (one of a number of women who 'earned' the name, dies at the age of 77. Rose worked at an aircraft parts factory during World War II, and was "discovered" by filmmakers producing a film promoting war bonds. The song and the iconic poster were already well known and a real-life Rosie who was a riveter "proved too good for the film’s producers to resist," said Monroe’s daughter. [www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01920.html www.nytimes.com/1997/06/02/us/famed-riveter-in-war-effort-rose-monroe-dies-at-77.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter]

2000 - __Mexico Teachers' Protests__: Protesting teachers burn pamphlets at a fence around the Los Pinos presidential residence in Mexico City as riot police attempt to protect the building. Teachers from various Mexican states have been protesting for better wages and education reform since May 15.

2012 - Country-wide 'cacerolazo' involving approximately one million people in the capital alone takes place in Argentina against the Kirchnerite government, specifically against the introduction of controls on the foreign currency exchange market, the rampant crime rates, a sense of disruption and infringement of civil rights due to increasingly interventionist policies by the tax agencies and the numerous corruption allegations levelled against the government and policymakers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo] ||

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = JUNE ||
 * = 1 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Rebels in Essex kill three of Bampton's clerks and several of the Brentwood townsfolk who had agreed to act as jurors. Meanwhile, the revolt was rapidly growing as villagers spread the news across the region.

1649 - '//A declaration from the poor oppressed people of England, directed to all those that call themselves, or are called Lords of Manors, through this nation; That have begun to cut, or that through fear and covetousness, do intend to cut down the Woods and Trees that grow upon the Commons and Waste Land//' published by the Diggers.

[E] 1771 - A crowd of women was arrested while destroying the fences around Rewhay Common, England. Another group of women marched to Burton-on-Trent where they freed their comrades and carry them away in triumph.

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Workers march on Merthyr. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1843 - After numerous problems and delays, Flora Tristan publishes her book '//Union Ouvrière//' (The Workers' Union), an important early work of feminist theory. The manifesto, which puts forward the argument for the establishing an international working movement where women are able to play the role they deserve but are currently unable to so do, also states that the freedom of the working class cannot be established without delivering those same rights to all women. The initial print run was 3,000 and to publicise the book, spread her ideas and encourage the proletariat to create local committees of the Workers Union, she embarked on a 'tour de France' in April 1844, visiting apprentis-compagnons (labour movement branches) across the country. However, she never completed her tour, dying of typhus on November 14, 1844, in Bordeaux. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0106.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristán www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/tristan.htm www.womeninworldhistory.com/imow-Tristan.pdf mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Flora_Tristan.htm]

1876 - The first issue of the '//Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung//' (Chicago German Worker's Journal) is published.

[F] 1906 - __Huelga y Masacre de Cananea [Cananea Strike & Massacre__]: In Mexico a bloody copper miners' strike begins in Cananea, Sonora. The miners demand "Cinco pesos y ocho horas de trabajo!" (Five pesos and an eight hour day). [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_Blanco_strike es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_Cananea en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_Blanco_strike es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_Río_Blanco www.weneverforget.org/we-never-forget-the-cananea-martyrs-of-june-1906/ groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/logiademasones/k2bnCBc9Q6o]

1910 - 1,500 members of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers in Los Angeles go out on strike to demand a $0.50 an hour minimum wage and overtime pay as part of the union's campaign to re-unionise the city. Ranged against it was the city's Merchants and Manufacturers' Association and the vehemently anti-union Harrison Gray Otis, publisher of the '//Los Angeles Times//', who controlled and finance the M&M and used the '//Times//' in his 20-year personal anti-union campaign. The M&M raised $350,000 (equivalent to $8.5 million today) to break the strike, whilst a superior court judge issued a series of injunctions which all but banned picketing. On July 15, the Los Angeles City Council unanimously enacted an ordinance banning picketing and "speaking in public streets in a loud or unusual tone", with a penalty of 50 days in jail or a $100 fine or both. Most union members refused to obey the injunctions or ordinance, and 472 strikers were arrested. The strike, however, proved effective: by September, 13 new unions had formed, increasing union membership in the city by almost 60 percent. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-part-2-bombs-betrayal-and-the-election-of-1911 spartacus-educational.com/Ajohn_mcnamara.htm libcom.org.libcom.org/files/Foner PS - A Martyr to His Cause - The Scenario of the First Labor Film in the United States_0.pdf]

1925 - __Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工__]: Martial law is declared in Shanghai as a General Strike begins, part of ongoing labour insurgency throughout all China's industrial cities. [expand] [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: During a brief lull in the strike movement, only 10 factories are currently occupied by workers.

1962 - __Novocherkassk Massacre [Новочеркасский Расстрел__]: After already having had their wages lowered by 30 to 35 percent on January 1, 1962, the workers at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Factory (NEVZ), the largest electro-locomotive plant in southern Russian city of Novocherkassk, are hit by a double whammy on the same day. Having already had the government announce that there would be a sharp "temporary" increase in the price of meat and dairy products (up to 35%), beginning on June 1st, an unexpected and severe attack on the standard of living of all working people in the USSR, and one which was bound to produce general discontent, the workers discover that they had now been ordered to increase production by 30 percent. The factory had already seen a three day stoppage that Spring over demands for better working conditions, especially in the insulation winding shop where 200 workers had suffered poisoning due to poor safety levels. Something had to give. At 10:00, about 200 steel foundry workers stopped work and demanded higher prices for their work. At 11:00 they went to the plant, on the way they were joined by workers from other departments, as a result of the plant has gathered about 1000 people. [expand] [www.struggle.ws/eastern/novocherkassk.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новочеркасский_расстрел tragedy.narod.ru/rus.htm www.novocherkassk.ru/history/novoch/1962.html libcom.org/library/1962-novocherkassk-tragedy www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp000197.txt]

1968 - Helen Adams Keller (b. 1880), deafblind American author, lecturer, suffragette, pacifist, birth control advocate, and member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, dies in her sleep at the age of 87. [see: Jun. 27] || German: Hurentag (Whore's Day) Spanish-speaking countries: Día Internacional de la Trabajadora Sexual (International Day of the Sex Worker) The event commemorates the occupation of Église Saint-Nizier in Lyon by more than a hundred prostitutes on June 2, 1975 to draw attention to their situation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Whores'_Day maggiemcneill.wordpress.com/2012/06/02/the-birth-of-a-movement/]
 * = 2 || [F] __June 2__: International Sex Workers Day.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Chief Justice, Sir Robert Belknap, who was empowered to arrest and deal with the perpetrators, and his small party of soldiers are chase out of Brentwood. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]

1786 - __Philadelphia Journeymen Printers Strike__: On May 31, 1786, printers in Philadelphia gathered and decided to strike until their employers went back to paying them $6 a week (45 shillings) having said that they were cutting the weekly wage to 35 shilling (about $4.33). The strike, which is widely accepted as the first time that a group of workers in America held out for a specific age and worked to maintain that wage, began on June 2 and ended on June 10, with the printers having successfully earned back their $6 a week wage. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com www.proprocedure.com/labor_history/content1.php archive.org/stream/historyoftypogra00tracrich/historyoftypogra00tracrich_djvu.txt]

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: The town is seized by workers, the Riot Act is read and troops sent for [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1905 - [O.S. May 20] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Soviet decided to create a workers' militia (рабочую милицию) to protect the city, a decision duly notifies to Vladimir (Владимира) and the governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[FF] 1908 - __Grève de Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges__: At Vigneux-sur-Seine, there are clashes between striking workers from the local sandpits and blacklegs protected by police. Later in the day police surround a hotel where the stike committee is meeting, demanding that a worker who had earlier punched a cop surrender to them. Prevented from entering the premises, the police open fire, killing 2 strikers, É mile Goebellina (17 year old labourer) and Pierre Le Foll (48 year old carpenter), and wounding 9 others. At the funerals of Le Foll on June 4, and of Goebellina on June 5, and following a call on the 6th by the Fédération du Bâtiment (Builders Federation) to avenge the murdered comrades, squadrons of cavalry patrol the streets of Vigneux, Draveil and Villeneuve-St-Georges. This fails to prevent further incidents occurring in which anarchists show their solidarity with these precarious workers. In particular, individualist anarchists grouped around Libertad, gather on Sunday, June 7th in a show strength at the cemetery of Villeneuve-St-Georges. On July 30, 1908, and with the strike continuing and spreading, the Président du Conseil Georges Clemenceau orders the arrest of key CGT officials, precipitating a massacre at a demonstration in Vigneux. [see: Nov. 18] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_de_Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1969_num_24_2_422071_t1_0538_0000_2 rebellion-sre.fr/syndicalisme-revolutionnaire-a-pied-doeuvre-greves-de-draveil-meru/ www.vigneuxhistoire.com/greve.html vindrisi.free.fr/VIGNEUX/GREVES/1908/PDF/GREVES_D.PDF www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Juillet-1908-Draveil-Villeneuve-la aujourdhui.pagesperso-orange.fr/draveil/pages/pagesgreves/chronologie.html]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Arch-opportunist Richard 'Daredevil Dick' Wells Ferris [stooge to Welsh soldier of fortune Caryl ap Rhys Pryce and alleged spy] held a meeting and declared himself the new president of the Republic of Baja California. He advised the rebels to haul down the Red Flag and abandon socialism, anarchism "and every other ism you have got into." He then created his own flag. Ferris was not a Magonista and had done none of the fighting. He was merely an opportunist, and the Wobblies were not pleased. The ruling Junta of the PLM declared him persona non grata and had his flag burned. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentismo_bajacaliforniano]

1911 - Emily Rosdolsky (Emily Meder; d. 2001), Austrian Trotskyist, anti-Stalinist, and activist in the anti-fascist, trade union and feminist movements, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Rosdolsky]

1916 - __IWW's Mesabi Range Strike__: A precursor to the infamous labour deportations, in Bisbee, Arizona in July, 1917 - with workers rounded up, forced into cattle cars, and dumped in the desert.

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: 66 factories are now under occupation noon; up to 150 that night. They include the Pillot shoe factory, the Say refineries, Dunlop tyres and Gaumont studios.

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Amongst many trade unionists the murder of Albert Pot and Theofiel Grijp was the final straw. With wages were lagging behind the price increases, and with many feeling that the 24-hour strike on the day of their burial was not enough, the trade union leadership feared that they would be bypassed by the rank and file if they did not take action. With tempers rising [in one incident spilling over into fist fights in the UBOT/BTB premises at the Paardenmarkt], rank and file pressure from below, the socialist Union Belge des Ouvriers du Transport / Belgische Transportarbeidersbond leadership decided to call a major meeting in the Sportpaleis (Sport Palace) for June 2 to launch a call for a new strike with as a core requirement, a 40-week week, wage increase, a minimum wage of 32 francs per day and six days of paid leave. owever, as the trade union leaders acknowledged later, the strike broke out "over the head of the leadership" that very day when Antwerp's dockers spontaneously downed tool. At 17:00, the dockers began occupying several ships, demanding an increase of 14 francs a day. Soon boat repairers, diamond workers and transport workers had joined them. A day later, 10,000 workers went to the Sportpaleis to listen to the speeches of the "Communist agitators", as several newspapers designate them. The trade unions hesitate, the Social Democrats call for calm. But the strike is snowballing and continues to grow. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1962 - __Novocherkassk Massacre [Новочеркасский Расстрел__]: 7,000 Russian workers march to protest wage cuts and price increases. Twenty-six people were killed and and 87 wounded when Soviet troops fired on the mass protest against working conditions and rising prices in the southern city of Novocherkassk. [expand] [www.struggle.ws/eastern/novocherkassk.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новочеркасский_расстрел tragedy.narod.ru/rus.htm www.novocherkassk.ru/history/novoch/1962.html libcom.org/library/1962-novocherkassk-tragedy www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp000197.txt]

[EE] 1975 - Facing heavy repression locally and potential new legislation that could include a prison sentence among other penalties, sex workers in Lyon occupied Saint-Nizier church, demanding an end to fines and police harassment. A banner was displayed stating: "Nos Enfants ne Veulent Pas Leur Mere en Prison" (Our children don’t want their mothers in prison). Surprisingly, the movement made all the newspapers headlines and was reported internationally. Sex workers received important support from the local population who brought them food and clothes. The abolitionists were also supporting them hoping that the mobilisation could raise awareness and eventually help stop prostitution. In many other cities, sex workers imitated the movement and churches were occupied in Paris, Marseille, Grenoble, Saint Etienne and Montpellier. The government finally decided to act and the sex workers were brutally expelled from the churches by the police on the morning of June 10. Ulla, the movement leader was outed with her real name and photographs published in the press. The Interior Minister accused them of being manipulated by pimps while the Women Rights Minister claimed she was not competent on the issue. The government refused any form of negotiation and instead ordered a report which was ignored once published in December 1975. [www.persee.fr/doc/rfsoc_0035-2969_2001_sup_42_1_5416] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]
 * = 3 || [1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: 'The Battle of Castle Inn'. up to 24 'rioters' killed

1840 - Jean-Louis Pindy (d. 1917), French member of the Internationale, communard, anarchist and carpenter, born. In 1877, he founded with Paul Brousse and Dumartheray François, the French section of the AIT, and his newspaper '//L'Avant-Garde//'. "L'autorité en quelques mains qu'elle soit placée, est toujours pernicieuse à l'avancement de l'humanité" (When authority is placed in the hands of a few, it is always pernicious to the advancement of humanity)

1886 - A large solidarity meeting in support of 3,500 Decazeville miners who had been out on strike since January is held in Paris at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre. Among the people who spoke was Louise Michel, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Dr. Paul Susini. The meeting ran a lively course and was widely reported on by the press. According to the police informant present there were 1500 people present and the spy alleged that Lafargue had threatened Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, head of the French branch of the banking family, with bodily injury. The four speakers were prosecuted on the basis of the Loi du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberté de la presse (the law of July 29, 1881 on the freedom of the press) and, on August 12, 1886, they were sentenced to between 4 and 6 months in prison with a 100 franc fine. Lafargue, Guesde and Susini refused to attend and were sentenced in absentia. They successfullt appealled, much to thier surprise, on September 24. Louise Michel refused to appeal and, after serving her sentence, was released with remission in November 1886. [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]

1900 - The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union is formed. At its founding convention, delegates represented roughly 2,000 members. The ILGWU grew to become one of the largest unions in the U.S., with 450,000 members at its peak in 1969. It merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in 1995 to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial, and Textile Employees. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ladies'_Garment_Workers'_Union]

1925 - __Matanza de La Coruña [La Coruña Massacre__]: At the beginning of 1925, workers in the Tarapacá salitreras (nitrate mines) initiated a series of mobilisations demanding improvements in the working and economic conditions. Local strikes began in different mines and camps along the Tamarugal pampa, which led to a general strike and the demand of the Federación Obrera de Chile (FOCH) for the nationalisation of the nitrate industry. After reaching a partial agreement that allowed the lifting of some strikes, the governemt led a clampdown, shutting down the Communist newspapers 'El Despertar de los Trabajadores' and 'El Surco' and arresting several FOCH leaders, transfering them to Valparaiso. On June 3, 1925 the workers of La Coruña decided to occupy the salitreras. Headed by the anarchist Carlos Garrido, secretary general of FOCH at La Coruña, they siezed the mine offices, the powder magazine and the pulpería (company stores, which doubles as bars and cockfighting pits), finding in the latter final element of any armed opposition they would meet, the administrator, a Spaniard named Luis Gómez Cervela, who was dispatched by some of the more radical workers. The stores, warehouses and depots were looted by the workers and their provisions redistributed among the families of the camp. Meanwhile, FOCH declared a 24-hour general strike of workers in the Province of Tarapacá for June 4, and called for protests in Huara, San Antonio de Zapiga and the pueblo of Alto San Antonio. In Alto San Antonio there were clashes between the workers and the police, when the latter broke into the FOCH offices where a rally was being held, resulting in the deaths of two policemen. After these events, the workers occupied the mines at Galicia and La Coruña, distributing the provisions of the pulperías between the families and beginning a general strike that resulted in the taking of 124 nitrate mines by their workers and the paralysis of the port of Iquique, with railway workers and wagon drivers ‌in the province also joining the strike. Recaredo Amengual, the intendant (military administrator) of Tarapacá, communicated to the Minister of War, Colonel Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, that "había estallado la revolución soviética" (the Soviet revolution had broken out" on the Pampas. Alarmed by the nature of the events in the north, the government declared a state of siege in the provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta, the Chilean president Arturo Alessandri ordered General Florentino de la Guarda, commandant of the First Division, to crush any resistance. Military reinforcements were sent to the ports of Iquique, Pisagua and Mejillones on the warships Zenteno, O'Higgins, Lynch, Riquelme and Williams Rebolledo. When news of the events in La Coruña reached Amengual, he immediately ordered the dispatch of a company of infantry, a squadron of cavalry and some sailors under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Acacio Rodriguez to put down the insurrection. After leaving Iquique on June 4, the troops arrived at La Coruña, encountering a fierce defence by the workers, who had entrenched themselves in the calicheras and in building, from where they threw dynamite bombs and improvised grenades at the military. Rodriguez requested reinforcements, including additional two batteries of artillery, which began to bombard the nitrate mine buildings, demolishing most of the positions of the rebels and sending some of them fleeing on to the pampas. The bomardment also set fire to the nitrate drying grounds and the stored nitrate, producing a huge fire that quickly consumed wooden houses, workshops, warehouses, sheds and food stores. Men, women and children were fired on by the troops as they tried to escape. This motivated to Garrido to send through an emissary a message to Rodriguez offering a ceasefire. He refused and continued to direct the withering attack of the artillery and machineguns that fired at targets less than three hundred metres away, despite white flags being displayed. On the morning of June 5, Rodriguez directed the infantry and cavalry in a final assault on La Coruña. Carlos Garrido surrender voluntarily, declaring that he was solely responsible for the events at La Coruña, hoping to save the lives of those left alive. He was shot that same night on a nearby foolball field. The death toll was extremely high but the exact figure is unknown. The popular press spoke of 2,000, including those shot, burned alive or thrown alive into the mine. Some of those detained were forced to dig their ow graves before being summarily shot. According to Peter DeShazo, "British diplomats estimated that between 600 and 800 workers were killed in the massacre, while the army suffered no casualties" ['Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile 1902-1927' (1983)]. 600 survivors were rounded up and imprisoned in a slaughterhouse. They were joined by groups of survivors who were captured in the pampa by the cavalry forces. They were sent to the velodrome of Iquique where they were tortured and tried in a military court. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_La_Coruña www.puntofinal.cl/811/matanza811.php www.puntofinal.cl/656/coruna.htm www.luisemiliorecabarren.cl/files/recursos/Matanza_en_La_Coruna.pdf laotrahistoriadechile.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/masacre-de-obreros-en-tarapaca-en-1925.html piensachile.com/2010/11/la-olvidada-matanza-de-obreros-y-sus-familias-en-la-oficina-salitrera-qla-coruapaq/ porlaputa.com/id/892141 www.nortino.com/2012/08/matanzas-en-las-oficinas-salitreras.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulperia]

[B] 1926 - Allen Ginsberg (d. 1997), American Beat poet, one-time Wobbly and Buddhist anarchist, born. [philblank.net/blog/ginsinterview.htm]

1935 - __Relief Camp Workers' Union 'On-to-Ottawa Trek'__: 1,600 unemployed men living and working in Canadian federal relief camps – constructing roads and other public works at the rate of twenty cents per day – go on strike. Public support was enormous and the men decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On June 3, hundreds boarded boxcars headed east in what became known as the “On-to-Ottawa Trek.” [see: Apr. 4] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek ontoottawatrek.weebly.com/on-to-ottawa-trek.html bctf.ca/uploadedFiles/public/TeachingResources/YouthUnionsYou/SS11_L2.pdf www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on-to-ottawa-trekregina-riot/ ottawahistorytours.com/uncategorized/80th-anniversary-of-the-on-to-ottawa-trek-and-the-campaign-for-unemployment-insurance/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers'_Union]

[F] 1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: A general strike is launched against the opinion of the trade union leaders who, on June 3, published a manifesto "Ouvriers du port, pas de suicide !... Pas de grèves irraisonnées !" (Workers of the port, no suicide! ... No unreasoned strikes), '//Le Peuple//', June 4, 1936.

1940 - Helen Marot, American author, librarian and labour organiser, who was a member of the commission that investigated the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, and is best remembered for her efforts to address child labour and improve the working conditions of women, dies. [see: Jun. 9] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Marot spartacus-educational.com/USAWmarot.htm wyatt.elasticbeanstalk.com/mep/MS/xml/bmaroth.html justicelibraries.blogspot.co.uk/2008/01/helen-marot-1865-1940-librarian-for.html]

1943 - French Résistance saboteurs destroyed 300 tons of tyres in the Michelin factory at Clermont-Ferrant.

1987 - Mariano Ferreyra (d. 2010), Argentine student militant in the Federación Universitaria de Buenos Aires (University Federation of Buenos Aires) and Partido Obrero (Workers Party) activist, is shot in the chest and killed in Buenos Aires by members of the largest Argentine railway workers union, the Peronist Unión Ferroviaria (UF), during a protest about the dismisal and outsourcing of workers by Unidad de Gestión Operativa Ferroviaria de Emergencia (Emergency Railway Operational Management Unit) railway company on October 20, 2010, born. [see: Oct. 20]

2005 - Mary Frohman (b. 1947), American anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World, singer, guitarist, dies, of a heart attack while waiting for a bus. A member of the 'filk outfit' DeHorn Crew - the Chicago IWW's house band and lover of fellow anarchist and band member Leslie Fish, the fortune-telling character Mama Sutra in the novel '//Illuminatus!//' is probably based on her. [reason.com/archives/2005/06/09/american-anarchist] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 4 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: The rebels gathered at Bocking, where their future plans seem to have been discussed. The Essex rebels, possibly a few thousand strong, advanced towards London, some probably travelling directly and others via Kent. One group, under the leadership of John Wrawe, a former chaplain, marched north towards the neighbouring county of Suffolk, with the intention of raising a revolt there.

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Troops arrive from Brecon but one column is ambushed and disarmed by workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1855 - Josep Barceló Cassadó (b. 1824), leader of a militant group of workers within the Societat de Filadors i de Teixidors de Cotó opposed to the introduction of automation in the cotton spinning industry, who had successfully negotiated the agreement to ban the controversial 'selfactines' cotton spinning machines with Ramon de La Rocha, the Captain General of Barcelona, during the strike the previous year, stands trial before a miltary tribunal as the alleged 'instigator' a robbery and murder committed on March 29 in the Mas de Sant Jaume, near d'Olesa de Montserrat. Arrested on April 27, 1855, in the Carrer Barberà in Barcelona, the only evidence at the was the belated declaration of one of the seven perpetrators of the robbery and murder as he was waiting to be executed four days earlier on April 23. Barceló was convicted the same day and sentenced to death. He was garrotted two days later in the Plaça del Portal de Sant Antoni in Barcelona. The day of his public execution, the Catalan capital was occupied by the military commander in chief, Juan Zapatero, who had declared a state of war. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_general_de_1855 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_générale_de_1855_en_Espagne www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.veuobrera.org/06crono.htm www.veuobrera.org/02organi.htm]

1862 - Teresa Claramunt i Creus, 'the Spanish Louise Michel' (d. 1931), Catalan textile worker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist pioneer, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0406.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt_Creus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt_Creus fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt libcom.org/history/claramunt-teresa-1862-1931 www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/TClaramunt.pdf sites.google.com/site/narracionsindex-narracions/2-catalunya/biografies-de-dones-catalanes/01-reines-politiques/03-teresa-claramunt-i-creus www.narracions.cat/index-narracions/2-catalunya/biografies-de-dones-catalanes/01-reines-politiques/03-teresa-claramunt-i-creus ca.sabadell.cat/Nomenclator/p/dades_cat.asp?Id=545 www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/teresa-claramunt-la-feminista-revolucionaria/20130627154115094138.html]

1887 - On February 21, 1887, Oregon had become the first state of the United States to make Labor Day, the first Saturday in June, an official public holiday. The first year it fell on June 4.

1905 - [O.S. May 22] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Ivan Utkin (Иван Уткин) aka 'Stanko' (Станко) becomes leader of the workers' militia (рабочую милицию), ordering it to prevent blacklegs from entering factory premises. They also expell the existing police from working-class neighbourhoods. The city had ceased working except for the railway, needing to bring food in. Meanwhile, the city council was doing its best to suppress the strike movement by the eviction of workers from factory barracks and increasing in food prices. In response, the Workers' Council banned price increases and began opening the factory shops and supplying essentials itself, organised by the strikers through a cooperative, as well as restarting the power supply. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1925 - __Matanza de La Coruña [La Coruña Massacre__]: Following the recent clampdown by the government on the workers' movement, which had included the arrest of several Federación Obrera de Chile leaders, FOCH declared a 24-hour general strike of workers in the Province of Tarapacá on June 4, and called for protests in Huara, San Antonio de Zapiga and the pueblo of Alto San Antonio. In Alto San Antonio there were clashes between the workers and the police, when the latter broke into the FOCH offices where a rally was being held, resulting in the deaths of two policemen. After these events, the workers occupied the mines at Galicia and La Coruña, distributing the provisions of the pulperías between the families and beginning a general strike that resulted in the taking of 124 nitrate mines by their workers and the paralysis of the port of Iquique, with railway workers and wagon drivers ‌in the province also joining the strike. Recaredo Amengual, the intendant (military administrator) of Tarapacá, communicated to the Minister of War, Colonel Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, that "había estallado la revolución soviética" (the Soviet revolution had broken out" on the Pampas. Alarmed by the nature of the events in the north, the government declared a state of siege in the provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta, the Chilean president Arturo Alessandri ordered General Florentino de la Guarda, commandant of the First Division, to crush any resistance. Military reinforcements were sent to the ports of Iquique, Pisagua and Mejillones on the warships Zenteno, O'Higgins, Lynch, Riquelme and Williams Rebolledo. When news of the events in La Coruña reached Amengual, he immediately ordered the dispatch of a company of infantry, a squadron of cavalry and some sailors under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Acacio Rodriguez to put down the insurrection. After leaving Iquique on June 4, the troops arrived at La Coruña, encountering a fierce defence by the workers, who had entrenched themselves in the calicheras and in building, from where they threw dynamite bombs and improvised grenades at the military. Rodriguez requested reinforcements, including additional two batteries of artillery, which began to bombard the nitrate mine buildings, demolishing most of the positions of the rebels and sending some of them fleeing on to the pampas. The bomardment also set fire to the nitrate drying grounds and the stored nitrate, producing a huge fire that quickly consumed wooden houses, workshops, warehouses, sheds and food stores. Men, women and children were fired on by the troops as they tried to escape. This motivated to Garrido to send through an emissary a message to Rodriguez offering a ceasefire. He refused and continued to direct the withering attack of the artillery and machineguns that fired at targets less than three hundred metres away, despite white flags being displayed. [see: Jun. 5] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_La_Coruña www.puntofinal.cl/811/matanza811.php www.puntofinal.cl/656/coruna.htm www.luisemiliorecabarren.cl/files/recursos/Matanza_en_La_Coruna.pdf laotrahistoriadechile.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/masacre-de-obreros-en-tarapaca-en-1925.html piensachile.com/2010/11/la-olvidada-matanza-de-obreros-y-sus-familias-en-la-oficina-salitrera-qla-coruapaq/ porlaputa.com/id/892141 www.nortino.com/2012/08/matanzas-en-las-oficinas-salitreras.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulperia]

[F] 1935 - __Battle of Ballantyne Pier__: Longshoremen at Ballantyne pier refuse to load paper handle by scab labour on Powell River following the management lockout there on May 16. The employers respond by locking out 900 workers on the Vancouver waterfront and the collective agreement is unilaterally terminated by the employer. Vancouver Mayor, Gerry McGeer declares that "longshoremen are communists". On June 15, all Canadian vessels are declared 'hot' and dockworkers refuse to handle them and dockers across the border in Seattle also refused to unload ships coming from Vancouver and Powell River that were manned by non-union workers. The dispute led to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier on June 18th.

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: Renault and Citroën are back on strike.

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: In Antwerp on 4 June. A total of 10,000 dock workers went on strike to demand wage increases. Fifteen thousand bus and trolley workers joined the dock workers. Vessels were not able to dock at Antwerp. Van Zeeland sent in troops to corral the strikers. The troops arrested two strikers.

1986 - Umberto Marzocchi (b. 1900), Italian shipyard worker, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in the Arditi del Popolo, who fought on the Aragon front during the Spanish Civil War and, following the Retirada, joined the Foreign Legion (to gain French papers) and fought with the Maquis during WWII, dies. [see: Oct. 10] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 5 || 1381 - [poss.] __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: An angry crowd of local people gathered at Dartford to discuss the arrest of John Belling, an alleged escaped serf from one of Sir Simon Burley's estates. From there the rebels travelled to Maidstone, where they stormed the gaol.

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Gwent workers rise and march to support Merthyr workers [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: Second of three blasts blows up the bedroom at the engineer Michalovski's house but he escapes uninjured again. [see: May 12 & Oct. 30]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Sheriff Bowers' out of control army of 1300 deputies occupy Altman, cutting the telegraph and telephone wires leading out of town, and imprisoning a number of reporters, as what was presumed to be a prelude to storming Bull Hill. Governor Waite dispatched the state militia to take control of the situation. [see: Feb. 7]

1906 - Joaquín Ascaso Budria (d. 1977), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0506.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquín_Ascaso_Budria es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquín_Ascaso an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquín_Ascaso antoncastro.blogia.com/2006/060801-joaquin-ascaso-memorias-de-un-anarquista.php]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Ricardo Flores Magón's followers in Los Angeles announce the formation of the Republic of Baja California (Mexico).

[???] 1919 - 67 anarchists are arrested and face deportation in the wake of a bomb explosion marking the beginning of the infamous 'Palmer raids' in the US. [**rewrite**]

[F] 1925 - __Matanza de La Coruña__: On the morning of June 5, Lieutenant Colonel Acacio Rodriguez directed the infantry and cavalry in a final assault on the few miners at La Coruña who had not already been killed of fled on to the pampa. Carlos Garrido surrender voluntarily, declaring that he was solely responsible for the events at La Coruña, hoping to save the lives of those still left alive. He was shot that same night on a nearby foolball field. The death toll was extremely high but the exact figure is unknown. The popular press spoke of 2,000, including those shot, burned alive or thrown alive into the mine. Some of those detained were forced to dig their ow graves before being summarily shot. According to Peter DeShazo, "British diplomats estimated that between 600 and 800 workers were killed in the massacre, while the army suffered no casualties" ['Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile 1902-1927' (1983)]. 600 survivors were rounded up and imprisoned in a slaughterhouse. They were joined by groups of survivors who were captured in the pampa by the cavalry forces. They were sent to the velodrome of Iquique where they were tortured and tried in a military court. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_La_Coruña www.puntofinal.cl/811/matanza811.php www.puntofinal.cl/656/coruna.htm www.luisemiliorecabarren.cl/files/recursos/Matanza_en_La_Coruna.pdf laotrahistoriadechile.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/masacre-de-obreros-en-tarapaca-en-1925.html piensachile.com/2010/11/la-olvidada-matanza-de-obreros-y-sus-familias-en-la-oficina-salitrera-qla-coruapaq/ porlaputa.com/id/892141 www.nortino.com/2012/08/matanzas-en-las-oficinas-salitreras.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France / Accords Matignon__: With the strike crisis deepening, Léon Blum held overnight discussion with the representatives of the employers' organisation, the Confédération générale du patronat français, at which the stakes of a possible negotiation were outlined (they were willing to deal with wages and collective agreements, but not with the 40 hours week and paid holidays, which fall under government legislation) and that talks with the CGT were possible. Therefore, even before the Council of Ministers had approved his ministerial declaration, he broadcast on radio at noon asking the workers "to rely on the law for those of their claims that must be settled by law, to pursue the others with calm, dignity and discipline". The outcome of those discussion would be the Accords Matignon. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936)]

1946 - Members of the International Typographical Union at the '//Vancouver Daily Province//' newspaper go on strike in support of fellow ITU members in Winnipeg. When the '//Province//' managed to resume publication on July 22, delivery trucks leaving the loading docks were confronted by a large crowd of about 50 pickets and 1,000 onlookers at the protest. A couple of trucks loaded with papers left the Province to a chorus of boos, then protesters surrounded a '//Province//' van and overturned it. Copies of the paper were strewn about the street and set on fire. Eight people were arrested. The violence failed to stop the paper from publishing, but many unionised workers in Vancouver switched their allegiance to the '//Vancouver Sun//'. [www.unifor780g.org/day-history-june-5-1946/ www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20120724/281543698049488]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: Over the next two days [Jun. 5-6] the strikes ended with most of the demands: salary improvements, pensions update, annulment of the sanctions against the Nicolasa miners and the freedom of the detainees, having been granted, although not all, and of course not all those arrested and imprisoned were freed – 28 workers still remained in prison in mid-June. Throughout the two-month strike, nearly four hundred workers had been arrested, and many of them were tortured. They also resorted to dragging them out of their homes and, under escort, forcing them to go to work. Most of the detainees were sent to prison accused of incitement to strike and plots, others were deported. In Asturias alone, 65 were imprisoned for communist militancy, five for belonging to the Frente de Liberación Popular and four for distribution of socialist propaganda. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 6 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: From Maidstone the Kent rebels moved on to Rochester where, faced by the angry crowds, the constable (governor) of Rochester Castle, Sir John Newton, who was soon employed to bear the rebels' messages to the king at London, surrendered it without a fight and John Belling, and alleged escaped serf from one of Sir Simon Burley's estates, is set free. Some of the Kentish crowds now dispersed, but others continued on towards Maidstone.

[A] 1638 - A football match on Burnt Fen, Cambridgeshire is the guise for anti-enclosure rioters from Ely and Lakenheath to assemble and destroy the drainage ditches.

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Great workers' gathering at Twyn y Waun, troops arrive and level guns [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1855 - Josep Barceló Cassadó, a militant cotton spinner and leader of a militant group of workers within the Societat de Filadors i de Teixidors de Cotó opposed to the introduction of automation in the cotton spinning industry and who had successfully negotiated the agreement to ban the controversial 'selfactines' cotton spinning machines with Ramon de La Rocha, the Captain General of Barcelona, during the strike the previous year, is garrotted in the Plaça del Portal de Sant Antoni in Barcelona, two days after a cursory one-day miltary tribunal for his alleged involvement in a notorious robbery and murder based solely on the pre-execution evidence of one of those involved in the actual crime. The day of his public execution, the Catalan capital was occupied by the military commander in chief, Juan Zapatero, who had declared a state of war. Barceló's murder was one of the triggers for the 10-day general strike in Catalonia that began on July 2, 1855 - the first general strike to be held in Spain. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_general_de_1855 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_générale_de_1855_en_Espagne www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.veuobrera.org/06crono.htm www.veuobrera.org/02organi.htm]

1865 - __Dreigroschenstreik [Threepenny Strike__]: A strike by employees in 500 of the approximately 800 book printers in Leipzig that had begun on April 1 in support of higher wages and shorter working hours ends with the employers granting a 28 Pfennig pay increase. However, 50 sacked strikers during the disputed subsequently failed to be reinstated. [see: Apr. 1]

1868 - Georges Butaud (d. 1926), French anarchist communard, partisan of the 'Milieux Libres', born. He was the publisher of '//Flambeau//' ("an enemy of authority") in 1901 and of the monthly '//La Vie Anarchiste//' (1912-14) in Vienne, Isère. His key activity was the creation of libertarian communities: Saint Symphorien d'Ozon, in Isère (1899), the Milieu libre de Vaux near Chateau-Thierry (1902-06) and Saint Maur (Seine) in 1913, a community farm dedicated to agriculture and livestock. However, becoming aware of the problems of food production, he became a supporter of veganism, a principle he put into practice at the Bascon (Aisne) colony.

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: When Colorado state troops arrived in Cripple Creek early on the morning of June 6, more violence had already broken out. The deputies were exchanging gunfire with the miners on Bull Hill. Gen. Brooks quickly moved his troops from the train station to the foot of Bull Hill. As Sheriff Bowers and Gen. Brooks began to argue about what course of action to take next, the deputies took advantage of the lull and attempted to charge the miners. The miners sounded the whistle at the Victor mine, alerting Gen. Brooks. Soldiers of the state militia quickly intercepted the deputies and stopped their advance. Brooks ordered his men to occupy the top of Bull Hill, and the miners offered no resistance. The deputies turned their attention to Cripple Creek itself, arresting and imprisoning hundreds of citizens or forcing them to run the gaunlet as they were beaten and abused. With Bull Hill in his possession, Gen. Brooks began detaining the deputies. By nightfall, Brooks had seized the town and corralled all of Bowers' men. Waite threatened to declare martial law, but the mine owners refused to disband their deputy force. Gen. Brooks then threatened to keep his troops in the region for another 30 days. Faced with the prospect of paying for a paramilitary force which could only sit on its hands, the owners agreed to disband it. The deputies, which Gen. Brooks had dispatched via rail to Colorado Springs, began dispersing on June 11. The Waite agreement became operative the same day, and the miners returned to work. Union president Calderwood and 300 other miners were arrested and charged with a variety of crimes. Only four miners were convicted of any charges, and were quickly pardoned by the sympathetic populist governor. [see: Feb. 7]

1897 - Arnaldo Simões Januário (d. 1938), Portuguese barber, militant syndicalist and anarchist propagandist, born. Typographer and writer for the libertarian press on '//A Batalha//' (The Battle, paper of the Portuguese CGT), '//A Communa//', '//O Anarquismo//', '//O Libertário//' and the review '//Aurora//'. In 1927, as a member of the União Anarquista Portuguesa, he was arrested, spending time in prisons at Coimbra, Aljube and Trafaria, before being deported to various concentration camps (Angola, Azores, Cape Verde and Oikussi on Timor). Released in 1933, he returned to clandestine activities in Portugal, helping prepare for the insurrectionary general strike on 18 January 1934. Arrested and tortured, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died from a lack of medical care at Camp Tarrafal on Cape Verde in 1938. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Arnaldo_Simões_Januário arepublicano.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/arnaldo-janurio-70-anos-depois-da-sua.html www.ephemanar.net/juin06.html]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: The Mexican Government requests US permission (which is swiftly granted) to send troops from Chihuahua to Baja California (through US territory and in US trains) to fight "bandits". Francisco Madero (a revolutionary opportunist seeking power), wins US support to send troops into lower California to crush the experimental Libertarian Commune whose rallying cry has been "Tierra y Libertad". The Commune began when the Magónistes took the city of Mexicali, on January 29, 1911, followed by taking part of Tijuana.

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: France goes back to work after the lengthy May 1968 holidays!

1982 - Kenneth Rexroth (b. 1905), poet, essayist, critic, translator, anarchist, Wobbly, pacifist and conscientious objector, dies. [see: Dec. 22]

[F] 1988 - Approximately 2.5 million people heed the call by COSATU for a peaceful three-day countrywide stay-away or general strike to protest against apartheid, the apartheid government’s two-year old state of emergency, the February banning of 18 anti-apartheid groups from all political activity and the pending Labour Relations Amendment Bill that would further restrict activities of trade unions. [www.sahistory.org.za/topic/congress-south-african-trade-unions-cosatu www.sahistory.org.za/article/mass-democratic-movement-february-1988-january-1990] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 7 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: The revolt is now widespread. The Kent rebels besiege Maidstone Castle, and Wat Tyler is elected at a large gathering in the town. Little is known about Tyler's former life; chroniclers suggest that he was from Essex, his surname may originate from his trade as a roofer, that he had served in France as an archer and was a charismatic and capable leader.

[1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Troops regain control of Merthyr, mass arrests and imprisonment follow [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1898 - In Chicago, Emma Goldman attends the first convention of Eugene Debs's Social Democracy movement; in her view it is a "fiasco." When she is at first prevented from speaking at the event, Debs personally invites Goldman to address the convention.

[F] 1913 - __Paterson Strike Pageant__: By the end of May, after three months on strike, most silk workers families were having real difficulty feeding themselves, let alone paying the rent. Actively renewing their faith each Sunday in Haledon, men and women transformed their daily struggles into a living testimony to resilience, courage, and hope. That is why Haledon had such an impact on visitors. There, New York intellectuals saw the working class at its most hopeful and most united. Back in New York, the intellectuals spread the word about Paterson, both publicly and privately, and joined in the serious task of fund raising. The round of fund-raising meetings begun in April continued in May, with their typical combination of Wobbly and Socialist speakers. But the Village connection was already adding a new dimension to the drive to develop strike support in New York. By the third week in May, many New York writers and artists, including John Reed [portions of the pageant were recreated in the 1981 film '//Reds//'] and John Sloan, were hard at work on the Paterson Strike Pageant, with wealthy socialite and art patron Mabel Dodge (who had originally suggested the idea to Bill Haywood) footing the bill. By showing the audience the active role that workers were playing in Paterson, the originators of the Pageant hoped to reach out to the hearts and wallets of workers in New York. They even hoped to force the New York newspapers to tell the real story of the strike. Haywood in an essay about the strike, which he had written earlier in April, pointed to the need for publicity. "Through their control of outside newspapers, the Paterson silk manufacturers were able to bring about a general conspiracy of silence. The New York papers, for example, after the first few days in which they gave prominence to the strike, were warned through subtle sources that unless there was less publicity they would be made to suffer through loss of support and advertising." The Pageant began, then, as a way of breaking the conspiracy of silence in New York. On June 7, after the strikers had paraded up Fifth Avenue to Madison Square Garden, led by seventeen-year-old striker Hannah Silverman, an overflow crowd of almost 15,000 people watched 1,029 silk workers reenact the major events of their strike. When the doors were finally closed at nine o'clock by order of the police, every seat in the Garden was taken, 1,000 people were standing inside, and many thousands more were left outside in lines stretching for blocks. By that time almost 15,000 had crowded inside. Only about 12,000 of these had paid, however. The rest were silk strikers who had been admitted free, including 800 who had walked the twenty-three miles from Paterson to the Garden and a larger contingent from Hudson County, New Jersey. The audience as a whole was overwhelmingly working class. Instead of making money, the pageant lost $2,000. The strike fund was unable to raise enough money and by July the workers had been starved into submission. [historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5648/ historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5649/ walkingoffthebigapple.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/before-may-day-recalling-paterson.html armory.nyhistory.org/a-new-social-art-the-paterson-strike-pageant/ patersongreatfalls.org/silkstrike.html]

[D] 1914 - __Settimana Rossa di Ancona__: At the end of a meeting in Ancona, Italy where Errico Malatesta appears, police open fire, killing three people and wounding about 20. In response to this police violence, the Unione Sindacale Italiana proclaims a country-wide General Strike, setting off insurrections. It is the beginning of 'Settimana Rossa di Ancona', which lasts until June 14, and is only broken by the treason of the Socialists and their trade union.

[FF] 1936 - __Accords Matignon / Grève Générale en France__: Following a series of strikes and sit-ins that saw nearly 1.8 million French workers down their tools and occupy 8,441 factories, the government convened a meeting between labour and corporate representatives in the at the Hotel Matignon in Paris. The result of the discussions, which continued deep into the night, was the Accords Matignon (Matignon Agreements), which included a 40-hour work week, increased union rights, collective bargaining rights, wage increases of between 7 and 15 percent, and 15 days paid leave a year. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Violent clashes occur between French workers and police at the Flins Renault plant near Paris.

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: During a protest march by miners and their supporters in London, four protesters – three of them miners – are arrested on Grays Inn Road by the police. In response, around a third of the march (numbering four thousand or more), including a large brass band, stop and refuse to move on until the release of their comrades 1.5 hours later. This protest brought mush of the area to a complete standstill, with bus drivers refusing "to cross picket lines".

[A] 1991 - A three-week Albanian General Strike ends, having brought down the government. || The people of Yalding receive news of the rebellion. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 8 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Maidstone Castle surrenders and the rebel excommunicated Lollard priest John Ball is freed.

[F] 1852 - First known labour strike in San Francisco occurs as Chinese labourers working on the Parrott granite building demand a wage increase.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal__: A Federal Republic is proclaimed in Spain. However, when the new Constitution was revealed on July 3, it did not go as far as the intransigent, who sought to dismember Spain into 'independent cantons', wished. Thus, the intransigentes organised a series of uprisings in the provinces. From July 5 to 11, the intransigents triumphed in Seville, Cordoba, Granada, Málaga, Cadiz, Alcoy, Murcia, Cartagena, Valencia, etc., and established in each of these cities an independent cantonal government.

1913 - __Paterson Strike Pageant__: Hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers read about the key events of the strike in detail in their Sunday newspapers. [see: Jun. 7]

1914 - __Settimana Rossa di Ancona__: The second day of the uprising in Ancona sees the proclaimation of a general strike in the Romagna, Marche and Emilia regions where anarchists are particularly numerous, as parts of Italy move towards insurrection.

1917 - __Granite Mountain / Speculator Mine Disaster__: Fire broke out at the shaft bottom of the North Butte Mining Company's Speculator Mine. 164 miners were trapped by unbreakable concrete bulkheads designed to limit trespassing and died in the fire. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculator_Mine_disaster www.minememorial.org/history/intro.htm]

1922 - Débora Céspedes (d. 2009), Uraguayan poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0806.html armandolveira.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/una-cronologia-asturiana-en-uruguay_778.html]

[FF] 1936 - __Accords Matignon / Grève Générale en France__: Following discussions at a government-convened meeting between labour and corporate representatives in the at the Hotel Matignon in Paris, which continued deep into the night, the Accords Matignon (Matignon Agreements) is signed by all sides at 00:40 that morning. Its provisions include a 40-hour work week, increased union rights, collective bargaining rights, wage increases, and paid leave. However, the agreement fails to halt the second wave of strikes and it begins to extend to new areas of the economy. Department stores had already come out on strike on June 6 and on June 8 building workers and those in the insurance sector in Paris come out too, whilst the entrance of bank workers into immediate negotiations prevented that sector from coming out on strike as well. By the middle of the week [10th] there are a million and a half workers out on strike but tension began to slowly dispate towrds the end of the week, with the CGT, PCF and PSOE mobilising to try and bring the strike to an end following the signing of the Accords Matignon. However, in order for the strike to cease, it was still necessary for local negotiations to be successfully concluded and sometimes these negotiations proved long and drawn-out. Four day later on June 15, metalworkers in the Paris region return to work and with the holidays, which were to be the first Matignon-related paid time off, calm seems to return. However, a third wave of strikes would break out in late June-early July. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: The Accords Matignon are signed at 00:40, allowing for the establishment of collective agreements, the free exercise of the right to organise, the creation of elected staff delegates by secret ballot, and increases in wages from 7 to 15%. The social movement is at its apogee, and there are more than a million strikers. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45373 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 9 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Sir John Legge, the king's tax collector for Kent, hears about the rebellion and returns to London. Wat Tyler and the rebels march to Canterbury.

1865 - Helen Marot, American author, librarian and labour organiser, who was a member of the commission that investigated the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, and is best remembered for her efforts to address child labour and improve the working conditions of women, born.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: At 21:00, an extraordinary meeting of the municipal council is called, at which a petition is presented by the day labourers, pointing out the refusal of the owners of the hacendados (rural estates) to give them work in them, and demanding that the city council needs to find them paid work or support then and their families financially in or avoiding serious unrest. Determined to uphold public order and to enforce the exercise of individual freedoms, González Peña contacted the civil governor of the province, informing him that in the face of potential breakdowns in public order, the municipal authority lacked sufficient security forces to ensure order. In addition, he informed the Juzgado de 1ª Instancia (Court of the First Instance) about the 'abuses' that had supposedly been committed in the city's Asociación de Obreros (Workers' Association). [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: Nearly two hundred cartridges of explosives are subtracted from a load destined for the mines of Blanzy. Jacob and Serprix steal precious booty from Perrecy.

1913 - __Paterson Strike Pageant__: William D. Haywood announces that the newspapers had been saying that the Paterson strike was broken, but now the Pageant had shown the people of New York the truth. And later in the month, sure enough, outside contributions to the strikers' relief fund in Paterson began to grow. In terms of its original purpose of publicising the strike, the Pageant was an overwhelming success. [see: Jun. 7]

[F] 1919 - __Winnipeg General Strike__: Nearly a month into the Winnipeg general strike, the Police Commission fires almost the entire city police force for refusing to withdraw their strike notice and sign a pledge not to participate in a sympathy strike. They were replaced by a large body of untrained but better paid special constables. These events further increase the tension and the first open conflicts between strikers and police break out. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike libcom.org/history/1919-winnipeg-general-strike www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike/]

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: Within hours of the signing of the Accords Matignon, the first strikes break out in in the Alsace and remain largely restricted to the region. The workers in two chemical companies in Mulhouse kick off the wave of strike and almost immediately obtain a 12% increase in their salaries. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45373 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Having been largely isolated to Antwerp, although some smaller buisiness sectors had gradually joined in, such as ship repairers, the diamond sector, bus drivers, now the strike suddenly and spontaneously switched to other sectors, including the coal mines and the metal industry. 3,000 miners from La Batterie, in Liège, stopped work and occupied the mine in protest against a fine imposed on two of them. By the following day, the strike had spread spontaneously throughout the Liège region, as well as to construction workers in various Flemish regions, and to ceramic workers in Borinage. Communist militants were seen to have played a major role in the spread of the strike, including in the diamond sector. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1983 - In Poland, following General Jaruzelski's declaration of martial law, aimed at suppressing independent labour union activity, people in the city of Łódź demonstrate their disgust for the lies propagated by the official government television news by taking a daily promenade timed to coincide exactly with the broadcast, wearing their hats backwards. Soon, much of the town has joined them. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 10 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: The Kent Rebels march on Canterbury, and capture the city. The castle and the Archbishop of Canterbury's palace are ransacked. Rich pilgrims are attacked in the town. Finding the Archbishop away, the rebels appoint a humble monk as the new Archbishop, and hold a service in the Cathedral, promising death to all "traitors" they capture.

1900 - __St. Louis Streetcar Strike__: On the evening of June 10 outside the posse headquarters at 510 Washington, vigilantees fatally shot at a group of strikers returning from a picnic, killing A.E. Burkhardt, Edward Thomas and George Ryne, and leaving 14 others wounded. A dozen or more eyewitnesses disputed the sheriff's version of events – he claimed that as the strikers were marching down the street, a brick and bomb had been thrown at a street car and, as posse members ran toward the strikers, a pistol had gone off and posse members had responded by shooting into the crowd, killing three and injuring 14. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_streetcar_strike_of_1900 www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/metro/news/this-week-in-south-side-history-posse-killed-in-streetcar/article_45b20291-9ad2-50f3-8b64-88d73e215b22.html www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/look-back-bloody-streetcar-strike-in-wins-working-class-support/article_ca886618-1f12-5be6-bb04-aff64fa1130d.html www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/a-look-back-bloody-street-strike-in-rips-open-class/article_483cd720-0051-59a0-acda-630b34955262.html archives.chicagotribune.com/1900/06/17/page/6/article/strikers-lose-st-louis-fight www.urbanreviewstl.com/2012/06/breakthrough-on-transit-worker-strike-june-22-1900/ www.depauw.edu/files/resources/metinger-2005-history-senior-seminar-paper.pdf]

1904 - 79 striking Colorado Dunnville miners 'deported' to Kansas. A battle two days ago between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Dozens were arrested

1914 - __Settimana Rossa di Ancona__: The fourth day of the Settimana Rossa, and the general strike has spread throughout Italy. The carabinieri and army are overwhelmed by revolutionary actions against symbols of authority and the Church. The Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (CGL), the socialist trade union, sends a telegram throughout the country encouraging the resumption of work.

1914 - __Settimana Rossa di Ancona__: In response to the killing by police of three demonstrators on June 7, 1914, at an antiwar protest in the Italian port city of Ancona, Benito Mussolini (then still considering himself to be a revolutionary socialist) and the revolutionary syndicalist Filippo Corridoni, who leads a strike of the workers of the car, gas, and clothing sector in May 1914, speak before a gathering of 60,000 protesters in the Arena di Milano. Mussolini: "In Florence, Turin, Fabriano there are others dead and others wounded, it is necessary to work in the army because it is not firing on workers, we need to make sure that the penny of the soldier will soon be a fait accompli." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/06/02/twih-j02.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France / Accords Matignon__: In France 1.5m workers are now on strike. The official Ministère du Travail statistics for the whole of June were 1,831,000 strikers and 12,142 strikes.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: The strike in Antwerp has now spread to Mulhouse in the Haut-Rhin. Workers at th Charles Miege textile company and the Société alsacienne de constructions mécaniques (Alsacienne Society of Mechanical Constructions) in Mulhouse go out on strike. The following day, other textile companies follow suit. That same evening, negotiations begin and swiftly win wage increases of 15% and the promise of the negotiation of collective agreements. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45383 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

[F] 1941 - __Nord-Pas-de-Calais Miners' Strike__: Striking miners are finally forced back to work by the wave of terror and hunger inflicted on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region by the occupying forces. [see: May 27]

[C] 1942 - Whilst constructing a drainage ditch at Auschwitz-Birkenau, a group of Polish prisoners in a work detail manage to escape. The SS shoot twenty prisoners in retaliation and, to prevent future acts of resistance and in revenge, more than 300 Poles are murdered in the gas chambers. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1960 - Several thousand council workers and revolutionary students surround the entourage of White House Press Secretary James Hagerty at Tokyo International Airport, Japan, forcing the press secretary to be rescued by a United States Marine Corps helicopter.

1968 - __Mai '68__: After the clearing of the Renault factory at Flins during the night of June 6-7, fights with the police continue and today a high school student, Gilles Tautin, drowns while trying to escape police batons. || An annual day of remembrance for miners who died in major accidents in the mines, which observed in coal mining communities in Nova Scotia, Canada on the anniversary of the shooting deaa of William Davis, a coal miner killed during a mining strike near the town of New Waterford. The protest was in response to a decision by the mining company, British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO), to shut down the drinking water supply and electricity to the town as a result of previous escalating strikes. Davis was shot and killed at approximately 11:00 on June 11, 1925 and many other miners were injured, when striking miners were charged by the company police force, whose officers fired over 300 shots. In the weeks and months following Davis' shooting, company facilities were looted and/or vandalised, despite the deployment of the provincial police force and 2,000 soldiers in what remains Canada's second-largest military deployment for an internal conflict. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davis_Miners'_Memorial_Day museumofindustry.novascotia.ca/nova-scotia-industry/coal-mining/miners-memorial-day-davis-day nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/willdavm.htm]
 * = 11 || [F] __June 11__ : William Davis Miners' Memorial Day.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Both the Kent and the Essex rebels now set out to march on London. The marchers break into several manor houses on the way and destroy any documents concerning the feudal system. Imprisoned serfs are set free by the rebels. The simple peasants believed that they were going to explain their grievances to the King, who had been badly advised, and that all would be set right. However, some of the more intelligent figures, such as Wat Tyler and John Ball had a much clearer idea of the situation, and were planning to gain as much as they could. The King and the council were caught completely by surprise, and there were only a few hundred troops in London. The city was virtually defenceless. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]

1848 - Fourty four book printers and principals of printing presses, representing around 12,000 printers and setters, hold a congress [Jun. 11-14] in Mainz at which the Nationalen Buchdrucker-Verein (National Book Printer Association, Germany's oldest trade union, is founded to campaign the against the "depressing nature od factory work" (herabdrücken zur fabrikarbeit). [www.gewerkschaftsgeschichte.de/erfolgreiche-vereinsgruendung-der-buchdrucker-und-zigarrenarbeiter.html]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Judge Tomás Solanich Fuster appeared at the premises of the Asociación de Obreros, accompanied by a couple of rural guards, and ordered the eviction of the local, sealing its doors and confiscating its keys. Federación Local de Sanlúcar de Barrameda responded by issuing a manifesto "en nombre de todos los trabajadores del mundo civilizado" (on behalf of all the workers of the civilized world). In it, they branded the Government of Spain and the mayor Antonio González Peñaas as bourgeois, and stated categorically that the city council had trampled upon the very laws emanating from Congress, from which the workers now distanced themselves further ideologically. The manifesto also denounced the city's use of brute force against the local, when the only purpose of the Asociación was to deal with matters relating to work and organisation of workers, while the bourgeois city council apparently had no other purpose than to exploit the working class. It ended with an open and obvious threat: the Ayuntamiento, a representative of the bourgeoisie of Sanlúcar, had committed an illegal and violent act, and declared that there was now war "entre los pobres y los ricos, entre los señores y los esclavos, entre los opresores y los oprimidos" (between the poor and the rich, between the lords and the slaves, between the oppressors and the oppressed). For these reasons, it called on the workers of the city to assemble, organise, ready arms and prepare for the impending struggle. That night, Antonio Cuevas Jurado (a member of the Guardia Municipal and one of the principal actors in the impending revolution) met judge Solanich Fuster in secret to explain the views of the workers. The meeting resulted in a friendship, which helped prevent the revolt from getting 'out of hand' and ending up with fratricidal revenge or looting. [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

[FF] 1889 - __Glasgow Dockers' Go-Slow aka The World's First Ca'canny Strike__: On June 11, 1889, the newly formed National Union of Dock Labourers (formed in February 1889) come out on strike in Glasgow in support of the National Amalgamated Sailors and Firemen’s Union, who had been agitating for months previously for better wages and conditions. Management had brought in hundreds of scabs and blacklegs from around the British Isles to try and break the strike in the Clyde ports. The first large contingent of scabs brought into Glasgow were from Dundee. They got the police protection they had been promised, and quickly set to work. But they soon left work in a body after the strikers managed to make contact with them and to explain their case. Sixty labourers from Tilbury, brought in by the employers to replace the strikers, turned back for London once they found that the labour shortage they had been going to fill had arisen because of the strike. Similarly, men from Leeds turned back when they discovered the real reason for their being needed. But these small victories for the strikers were not enough. True to form the scabs made a complete hash of trying to do a job that took years to build up any sort of rhythm and skill. It even got so bad that a scab lost his life when he fell overboard while unloading cargo from a ship. By July 5th the newly formed union had run out of strike funds and so agreed to go back to work at the old wage level. The dock employers throughout the strike said they were happy with the scabs work, even though cargo was being lost and dropped and in general was a full four times slower at unloading, ships were also being condemned as un-seaworthy due to dangerous loading. To break the strike the employers had had to keep up a false front and pretend everything was rosy. It was agreed by the dock workers when they returned that since the scabs work was seen as acceptable and paid at a higher rate, then it was only logical to keep the same level of incompetence and slowness as well as dropping as many packages in to the water as the scabs but there would be no need to fall in the water in the same manner as the scabs – and so the "ca’ canny" strike was born. Within a few months the employers had offered the dock labourers a pay increase if they went back to pre-strike work rate. Workers from Dundee, Tilbury and Leeds once they had found out that they had been brought in as strike breakers all refused to work, even though free tobacco, food and higher wages were all on offer from the hard done by employers! [libcom.org/history/1889-glasgow-dockers-go-slow www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=The_World's_First_Ca'canny_Strike]

1908 - Mildred Sablich aka 'Flaming Milka' (Amelia Milka Sablich; d. 1994), U.S. resturant, laundry and dairy worker who, aged just 19-years-old, stepped into the breach and became an IWW organiser and leader of the Columbine Coal Miners' Strike after the locking-up and deporting of the strike's organisers, born. Fiery and fearless, Sablich talked 450 coal miners into striking, and then led them into combat against 37 gun-toting strike breakers. Although the press played up her sex appeal and diminished her actual accomplishments – a 'Denver Morning Post' poem called her "the hottest thing … Since the Chicago fire" – at least one article saluted her "single- handed courage". The daughter of an immigrant Croatian father who toiled in the Colorado mines, Sablich worked in restaurants, a laundry, and a dairy before turning her attention to the plight of local miners. She knew the issues affecting the miners and convinced many to join the IWW strike. On October 26, 1927, 'Flaming Milka' led strikers on a march and ran into 12 gunmen and 25 horse-riding guards. In the ensuing clash, Sablich was knocked down by a mounted guard and dragged behind his horse. Hospitalized with a broken wrist, she was then jailed because picketing was illegal in 1927. Sablich "represented a significant threat" to mine owners, wrote Richard Myers in Slaughter in Serene: the Columbine Coal Strike Reader, because "workers looked at the daring deeds of a teenaged girl and realized if she could carry this fight to the bosses, then anyone could." In November 1927, the strike turned tragic when 500 miners and their families ran into machine-gun fire at the Columbine mine located north of Denver in the town of Serene. At least six people died and more than 60 were injured in the onslaught. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Milka_Sablich en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre www.rebelgraphics.org/milka.html www.rebelgraphics.org/serene.html libcom.org/history/1927-colorado-miners-strike-and-columbine-mine-massacre libcom.org/history/blood-coal-colorado-strike-1927-patrick-murfin]

1922 - The anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) withdraws its provisional affiliation with the Third International in favour of the International Workers Association (IWA).

1931 - __III Congreso de la CNT__: Held in the Teatro del Conservatorio in Madrid [Jun. 11-16], it was the first after the end of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and after the establishment of the Second Republic, and as such it addressed the organic restructuring of the organisation. The congress was attended by delegates from 511 unions totaling a figure of 535,000 represented members, with approximately 800,000 the total number of FRE members. This congress approves the Federaciones Nacionales de Industria (National Federation of Industry), as a complement to the classic structures of trade unions and sectoral federations, the UGT 'corporate' union model that the Republic was now trying to impose, even though the model had already been rejected at the II Congress of 1919. [es.wikisource.org/wiki/III_Congreso_de_la_CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-cnt-en-la-segunda-republica/ gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/24224/3/THVI~N61~P22-27.pdf]

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: The strike wave has extended into the Liège basin and in Mulhouse further textile companies now go out on strike. That same evening, negotiations begin and swiftly win wage increases of 15% and the promise of the negotiation of collective agreements. Over the following days, union leaders begin to call for the suspension of the strikes. However, it continues in those companies whose management have refused to endorse the agreement concluded on the evening of June 11. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45383 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France / Accords Matignon__: With the CGT, PCF and PSOE mobilising to try and bring the strike to an end following the signing of the Accords Matignon, Maurice Thorez, leader of the PCF, make his famous pronouncement "Il faut savoir terminer une grève dès que satisfaction a été obtenue" (You have to know how to end a strike as soon as satisfaction has been obtained) to a gathering of communist officials. However, in order for the strike to cease, it was still necessary for local negotiations to be successfully concluded and sometimes these negotiations proved long and drawn-out. Four day later on June 15, metalworkers in the Paris region return to work and with the holidays, which were to be the first Matignon-related paid time off, calm seems to return. However, a third wave of strikes would break out in late June-early July. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1944 - The Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia (Union Federation of Bolivian Mine Workers) is founded at a congress held in Huanuni, Oruro [Jun. 10-13] in the wake of a violent clash between government troops and striking tin miners in Oruro and Potosí in 1942. The Huanuni Congress included delegates from 25 local unions, the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Revolutionary Nationalist Movement), and the Trotskyist Partido Obrero Revolucionario de Bolivia (Revolutionary Workers' Party). The newly formed union had a membership of 60,000 miners. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Violent incidents continue with a demonstrator is shot and killed at Montbéliard, while two striking workers are killed by the hated CRS at the Peugeot factory in Sochaux (one with a bullet fired from submachine gun by CRS). In Paris, a demonstration departing from the Gare de l'Est descends into riots and barricades, with 266 wounded and 1500 arrests, violent demonstrations will also take place in the provinces.

Launched in 2002 by the International Labour Organisation to focus attention on the global extent of child labour, and the action and efforts needed to eliminate it. [www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/wdacl/2002/lang--en/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Day_Against_Child_Labour]
 * X**1973 - General Strike in Pamplona against General Franco.**X** [see: Jun. 14] ||
 * = 12 || [F] __June 12__ - World Day Against Child Labour.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Both groups of peasants had reached London. The Kent peasants camped at Blackheath, and the Essex peasants at Mile End, north of the River Thames. Their numbers are hard to estimate, but both groups could have been made up of up to 50,000 people. A message was sent into the city, demanding a meeting with the king. It was arranged that he would meet them at Rotherhithe, on the Thames, that afternoon. Richard travelled downriver in the royal barge, but at the sight of the huge crowd of peasants, Richard's advisers would not let him land. He returned to the Tower of London, leaving the peasants angry and frustrated. That night the peasants closed in on London. They were able to enter because the gates of the city, and London Bridge were opened by townspeople sympathetic to their cause, although they later claimed they had been forced to do it. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: One group of Essex rebels, led by John Wrawe, attacked Sir Richard Lyons' property at Overhall, advancing on to Cavendish and Bury St Edmunds in west Suffolk the next day, gathering further support as they went. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1873 - Pasquale Binazzi (d. 1944), Italian anarchist, secretary of the Chambre du Travail and organiser of the Syndicat de l'Arsenal in Spezia, born. Founded the weekly magazine '//Il Libertario//' in 1903, which printed 10,000 copies at its peak until closed by the Fascists in 1922. He died whilst helping organise anarchist guerilla groups in Liguria and Tuscany. [www.ephemanar.net/mars05.html#binazzi en.anarchopedia.org/Pasquale_Binazzi ita.anarchopedia.org/Pasquale_Binazzi]

1885 - Adrienne Montégudet (born Victorine Valentine Augustine Amélie Valdant; d. 1948), French teacher, militant communist, revolutionary syndicalist and ultimately a libertarian, born. [www.ephemanar.net/aout23.html#montegudet militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6743 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1206.html anarchie23.centerblog.net/5645685-Une-Anarchiste-Aubussonnaise-]

1905 - [O.S. May 29] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Labour unrest in Odessa turns violent. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[E] 1915 - [O.S. May 30] A crowd of local women from the industrial town of Orekhovo (Оре́хово), mostly soldatki (soldiers' wives), wrecked the stalls in the trading rows in protest against the high price of eggs and other products; one of numerous women's food riots across Eastern Europe during WWI. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[D] [1921 - __Tambov Rebellion__: Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky (Михаил Тухачевский) signs order number 0116 on the use of chemical weapons against the rebels. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тухачевский,_Михаил_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Much of Belgium is now at a standstill, with the Liège coal-mining area completely paralyzed and the women workers of FN-Herstal, near Liège, having occupied the works – the first major company occupation from Belgian social history.

1964 - Antoine Bertrand (b. 1877), French anarcho-syndicalist and member of La Jeunesse Libre (Free Youth) group, dies. [see: Mar. 16]

2002 - The International Labour Organisation establishes the annual World Day Against Child Labour to raise international awareness about and activism to prevent child labour. [www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/wdacl/2002/lang--en/index.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Day_Against_Child_Labour] || A group of peasants marched west from the city to the magnificent Savoy Palace, home of John of Gaunt. It caught fire as they ransacked it. Fortunately, John of Gaunt was in Scotland at this time, and escaped the rebels. As the flames lit the sky, Richard agreed to meet the rebels at Mile End the following day. He hoped that this would draw the peasants out of the city. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 13 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: The rebels were loose in the city and remain in control of the capital for two days. Fleet Prison was broken open, many lawyers were killed in the Temple, and foreign merchants massacred. Despite this, most peasants were peaceful, and little damage was done to the city, on the orders of Wat Tyler.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Revolt began to stir in St Albans in Hertfordshire when news broke of the events in London. There had been long-running disagreements in St Albans between the town and the local abbey, which had extensive privileges in the region. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Having attacked Sir Richard Lyons' property at Overhall, the group of Essex rebels led by John Wrawe moved on to Cavendish and Bury St Edmunds in west Suffolk, gathering further support as they went. John Cambridge, the Prior of the wealthy Bury St Edmunds Abbey, was disliked in the town, and Wrawe allied himself with the townspeople and stormed the abbey. The Prior escaped, but was found two days later and beheaded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1837 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having delayed his departure from Van Diemen’s Land until January 30, 1837, several months after being informed of the six's free pardons, waiting until he was certain his wife Elizabeth had not set sail to join him, George Loveless arrives back in England on board the Eveline.

1892 - Ramon Plarromaní Mas aka 'Romaní' (d. 1957), Catalan textile worker and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He joined the CNT in the 1920s and during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera took part in the fighting against the pistolers of the Sindicat Lliure. In one of these incidents, he was shot in the lung and serious injured, something that has life-long health consequences. In March 1933, he was a representative of the Sindicat Únic de Treballadors (SUT) in Gironella at the plemary of the Regional de Sindicats Únics of the CNT in Catalonia. In October 1936, he was appointed by the CNT to the Consell Municipal Provisional and later took charge of the Ministry of Work. With Franco's victory, he went to France and from 1949 to 1957 lived in the Colònia de Malalts i Mutilats d'Aymare in Aquitaine, a libertarian agricultural community organised by the CNT and the SIA to welcome comrades who suffered from disabilities or old age. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html]

1903 - Vicente Ballester Tinoco (d. 1936), Spanish carpenter, cabinetmaker, writer, journalist, and prominent Andalusian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. In 1920' he was a member of the anarchist group Fermín Salvochea, along with José Bonat, and in 1921 was a delegate in Cádiz anarchist underground plenum El Arahal, where it was decided that the anarchist groupings would enter the CNT. The following year he was named vice president of Ateneo Obrero and participated in the editorial group of the journal 'Alba Roja'. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he became the president of the Sindicato de la Construcción of the CNT in Cadiz in 1924 and in 1926 joined the Fermin Salvochea Freemason lodge, where he was active until 1930, leaving following the trade union conference held in Seville in October. In 1927, he married Ramona Sierra Estudillo whom he had five children (Aurora, Rafael Joaquin, Jose Antonio) and the following year was a member of the anarchist group Germinal, with Bonat, Elias Garcia, Lucero and Galé among others. He was arrested for the first time at Jerez in 1929 and was imprisoned for a month and a half. In 1930 he was Vice President of the Ateneo Popular Enciclopèdic where he hosted debates and lectured on Esperanto. In September 1932, he was appointed secretary of the Regional Committee of the CNT in Andalusia and Extremadura. During the insurrection of January 1933, Rafael Peña García (CNT) and Juan Arcas Moreda (FIJL), he was a member of the Comité Revolucionario Andaluz (Revolutionary Committee Andalusian). It was during this period that the massacre in Casas Viejas of 25 people, including Francisco Cruz 'Seisdedos', were burned alive by the Republican Guard assault, a crime that inspired his most famous work '//Han Hasado los Bárbaros. La Verdad Sobre Casas Viejas//' (Gone are the barbarians. The Truth about Casas Viejas; 1933). Editor of '//CNT//', he was arrested in 1934 in Madrid following the Asturian revolution and in 1935 he was one of the reorganisers of the CNT in Cadiz alongside Manuel Pérez. In 1936 he lived 2 Calle de la Libertad in Cadiz and in May took part in a rally in the arena alongside the Socialist leader Largo Caballero. He was then Secretary of CR Andalusian. The same month of May was one of the delegates to the Congress of Cadiz CNT in Zaragoza where he participated in the development of the motion on libertarian communism came at the meeting and closing of the conference. On July 18, 1936 shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, his son Rafael warned him of the imminent arrival of the Assault Guards and he went into hiding, where he would live for several months in different houses. In the early morning of 19 September, he was arrested following his betrayal. He was summarily tried by court martial and shot that afternoon in the trenches of Las Puertas de Tierra. His literary work includes the children's story '//Pepin//' (1927) and the novels '//La Voz de la Sangre//' (The Voice of Blood; 1930), '//El último Cacique//' (The Last Political Boss; 1930), '//El asalto//' (The assault; 1932), '//Escoria social//' (Social Scum; 1932), '//Han Hasado los Bárbaros. La Verdad Sobre Casas Viejas//' (1933) and '//La tragedia vulgar de un hombre libre//' (The Tragedy of a Vulgar Free Man; 1934). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Ballester_Tinoco militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1681 www.estelnegre.org/documents/ballestertinoco/ballestertinoco.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2109-vicente-ballester-tinoco-anarquista-de-cadiz.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre19.html]

[F] 1909 - Congress of the labour federation Solidaridad Obrera today votes overwhelmingly to accept the general strike as a tactic of struggle, always "dependant upon the circumstances", marking the move towards the now dominant anarcho-syndicalist faction. [brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/confederacion-regional-de-sociedades-de.html lasoli.cnt.cat/2011-2015/historia/historia/114-solidaridad-obrera-una-historica-federacion.html]

[A] 1910 - In Paris, confrontations take place at Faubourg Saint-Anthony between cabinetmakers and police. The anarchist Henri Cler is wounded and dies from head injuries at the hospital Saint-Antoine on June 21.

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The general strike had become a tidal wave. In Liège, the strike had become general across the steel and other metallurgical industries. Given the scale of the movement, the socialist and Christian unions meet and sign a joint program of demands, including paid holidays.

1977 - __Grunwick Dispute__: Police kick and punch women on a picket line at the Grunwick photo processing plant in Willesden, North West London, dragging some women by their hair as they were arrested. By the end of the day the police had arrested more than 80 women. The mainly female Asian workforce walked out in 1976 over wages and working conditions, were all fired, and were on the picket line for two years. || -land rents were reduced to reasonable levels. -the Poll Tax was to be abolished. -free pardons for all rebels. -charters would be qiven to the peasants laying down a number of rights and privileges. -all "traitors" were to be put to death. Richard agreed to all these demands, but added that only a royal court could decide if a person was a traitor or not. He thought that this was the best policy, in order to allow the peasants to go home. A group of thirty or so clerks began to copy out charters for the peasants to take home. However, the King had been outwitted by Wat Tyler. A group of peasants, taking advantage of the King's absence at Mile End, raided the Tower of London. Here, they found three of their most hated people; Simon Sudbury, (Archbishop of Canterbury), Sir Robert Hailes (King's treasurer) and John Legge (the creator of the Poll Tax). They were dragged out onto Tower Hill, and beheaded. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 14 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Richard rode to the meeting at Mile End. Here, Wat Tyler put forward the peasants demands:

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Protesters met with the Abbot, Thomas de la Mare, in St. Albans and demanded their freedom from the abbey. A group of townsmen under the leadership of William Grindecobbe traveled to London, where they appealed to the King for the rights of the abbey to be abolished. Wat Tyler, then still in control of the city, granted them authority in the meantime to take direct action against the abbey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: John Battisford and Thomas Sampson independently led a revolt near Ipswich. They took the town without opposition and looted the properties of the archdeacon and local tax officials. The violence spread out further, with attacks on many properties and the burning of the local court records. One official, Edmund Lakenheath, was forced to flee from the Suffolk coast by boat. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1791 - __Loi Le Chapelier__: A law establishing 'Délit de Coalition' (the Offence of Coalition), which forbids workers' organisations, most notably trade guilds of the period, but also peasant and worker assemblies as well as 'compagnonnage' is promulgated in France. It was repealled by the Loi Ollivier of May 25, 1864. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Le_Chapelier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Délit_de_coalition fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Ollivier]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: A manifesto addressed to all workers in the city, written on behalf of the Local Federation of the AIT (International Association of Workers), and signed by Antonio Cuevas Jurado and fourteen other comrades, is published in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in answer to the one previously published the mayor González Peña. In it, they refuted one by one, each of the 'consejos' (pronouncements) that the mayor had offered the city's workers. It labelled the mayor González Peña as being a capitalist, because, having aquired some capital, he could afford to live without work. It also attacked his ideology, affirming, among other things: that he was nothing but a representative of authoritarian power; that, when anarchy arrived, he would know that there would no longer be any mayors of barrios; that he should not lose sight of the fact that the workers had declared war against the monopolisers of capital; that if the landlords risked something, the workers risked more having to work 10 to 15 hours a day; that private property was nothing more than legalised robbery; that only concord between labour and capital would be possible when it was the property of workers' collectivities; that there would be poor and rich while the poor failed to realise that the rich lived on the backs of the workers and the exploitation of the poor; that when it all resides in the hands of the workers' communities, it would only be necessary to work for 4 to 5 hours, leaving time for education and discovery ... The manifesto ended with a call to the workers to unite, thus enhancing the triumph of anarchy and of collectivism, and achieving the disappearance of all tyrannies (religious, political and economic), and build on their ruins "un mundo nuevo de productores libres". [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1896 - Jean Le Gall (d. 1956), militant French libertarian and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Militant trades union leader of the SGOP (Syndicat général des ouvriers du port), the independent dockworkers union in Le Harve. [expand]

1914 - __Settimana Rossa di Ancona__: 'The Red Week of Ancona' general strike ends with the complicity of the Socialists and their trade union. Errico Malatesta, escaping the police, is forced again to flee into exile, to London. [see: Jun. 21]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The strike extends to all sectors including public services. The Centrale des Mineurs takes the decision to join the general strike.

[F] 1991 - __Schweizer Frauenstreik [Swiss Women's Strike__]: Half a million Swiss women stop work for the day as part of a protest movement launched by the Swiss Trade Union Federation in order to campaign for the enforcement of the federal constitutional article on gender equality included by popular vote ten years before on June 14, 1981. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenstreik fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_des_femmes_du_14_juin_1991 www.sozialarchiv.ch/2016/06/01/vor-25-jahren-der-frauenstreiktag-vom-14-juni-1991/ www.swissinfo.ch/eng/25-years-of-the-women-s-strike_june-14--1991--a-historic-day/42219810]

2006 - __Huelga de Maestros / Oaxaca Teachers' Strike & Protests__: The crisis reached a new level early on the morning of June 14, when 3,000 Oaxacan police made a surprise attack on the encampment of the teachers and students living in the Zócalo. Helicopters attacked from above with pepper spray and tear gas bombs and police officers shot tear gas canisters directly into the crowds of protesters. The street battle lasted for several hours and resulted in more than one hundred protestors being hospitalised. Media reports at the time said at least four people had died in the clashes – a claim denied by the local authorities. That night, police destroyed the building that housed Radio Plantón, dismantling the station. Students and teachers respond by taking over Radio Universidad, at the Independent University Benito Juárez. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6102018.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_popular_de_los_pueblos_de_Oaxaca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Popular_de_los_Pueblos_de_Oaxaca www.tomzap.com/OAXgo.html biiacs-dspace.cide.edu/handle/10089/15841 www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/21/index.php?section=opinion&article=027a1pol] || The King agreed to a meeting at Smithfield, an open space within the city walls. When the King's party arrived, Wat Tyler rode up and greeted them in an insolent manner. What happened next is unclear, but was probably a pre-arranged plot. Tyler was rude to the King, refusing to dismount, and spitting in front of him. The Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth, drew his sword and attacked Tyler, wounding him. A squire finished him off as he lay on the ground. This was a crucial moment, before the peasants realised what had happened. The young King rode forward, shouting out that all their demands were to be met, and that they should follow him out of the city, where charters would be forthcoming. Trustingly, the rebels followed him, and most were persuaded to return home. Richard reneged on his promises and hanged 1,500 of the rebels, including John Ball and Jack Straw [possibly a pseudonym for John Wrawe or even Tyler himself]. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 15 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion__: Following the granting of charters the previous day, many peasants began to leave London and return home, believing that their demands had been met. However, Wat Tyler (b. 1350) and a hard core of peasants remained behind, and they demanded another meeting with the King, to deliver even more demands.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Following their visit to London to appealed for the rights of St Albans abbey to be abolished, William Grindecobbe and the rebels returned to St Albans, where they found the Prior had already fled. The rebels broke open the abbey gaol, destroyed the fences marking out the abbey lands and burnt the abbey records in the town square. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: The Prior of the wealthy Bury St Edmunds Abbey, who escaped rebel hands two days ago, is found and beheaded. A small band of John Wrawe's rebels marched further north to Thetford to extort protection money from the town, and another group tracked down Sir John Cavendish, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Cavendish was caught in Lakenheath and killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1900 - Première issue of '//Le Réveil des Travailleurs//' (The Worker's Alarm Clock), semi-monthly, then weekly until April 1903, in Liège. Among those who ran the paper was the Belgian anarchist George Thonar.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 2] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The city is plastered with notices signed by the lieutenant-governor Sazonov (Сазонова) announcing that gatherings at the River Talka (Реки Талка) meeting site are banned. At the same time Sazonov has requested to be allowed to make night-time arrests of the leaders and active participants in the strike, and find a excuse for the use of force the following day. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Jun. 2] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Minister of Internal Affairs Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин) warns that the Kronstadt naval base has become a centre of revolutionary activity. The government attempts to counter radical influences among its troops and sailors by indoctrinating them with right-wing propaganda. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

1921 - Isidre Guàrdia Abella aka Leopoldo Arribas, 'Codine', Juan Lorenzo, 'Viriato', Juan Ibérico, 'Isigual', etc. (d. 2012), Spanish writer, autodidact, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Orphaned at 10 years old, he was forced to work in numerous jobs (bellhop, busboy (waiter's assistant), apprentice barber, labourer, cashier, etc.), all the time trying to make up for his lack of schooling. In 1935 he joined the Sindicat Gastronòmic of the CNT. With the fascist coup in 1936, he joined the militia and was a member of the Joventuts Llibertàries in the Barri del Centre de València. On 2 August 1936, he participated in the assault on the headquarters of the Regiment de Cavalleria Lleuger Cuirassat (Light Armored Cavalry Regiment) 'Lusitania' No. 8, located on Passeig d'Àlbers in Valencia. During the civil war, he fought as a volunteer in the Primera Columna Confederal de Llevant and, following the militarisation of the brigades, he was appointed, aged 17, a sergeant in the 82 Mixed Brigade on the Teruel front, also writing for the brigades news sheet under the pseudonym Isigual. After Franco's victory, he was held in the Utiel concentration camp. After his release, he joined the clandestine struggle, becoming a member of the Comité Provincial del Movimiento Libertario in Valencia and, from November 1939, head of the Organización del Comité Provincial de la Agrupación Libertaria (which included the CNT, FAI and FIJL). On his 19th birthday, he was arrested by Franco's police for his involvement in the distribution of an Alianza Democrática Española manifesto that Francisco Ponzán Vidal had printed in France. On 8 November 1941, along with 32 members of the CNT and the FIJL, he was tried by court martial and sentenced to death for "conspiracy against the regime" and membership of the Agrupació Llibertària. The sentence was commuted to 30 years in prison in January 1942. During the 8½ years he spent in the central prison of San Miguel de los Reyes in Valencia, he was secretary of the Juventudes Libertarias for 4 years and a member of the prison's Comité Libertario for 4 years. In this period, in addition to expand his knowledge of French and Italian, he studied accounting, published the Boletín de CNT (Bulletin of CNT), edited the newspaper of the Juventudes Libertarias and was a correspondent with the anarchist press in exile, thanks to the assistance of Castor Garcia Rojo, a prison official who smuggled out his mail. He was released on October 7, 1950, after serving ten years, three months and twenty three days. In 1974, his testimony (under the pseudonym Juan Lorenzo) was included in the Cuadernos de Ruedo Ibérico (Journal of Iberian Arean ) entitled '//El movimiento libertario español//' (The Spanish libertarian movement). After the death of Franco, he participated in the reconstruction of the CNT and, from 1976, he was director of a chemical company, the same year as he was amongst the 10 finalists for the Planeta Prize for his unpublished autobiographical novel '//Saca//', later published as '//Otoño de 1941//' (1977). He was involved in various agricultural enterprises and continued to write for many libertarian publications e.g. '//España Libre//',' //Comunidad Iberica//', '//Frente Libertario//', '//Revista Iberoamericana de Autogestión y Acción Comunal//', '//Sindicalismo//', '//Umbral//', '//La Verdad//', etc. He is also author of '//Entre el ensayo y la historia//' (Between phases and history; 1976); '//La CNT ante el presente, pasado y perspectiva//' (The CNT to the past, present and perspective; 1977); '//Conversaciones sobre el movimiento obrero: Entrevistas con militantes de la CNT//' (Talk about the labour movement: Interviews with members of the CNT; 1978); '//Escritos del silencio//' (Writings of silence; 2005, articles written in prison); and '//Entre muros y sombras//' (Between walls and shadows; 2006). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3472 www.estelnegre.org/documents/guardiaabella/guardiaabella.html www.brigadamixta.com/?p=6159]

1930 - The first issue of the fortnightly anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//El Sembrador//' is published in Igualada, Barcelona.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: In Strasbourg, strikers occupy the Olida factory and a number of department stores including Magmod and the Robertsau Stationers. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45383 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The movement grew rapidly: first in Wallonia, where the strike was widespread across the labour centres by June 15 and then in Flanders and Brussels. The centres of gravity were in Antwerp, Liege and the Borinage, where the clay miners had called for a general strike. The Borinage call was echoed by miners from all sectors across Belgium. Miners in the Limburg were called out on strike by the Centrale des Francs-Mineurs. The strike by metalworkers in Liège had now extended to Ghent, and textile workers in Mouscron, Templeuve, etc. are also on strike. Attempts by the bosses and government to sow community divisions are answered by the slogan emblazoned on a poster of the strikers: "Votre prénom est Wallon ou Flamand. Mais votre nom de famille est ouvrier " (Your first name is Walloon or Flemish. Your surname is a worker.) By this date there are an estimated 150,000 strikers across the country. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Joe Green, an underground worker from Kellingley Colliery, is struck by a lorry trailer and killed on the picket outside Ferrybridge A Power Station whilst trying to dissuade lorries from delivering fuel. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orgreave en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners'_strike_(1984–85)]

[F] 1990 - __Janitors for Justice Strike__: During a strike against International Service Systems that had begun on May 29, janitors in Los Angeles are brutally beaten by police during a peaceful demonstration in the Century City district. The incident generated public outrage and the janitors subsequently won their first union contract. The Justice for Janitors campaign has helped hundreds of thousands of janitors in cities across the country raise industry standards and transform poverty wages into livable wages. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_for_Janitors nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/los-angleles-justice-janitors-campaign-economic-justice-century-city-1989-1990 socialjusticehistory.org/projects/justiceforjanitors/timeline] || Marks the adoption of the International Labour Organisation Convention No. 189 on Decent Work for Domestic Workers on June 16, 2011. The convention establishes the first global standards for the estimated 50-100 million domestic workers worldwide, the vast majority of whom are women and girls. [www.idwfed.org/en/campaigns/ratify-c189/june-16-international-domestic-workers-day www.hrw.org/news/2016/06/16/international-domestic-workers-day-turn-rights-reality]
 * = 16 || [F] __June 16__ - International Domestic Workers Day

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Thomas de la Mare is forced to surrender St Albans abbey's rights in a charter. The revolt against the abbey spread out over the next few days, with abbey property and financial records being destroyed across the county. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1827 - Élie Reclus (Jean-Pierre Michel Reclus; d. 1904), anthropologist, journalist and militant anarchist. Participated in the Commune of Paris in 1871, born. Member of the great generational anarchist family, including Élisée Reclus and Paul Reclus. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Reclus dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/ishill/ishill46-50.html www.saintefoylagrandehistoire.com/galeries/oeuvre.php?val=137_18_elie+reclus+1827-1904]

1836 - The London Working Men's Association is formed, beginning of the Chartist movement. [expand]

1869 - In the small French mining town of Ricamarie troops are called in to suppress a workers' strike. They open fire on demonstrators protesting the arrest of 40 workers, killing 14 (including a 17-month-old girl in her mothers arms) and wound about 60 (including 10 children).

1870 - Louis Segaud (d. unknown), French anarchist, member of Les Révoltés and correspondent for Émile Pouget's 'Père Peinard', born. Persecuted for his activities, in 1891 he took refuge in Luxembourg and England to avoid conscription, returning in 1903 to head the Syndicat des Ouvriers Couvreurs (Roofers Union) in Roanne.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 3] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In defiance of the order banning meetings by the River Talka (Реки Талка), 3,000 workers gather for a meeting at which 2 Cossacks order them to disperse. The workers refuse. Half an hour later a group of soldiers and Cossacks headed by the police chief Kozhelovsky (Кожеловский) arrived, ready to attack the workers, who responded by throwing stones. The troops retreated to nearby trees and opened fire, forcing the workers to flee. Those that did not manage to flee were beaten by the soldiers and Cossacks, who did not distinguish between men and women. 20 people were arrested there. News of the beatings brought thousands of people out onto the streets. Clashes broke out with the police and workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burnt down a mill and the police chief's house. 80 people were arrested and many were injured, some fatally (some sources claim 28 women and children are killed during this and further clashes). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[A] 1923 - In Buenos Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a fanatical right-wing prison guard. He dies the following day and, despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a countrywide General Strike is called in protest.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: At 09:00 workers at Kiener, a large textile company in Colmar employing 1,100 workers, also go out on strike. A banner declaring " Pain, paix, bonheur et liberté" appears as do a number of red flag. The strikers occupy the factory day and night until an agreement is reached on June 24. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45383 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: There are now 250,000 workers on strike and the repression against them is increasingly heavy. In Quaregnon, the gendarmerie fired for half an hour on strikers who gathered in the union offices. The strike continued to spread, and became practically general in the Liège region. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1986 - In South Africa, and despite arrests, millions stay home in a black trade union strike on the 10th anniversary of the Soweto uprising. || The rebels assembled outside Norwich on June 17 and killed Sir Robert Salle, who was in charge of the city defences and had attempted to negotiate a settlement. The people of the town then opened the gates to let the rebels in, where they began looting buildings and killed Reginald Eccles, a local official. William de Ufford, the Earl of Suffolk fled his estates and travelled in disguise to London. The other leading members of the local gentry were captured and forced to play out the roles of a royal household, working for Litster. Violence spread out across the county, as gaols were opened, Flemish immigrants killed, court records burned, and property looted and destroyed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 17 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: In Norfolk, the revolt was led by Geoffrey Litster, a weaver, and Sir Roger Bacon, a local lord with ties to the Suffolk rebels. Litster began sending out messengers across the county in a call to arms on June 14, and isolated outbreaks of violence occurred.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: As news of the initial events in London also reach York, attacks break out on the properties of the Dominican friars, the Franciscan friaries and other religious institutions. The violence continued over the coming weeks, and on July 1 a group of armed men, under the command of John de Gisbourne, forced their way into the city and attempted to seize control. The mayor, Simon de Quixlay, gradually began to reclaim authority, but order was not properly restored until 1382.  [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 4] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following yesterday's clashes, angry gatherings of workers take place across Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский). Protest letter are submitted to the governor who givers the workers permission to hold two rallies on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка). The attempt to use force has been counter-productive, and the strike is even stronger. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Alexander Berkman released from prison for attempted murder of Henry Clay Frick. Emma Goldman and others address a crowd of 2,000 people who gather to greet Berkman.

[F] 1921 - Evelio Boal, Secretary General of the CNT, assassinated (//ley de fugas//) by the government. Part of the bloody repression of the anarcho-syndicalist union in the early 1920s, large numbers of cenetista leaders being jailed and/or assassinated.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: A strike breaks out in the Alsace potash mines in the Wittelsheim region, with the occupation of two pits. The strike across the region continued until employers agreed to respect the Matignon Agreements and to negotiate collective agreements with their workers. [www.chrono-france.com/france.php?langue=&motclef=&&debut=45383 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: More than 400,000 workers are now on strike, with the textile factories of Ghent having stopped operating, followed by those of across Flanders. In an attempt to end the general strike, the government called representatives of employers, syndicates and government together at the first Conférence nationale du travail (National Labour Conference), the first "tripartite consultation" in Belgian social history. In the end, the bosses, unions and government signed an agreement that guaranteed workers the introduction of the 40-hour week, an increase in the minimum wage and 6 days of annual paid leave. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

[A/D] 1953 - A workers Uprising in East Berlin and Leipzig sparks revolt all over East Germany; workers strike for democracy; revolutionary currents oppose Russian imperialism; USSR invades, sending in tanks "to restore law and order". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany libcom.org/history/workers-resistance-demise-east-germany-jeffrey-kopstein libcom.org/library/1953-working-class-uprising-east-germany-cajo-brendel www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2013-07-05/remembering-the-workers’-rising-in-east-germany-1953 www.opendemocracy.net/node/1325 adst.org/2013/06/the-east-berlin-uprising-june-16-17-1953/] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1870 brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/primer-congreso-obrero-espanol.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/]
 * = 18 || [F] 1870 - __Primer Congreso Obrero Español__: At the Congreso Obrero de Barcelona at the Teatro Circo de Barcelona attended by 89 delegates, 74 of them from various Catalan workers' societies, representing 15,000 members, the Federación Regional Española of the AIT (FRE de la AIT) is founded.

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: At the beginning of 1882, the Montcellian workers' world was in turmoil following the great strike of Roanne in March 1882. Indeed, at the end of this one, a young worker, Fournier, had shot at his boss. This event, glorified by the anarchist press, is considered by the libertarians as the first authentic act of "propaganda by the fact" in France. It is in this context that the Bande Noire takes action against the religious and political oppression of the Chagots, the owners of the local mines, who stood at the head of the oppressive semi-fuedal paternalism of "le système Chagot". From June 1882, the Bandes Noire's main target would be the privileged auxiliary of the Chagots: the local clergy. The first attack takes place during the night of June 17-18, when altars prepared for a religious procession are thrown into a local pond. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

[D] 1905 - [N.S. Jul. 1] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Cossacks attacked several thousand workers returning from a demonstration in the Łagiewniki forest (Lesie Łagiewnickim) as they march between the chapel of St. Anthony toward Bałucki Market Square (Bałuckiego Rynku) in Łódź. Around 10 people are killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1912 - Railwayman Fred Crowsley is tried at the Hampshire Assizes for distributing copies of the '//Open Letter to British Soldiers//' that he had reprinted as a leaflet at his own expense and personally distributed copies to soldiers at Aldershot, Hyde Park Comer and Hounslow barracks. He was found guilty and sentenced to four months imprisonment with hard labour, subsequently reduced to two months without hard labour. [see: Mar. 19]

1923 - In Argentina a countrywide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country. In Buenos Aires the protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers are killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) and 163 arrested; one policeman is killed and three wounded.

[FF] 1935 - __Battle of Ballantyne Pier__: In 1912 the International Longshoremen’s Association had begun organising amongst waterfront workers in Canada, and alongside the Lumber Handlers’ Union in Vancouver, going up against the employers association, the Shipping Federation, in a series of strikes won by the workers that resulted in wage increases. In 1923, with the Shipping Federation determined to break the power of the ILA, the employers association provoked a strike in October 1923, which saw 1400 men joining picket lines at the Vancouver waterfront. They were faced by 350 hired thugs armed with shotguns who had been housed on a ship Vancouver the harbour. Intimidated and unable to stop ships from being loaded and unloaded by numerous scabs who had also been drafted in, the strike collapsed within two months. The 1923 strike destroyed the ILA, and it was soon replaced the bosses' own tame union, the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association. However, the VDWWA soon began to take a confrontational stance towards the Shipping Federation. By 1935, nearly every port in British Columbia had been organised by the VDWWA and, following the template of the destruction of the ILA, the Shipping Federation provoked another major strike in the spring of 1935, locking out 50 casual dockers at the port at Powell River on May 16, 1935, after they had organised, demanded wage increases and better working conditions. On June 4, after longshoremen at Ballantyne pier refuse to load paper from Powell River on to the vessel Anten, the 900 workers on the Vancouver waterfront is locked out by four companies and the collective agreement is unilaterally terminated by the employer. Vancouver Mayor, Gerry McGeer declares that "longshoremen are communists". On June 15, all Canadian vessels are declared 'hot' and dockworkers refuse to handle them and dockers across the border in Seattle also refused to unload ships coming from Vancouver and Powell River that were manned by non-union workers. Just after noon on June 18, 1935, about 1500 striking longshoremen and their supporters, mainly men, left the Longshore Union hall on East Hastings to peacefully march to Ballantyne Pier with the intention of 'talking down' the replacement workers that were working on the ships in the dock. In the past the Union had been somewhat successful in convincing the scabs of the error of their ways. The strikers had been locked out since June 4th, and the employers had taken on scabs that they had been busy recruiting for several months. The employers' group, the Shipping Federation, along with the Vancouver Citizens League, the Local, Provincial and Federal Governments, the Vancouver Police, the Provincial Police and the RCMP, had a long-established plan in place to deal with the waterfront situation. Developed long before the Shipping Federation lock-out, it included the hiring of scabs, police specials, and the co-ordination of the military and the official police forces to break up any demonstrations that would occur. They were trained in the handling of tear gas, light weapons and even had machine guns ready for use. The Shipping Federation was also paying for full time police and private investigators from eight different companies to spy on longshoremen at work and in their meetings. Organisers of the demonstration expected police would try and stop the march, and wanted to project an image of striking longshoremen as a respectable lot that included men like Michael James 'Mickey' O’Rourke VC who had fought during the Great War and now deserved a 'fair shake'. This was to counter the image painted by politicians and the fascist Citizens’ League of striking longshoremen as troublemakers and the dupes of Moscow. Men, including many veterans from the First World War with medals pinned to their chests, walked, peacefully by all accounts, towards the Pier. When the longshoremen and their supporters, many dressed in their Sunday-best and the WWI veterans with their medals pinned to their chests, arrived at Ballantyne Pier they were greeted by hundreds of city police, with Provincial police hiding behind boxcars with Thompson machine guns. RCMP officers carrying long batons, and mounted on horses, rounded out the heavies. Tear gas was fired and the mounted police rode into the crowd of marchers, swinging long clubs. The police pursued the fleeing marchers through the surrounding streets, even riding up the steps of houses where women and children were gathered. "1:20 p.m. Tear gas bombs were fired by Royal Canadian Mounted Police over the heads of the crowd, mounted city and Provincial police charged them at full gallop and foot police swung into action with batons this afternoon when thousands of longshore strikers and sympathisers tried to break through the guard and march onto Ballantyne Pier." ['//The Vancouver Sun//', March 18, 1935] At day's end, over 100 marchers were treated in hospitals. Many others were injured but afraid to go to hospitals or doctors. At least two were shot. No one was killed. In the end, the strike dragged on til December, when it was finally broken - the fifth time the employers had done so since 1909, but the workers would have the last say with the formation of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union in 1937. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier libcom.org/history/1935-battle-ballantyne-pier ilwu.ca/battle-of-ballantyne-memorial-june-18-2015/ ilwu.ca/wp-content/uploads/WFN-Sept-2009-N2cLow-Res.pdf pasttensevancouver.wordpress.com/tag/battle-of-ballantyne-pier/ www.vancouversun.com/news/This+Week+History+1935+Battle+Ballantyne+Pier/11151809/story.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: With half a million, both in the north and south of the country, have downed tools and gone out on strike. The three Walloon provinces are in a situation of general strike. Brabant, in turn, began to follow the movement. In Quaregnon (Borinage), a woman is killed by random firing by gendarmes following a previous confrontation with strikers. Another person is wounded. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936 archives.chicagotribune.com/1936/06/19/page/15/article/one-dead-5-hurt-in-belgian-strikes]

[AA] 1984 - __Battle of Orgreave / U.K.Miners' Strike__: Police attack striking miners at the Orgreave coke plant in South Yorkshire on a picket organised to mark the 100th day of their strike. 95 miners are arrested, all later had their charges dropped. The official casualty count was 72 policemen given hospital treatment and 51 pickets injured, though many injured pickets avoided seeking medical treatment as it was an effective guarantee of arrest. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 19 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: In the Somerset town of Bridgwater, an uprising breaks out led by Thomas Ingleby and Adam Brugge. The crowds attacks the local Augustine house and forces their master to give up his local privileges and pay a ransom. The rebels then turned on the properties of John Sydenham, a local merchant and official, looting his manor and burning paperwork, before executing Walter Baron, a local man. The Ilchester gaol was stormed, and one unpopular prisoner executed.

1870 - __Constituent Congress of the Spanish section of the First International__: The Federación Española Región the Federación Regional Española (FRE) takes place (19-26 June) in the Circo theatre in Barcelona.

[A] 1886 - Kangaroo trial of eight anarchists for the Haymarket bombing begins, Chicago. [expand]

1889 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: South Met.'s Board minuted that a deputation of men had attended the old offices to discuss petitions concerning the eight hour day [marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 6] __Project 33 [проект 33-х__]: In the Duma, a Draft Law of the Land, developed the private meeting of deputies of the Workers' group and based on the Project 104 (проект 104-х) draft, is put forward by the SR faction. It calls for the immediate and complete abolition of private ownership of land, declared the equal right of all citizens to use the land (nationalisation) and the principle of communal land use with egalitarian redistribution of land for the normal uses of the workers, without compensation. [www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/chrest/x6_5_18.html www.ngpedia.ru/id651258p3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

[D] [1917 - [O.S. Jun. 6] In Sevastopol sailors arrest and disarm their officers as the Russian Black Sea fleet mutinies. [expand]

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: A 110-day long strike by metalworkers in Le Havre begins following the decision by factory owners, who had gottten shamelessly rich through the war and buying up German companies under receivership cheaply, to cut workers wages. In early June, the Chambre Syndicale Patronale de la Métallurgie (Metallurgy Employers Trade Association) in Le Havre informed its workers that, from June 22nd, wages will be reduced by 10% on average. However, despite an already long revolutionary tradition, the metal workers in the city are not unionised. Furthermore, it begins at almost the same time as the founding congress of the CGTU signals the first major split in the French labour movement since 1914, dividing between a reformist CGT, headed by former anarchist Jouhaux, and the new confederation, founded by the minority of the organisation, communists and libertarians. The latter quickly establishes a metallurgy syndicate in Le Havre, which is still run by revolutionary trade unionists, as the Communists are still in the minority, which helps co-ordinate the strike. On Tuesday June 20, workers form a strike committee and the next day, 900 steelworkers on strike hold their first public meeting. The initial response of the bosses' Comité des Forges is to refuse to negotiate, betting on the strike's swift collapse. Additionally, the Préfet prohibits any public gatherings, to try and thwart the strikers' attempts at organising wider support for their actions. On June 23, 10,000 people, men and women march peacefully through the streets of Le Havre in what is the first of a long series of street protests. In the following days, the movement spreads quickly to all major sites in Le Havre. In protest against the military being summoned to the city and the ban on demonstrations, a general strike breaks out on August 25. Driven by a huge wave of solidarity, the city's radical socialist mayor and Freemason, Léon Meyer, pressed the municipality into running a free canteen to feed the children of strikers (and giving free milk to the under fours). And at the start of the school holidays, the old union tactic of having the children of strikers welcomed into the homes of supporters in surrounding towns, especially in Rouen and Quevilly, but even as far afield as Paris, was employed. as the steelworkers of Le Havre seek to continue their brave and stubborn struggle against the Forges Committee, as well as the combined forces of the state and its watchdogs, police, military and judiciary. On August 26, the Salle Franklin - the traditional seat of the Bourse du Travail and the trade unions - is ordered closed. As protesters gather outside the building, mounted police charge into crowds. The strikers respond by throwing stones and troops are ordered fix bayonets and load their rifles. The mounted police charge results in the death of three demonstrators aged 18, 21 and 22. A fourth died of his injuries a few days later. Many others are left injured. The following day many of the strike organisers are arrested and the city is placed in state of siege. With the closure of the Salle Franklin, steelworkers are forced to hold their meetings in the Forêt de Montgeon, the 'trou des métallos' (steelworkers hole), a grassed arena able to accomodate up to 20,000 people, and now a municipal park. The general strike in solidarity with the steelworkers continued until September 1st; but, with the prospect of the new school year and the threat of schools not opening their doors to the children of workers who had not returned to work, together with a hardeneding in the positions of some employers and their friends, including the landlords of some workers who threatened to evict them if they continued their strike, the Strike Committee decided that it was time to stop the struugle. The strike by the steelworkers of Le Harve however continued until October 9, 1922, when they to returned to work, after 110 days on strike, not having gained any concessions. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

[F] 1925 - __Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工__]: In order to support the people of Shanghai May Thirtieth anti-imperialist movement, workers in Guangzhou and Hong Kong come out on strike in a protest that would last for 16 months, one of the largest and longest strikes in China during the Revolution of 1925–27, involving more than 250,000 people. [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

1937 - __Women’s Day Massacre / Little Steel Strike__: Police use tear gas on women and children, many of them sitting on chairs, on a picket line during a strike at Republic Steel in Youngstown, Ohio, instigating a battle that leaves two strikers dead. One union organiser later recalled, "When I got there I thought the Great War had started over again. Gas was flying all over the place and shots flying and flares going up and it was the first time I had ever seen anything like it in my life."

1938 - __Bloody Sunday__: A month-long sitdown strike by unemployed men at the main post office in Vancouver, British Columbia, together with the Hotel Georgia and the Vancouver Art Gallery, both occupied on the afternoon of May 20, 1938, ends with a 05:00 assault on the post office building by the RCMP. The occupiers respond to the first round of tear gas by smashing the windows for ventilation and arming themselves with whatever projectiles they could find. The RCMP then entered the building and forcibly ejected the men, who were forced to run the gauntlet of a cordon of police armed with batons upon leaving the building. City police outside assisted the Mounties. Of the 42 hospitalised, only five were police and all of those were Vancouver police constables. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1938)]

1945 - __Tragedia del Humo [Tragedy of the Smoke__]: Considered to be the most serious industrial accident (with regard to the number killed) to have occurred in a metal ore mine worldwide, it took place at Braden Copper Company's El Teniente Mine in Chile and left 355 workers dead. They were killed by the carbon monoxide produced by the fire of a forge located in one of the mine's access portals that, combined with a lack of ventilation, suffocated all 355. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedia_del_humo]

1991 - Tanong Po-arn (ทนง โพธิ์อ่าน; b. 1936), Thai labour union leader and president of the Labour Congress of Thailand (สภาองค์การลูกจ้างสภาแรงงานแห่งประเทศไทย), disappears following the National Peace Keeping Council's 1991 military coup against the elected government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanong_Po-arn infogalactic.com/info/Labour_Congress_of_Thailand voicelabour.org/ทนง-โพธิ์อ่าน-ผู้นำแรงงา/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]
 * = 20 || 1848 - __Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising__]: The commission exécutive of the Assemblée Constituante adopt a decree drawn up on May ordering the closure of the Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops). Costing nearly 200,000 francs a day to 'employ' its 115,000 registered workers at a time of continuing economic and social upheaval, the Ateliers Nationaux are a moral disgrace in the eyes of the ruling classes. Created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed, despite the fact that only low pay, dead-end jobs were provided, which barely provided enough money to survive, the workers of France have no option to protest their closure.

1848 - Albert Richard Parsons (d. 1887), American anarchist, Haymarket Martyr, husband of Lucy Parsons, born. [libcom.org/library/autobiography-parsons www.ephemanar.net/juin20.html#20]

1888 - Pedro Alvarez Sierra (d. 1969), Spanish woodworker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who was opposed to the use of vilonce, born. Delegate at the founding congress of the CNT in Barcelona in 1910, he was very active in the anarchist press and was editor, often alongside Quintanilla, of a number of tiles including '//Solidaridad//', '//El Libertario//' (1912), '//Accion Libertaria//', '//La Cuña//' (paper of the Federation of Woodworkers, 1915-17, 22 issues), '//Renovacion//', etc. [www.militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5603 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2137-pedro-sierra-alvarez-discipulo-de-ricardo-mella.html]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Dr Nicola Barbato is released from prison following the widespread outcry raised after his May 12th arrested. [see: May 12]

1893 - The American Railway Union (ARU) is formally founded at a convention in Chicago by locomotive fireman Eugene V. Debs and other railway workers. A week-long convention attended by 24 delegates representing many of the numerous railway brotherhoods had held at Chicago's Greene Hotel from April 11-17, 1893, at which the constitution and by-laws for the new organisation had been adopted and the union's officers formally elected. These included Debs, Firemen Secretary-Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive and 'Locomotive Firemen's Magazine' editor, as President; George W. Howard, former Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Railway Conductors, as Vice President; and Sylvester Keliher, Secretary-Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen as Secretary-Treasurer of the ARU. The June 20 convention was set up to introduce the new union to the broader public and to build organisational momentum, along side a mass meeting of railroad employees at Uhlich's Hall in Chicago the same evening. The ARU was an industrial union for railway workers, regardless of craft or service. Within a year, the ARU had 125 locals and very quickly grew to become the country’s largest union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Railway_Union www.marxists.org/archive/debs/aru/index.htm www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1893/930428-nysun-debsdefeatsblfexpulsion.pdf]

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 2] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Funerals of the victims of June 18 [N.S. Jul. 1], which are attended by large crowds, are held today and tomorrow. They escalate into major demonstrations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

[F] 1917 - Spokane-based Lumber Workers Industrial Union, IWW, formally begins what will become a statewide loggers' strike orginally called for July 1st. [expand] In September, the IWW, with many of its key leaders and organisers in jail under criminal syndicalism and/or sedition laws, suddenly called off the formal strike. Loggers returned to work. Some lumber companies (especially in Eastern Washington) accepted the eight-hour day and attempted to improve conditions. But many firms started up again on the 10-hour day. IWW loggers, now back to work, continued to resist, at some camps quitting work after eight hours, at other camps working as inefficiently as possible to produce only eight hours of work in the 10 hours spent on the job. [www.historylink.org/File/7342 northidahopastpresent.com/2017/03/13/1917-when-the-wobblies-walked-out-of-the-woods/]

1920 - Police shoot 14 Wobblies during a labour clash in Butte, Montana. [expand]

1921 - __Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike__: On May 20 1921, the workers in the Spinning Department of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in the city of Madras (now called Chennai), India refused to work until the management of Binny and Co., the owners, agreed to discuss their wage rise demands. The protest reached serious proportions when an official strike was declared on June 20. The striking workers were led by Congressman V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar. The Indian National Congress convened a meeting in Madras on July 10 1921; in this meeting, C. Rajagopalachari moved for a resolution sympathising with the workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills and supporting their cause. The management retaliated by instigating a caste war through recruitment of workers from 'low' castes to fill the strikers’ vacancies. The strike turned into a caste clash between two warring groups, in response to which the authorities had adopted a ruthless policy to suppress the workers and any distrubances. On August 29, 1921, police opened fire on strikers near the Mills’ premises in Perambur, killing seven people. During their funeral procession, some agitators threw stones, leading to another round of caste violence. Two more uses of live fire by the police – on September 19 and October 21 – followed. After six months, the strike came to an end, having failed to meet any of its objectives. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Buckingham_and_Carnatic_Mills_strike www.marxists.org/archive/glading/1930/07/x01.htm]

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: Le Harve steelworkers form a strike committee. [see: Jun. 19] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Luisa_Minguzzi www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luisa-minguzzi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=26146:minguzzi-maria-luisa-in-pezzi-gigia&lang=it www.ravennanotizie.it/articoli/2014/10/03/amore-e-anarchia-al-vulkano-di-s.-bartolo-la-storia-di-maria-luisa-minguzzi-e-francesco-pezzi.html www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=1036 cretastorie.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/anarchicini-maria-luisa-minguzzi-1852.html]
 * = 21 || [E] 1852 - Maria Luisa 'Gigia' Minguzzi (d. 1911), Italian seamstress, anarchist and feminist, who was an important figure in the Italian anarchist movement, and played a leading role in the development of the female workers' movement in Italy, born. The longterm companion of Francesco Pezzi, in 1872, she helped found the women's section of the International (AIT).

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: The Military Governor of Catalonia, Capitán General Juan Zapatero y Navas, orders the dissolution of all 'illegal' societats obreres (workers' unions). [see: Jul. 2]

1874 - The IV Congreso de la Federación Regional Española de la AIT is held clandestinely in Madrid [Jun. 21-27] in the wake of the Pavía coup on January 3, 1874, after which workers' associations in general and the FRE de la AIT in particular had been banned. Attended by representatives of 47 of the 320 local federations comprising the FRE. In order to deal an the underground FRE, it decides to organise over 10 regions (Eastern Andalusia, Western Andalusia, Aragon, Catalonia, New Castile, Old Castile, Extramadura, Murcia, Valencia, and Basque-Navarra-Santanderina). And instead of the congresses of the FRE, one would hold regional conferences to which a delegate of the Federal Commission would attend. It also ratified the agreements reached at the Geneva Congress of the Saint-Imier International held in September of the previous year. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Madrid es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/iv-congreso-de-la-federacion-regional.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf]

1896 - Joan Ferrer i Farriol (d. 1978), anarchist and prominent Catalan anarcho-syndicalist leader, who was a regular contributor to the libertarian press and author of several books, born. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Ferrer_i_Farriol www.estelnegre.org/documents/ferrerfarriol/ferrerfarriol.html www.jesusaller.com/la-revuelta-permanente-memorias-de-joan-ferrer-farriol-recogidas-por-baltasar-porcel/ www.visat.cat/traduccions-literatura-catalana/eng/articles/89/2//2//john-l.getman.html]

[A] 1903 - In London, anarchists organise a massive demonstration among the Jewish labour movement to protest the Russian pogrom in Kishineff.

[D] 1905 - [N.S. Jul. 3] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: The first armed workers uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire, and a key event during the 1905 Revolution, breaks out. Funerals of the victims of June 18 [N.S. Jul. 1] continue. Rumours quickly spreas that one of the victims of Sunday's clashes was secretly buried by police. Outraged, within a few hours Łódź workers manage to get an estimated 50,000–70,000 people out on the streets. A demonstration forms and marches through the city centre. At the corner of Piotrkowska (ulica Piotrkowskiej) and Żwirki (ulica Żwirki) Streets they clash with Cossack cavalry, in what the demonstrators claim is a pre-prepared ambush. The crowd begins throwing stones, and the Russian cavalry returned fire, killing 25 people and wounding hundreds, many in the paniiced stampede that follows. As a result of the massacre, Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania / SDKPiL) called for a general strike on June 23 [N.S. Jul. 6]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1910 - Henri Cler (b. 1862), French cabinet maker and anarchist, dies following a blow to the head, delivered by the police during a strike protest on June 13. Tens of thousands attend his funeral on June 26. [see: Sep. 21] [www.ephemanar.net/juin21.html#cler]

1914 - Errico Malatesta, wanted for his role in the Settimana Rossa, manages to flee Italy en route to Geneva, where his will work on Luigi Bertoni's '//Le Réveil - Il Risveglio//' before leaving for London.

1920 - __Herrin Massacre__: Several hundred armed UMWA strikers laid siege to a non-union mine. After an afternoon of gunfire by both sides, three of the besieging strikers were dead or mortally wounded. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrin_massacre www.lib.niu.edu/2001/ihy010235.html www.lib.niu.edu/1997/ihy971204.html www.mihp.org/2013/05/bloody-williamsons-history-of-mine-massacres/]

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: 900 striking Le Harve steelworkers hold their first public meeting. [see: Jun. 19]

1934 - __El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants__]: The preliminary taking of the prosecution evidence takes place before the Consejo de Guerra (court-martial) in the Castillo de San Roque in Cadiz. [see: Jun. 25 & 26]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Vooruit described how a horde on horseback scattered women and children in the narrow Donkersteeg of Ghent: "We hear everywhere:" They are bastards! If only we had weapons! "Weeping with anger, the workers questioned us" What do you think of that? And you, Balthazar (the successor of Eedje Anseele, leader of the POB - Belgian Workers' Party - Ghent, Editor's note), you see now, you who still called us calm! the unions announced the end of the strike [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1937 - In Spain Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM, is murdered by Russian agents.

[F] 1997 - 100,000 Union members and supporters march in solidarity with striking '//Detroit News//' and '//Detroit Free Press//' newspaper workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_newspaper_strike_of_1995–97] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin22.html#cremieux]
 * = 22 || 1836 - Gaston Crémieux (Isaac Louis Gaston; d. 1871), French radical Républican, Proudhonian socialist and member of the Commune de Marseille, born. Court-martialled and executed on November 30, 1871.

1848 - __Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising__]: The Comte de Falloux's commission du travail of the Assemblée Constituante issue a decree, published in the 'Le Moniteur' (The Official Gazette), stating that the Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops), only set up on February 26, will be closed in three days time and that the options for its 115,000 registered workers are that young men (18-27 years old) could join the army, provincials could return home or they could simply be dismissed. That same day, the workers demonstrate against the 'décret de proscription' (decree of proscription) but they fail to wrest any concessions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]

1859 - The Association of Organised Trades of Sheffield and Neighbourhood, the forerunner of the Sheffield Trades and Labour Council, is founded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Trades_and_Labour_Council www.sheffieldhistory.co.uk/forums/topic/6194-whitaker39s-sheffield-almanac-january-to-june-1/ www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Outrages Study Guide v1-4.pdf]

[D] 1911 - __Revolución Mexicana / Second Battle of Tijuana__: Outnumbered and outflanked by a large federal force, and seriously low on supplies, the Magónistas [150 Wobblies and 75 Mexicans led by Jack Mosby] holding Tijuana fought hard but are routed in only three hours as Tijuana is recaptured by 560 of Diaz's former Federal troops, now lead by Madero. The American Magónista Foreign Legion fled north to California and across the border where they were interned, having decided to surrender to the United States Army rather than facing a Madero firing squad. Among those getting away is Mosby's fellow IWW member, the famed hobo songwriter Joe Hill. Mosby was arrested and, having refused to incriminate Magón in court, was shot supposedly trying to escape - the the infamous ley de fuega excuse. The Mexican Magónista's, who included some native Americans in their number, slipped away into the surrounding countryside. In the battle only a few federal troops had been wounded but the Magónistas had suffered over thirty dead, most of whom were left on the battlefield when the Magónistas retreated. With the Partido Liberal Mexicano's power base in serious decline, Ricardo Flores Magón is told that: "It would take a forest of trees to hang all the Judases." Magón's dream of Baja California becoming the launching ground of an International Anarchist revolution had turned into a nightmare. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tijuana www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/88winter/postcardsimages.htm www.todopormexico.org/t6806-invasion-filibustera-a-baja-california www.aftguild.org/free_speech/history/magonista-revolt.html]

1914 - After numerous calls by some of the anarchist press for revenge on Standard Oil for the Ludlow Massacre, a bomb intended for the Rockefeller Mansion unintentionally detonates in the Ferrer Center today, killing three anarchists.

[F] 1920 - __Herrin Massacre__: The 50 or so besieged strikebreakers agree to surrender their arms in exchange for a guarantee of safe passage out of the county. After the disarmed strikebreakers left the mine, 19 were killed by the strikers in various ways; some were killed in the town cemetery, in front of a crowd of about 1,000 cheering townspeople. Some were tied up and repeatedly shot at close range; some had their throats slit. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrin_massacre www.lib.niu.edu/2001/ihy010235.html www.lib.niu.edu/1997/ihy971204.html www.mihp.org/2013/05/bloody-williamsons-history-of-mine-massacres/]

1934 - __El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants__]: "Once, when barbarism rules over the world after the Courts came sometimes the bonfires. Now are the bonfires, crimes, murders, preceding sentences. Casas Viejas was destroyed by the police. Casas Viejas witnessed terrified the murder of twenty peasants. who were the dead? According to Casares, according to Azaña, according to Rojas himself, it was the rebels, those who fired at the headquarters of the Guardia Civil, who caused the death of a sergeant and a guard. But those twenty corpses that were intended to avenge the death of two guards were not enough. They had to find more responsible; had to find someone to unload the full weight of the law upon. And they sought amongst who escaped, amongst those who had managed to escape death, among those who taken to the mountains to avoid the flames they reached them and shot ... " - Eduardo de Guzmán in '//Tierra//', June 22, 1934 [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: There are more than 500,000 participants in the strike throughout the country. However, the beginning of the end of the general strike movement is signalled when Antwerp's dockers return to work in advance of the final text of the negotiations with the government. Having received the final text, and with the strike committee still remaining suspicious, it convenes a congress for later in the day. The delegates are convinced of the benefits obtained, the commitments made by the government and the majority considered that the aims of the strike have been achieved for the vast majority of workers. They decide to call for work to be resumed on Wednesday June 24. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

1955 - __Grèves des Métallurgistes à Nantes et Saint-Nazaire__: A wave of labour strikes begin in France. Sparked by a wage dispute amongst soldiers in Saint-Nazaire, they developed into a major dispute in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire. [expand] [hirsutefanzine.wordpress.com/2015/03/11/les-greves-de-lete-1955-a-saint-nazaire-et-nantes/ chrhc.revues.org/3923?lang=fr www.zones-subversives.com/2016/07/revolte-ouvriere-a-saint-nazaire-en-1955.html le-libertaire.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Grves_de_Nantes_et_St_Nazaire_1955.pdf mondialisme.org/spip.php?article1571 libcom.org/library/workers-against-bureaucracy]

[1973 - __Huelga General de Pamplona__: ] [memoriasdelviejopamplona.com/2014/08/conflictividad-social-y-politica-en-la.html gerindabaibi.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/40-anos-de-la-huelga-de-motor-iberica.html ddd.uab.cat/pub/ppc/CNTinf/CNTinf_a1973m7.pdf amnistiapresos.blogspot.co.uk/2016/09/cuando-la-huelga-general-en-nafarroa-de.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 23 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Richard II and his army arrive in Waltham from London. Richard II's announces that he has cancelled the charters that he issued in London on June 14th.

1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: The news of the southern revolt reaches Scarborough where riots break out against the ruling elite, with the rebels dressed in white hoods with a red tail at the back. Members of the local government were deposed from office, and one tax collector was nearly lynched. By 1382 the elite had re-established power. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1841 - Benoît Malon (d. 1893), French Bakuninist, member of the International, Communard and then a socialist, born. Author of the Commune history '//La Troisième Défaite du Prolétariat Français//' (1871). [www.ephemanar.net/septembre13.html www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/benoit-malon/]

[A/DD] 1848 - __Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising__]: Following a large rally outside the Bastille that morning, hundred of barricades are thrown up across Eastern Paris (thirty-eight in Rue Saint-Jacques alone, more than four hundred in all), blocking communications and halting movement. Spontaneous in character, the workers' uprising lacks leadership save for the the former seminarian Sergeant Pujol and the junior officers of the Garde Nationale units who had gone over to the uprising. "Du pain ou du plomb" (Bread or lead) quickly became the rallying call of the insurrgents as sections of Paris begin to burn. With only 3,000 members, the Parisian police were helpless to intervene and the Garde Nationale was called out to halt the rioting; this sparked fighting once the guard and protesters clashed in bloody fighting. The labourers had now become insurgents and were breaking stones to use as barricades. The numbers involved on the military's side were estimated to be well over 40,000 [at his disposal, General Louis Eugène Cavaignac had 25 000 soldiers of the French army, largely sons of peasants; 17,000 Gardes Nationale (shopkeepers and the bourgeois of Paris and its province), 15,000 gardes mobiles (recruited from the poorest parts of the Parisian proletariat) and 2,500 Garde Républicaine (ex-municipal) police]; however, the number of insurgents was estimated to be higher and was growing as they traveled from house to house recruiting other citizens to join them, threatening them with death if they refused. The insurgents also seized many armories to gather weapons, regardless they were still running low on ammunition. However, the revolutionaries would rather die than to return to their lives of poverty. Large amounts of blood were shed on the streets as the National Guard fired on the barricades, but the Gardes Nationale's men were not the only ones firing. The insurgents also inflicted heavy casualties to the Gardes, who lost many of their men. Les Journées de Juin lasts until the 26th, leaving over 10,000 people either killed or injured as the National Guard "restore order". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]

[F] 1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: Annie Besant's article '//White Slavery in London//' appears in her newspaper '//The Link//', lighting the blue touch paper of what would become the Match Girls' Strike. In the article, she likening the Bow Road factory to a "prison-house" and describing the match girls, many of them only 13, as "white wage slaves" – "undersized", "helpless” and "oppressed", working a 14-hour day on wages of between 4 and 8 Shillings [20 - 40p] a week, only to be "flung aside as soon as worked out, who cares if they die or go on to the streets provided only that Bryant and May shareholders get their 23 per cent." Their situation was made worse by the unfair fines they faced. If they were late for work [fined a half-day's pay], caught talking, caught going to the toilet without permission or accidentally dropping matches they were fined. Annie Besant also discovered that the health of the women had been severely affected by the phosphorous that they used to make the matches. This caused yellowing of the skin and hair loss and phossy jaw, a form of bone cancer. The whole side of the face turned green and then black, discharging foul-smelling pus and finally death. The company reacted by attempting to force their workers to sign a statement that they were happy with their working conditions. When a group of women refused to sign, the organisers of the group was sacked. The response was immediate; 1400 of the women at Bryant & May went on strike. The strike was quickly settled, with the Bryan and May directors having lost the media battle, and in 1908 the British government banned the use of white phosphorus in matches. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/london/article_1.shtml www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/bryant-may-strike-bow-east-london/ www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php libcom.org/history/matchgirls-strike-1888-john-simkin www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/november-2015-print-of-the-match-girls-during-their-strike-1888/ spartacus-educational.com/TUmatchgirls.htm www.marxist.com/britain-matchgirls-strike.htm www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106451.html]

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 6] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Across Łódź all markets, workshops, shops and offices are closed and there was open clashes between workers and government forces. In the area of ​​Eastern Street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on Southern Street another group of workers were surrounded by an entire Russian Military Police unit. Several large fires broke out as workers set fire to alcohol warehouses. The most bloody battles take place on the barricades erected in the New City (Nowe Miasto) district on the corner of Eastern Street (Ulica Wschodniej) and Southern Street (Ulica Południowej) [now Revolution of 1905 Street (Ulica Rewolucji 1905 roku)], and on Northern Street (Ulica Północnej), near the Rokicińska highway (Szosy Rokicińskiej) and Źródliska Park (Parku Źródliska). On the same day SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) orders a general strike throughout the Polish Kingdom and the Tsar signs a decree introducing martial law in the city. Six infantry regiments and several regiments of cavalry also arrived from Częstochowa, Warsaw and several summer training camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1934 - __El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants__]: "The prosecutor read his report exposing the anarchic situation in Spain at the time and referring specifically to the case of Casas Viejas says it was a movement prepared and organised by the leaders who will end pointing and calling the facts under the Code of Military Justice, having carried out constituent acts of aggression against the armed force. Consequently, he requested penalties of twenty-five years' imprisonment for Antonio Cabañas, Cristóbal Toro Domínguez, Francisco Rocha, Manuel Moreno, Salvador Jordan and Sebastian Pavon; six years for Manuel Vera, José Moreno, Antonio Pavón, Francisco Quijada, Miguel Pavón, Manuel Sánchez, Juan Jiménez, José Pérez, José González, Francisco Cantero, Esteban Moreno, Antonio Durán, José Monroy, Jose Rodriguez Quiros, and Francisco Quintero; and three years for Antonio Cornejo, Antonio Cruz and Diego Fernández, Francisco Quijada, Sebastián Cornejo and Sebastián Rodríguez." '//La Época//' June 23, 1934 [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: With the national consultation process having reached conclusions acceptable to both the workers' and employers' side, trade union leaders call for the resumption of work on Wednesday June 24 is made known to the strike movement.

1983 - Isabel Hernández Marichal, aka 'La Tabaquera' (The Tobacco Worker) (b. 1914), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist active in the Canary Islands, dies. [see: Feb. 23] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin16.html#16 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/marie-y-francois-mayoux.html]
 * = 24 || 1882 - François Mayoux (d. 1967), French teacher, author, pacifist and libertarian trades unionist, born. Partner of Marie Mayoux and father of Jehan Mayoux. François and Marie joined the socialist SFIO in 1915, earning places in the '//Carnet B//'. They were heavily fined and sentenced to 2 years in prison for the pacifist pamphlet '//Les Instituteurs Syndicalistes et la Guerre//' (The Teachers Union and War) in 1917 and were excluded from the French Communist party in 1922 during the purge of syndicalists. Both participated in the anarchist press including '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Voix Libertaire//', '//CQFD//', '//Défense de l'Homme//', '//Le Monde Libertaire//', etc. Excluded from the CGTU in 1929, they went on to support the Spanish Revolution and denounced the Stalinist repression.

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 7] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: At dusk (some sources claim noon on the 25th [Jul. 8]) the last of the barricades, on the Eastern Street and in Źródliska Park, fall to Tsarist troops - according to the sources. Over the following days there were many individual militant actions, such as attacks on police outposts or shooting at individual police patrols. In most cases, the Łódź insurgents were very poorly armed, fighting with a few revolvers, paving stones, boiling water and acid poured from the windows etc., and it was inevitable that they would succumbed to the overwhelmingly superior Tsarist police forces. They also had to combat the actions of the endecki [Narodowa Demokracja (National Democratic Party)] militias, as there was in effect a mini civil war during the June uprising between the workers associated with the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party) and the workers supporting the National Democracy movement, who resoundingly denounced the 1905 Revolution. The number of victims during the fighting is not known. Official reports claim 151 civilian deaths (55 Poles, 79 Jews and 17 Germans) and about 150 wounded, whilst historians estimate at least 200 dead and between 800 and 2,000 wounded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1915 - Charles Gogumus (b. 1873), French shopworker, revolutionary syndicalist militant, anarchist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Aug. 25]

1916 - [N.S. Jul. 7] In the Russian town of Taganrog (Таганрог) in the Don region, a crowd of over one thousand people, identified as mainly soldatki (soldiers' wives), commandeered stores of sugar held by local merchants and distributed them among themselves. Then, when the supply ran out, they set about breaking into shops. The crowd dispersed only after troops were called in and ordered to fire. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1917 - Jean-Louis Pindy (b. 1840), French carpenter, member of the Internationale, communard and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 3]

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: After five months, the strike comes to an end in Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania on the basis of a 48-hour week, but with an independent inquiry to be appointed into the financial condition of the industry. New South Wales workers however remained out for eight and a half months until the strike was officially called off in mid October. On July 22, seven union leaders - John Smith 'Jock' Garden (secretary of the Trades and Labour Council), John Kavanagh (chairman of the Disputes Committee of the Trades and Labour Council). Charles Reeve, Michael Patrick Ryan, Edward Wallace Paton, William Terry, and John Culbert, M.L.C. (members of the Disputes Committee of the Trades and Labour Council) - were charged with three counts of "unlawful conspiracy by violence and threats of violence" in order to prevent timber workers from working. At the end of October a jury acquitted them all those charged. [see: Jan. 3; Oct. 17 & 30] [trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51608706]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The Prime Minister Van Zeeland publishes a statement on a comprehensive reform plan resulting from the national consultation. The workers' movement had gained a wage increase of 7%, a minimum wage of 32 francs per day, the 40-hour week, at least six days paid holiday per year, health insurance and an increase in family allowances. A number of joint committees (for consultation between employers and employees) were also set up in some industrial sectors for the first time. The port workers were promised an additional wage increase. Despite national trade union leaders called for a resumption of work on June 24th, the call went unheeded in a number of sectors; Antwerp ship repairers stalled until the beginning of August and the textile workers from Mouscron until July 6. Given the length of the strike and the often brutal repression of strikers by the police, it is surprising that only two people were killed during the strike, one a passerby killed by a random shot from a gendarme in Quaregnon. [www.lcr-lagauche.be/cm/index.php?view=article&id=606:la-greve-de-1936-en-belgique&option=com_content&Itemid=53 romaincourcelles.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/belgique-dans-solidaire-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fo-nde-la-securite-sociale/ deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50989/215.pdf;jsessionid=D3720CF399E8FCE653807B8C873C5DAF?sequence=1 solidaire.org/articles/1936-les-travailleurs-la-conquete-du-temps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936 www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/belgian-walloon-general-strikes mocliege.be/IMG/pdf/reg059_dossier.pdf www.skynet.be/actu-sports/dossier/1621328/les-plus-grandes-greves-de-l-histoire-en-belgique/1621331/2-juin-1936]

[F] 1972 - __Proceso 1001__: The leadership of the clandestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.), is arrested in the convent of the Misioneros Oblatos de María Inmaculada in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid. They stand trial on December 20, 1973, the session coinciding with the assassination of Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco, which led to the suspension of proccedings for a few hours) and are sentenced to between 12 and 20 years in prison on December 30, 1973, reduced the following year due to a royal amnesty. [see: Nov. 25 & Dec. 20] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

[D] 1976 - The Polish government announces enormous staple food price rises. Countrywide strikes, public protests and rioting breaks out. In Radom demonstrators burn the Communist Party headquarters, build barricades and fight the police - injuring 75 cops.

1980 - A general strike in El Salvador protests against the death squads, military or paramilitary units which have been carrying out a vicious campaign of murders and intimidation as part of the Salvadoran government’s ‘counterinsurgency’ strategy. The government and its death squads rely on U.S. support and supplies to repress the population and crush resistance. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-June-24.htm]

2002 - Massive countrywide anarchist CGT demonstrations in Spain. || [donpepebatlle.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/movimiento-obrero.html www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=42&t=47940 affur.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Cartilla-Historia.pdf gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/24435/3/THVI~N69~P54-63.pdf 6touruguaysigloxx.blogspot.co.uk/p/el-movimiento-obrero.html]
 * = 25 || 1875 - The Federación Regional de la República Oriental del Uruguay (Regional Federation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay) is formed at a meeting in Montevideo. It aligns itself with the anti-authoritarian AIT and in August 1876 becomes a section of the Internationale at the Congress of Verviers.

1893 - The Haymarket Martyrs Monument is dedicated at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, to honor those framed and executed for the bombing at Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886. More than 8,000 people attended the dedication ceremony. At the base of the monument are the last words of Haymarket martyr August Spies: "The day will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you are throttling today."

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Widespread industrial strikes sweep Odessa, as the situation grows out of control. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 12] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The authorities were forced to release 23 prisoners. Many of the mill owners have fled to Moscow. Neither side is willing to give in. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[B] 1921 - In Czechoslovakia the word "robot" enters the world's languages when Karel Capek's play '//R.U.R.//' (Rossum's Universal Robots) premières.

1922 - The 1er Congrès of the Confédération Générale du Travail 'Unitaire' is held in Saint-Etienne (Jun. 25 - Jul. 1, 1922), at which the bureau provisoire of the the Comités Syndicalistes Révolutionnaires, established in December the previous year and composed of three members, all of anarchist tendency: Paul Cadeau, Labrousse and Pierre Totti, is removed in favour of a coalition which united unions without joining the SFIC. However, the anarcho-syndicalist minority is effectively sidelined and even ridiculed by Alexandre Lozovski, Secretary General of the RILU, coining the term 'anarcho-réformisme' to refer to the minority. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail_unitaire fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail_unitaire en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail www.boursedutravail-paris.fr/node/288 www.ihs.cgt.fr/IMG/pdf_26_-_1922_-_Congres_CGTU_Saint_Etienne.pdf]

[F] 1934 - __El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants__]: The two-day Consejo de Guerra (court-martial) begins in the Castillo de San Roque in Cadiz for the 26 of around 100 farmers and peasants that had original been arrested in the days following the January 1933 uprising. Two other campesinos, Francisco Gutiérrez Rodríguez aka 'Currestaca' and Juan Rodríguez Guillén, had also been charged but do not take part in the trial. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/los-26-procesados-en-el-juicio-los.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/el-juicio-los-campesinos-de-casas.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html www.benalupcasasviejas.es/opencms/export/sites/default/benalup/GaleriaFicheros/LISTADO_BOLSA_GENERAL_GRUPO_3.pdf]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: In Graville district of Le Havre, weavers and other workers in the spinning mills there come out on strike, occupying the mills until August 14. This last wave of strikes proves to be on a much smaller scale than the two previous ones. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm] || Emma Miller died of cancer on January 22, 1917 in Toowomba, Queensland. The epitaph on her gravestone reads: "The world is my country; to do good is my religion." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Miller adb.anu.edu.au/biography/miller-emma-7583 www.australianworkersheritagecentre.com.au/10_pdf/miller.pdf]
 * = 26 || 1839 - Emma Miller (d. 1917), seamstress, pioneering Australian trade union organiser, suffragist, and founder of the Australian Labor Party, born in Chesterfield, England. She emigrated to Australia in 1879 with her four children from a previous marriage. In Queensland, Miller worked as a gentlemen's shirt maker and seamstress. Along with May Jordan McConnel, she formed the first women's union in Brisbane, the Brisbane Women's Union, in September 1890. Miller was a founding member in 1894 of the Women's Equal Franchise Association, which was established in 1894, quickly becoming its president after a split., in which a group left to form the Women's Suffrage League. Later she became president of the Women Workers' Political Organisation and, after resigning, president of the Political Labour Council in Brisbane. She was also active during the 1912 Brisbane General Strike and became president of the anti-conscription Women's Peace Army during WWI.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Little by little, Antonio Cuevas Jurado had taken over the office of mayor and, as laid out in the manifesto of June 26, 1873, now became president of the Comité Republicano Federal Social (Republican Federal Social Committee), along with Juan Millán as secretary and six vocales (speakers), after the committee had been elected by popular vote. Realising that their position was not an easy one, and conscious of the internationalist's 'ill-repute', the mainfesto laid out their strong belief that the republican cause had to exist in alliance with modern socialism. Therefore, in order for libertarian communism to triumph in Sanlúcar, it was necessary for everyone to unite all under the flag of the Federal Social Republic, from the most ardent internationalist to the mildest Republican. Having made their ideological declaration was made, the manifesto laid out their program of action, under the motto: "Libertad, Igualdad, Fraternidad, Verdad, Justicia y Moral" (Freedom, Equality, Fraternity, Truth, Justice and Morality). The objectives: to fight the protagonists of obscurantism, reproach and the shame of the century; arm and enlist all the Voluntarios de la República; dedicate two Companies to fight those who burned, killed and robbed in the name of a God of peace; to support unconditionally a city council that was republican-federal-social; not to vote in the next elections for any individual who did not share these ideas. They planned to make it possible for workers to receive the whole product of their work; establish a jury that understood the disputes between workers and capitalists; create as many adult schools as there were unused buildings in the city; create agricultural banks to end the business of the usurers; to decentralise the government; to secularise the cemetery, since the Church-State separation was already an unquestionable fact. The manifesto concluded by making a call to the working class not to abandon the Republican Federal Social Committee, because it was a form of government that could guarantee the rights of workers who were in danger, subject to the action of fanaticism, to those who call themselves the people of order, to the hypocrites, to the same ambitious Republicans, who are capable of demolishing the very foundations of the Republic. [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1889 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Notices went up at the various works of the company announcing possible changes in the shift system and asking men at each works to decide among themselves which system - eight or twelve hours - would be preferred by a majority of men there. The Company said that working practices would be made as universal as possible throughout the company although this might mean lost privileges at some works (the company was still rationalising working practices between the three amalgamated companies). It was also made a condition that regular men would be required to give a month's notice. [marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/]

1893 - The Imprisoned Haymarket anarchists - Oscar Neebe, Michael Schwab and Samuel Fielden - not executed the previous November (or, in the case of Louis Lingg, dead at their ownd hands) are pardoned by Illinois Governor Altgeld.

1894 - __Pullman Strike__: The American Railway Union members launch a boycott in support of the Pullman strikers, refusing to run trains containing Pullman cars. That night ARU members blockade of the Grand Crossing in Chicago. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had 'walked off' the job rather than handle Pullman cars. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Pullman_Strike.htm libcom.org/history/articles/pullman-railway-strike-chicago-1894 libcom.org/history/pullman-strike-1894-jeremy-brecher www.kansasheritage.org/pullman/ www.lib.niu.edu/1994/ihy941208.html]

[A] 1897 - Royal Jubilee bonfires are prematurely ignited by anti-monarchist arsonists at Frinton-on-Sea, Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex) and Cleeve Cloud (Cotswolds).

1903 - Paul Louis Joseph Estève (d. 1987), French trade unionist and bricklayer's mate, secretary of the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc (1926), born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1491]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 13] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Workers' Council convenes a meeting of the strikers, which adopts a resolution demanding the trial of the chief of police before a people's court and the release of all those arrested. Fearing complications, the authorities release 29 more people. The manufacturers decide to begin making partial concessions to: reduce the working day on average by an hour, raise wages by 7-10%. Then, seeing that this is not enough, they go on to declard that they will replace winter prices with those of summer, which means an increase in earnings of another 5%. The governor also cancelt his order prohibiting meetings at the Talka, but with the condition of political issues remain undiscussed. The strikers gathered at the Talka and decided to continue the struggle. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1919 - __Winnipeg General Strike__: The general strike, begun on May 15, ends today as the Winnipeg Labour Council "officially" declares the strike over at 11 o'clock.

1934 - __El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants__]: At the end of the two-day trial, the Consejo de Guerra impose a six year sentence of imprisonment on Antonio Cabañas Salvador aka 'El Gallilnito' (The Cockerel), held to be the most dangerous of the defendants. Manuel Moreno Cabañas (or Cabeza) aka 'Rompemonte', #Francisco 'Migel' Rocha (or Rosa) Acevedo, Sebastián Pavón (or Pabón) Pérez and Cristóbal Toro Domínguez [also refered to as Antonio Toro Rodríguez] are sentenced to 5 years each; Salvador Jordán Aragón and José Monroy Romero aka 'Bailaor' (Dancer) get 3 years; José (or Juan) Jiménez Fernández aka 'el Boticario' (the Apothecary), Manuel Vera Moya aka 'Tragarranas', Francisco Cantero (or Quintero) Esquivel aka 'Pinganillo', Francisco Durán Fernández, Esteban Moreno Cano (or Caro) and Miguel Pavón Pérez all receive 2 years; and José Moreno Cabeza, Antonio Durán Fernández and José Rodríguez Quiros aka 'Pepe Pareja' receive 1 years imprisonment. Diego Fernández Ruiz aka 'el Tullido' (the Cripple), Francisco Quijada Pino, José Pérez Franco aka 'Patas de Paño', José González Pérez aka 'Pepe Pilar', Manuel Sánchez Olivencia aka 'Sardiguera', Antonio Pavón Pérez, Antonio Cornejo Delgado, Antonio Cruz García aka 'Tariero', Sebastián Cornejo Bancalero and Sebastián Rodríguez Quiros aka 'Pareja' are all acquitted. Those farmers who had been sentenced to two years or more, were sent to the prisons of Ocaña and Puerto de Santa María. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/los-26-procesados-en-el-juicio-los.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/el-juicio-los-campesinos-de-casas.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html www.benalupcasasviejas.es/opencms/export/sites/default/benalup/GaleriaFicheros/LISTADO_BOLSA_GENERAL_GRUPO_3.pdf]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: By a small majority the miners vote to return to work. In Seraing, Herstal and elsewhere, the strike continues for a few days. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller www.helenkellerfoundation.org/helen-keller/ www.iww.org/history/library/HKeller/why_I_became_an_IWW www.rds.hawaii.edu/ojs/index.php/journal/article/view/13]
 * = 27 || [E] 1880 - Helen Adams Keller (d. 1968), deafblind American author, lecturer, suffragette, pacifist, birth control advocate, and member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, born.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 14] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Another 7 arrestees are released and the police chief Kozhelovsky (Кожеловский) is relieved of duty. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1905 - Founding convention of the radical syndicalist union Industrial Workers of the World begins in Brand's Hall, Chicago, Illinois. It is attended by 203 radical trade unionists representing 43 organisations, of which there are 70 delegates from 23 organisations [including the Western Federation of Miners (27,000 members), American Labor Union (16,750 members), United Metal Workers (3,000 members), United Brotherhood of Railway Employees (2,087 members), and the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (1,450 members)] with a total membership of 51,430, who are authorised to install their organisations in the industrial union that was to be founded at the convention. 72 additional delegates from the other 20 organisations were only present to take notes on the proceedings and report back. The other 61 delegates did not represent any organisation. [www.iww.org/de/about/founding/part1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Convention_of_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World]

1918 - The anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi makes an anti-war speech in an IWW union Hall in Portland, Oregon, for which she was secretly indicted two days later, charged with insulting the flag, soldiers, and the ally Great Britain. At her nine day trial, which bagan on November 12, she found guilty of sedition and sentenced to three years in prison. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The Belgian parliament passes the bill that the government presented to it on freedom of association, paid leave, the 40-hour week.

[B] 1961 - Harry Hooton (b. 1908), Australian poet, philosopher, anarchist, Wobbly and pacifist, dies. [see: Oct. 9] ||
 * = 28 || 1816 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddite attack on Heathcoat and Boden's Mill at Loughborough.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Backed by police, a Sanlúcar judge crosses town, up the long narrow street that divided the established authority from the menu peuple (common people), to the International’s headquarters. He dramatically entered the workers’ centre and declared all its members outlaws on the grounds that they violated sacred rights to work. A hush fell over the town. The streets emptied. Municipal officials, fearing violence, sent to Sevilla and Cédiz for arms, which arrived the next day. Meanwhile, enraged by the judge’s provocation, large groups of vine workers, agricultural wage labourers, shoemakers, barbers, and other syndicalists assembled in the Plaza, surrounded on three sides by government offices. By 10:00 that night, all was quiet. Terrified city councilors, large landowners, estate stewards, and the thirteen British merchants who lived in town vanished, leaving the city to those who dated to keep it. Even the Guardia Civil and the excise police, fearing themselves outnumbered, had withdrawn. At around 22:00 that evening, dinner time, the city’s silence was broken only by shouts of "Long live the Revolution"; "Long live the International"; "Down with the city council". One man, a barkeeper, was accidentally shot. The Provincial authorities in Cadiz sent Sanlúcar’s representative, Gutierrez Enriquez, home to set matters straight, but the local petty bourgeoisie and working class, including the peasants who resided in town, were united against him and against Republicans of all kinds. The local FRE leaders seized the town hall and constituted themselves a Committee of Public Safety. Clearly democratic in intent, the committee’s first act was to hold elections to choose a permanent revolutionary commission. The International was now in charge.[ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

[FF] 1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: With the collective bargaining agreement between the Carnegie Steel Company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania due to end in two days time and the company deadline for negotiations under the Homestead director Henry Clay Frick, whose expressed aim was to break the union, having been reached, Frick locks workers out of the plate mill and one of the open hearth furnaces on the evening of June 28. With the Carnegie Steel Co. making massive profits – a record $4.5 million the year before – the AA, who represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant, had asked for pay rise. Frick immediately countered with a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. In mid-June, Frick issued a statement claiming that if the two sides did not come to an agreement by June 24, Carnegie Steel would cease to recognise the union. Meanwhile, he had ordered a 12 foot high fence to be built around the plant – 3 miles in length – with 3 inch holes at shoulder height every 25 feet, signalling preparation for an armed fight with the workers. At the same time Carnegie hired the notorious Pinkerton company to provide armed thugs for the upcoming struggle. Following his word, on June 25, Frick announced that he would no longer negotiate with the union. Shortly thereafter, he also announced wage cuts for 325 employees. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-homestead-steel-workers-strike-protect-unions-and-wages-1892 libcom.org/history/1892-the-homestead-strike libcom.org/history/homestead-strike-1892-jeremy-brecher libcom.org/library/chapter-3-ragged-edge-anarchy www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/homestead.html www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/1892-Homestead-Strike battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/ dp.la/primary-source-sets/sets/the-homestead-strike/ scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/1019/2007PickardD.pdf?sequence=1 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html]

1894 - The 53rd Congress passed bill S.730 (Chapter Law 118) designating the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday to celebrate and affirm the contributions and accomplishments of the American workforce. Following the deaths of workers at the hands of U.S. Army and U.S. Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the U.S. Congress unanimously voted on June 28 to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the strike had ended on August 3, believing it was a populist move that would help ensure his re-election. It didn't. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/]

1916 - 50,000 workers stage one day protest strike against trial of Karl Leibnecht.

1918 - __El Congreso de Sans aka Primer Congreso de la Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña__: Called by the Comité Regional de Cataluña de la Confederación Regional del Trabajo, the congress [Jun. 28 - Jul. 1] is held at the local of the Ateneo Racionalista de Sans, where trade unions and workers' associations throughout Catalonia discussed the most relevant aspects that the Catalan proletariat suffered at that time. There were several decisions reached, but two stand out as amongst the most important of the labour movement: the creation of the revolutionary Sindicato Único (Unified Union), bringing together all the workers from the same industrial sector in a single organisation that served to overcome the lack of solidarity that Capital tried to propagate, and the adhesion of these new workers' organisations to the CNT, which became the most important labour and libertarian organisation in Catalonia. From then on the CNT begins to fight against the bosses and to expand throughout Catalonia, taking on the truly anarchist and revolutionary character that its militants had conferred upon it. The eight-hour day was to be reclaimed and it was decided that professional politicians could never represent workers' societies. It was also recommended that the Juntas Administrativas de los Sindicatos (Administrative Boards of Trade Unions) should become mixed: "... so that women become interested in their struggles and directly defend their economic emancipation." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-cnt-en-la-segunda-republica/ aivanarquistas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/07/el-congreso-de-sans.html www.cntvalladolid.es/90-aniversario-del-congreso-de/]

[F] 1956 - A strike begins today in Poznañ with about 100,000 demonstrators shouting "Bread and Freedom". State offices are taken, including prisons, while police shoot from secret police headquarters killing people. The government sends 10,000 soldiers to the city. By tomorrow over 70 people are dead, a hundreds wounded and 700 arrested. ||
 * = 29 || 1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: The Interim Revolutionary Board announced to the citizens their start-up agreement: immediate abolition of the ecclesiastical council, that the silverwear of the aforementioned town hall be auctioned, three adult schools (in the Iglesia de San Miguel, in the Iglesia de los Desamparados, and in the Iglesia de San Nicolás), prohibition of the viático público in the streets, reorganisation of the three convents of cloistered nuns into one in the Regina Coeli, the Convents of las Descalzas and Madre de Dios would be turned over for the use of the public, to look sympathetically at the precarious situation of the working classes, to give a relief to the workers at 7:00 in the morning with the funds of the Municipality.

1892 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The Fascio di Palermo is formed, and many of the local workers associations and mutual aid societies quickly disband and joined the Fascio, which within two months has 7,500 members. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: With no collective bargaining agreement having been reached, Henry Clay Frick locks the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers out of the rest of the Homestead plant. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-homestead-steel-workers-strike-protect-unions-and-wages-1892 libcom.org/history/1892-the-homestead-strike libcom.org/history/homestead-strike-1892-jeremy-brecher libcom.org/library/chapter-3-ragged-edge-anarchy www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/homestead.html www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/1892-Homestead-Strike battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/ dp.la/primary-source-sets/sets/the-homestead-strike/ scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/1019/2007PickardD.pdf?sequence=1 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html]

1898 - Michael Schwab (b. 1853), German-American labour organiser, dies from tuberculosis contracted whilst in prison. [see: Aug. 9]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Second fatality of the strike. Vincenzo Madonna shot in a street skirmish with a strikebreaker. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1919 - Auguste Spichiger (b. 1842), Swiss militant libertarian, labour activist, a prominent member of the Jura Federation and the (anti-authoritarian) International, dies. One of the leading anarchist figures of the era. [www.ephemanar.net/juin29.html]

[F] 1936 - Miner and organiser Jesus Pallares, who helped organise 8,000 miners into the Liga Obrera de Habla Espanola, is accused of being a communist and deported as an "undesirable alien" following a strike by Chicano coal miners in Gallup, New Mexico. After the 1935 strike, martial law was declared for six months, miners were evicted from their housing camp, and strike leaders were arrested. [www.dailykos.com/story/2015/6/29/1397574/-Organizing-in-the-Mines faculty.utep.edu/LinkClick.aspx?link=Deportation_Pallares.pdf&tabid=31574&mid=166320] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1619_Jamestown_Polish_craftsmen_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/polish-artisans-strike-right-vote-jamestown-virginia-1619]
 * = 30 || [F] 1619 - __Jamestown Polish Craftsmen's Strike__: Disenfranchised Polish craftsmen in the Virginia settlement of Jamestown, who were not allowed to vote in the colony's first election that year, go out on strike – the first recorded strike in North American history.

1787 - __Calton (or Glasgow) Weavers Strike__: The weavers’ strike of 1787 was the first recorded strike in Glasgow’s history. Weaving was the main occupation in Glasgow and surrounding districts (with 19 cotton-mills within 25 miles from Glasgow) at the time after the collapse of the tobacco trade due to the American War of Independence and now, facing the second cut to their income in eight months, weavers were seeking to organise. On June 30, seven thousand attended a meeting on Glasgow Green and on July 4, the terms of a unanimous resolution from the meeting appeared in a letter printed in the 'Glasgow Mercury'. The letter pointed out that the cut suggested by the manufacturers would bring weavers income down by 25% while other trades had been rightfully rising in face of an increase in house rents and other means of subsistence. It also stated that they would not "offer violence to any man or his work". The strike had begun and would last for eight weeks, with protests centring on Glasgow Green in the east end of the city. As in previous disputes, they seized the materials which had been accepted by some workers at the reduced rates, but these were then returned to their owners. Pressure was put on those still willing to work, and materials in transit to them were also intercepted and sent back to the manufacturers. After 4 weeks, the manufacturers retaliated by deciding to give out no work whatsoever. However, this ban was not entirely complied with - some work continued to be provided and was undertaken by desperate workers. As time passed, the hardships experienced by the weavers increased and the measures adopted to attempt a resolution of the deadlock became more extreme. It seemed inevitable that violence would erupt. Materials once returned to their owners were seized and publicly burned. Working weavers were increasingly threatened; three Camlachie weavers had their furniture destroyed and at least one was assaulted. The dispute reached a climax on September 3, when a crowd of weavers gathered in Calton, seized materials from those still working and publicly paraded them. Calton at the time was independent of Glasgow but the Lord Provost himself and other town authorities went to the village and attempted to disperse the weavers. They proved unsuccessful, being forced to retreat under a hail of bricks and stones. The military was called out in support of the authorities, a detachment of the 39th Regiment, and this seemed to have the desired effect initially with the crowd scattering. Later in the day however, it was found that the weavers and their supporters were moving towards the Cathedral in procession with seized cloth which they intended to destroy. They were intercepted by the Glasgow magistrates and the troops near the Drygate. This time when the strikers threw their missiles, the soldiers opened fire, despite the fact that the Riot Act had not been read. Three demonstrators were killed immediately and others were wounded, three fatally. 6000 people attending their funerals. Although there was some rioting the following day, this was contained and the strike was effectively broken. James Granger’s trial, he was then aged 38, married and had six children, took place in Edinburgh the following year. It was the first case of "forming illegal combinations" in Scotland. He was found guilty on July 22 and sentenced three days later on Friday 25th. The sentence was that he be carried to the Tollbooth, to remain there until August 13, on which day he would be publicly whipped through the streets of the city at the hands of the Common Executioner; that he should then be set at liberty and allowed till the October 15 to settle his affairs, after which he is to banish himself from Scotland for seven years, under the usual certifications, in case of his again returning during that term. A severe price to pay for trying to prevent a wage cut. James Granger returned and took part in the 1811-1812 strike and lived to the age of 75. [www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=The_Weavers'_Strike. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton_weavers_strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton_weavers scottishrepublicans.myfreeforum.org/archive/glasgow-s-first-strike-the-case-of-the-calton-weavers__o_t__t_454.html www.glasgowhistory.co.uk/Books/EastGlasgowDictionary/EastGlasgowArticles/WeaversStrike.htm www.mediamatters.co.uk/media/kc_panel1.html]

[D] 1797 - Richard Parker (b. 1767), once court-marshalled and discharged Royal Navy officer who later re-enlisted, is hung for his role as president of the 'Floating Republic', the May 12-16, 1797 naval mutiny in the North Sea Fleet which took place at the Nore anchorage in the Thames estuary. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parker_(sailor) www.napoleonguide.com/richard-parker.htm www.rmg.co.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/the-royal-navy/research-guide-b8-the-spithead-and-nore-mutinies-of-1797]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Not wishing to usurp power longer than necessary, they held the elections at 02:00 on the morning of June 30. It has not been recorded how many of Sanliicar’s citizens were willing or able to overcome fear or sleep to get out and vote, but the newspapers reported that those FRE members who had been deposed by the judge were elected by acclamation. Aware of the consequences of their act, between 1,000 and 1,500 armed townspeopIe began to erect barricades throughout the city, digging in to defend themselves against the army that would certainly come to depose them. Meanwhile, two provincial Republican delegates, Pedro Bohórquez and Eduardo Gutiérrez Enríquez, had arrived and approved the appointments to interim council of Manuel Galán, Antonio Vázquez, Antonio Galán, Manuel Muñoz, Miguel Cervantes, José Galán, Antonio Rodríguez, Antonio Morales, Alfonso García, Francisco Carrero, Isidro Caparro, José Delgado, Manuel Zafra and Manuel Ávila, as councilmen; Jacinto Domínguez, Juan Millán, Manuel Pedrote, José Enríquez, and José Muñiz, as lieutenants tto the mayor; and Antonio Cuevas Jurado, as acting mayor, the latter being elected by a vote among the councilors, by 19 votes in favour to one against. The new councilors were appointed to take charge of the City until the holding of the next municipal elections scheduled for July 12. The new mayor accepted petitions from the neighbours and they stated that the owners of the vineyards had to present their property titles and that the assets of those who did not present themselves in the village within the next three days were confiscated. Among the owners were Antonio de Orleans Duke of Montpensier and the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. They also asked for the seizure of Church assets and for 25,000 hard workers to arm themselves. At that moment, the wise neighbours, and some municipal officers began to leave the city, just in time to avoid witnessing the sacking of the city's churches in which furniture and statues were destroyed, and the College of the Piarists razed, amidst claims the the latter building had been given to the city for a high school but that the priests had appropriated the school. The Piarist had also become targets as it was said that the priests had given money to the Carlists, money that belonged to the city. [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

[FF] 1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: At a mass meeting of Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) members at the Homestead Steel Works, union officers review the final negotiating sessions and announce that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired. The Knights of Labor, which had organised the mechanics and transportation workers at Homestead, agreed to walk out alongside the skilled workers of the AA. Workers at Carnegie plants in Pittsburgh, Duquesne, Union Mills and Beaver Falls struck in sympathy the same day. The strikers were determined to keep the plant closed. They secured a steam-powered river launch and several rowboats to patrol the Monongahela River, which ran alongside the plant. Men also divided themselves into units along military lines. Picket lines were thrown up around the plant and the town, and 24-hour shifts established. Ferries and trains were watched. Strangers were challenged to give explanations for their presence in town; if one was not forthcoming, they were escorted outside the city limits. Telegraph communications with AA locals in other cities were established to keep tabs on the company's attempts to hire replacement workers. Reporters were issued special badges which gave them safe passage through the town, but the badges were withdrawn if it was felt misleading or false information made it into the news. Tavern owners were even asked to prevent excessive drinking. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-homestead-steel-workers-strike-protect-unions-and-wages-1892 libcom.org/history/1892-the-homestead-strike libcom.org/history/homestead-strike-1892-jeremy-brecher libcom.org/library/chapter-3-ragged-edge-anarchy www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/homestead.html www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/1892-Homestead-Strike battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/ dp.la/primary-source-sets/sets/the-homestead-strike/ scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/1019/2007PickardD.pdf?sequence=1 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn goes on trial after her arrest for a speech given at Turn Hall on February 24. She faces a sentence of one to seven years if found guilty but her jury ends deadlocked. [see: Feb. 24] [www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/elizabethgurleyflynn.htm]

1913 - Violeta Fernández Saavedra (d. 2005), Spanish-Mexican teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, is born in Mexico. The grandaughter of the anarchist intellectual and pedagogue Abelardo Saavedra del Toro, her parents had been expelled from Spain. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1904.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/aureliofernandez/aureliofernandez.html] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)

1862 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; d. 1908), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, born. Married to the textile worker and anarchist Alice Stolzenberg and father of four, including John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde. Accused of blasphemy in 1895, he fled the country with his wife and 3 children to Switzerland where they lived in poverty. Expelled from Switzerland, they lived in a mountain hut near Salzburg. In the summer of 1899, both disappeared, abandoning their children.His works include: '//Ein Fest auf der Bastilla. Vorspiel zu der Revolutions-Trilogie "Massen"//' (A Feast on the Bastilla. Prelude to the Revolution Trilogy "Masses"; 1891), '//Manometer auf 99!: Soziales Drama in 5 Akten//' (1893), and '//Groß-Natur. Ausgewählte Gedichte//' (Wholesale Natural. Selected Poems; 1893). In university towns across germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burningsde.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschlandwww.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htwww.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html]

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||  || Detect languageAfrikaansAlbanianArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSerbianSesothoSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSundaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshYiddishYorubaZulu ||
 * AfrikaansAlbanianArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSerbianSesothoSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSundaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshYiddishYorubaZulu || || || || || ||

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