Women+May-Jun


 * = MAY ||
 * = 1 || 1892 - Anarchists disrupt the Central Labour Union's May Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In retaliation, the organisers of the celebration stop Emma Goldman's speaking by hitching a horse to the open wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.

1896 - At a demonstration in Union Square, Emma Goldman helps to distribute a May Day anarchist manifesto written by her and a group of American-born comrades in New York.

1898 - Anna Olay (Chaia Edelstein; d. 1957), Lithuanian-American anarchist militant, born. She arrived in New York in April 1906 and became involved in the Free Society Group in Chicago. Along with her husband Maximiliano Olay, she ran the Spanish Labour Press Bureau, a news service for the anarchists during the Spanish revolution. A few years after her husband died she came to Los Angeles, living briefly with the anarchist Dora Stoller Keyser. Olay continued to live in the Los Angeles area until she committed suicide on February 25, 1957. It should be noted that Olay's son, Lionel Olay, was a hippie/beatnik anarchist and author. He was a close associated of Hunter S. Thompson before passing due to a stroke. [es-la.facebook.com/Black-Rose-Historical-and-Mutual-Aid-Society-259850690697064/]

1907 - The first issue of '//L'Exploitée: Organe des femmes travaillant dans les usines, les ateliers et les ménages//' (The Exploited: Paper of women working in factories, workshops and households) is published in Bern. It has considerable influence in the unionisation of workers, in particular needle makers and goes on to become their official newspaper in Oct. 1907.

1908 - The first issue of '//La Palanca: publicación feminista de propaganda emancipadora//', "órgano de la Asociación de Costureras", is published in Santiago de Chile. [patagonialibertaria.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/la-palanca.pdf]

1908 - Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek aka Christine Granville (d. 1952), Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive, who fought in Poland and France, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek]

1908 - Izabela Horodecka (d. 2010), Polish nurse, canoeist, AK soldier and participant in the Warsaw Uprising, born. During the September Campaign (Kampania Wrześniowa) aka the Polish Defensive War (Wojna Obronna Polski) she worked as an operating theatre sister in the Ujazdowski Hospital i Warsaw, and then in the Field Hospital No. 104. In April 1942 she became involved in the activities of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) and, in 1943-44, the unit involved in the carrying out of death sentences for those convicted of collaboration. She also took part in the Warsaw Uprising, was captured by the Germans and, whilst injured, managed to escape to Drzewica, where she rejoined the AK. There she was seriously injured, spending two months in hospital. After the end of the war she returned to the ruins of Warsaw. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabela_Horodecka]

[E] 1928 - Xiang Jingyu (向警予; b. 1895), one of the earliest female members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), who is widely regarded as a pioneer of the women’s movement of China, is executed by the Guomindang. [see: Sep. 4]

1937 - 60,000 people gather in Hyde park in London for a May Day demonstration, the first time in 30 years that an anarchist, Emma Goldman, under the auspices of the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, has appeared on the platform. EG speaks about the revolutionary experience and the collectivisation then being carried out on the Iberian Peninsula. The speech is the result of her experiences as a militant anarcho-syndicalist that she gained on her first trip to these lands. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0105.html]

1974 - Asian workers at the Imperial Typewriter Copdale Road factory go out on strike against unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and union branch refused their support [the NF attempted to support the TGWU and intimidate the strikers], but the strikers, supported by other black workers and Race Today, stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks. This Transport and General Workers' Union enquiry into the dispute criticised local union officials and instituted changes to ensure that shop stewards and the branch committee were more representative of local membership.

1978 - Sylvia Townsend Warner (b. 1893), English feminist and lesbian writer and poet, dies. Active in the CPGB and visited Spain during the Civil War as a Red Cross representative. [see: Dec. 6]

2011 - Anna Heilman, born Hana Wajcblum [poss. Hanka or Chana Weissman] (b. 1928), Polish Jew who took part in the Auschwitz Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, smuggling gunpowder out of the Union munitions factory with her sister Estusia, Roza Robota, Ala Gertner, Rose Grunapfel Meth and others, dies. [see: Dec. 1] ||
 * = 2 || 1881 - Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna (Anna Teofilovna Pustovoytova [Анна Трофимовна Пустовойтова]; b. 1843), Polish nationalist and revolutionary, she actively participated in the January Uprising (Powstanie_styczniowe)[January 22, 1863 - October 1864] against the Russian Empire, for which she was arrested; and, whilst in self-imposed exile, took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune as a military nurse and, in the latter, fighting on the barricades, dies in her sleep. [see: Jul. 15]

[E] 1908 - Irene Bernard (Irene Altpeter; d. 2002), German socialist and anti-fascist fighter in the French Résistance, born. Member of Sozialistischen Arbeiterjugend with her partner Leander Bernard, and with whom she had three children, and from 1933 in International Red Aid and Rote Hilfe Deutschlands organising solidarity actions for Reichsemigranten (Empire emigrants), as refugees from Nazi Germany in Saarland were called. With the annexation of the Saarland by the German Reich in January 1935, the Bernards fled to France to escape persecution by the Gestapo. In Agen they continued their solidarty work in southern France as well as surporting the International Brigaders enroute to Spain. Following the occupation of the South of France in 1942 by the Wehrmacht, Irene Bernard was active in Travail Allemand aka Travail Antifasciste Allemand, supporting resistance fighters. In 1944 she went underground, fighting in Comité 'Allemagne libre' pour l'Ouest armed groups and collecting military intelligence. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Bernard]

1918 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (Malla Rosell o Mariposilla; d. 1995), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0205.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3533-maria-malla-fabregas-poeta-escritora-y-militante-anarquista.html]

2016 - Afeni Shakur (Alice Faye Williams; b. 1947), African-American social activist, former Black Panther member and record company executive, who was best known as the mother of Tupac Shakur, dies of a suspected heart attack. [see: Jan. 10] || [www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1217.html]
 * = 3 || [E] 1908 - The first 'Woman’s Day' is held in the Garrick Theatre in Chicago, dedicated to the female workers’ causes, denouncing the exploitation and oppression of women, but defending, principally, the female vote, equality between men and women, and women’s autonomy. Presided over by labour activist Lorine S. Brown, it had been organised by a group of women, chaired by prominent socialists Corinne Brown and Gertrude Breslau-Hunt. The 1500 women that attended "applauded the demands for economical and political equality of women, on the day dedicated to the female workers’ causes."

[C] 1917 - María del Milagro Pérez Lacruz aka 'La Jabalina' (The Wild Sow)(d. 1942), Spanish anarchist and member of Juventudes Libertarias, who fought with the Iron Column, born. Following the defeat of the Revolution, and pregnant, she was arrested and eventually sentenced to death. On 9 January 1940 she gave birth, never to see her child again. She was shot by firing squad on August 8 1942 alongside 6 male comrades in Huerta Oeste, Valencia. Her life was the basis for the novel '//Si Me Llegas a Olvidar//' (If I Get to Forget; 2013) by Rosana Corral-Márquez. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0305.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_"La_Jabalina" www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0cgsn]

1919 - Traute Lafrenz, German-American physician and anthroposophist, who was a member of the White Rose anti-Nazi group during WWII, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traute_Lafrenz www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/biographies/lafrenz.html www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/lafrenz/]

2002 - Mariana Yampolsky (b. 1925), Mexican printmaker, painter and monograph writer, who was one of the major figures in 20th-century Mexican photography, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

2009 - Marilyn French (b. 1929), American feminist author and academic, dies. [see: Nov. 21] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/giovannaberneri/giovannaberneri.html it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Caleffi www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/01/giovanna-caleffi/ www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/caleffi.htm libcom.org/history/caleffi-giovanina-1897-1962]
 * = 4 || 1897 - Giovanna Caleffi Berneri (d. 1962), Italian anarchist, propagandist and teacher, born. The partner of Camillo Berneri and mother of Marie Louise and Giliana Berneri (anarchists all), she was involved in anti-fascist resistance during the Second World War and helped rebuild the Italian anarchist movement after it, publishing the underground anarchist paper '//La Rivoluzione Libertaria//' in 1944 and then the paper '//Volontà//' alongside Cesare Zaccaria. Founded the libertarian colony for children, the Colonia Maria Luisa Berneri, in memory of her daughter who dies in 1949.

1912 - More the 15,000 suffragettes and their supporters march through New York, beginning from the Washington Arch at 17:00 and ending in torchlight at Carnegie Hall. Four year previously 23 members of the Progressive Woman Suffrage Union had staged an illegal march down Broadway and the previous two years had seen 400 [1910] and 3,000 [1911]. [feminist.org/blog/index.php/2015/05/04/today-in-herstory-large-suffrage-parade-takes-new-york-city/]

[CC] 1912 - Elvi Aulikki Sinervo-Ryömä (d. 1986), Finnish working-class writer, novelist, poet, dramatist, translator, anti-fascist and post-war member of the Suomen Kommunistisessa Puolueessa (SKP; Communist Party of Finland), born. She joined the leftist cultural group Kiilaa (Wedge) in 1936, becoming its most important prose author, starting with her first work, '//Runo Söörnäisistä//' (A Poem about Söörnäinen, 1937), a collection of short stories about working-class life in Helsinki. She would later described herself during this period as having been a "professional revolutionary" and, in 1941 during the so-called Continuation War (Jatkosota Käytiin, June 1941 - September 1944, when Finish and German forces jointly took part in the invasion of Russia following the end of the Talvisota (Winter War), when Russia invaded Finland), she was sentenced to four years in prison for participating in illegal anti-fascist activities. All her work is expressly political in tone and content: '//Pilvet//' (Clouds; 1944), a collection of poems, was written in part during her time in prison and depicts her experiences there; '//Viljami Vaihdokas//' (Viljami the Changeling; 1946), which is considered Sinervo’s most significant work and the one most obviously in the anti-Fascist literary tradition, depicts the war between Finland and the Soviet Union as part of a worldwide struggle and the importance of collective action; the novel '//Toveri, älä Peta//' (Comrade, Don’t Betray Me; 1947) is about a prisoner who accidentally betrays a fellow inmate and suffers the fate of being ostracised because of it; and, '//Vuorelle Nousu//' (Climbing the Mountain, 1948), is a collection of short stories, about the experiences of those in the underground Communist movement in Finland. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvi_Sinervo www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sinervo.htm nordicwomensliterature.net/article/better-world]

[E] 1938 - Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; b. 1899), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU/NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", is shot by the NKVD in Minusinsk (Минусинске) for participating in "counter-revolutionary activities". [see: Dec. 28]

1999 - Eva X Moberg (Eva Maria Moberg; b. 1962), Swedish journalist, anarchist, feminist and squatting activist, who somewhat controversially became editor of the long-running Swedish anarchist newspaper '//Brand//' (Fire) ['ownership' of the title and the right to use it was disputed], dies of cancer. [see: May 13] || In 1864, Mozzoni wrote a feminist critique of Italian family law, '//La donna in faccia al progetto del nuovo Codice civile italiano//' (Woman and her social relationships on the occasion of the revision of the Italian Civil Code), which contained a attack on Prouhdon's view that women were inferior beings mentally and morally, to the exclusion of any active participation in society. '//La donna in faccia al progetto...//' appeared five years before John Stuart Mill's '//The Subjection of Women//', which she herself later translated into Italian and published in 1879. In 1878, Mozzoni represented Italy at the International Congress on Women's Rights in Paris and the following year she founded the Lega promotrice degli interessi femminili (League for the Promotion of the Interests of Women) in Milan. Both a political and trade union body, it occupied a similar position in the struggle for women's rights in Italy as the various British suffragette organisations. In 1885, her intervention and article entitled '//Come muore Passannante//' (How Passannante died), published in the '//Italia del Popolo//' and '//Il Messaggero//', also played a significant role in saving the anarchist Giovanni Passannante from the inhuman conditions following the commuting of his death sentence for his attempted assassination of Umberto I, conditions that drove him insane. He was subsequently transferred to an asylum with much improved conditions. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marianna-mozzoni_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-maria-mozzoni/ www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/04/anna-maria-mozzoni/ www.wetheitalians.com/index.php/magazine/8313-great-italians-of-the-past-anna-maria-mozzoni?jjj=1462038725846]
 * = 5 || [E] 1837 - Anna Maria 'Marianna' Mozzoni (d. 1920), Italian journalist, socialist and militant feminist, born. She was probably one of the most important and influential women of Italian and international political life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and is commonly held as the founder of the woman's movement in Italy. An early adherent of the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier, she called for universal suffrage, including woman suffrage upon which she drew up and submitted to the Italian parliament (via the deputy Salvatore Morelli) the first motion for the vote to women in 1877. It failed to be passed.

[CC/EEE] 1882 - Sylvia Pankhurst (d. 1960), English painter, suffragette, prominent left communist and anti-fascist, who was the leader of East London Federation, which sought to unite British labour and woman's suffrage movement, born. [www.sylviapankhurst.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm radicalhistorynetwork.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/variously-radical-life-of-estelle.html rfcb.revues.org/275?lang=en libcom.org/history/dockers-boycott-ss-jolly-george-1920 libcom.org/library/you-are-called-war-sylvia-pankhurst armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/sylvia-pankhurst/ armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/hands-off-russia/ pasttenseblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/today-in-londons-radical-past-hands-off-russia-rally-in-the-albert-hall-1919/]

1916 - At a mass meeting in Carnegie Hall to celebrate Emma Goldman's release from prison, where she had just served two weeks in the workhouse for violating Section 1142 of the New York State Criminal Code when she distributed information about birth control during a lecture in New York City in January, fellow campaigner Rose Pastor Stokes causes a sensation by passing out small slips of paper containing birth control information, which she had promised to distribute during her speech at the event. During part of her speech, Stokes spoke directly to those whose job it is to enforce these Victorian Era laws: "You, gentlemen, who earn your living by hunting down the victims of a maladjusted society, and you, gentlemen of the club, if you are here to interfere with, or arrest, or provide the authorities with evidence against anyone ignoring this unjust section of the law, I address myself to you. I should be truly sorry to place you under so mean an obligation, for I know your hearts well enough to know that you do not always relish the job your economic insecurity forces you to hold on to. But I cannot do other than again take the opportunity afforded me here of passing out information to wives and mothers in need." At the conclusion of the evening’s speeches, many audience members rushed forward and scrambled for the slips that Stokes had promised to distribute. She found herself quickly surrounded and besieged as private security officers tried unsuccessfully to maintain order. [feminist.org/blog/index.php/2015/05/05/today-in-herstory-rose-pastor-stokes-causes-sensation-by-distributing-birth-control-information/]

1991 - Last US cruise missile leaves Greenham Common Air Base, site of a decade of strident women's anti-nuclear protests. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Wilson raforum.info/spip.php?article1191 ita.anarchopedia.org/Charlotte_Wilson www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/01/three-essays-on-anarchism-by-charlotte-wilson-with-an-introduction-by-nicolas-walter-kindle-edition-1-30/ nefac.net/node/166]
 * = 6 || [EE] 1854 - Charlotte Wilson (Charlotte Mary Martin; d. 1944), English Fabian, anarchist, feminist and cofounder of '//Freedom//' and Freedom Press, born. A leading member of the early Fabian Society and the Hampstead Historic Club, whose members included Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, and Olive Schreiner. With Schreiner, she founded the The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom. An active campaigner she spoke at socialist rallies, including that in Trafalgar Square on November 13, 1887, known as Bloody Sunday, which police broke up violently. In 1886, parliamentarians within the Fabian Society proposed that it organise as a political party; William Morris and Wilson opposed the motion, but were defeated. She subsequently resigned from the Society in April 1887, continuing her association with the anarchists from the Society. In 1886, she cofounded the 'Freedom' newspaper with Peter Kropotkin, and edited, published, and largely financed it during its first decade, as well as becomeing the principal spokesperson for the anarchist school of thought in the socialist revival of the 1880s. She remained editor of Freedom until 1895, when she left the anarchist movement and rejoined the Fabian Society in 1907, founding its Women's Group in 1908, and campaigned for female suffrage.

1875 - Ida Aalle-Teljo (Ida Sofia Ahlstedt; d. 1955), Finnish baker, seamstress, socialist, feminist and MP, born. In 1898 Aalle-Teljo was a founding member of Helsinki Workers' Association women's department and one of the founders of the Women Workers Union in 1900, as well as its first chair. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905. Between 1899-1903 and 1905-1906, she was the only female member of the party committee of the Suomen Työväenpuolueen (Finnish Labour Party), as well as a Social Democrat Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) speaker and lecturer, and a SSP MP (1907-17). During the Finnish Civil War (Suomen Sisällissota), she was a member of the Workers' General Council (Työväen Pääneuvosto), which was the Parliament of Red Finland (Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic / Suomen Sosialistinen Työväentasavalta). With defeat of the communists, she fled to Soviet Russia but returned to Finland in 1919, whereupon she was imprisoned from 1919 to 1922 because of her role in the administration of Red Finland. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Aalle-Teljo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_sisällissota en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers'_Republic fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Työväen_pääneuvosto]

1885 - Yaeko Nogami (野上 弥生子) (Yae Kotegawa [野上 ヤヱ]; d. 1985); Japanese novelist and feminist of the Shōwa period, who wrote for the anarchist-influenced feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Blue Stocking), and gained a substantial following with fans of the proletarian literature movement, born. An anti-imperialist, she witnessed the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeko_Nogami ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/野上弥生子]

[E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: St Catherine's Church, Hatcham (New Cross) is engulfed in flames shortly after noon following a suffragette arson attack. Fire damage is estimated at £20,000. [transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/fire-at-st-catherine-hatcham-1913.html]

1990 - Lotte Jacobi (Johanna Alexandra Jacobi; b. 1896), German photographer and unaligned socialist, dies. [see: Aug. 17] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges www.olympedegouges.eu/ chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/ chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes2.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_the_Female_Citizen fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Déclaration_des_droits_de_la_femme_et_de_la_citoyenne]
 * = 7 || 1748 - Olympe De Gouges (Marie Gouze (d. 1793), French feminist pioneer, pacifist, anti-slavery campaigner, and prolific author of pamphlets and posters, including the '//Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne//' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen; 1791), born. [expand]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: A Suffragette plot to blow up the Bishop's throne in St Paul's is narrowly foiled, when a Cathedral Virger found a bomb at the east end of the Cathedral. [www.stpauls.co.uk/news-press/latest-news/today-in-history-1913-suffragettes-fail-in-st-pauls-bomb-plot]

[E] 1937 - Domitila Barrios de Chúngara (Domitila Barrios Cuenca; d. 2012), Bolivian labour leader and feminist, famed for her peaceful struggle against dictatorships of René Barrientos Ortuño and Hugo Banzer Suárez, born. She joined the Housewives’ Committee of the Siglo XX tin mine, wives of miners who had been imprisoned for demanding wage rises, in 1963 and quickly rose to become its General Secretary. [expand] On June 24, 1967, under orders from the de facto president, General René Barrientos, the army carried out the Masacre de San Juan at Siglo XX, killing about 400 miners and their families. Domitila denounced the massacre and, a few day's later, she was arrested and tortured, leading to her loosing the unborn chld that she was carrying.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Chúngara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Barrios_de_Chungara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_San_Juan www.heroinas.net/2014/07/habla-domitila.html]

1940 - Angela Carter (d. 1992), feminist novelist, who includes a number of anarchists amongst her characters e.g. Lizzie in '//Nights at the Circus//' (1984), born.

1942 - Nazis order the execution of all pregnant Jewish women in Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessa_Armand fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inès_Armand ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Арманд,_Инесса_Фёдоровна spartacus-educational.com/RUSarmand.htm womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/inessa-fyodorovna-armand europebetweeneastandwest.wordpress.com/2014/11/15/lenins-mistress-revolution-before-romance-inessa-armand/ www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?docid=1ygkAqyIp5HnQRR46Gdt_FOu4J1y6J9_9eHZVf5Wv#rows:id=1 www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article443]
 * = 8 || 1874 - Inessa Fyodorovna Armand [Инесса Фёдоровна Арманд] (Elisabeth-Inès Stéphane d'Herbenville; d. 1920), French-Russian communist politician, member of the Bolsheviks and feminist who spent most of her life in Russia, born. Armand was an important figure in pre-Revolution Russian communist movement and early days of the communist era, as well as being Lenin's lover [ca. 1911-1918] and, as such, was largely written out of the history of Bolshevism by Stalinist orthodoxy.

1877 - Mary Marcy (Mary Edna Tobias; d. 1922), US author, poet, pamphleteer, socialist and Wobbly, who was a member of the Socialist Party of America, associate of the Dil Pickle Club and editor of the anarchist-friendly Chicago-based monthly magazine '//International Socialist Review//', born. Eugene Debs called her "one of the clearest minds and greatest souls in all our movement". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Marcy www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH6f72dff90486a83c33f27a]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: A cricket pavilion at Fulham is destroyed by fire.

1919 - Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич; b. 1849), Russian revolutionary, anarchist and then a Marxist and Menshevik, dies. [see: Aug. 8]

[E] 1920 - Celia Sánchez Manduley (Celia Esther de los Desamparados Sánchez Manduley; d. 1980), Cuban revolutionary fighter, politician, researcher and archivist of the Revolution, born. A member of the Movimiento 26 de Julio, she was the first woman to hold the position of combat soldier in the ranks of the Rebel Army and one of the first women to assemble a combat squad during the revolution. Under a series of psuedonyms, including Celia, Lilian, Carmen and Caridad, she also served as a messenger to the guerrillas using various and, as a member of the general staff of the Rebel Armya she supplied Che Guevara and other rebels with weapons, occasionally food and medical supplies. She archived many documents, letters and notes of the revolution, leading to the creation in 1964 of Oficina de Asuntos Históricos del Consejo de Estado in 1964, an institution for the preservation of historical documents. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Sánchez es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Sánchez www.heroinas.net/2015/10/celia-sanchez-manduley.html cubaninsider.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/fresh-evidence-of-celia-sanchez.html cubaninsider.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/celia-sanchez-fidel-castro-at-work.html?view=snapshot]

1921 - Nathalie Lemel (b. 1827), French bookbinder, militant anarchist in the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, feminist and Pétroleuse, who fought on the barricades at the Commune de Paris of 1871, dies. [see: Aug. 26]

1928 - Luisa Lallana (b. 1910), an Argentinian anarcho-syndicalist militant, is assassinated whilst handing out leaflets during an industrial dispute. Employed at the Mancini factory sewing burlap bags for bagging grain for export, she was affiliated to the Federación Obrera Local and a member of the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina. Whilst distributing leaflets by the Comitè de Dones de Portuaris (Women Port Committee) with her friend Rosa Valdez in support of striking dockers during a dispute organised by the Societat d'Estibadors (Dockers Society) in the port of Rosario, she is shot in the forehead by a blackleg, Juan Romero, a member of the extreme right-wing and paramilitary Liga Patriótica Argentina (Patriotic League of Argentina. He and other blacklegs had been recruited by Tiberio Podesta, manager of the Association of Labour (aS), in charge of recruiting 'treballadors lliures' (free labourers), also known as //crumiros// (rustlers) or //carneros// (or rams), also a Liga Patriótica Argentina member. Luisa Lallana dies later that evening. In reaction to the outrage, a general strike was called by FORA, the Partit Comunista and the Federació Obrera Local. Her funeral procession the following day was led by a thousand women to the La Piedad cemetery and, in a large demonstration of solidarity by the working class in Argentina – the estimated numbers varied between 3,000 and 20,000 demonstrators – which was severely repressed by the police. The climate of workers' agitation was so great that the torpedo boat Córdoba and the gunboat Independencia were sent to reinforce the navy and police in Rosario. Luisa Lallana became a symbol, but she was only one of 11 members of the working class who were killed during that strike May 1928. [anred.org/spip.php?article9807 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0805.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/10081-mujeres-y-luchadoras-sociales-louise-michel-y-luisa-lallana.html]

1940 - Emma Goldman suffers a second stroke. [see: Feb. 17]

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The Germans discover a large dugout located at Miła 18 Street, which had served as ŻOB's main command post. Most of the organisation's remaining leadership and dozens of others had committed a mass suicide by ingesting cyanide. They included Mira Fuchrer.... [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Fuchrer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Fuchrer pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Antyfaszystowski pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkier_Anielewicza_w_Warszawie en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miła_18]

2006 - Matilde 'Mati' Escuder Vicente (1913-2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Dec. 12] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jesús www.fgil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Gregoria_de_Jesus]
 * = 9 || 1875 - Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús aka Aling Oriang & 'Lakambini' (d. 1943), Filipina revolutionary, who was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan secret revolutionary society, born. She married Gat Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan and President of the Katagalugan Revolutionary Government, fighting along side him and playing a number of important roles during the Philippine Revolution.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Major act of arson as a arge empty house at Oak Lea, Barrow is burned down; est. value £6,000.

[E] 1921 - Sophia Magdalena Scholl (d. 1943), German student, kindergarten teacher, revolutionary and member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) resistance group in Nazi Germany, born. Co-author of six anti-Nazi Third Reich political resistance leaflets calling for passive resist against the Nazis. Sophie and her brother Hans were spotted throwing leaflets from the atrium at Ludwig Maximilians University on February 18, 1943. They were arrested by the Gestapo and, with Christopher Probst, tried for treason. Found guilty and condemned to death on February 22, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison within hours of the court decision. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERschollS.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchollSophie/ whiterosemovementblog.wordpress.com/biographies-of-hans-and-sophie-scholl/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

1970 - Helen Hill (d. 2007), American animation filmmaker and social activist, born. Co-wrote (with her husband Paul Gailiunas) the song '//Emma Goldman//' on Piggy: The Calypso Orchestra of the Maritimes' 1999 album '//Don't Stop the Calypso: Songs of Love and Liberation//'.

1971 - Nguyen Thi Co immolates herself in protest of Vietnam War.

[D] 1996 - Ulrike Meinhof (b. 1934), co-founder of the Rote Armee Fraktion, is found hanged by a rope, fashioned from a towel, in her cell in the Stammheim Prison.

1999 - Madeleine Lamberet (b. 1908), French anarchist, painter, designer, engraver, illustrator and primary-school teacher, dies. [see: Mar. 6] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Osborne salem.lib.virginia.edu/texts/tei/BoySal2R?div_id=n95 www.legendsofamerica.com/ma-witches-o-p.html]
 * = 10 || 1692 - Sarah Osborne (Sarah Warren; b. ca. 1643), one of the first of the women to be accused of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials of 1692, dies in prison.

[EE] 1793 - A declaration is made before the secrétariat de la municipalité of the intention to "form a society where single women are permissible" (former une société où les femmes seules pourront être admises). Three days later Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe found the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires unsansculotte.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/societe-des-citoyennes-republicaines-revolutionnaires/]

1872 - Women's rights advocate Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman to be nominated for the President of the United States, as the Equal Rights Party candidate. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull]

1872 - Madeline 'Madge' McDowell Breckinridge (d. 1920), prominent US members of the women's suffrage movement and one of Kentucky's leading progressive reformers, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_McDowell_Breckinridge]

1912 - [N.S. May 24] Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; d. 1944), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, born in Chişinău, Bessarabia. [see: May 24]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Every postal pillar box in Romford and Ilford drenched with acids.

[E] 1944 - Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; b. 1912), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, is beheaded in the courtyard of Stuttgart prison on the (Julian calendar) date of her 32nd birthday. [see: May 24] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Λασκαρίνα_Μπουμπουλίνα]
 * = 11 || [E] 1771 - Laskarina Bouboulina Pinotsis (Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα Πινότση; d. 1825), Greek naval commander, who led her own troops during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, until the fall of the fort of Nafplion to the Greeks on November 13, 1822, born. After her death, Tsar Alexander I of Russia granted Bouboulina the honorary rank of Admiral of the Russian Navy. WWII Greek resistance leader Lela Carayannis (Λέλα Καραγιάννη) would name her network after 'Bouboulina'.

1889 - Marie Vuillemin aka 'La Belge' (d. 1963), Belgian anarchist, who, after having left her abusive husband (a man named Schoofs), lived with the anarchist-individualist Octave Garnier, founder member of the illegalist group that became known as the Bonnot Gang, born. She was arrested on May 17, 1912, for conspiracy but was acquitted during the trial of the gang. ita.anarchopedia.org/Marie_Vuillemin www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_vuillemin.htm]

1907 - Eva Schulze-Knabe (d. 1976), German painter and graphic artist, and resistance fighter against the Third Reich, born. From 1929 she was a member of the artists' group ASSO, the Assoziation Revolutionärer Bildender Künstler Deutschlands (ARBKD; Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists of Germany), and from 1931 she was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). She was arrested in 1933 and 1934 and confined at Hohnstein concentration camp for 6 months. She returned to her resistance activities but was arrested again in January 1941 by the Gestapo. After months of interrogation at the police headquarters in Dresden, she was tried in 1942 before the Volksgerichtshof at Münchner Platz in Dresden, where she was sentenced to life in labour prison (Zuchthaus). She was freed from Waldheim labour prison in 1945 and worked as a freelance artist in Dresden. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Bomb exploded at the University football pavilion at Cambridge. The residence of Mr Henry O'Grady, a former Lord Provost was destroyed by fire; damage, £10,000.

1918 - Carmen Bueno Uribes (d. 2010), Spanish nurse and midwife, and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1105.html]

[B] 1932 - Date sometimes given for the death of Virgilia d'Andrea (b. 1890), Italian poet, teacher, writer, anarchist and anti-fascist. [see: May 12 & Feb. 11]

1947 - Linda Sue Evans, US radical member of Students for a Democratic Society, the Weather Underground and the May 19th Communist Movement, who was sentenced to 40 years in prison in connection with the Resistance Conspiracy case and various arms and explosivies charges, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans_(radical) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case]

1972 - Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe place three pipe bombs near the entrance the the I.G. Farben building, which houses the headquarters of the US Army Corp. The bombs explode within minutes of each other from 18:59 to 19:02. The entrance to the officer’s mess is destroyed. A shard of molten metal flies from the bomb and lodges deeply into the throat of Lt. Colonel Paul Bloomquist. A decorated Vietnam veteran and father of two, Bloomquist bleeds to death at the entrance of the officer’s mess. Damages to the building are estimated to be DM 1,000,000. The Baader-Meinhof Gang, calling themselves the 'Petra Schelm Commando', claims responsibility in a communiqué, which demands the end to the American mining of North Vietnamese harbours. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1985 - May 19 Communist Organisation members Marilyn Buck, wanted for her role in the 1981 Brinks armored car robbery, and Linda Sue Evans are arrested in Dobbs Ferry, New York by FBI agents. Fellow member Laura Whitehorn is arrested later that day in the Baltimore apartment rented by Buck and Evans. On September 6, 1990, 'The New York Times' reported that Whitehorn, Evans and Buck had agreed to plead guilty to conspiracy and destruction of Government property. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Whitehorn en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Buck en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans_(U.S._radical) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-May-12.htm]
 * = 12 || 1870 - American abolitionist, social activist, suffragist, pacifist, poet, and the author of '//The Battle Hymn of the Republic//' (1861), Julia Ward Howe issues a call for women to rise up and oppose war in all its forms. She proposes the establishment of a 'Mother's Day for Peace' to be celebrated on June 2. Her appeal falls on deaf ears.

1897 - Minna Canth (Ulrika Wilhelmina os Johnson; b. 1844), Finnish writer, journalist, feminist and social activist, dies of a heart attack. [see: Mar. 19]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Sheds of Nottingham Boat Club were destroyed by fire; est. value £1,600.

[B] 1932 - Virgilia d'Andrea (b. 1890), Italian poet, teacher, writer, anarchist and anti-fascist, dies someting during the night of May11-12. [see: Feb. 11]

1954 - Carmen Blanco García, Galician and Spanish language writer, illustrator, professor and anarcha-feminist, who has used the pseudonym Emma Luaces in tribute to Emma Goldman, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1205.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Blanco_García gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Blanco_García]

[E] 1972 - Irmgard Möller and Angela Luther carry out a pipebomb attack on the Augsburg police headquarters. They carry suitcases and place pipe bombs in empty offices on the 3rd and 4th floors before walking out. The subsequent explosions (around 12:15) injured five policemen and collapsed the fourth floor ceiling. Later in the day, Baader, Meins and Ensslin leave a car bomb to explode in the parking lot of the state Bundeskriminalamt in Munich, destroying 60 cars. The 'Tommy Weissbecker Commando', claims responsibility for both bombings. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1973 - Monika Ertl (b. 1937), German member of the armed political underground movement in Germany and Bolivia, is ambushed and killed by Bolivian security forces in El Alto, La Paz. Her body was never recovered.

1986 - Alicia Moreau de Justo (Alicia Moreau; b. 1885), Argentine physician, writer, editor, socialist, feminist, pacifist and human rights activist, dies in her sleep following a prolonged period of ill health. [see: Oct. 11] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires unsansculotte.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/societe-des-citoyennes-republicaines-revolutionnaires/]
 * = 13 || 1793 - Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe found the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women) aka the Société des républicaines révolutionnaires in the Bibliothèque des Jacobins, rue Saint Honoré in Paris.

1911 - Emma Goldman is accused of being an agent provocateur by the editors of '//Justice//', a publication of the Social-Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers to rally to Goldman's defense, and a statement protesting charges made by '//Justice//' is circulated.

[E] 1945 - Kathleen Neal Cleaver, African-American professor of law and prominent former member of the Black Panther Party, born. After graduating from college in 1966, she took a secretarial job with the New York office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and joined the party in November 1967, shortly after moving to California to live with her new fiancée, BPP minister of information Eldridge Cleaver. She became the BPP's National Communications Secretary and was instrumental in the Free Huey campaign, as well as serving as assistant editor of the party’s newspaper. In 1968 she ran for the US Congress in San Francisco as a candidate of the Peace and Freedom party. Cleaver also went on to become the first woman to sit on the organisation’s central committee. On April 6, 1968, eight BPP members, including Eldridge Cleaver, Bobby Hutton and David Hilliard, were travelling in two cars when they were ambushed by the Oakland police. Cleaver was wounded and fellow Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed in a shootout following the initial exchange of gunfire. Cleaver was charged with attempted murder, jumped bail and fled to Cuba. Kathleen was later reunited with Eldridge in Algeria in 1969 after his seven months in Cuba. Kathleen gave birth to their first son, Maceo, soon after arriving in Algeria and,a year later, to their daughter Joju Younghi Cleaver, while the family was in North Korea. The Cleavers were expelled from BPP in 1971 as a result of a conflict between Huey Newton, who called for an end to the group's use of armed violence, and Eldridge Cleaver, who advocated urban guerrilla warfare. At that point, the Cleavers (still in Algeria) formed a new, short-lived organisation called the Revolutionary People’s Communication Network. They subsequently lived in Paris from 1973 until late 1975, at which time they returned to the United States. When Eldridge Cleaver was tried for his 1968 shootout with police and was convicted of assault, Kathleen Cleaver organised a defence fund for her husband. After working for the Eldridge Cleaver Defense Fund, Kathleen studied law at Yale (1981-83) and, after various legal jobs, is now Senior Lecturer in Law at Emory University. In 1987, she divorced Eldridge Cleaver. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Neal_Cleaver spartacus-educational.com/USACcleaverK.htm spartacus-educational.com/USApantherB.htm www.discoverthenetworks.org/individualProfile.asp?indid=2250 www.nathanielturner.com/exilesmadelinemurphy.htm law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/cleaver-profile.html www.aavw.org/served/gipubs_voice_lumpen_abstract01.html www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/kcleaver.html www.pbs.org/pov/apantherinafrica/interview-black-panthers-today/2/]

1947 - Irmgard Möller, former German militant and member of the Rote Armee Fraktion, born. She survived the so-called 'Death Night', having supposedly attempted suicide by stabbing herself four times in the chest with a sharpened bread knife [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Möller www.baader-meinhof.com/death-night/ germanguerilla.com/1992/05/18/der-spiegel-interview-with-irmgard-moller/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/8pk18x]

1962 -Eva X Moberg (Eva Maria Moberg; d. 1999), Swedish journalist, anarchist, feminist and squatting activist, who somewhat controversially became editor of the long-running Swedish anarchist newspaper '//Brand//' (Fire) ['ownership' of the title and the right to use it was disputed], born. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_X_Moberg wwwc.aftonbladet.se/kultur/7.94/moberg.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_(magazine) www.anarchy.no/brand.html] || Not long after she published her second volume of poems ('//Poems, Lyrics, and Sonnets//') in 1882, she went to Germany and in 1883 married a Munich artist Ignatz Felix Guggenberger. The marriage lasted less than 8 years and she returned to London in 1890. She began to frequent anarchist circles, restarting her career under her maiden name. By the mid-1890s, Bevington knew many London anarchists and was recognised as an anarchist poet. She probably became acquainted with anarchism through meeting Charlotte Wilson, who had jointly founded the anarchist paper 'Freedom' in 1886. Rejecting the tactics of the bomb and dynamite being espoused by some anarchists in Britain, she associated with the anarchist paper '//Liberty//' (subtitled: "A Journal of Anarchist Communism"), edited by the tailor James Tochatti from January 1894. She wrote many articles and poems for it, as well as for other anarchist papers, like the '//Torch//', edited by the two young nieces, Helen and Olivia, of the artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. She was involved in efforts to set up an organisation, the Anarchist Communist Alliance and wrote an Anarchist Manifesto for it, which was distributed on 1st May 1895 (the Alliance appears not to have survived long). At the age of 50 in 1895, Bevington was still active but was suffering from bad health, namely heart disease that had been afflicting her for years. She managed to write some articles for '//Liberty//' in that year and her last collection of poems for Liberty Press. She died on 28th November 1895 in Lechmere, as the result of dropsy and mitral disease of the heart. Whilst her poems, very much a product of late Victorian times, have not aged all that well, the articles and pamphlets she wrote in which she strongly argued for anarchism, still bear a look. [libcom.org/history/bevington-louisa-sarah-1845-1895 www.bartleby.com/293/293.html www.mantex.co.uk/2009/12/03/victorian-women-writers-07/ eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/33979/1/101_PL131-149.pdf]
 * = 14 || [B] 1845 - Louisa Sarah Bevington (d. 1895), English poet, journalist, essayist, Darwinist and anarchist communist, born. The occupation of her father was described as a "gentleman". She was the oldest of eight children, seven of whom were girls. She started writing verse at an early age and her first published poems were two sonnets appeared in the Quaker periodical the '//Friends' Quarterly Examiner//' in October 1871. Herbert Spencer read some of these early poems and reprinted a number in the American journal, '//Popular Science Monthly//'. Her first poetry collection, '//Key-Notes//', was published under the pseudonym 'Arbor Leigh' and many showed a distinct Darwinist and scientific basis. As a result, Herbert Spencer also asked Bevington to write articles on evolutionary theory. Her first two articles, '//The Personal Aspects of Responsibility//' and, her best-known essay, '//Modern Atheism and Mr. Mallock//'.

1912 - A mob of vigilantes waits for Emma Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station and follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, and his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters I.W.W.. Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles.

[BB] 1912 - Mary Stanley Low (d. 2007), Anglo-Australian Trotskyist and later anarchist, poet, Surrealist, linguist and classics teacher, born. In 1933 she met the Cuban Trotskyist poet Juan Breá (1905-1941) in Paris. They joined the Surrealist group there, working alongside André Breton, Paul Eluard, René Magritte and Yves Tanguy. The poet and Surrealist ELT Mesens and the poet Benjamin Peret also become close friends. With the outbreak of the Revolution, she and Breá (rejecting the Breton-inspired Stalinist orthodoxy) went to Spain and joined POUM, where she helped organised the Women's Militia, edited the English-language paper '//Spanish Revolution//'. Her sympathy for the anarchists was aroused by the organisation by the CNT of the shoeshine boys and the prostitutes into their own unions, and by her attendance of Durruti's funeral. In December that year, they had to flee the country after Breá narrowly avoided an assassination attempt (presumably by Stalinists, who tried to run him over as he left a POUM meeting). In London, she and Breá married and co-authored '//Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution and the Civil War//' (1937), with a preface by C. L. R. James, the first book on the Revolution. Following stays in Cuba and Paris, from early 1938 the couple lived in Prague with fellow Surrealists Toyen and Jindřich Štyrský, until they were forced to flee the Nazi invasion in July 1939. Ending up in Cuba in 1940, where Breá dies the following year and Low was to marry Trotskyist Cuban journalist trade-unionist Armando Machado in 1944, and giving birth to 3 daughters. With the Cuban Revolution, Machado was arrested and only released thanks to the protection of Guevara. Eventually they won asylum in the US in 1965, where she was involved with the Cuban anarchist exile review '//Guangara Liberteria//'. Her works include '//La Saison des Flutes//' (1939); '//Alquimia del recuerdo//' (Alchemy of memory; 1946); the trilingual book of poetry, '//Three Voices, Voces, Voix//' (1957); '//In Caesar’s Shadow//' (1975); '//Alive in Spite Of//' (1981); '//A Voice in Three Mirrors//' (1984); and '//Where the Wolf Sings//' (1994). [The last two were illustrated by her own collages and drawings, and printed by AK Press.] [www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-low-434250.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Low www.benjamin-peret.org/documents/96-mary-low-1912-2007.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol9/no4/plant3.html www.marxists.org/history/spain/writers/low-brea/red_spanish_notebook.html www.fundanin.org/marylow.htm bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/mary-low-poeta-trotskista-y-revolucionaria/]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Numerous windows in Norwich, valued at £600, destroyed; several houses at Folkestone destroyed in arson attacks including The Highlands, Folkestone; est. value £500. An historic parish church is also damaged by fire.

1940 - Six days after suffering her second debilitating stroke, Emma Goldman (b. 1869) seminal anarchist rebel, feminist, anti-militarist, world citizen and force of nature, dies in Toronto aged 70, whilst on tour raising money for anti-Franco forces in Spain. Author of '//My Disillusionment in Russia//', '//Living My Life//', '//Anarchism & Other Essays//' and '//The Place of the Individual in Society//' amongst other works. [see: Jun. 27] "Anarchism is the only philosophy which brings to man the consciousness of himself; which maintains that God, the State, and society are non-existent, that their promises are null and void, since they can be fullfilled only through man's subordination." - '//Anarchism, What it Really Stands For//' (1910) "Love, the strongest and deepest element in all life, the harbinger of hope, of joy, of ecstasy; love, the defier of all laws, of all conventions; love, the freest, the most powerful moulder of human destiny; how can such an all-compelling force be synonymous with that poor little State and Church-begotten weed, marriage? Free love? As if love is anything but free!" - '//Marriage and Love//' in '//Anarchism and Other Essays//' (1911)

1950 - Valerie Powles (Valerie Gay Powles; d. 2011), English teacher, vocational historian, local activist and anarcho-individualist, born [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1405.html elpais.com/diario/2011/07/09/catalunya/1310173651_850215.html manelaisa.com/articulo/valerie-powles/]

[E] 1970 - Having come up with a plan to free Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin persuades Ulrike Meinhof to cooperate by claiming to prison officials that she has been contracted to write a book with Baader, allowing him to be escorted to a library outside prison for research purposes where a 'commando unit' would free him. The plan is set for the Dahlem Institute for Social Research, where a handcuffed Andreas Baader is escorted by two guards, meeting Meinhof in the building's library. Irene Goergens and Ingrid Schubert are then let in to wait in the hall, secretly letting in a masked and armed Ensslin and an unknown man. The elderly Institute employee in charge is shot and critically wounded as he tries to escape and, having stormed the library, Baader and Meinhof jump out of the window. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1970-timeline/]

1991 - Jiang Qing [江青] aka Madame Mao (Lǐ Shūméng [李淑蒙]; b. 1914), Chinese actress and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), as a member of the Gang of Four (四人幫), commit suicide, hanging herself in a bathroom of her hospital. [see: Mar. 19]

1999 - Adelita del Campo (nickname of Adela Carreras Taurà; d. 1999), Spanish dancer, actress, anarchist and later a communist, dies. [see: Aug. 3] ||
 * = 15 || 1852 - [N.S. May 27] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (d. 1898), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], born. [see: May 27]

1890 - Dora Thewlis (d. 1976), English working class suffragette, who became the youngest member of the Women's Social and Political Union when she joined in 1907, aged just sixteen, born. She was arrested the same year, having been part of a planned break in into the Houses of Parliament on March 20 – an iconic photograph of her arrest appeared in the 'Daily Mirror' the following day, who nicknamed her "the Baby Suffragette". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Thewlis www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-baby-suffragette-628607 www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-news/dora-thewlis-teenage-suffragette-4978209]

1893 - [N.S. May 27] Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, is born in Kiev, Ukraine. Just nine months old, her parents moved with her to London. In June 1912, as a eighteen-year-old Nellie set up a Modern School, based on the values and ideas of Francisco Ferrer, in Whitechapel in the East End of London. Within a year the school had one hundred children aged five to fifteen. The school, which was run by the children, supported the Suffragists during their public protests, protecting the women from violence, invited guest speakers to teach them and took an active part in the politics of their community. Nellie went to America in January 1917 with her husband Jim, who she had met at a May Day demonstration in 1913 and had previously set up the Liverpool Anarchist Communist Sunday School, and became involved in the Stelton libertarian colony and the Modern School, which had moved there in 1915. Nelly Dick took over the kindergarten and, in 1923, when another libertarian community started in Mohegan, New York State, founding and running the Modern School there. In June 1928 they returned to Stelton. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dick/dick.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6113 friendsofthemodernschool.org/history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States) www.talkinghistory.org/stelton/steltonhistory.html]

1893 - Fusae Ichikawa (市川 房枝; d. 1981), Japanese teacher, journalist, feminist, politician and women's suffrage leader, born. In 1920, she co-founded the Shin-fujin kyokai (新婦人協会 / New Women's Association) together with pioneering Japanese feminist and anarchist Raichō Hiratsuka and, in 1924, the Nippon Fujin Sanseiken Kakutokukisei Domeikai (日本婦人有権者同盟 / Women's Suffrage League of Japan). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusae_Ichikawa www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/506.html?cat=164]

[E] 1900 - Cai Chang (蔡畅; d. 1990), prominent Chinese communist and women's rights activist, born. One of the first women (winter 1917-18) to join the Changsha (長沙), New People's Study Society, a work study program put in place by Mao Zedong and Cai's brother, Cai Hesen (蔡和森; 1895 - 1931), in 1919 she and Xiang Jingyu (向警予) organised the Zhounan Women's Society of Work-Study in France and Hunan Women's Society of Work-Study in France. That same year she went to Paris, where her brother was working, to study and work, studying anarchism, Marxism, and Leninism alongside other Chinese socialist feminist scholars and, in 1922, joined the Socialist Youth League of China (European Branch), and the Communist Party of China the following year. In 1924, she was sent to University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow to study. In 1931 she helped write the Provisional Constitution and joined the Long March (長征; Oct. 1934 - Oct. 1935) alongside her husband Li Fuchun (Li Fuchun), a future Vice Premier of the People's Republic. Elected the first female member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1945, and in 1949 became head of the All-China Federation of Women. [www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/15/2505-1.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Chang zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/蔡畅]

1964 - Digna Ochoa y Plácido (d. 2001), Mexican human rights lawyer, representing dissidents and those bringing cases against the government including torture by the police and army, born. Politically active with opposition groups, and on a known "black list" of union and political activists, she was abducted in Jalapa, Veracruz on August 16, 1988 by state police officers and raped. There was no investigation of her allegations. She was kidnapped again in both August and October 1999. In August 2000, she went into exile in Washington, DC, but returned to Mexico City in March 2001 with court-ordered protection, which was withdrawn five months later. Digna Ochoa was shot and killed on October 19, 2001 in Mexico City and her body left in the law office where she worked. A note was left by her body warning the members of the human rights law centre where she had recently worked that the same thing could happen to them. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digna_Ochoa www.democracynow.org/2006/4/27/the_assassination_of_digna_ochoa_a]

1981 - Maria Girolimetti aka 'Sdazarina' (b. 1895), Italian maid/houseworker, peddler and anarchist, dies. [see:Nov. 28]

2008 - Pauline Campbell (d. 1948), vociferous campaigner against self-inflicted deaths in women's prisons following her daughter Sarah's death in HMP Styal in 2003, dies. || [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Wägner en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Wägner www.popularhistoria.se/artiklar/elin-wagner/ nordicwomensliterature.net/writer/wägner-elin sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidevarvet]
 * = 16 || [E] 1882 - Elin Matilda Elisabet Wägner (d. 1949), prolific Swedish writer, journalist, novelist, feminist pioneer, teacher, ecologist and pacifist, who in 1935 issued a call for a "women's unarmed insurrection against war" in '//Tidevarvet//', the Swedish weekly newspaper published by the Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund (Liberal Women's Federation), born.

1887 - Maria Lacerda de Moura (d. 1945), Brazilian teacher, lecturer, journalist, writer, poet, anti-fascist, individualist anarchist and anarcha-feminist revolutionary, who founded the Liga para a Emancipação Intelectual da Mulher (League for the Intellectual Emancipation of Women), born. [expand] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/gf1w8f www.estelnegre.org/documents/lacerda/lacerda.html libcom.org/history/maria-lacerda-de-moura-1887-1944 www.nodo50.org/insurgentes/textos/mulher/09marialacerda.htmen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura thefreeonline.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/maria-lacerda-de-moura/ www.anpuh.org/arquivo/download?ID_ARQUIVO=3822 lugardemulher.com.br/mulheres-maravilhosas-maria-lacerda-de-moura/ averdade.org.br/2012/06/maria-lacerda-de-moura-e-o-feminismo-classista/]

1925 - Anna Krasteva Maymunkova [Ана Кръстева Маймункова] aka Anna May [Ана Май] (June 26/ jul 7 1878), Bulgarian teacher, journalist and prominent communist activist and the Bulgarian female revolutionary movement, is brutally murdered in the Police Directorate in Sofia during the crackdown on the communist oppostion that followed the April 16 bombing the Sveta Nedelya church. [see: Jul. 7]

[C] 1960 - Nesta Helen Webster (neé Bevan; b. 1876), British historian, fascist and conspiracy theorist, who belived that the French Revolution, the First World War and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 were a product of the Illuminati, a secret Judeo-Masonic conspiracy, dies never having found the 'proof' she spent her whole life seeking. [see: Aug. 24] || Shortly before the German invasion of Poland, she returned from Warsaw to Berlin and worked in the Information Department of the Foreign Office. [Herrnstadt went into exile in Russia upon the invasion of Poland.] With her brother Kurt, Ilse soon resumed contact with a number of resistance groups and continued her work, passing information on to the Soviets. She was arrested on September 12 1942 by the Gestapo, for allegedly spying for the Soviet Union and for membership of the Rote Kapelle Soviet espionage ring. On December 14, 1942 the Reich Military Court sentenced to her death alongside Rudolf von Scheliha. She was executed by guillotine on December 22 in Plötzensee. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Kapelle]
 * = 17 || 1911 - Ilse Frieda Gertrud Stöbe (d. 1942), German journalist and anti-Nazi resistance member of the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra)Soviet espionage ring, born. Between 1931 and 1933 she worked as a secretary for the journalist Theodor Wolff on the 'Berliner Tageblatt'. Through Wolff, she met the journalist Rudolf Herrnstadt, a noted communist politician and anti-fascist activist, who was also a GRU agent. In 1929, Stöbe joined the Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands and the pair began setting up an intelligence group in Berlin. In early 1934 she and Herrnstadt moved to Warsaw, where Stöbe began working as a foreign correspondent for the '//Neue Zürcher Zeitung//'. Stöbe also joined the NSADP as cover for her activities and in mid-1934 she was appointed Cultural Attaché of the Nazi party's foreign office in Poland.

1929 - Ana María, nom de guerre of Mélida Anaya Montes (d. 1983), El Salvadorean professor, co-founder of the FLP, and second in command of the FMLN, born. One of the main leaders of ANDES Veintiuno de Junio (Asociación Nacional de Educadores Salvadoreños) at the end of the 1960s. In 1970, Anaya Montes, together with Salvador Cayetano Carpio aka Comandante Marcial, ex-Secretary General of the Partido Comunista Salvadoreño, and a number of workers leaders and academics, including Clara Elizabeth Ramirez and Felipe Peña, founded the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación 'Farabundo Marti' (Popular Liberation Front), El Salvador's first guerrilla organisation. Anaya Montes took the nom de guerre Comandante Ana María and came to represent a less radical trend within the group, in opposition to Comandante Marcial's strict Marxist-Leninist worker-peasant alliance/guerrilla war position. In 1980. the FLP was one of five groups that merged to form the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (with the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, Resistencia Nacional, the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos and the Partido Comunista Salvadoreño). She and other members of the FLP hierarchy moved to Nicaragua and it was in Managua that she was assassinated – stabbed eighty six times with an ice pick (to make it look like a right wing death squad had carried it out) – by members of a faction in the FMLN around Rogelio Bazzaglia following deep idelogical divisions breaking out in the organisation. Cayetano Carpio was wrongly identified as the mastermind behind the crime and he committed suicide six days later, on April 12, 1983. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mélida_Anaya_Montes]

1940 - Emma Goldman is buried in Waldheim Cemetery, Chicago, close to the Haymarket Martyrs, her casket covered by an SIA-FAI flag and bouquets of flowers sent by friends and organisations across the USA.

1950 - Patricia Monique Soltysik aka 'Mizmoon' and 'Zoya' (d. 1974), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Soltysik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout]

[E] 1974 - Patricia Monique Soltysik aka 'Mizmoon' and 'Zoya' (b. 1950), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, along with fellow SLA members Nancy Ling Perry ('Fahizah), Camilla Christine Hall ('Gabi'), Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), and Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'). [see: May 17]

[E] 1974 - Angela DeAngelis Atwood aka 'General Gelina' (b. 1949), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who played a prominent role in the kidnapping of Patty Hearst, is killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, along with fellow SLA members Nancy Ling Perry ('Fahizah), Camilla Christine Hall ('Gabi'), Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), and Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'). [see: Feb. 6]

[E] 1974 - Nancy Ling Perry aka Nancy Devoto, Lynn Ledworth, and Fahizah (b. 1947), US member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is shot dead during a shootout with the LA Police at 1466 East 54th Street, as she left the rear of the burning building with fellow SLA member Camilla Hall aka 'Gabi'. Fellow SLA members Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'), and Patricia Soltysik ('Mizmoon' or 'Zoya') all burnt to death inside the house. [see: Sep. 19]

[E] 1974 - Camilla Christine Hall aka 'Gabi' (b. 1945), US artist, social worker, and an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who took part in a number of bank robberies and the kidnap of Patty Hearst, is shot dead during a shootout with the LA Police at 1466 East 54th Street, as she left the rear of the burning building with fellow SLA member Nancy Ling Perry aka 'Fahizah'. [see: Mar. 24]

2007 - Dolores Vimes Domínguez (b. 1911), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Mar. 7]

2012 - Laura Gómez, secretary of the CGT-Barcelona, is released from prison. Laura had been in jail since April 25, charged with arson and fire damage to the Barcelona Stock Exchange for having burned a cardboard box filled with false trading tickets in front of the Barcelona Stock Exchange, a symbolic action organised as part of the general strike protests in Spain on March 29. [www.anarkismo.net/article/22628] || [* The exact date is disputed and the years 1742 and 1745 are also commonly cited.] es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas_Puyucahua historiaperuana.com/biografia/micaela-bastidas-puyacahua/]
 * = 18 || [EE] 1781 - Micaela Bastidas y Puyucava (b. 1744*), Peruvian revolutionary and indigenous freedom fighter, and wife of Túpac Amaru II (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera), who was the chief political and military strategist of the uprising against the Spanish colonialists, is executed in the Plaza de Armas del Cuzco - having watched her eldest son Hipólito (and various relations and allies) executed, having his tongue cut out before being hung, she too has her tongue cut out after the executioners had managed to subdue her. She was then slowly strangled with the two ends of the rope around her neck being pulled in opposite directions, whilst she was beaten on the body with cudgels and kicked in the stomach and breasts. All this in front of her son Fernando and husband, who they then tried to dismember whilst alive - being pulled in four directions by horses. Bother were then dismembered and their body parts sent out across the country as a warning.

[EE] 1781 - Tomasa Tito Condemayta (b. ca. 1750), queen of Acomayo province of Quispicanchi in Peru and descended from the kings of the Inca, she lead a large force under Túpac Amaru II in the indigenous uprising against the Spanish colonialists, is put to death by the Spaniards and dismembered, her body parts displayed as a warning to others. Her most famous victory was at the head of a battalion of women at the batalla del puente de Pillpinto (Battle of Pillpinto Bridge), over the Apurimac River in the Cusco region. She also took part in the batalla de Sangarará on November 18, where Túpac Amaru II defeated 1,200 Spanish soldiers. Capture with Micaela Bastidas y Puyucava and others by the Spanish she was put to death (her neck was too thin for the garrote to work properly) and dismembered. es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas www.amautacunadehistoria.com/2009_10_01_archive.html]

[E] 1874 - Madeleine Pelletier (d. 1939), French doctor, franc-maçonne, feminist, member of the Socialist Party, briefly a Communist, then a libertarian, born. Founded the review '//La Suffragiste//' and collaborated on other néo-Malthusian and anarchist publications. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Pelletier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Pelletier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1805.html anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Pelletier.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre29.html www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2591307427/pelletier-madeleine-18741939.html www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=496]

[CC] 1942 - Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse, Irene Walter and Marianne Baum, together with the latter's husband, Herbert, Hans Joachim, and Gerd Meyer from the anti-Nazi Baum Group sets fire to the anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition '//Das Sowjetparadies//' (The Soviet Paradise) at the Berlin Lustgarten, having planted miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition [they had tried to carry out the action the day before but too many people had been at the event]. Unfortunately, the damage is limited and within a few days the majority of the group is arrested; probably after having been denounced. About 20 members of the group were later sentenced to death and a total of 28 members of the group were killed in 1942 and 1943. About 50 other members of the group were also given long prison sentences. On May 28-29, 1942, in a "retaliatory action" 500 Berlin Jewish men were arrested; one half were killed immediately and the other half were sent to concentration camps. [see: Mar. 4/Jun. 11/Aug. 18] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Sowjetparadies herbertbaumgroup.blogspot.co.uk/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baum-gruppe-jewish-women jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/loewy-hildegard jewishcurrents.org/may-18-the-herbert-baum-group-10197 research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/paradise.htm]

1951 - Gabriele 'Gabi' Kröcher-Tiedemann aka 'Nada' (1951–1995), German urban guerrilla, who was a member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) and the second generation Rote Armee Fraktion, born. Involved in leftist student circles at the Universität Bochum and the Freie Universität Berlin, including the West-Berliner Haschrebellen and possibly the Roten Ruhr-Armee, she went underground sometine in 1971-72. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gabriele-krocher-tiedemann/ zlobone.com/g/gabriele-tiedemann-krocher.php www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13527119.html]

1991 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 27]

2009 - Débora Céspedes (b. 1922), Uraguayan poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 8] || The following year, the newspaper of the Asociación de Costureras, '//La Palanca//', carried a story in its first edition, which explained that: "Carmela suffered the destruction of home and an uninterrupted series of misfortunes".. It is not known what happened to Carmela after this. [www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-75380.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Alborada es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Jeria virginia-vidal.com/anaquel/article_556.shtml www.observatoriogeneroyliderazgo.cl/blog/wp-content/uploads/jeria.pdf mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/siglo-xix-carmela-jeria.html]
 * = 19 || 1907 - The final issue of the newspaper '//La Alborada//', which had been relaunched in Santiago in 1906 after an interruption caused by an earthquake in Valparaiso (and repositioned as a "publicación feminista"), is published. The paper ceases publication after it editor Carmela Jeria suffered a brutal assault.

[C] 1912 - Kati Horna (Kati Deutsch; d. 2000), Hungarian photographer and anarchist sympathiser, born into a wealthy Jewish family. Durig her early years Hungary was to suffer many political upheavals including the persecution of Jews and Communists following the defeat of the Hungarian Soviet republic in 1919 and the seizing of power by Miklós Horthy. Sometime in the 1920s, she met the Hungarian anarchist poet, painter and thinker Lajos Kassák, who became a profound influence on her political and artistic thought, especially on her desire to take up photography. Aged 18, she moved to Berlin where she came into contact with the Bauhaus group and absorbed the influences of Dada, Surrealism, the Neue Sachlichkeit and the developing discipline of photojournalism. The latter was helped when she got a job as an assistant at the experimental Agencia Dephot photo studio run by Felix H. Man, a pioneer of modern photojournalism. However, her 3 year stay was cut short by the the Nazis gaining power and being forced to witness the burning of books, and in 1933 she returned to Budapest. Urged by her parents to get a job, she enrolled at the prestigious school of the renowned Hungarian photographer József Pécsi. There she learned the techniques of photography and re-encountered Endre Friedmann, a childhood friend who would later change his name to Robert Capa, and with whom she began a relationship. She also received her first Rolleiflex, a present from her parents. Later that year, she moved to Paris to escape the Nazis and to continue her training, working for the French news agency Agence Photo, and began assembling the first of her photo series including '//Marché aux Puces//' (Flea market; 1933), '//Les Cafés de Paris//' (The Cafes of Paris; 1934), '//L'Histoire d'amour dans la cuisine//' (The History of Love in the Kitchen; 1935) and '//Hitlerei//' (Hitler eye; 1937). With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, she began travelling to Spain along with Capa, who she had met up with in Paris, and spent 2 years working in the country (1937-39). A member of various anarchist groups, including Mujeres Libres and Tierra y Libertad, she worked on numerous anarchist publications, amongst them '//Libre Studio//', '//Mujeres Libres//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' and '//Umbral//'. Like Capa, she covered the war at the front, but she also recorded the everyday of the people right up til Franco's victory. Amongst those she got to know during this period were her fellow photographers Tina Modetti and Gerda Taro. In July 1937 she also met her future husband, the Andalusian artist José Horna, who she married the following year and who would become her partner in the making of collages as well. In February 1939, they both left the country for Paris but, with the expansion of Nazism in Europe, they fled Europe, embark on the De Grasse in October for exile in Mexico. There, she became on of the important figures in the exiled Surrealist circles that included Leonora Carrington, Benjamin Peret and Edward James, and befriended a fellow anarchist in Remedios Varo. Her circle also included many in the artistic, literary and architectural avant-garde in Mexico, such as Alejandro Jodorowsky, Mathias Goeritz, Germán Cueto, Pedro Friedeberg, Salvador Elizondo, Alfonso Reyes and Ricardo Legorreta. During the last 20 years of her life, she also taught photography at the Nacional de Artes Plásticas school and at the Universidad Iberoamericana. She died in October 2000, largely unknown though her work has progressively been rediscovered since then. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati_Horna sac.usal.es/index.php/archivo/ano-2012/274-kati-horna-abril-junio-2012 www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/the-woman-who-captured-robert-capas-heart-1999038.html pallant.org.uk/join-support/become-a-friend/about-the-friends/gallery-magazine/previous-issues/issue-21--surreal-friends/kati-horna-by-dawn-ades www.michaelhoppengallery.com/artist,bio,2,245,0,0,0,0,0,0,biography_kati_horna.html moussemagazine.it/kati-horna-museo-amparo/ debbyemadian.blogspot.sk/2010/08/surreal-friends-kati-horna.html imugarra.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/kati-horna-10-anos-despues-de-su-muerte.html lo-bueno-si-breve.blogspot.co.uk/2009/09/kati-horna.html moussemagazine.it/kati-horna-museo-amparo/ jaquealarte.com/2014/02/11/ www.fotosmilitares.org/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=2651 www.ahoramismo.com.mx/noticia.aspx?id=36356 antona.wordpress.com/2009/09/03/kati-horna/ eu.www.mcu.es/novedades/2009/novedades_KatiaHorna.html]

1914 - Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; d. 1999), Portuguese anarchist and nurse, born. Daughter of the anarchist Francisco Franco and life-long partner of militant anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2606.html www.ephemanar.net/novembre09.html]

[B] 1941 - Lola Ridge (b. 1873), Irish-American anarchist poet, artist's model, illustrator and organiser for the Francisco Ferrer Association's Modern School, dies. An influential editor of avant-garde, feminist and Marxist publications best remembered for her long poems and poetic sequences, first published in Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth//'. [see: Dec. 12] [www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/ridge/ridge.htm]

[E] 1943 - Kathy Boudin, US academic and former member of the Weather Underground, who survived the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion and was convicted of felony murder for her role in the Brink's robbery of 1981, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Boudin www.democracynow.org/2003/8/21/ex_weather_underground_member_kathy_boudin heymancenter.org/people/kathy-boudin/]

1972 - Ulrike Meinhof, Siegfried Hausner, Klause Jünschke and Ilse Stachowiak place six bombs in the Hamburg offices of the Springer Press. Three fail to explode, but the other three bombs blow up around 15:15, injuring 17 people. 'The 2 July Commando' claims responsibility. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/] ||
 * = 20 || 1900 - André Léo (Victoire Léodile Béra; b. 1824), French novelist, journalist, militant feminist and member of the First International, who was involved in the Revolution and the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

1903 - Gertrude Guillaume-Schack (b. 1845), German anarchist, socialist, theosophist and women's rights activist, who was prominent in the fight against state-regulated prostitution in Germany, dies from breast cancer that had gone untreated due to her theosophist beliefs. [see: Nov. 9]

1908 - Marguerite Liégeois (Marguerite Drach; d. 1989), French sociologist and anarchist, who was the companion of Gaston Leval, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2005.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3365]

1913 - Emma Goldman and Dr. Ben Reitman arrested on arrival in that bastion of 'free speech', San Diego, California; vigilantes surround the police station. Police order Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon train back to Los Angeles.

1916 - At an open air rally in Union Square in New York, anarchist Emma Goldman speaks from a car in front of a large crowd of workers to protest the incarceration of Dr. Ben Reitman for distributing information about birth control. Rauh Eastman, Jessie Ashley and Bolton Hall are be arrested at the event and also charged with the illegal distribution of anti-control propaganda. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/goldman/goldmannovayork1916.html]

[E] 1936 - The first issue of the magazine '//Mujeres Libres: cultura y documentación social//', organ of the militant anarcha-feminist group Mujeres Libres, is published. The magazine was born two months before the outbreak of the Revolution, and was quickly established by the quality of its texts – written exclusively by women (articles by Domenech Hernandez, Morales Guzman and Mariano Gallardo, were rejected) and directed exclusively at women – and the revolutionary spirit that it encouraged during the 13 issues that were published up til October 1938. The editors were Mercedes Comaposada Guillen, Amparo Poch y Gascón and Lucía Sánchez Saornil and those who contributed articles included Emma Goldman, Nita Nahuel, Frederica Montseny, Ada Martí, Pilar Grangel, Carmen Conde, Suceso Portales, Etta Federn, Mary Giménez, Carmen Gómez, Áurea Cuadrado, Ilse, among others. The magazine received little support from certain parts of the libertarian movement, such as Solidaritad Obrera', which even published propaganda agaisnt it, or Frederica Montseny, who branded it a "separatist project". The archive of the magazine 'Mujeres Libres' is the Civil War Section of the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Salamanca. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/mujereslibres/mujereslibres.html www.diagonalperiodico.net/la-publicacion-pionera-para-mujeres-libres.html www.nodo50.org/mujerescreativas/mujereslibres.htm www.nodo50.org/despage/Nuestra Historia/75Aniversario/Mujeres_Libres/mujereslibres.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujeres_Libres mujereslibres.cgtvalencia.org/2011/11/historia-de-la-agrupacion-mujeres.html libcom.org/history/separate-equal-mujeres-libres-anarchist-strategy-womens-emancipation www.mediaisland.org/mujeres-libres-anarcha-feminist-organizing-spanish-civil-war www.portaloaca.com/historia/historia-libertaria/11872-revista-mujeres-libres-n-1-mayo-de-1936.html]

1947 - Jane Lauren Alpert, US feminist and radical associated with the Weather Underground (she was never a member), who wrote the manifesto '//Mother Right: A New Feminist Theory//' (1974) and was jailed in 1974 for her part in a conspiracy to bomb Federal office buildings in 1969, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Alpert en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Right_and_the_WUO]

1948 - Marie Pitt (Marie Elizabeth Josephine Pitt; b. 1869), Australian poet, socialist, feminist, ecologist and anarchist, dies. [see: Aug. 6]

1958 - Varvara Stepanova (Варва́ра Фёдоровна Степа́нова; b. 1894), Russian-Lithuanian painter and designer initially associated with the Cubo-Futurists and zaum poets, but later a Constructivist, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

1974 - Pat Arrowsmith jailed for 11/2 years for leafleting soldiers about Northern Ireland.

2003 - Augusta Farvo (b. 1912), Italian anarchist militant and propagandist, and anti-fascist, who was a member of the Bruzzi-Malatesta anarchist partisan brigade, dies. [see: Mar. 24] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]
 * = 21 || 1907 - At a cycle of lectures organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of 'Mother Earth', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles, she presents her first lecture, 'Misconceptions of Anarchism', at Burbank Hall.

[E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: A suffragette bomb (a simple device of a jar and gunpowder) explodes at 01:00 at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, shattering windows, damaging wooden floors and cracking stonework on the observatory's tower. Nobody was injured, though blood was on the ladies' handbag found at the scene, along with a note with the phrase: "How beggarly appears argument before defiant deed. Votes for women."

1935 - Jane Addams (Laura Jane Addams; b. 1860), American social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and prominent advocate of women's suffrage and world peace, dies. [see: Sep. 6] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toypurina articles.latimes.com/2001/jun/10/local/me-8853]
 * = 22 || [E] 1799 - Toypurina (b. 1760), Tongva-Gabrieliño Native American shaman, who led an unsuccessful rebellion against colonisation by Spanish missionaries in California, dies. [expand]

1825 - Laskarina 'Bouboulina' Pinotsis (Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα Πινότση; b. 1771), Greek naval commander who led her own troops during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, until the fall of the fort of Nafplion to the Greeks on November 13, 1822, is killed in 1825 as the result of a family feud. [see: May 11]

1918 - Dolores Jiménez Álvarez aka 'Blanca', Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and militant in the Spanish and French anti-fascist resistance movements, born in Abejuela, Aragón. The eldest in a large family which migrated to Catalonia in the mid 1920s, she stared work aged 11 and quickly became involved in the libertarian movement. At the age of 16, along with her father and sister, she joined the Peña Abisinia theatre group, where she met he lifelong companion Teofilo Navarro Fadrique. In August 1936, she joined the Durruti Column on the Aragon front and throughout the attacks by the Stalinists against the anarchist movement, and the Franco offensive, she refused to leave the front. Based in Lanaja, in the Huesca province, she participated in cultural activities and theatrical performances, she was later arrested in Mollerusa by communist troops of Valentín González González (El Campesino) but escaped to Lleida where she rejoined the confederales forces and her partner Navarro. Following the defeat of the Republic, they crossed into France via Puigcerda and Le Perthus, where she was interned in the Couvent Saugues, a religious asylum run by nuns in Saugus. In 1940, she was reunited with Teofilo Navarro and both settled in Cordes, where she particiapted in the reorganisation of the Spanish anarchist movement, as well as the anti-Nazi Résistance and struggle against Franco as part of groups Sabaté and Facerías. She also had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca, with Navarro. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3865 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2011-dolores-jimenez-alvarez-miliciana-de-aragon.html]

2009 - Over 100 FEMEN activists, supported by DJ HELL participate in a 'Ukraine is not a Brothel!' protest in Kiev's Independence Square against sex tourism and prostitution. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Ford spartacus-educational.com/Wford.htm fwsablog.org.uk/2013/08/12/isabella-ormston-ford/]
 * = 23 || 1855 - Isabella Ormston Ford (d. 1924), British author, lecturer, suffragist and social reformer, member of the national administrative council of the Independent Labour Party and anti-war campaigner, born. After becoming concerned with the rights of female mill workers at an early age, Ford became involved with trade union organisation in the 1880s.

1908 - Annemarie 'Miro' Schwarzenbach (Annemarie Minna Renée Schwarzenbach; d. 1942), bisexual Swiss-German writer, journalist, photographer, traveller, anti-fascist and androgynous style icon, born. Fiercely anti-fascist, she helped Klaus Mann finance an anti-Fascist literary review, '//Die Sammlung//', after coming under pressure from her family, many of whom were Nazi sympathisers, to drop her Jewish friends. This resulted in a suicide attempt, which caused a scandal among her family and their conservative circle in Switzerland. In 1937 and 1938 her photographs documented the rise of Fascism in Europe. She visited Austria and Czechoslovakia. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schwarzenbach nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schwarzenbach www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/annemarie-schwarzenbach/ www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-writer-s-life-was-stranger-than-fiction/1015688]

1909 - NY Police break up Emma Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming she did not follow the subject of her lecture on '//Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama//'; two arrests made.

[E] 1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Militant suffragette and Head of Operations for the WSPU in London Grace Roe is arrested during a police raid of the union's Lincoln's Inn House headquarters in Kingsway, London, and charged with conspiracy. She immediately goes on hunger strike and is force-fed. [spartacus-educational.com/Wroe.htm womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?tag=grace-roe womanandhersphere.com/2012/12/17/christmas-list-for-suffragettes/grace-roe-3/]

1947 - Yasumochi Yoshi(ko) (やすもちよしこ) (Ono Yoshi [小野ヨシ]; b. 1885), Japanese haiku poet, feminist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜 ebisu.revues.org/569?lang=en#bodyftn33]

1961 - Adela Pankhurst (Adela Constantia Mary Pankhurst; b. 1885), British-Australian suffragette, political organiser, and co-founder of both the Communist Party of Australia and the proto-fascist Australia First Movement, dies. [see: Jun. 19]

1974 - Maria Soledad Rosas (d. 1998), Argentinian anarchist militant and member of the Italian squatter movement, took her own life in the wake of the self-inflicted death of her partner Edoardo Massari aka 'Baleno' whilst they awaited trial (along with their comrade Silvano Pelissero) on absurd charges of "terrorist association" in connection with the NO TAV campaign, born. Arrested, along with Silvano Pelissero and Edoardo Massari, on March 5, 1974 by Italian police on serious charges of subversive association for the purpose of constituting an armed gang, they are accused of various cases of direct action linked to the popular struggle against the construction of the High Speed Train Project (TAV) through the Val Di Susa in Piemonte. Edoardo Massari, a 38-year-old anarchist from Ivrea, died in the Vallette prison in Turin on March 28, 1998. The authorities claim that he had hanged himself with a bed sheet. Maria Soledad Rosas, would go on to hang herself, choosing the same weekday and time to die as her partner and comrade Eduardo. The surviving prisoner, Silvano Pelissero, undertook a month long hungerstrike until on July 22, 1998 he was finally transferred from the maximum security prison of Novara to house arrest. On January 31, 2000, he was sentenced to six years and 10 months. On appeal in Jan. 2001 his sentence was reduced by 9 months but on in Nov. 2001 the Court of Cassation in Rome invalidate the main charge (of terrorist activity with subversive purposes). Released in Mar. 2002, the Court of Cassation in Rome in the end reduces Silvano's penalty to 3 years and 10 months. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0503.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Rosas ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Soledad_Rosas ita.anarchopedia.org/Edoardo_Massari ita.anarchopedia.org/Silvano_Pelissero www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2014/06/17/soledad-rosas-una-flor-anarquista/ www.prenser.com/3407/Amor_y_Anarquia__La_historia_de_Soledad.html insumiseria.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/amor-y-anarqua-la-vida-de-soledad-rosas.html] || [mskgent.be/upload/pdf/gericault/Les_femmes_et_revolutions_defv1_fr.pdf fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmes_sous_la_Révolution_française]
 * = 24 || [E] 1795 - During the French Revolution, the Convention passes a decrees prohibiting public gatherings of more than five women on pain of arrest as part of the wider attempt to crush the popular movement. Women were seen to be too radical, too confrontational and they were now effectively banned from the streets and largely from political engagement, a situation that would soon be enshrined in the Code Napoléon.

1907 - The second lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of '//Mother Earth//', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles, '//The Building of True Character//', takes place at Burbank Hall. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1912 - [O.S. May 10] Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; d. 1944), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, born in Chişinău, Bessarabia. At the age of 12 she was already working in a matress factory and, in 1926, she joined the local labour movement, participating in a strrike during which she was arrested and beaten. In 1932 she joined the youth organisation of the Partidul Comunist Român and, during this period, she was arrested so many times that she started to consider arrest as an occupational hazard. In 1933, she was arrested for participating in an unauthorised demonstration in Bucharest, where she now lived, and spent a couple of months in Mislea women's prison. In 1938, she went to France, where she helped French leftists smuggling weapons to the Republican brigades in Spain fighting against fascism. Shortly before the outbreak of WWII, Bancic gave birth to Dolores (named in honour of Dolores Ibárruri, La Pasionaria), her daughter with Alexandru Jar. She left her child in the care of a French family following the start of German occupation and, adopting the nom de guerre 'Pierrette', joined the Paris-based Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée, first in the group led by Boris Golban (Bureh Bruhman) and then in that of Missak Manouchian. There she took part in about 100 sabotage acts against the Wehrmacht, and was personally involved in the manufacture and transport of explosives. On November 6, 1943, she was arrested in Paris by the Brigades Spéciales (BS2) as 68 FTP-MOI members were swept up. Horribly tortured, she refused to give up her comrades. After the arrest of the Manouchian Group, the Gestapo published their notorious l'Affiche Rouge' propaganda posters, depicting its members, Bancic included, as "terrorists". On February 21, 1944, she, Manouchian, and 21 others were sentenced to death. All the male defendants were executed later that day at Fort Mont-Valérien. However, since a law prevented women from being executed on French soil,Bancic, the only female in the Group, was deported to Stuttgart and decapitated with an axe in the local prison's courtyard on the (Julian calendar) date of her 32nd birthday. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Банчик,_Ольга]

1943 - A group of sixteen Jewish teenagers organised by Judith Nowogrodzka, 35, a Communist partisan whose husband Moses had been killed in a Nazi massacre in 1941, escaped from the Bialystok Ghetto. Unable to leave herself, the group, led by Szymon Datner, a teacher, is forced to return to the ghetto the very night they escaped, but succeeded in leaving again and reaching the forests on June 3. They went on to fight as partisans, at first alone and then with units from the Red Army, until the war’s conclusion. Datner survived the war to become an historian specialising in Nazi war crimes in eastern Poland; he died in Warsaw in 1989. Judith Nowogrodzka, who stayed in the ghetto to continue to organize escapes, died in the uprising that was launched in Bialystok on August 16, 1943.

1971 - Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいちょう) (Hiratsuka Haru [平塚 明]; b. 1886), Japanese writer, journalist, political activist, anarchist and pioneer of feminism in Japan, who founded the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [see: Feb. 10]

1972 - Irmgard Möller and Angela Luther drive two cars full of explosives into the United States Military Intelligence Headquarters (G-2), (HQ USAREUR), at Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg. [expand] [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

[A] 1978 - Iris Mills and Ronan Bennett are arrested in Bayswater. They, together with Vince Stevenson, Trevor Dawton, Dafydd Ladd & Stewart Carr are collectively charged with conspiracy in what becomes known as the 'Persons Unknown' case.

1981 - First International Women's Day for Disarmament.

1986 - Cinta Blanch (b. 1905), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was one of the pillars of the Aldover agricultural community during the Spanish Revolution along with her partner Agustí Pons, her brother Joan Blanc and other comrades, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2405.html]

2007 - Pura López Mingorance (Purificación López Mingorance; b. 1920), Catalan anarchist, dies. Following the fascist uprising of July 1936, her father, Manuel López López, and brother, Miguel López Mingorance, were shot by the Francoists and she herself was imprisoned. Her other brother, Germinal López Mingorance, was shot in 1945 in Grenada. In December 1946, she was arrested in Barcelona in a raid against the clandestine press of 'Ruta', run by her comrade Francisco López Ibáñez. She later had a relationship with the prominent underground militant Manuel Fernández Rodríguez. In 2004, she applied to various institutions about possible exhumation and reburial of her brother and father, who were executed and buried in a mass grave in the ravine of El Carrizal, in the Granadan town of Granadan Órgiva, but received no responses. In 2010, her testimony was included in Eulàlia Vega's book '//Pioneras y revolucionarias. Mujeres libertarias durante la República, la Guerra Civil y el Franquismo//' (Pioneras and revolutionaries. Libertarias Women during the Republic, Civil War and Franchoism). [www.estelnegre.org/documents/lopezmingorance/lopezmingorance.html] || [NB Some sources give the year as 1781.]
 * = 25 || [E] 1862 - Juana Azurduy de Padilla (Juana Azurduy Bermudez; b. 1780*), South American Mestizo guerrilla leader, who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence for emancipation the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, dies destitute and is buried in a mass grave.

1907 - The third lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of '//Mother Earth//', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles,'//Crimes of Parents and Educators//', takes place at the Naturopathic Hall. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1932 - Anna Nikolayevna Shabanova (Анна Николаевна Шабанова; b. 1842), Russian doctor, radical, feminist and writer, dies. [see: Mar. 18]

1948 - Concepción (Concha) Michel (b. 1899), Cuban pharmacist and revolutionary, who was the only woman to reach the rank of comandante in the Ejército Libertador Cubano during the 1895 Cuban Independence War, dies. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Sirvén_Pérez] || [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimmi_Kanervo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1905_suurlakko]
 * = 26 || 1870 - Mimmi Kanervo (Tuticorin Grönlund; d. 1922), Finnish servant, trades unionist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP and lecturer, who cooperated with the communists later in her political life, born. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905.

1895 - Dorothea Lange (d. 1965), influential US documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her photographs documenting the effects of the Depression and poverty on displaced farm families, sharecroppers, and migrant labourers, born. Her photographs were widely published in newspapers, and help to prod the government to act to prevent outright starvation. In 1941, she documented the forced evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans. Her photographs were considered so dangerous that the Army seized them to prevent them from being published. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange]

1907 - The fourth and final lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of 'Mother Earth', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles,'//The Revolutionary Spirit of Modern Drama//', takes place during the afternoon at Burbank Hall. It is followed that evening by discussion with the doctor and Socialist Claude Riddle on '//Direct Action versus Political Action//'. After several discussions between Goldman and Riddle, the latter abandoned socialism and declared himself an anarchist. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1914 - alternative date for the birth of the Portuguese anarchist and nurse Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; d. 1999). [see: Jun. 19]

[E] 1927 - Nguyễn Thị Bình (Nguyễn Châu Sa), Vietnamese teacher and communist revolutionary, who negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference as a member of the Central Committee of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng), born. She was also the vice-chairperson of the South Vietnamese Women's Liberation Association. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Bình vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Bình]

1943 - Tosia (Taube) Altman (b. 1919), Polish Jewish member of the underground resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto and fighterin the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization) during the ghetto uprising, dies from burns she suffered during her escape from the Warsaw Ghetto and the effects of torture inflicted by her German captors. [see: Aug. 24]

1944 - Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (b. 1880), Irish revolutionary, labour activist and radical feminist, who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 and was a member of the radical nationalist women's organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), as well as a prominent member of the Dublin lesbian network of the period, dies. [see: Dec. 30] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оловенникова,_Мария_Николаевна www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_o/oshanina.html www.school.edu.ru/collections/collectionitem/11990]
 * = 27 || 1852 - [O.S. May 15] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (b. 1898), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], born. In 1878, she joined Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), trying to advocate the founding of a settlement for revolutionaries among the peasants of the Voronezh province. The following year she joined the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) in St. Petersburg and in the Spring of 1880, following a move to Moscow, she joined the local group there, quickly becoming one of its leaders and an important influence on the rest of the movement. In 1882 she emigrated to France where she participated in Narodnaya Volya group around Lev Tikhomirov (Львом Тихомировым), working on the '//Herald of the People's Will//' (Вестник Народной воли) magazine. In exile she was known as Marina Nikanorovna Polonskaya [Марина Никаноровна Полонская] and went on to participate in the Paris-based 'old group' of Narodnaya Volya (Группы старых народовольцев). In 1896, her physical heath began to deteriorate and, deeply concerned about so many of her comrades now being in prison, her mental heatlh suffered too. She ended up being admitted to a psychicatric hospital, where she died on October 2, 1898 of acute pneumonia.

1866 - [N.S. Jun. 8] Lidia Ezerskaya [Лидия Езерская] (Lidia Pavlovna Kazanovich [Лидия Павловна Казанович]; d. 1915), Russian dentist and Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) member, born. [see: Jun. 8]

[EE] 1893 - [O.S. May 15] Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, is born in Kiev, Ukraine. When she was just nine months old, her parents moved with her to London. In June 1912, as a eighteen-year-old Nellie set up a Modern School, based on the values and ideas of Francisco Ferrer, in Whitechapel in the East End of London. Within a year the school had one hundred children aged five to fifteen. The school, which was run by the children, supported the Suffragists during their public protests, protecting the women from violence, invited guest speakers to teach them and took an active part in the politics of their community. Nellie went to America in January 1917 with her husband Jim, who she had met at a May Day demonstration in 1913 and had previously set up the Liverpool Anarchist Communist Sunday School, and became involved in the Stelton libertarian colony and the Modern School, which had moved there in 1915. Nelly Dick took over the kindergarten and, in 1923, when another libertarian community started in Mohegan, New York State, founding and running the Modern School there. In June 1928 they returned to Stelton. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dick/dick.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6113 friendsofthemodernschool.org/history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States) www.talkinghistory.org/stelton/steltonhistory.html]

1908 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/torrelles/torrelles.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Inés_Ajuria_de_la_Torre]

[E] 1918 - Gràcia 'Gracieta' Ventura Fortea (Maria Gràcia Ventura Fortea), Spanish seamstress and anarchist, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison for "joining the rebellion, desecration of tombs and participating in the funeral Buenaventura Durruti in a military uniform", born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2705.html]

1957 - Maria Paulina Orsetti (b. 1880), Polish educator, Doctor of Social Sciences, pioneer of the cooperative movement, theorist of cooperativism, socialist and anarchist sympathiser, who co-founded the Cooperatives League (Ligi Kooperatystek) in Poland, dies in Warsaw. [see: Jun. 22]

1960 - Emilia Pérez Pazos aka 'Manchada' (b. 1894), libertarian anti-Francoist militant, dies. [see: Jan. 10]

1976 - Leonor Silvestri, Argentine poet, performer, essayist, philosopher, anarchist and gender activist, who is prominent in Latin American queer politics, born. She is a member of the editorial board of the magazine '//Anarquista Antimilitarista Periférica//', which is published in Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and is the founder of the collective Ludditas Sexxxuales, whose agenda is the "deconstrucción o la destrucción de los mandatos sexuales, del statu quo sobre el amor sentimentaloide y romanticón almibarado, de los estereotipos sexuales y de género" (deconstruction or destruction of sexual mandates, of the status quo of mushy love and syrupy romanticism, of sexual and gender stereotypes). [blogs.lanacion.com.ar/boquitas-pintadas/arte-y-cultura/leonor-silvestri-una-maquina-de-guerra-contra-el-aparato-heteronormal/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_Silvestri] ||
 * = 28 || 1894 - [N.S.Jun. 9] Nina Aleksandrovna Nikitina (Нина Александровна Никитина; 1894-1942), Russian officer worker [Second Moscow State Secretary of Finance and Accounting Department] and anarcho-mystic, born. [see: Jun. 9]

1925 - Mariola Milkova Sirakov (Мариола Милкова Сиракова; b. 1904), Bulgarian actor and anarcho-communist revolutionary, is shot at Belovo railway station along side her partner Gueorgui Cheitanov and 12 other anti-fascist prisoners. [see: Aug. 28]

[E] 1934 - Betty Shabazz, aka Betty X (Betty Dean Sanders; d. 1997), African-American nurse, educator and civil rights advocate, who was the wife of Malcolm X, born. She and Malcolm joined the Nation of Islam in 1956 but left in 1964. She witnessed his assassination the February 21, 1965, which left her to raise six daughters as a single mother She later became associate professor of health sciences at New York's Medgar Evers College and a university administrator, whilst continuing her social and political activism. In 1995, Shabazz’s daughter Qubilah was prosecuted for hiring an assassin to kill Farrakhan, who the family suspected of organising the killing of Malcolm. Farrakhan reached out to the family to defend Qubilah, prompting a public reconciliation between Shabazz and Farrakhan. While Qubilah attended a rehabilitation program, she sent her 10-year-old son, Malcolm, to stay with her mother in New York. On June 1, 1997, Malcolm set a fire in Shabazz’s apartment. Shabazz suffered severe burns and died on June 23, 1997. Malcolm Shabazz was sent to a juvenile detention for manslaughter and arson. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Shabazz theshabazzcenter.net/page/dr_betty_shabazz.html]

1945 - Urania Mella (María Urania Mella Serrano; b. 1899), Spanish anarchist, anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies from the abuse she suffered from her long period of imprisonment after the Civil War. [see: Nov. 15] [* some sources give the date as May 26]

[C] 1974 - Piazza della Loggia bombing: Livia Bottardi Milani, 32, and Clementina Calzari Trebeschi, 31, both teachers, are amongst the eight Italian anti-Fascists are killed and over ninety injured in a bomb attack on an anti-Fascist demo in Brescia, Italy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing]

1999 - Inés Güida de Impemba aka 'la Negra' (b. 1914), Argeninian teacher, feminist and anarchist of Italian origin, who at various times taught at the Universidade Popular, Universidade do Trabalho and the Seção Feminina de Ensino Secundário (Female Secondary Education Section), dies. [anarquismopiracicabaeregiao.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/mulheres-anarquistas-o-resgate-de-uma-historia-pouco-contada-mabel-dias.pdf www.anarquista.net/ines-guida-de-impemba/] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/29th-may-1812-trials-of-thomas-brookes.html]
 * = 29 || 1812 - The trials of Hannah Smith and other Middleton rioters at Lancaster Special Commission.

[E] 1830 - Clémence-Louise Michel (d. 1905), French anarchist, Paris Communard and revolutionary hero, born at the Chateau of Vroncourt, France. As well as the numerous theoretical texts and essays she wrote, she also published a number of books of poems, including '//À Travers la Vie//' (Through Life; 1894), '//La Fille du Peuple//' (1883) and '//L'Ère Nouvelle, Pensée Dernière, Souvenirs de Calédonie//' (The New Era, Final Thought, Memories of Caledonia; 1887) [prisoners' songs and poems]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel centralworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/RedVirgin.pdf www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html www.ac-creteil.fr/lycees/93/lmichelbobigny/louise/chrono/chrono.htm libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes3.html www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article465]

1896 - Hermila Galindo Acosta aka Hermila Galindo de Topete (d. 1954), Mexican feminist and writer, who was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce, born. She was one of the first feminists to state that Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts, and she was also the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. [NB: Her d.o.b. is sometimes given as June 2, 1886] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermila_Galindo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermila_Galindo]

1900 - Émilie Carles (Émile Allais; d. 1979), French teacher, militant anarchist and pacifist, born. Companion of Jean Carles, together they converted a mansion into a hôtel (les Arcades), housing many anarchists. Emilie recounted her life and activities in '//Une Soupe aux Herbes Sauvages//' (A Soup with Wild Herbs; 1977). [www.ephemanar.net/juillet29.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilie_Carles rebellyon.info/Le-29-juillet-1979-Emilie-Carles]

1917 - Antònia Fontanillas Borràs (d. 2014), Catalan militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist fighter, born. The daughter of militants and granddaughter of prominent libertarians Francesca Saperas Miró and Martín Borrás Jover, she emigrated to Mexico with her mother and siblings at the age of eight. She received six years of schooling and became a voracious reader, especially of socially-themed libertarian literature. After her father was expelled from Mexico in 1933 the whole family returned to Catalonia. Antonia found work in a lithography studio and joined the CNT and the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias and was elected as the FIJL delegate from the Printing Trades sector. When the civil war broke out she tried to sign on as a militia on the expedition to Majorca and finished up as administrator with Barcelona’s 'Solidaridad Obrera' newspaper. After Franco’s victory she stayed behind in Barcelona, taking part in FIJL activities in her home where a number of editions of the underground 'Solidaridad Obrera' were put together – at least 14 of them between January and November 1945. The copy came from Joan Doménech, Josep Lamesa and Arturo Benedicto, all members of the Printing Trades Union; it was typeset by FIJL members (José Nieto, Meana, Marina Herreros, and Antonia Fontanillas) and then printed off on a small press belonging to comrade Armengol in the Gracia barrio. Later she worked with the underground (1946-1948) and was in charge of liaising between prisoners and their lawyers. It was during those underground years that she became the partner of Diego Camacho Escámez (aka Abel Paz). When the latter was released from prison and went into exile in France in 1953, Antonia too crossed the border a few months later and the couple settled in Brezolles and then in Clermont d’Auvergne, where they were active in the CNT, in the MLE and in the local arts group. At that time she was in touch with Quico Sabaté’s guerrilla group. In 1957 she was one of the people in charge of the FIJL Regional Bulletin ['//Boletín Ródano-Alpes//' (Bulletin Rhone-Alpes)], taking an active part in the annual camps organised by the French and Spanish Libertarian Youth. In 1958 she and Diego Camacho split up and Antonia settled in Dreux with their son, Ariel (Ariel later produced the documentary, '//Ortiz, General sin Dios ni Amo//', about Los Solidarios member Antonio Ortiz). In 1960 she took up with Antonio Cañete Rodríguez and carried on with her multi-faceted organisational and cultural pursuits. In addition to taking part in a drama group, she edited the review 'Surco' (1966-1967) which was published in French, Spanish and Esperanto. And she was active in the Dreux local CNT federation right up until it was wound up. Cañete was jailed from 1966 to 1969 in Spain and they were to stay together right up until his death in 1979. Antonia was active with the Agrupaciones Confederales, the umbrella for those comrades who published the Frente Libertario newspaper. Following Franco’s death, she took part in all of the CNT’s congresses between 1979 and 1983, then in the congresses of the escindidos (breakaways) and in those held by the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) between 1983 and 1997. She also took part in countless talks, exhibitions, libertarian festivals and book launches in Spain and across Europe (France, Italy, Luxembourg, etc,). And did a variety of jobs with the International Centre for Research into Anarchism (CIRA), of which she was a member and in numerous historical investigations into the libertarian movement. In keeping with her anarchist beliefs, she remained independent and critical and lobbied for a rapprochement between all of the different libertarian factions, stressing what united rather than what divided them. Under a range of aliases (including Tona, A F Borras, etc.) she contributed to many publications including '//Action Libertaire//', '//Anthropos//', '//Boletín Amicale//', '//Boletín Ródano-Alpes//', '//CIRA//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//Confrontaciones//', '//Espoir//', '//Mujeres Libertarias//', '//El Chico//', '//Nueva Senda//', '//Rojo y Negro//', '//Ruta//', '//Surco//', '//Volontá//', '//CNT//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//', etc. She penned lots of books such as '//Testimonio sobre Germinal Gracia//' (1992, unpublished), '//Desde uno y otro lados de los Pirineos//' (1993, unpublished), '//Francisca Saperas//' (1995, unpublished), '//De lo aprendido y vividos//' (1996, unpublished in Spanish but published in Italian by Volontá), '//Mujeres Libres. Luchadoras libertarias//' (jointly authored, 1998), '//Lola Iturbe: vida e ideal de una luchadora anarquista//' (2006, with Sonya Torres), and she also wrote an introduction for Victor Garcia’s book '//Contribución a una biografia de Raúl Carballeira//' (1961) and her testimony is included in the book '//Clandestinité libertaire en Espagne: la presse//' (1994) and she had a hand in the Luce Fabbri anthology, '//La libertad entre la Historia y la utopia//' (1998). She also contributed to the '//Solidaridad Obrera//' special edition (No 344, May 2007) produced by the CNT and took part in CGT-organised symposia on the history of the Mujeres Libres in October 2007. Antonia has died at the age of 97 in Dreux on September 23, 2014. Spanish historian José Luis Gutiérrez Molina has said of her that "between her own activities and her family line, she encapsulates the history of anarchism in Spain." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/547f75 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antònia_Fontanillas_Borràs www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2616 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/9429-antonia-fontanillas-borras-in-memoria-23-de-septiembre.html] ita.anarchopedia.org/Antonia_Fontanillas_Borras]

1942 - Akiko Yosano (与謝野 晶子), the pen-name of Shō Hō (鳳 志よう; b. 1878), Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer of the late Meiji, Taisho and early Showa periods in Japan, dies of a stroke aged 63. [see: Dec. 7]

1955 - Ekaterina 'Katina' Alekseyevna Boronina (b. 1907), Russian writer, anarchist and anti-Soviet resister, who was active in the anarchist underground and Anarchist Black Cross in the inter-war years, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боронина,_Екатерина_Алексеевна pkk.memo.ru/letters_pdf/001915.pdf libcom.org/history/anarchist-underground-leningrad?quicktabs_1=0]

1995 - Margaret Chase Smith (b. 1897), first woman elected to both houses of Congress (R-ME), serving 8 years in the House of Representatives and 24 in the Senate, first in Senate to challenge Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist crusade, dies having suffered a stroke. [see: Dec. 14]

2011 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (b. 1918), Catalan anti-fascist militant, //cenetista//, secretary of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), National Committee member and Treasurer of SIA, dies. [see: Jan 14 or 19]

2013 - Franca Rame (b. 1929), Italian theatre actress, playwright and radical activist, who at one-time was a member of the PCI as well as the prisoners support group Soccorso Rosso (Red Aid) and, later, the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Re-foundation Party), dies. [see: Jul. 18] || A human rights advocate, she campaigned against racism; the pauperisation of the Algerian population; the French use of torture in Algeria, and later in Iraq; and for the emancipation of women in the Mediterranean. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tillion fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tillion www.germaine-tillion.org/a-la-rencontre-de-germaine-tillion/ www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/germaine-tillion-resistance-fighter-and-ethnologist-815382.html]
 * = 30 || [E] 1907 - Germaine Tillion (d. 2008), French ethnologist and member of the French résistance, who spent time in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, born. Having spent time in Algeria between 1934 and 1940 carrying out field work, she returned to Paris from the field five days before the Germans entered the city. As her first act of resistance, she helped a Jewish family by giving them her family's papers. She became one of the leading commanders in the French Resistance in the network of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris. Her missions included helping prisoners to escape and organising intelligence for the allied forces from 1940 to 1942. Betrayed by the priest Robert Alesch who had joined her resistance network and gained her confidence, she was arrested on August 13, 1942. On October 21, 1943 she and her mother, Émilie Tillion, also a resistante, were sent to the German concentration camp of Ravensbrück, near Berlin. [expand]

1911 - Goldy Parin-Matthèy (d. 1997), Swiss psychoanalyst and anarchist, born. [expand] "Ich glaube, daß die anarchistische Utopie die menschlichen kreativen Möglichkeiten und den Respekt vor dem Menschen am besten gewährleistet, besser als das kommunistische Modell, an dessen Gerechtigkeit ich früher geglaubt habe." (I believe that the anarchist utopia of human creative potential and respect for the people on the best way to ensure better than the communist model, to the justice I had believed before.) [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldy_Parin-Matth%C3%A8y www.univie.ac.at/biografiA/daten/text/bio/Parin-Mathey_Goldy.htm www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/schweiz_biografien.html#Parin www.paul-parin.info/nachruf/62-nachruf www.journal21.ch/ich-bin-weltbuerger nichtidentisches.wordpress.com/tag/pds/ www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchismus/anarchismus-allgemein/6315-hug-ein-guerillakampf-mit-anderen-mitteln]

1915 - [N.S. Jun. 12] A crowd of local women from Orekhovo (Оре́хово), mostly soldatki (soldiers' wives), wrecked the stalls in the trading rows in protest against the high price of eggs and other products; one of numerous women's food riots across Eastern Europe during WWI. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[A] 1972 - Trial of `Stoke Newington Eight' - Hilary Creek, Anna Mendleson, Kate McLean, Angela Weir [now known as Angela Mason], Jim Greenfield, John Barker, Stuart Christie and Chris Bott - accused of conspiracy to cause Angry Brigade bombings, begins in No 1 Court at the Old Bailey in London. This was to be the longest trial in the history of the British legal system. [hackneyhistory.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/angry-brigade/ www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/feb/03/features.magazine27]

1977- Claire Goll (Klara Liliane Aischmann; b. 1890), German-French poet, writer, journalist and translator, who was married to the poet and anarchist Yvan Goll, dies. [see: Oct. 29]

2007 - Mathilde Carré aka 'La Chatte' (Mathilde Lucie Bélard; b. 1908), French nurse and Résistance agent, who was turned, first by the Abwehr and later by SOE/MI5, becoming a double agent for both the Nazis and the Allies, dies. [see: Jun. 30] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_May_Billinghurst spartacus-educational.com/Wbillinghurst.htm www.sheilahanlon.com/?page_id=1314]
 * = 31 || [E] 1875 - Rosa May Billinghurst (d. 1953), English suffragette and women's rights activist, born. She contracted polio and suffered a total paralysis as a child, which left her disabled throughout her adult life. However, she recovered the use of her upper body and was able to propel her adapted tricycle and become independantly mobile. Beyond her Christian social work at the Greenwich workhouse, she became an active and militant member of the Women's Social and Political Union, taking part in the 'Black Friday' demonstrations, smashing windows (using the rug over her knees to hide stones) and destroying the contents of pillar-boxes as her particular special form of protest, for which she was eventually caught and sentenced to eight months in prison. She immediately went on hunger-strike and was eventually released two weeks later after failed attempts at forcefeeding and protests by MPs in Parliament. On May 21, 1914, May Billinghurst took part in a WSPU demonstration outside Buckingham Palace that eventually turned into a battle between the suffragettes and 1,500 policemen. Billinghurst drove her tricycle into the police lines. Her tricycle was picked up by two policemen and she was thrown to the ground and had to be rescued by her fellow protesters. With outbreak of WWI, she took part in these various suffragette-organised pro-war demonstrations and later supported Christabel Pankhurst's campaign to be elected in Smethwick in 1918.

1905 - Blanca Luz Brum Elizalde (d. 1985), Uraguayan poet, writer and one-time communist fellow traveller, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Luz_Brum www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/485106/sociedad/amores-militancia-blanca-luz.html elpibeperonista.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/blanca-luz-supuesta-amante-de-peron-y.html]

1914 - American anarchist Rebecca 'Becky' Edelsohn (ca. 1892 - 1973) is arrested, along with Arthur Caron, Charles Plunkett, and twelve other anarchist and IWW members during an anti-Rockefeller demonstration in Tarrytown, New York, that she had help organise. Charged with 'disorderly conduct', "the time-worn cloak to cover suppression of unpopular ideas" [Alexander Berkman in '//Mother Earth//', August 1914], at their trial before a police magistrate, she and the other arrestees rejected legal counsel and carried out their own defence, with Becky labelling John D. Rockefeller, Jr. a "multi-murderer". The Court sentenced her to give a bond of $300 "to keep the peace" for three months. Refusing to pay the bond, she was sent to prison "for a period not to exceed 90 days". [ibid] There she immediately went on hunger strike, adopting the tactic then in use by British suffragettes, becoming the first American woman to use the hunger strike as a political campaign tool. She continued to refuse both food and to put up a bond for good behaviour. In a letter smuggled to Alexander Berkman, she wrote, "I am still sticking to my programme, having fasted over twenty-seven days. I am very weak." This letter prompted her friends to raise the $300 needed to post a bond for her release. Released on August 20, 1914, a 'New York Times' article the following day reported that plans for her funeral were finally called off when she was released, weakened and very thin, after serving a month of her sentence. Born in Odessa, Ukraine but whose parents had move to the US when she was one or two years old. She had ended up living in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York and, after her discharge from the orphanage in 1902, live in Emma Goldman's home, becoming active in unemployment protests, anti-militarism, and solidarity actions with both the Mexican Revolution and the Colorado miners strike at the time of Rockerfeller's notorious Ludlow Massacre. Edelsohn married fellow anarchist Charles Plunkett after WWI, with whom she had a son, and died of emphysema in 1973. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Edelsohn www.katesharpleylibrary.net/k98t9w ramblingdigitalhumanist.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/becky-edelsohn-early-hunger-striker.html query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=950DE3DA113FE633A25752C0A9609C946596D6CF query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9504E7D7113FE633A25752C2A96E9C946596D6CF www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=119924478]

1940 - A Memorial Meeting to honour "the outstanding woman of our time" Emma Goldman, "anarchist, author, speaker, journalist", who had died on May 14 in Toronto, is held at the Town Hall in New York. The event, chaired by Leonard D. Abbott, included tributes by John Haynes Holmes, Roger Baldwin, Norman Thomas, Harry Weinberger Pesotta Rose, Harry Kelly, Martin Gudell Petrowsky (Goldman's guide and translator during her visit to revolutionary Spain), Rudolf Rocker (who made his speech in Yiddish), and Dorothy Rogers Eliot White.

1978 - Hannah Höch (Anna Therese Johanne Höch; b. 1889), German artist, photomontagist, Dadaist and feminist, dies. [see: Nov. 1]

2010 - Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (b. 1911), French-American autobigraphical artist, sculptor and feminist icon, dies. [see: Dec. 25] ||


 * = JUNE ||
 * = 1 || [E] 1771 - A crowd of women was arrested while destroying the fences around Rewhay Common, England. Another group of women marched to Burton-on-Trent where they freed their comrades and carry them away in triumph.

1843 - After numerous problems and delays, Flora Tristan publishes her book 'Union Ouvrière' (The Workers' Union), an important early work of feminist theory. The manifesto, which puts forward the argument for the establishing an international working movement where women are able to play the role they deserve but are currently unable to so do, also states that the freedom of the working class cannot be established without delivering those same rights to all women. The initial print run was 3,000 and to publicise the book, spread her ideas and encourage the proletariat to create local committees of the Workers Union, she embarked on a 'tour de France' in April 1844, visiting apprentis-compagnons (labour movement branches) across the country. However, she never completed her tour, dying of typhus on November 14, 1844, in Bordeaux. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0106.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristán www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/tristan.htm www.womeninworldhistory.com/imow-Tristan.pdf mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Flora_Tristan.htm]

1919 - Rosa Luxemburg's corpse is found.

[B] 1940 - Katerina Gogou (Κατερίνα Γώγου; d. 1993), Greek anarchist poet, author and actress, born. [expand] [libcom.org/history/katerina-gogou-athens-anarchist-poetess-1940-1993 el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κατερίνα_Γώγου anarxikostrapezitis.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/blog-post_3933.html www.sarantakos.com/kibwtos/gogou.htm]

1968 - Helen Adams Keller (b. 1880), deafblind American author, lecturer, suffragette, pacifist, birth control advocate, and member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, dies in her sleep at the age of 87. [see: Jun. 27]

1983 - Anna Seghers (Anna Reiling; b. 1900), German novelist, Communist and anti-fascist, whose novel '//Die Gefährten//' (The Fellowship; 1932), a prophetic warning of the dangers of Fascism, led to her being arrested by the Gestapo, dies in Berlin. [see: Nov. 19] || German: Hurentag (Whore's Day) Spanish-speaking countries: Día Internacional de la Trabajadora Sexual (International Day of the Sex Worker) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Whores'_Day maggiemcneill.wordpress.com/2012/06/02/the-birth-of-a-movement/]
 * = 2 || __June 2__ - International Sex Workers Day. The event commemorates the occupation of Église Saint-Nizier in Lyon by more than a hundred prostitutes on June 2, 1975 to draw attention to their situation.

1886 - The date sometimes given for the birth of the Mexican feminist and writer Hermila Galindo Acosta aka Hermila Galindo de Topete (d. 1954). [see: May 29]

1911 - Emily Rosdolsky (Emily Meder; d. 2001), Austrian Trotskyist, anti-Stalinist, and activist in the anti-fascist, trade union and feminist movements, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Rosdolsky]

[E] 1925 - Mariola Sirakova (b. 1904), Bulgarian student-actress and anarchist militant, is executed, along with her companion Gueorgui Cheitanov (b. 1896), and others, by the fascist government during a crackdown on leftists following a Communist bombing in Sofia. [expand] [libcom.org/history/sirakova-mariola-1904-1925 ita.anarchopedia.org/Mariola_Sirakova ita.anarchopedia.org/Georgi_Sheitanov]

1970 - Lucia Sanchez Saornil (b. 1895), Spanish poet, painter and militant anarchist-feminist, dies. A founder of the famed Mujeres Libres. [see: Dec. 13]

1972 - Western Airlines Flight 701 from Los Angeles to Seattle is hijacked by Willie Roger Holder, an African American Vietnam veteran, and his stripper girlfriend and small-time weed dealer Catherine Marie Kerkow. Broke and out of jobs, they had hatched their hijack plan, 'Operation Sisyphus', to raise some money and emulate the revolutionaries, such as the Black Panthers and Weathermen, that they both admired despite being non-political themselves. On board Flight 701, the hijackers claimed they had a bomb in an attaché case and demanded $3 million in ransom, later reduced to $500,000. After allowing half the passengers to get off in San Francisco and the other half to get off in New York on a re-fueling stop, they flew on to Algeria [they had initially planned to fly to North Vietnam and ask for political asylum there], in what remains the longest-distance hijacking in American history. Arriving in Algiers the following day, they requested political asylum, and also asked to be met at the airport by Eldridge Cleaver, who had been granted asylum there after escaping an attempted-murder charge in the US. More interested in the ransom money, the Panthers' International Section in Algiers being desperately in need of cash, Cleaver met them and Holder and Kerkow were eventually allowed to leave in the Panthers’ custody. The group hailed them as revolutionary heroes until they learned that the country’s president, unconvinced that the couple were political refugees, announced that he was sending $488,000 of the ransom money back to the US. The pair joined the International Section of the Black Panther Party but grew bored with the revolutionary life, eventually securing fake passports under the names Leavy Forte and Janice Ann Forte and, after Kerkow had made a number of undetected trips to France, they decided to leave Algeria for good and set up in paris in a flat there. Arrested on January 25, 1975, at the request of the FBI, on April 15, 1975, a French court refused a US extradition request for the pair on grounds the hijacking was a political act. In July 1986, French authorities moved to deport Holder to the US after he completed his sentence for 1984 assault charges. Kerkow was never extradited, and her whereabouts and status remain unknown. [nypost.com/2013/06/16/what-do-i-wear-to-a-hijacking/ liveitoutloud.com/post/2013/06/23/Fly-the-friendly-skies.aspx en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wright_(fugitive) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines#Accidents_and_incidents news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/brendan-i-koerner-the-golden-age-of-skyjacking news.google.com/newspapers?id=TIZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6061,4443636&hl=en www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/nyregion/ex-black-panther-extradited-to-us.html www.fbi.gov/wanted/dt/catherine-marie-kerkow/view]

[EE] 1975 - Facing heavy repression locally and potential new legislation that could include a prison sentence among other penalties, sex workers in Lyon occupied Saint-Nizier church, demanding an end to fines and police harassment. A banner was displayed stating: "Nos Enfants ne Veulent Pas Leur Mere en Prison" (Our children don’t want their mothers in prison). Surprisingly, the movement made all the newspapers headlines and was reported internationally. Sex workers received important support from the local population who brought them food and clothes. The abolitionists were also supporting them hoping that the mobilisation could raise awareness and eventually help stop prostitution. In many other cities, sex workers imitated the movement and churches were occupied in Paris, Marseille, Grenoble, Saint Etienne and Montpellier. The government finally decided to act and the sex workers were brutally expelled from the churches by the police on the morning of June 10. Ulla, the movement leader was outed with her real name and photographs published in the press. The Interior Minister accused them of being manipulated by pimps while the Women Rights Minister claimed she was not competent on the issue. The government refused any form of negotiation and instead ordered a report which was ignored once published in December 1975. [www.persee.fr/doc/rfsoc_0035-2969_2001_sup_42_1_5416]

1975 - Scarlat Callimachi or Calimachi (nicknamed Prinţul Roşu, the Red Prince; b. 1896), Romanian journalist, essayist, Futurist poet, trade unionist, youthful anarchist and later a communist activist, dies. [see: Sep. 20] || [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]
 * = 3 || 1886 - A large solidarity meeting in support of 3,500 Decazeville miners who had been out on strike since January is held in Paris at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre. Among the people who spoke was Louise Michel, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Dr. Paul Susini. The meeting ran a lively course and was widely reported on by the press. According to the police informant present there were 1500 people present and the spy alleged that Lafargue had threatened Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, head of the French branch of the banking family, with bodily injury. The four speakers were prosecuted on the basis of the Loi du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberté de la presse (the law of July 29, 1881 on the freedom of the press) and, on August 12, 1886, they were sentenced to between 4 and 6 months in prison with a 100 franc fine. Lafargue, Guesde and Susini refused to attend and were sentenced in absentia. They successfullt appealled, much to thier surprise, on September 24. Louise Michel refused to appeal and, after serving her sentence, was released with remission in November 1886.

[1887 - Ramona Berni i Toldrà (d. unknown), member of the group Los Solidarios [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona_Berni_i_Toldrà manresanes.blogspot.com/2008/06/ramona-berni.html docs.google.com/file/d/0ByhuTeUpjf8DbVkxVzhzU2lWTnc/edit?pref=2&pli=1]

1906 - Josephine Baker (Freda Josephine McDonald; d. 1975), African-American dancer, singer, actress and civil rights activist, who worked for the French military intelligence and the Résistance during WWII, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html]

1937 - Tang Qunying (唐群英; b. 1871) was the first female member of the Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance), a secret society and underground resistance movement founded in Tokyo by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in 1905, dies in her hometown of Hunan, China, on June 3, 1937, aged 66. [see: Dec. 8]

1940 - Helen Marot, American author, librarian and labour organiser, who was a member of the commission that investigated the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, and is best remembered for her efforts to address child labour and improve the working conditions of women, dies. [see: Jun. 9] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Marot spartacus-educational.com/USAWmarot.htm wyatt.elasticbeanstalk.com/mep/MS/xml/bmaroth.html justicelibraries.blogspot.co.uk/2008/01/helen-marot-1865-1940-librarian-for.html]

[A/E] 1968 - Valerie Solanas, author of the 'SCUM Manifesto', shoots Andy Warhol. [expand]

1979 - Gladys Gogoan, Spanish anarchist, murdered by the Guardia Civil during Earth Day protests, in Tudela.

2005 - Mary Frohman (b. 1947), American anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World, singer, guitarist, dies, of a heart attack while waiting for a bus. A member of the 'filk outfit' DeHorn Crew - the Chicago IWW's house band and lover of fellow anarchist and band member Leslie Fish, the fortune-telling character Mama Sutra in the novel '//Illuminatus!//' is probably based on her. [reason.com/archives/2005/06/09/american-anarchist] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0406.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt_Creus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt_Creus fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Claramunt libcom.org/history/claramunt-teresa-1862-1931 www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/TClaramunt.pdf sites.google.com/site/narracionsindex-narracions/2-catalunya/biografies-de-dones-catalanes/01-reines-politiques/03-teresa-claramunt-i-creus www.narracions.cat/index-narracions/2-catalunya/biografies-de-dones-catalanes/01-reines-politiques/03-teresa-claramunt-i-creus ca.sabadell.cat/Nomenclator/p/dades_cat.asp?Id=545 www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/teresa-claramunt-la-feminista-revolucionaria/20130627154115094138.html]
 * = 4 || 1862 - Teresa Claramunt i Creus, 'the Spanish Louise Michel' (d. 1931), Catalan textile worker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist pioneer, born. [expand]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: During the night of the June 3rd-4th, Rough's boathouse on the river at Oxford, near the Long Bridges, is targetted in an act of arson; est value £3,000. [lifeandtimesofflorencenightingale.wordpress.com/suffragette-newspaper-index/june-5-1913/]

[B] 1926 - Judith Malina, German-born American theatre and film actress, writer, director, anarchist and pacifist, born. One of the founders of The Living Theatre alongside her long-time collaborator and husband, Julian Beck. Also noted for playing Grandma in '//The Addams Family Movie//' (1991); and her roles in the films '//Awakenings//' (1990), '//Radio Days//' (1987) and '//Dog Day Afternoon//' (1975).

1937 - Emma Goldman and Fenner Brockway, of the Independent Labour Party, appeared at a meeting organised by the Anarcho-Syndicalist Union held at Conway Hall in London, speaking about the conditions in Spain during the Revolution. Also speaking was the 'Spain and the World' journalist, Sonia Clements, who spoke on hehalf of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Union. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0406.html]

1938 - Pepita (Josepa) Not (b. 1900), Spanish militant anarchist who was involved in the 1920s in transporting mail, money and weapons for Los Solidarios, dies in childbirth. [expand] [www.ita.anarchopedia.org/Pepita_Not ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Not www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0406.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8492 www.ephemanar.net/juin04.html]

[A/E] 1972 - Angela Davis found not guilty of all charges against her and released after two years in jail. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6854 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0506.html]
 * = 5 || 1922 - Madeleine Briselance (d. 2009), French bookbinder, libertarian and anti-militarist activist, born.

[E] 1975 - Margherita Cagol (b. 1945), Italian founder member (along with Alberto Franceschini and her partner Renato Curcio) and a former leader of the Brigate Rosse, is killed in a shoot-out during a police raid on the hideout where the kidnapped industrialist Vallarino Gancia was being held. [see: Apr. 8]

2005 - Pepita Carpeña (Josefa Carpena-Amat; b. 1919), Catalant anarcho-syndicalsist and anarcha-feminist militant, who in exile became one of the mainstays of the Centre Internacional de Recerques sobre l'Anarquisme (CIRA) in Marseille, dies. [see: Dec. 19] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8328]
 * = 6 || 1900 - Silvia Secchiari (d. 1959), Italian anarchist mulitant and anti-fascist, born. The daughter of anarchist militants, she was left paralysed by fascist violence and maintained her commitment to the anarchist cause by writing songs based on the history of her family and the local anarchist movement.

1909 - Émilie Lamotte (b. 1876), French teacher, miniatures painter, neo-Malthusian and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 21]

[E] 1988 - Maria Vladimirovna Alyokhina [Мари́я Влади́мировна Алёхина], Russian poet, journalist, political activist, and ex-member of the anti-Putinist punk rock group Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] and the street art group Voina (War/Война), born. She is also the cofounder (along with Nadezhda Tolokonnikova [Наде́жда Толоко́нникова]) organisation to protect the rights of prisoners Zona Prava [Зона Права](Zone of Rights) and the media network MediaZona [Медиазона]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alyokhina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мария_Алёхина en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Война_(арт-группа) zonaprava.com/ voiceproject.org/campaign/zona-prava/ zona.media]

1989 - The funeral of Franco-Spanish militant anarchist Hortensia Torres Cuadrado (b. 1924). Born into an anarchist family (her father taught in a Ferrer school before being deported to Germany by the Nazis where he died in 1941). Hortensia herself was interned in early 1939 at the Argelès camp in France, then turned over to Spain. In 1957, she returned to Toulouse as an employee of the Red Cross and worked with the SIA (International Solidarity Anti-fascist). On May 1, 1988, she participated in the re-establishing of the CNT in Madrid. It should be noted too that her son was imprisoned as a member of the GARI (Groupe d'action révolutionnaire internationaliste). [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_Torres_Cuadrado losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8226 mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_06_01_archive.html] || She expressed her progressive political views through her poetry and was invited by the state government to read her poems at an official celebration of the September independence festivals in 1874 – later collected into a book and published as '//Un Rayo de Luz//' (A Ray of Light). She was arrested for a number of anti-Diaz articles and in prison she met Elisa Acuña y Rossetti, Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza, and Inés Malváez, as well as beginning publishing '//Fiat Lux//', a radical journal. In 1905, she joined the staff of the '//La Mujer Mexicana//', becoming its editor. In 1907, Acuña, Belén and Jiménez y Muro founded Las Hijas de Anahuac, a group of about three hundred libertarian women, who demanded improved working conditions for women and advocated industrial action to achieve workers' rights. In 1910, Jiménez and others founded the Club Femenil Antirreeleccionista Hijas de Cuauhtémoc (Anti-Reelectionist Women's Club: Daughters of Cuauhtémoc), with Jiménez y Muro as its president. The club, which included Mercedes Arvides and Julia Nava de Ruisánchez, staged a demonstration in Mexico City on September 11, 1910, protesting against election fraud. For this and their radical activism against the Diaz regime, Jiménez, Acuña, Belén, and María Dolores Malváes were arrested and imprisoned at San Juan de Ulúa fortress in the Gulf of Mexico. The following year, Jimenez y Muro founded 'Regeneracion y Concordia' from her prison cell to "improve the lot of indigenous races, rural people, workers; to unify revolutionary forces, and elevate women economically, morally and intellectually". Thanks to her excellent writing skills and sense-making ideas regarding women and their value in Mexican society, Jiménez y Muro was selected a part of the group that wrote the 'Complot de Tacubaya', a document that took the ideas of several leading progressive thinkers and combined them into a call for the overthrow of President Porfirio Díaz. The document also set out plans for equal pay for men and women, and for education and housing reform. It also got her arrested when it was read out in Mexico City on October 31, 1911, and she was forced to go on hunger strike to gain her release – despite then being in her 60s. Emiliano Zapata however was impressed, especially with her call for restitution of lands, and invited her to Morelos, where she joined his forces in 1913 and was made one of the few Colonels in the Mexican Revolutionary Army, a cause she served the until Zapata's assassination in 1919. During that time she developed the prologue to the Plan de Ayala and directed the newspaper 'La Voz de Juárez'., which denounced the coup led by Victoriano Huerta to overthrow Madero. Zapata appointed her a brigadier general to try and stave off Huerta's wrath but it was insufficient to prevent her being imprisoned by Huerta in 1914 for eleven months. She died on October 15, 1925, in Mexico City, at the age of 75. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Jiménez_y_Muro es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Jiménez_y_Muro]
 * = 7 || [EE] 1848 - Dolores Jiménez y Muro (d. 1925), Mexican schoolteacher, writer, poet, socialist activist, and Colonel in the Mexican Revolutionary Army, who was a supporter and associate of General Emiliano Zapata, born.

1876 - Adya van Rees (Adrienne Catherine Dutilh; d. 1959), Dutch artist (needle art, embrodery and wall hangings) who was involved with Dadaism and the Ascona colony, born. She met her partner the Dutch painter and Tolstoyian anarchist Otto van Rees at the International Brotherhood colony at Blaricum in 1904. [www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/dutihl www.kubisme.info/kb156.html sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/arees.htm]

[E] 1881 - Kanno Sugako ( 管野 スガ ; d. 1911), also called Suga, Japanese anarcha-feminist journalist, writer and activist, born. Also used the pen names Yūgetsujo and Yūgetsu. Partner of Kōtoku Shūsui (幸徳秋水), she would dies alongside him following their supposed involvement in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken) plot against the Japanese Emperor's life. [see: May 20] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanno_Sugako ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/管野スガ]

1898 - In Chicago, Emma Goldman attends the first convention of Eugene Debs's Social Democracy movement; in her view it is a "fiasco." When she is at first prevented from speaking at the event, Debs personally invites Goldman to address the convention.

[B/EEE] 1902 - Germaine Berton (d. 1942), French trade union militant and anarchist, born. Previously a member of the Communist Party, she joined l'Union Anarchiste in Paris in 1922 but left to join an individualist group. That year she joined the defence committee of the 1919 Mutinerie des Marins de la Mer Noire (Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea) and was also imprisoned for insulting the secretary of the Police Commissioner. On January 22, 1923, Berton had planned to kill Leon Daudet, a notorious right-wing extremist/propagandist of l'Action Française, but instead she ended up shooting Marius Plateau, Chef des Camelots du Roi [see: Jan. 22]. She later attempted to commit suicide to escape the judgement but, defended by Henry Torres, she was acquitted on Dec. 24, 1923. '//Le Libertaire//' has declared her a hero, running a vociferous support campaign which led to her adoption by the Surrealists and featuring in a famous '//La Révolution Surréaliste//' collage. Following her aquittal, Germaine undertook a lecture tour, one date (Bordeaux) was prohibited by the police, leading to a fight and mass arrests - more than 150 people, including Berton. Sentenced to four months in prison plus a 100 franc fine, she was interned at Fort du Hâ where she pursued a hunger strike and was hospitalised. Upon her release her mental health deteriorated, quit political activities and later attempted suicide on Philippe Daudet's grave at the Père Lachaise cemetry. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article335 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Berton forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/2015/03/13/why-i-shot-a-oyalist-germaine-berton/ surrint.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/autobiografia-de-germaine-berton_17.html philippepoisson-hotmail.com.over-blog.com/2014/03/germaine-berton-anarchiste-et-meurtriere-son-proces-en-cours-d-assises-du-18-au-24-decembre-1923.html paris-luttes.info/24-decembre-1923-germaine-berton-1589?lang=fr news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19241227&id=qugUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5919,4185060 hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/418534/filename/Germaine_Berton-NQF.pdf]

1964 - Takamure Itsue (高群 逸枝; b. 1894), Japanese poet, activist-writer, feminist, anarchist, ethnologist and the first historian of Japanese women, dies of cancerous peritonitis. [see: Jan. 18]

1967 - Dorothy Parker (b. 1893), US poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist, who became a vocal advocate of causes like civil liberties and civil rights, resulting in her being labelled a communist by the FBI, dies of a heart attack at the age of 73. [see: Aug. 22] || Died September 30, 1915 from bronchial asthma complicated by a severe form of tuberculosis. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Езерская,_Лидия_Павловна www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=50&tek=729&issue=20 www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/105/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html]
 * = 8 || 1866 - [O.S. May 28] Lidia Ezerskaya [Лидия Езерская] (Lidia Pavlovna Kazanovich [Лидия Павловна Казанович]; d. 1915), Russian dentist and Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) member, born. October 29 / nov. 10, 1905 made ​​an attempt on the governor of Mogilev (Могилевского) Province, Nikolai Klingenberg (Николай Клингенберг), wounding him. Tried March 19 [7], 1906 in Kiev, in contrast to most of the revolutionaries, civil rather than a military court, which contributed to a relatively lenient sentence - Ezerskaya was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison.

[A] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragette Emily Wilding Davison dies after falling under the hooves of the King's horse at the Epsom Derby.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Kitty Marion and Betty Giveen burn down the stands at Hurst Park racecourse, near Hampton Court Palace. They were arrested and charged at Richmond court on June 10 with being concerned together in feloniously and maliciously setting fire to the buildings and causing damage to the extent of £7,000 for the arson attack and released on bail of £2000 each on sureties partly offered by two wealthy WSPU supporters. At their trial on July 3, Kitty Marion and Betty Giveen were both found guilty, and each sentenced to three years' penal servitude. [womanandhersphere.com/2013/06/07/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-emily-wilding-davison-and-hurst-park/ viceandvirtueblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/kitty-marion-edwardian-englands-most-dangerous-woman/ spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion womanandhersphere.com/2014/11/06/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-arson-a-route-taken-and-a-touch-of-solipsism/ www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/books/molesey/tm/tm_19.htm www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/pictures/themes/hurstpark.htm www.historytoday.com/fern-riddell/weaker-sex-violence-and-suffragette-movement]

1922 - Débora Céspedes (d. 2009), Uraguayan poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0806.html armandolveira.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/una-cronologia-asturiana-en-uruguay_778.html]

1939 - Emmy Eckstein (Emilia Eckstein; b. 1900), German anarchist Alexander Berkman's longtime companion, dies after a series of operations on her stomach. [see: Oct. 10]

[E] 1972 - Gudrun Ensslin is arrested in the Linette clothing boutique in Hamburg after a sales clerk notices that she is carrying a gun and calls the police. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1986 - Elfie Gidlow (b. 1898), British-born, Canadian-American feminist poet, freelance journalist, philosophical anarchist, lesbian and Taoist, dies. [see: Dec. 29]

1993 - Deolinda Lopes Vieira [also known as Deolinda Quartim] (b. 1888), Portuguese educator, feminist, Mason, anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

2010 - Sara Berenguer Laosa (b. 1919), Catalan poet, anarchist and member of Mujeres Libres, dies. Wrote a narrative autobiography '//Entre El Sol y la Tormenta//' (Between the Sun and the Storm; 1988). [see: Jan. 1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner]
 * = 9 || [E] 1843 - Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner (d. 1914), Czech-Austrian pacifist, novelist and journalist, who in 1905 was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, born. She founded the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft (German Peace Society) in 1892 and was the editor of the international pacifist journal '//Die Waffen Nieder!//'.

1865 - Helen Marot, American author, librarian and labour organiser, who was a member of the commission that investigated the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, and is best remembered for her efforts to address child labour and improve the working conditions of women, born.

1894 - [O.S. May 28] Nina Aleksandrovna Nikitina (Нина Александровна Никитина; 1894-1942), Russian officer worker [Second Moscow State Secretary of Finance and Accounting Department] and anarcho-mystic, born. She was arrested on September 12, 1930, for membership of the anarcho-mystic organisation Order of the World (Орден Света), membership of an illegal organisation and anti-Soviet agitation. On January 13, 1931, she was sentenced to three years' deportation to Central Asia (Tashkent). Released on Sept. 19, 1933, after which she worked as a stenographer in the Commissariat of the Uzbek SSR until 1937, after which she worked with sick children in the children's tuberculosis hospital in the German occupied city of Kalinin (Tver) until her death. [www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=1423 krotov.info/libr_min/14_n/ik/itin_andr_9e.htm www.istpravda.ru/digest/5565/ www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/28596/70/Kolpakidi_-_Okkul'tnye_sily_SSSR.html]

1933 - Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira (b. 1914), Spanish socialist (in the Partido Socialista Obrero Español) and activist for the sexual revolution, she was concieved by her mother in a eugenics experiment and brought up by her as a model for women of the future, only to be murdered by her at the age of eighteen, is killed – shot three times in the head, and once in the heart – by her increasingly paranoisd and jealous mother. [see: Dec. 9]

1943 - Ester Frumkin (Khaye Malke Lifshits aka Maria Iakovlevna Frumkina [Мария Яковлевна Фрумкина]; b. 1880), Belarus educator, journalist, and member of the Jewish social-democratic and communist movement, who was the most prominent female leader of the Jewish Labour Bund in Russia a leader in the Evsektsiyas [Евсекция] (Jewish section) of the Russian Communist Party (b), dies in a forced labor camp for political prisoners in Kazakhstan, a victim of Stalinist repression. She joined the Bund (General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia) [Всеобщий еврейский рабочий союз в Литве, Польше и России] / Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund Ying Lite, Poyln un Rusland) in Minsk in 1897, becoming a member of its Central Committee in 1910. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фрумкина,_Мария_Яковлевна www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Lifshits_Khaye_Malke jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/frumkin-esther]

1944 - Johanna 'Hanna' Kirchner (Johanna Stunz; b. 1889), German Social Democrat, feminist, member of the German anti-Nazi underground and resistance fighter in the French Résistance, is beheaded in Berlin-Plötzensee Prison for treason. [see: Apr. 24]

1972 - Rote Armee Fraktion member (and original member of the SPK) Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) member Bernhard Braun are captured in Berlin. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

[A] 1976 - Anarchists Marie and Noel Murray sentenced to hang by a Dublin court for the killing of a Gardai during an attempted bank robbery. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Berber www.cabaret-berlin.com/?p=365 strangeflowers.wordpress.com/tag/anita-berber/]
 * = 10 || 1899 - Anita Berber (d. 1928), German dancer, actress, writer and icon of the Weimar era, who was the subject of a famous Otto Dix painting, born. Androgenous, bisexual, habitual drug user/addict (cocaine, opium, morphine, chloroform, ether and alcohol), her performances with her virtual alter ego and sometime lover Sebastian Droste, verged on total nudity, pushing the boundaries of what was acceptable even on the Weimar stage. Diagnosed with severe tuberculosis after collapsing whilst performing in Damascus, she returned to Germany and died in a Kreuzberg hospital on November 10, 1928, and was buried in a pauper's grave.

1904 - Maria Zazzi (d. 1993), life-long Italian anarchist militant, born. She was in the front line in the campaign for Sacco and Vanzetti. In 1932 she moved to Paris, where she met the Russian anarchist Ida Mett and her companion Nicolas Lazarevitch, the Spanish anarchists Buenaventura Durruti and Francisco Ascaso, the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno and the Russian Volin. When her then partner, the Bolognese anarchist Armando Malaguti, enrolled in the Ascaso Column in Spain and fought at Monte Pelato on the Aragon Front, Maria moved to Barcelona to take part in the Revolution. In Bologna, in the late 1950s, she began a relationship with the anarchist Alfonso 'Libero' Fantazzini, the father of Horst, the future 'gentleman bank-robber' anarchist illegalist. [libcom.org/history/zazzi-maria-1904-1993 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Zazzi www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1006.html www.horstfantazzini.net/maria_zazzi.htm circoloberneri.indivia.net/le-nostre-storie/maria-zazzi-una-donna-mite-col-cuore-da-guerrigliera www.arivista.org/?nr=197&pag=197_14.htm]

[E] 1907 - The first edition of '//Tiān yì bào//' (天义报; 'Journal of Natural Justice'), the journal of the Chinese anarcha-feminist Society for the Restoration of Women's Rights (女子復權會), is published. The Society was formed by He Ban [何班]; ca. 1884 - ca. 1920), better known by her taken name He Zhen (何震; He 'Thunderclap') and her penname He-Yin Zhen (何殷震), following the move by her and her partner Liu Shipei (劉師培) to Tokyo, where He Zhen became one of the mainstays of the Chinese anarchist group there. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Rights_Recovery_Association www.wenku1.com/view/BCA7C115769840C9.html libcom.org/files/He%20Zhen%20and%20Anarcha-Feminism%20in%20China.pdf]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Kitty Marion and Betty Giveen are charged at Richmond court with being concerned together in feloniously and maliciously setting fire to the buildings and causing damage to the extent of £7,000 for the arson attack at Hurst Park racecourse, near Hampton Court Palace and released on bail of £2000 each on sureties partly offered by two wealthy WSPU supporters. [womanandhersphere.com/2013/06/07/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-emily-wilding-davison-and-hurst-park/ viceandvirtueblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/kitty-marion-edwardian-englands-most-dangerous-woman/ spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion womanandhersphere.com/2014/11/06/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-arson-a-route-taken-and-a-touch-of-solipsism/ www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/books/molesey/tm/tm_19.htm]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: An explosion at Barras Bridge Post Office in Newcastle in the early hours of the morning causes some damage to stone facings and brickwork. Alterations were being made to the building at the time and the timing of the incident suggests that damage to property to raise awareness of their cause was preferable to human casualties. Two policemen in the area saw a bright flash ‘followed by a report’. Burnt fuses and gunpowder were later discovered. [www.livingnorth.com/northeast/people-places/think-you-know-newcastle radicaltyneside.org/events/smashing-windows-newcastle-liberal-club-suffragettes]

2003 - Sarah Goldberg (b. 2003), Belgian Jew, member of the Rote Kappelle (Red Orchestra) anti-Nazi resistance network and founding member of Amnesty International in Belgium, dies. [see: Jan. 1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett spartacus-educational.com/WfawcettM.htm www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/about-2/history/]
 * = 11 || [E] 1847 - Millicent Garrett Fawcett (d. 1929), English feminist, suffragist, writer and intellectual, political and union leader, born. In 1871 co-founded Newnham College, Cambridge, and was president of the mainstream National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897-1919), disagreeing with the militancy of the WSPU.

1898 At a public meeting in the Salle de L'Harmonie in Paris, the anarchist, Louise Michel, Laurent Tailhade and Charles Malato discuss the big political issues of the moment: famine, mass repression of workers in Italy, the processes of Montjuïc in Catalonia, the war in Cuba and the deception of universal suffrage, and the price of bread; all from a libertarian perspective. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1106.html]

1959 - Dolores Rodríguez Fernández (b. 1915), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in exile in France. [see: Dec. 16]

1984 - Matilde Saiz Alonso (b. 1917), Spanish anarchist and miliciana, who fought with the Columna Roja i Negra and was the partner of fellow anarchist Francisco Sansano Navarro, dies. [see: Apr. 11]

2007 - Vicki Ama Garvin (b. 1915), African-American communist, liberation activist, pan-africanist and internationalist, dies. [see: Dec. 18]

2012 - Ann Sanderson, aged 37, was shot by a police marksman in a deserted Sevenoaks department store car park. [expand] ||
 * = 12 || 1856 - [N.S. Jun. 24] Anna Vasilevna Yakimova-Dikovsky (Анна Васильевна Якимова-Диковская; d. 1942), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), its fighting group Freedom or Death (Свобода или Смерть), and the Socialist Revolutionary Party, writer and historian, born. [see: Jun. 24]

1874 - [N.S. Jun. 24] Yelena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина] (d. unknown), Russian teacher and Narodnista revolutionary, who was the daughter of prominent Narodista revolutionary Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова], born. [see: Jun 24]

1876 - Leonor Villegas de Magnón (d. 1955), Mexican anarchist, teacher and journalist, who founded the international Mexican American relief service, La Cruz Blanca, in 1913 during the Mexican revolution, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_Villegas_de_Magnón www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1206.html www.chihuahuamexico.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3009&Itemid=40 archon.lib.uh.edu/?p=creators/creator&id=213 www.informate.com.mx/especiales/la-cruz-blanca-de-leonor-villegas-de-magnon.html]

1885 - Adrienne Montégudet (born Victorine Valentine Augustine Amélie Valdant; d. 1948), French teacher, militant communist, revolutionary syndicalist and ultimately a libertarian, born. [www.ephemanar.net/aout23.html#montegudet militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6743 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1206.html anarchie23.centerblog.net/5645685-Une-Anarchiste-Aubussonnaise-]

[E] 1915 - [O.S. May 30] A crowd of local women from the industrial town of Orekhovo (Оре́хово), mostly soldatki (soldiers' wives), wrecked the stalls in the trading rows in protest against the high price of eggs and other products; one of numerous women's food riots across Eastern Europe during WWI. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1942 - Anna Vasilevna Yakimova-Dikovsky (Анна Васильевна Якимова-Диковская; b. 1856), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), its fighting group Freedom or Death (Свобода или Смерть), and the Socialist Revolutionary Party, writer and historian, dies. [see: Jun. 24]

2013 - Three FEMEN members - Pauline Hillier and Marguerite Stern, both French, and a German, Josephine Markmann - are convicted of public indecency while protesting for the release of Amina Tyler (a Tunisian woman who had caused outrage after posting a topless photo on Facebook following her arrest for painting 'FEMEN' on a cemetery wall in Kairouan to protest against the annual congress of Salafi party Ansar al-Sharia. All three were released on June 26, 2013 after a Tunisian court lifted their prison sentence. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1306.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10875]
 * = 13 || [E] 1964 - Lola Amorós (Dolors Amorós Santmartí; b. unknown), Catalan textile worker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in exile in Mexico. A militant in the Confederació Nacional del Treball, she was also partner of Domingo Rojas Fuentes (José Torres) and mother of the anarchist militants Eliseo and Floreal Rojas Amorós. With the defeat of the Republic, the family crossed the Pyrenees, settling in Perpignan. In 1940 her family was able to cross the Atlantic and settled in Havana, Cuba in 1942, and from 1943 in Mexico. In 1944 she participated in the founding of the editorial group of the Mexican newspaper 'Tierra y Libertad', taking care of correspondence and of various publishing tasks.

1969 - Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Söhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are released from prison pending review of their cases after their October 1968 sentencing to three years in prison for the April 2, 1968 Frankfurt am Main department store arsons. When their appeal is denied, Baader, Ensslin and Proll go on the run and are smuggled out of the country by sympathisers.

2011 - Valerie Powles (Valerie Gay Powles; b. 1950), English teacher, vocational historian, local activist and anarcho-individualist, dies. [see: May 14] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_R._Ehrmann werehistory.org/sara-ehrmann]
 * = 14 || [E] 1895 - Sara R. Ehrmann (d. 1993), US housewife and mother of two children, who became a prominent campaigner against capital punishment in Massachusetts and countrywide, having gotten to know Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti during their trial when her husband Herbert worked on their defence, born.

1920 - Anna Maria 'Marianna' Mozzoni (b. 1837 ), Italian journalist, socialist and militant feminist, dies. [see: May 5]

1928 - Emmeline Pankhurst (Emmeline Goulden; 15 July 1858), British suffragette leader and socialist, who was the mother of three other prominent suffragettes, Christabel, Sylvia, and Adela Pankhurst, dies. [see: Jul. 15]

1968 - Rirette Maîtrejean (Anna Henriette Estorges; b. 1887), French individualist anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. [see: Aug. 14]

2005 - Marie 'Mimi' Parent (b. 1924), Canadian surrealist artist, dies. [see: Sep. 8] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Despard spartacus-educational.com/Wdespard.htm]
 * = 15 || 1844 - Charlotte Despard (Charlotte French; d. 1939), Anglo-Irish novelist, suffragist, Sinn Féin activist, communist, vegetarian and anti-vivisection advocate, who quit the NUWSS for the WSPU because of the former's "votes for ladies" stance and later quit the WSPU to help form the Women's Freedom League because of Emmeline Pankhurst' dictatorial manner, born.

1853 - [N.S. Jun. 27] Sophia Illarionovna Bardina aka 'Auntie' [Тётенька] (Софья Илларионовна Бардина; b. 1853), Russian anarchist revolutionary in the populist movement of the 1870s, who was influenced Kropotkin and Bakunin, born. [see: Jun. 27]

1869 - [N.S. Jun. 27] Emma Goldman (d. 1940), world citizen, anarchist rebel, feminist, anti-militarist and force of nature, born in Lithuania. [see: Jun. 27]

1901 - The first issue of Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza and Elisa Acuña Rosete's antiporfirista women's weekly '//Vésper//' in Guanajuato, central México. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vésper www.omni-bus.com/n36/sites.google.com/site/omnibusrevistainterculturaln36/historia/juana-belen-gutierrez-de-mendoza.html]

[E] 1912 - Fanny Schoonheyt aka 'la reina de la ametralladora' (the queen of the machine gun), Hans G. Rink & Fanny Lopez (Fernanda Maria Wilhelmina Albertina Schoonheyt; d. 1961), Dutch foreign correspondent, anti-fascist and miliciana (with the PSUC) during the Spanish Civil War, born. She fought on the Aragón front from July/August 1936 until the November, when she was wounded, and took part in the 1937 Hechos de Mayo repression of the anachist and POUM forces in Barcelona. In the late spring of 1938 Fanny tries to get her Dutch passport renewed at the consulate of the Netherlands in Barcelona. Her request is denied and after a period in France (mid 1938 to early 1940), she ended up in the Dominican Republic in February 1940, where she gave birth to a daughter, Marisa, in 1940 and, after taking the name Fanny Lopez, made a living as a photographer. Due to health problems, Fanny returned to Rotterdam around 1957, where she died of a heart attack at the age of 49. [www.albavolunteer.org/2011/12/queen-of-the-machine-gun-fanny-schoonheyt-dutch-miliciana/ resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Schoonheyt www.onvoltooidverleden.nl/index.php?id=409]

1917 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are arrested during a raid of their offices which yields "a wagon load of anarchist records and propaganda" for the authorities according to 'The New York Times'. The pair were charged with conspiracy to "induce persons not to register" under the newly enacted Espionage Act, and were held on US$25,000 bail each. Defending herself and Berkman during their trial, Goldman invoked the First Amendment, asking how the government could claim to fight for democracy abroad while suppressing free speech at home: We say that if America has entered the war to make the world safe for democracy, she must first make democracy safe in America. How else is the world to take America seriously, when democracy at home is daily being outraged, free speech suppressed, peaceable assemblies broken up by overbearing and brutal gangsters in uniform; when free press is curtailed and every independent opinion gagged? Verily, poor as we are in democracy, how can we give of it to the world? However, the jury found Goldman and Berkman guilty. Judge Julius Marshuetz Mayer imposed the maximum sentence: two years' imprisonment, a $10,000 fine each, and the possibility of deportation after their release from prison. Goldman was released on September 27, 1919 and Berkman on October 1, 1919, looking "haggard and pale"; according to Goldman - he had spent seven months in solitary confinement in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary for protesting the beating of other inmates. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Goldman en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berkman query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D01EFDA123BE03ABC4E52DFB066838C609EDE]

1942 - Vera Nikolayevna Figner (Ве́ра Никола́евна Фи́гнер; b. 1852), Russian revolutionary, Bakuninist socialist, poet and memoirist, who plotted to blow up the Tsar and later directed the Kropotkin Museum, dies in Moscow at age 89. [see: Jul. 7]

1952 - Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek aka Christine Granville (b. 1908), Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive, who fought in poland and France, is stabbed to death by Dennis Muldowney, a man whose advances she had rejected. He was convicted of her murder and hanged in HMP Pentonville on September 30, 1952. [see: May 1]

1971 - RAF members Ulrike Meinhof and Gerhard Müller are arrested in an apartment in Hanover.

1974 - Sara Bard Field (b. 1882), American poet, pacifist, suffragist, Christian socialist and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [see: Sep. 1]

2015 - Magdalena Cäcilia Kopp (b. 1948), German photographer, member of the Frankfurt Revolutionären Zellen (Revolutionary Cells) and partner of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez aka 'Carlos the Jackal', dies. [see: Apr. 2] ||
 * = 16 || 1913 - Emma Goldman begins a lecture tour (June 16-July 9) in Los Angeles on anarchism and modern drama. General lecture topics include 'Friedrich Nietzsche, the Anti-Governmentalist', 'The Social Evil', and 'The Child and Its Enemies: The Revolutionary Developments in Modern Education'. Dramatists discussed include Henrik Ibsen, Hermann Sudermann, Otto Hartleben, J. M. Synge, William Butler Yeats, Lady Isabella Gregory, Lennox Robinson, Thomas C. Murray, and E. N. Chirikov.

1917 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman plead not guilty on conspiracy charges; bail set at $25,000 each. Emma Goldman disappointed by Ben Reitman's failure to return to New York to support their pending trial.

1938 - Anastasia Alekseevna Bitsenko (Анастасии Алексеевна Биценко; b. 1875), prominent Russian revolutionary, is shot by a firing squad, having been found guilty of belonging to a S-R terrorist organisation. [see: Nov. 10]

[E] 1944 - Liliana Delfino, aka 'La Alemana', Argentine psychologist, member of the PRT-El Combatiente and an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People 's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla, who was kidnapped on July 19, 1976 in the town of Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires and 'disappeared', born. Like Ana Maria Lanzilotto [see: Apr. 22] who was one of the three people (plus Delfino's two children) who detained with her, she was six months pregnant at the time and it is believed that Delfino was taken to clandestine El Campito detention centre called located inside the military garrison of Campo de Mayo, where she would have given birth. After the delivery, she would have been transferred to the concentration camp called Vesuvius, which was located in the town of Ciudad Evita and was used by the Army to hold, torture and dispatch the disappeared. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliana_Marta_Delfino]

1969 - Marie Mayoux (aka Joséphine Bourgon; b. 1878), French teacher, militant syndicalist, pacifist and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 24] [www.ephemanar.net/juin16.html#16 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/marie-y-francois-mayoux.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MayouxMarie.htm]

1970 - Elsa Yur'evna Triolet (born Ella Kagan; b. 1896), Russian-born French writer, one-time Futurist, Surrealist muse, communist and Resistance fighter, dies. [see: Sep. 12]

1972 - Ulrike Meinhof is captured by West German police. || [* NB. Some sources give the year as 1849.]
 * = 17 || 1851* - [N.S. Jun 29] Elizaveta Nikolayevna Kovalskaya (Елизавета Николаевна Ковальская; d. 1943), Russian revolutionary, member of the Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and a founding member of Black Repartition (Чёрный передел), born. [see: Jun. 29]

[E] 1856 - Nannie Florence Dryhurst (Hannah Ann Robinson; d. 1930), Irish school governess, teacher, translator, anarchist communist and atheist, born in Dublin. Following her marriage, she moved to London, where she taught at the International School, the anarchist free school set up at 19 Fitzroy Square in the early 1890s by the French anarchist and Communard Louise Michel, and became involved in the Freedom group, becoming a close friend of Charlotte Wilsonand Peter Kropotkin. A French, German, and Irish Gaelic speaker, she used her language skills to translate article for 'Freedom' (also becoming its editor for a short period) and translated Kropotkin’s book 'The Great French Revolution' into English. Her articles regulalry appeared in both the anarchist and irish press under the penname N.F. Dryhurst. [libcom.org/history/dryhurst-nannie-florence-1856-1930]

[EE] 1926 - Eve Adams (or Addams) aka Eva Kotchever (Chava Zlocower; 1891 - 1943), a Polish-American Jew, lesbian and anarchist, is arrested in the lesbian speakeasy and tea room, Eve’s Hangout (it had a sign on the door that announced: "Men are admitted, but not welcome"), that she ran with her partner Ruth Norlander at 129 MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. Friends of Emma Goldman, the couple had also previously run a gay-friendly anarchist café in Chicago called The Gray Cottage. Eve's crime? Showing an undercover female police officer a collection of short stories she was writing called 'Lesbian Love'. Arrested as part of a mid-1920’s police crackdown on gay and lesbian clubs in the Village, Eve was charges with 'disorderly conduct' for allegedly making homosexual advances toward the officer, and her manuscript along with twelve other 'objectionable' books in her possession were seized as obscene material. Eve was sentenced to a year in the workhouse and was deported France in December 1926. There she ran a lesbian nightclub in Montmartre and later sold queer literature and porn to make ends meet, befriending Henry Miller and Anaiis Nin along the way. She later moved to Spain during the Civil War and, upon her subsequent return to France, studied at the Sorbonne. Rounded-up as a Jew, on December 17, 1943, Eve was deported from Drancy to Auchwitz where she was murdered. [www.politicalscience.hawaii.edu/emmagoldman/ kheldara.tumblr.com/post/80492303736/so-can-we-talk-about-eve-addams-aka-the-next-queer lostwomynsspace.blogspot.co.uk/2011_05_01_archive.html gvshp.org/blog/2014/10/30/lgbtq-history-macdougal-street/]

1937 - The Austrian anarchist Katia Landau (Julia Lipschutz; 1895 or 1905 - unknown) is amongst those POUM members arrested by the NKVD in the post-May Days crackdown on the opponents of the Stalinisation of the Revolution, including those amongst the anarchists and left communists opposing the militarisation of the militia. Prominent amongst them is Katia's partner, the prominent Austrian Marxist Kurt Landau, whom they hope to lure out of hiding - he was given refuge in the Barcelona CNT headquarters, secured for him by Augustin Souchy. Katia and the other POUM members were brutally tortured and attmpts made to force them to sign various forms of confessions (being foreign agents, counter-revolutionaries, etc.). On September 23, 1937, Kurt Landau was discovered hiding in the house of a POUM comrade, Carlotta Duran, and disappeared. In prison Katia Landau's prolonged attempts to gain news about the fate of her 'disappeared' husband fall on deaf ears and on November 8 she is forced to resort to a hunger strike. 500 other women, mostly Germans, in Barcelona's Carcel de Mujeres with her, mount hunger strike in solidarity. A visit to the prison by an international commissions of enquiry into the situation in the state prisons, the circumstances in which several foreign representatives of worker’s organisations, including Erwin Wolf, Marc Rhein and Kurt Landau, had disappeared, as well as the disappearance of Andrés Nin, was greeted by the singing of the 'International'e by hundreds of women prisoners – all "Fascist agents" according to the Stalinists. [www.nodo50.org/despage/not_prensa/opinion/pepe_gutierrez/Katia Landau/katia_landau.htm old.kaosenlared.net/noticia/kurt-katia-landau-historia-para-no-olvidar de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landau_(Politiker) www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain08.htm www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain09.htm theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-political-persecution-in-republican-spain www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1988/xx/landau.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol4/no1-2/schafra.htm]

1955 - Ida Aalle-Teljo (Ida Sofia Ahlstedt; b. 1875), Finnish baker, seamstress, socialist, feminist and MP, dies. [see: May 6] ||
 * = 18 || 1853 - [N.S. Jun. 30] Olga Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Ольга Спиридоновна Любатович) aka 'Shaeek' (Акула), Olga Doroshenko (Ольга Дорошенко), (Maria Svyatskaya) Мария Святская (d. 1917), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, narodnitsa and member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), born. [see: Jun. 30]

[E] 1858 - Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi (Manikarnika; b. 1828), queen of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State in north-central India and military leader during India’s First War of Independence, whose death in battle is the subject of many heroic legends, is killed in battle at Kotah-ki-Serai as she leads a large Indian force against the 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars. Various versions of her demise exist, including one that says that Lakshmibai put on a sowar's uniform and attacked one of the hussars, was wounded and later dispatched by the same soldiers as she shot at him. Another has her dressed as a cavalry leader being badly wounded and, not wishing the British to capture her body, telling a hermit to burn it; or being shot on the ramparts of Gwalior Fort. [see: Nov. 19]

1873 - Marie Julienne Capderoque aka Marion Bachmann (d. unkown), French milliner, syndicalist, feminist and anarchist, born. In 1893 Capderoque founded the Comité d'Études des Femmes Socialistes Révolutionnaires. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7833 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1806.html]

2007 - Vilma Espín (Vilma Lucila Espín Guillois; b. 1930), Cuban revolutionary, feminist, and chemical engineer, who was the partner of Raúl Castro, dies following a long illness. [see: Apr. 7] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pankhurst-adela-constantia-9275]
 * = 19 || [E] 1885 - Adela Pankhurst (Adela Constantia Mary Pankhurst; d. 1961), British-Australian suffragette, political organiser, and co-founder of both the Communist Party of Australia and the proto-fascist Australia First Movement, born. Daughter of Emmeline Pankhurst and sister of Sylvia and Christabel, she was a member of the WSPU but, estranged from her family, Adela emigrated to Australia in 1914. During World War I, she as an organiser for the Women's Peace Army in Melbourne, writing anti-war pamphlets and the book 'Put Up the Sword' (1915). In 1917, she married Tom Walsh of the Federated Seamen's Union of Australasia and, in 1920, became a founding member of the Communist Party of Australia, from which she was later expelled. Disillusioned with communism, she founded the anti-communist Australian Women's Guild of Empire in 1927 and in 1941 became a founding member of the nationalist Australia First Movement. The following year she was interned for advocating peace with Japan.

1888 - [N.S. Jul. 1] Serafim Ivanovna Deryabin (Серафима Ивановна Дерябина; d. 1920), Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik, who escaped from the White Army's notorious 'train of death', born. [see: Jul. 1]

1900 - María Ascaso Budría (d. 1955), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist activist, who was imprisoned several times in Zaragoza then Barcelona for her anarchist activities, born. Cousin of the Asacaso Abadia family, María Ascaso Budría was the sister of the prominent anarcho-syndicalist Joaquín and of José Ascaso, and her son Miguel Jiménez Herrero would also become an anarcho-syndicalist militant. Her partner was the prominent FAI activist Miguel Jimenez Herrero, with whom she went into exile in France during the Retirada. After the Liberation she settled with him in Paris and died at the Broussais hospital in Paris on December 16, 1955. Numerous sources confuse her with Maria Ascaso Abadia, the sister of Francisco and Domingo Ascaso, who was exiled in Mexico. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11975]

1902 - Harriette Vyda Simms Moore (d. 1952), African-American teacher and civil rights worker, born. She was the wife of Harry T. Moore (1905-1951), who founded the first branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Brevard County, Florida. On Christmas night, 1951, Moore and his wife were fatally injured at home by a bomb that went off beneath their house. It was the Moores' twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. Moore died on the way to the hospital in Sanford, Florida. His wife died from her injuries nine days later. In its 2005-2006 re-investigation, the State of Florida concluded that the murder of the Moores by bombing their home had been the work of violent members of a central Florida Ku Klux Klan group and it named the chief suspects [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette_Moore]

1914 - Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão (d. 1999), Portuguese anarchist and nurse, born. Daughter of the anarchist Francisco Franco and life-long partner of militant anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino.

1937 - The Women’s Day Massacre: Police use tear gas on the women and children sitting in chairs supporting a picket line during a strike at Republic Steel in Youngstown, Ohio.

1953 - Ethel and Julius Rosenberg electrocuted in Sing-Sing Prison, Ossining, NY, for alleged sale of atomic secrets to Russians. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceline_Desbordes-Valmore merlerene.canalblog.com/archives/2014/08/23/30487437.html republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm poesie.webnet.fr/lesgrandsclassiques/poemes/marceline_desbordes_valmore/marceline_desbordes_valmore.html]
 * = 20 || 1786 - Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (d. 1859), French poet, actress, singer and cantatrice, who was sympathetic to the Saint-Simonianist movement of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, born. Nicknamed 'Notre-Dame-Des-Pleurs', she was one of the founders of French Romantic poetry, despite her dark and difficult themes. She also had strong modernist traits and was the only female writer Paul Verlaine included in the famous '//Les Poètes Maudits//' anthology published in 1884. Her 1839 collection of poems '//Pauvres Fleurs//' contained many works inspired by the Lyon silk workers' insurrection of 1834, including '//Par un jour funèbre de Lyon//'

[E] 1871 - Margarete Hilferding (Margarete Hönigsberg; d. 1942), Austrian Jewish teacher, doctor, individual psychologist, socialist and feminist advocate of birth control and the liberalisation of abortion provision, born. In 1903, she was the first woman to graduate from the medical school at the University of Vienna. The following year she married the Austro-Marxist economist Rudolf Hilferding, who later became Minister of Finance of the Weimar Republic, but they separated in 1909. She was also the first female member of Sigmund Freud's Mittwochgesellschaft (Wednesday Society), later the Wiener Psychoanalytische Vereinigung (Vienna Psychoanalytic Society). After WWI, she was active in the fields of science policy and social and educational provison, particulalry for women, in Rotes Wien (Red Vienna), when the city was run by the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (Social Democratic Labour Party) from 1918-34. Persecuted by the Nazis, on June 28, 1942, she was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp and on September 23, 1942, died on the transport between Theresienstadt concentration camp and Maly Trostenets extermination camp. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_Hilferding www.fraueninbewegung.onb.ac.at/Pages/PersonDetail.aspx?p_iPersonenID=8674748]

1874 - Maria Vérone (d. 1938), French, lawyer, journalist and editor, pacifist, feminist and suffragist, born. She was the president of the Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes (French League for Women's Rights) from 1919 to 1938. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vérone]

[B] 1912 - Voltairine de Cleyre (b. 1866), anarchist-feminist, atheist, poet and free-thinker, dies. Two thousand attended the funeral at Waldheim cemetery where she was buried next to the Haymarket Martyrs. [see: Nov. 17]

1933 - Clara Zetkin (Clara Josephine Eissner; b. 1857), German Marxist theorist, communist activist, and advocate for women's rights, who in 1889 first proposed an International Women's Day to be celebrated on the same day across the world, dies in exile in Arkhangelskoye, near Moscow following a long illness. [see: Jul. 5]

1935 - Vi Subversa (Frances Sokolov; June 20 1935 - February 19 2016), English ceramicist, social worker, cabaret artist anarcha-feminist, and singer and guitarist of British anarcho-punk band Poison Girls, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_Subversa www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/vi-subversa-inspirational-elder-stateswoman-of-punk-who-co-founded-poison-girls-denizens-of-its-a6889691.html www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/feb/22/vi-subversa-music-poison-girls-flesh-and-blood-and-punk www.poisongirls.co.uk/history.html] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Luisa_Minguzzi www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luisa-minguzzi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=26146:minguzzi-maria-luisa-in-pezzi-gigia&lang=it www.ravennanotizie.it/articoli/2014/10/03/amore-e-anarchia-al-vulkano-di-s.-bartolo-la-storia-di-maria-luisa-minguzzi-e-francesco-pezzi.html www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=1036 cretastorie.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/anarchicini-maria-luisa-minguzzi-1852.html]
 * = 21 || [E] 1852 - Maria Luisa 'Gigia' Minguzzi (d. 1911), Italian seamstress, anarchist and feminist, who was an important figure in the Italian anarchist movement, and played a leading role in the development of the female workers' movement in Italy, born. The longterm companion of Francesco Pezzi, in 1872, she helped found the women's section of the International (AIT).

1876 - Émilie Lamotte (d. 1909), French lecturer, educator, artist, activist, anarchist and neo-Malthusian, dies. In 1905, she worked on the anarchist newspapers '//Le Libertaire//' and '//L'Anarchie//'. In 1906 she helped found the libertarian colony Saint-Germain-en-Laye with her partner, the anarchist propagandist and free thinker André Lorulot. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3072 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2106.html www.infokiosques.net/imprimersans2.php?id_article=335 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilie_Lamotte]

[B] 1886 - Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova (d. 1918), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist artist, painter, graphic artist, illustrator, designer, art theorist and poet, born. In 1911 she joined and became one of the most active members of Soyuz Molodyozhi (Union of the Youth). She was also close to the Futurist poets Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh, her future husband. She later joined Malevich's avant-garde artists group Supremus in 1916 and was involved with the weekly anarchist newspaper '//Anarkhiia//'. She published a number of polemical articles in the paper's arts and literature section, '//Tvorchestvo//' (Creativity or Creative Work), including '//Art - only in Independence and Freedom!//' and '//Suprematism and the Critics//'. On April 2, 1918, '//Anarkhiia//' also published a salute to Rodchenko, Olga Rozanova, Udaltsova and others among the avant-garde: "With pride we look upon your creative rebellion". Rozanova died of diphtheria in 1918. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Rozanova monoskop.org/Olga_Rozanova www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/avant-garde/suprematist/supremus/olga-rozanova myweb.rollins.edu/aboguslawski/Ruspaint/rozanova.html]

1908 - Women's Sunday: WSPU organise their first 'set-piece' demonstration and mass meeting in London's Hyde Park. Advertised in 'Votes for Women' as a 'monster meeting', special trains were chartered to bring in thousands of suffragettes from all over Britain. The event consisted of seven processions accompanied through London by 30 bands, culminating in a rally in Hyde Park. Crowds gathered to watch different groups of suffragettes parade 700 handmade banners and to hear 80 women give speeches from 20 temporary platforms around the park. [pics] [www.kent.ac.uk/sspssr/womenshistorykent/themes/suffrage/womenssunday.html www.johndclare.net/Women1_SuffragetteActions_Rosen.htm]

1914 - Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner (b. 1843), Czech-Austrian pacifist, novelist and journalist, who in 1905 was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, dies of cancer a few weeks before the war that she fought against broke out. [see: Jun. 9]

[C] 1975 - Jolanda Palladino, a young PCI anti-Fascist is burnt to death after a MSI fascist throws a petrol bomb into his car which was part motorcade celebrating the victory of the Communist Party in municipal elections. || [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Orsetti www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/index.php/a/maria-paulina-orsetti]
 * = 22 || [E] 1880 - Maria Paulina Orsetti (d. 1957), Polish educator, Doctor of Social Sciences, pioneer of the cooperatives movement, theorist of cooperativism, socialist and anarchist sympathiser, who co-founded the Cooperatives League (Ligi Kooperatystek) in Poland, born. She used the pseudonym of Edward Godwin for her translations of Peter Kropotkin, '//Państwo i jego rola historyczna//' (The state and its historical role; 1924), '//Zdobycie chleba//' (The Conquest of Bread; 1925), and '//Spólnictwo a socjalizm wolnościowy//' (Community and libertarian socialism; 1930). [expand]

1883 - Louise Michel, who was arrested following the looting of Paris bakeries on March 9, appears before the Seine Court of Assizes. Le président: "Vous prenez donc part à toutes les manifestations?" (So you took part in all the events?) Louise: "Hélas ! oui... je suis toujours avec les misérables. (...) Le peuple meurt de faim, et il n'a pas même le droit de dire qu'il meurt de faim. Eh bien! moi, j'ai pris le drapeau noir et j'ai été dire que le peuple était sans travail et sans pain. Voilà mon crime; vous le jugerez comme vous voudrez." (Alas, yes ... I'm still with the miserable. (...) The people are starving, and they did not even have the right to say they are starving. Well! me, I took the black flag, and I was saying that the people were without work and without bread. It's my crime, judge me as you like.) She is sentenced to six years in prison, followed by 10 years monitoring by the haute (political) police.

1886 [N.S. Jul. 4] - Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova (d. 1918), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist artist, painter, graphic artist, illustrator, designer, art theorist and poet, born. [ see: Jul. 4]

1956 - Consuelo Zavala y Castillo (b. 1874), Mexican feminist teacher, who was the founder of the first secular private school for women in Yucatan that now bears her name, dies in Merida, the city of her birth. After teaching at various schools in the state in 1902 founded her own school basing the curriculum on secular, scientific education methods. She was President of the Board of Directors for the Organizing Committee of the First Feminist Congress in Mexico held in 1916. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Zavala en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Zavala]

1993 - Josephine Witt (Josephine Marckmann), German philosophy student, feminist activist and former FEMEN member, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Witt www.josephine-witt.com] || [* The exact date is disputed and the years 1742 and 1745 are also commonly cited.]
 * = 23 || 1744* - Micaela Bastidas y Puyucava (d. 1781), Peruvian revolutionary and indigenous freedom fighter, and wife of Tupac Amaru II (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera), who was the chief political and military strategist of the uprising against the Spanish colonialists, born. [see: May. 18]

1751 - Gregoria Apaza Nina (d. 1782), indigenous Aymara leader, who led a major indigenous revolt, along side her brother, Julián Apasa Nina (Túpac Katari), and sister-in-law, Bartolina Sisa, against Spanish colonial rule in Bolivia, born. She and Bartolina took over the leadership of the rebels following the capture and death of Túpac Katari in November 1781. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoria_Apaza ciudadrebelde.blogspot.co.uk/2015/12/biografia-de-gregoria-apaza.html]

[E] 1817 - Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (Anne-Josèphe Terwagne; b. 1762), French singer, orator and prominent personality during the French Revolution for which the Parisian royalist press caricatured her as a "patriots' whore", dies in the Hôpital de la Salpêtrière in Paris, having spent the last 23 years of her life in asylums, driven mad by her fearing of being guillotine (as Olympe de Gouges and Madame Roland had been in November 1793). [see: Aug. 13]

1888 - Mabel Henrietta Capper (d. 1966), British WSPU 'soldier', who was imprisoned six times and was one of the first Suffragettes to be forcibly fed whilst on hunger strike, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper]

1889 - Anna Akhmatova (Анна Ахматова;), pen name of Anna Andreyevna Gorenko (d. 1966), Russian modernist poet and important figure in the so-called Silver Age of Russian Poetry, who is widely recognised as the greatest woman poet in Russian literature, born. She suffered greatly under Stalinism and one of her most famous works is the lyrical cycle '//Requiem//' (1935-40), where "one hundred million voices shout" through her "tortured mouth", giving witness to the Stalinist terror. Her early poetry was championed by the founder of Mystical Anarchism, Georgy Chulkov, and his fellow poet and foolwer Vyacheslav Ivanov, and she was involved in the circle around '//Anarkhiia//' and had poems published in its pages. Following the 1917 Revolution and the success of the Bolshevik takeover, she refused to leave the country unlike many she knew and her first husband,the influential poet Nikolay Gumilev (or Gumilyov) and anti-Bolshevik, was arrested and executed by Cheka in 1921 as part of the non-existent monarchist conspiracy Tagantsev conspiracy that was fabricated to cover up the post-Kronstadt uprising repression. Her son by Gumilev, Lev, was imprisoned on numerous occasions through the 1930s by the Stalinist regime, accused of counter-revolutionary activity because of his parentage. At the end of 1949 he was again arrested and sentenced to 10 years in a Siberian prison camp. Many of her friends and associates, included her close friend and fellow poet Mandelstam (who died in the gulags), were also sent to the camps, often dying there, or committed suicide to avoid the purges. Akhmatova's poetry was deemed to represent an introspective "bourgeois aesthetic", reflecting only trivial "female" preoccupations, not in keeping with these new revolutionary politics of the time and her work was unofficially banned by a party resolution of 1925. Despite the constant suspicion and persecution by the Soviet authorities, she herself avoided the camps, but a later partner and lifelong friend, the art scholar Nikolai Punin, was also repeatedly arrested and he too died in the Gulags in 1953. Other relationship included marriage to the prominent Assyriologist and poet Vladimir Shilejko and affairs with the poet Osip Mandelstam, possibly the lyric poet Alexander Blok, mosaic artist and poet Boris Anrep, theatre director Mikhail Zimmerman and composer Arthur Lourié. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11577/Anna-Akhmatova artoftherussias.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/akhmatova-in-art/ max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/poetpage/akhmatova.html www.poetryloverspage.com/poets/akhmatova/akhmatova_ind.html twilightisnotgoodformaidens.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/anna-akhmatova.html]

1912 - A public meeting takes palce in the Labor Lyceum Hall in Philadelphia to honour the memory of the noted freethinker, anti-militarist and militant anarcha-feminist Voltairine de Cleyre, who had died three days earlier in Chicago. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2306.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Part of a wing of St Andrews University destroyed by fire.

1983 - Isabel Hernández Marichal, aka 'La Tabaquera' (The Tobacco Worker) (b. 1914), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist active in the Canary Islands, dies. [see: Feb. 23]

[EE]1990 - Inna Shevchenko [Інна Шевченко], Ukrainian activist and leader of International women's movement FEMEN, born. An early opponent of the topless tactic, she was reluctantly persuaded of its validity but still finds it difficult to bare her breasts before each demonstration. Shevchenko was fired from her job in the Kiev Mayor`s press office after her arrest for taking part in a protest against the absence of women in Prime Minister Mykola Azarov's cabinet in December 2010, and in 2013 she was granted asylum in France from where she runs the FEMEN orgtanisation. When told that she was a major influence on the design of a new French stamp in 2013 featuring the image of Marianne, Inna tweeted "All homophobes, extremists, fascists will have to lick my arse when they want to send a letter". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inna_Shevchenko www.inna-shevchenko.com www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23320741 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMEN uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMEN]

1997 - Betty Shabazz, aka Betty X (Betty Dean Sanders; b. 1934), African-American nurse, educator and civil rights advocate, who was the wife of Malcolm X, dies of the injuries sustained when her grandson Malcolm set fire to her apartment three weeks previously. [see: May 28] || [spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Anna_Yakimova.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Якимова-Диковская,_Анна_Васильевна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Земля_и_воля www.narovol.narod.ru/svs.htm]
 * = 24 || 1856 - [O.S. Jun. 12] Anna Vasilevna Yakimova-Dikovsky (Анна Васильевна Якимова-Диковская; d. 1942), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), its fighting group Freedom or Death (Свобода или Смерть), and the Socialist Revolutionary Party, writer and historian, born. In 1880, she was part of three failed plots to assassinate Tsar Alexander II. In April 1881, she was arrested and thried in the Trial of 20 (процессе 20-ти) on February 21-27 [9-15], 1882, and sentenced to death. Her sentence commuted was to indefinite hard labor in Siberia and in 1899 she was released into the post-penal settlement in Chita. After the 1917 October Revolution, she lived in Moscow and worked for various cooperative organisations.

1874 - [O.S. Jun. 12] Yelena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина] (d. unknown), Russian teacher and Narodnista revolutionary, who was the daughter of prominent Narodista revolutionary Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова], born. In 1899, she became involved in revolutionary circles, participating in education classes, storing and distributing forbidden literature, and printing revolutinonary propaganda. She was banished for taking part in a political demonstration on May 18 [5], 1902 in Saratov. In 1904 she was arrested again and spent five months in Minusinsk prison. She then fled abroad  to Switzerland, returning to Russia clandestinely in June 1905, joining the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and working in the Chernigov and Kazan provinces under the noms de guerre of Катя (Kate) and Анна (Anna). In 1906, she was arrested, spending a year in Kazan prison before her trail, at chich she was sentenced to 4 years in jail for "vagrancy" and to 2 years in a fortress [годам крепости] for anti-government propaganda among the peasants. When her real name was discovered, she was given 3 years hard labour on May 26 [13], 1909 for leaving the country illegally (overturned on appeal). In 1909 she was released and worked as a medical assistant, later joining the Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Общество бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев) and writing a memoirs, '//Musings on prison: Penal servitude and exile//' (Из тюремных скитаний. Каторга и ссылка), 1923. In 1924 she received a pension from the RSFSR (РСФСР) and died some time after 1935. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ошанина,_Елена_Николаевна_(революционерка)]

1912 - At a meeting organised by Ben Reitman in Bute, Montana, Emma Goldman gives one of her most famous and widely discussed lectures: 'Why the poor should not have children'.

1916 - [N.S. Jul. 7] In the Russian town of Taganrog (Таганрог) in the Don region, a crowd of over one thousand people, identified as mainly soldatki (soldiers' wives), commandeered stores of sugar held by local merchants and distributed them among themselves. Then, when the supply ran out, they set about breaking into shops. The crowd dispersed only after troops were called in and ordered to fire. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[E] 1937 - Ilse Schwipper (Ilse Nikolaus; d. 2007), German anarcha-feminist, anti-fascist and anti-imperialist, who was a co-founder of Kommune 3 in Wolfsburg, born. Also know as Ilse Bongartz and Ilse Jandt, having taken various husband's names, and was regulalry called Rote Ilse in the press. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Schwipper www.dadaweb.de/wiki/Ilse_Schwipper_-_Gedenkseite de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmücker-Prozess www.ic.org/wiki/kommune-3-wolfsburg/]

1973 - '//A Collective Letter to the Women's Movement//' is released by the Weather Underground's Women's Brigade as an attempt to engage the women's movement in debate around feminist politics and how it relates to other struggles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Brigade_of_Weather_Underground] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фигнер,_Вера_Николаевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Figner www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_f/figner_vn.php www.famhist.ru/famhist/ulianova_ap/000c3160.htm narovol.narod.ru/f1.htm dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/307646 www.fsmitha.com/h3/figner.htm spartacus-educational.com/RUSfigner.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Vera_Figner]
 * = 25 || 1852 - [N.S. Jul. 7] Vera Nikolayevna Figner (Ве́ра Никола́евна Фи́гнер; d. 1942), Russian revolutionary, Bakuninist socialist, poet and memoirist, who plotted to blow up the Tsar and later directed the Kropotkin Museum, born. [see: Jul. 7]

[E] 1881 - Crystal Catherine Eastman (d. 1928), US lawyer, anti-militarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist, best remembered as a leader in the fight for women's suffrage, born. She was the co-founder and co-editor with her brother Max Eastman of the radical arts and politics magazine 'The Liberator', as well as co-founder of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and, in 1920, co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman www.laborarts.org/exhibits/themasses/bios.cfm?bio=crystal-eastman www.aclu.org/crystal-eastman]

1917 - Joaquina 'Maria' Dorado Pita, Galician anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, who was active in the anti-Franco underground, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2506.html gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquina_Dorado_Pita losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2140 plus.google.com/109915495419504304431/posts/igwvyFy8dF6 presodelescorts.org/es/testimonis/joaquina-dorado-pita www.estelnegre.org/documents/sarrau/sarrau.html]

1932 - Elizaveta Nikolaevna Olovennikova (Елизавета Николаевна Оловенникова; b. 1857), Russian revolutionary and Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) activist, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Maria [Мария] and Elizaveta [Наталья], dies in Orel (Орёл). [see: Sep. 9] ||
 * = 26 || 1862 - [N.S. Jul. 8] Olga Afanasevna Varentsova [Ольга Афанасьевна Варенцова], aka 'Maria Ivanovna' [Мария Ивановна] & 'Ekaterina Nikolaevna' [Екатерина Николаевна](d. 1950), Russian historian, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and later a Bolshevik and a Soviet party and state leader, born. [see: Jul. 8]

1878 - [N.S. Jul. 7] Anna Krasteva Maymunkova [Ана Кръстева Маймункова] aka Anna May [Ана Май] (d. 1925), Bulgarian teacher, journalist and prominent communist activist and the Bulgarian female revolutionary movement, born. [see: Jul. 7]

1919 - Pura Arcos (Purificació Pérez Benavent; 1995), Spanish nurse, author and anarcha-feminist militant, who worked as a teacher and tram driver during the Civil War as well as being active within Mujeres Libres, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/puraarcos/puraarcos.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/various-authors-pura-arcos-1919-1995 struggle.ws/spain/pura.html www.fifthestate.org/archive/395-winter-2016-50th-anniversary/the-spanish-revolution-pura-federico-arcos-the-fifth-estate/]

[E] 1943 - Naomi Esther Jaffe, US former member of the Weather Underground Organisation and Executive Director of the anti-racist women’s organisation Holding Our Own, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Jaffe]

1957 - Ilona Tóth (b. 1932) Hungarian medical intern, who was a member of the Voluntary Rescue Service as well as the illegal underground resistance, is hung having been framed in a show trial in the wake of the 1956 Revolution. [see: Oct. 23]

1959 - Joëlle Aubron (d. 2006), French libertarian member of Action Directe, born. On April 9, 1982, she was arrested and imprisoned for possession of weapons. Released, she resumed the armed struggle and barely escaped another arrest in December 1984. On January 25, 1985, she was a member of the commando that shot the General Audran, Director of International Affairs at the Ministère de la Défense (responsible for the sales of French arms) and on November 17, 1986, the CEO of Renault, Georges Besse. On February 21, 1987, at a farm at Vitry-aux-Loges, Loiret, Aubron was arrested along with Nathalie Ménigon, Georges Cipriani and Jean-Marc Rouillan, all members of AD. At thrials in 1898 and 1994, she was sentenced to life in prison, with a minimum of 18 years. After undergoing operations for a brain tumour, she was released on June 16, 2004 and her sentence suspended for medical reasons. She died two years later on March 1, 2006, of cancer. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joëlle_Aubron en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joëlle_Aubron www.ephemanar.net/mars01.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2606.html] || She defended the 1881 attentat against Alexander II in an interview in 'L'Express', saying that "for us, anarchy does not signify disorder, but harmony in all social relations; for us, anarchy is nothing but the negation of oppressions which stifle the development of free societies". [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бардина,_Софья_Илларионовна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Bardina spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Sophia_Bardina.htm beautifulnihilism.libertarian-labyrinth.org/2016/06/26/russian-revolutionary-heroines-sophia-bardina-1881/]
 * = 27 || 1853 - [O.S. Jun. 15] Sophia Illarionovna Bardina aka 'Auntie' [Тётенька] (Софья Илларионовна Бардина; b. 1853), Russian anarchist revolutionary in the populist movement of the 1870s, who was influenced Kropotkin and Bakunin, born. Like many young Russian women of this period, she had to go to Switzerland to study, joinng  the medical faculty of the University of Zurich with her friend Olga Liubatovich. There she became part of the Fritsche circle, a group of young Russian radical women, including Vera and Lydia Figner, Olga Liubatovich, Anna Toporkova, Berta Kaminskaya, Alexandra Khorzhevskaya, Anna and Vera Lyubatovich, and the Subbotina sisters Evgeniya, Maria and Nadezhda some of whom like her would become important members of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Muscovites Circle) [Всероссийской социально-революционной организации (Кружок москвичей)]. Older than her 17-18 year old comrades, she quickly earned the nickname 'Auntie' (Тётенька) and became the de facto leader. [expand]

1869 - [O.S. Jun. 15] Emma Goldman (d. 1940), world citizen, anarchist rebel, feminist, anti-militarist and force of nature, born in Lithuania. Author of '//Anarchism and Other Essays//' (1910), which contained the essay 'The Modern Drama: A Powerful Disseminator of Radical Thought' ; '//My Disillusionment in Russia//' (1923) and '//Living My Life//' (1931). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Goldman spartacus-educational.com/USAgoldman.htm dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/Goldmanbio.html www.spunk.org/texts/people/goldman/sp001520/emmabio.html wwww.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Emma_Goldman.html jwa.org/womenofvalor/goldman theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/emma-goldman]

[E] 1880 - Helen Adams Keller (d. 1968), deafblind American author, lecturer, suffragette, pacifist, birth control advocate, and member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller www.helenkellerfoundation.org/helen-keller/ www.iww.org/history/library/HKeller/why_I_became_an_IWW www.rds.hawaii.edu/ojs/index.php/journal/article/view/13]

1916 - [N.S. Jul. 10] A group of fifty to sixty soldatki in the Russian village of Morshansk (Морша́нск), Samara province, having received their government stipends, went to the dry goods shop of a local merchant and demanded that he sell them fabric at prewar prices. While he argued with them, the size of the crowd grew and the women became increasingly insistent. Eventually, one of the soldatki leaped up onto his counter and began to throw bolts of fabric onto the floor; others followed her example. The women carted off the goods and then proceeded to another shop where they repeated their actions. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1917 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman act as independent counsels in their conspiracy trial for anti-war activities; Emma denies the charge that she stated, "We believe in violence and we will use violence" at a May 18 meeting.

1918 - The anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi makes an anti-war speech in an IWW union Hall in Portland, Oregon, for which she was secretly indicted two days later, charged with insulting the flag, soldiers, and the ally Great Britain. At her nine day trial, which bagan on November 12, she found guilty of sedition and sentenced to three years in prison. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1925 - On her birthday, Emma Goldman marries James Colton, an elderly anarchist acquaintence and trade unionist from Wales, who had offered to marry her and provide British citizenship so she could avoid deportation from England.

1936 - Stalinist legislation reverses most of the provisions of the Bolshevik's 1920 'Decree on Women’s Healthcare' with the 'Decree on the Prohibition of Abortions, the Improvement of Material Aid to Women in Childbirth, the Establishment of State Assistance to Parents of Large Families, and the Extension of the Network of Lying-in Homes, Nursery schools and Kindergartens, the Tightening-up of Criminal Punishment for the Non-payment of Alimony, and on Certain Modifications in Divorce Legislation', making abortion except in cases where the mother's life is endangered or "severe hereditary diseases of the parents". In the wake of famines of the 1920's and 30s that his collectivisation policies had largely created, Stalin decided that there was a need to increase population growth, as well as the party's greater emphasis on the importance of the family unit to communism. After Stalin’s death in 1953, the Soviet government revoked the 1936 laws and issued a new law on abortion, 'Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 23.11.1955 on the abolition of the prohibition of abortion'. [www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/cpl-abortion/section5.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/field-alice/protect/ch04.html www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/abort.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia]

[C] 1950 - Milada Horakova (b. 1901), Czech lawyer, social democrat, anti-fascist fighter, anti-Communist and a prominent feminist, is hanged with three others in Prague’s Pankrac Prison as a spy and traitor to the Czechoslovak Communist government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milada_Horáková www.ustrcr.cz/en/milada-horakova-en www.radio.cz/en/section/archives/milada-horakova-dignity-in-the-face-of-fanaticism-1 coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/i-leave-this-world-without-hatred.html]

1973 - Ida Mett [Ида Метт] (Ida Meyerovna Gilman [Ида Мееровна Гилман]; b. 1901), Belarusian-born anarchist, syndicalist and author, dies. [see: Aug. 2] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marretje_Arents nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marretje_Arents resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Arents en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachtersoproer nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachtersoproer]
 * = 28 || [E] 1748 - Marretje Arents aka Mat van den Nieuwendijk, and 'het limoenwijf' (the limewoman) (b. ca. 1712), Dutch fishwife and vegetable seller, who was one of the three leaders of the 1748 Pachtersoproer (Pachter riots) peasant revolt, is hung after confessing (under threat of torture) to participating in the looting. She also claimed that there were plans to sieze the Amsterdam city hall and declare a revolution.

1819 - María Antonia Santos Plata (b. 1782), Neogranadine peasant and Colombian Independence leader, who organised and led the rebel guerrillas in the Province of El Socorro against the invading Spanish troops during the Reconquista of the New Granada, having been found guilty of lese-majesty and high treason, is shot in by firing squad in Socorro. [see: Apr. 10]

1846 - Marie Huot (Mathilde Marie Constance Ménétrier; d. 1930), French poet, writer, journalist, lecturer, anarchist, feminist néo-Maltusian, Theosophist, vegetarian propagandist, and activist for animal rights and against vaccination, who was known as 'La mère aux chats' and wrote uner the penname of Edward Mill, born. The wife of Anatole-Théodore-Marie Huot, editor for the leftist Parisian magazine '//L'Encyclopédie Contemporaine Illustrée//', with whom she had a child. At the same time, she maintained an intense relationship that lasted for nearly twenty years with the Swedish Impressionist painter, anarchist and Sufi mystic Ivan Agueli, to whom she dedicated her book of Symbolist poems, '//Missel de Notre-Dame des Solitudes//' (1908). [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/huot/huot.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Huot_(1846-1930) www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/klee-agueli/biografi-ivan-agueli/]

1934 - Anarchist poet Kenneth Patchen marries his life-long muse Miriam Oikemus.

1940 - Matilde Sabaté Grisó (or Gusó) (b. 1904), Catalan teacher and anarcho-syndicalist militant, is shot in Girona cemetry after being condemned to death for "joining the rebellion" as a member of an armed militia, being the secretary of the Comitè Revolucionari de Sils, looting, destroying religious images and having participated in several murders. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/matildesabate/matildesabate.html]

1950 - Milada Horakova (b. 1901), Czech lawyer, social democrat, anti-fascist fighter, anti-Communist and a prominent feminist, is hanged with three others in Prague’s Pankrac Prison as a spy and traitor to the Czechoslovak Communist government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milada_Horáková www.ustrcr.cz/en/milada-horakova-en www.radio.cz/en/section/archives/milada-horakova-dignity-in-the-face-of-fanaticism-1 coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/i-leave-this-world-without-hatred.html]

1976 - Elena Quinteros (b. 1945), Uruguayan teacher, militant of the Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) and Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo, is kidnapped on the grounds of the Embassy of Venezuela in Montevideo having escaped from military custody four days earlier. In August 1976 she is last seen in a military detention centre and subjected to torture before she is "disappeared" permanently. [see: Sep. 9] || [* NB. Some sources give the year as 1849.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelizaveta_Kovalskaya ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ковальская,_Елизавета_Николаевна spartacus-educational.com/RUSkovalskaia.htm]
 * = 29 || [E] 1851* - [O.S. Nov. 17] Elizaveta Nikolayevna Kovalskaya (Елизавета Николаевна Ковальская; d. 1943), Russian revolutionary, member of the Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and a founding member of Black Repartition (Чёрный передел), born. In 1880 she took part in organising the Worker's Union of Southern Russia (Южнорусский рабочий союз) in Kiev. Although only involved in propaganda work, she was arrested in 1881, found guilty of being a member of an illegal organisation and sentenced to an open-ended katorga (hard labour in exile) in 1881. She went through several hunger strikes and made two unsuccessful prison escapes as well as knifed a prison guard. In 1891, the life term was replaced by 20 years penal servitude. Released in 1903, she went into exile in Switzerland and France (1903-17) and joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. After the February Revolution Kovalskia returned to Russia and worked in the State Archives and served as a member of the editorial board of 'Katorga and Exile', a journal devoted to the history of the revolutionary movement.

1918 - Federal agents raid the apartment of Emma Goldman's associate, M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, seizing mailing lists and other relevant material. Emma's associates, Carl Newlander and William Bales, are arrested for draft evasion following the raid.

1941 - Laura Clay (b. 1849), prominent US suffragist and orator, who was co-founder and first president of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association, dies. [see: Feb. 9] || She was released following the 1905 Revolution, as part of a political amnesty. After her return to St. Petersburg she wrote her memoirs. She died in Tiflis on Jan. 10, 1918 [O.S. Dec. 28, 1917]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Любатович,_Ольга_Спиридоновна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Lyubatovich spartacus-educational.com/RUSliubatovich.htm theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sergei-stepniak-a-female-nihilist-the-true-story-of-the-nihilist-olga-liubatovitch library.libertarian-labyrinth.org/items/show/2638 www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_l/lyubatovich.php www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/106/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html]
 * = 30 || [E] 1853 - [O.S. Jun. 18] Olga Spiridonovna Lyubatovich [Ольга Спиридоновна Любатович] aka 'Shaeek' [Акула], Olga Doroshenko [Ольга Дорошенко], Maria Svyatskaya [Мария Святская] (d. 1917), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, narodnitsa and member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), born. Unable to train as a doctor in Russia, like many other well-to-do young women, in May 1871 she travelled to Switzerland with her sister Vera, where she enrolled in the Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich. There she met Vera Figner and joined the Fritsche circle of young Russian female radicals. In 1875, she returned to Russia as an ordinary worker in a cotton mill in the vicinity of Moscow and Tula, where she attempted to spread socialist propaganda among industrial workers. [expand]

1908 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Twenty-seven suffragettes are arrested having taken part in a window-breaking demonstration in Downing Street and thrown stones at No. 10 in protest at the Liberal government's refusal to give women the vote.

1908 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Following a WSPU demonstration in London, Scottish suffragette Mary Phillips was sentenced to three months imprisonment in Holloway, making her the longest-serving suffragette prisoner. On her release in September the WSPU organised a ‘fine Scottish welcome for her, with tartan and bagpipes’. [spartacus-educational.com/WphillipsM.htm]

1908 - Mathilde Carré aka 'La Chatte' (Mathilde Lucie Bélard; d. 2007), French nurse and Résistance agent, who was turned, first by the Abwehr and later by SOE/MI5, becoming a double agent for both the Nazis and the Allies, born. She was later found guilty of treason by a french court and sentenced to death on January 7, 1949, commuted three months later to 20 years in prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Carré fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Carré mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Mathilde_Carre.htm]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: The station buildings at Leuchars Junction burnt to the ground.

1913 - Violeta Fernández Saavedra (d. 2005), Spanish-Mexican teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, is born in Mexico. The grandaughter of the anarchist intellectual and pedagogue Abelardo Saavedra del Toro, her parents had been expelled from Spain. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1904.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/aureliofernandez/aureliofernandez.html]

1920 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman travel to Moscow to collect permits necessary for their museum expedition through Russia to gather historical material.

1950 - Donna Jean Willmott, US radical and Weather Underground associate, who went on the run with her husband, Claude Daniel Marks, following a failed plot to free Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional leader Oscar Lopez from Leavenworth penitentiary, born. Caught up in an FBI sting operation - the couple had purchased 36 pounds of 'inert' C-4 explosive from undercover FBI agent in 1985 to attempt to bomb the maximum security prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, and land a helicopter in the confusion and spring Lopez - they discovered a hidden FBI bug in their car after having picked up the explosives and, in June 1985, went on the run. Placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List, Donna changed her name to Jo Elliott and Claude to Greg Peters, and spent the following nine years living in Pittsburg. They eventually negotiated their surrender in 1993 and on May 9, 1995, they were semtemced to seven years each on prison escape conspiracy charges. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives,_1980s en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberación_Nacional_Puertorriqueña www.nytimes.com/1994/12/09/us/neighbors-anyone-would-want-and-most-wanted-by-fbi-too.html] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: 'Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)// United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture 1856 - Max Stirner, author of 'The Ego and Its Own' (1844) and 'The False Principle of our Education' (1842), dies. 1920 - Troops revolt in Ancona, Italy, refusing to fight in Albania. 1954 - The Kengir Uprising ends after 40 days of freedom after the camp is stormed by Soviet tanks, leaving up to 700 prisoners dead. 1991 - The verdicts against the Maguire Seven were quashed by the Court of Appeals. 2010 - Jason Pearce dies of the mysterious new condition "excited delirium" whilst being arrested and restrained by two police officers in Market Drayton. No one is charged.philadier 1862 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; d. 1908), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, born. Married to the textile worker and anarchist Alice Stolzenberg and father of four, including John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde. Accused of blasphemy in 1895, he fled the country with his wife and 3 children to Switzerland where they lived in poverty. Expelled from Switzerland, they lived in a mountain hut near Salzburg. In the summer of 1899, both disappeared, abandoning their children.His works include: ' In university towns across germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burningsde.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschlandwww.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htwww.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html]