Labour+Movement+Sep-Oct

[www.ephemanar.net/juillet17.html#17 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero ita.anarchopedia.org/Carlo_Cafiero en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero www.fdca.it/storico/cafiero.htm www.panarchy.org/cafiero/scritti.html]
 * = SEPTEMBER ||
 * __Labor Day__ [USA]: The first Monday in September. ||
 * = 1 || 1846 - Carlo Cafiero (d. 1892), Italian anarchist, member of the International and champion of Bakunin, born. [expand]

1873 - The Sixth General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association opens in Geneva (Sept. 1-8).

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The Fascio di Santa Caterina is founded by 25-year-old Filippo Lo Vetere in his home town, despite residing in Palermo. Based in the Piazza Garibaldi, it is mainly made up of peasants and labourers, it is part of the Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani (Italian Workers Party). Within a few months it has 500 members. [siciliaisoladaamare.wordpress.com/la-figura-di-filippo-lo-vetere-1868-1931-di-leonardo-fiandaca/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1898 - __Welsh Coal Strike__: The strike is defeated and comes to an inglorious end. The only chink of light was the formation of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. [see: Apr. 9]

1898 - The first issue of '//El Porvenir del Obrero//' (The Future of the Workers) is published in Mahón, Menorca. Initially the newspaper of mutual co-operativist society of the same name, when Joan Mir y Mir took it over from number 15 on October 20, 1899, it takes a clear anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist orientation and becomes the mouthpiece for the Societat Llibertària Agrupació Germinal.

1909 - In the wake of the La Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa [see: Jul. 26] and the ensuing closure of the secular schools, the Spanish government, at the behest of the Catholic Church, arrested Francisco Ferrer. He is to be put on trial as the supposed instigator of the La Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa [see: Oct. 9] and will be shot on October 13.

[F] 1910* - Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike / Tonypandy Riots: Under the general management of Leonard Llewellyn the Cambrian Combine produced 50% of the Rhondda’s coal output and maximised profits by advanced cost-efficiency methods. In its employ were over 12,000 men. Throughout 1909 negotiations were under way to settle a new cutting price for a seam in the Ely pit in Penygraig in the Rhondda. The management of the pit wanted to open up a new seam. It was a particularly problematic one, with a band of stone running through it, but the bosses claimed that during a test period miners had been working deliberately slowly so they could demand a higher price per ton of coal. The miners, paid on a piecemeal basis, demanded wages of two shillings and nine pence, but were only offered one and nine. When no agreement could be reached the management locked out not just the 70 'test men' but to all 950 workers at the colliery. The miners responded by calling a strike and when the Cambrian Combine, a cartel of mining companies formed to regulate prices and wages in South Wales, duly brought in strike breakers from outside the area it was clear that serious trouble lay ahead. Managers protected the colliery and powerhouse with around 100 policemen, as power was maintained by 60 strike-breaking blackleg stokers and officials. On September 5, just days after the lock-out began, workmen at two other Naval pits went on strike in solidarity. Then miners at Cambrian and Glamorgan collieries followed suit and began picketing the work site. On September 16, the South Wales Miners Federation held a meeting attended by 248 delegates, representing the 147,000 miners of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, a decision to support the strikers was made. Several token pay increases still far below what could be considered a minimum living wage were offered by the mine owners and were all rejected by the workers, with the Cambrian Combine employees in the other pits in the Tonypandy area agreeing that this was the first move in a plan to undercut their piece-rate wages too (i.e. the amount they received per ton of coal cut). On November 1, the South Wales Miners Federation (universally known as the Fed) balloted workers and 12,000 men from all the Cambrian pits voted to go out on strike. The pits stopped work and picketing began at all of the collieries that made up the Cambrian Combine in the area. Despite a lack of enthusiastic support by the official South Wales Miners’ Federation leadership the men stayed out until the high summer of 1911 when they returned on the wages and conditions they were offered in October 1910. It was a bitter pill to swallow. Even so the issue of a minimum wage and the allied fair treatment for men working underground in ‘abnormal places’ (i.e. where water, or the height of the roof, or, as in the case of the Ely pit, the amount of stone in the coal made much work unproductive or ‘dead’) would not go away. In 1912 the British miners struck for, and won, at least some provision for a minimum wage. As early as November 2, 1910, authorities in south Wales were enquiring about the procedure for requesting military aid in the event of disturbances because of the strike (in addition to the Cambrian Combine dispute there was a month-old strike in the neighbouring Cynon Valley) and in the Rhondda the Chief Constable of Glamorgan Lionel Lindsay had, by Sunday 6 November, concentrated over 200 imported police in the area. It was this force he judged inadequate after the attack on the Glamorgan colliery on November 7. His request for troops went straight to the War Office and, immediately, troops were entrained. Winston Churchill, as Home Secretary, now learned of this movement and, after a brief conference with the War Office halted it. He rightly surmised that the local authorities were over-reacting and certainly hoped that a Liberal government could calm matters down. However, he did accede to the extent of despatching Metropolitan police officers (foot and mounted) and some troops (the cavalry) did proceed to Cardiff that day. Churchill’s personal message to the strikers was to the effect that ‘We are holding back the soldiers for the present and sending only police’. This could be seen as a veiled threat more than a promise. Churchill, as Home Secretary, now learned of this movement and, after a brief conference with the War Office halted it. He rightly surmised that the local authorities were over-reacting and certainly hoped that a Liberal government could calm matters down. However, he did accede to the extent of despatching Metropolitan police officers (foot and mounted) and some troops (the cavalry) did proceed to Cardiff that day. Churchill’s personal message to the strikers was to the effect that ‘We are holding back the soldiers for the present and sending only police’. This could be seen as a veiled threat more than a promise. [* some sources erroneously give the date of the lock out as August 1] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonypandy_riots libcom.org/history/1910-cambrian-combine-miners-strike-and-tonypandy-riot www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11655470 teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/the-tonypady-riots-and-why-winston.html www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=CYMRU_1&targetdoc=Welsh%20history%20and%20its%20sources&targetptr=pdf005_002 www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/22f1fd75-bf86-392e-8131-93284ff5db85 newspapers.library.wales/view/4224955/4224957/25]

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: A force of over 5,000 miners from the north side of the Kanawha River now joins the strikers' tent city, leading Governor Glasscock to establish martial law in the region the following day. The 1,200 state troops confiscating arms and ammunition from both sides lessened tensions to some degree, but the strikers were forbidden to congregate, and were subject to fast, unfair trials in military court. Meanwhile, strikers' families began to suffer from hunger, cold, and the unsanitary conditions in their temporary tent colony at Holly Grove.

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: With the prospect of the new school year and the threat of schools not opening their doors to the children of workers who remained out on strike, together with a hardening in the positions of some employers and their friends, including that of the landlords of some workers, who threatened to evict them if they continued their strike, the general strike in Le Harve in solidarity with the city's steelworkers ends. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: A two-day strike is called by the CNT in response to the killing of Isidro Floria Sánchez by the Guardia Civil the previous day. The strike, which would last 4 days, was characterised by numerous acts of sabotage and armed clashes with the Guardia Civil and the army, which the government had sent in along with cavalry units to guard government buildings, banks, Telefónica premises and the Central Market. The army and police fire on strikers on a number of occasions. Strikes and sabotage spread across the country to town and cities including Cadiz, Huelva, Teruel, San Sebastián, Pozoblanco, Zamora, and Criptana. [see: Aug. 31]

1931 - In Valencia, during a waiters' strike, the CNT attacks premises that remain open. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1934 - __Textile Workers' Strike__: On July 12, 1934, workers at the Dwight cotton textile mill in Gadsden, Etowah County, walked out. Two days later, workers at the Saratoga mill in Guntersville, Marshall County, also went on strike, and on July 17 the leaders of the Alabama branch of the United Textile Workers of America agreed to call for state-wide action, consolidating the workers' demands of an end to the 'stretch-out' (paying reduced 'piece rates', limiting breaks, and hiring more supervisors to discipline workers and speed production), a $20 minimum wage for a 30-hour work week, union recognition, and reinstatement of workers fired for union activity. The strike began in Huntsville the following day, then spread to Florence, Anniston, Gadsden, and Birmingham. While the strike was popular, it was also ineffective: many employers welcomed it as a means of cutting their expenses, since they had warehouses full of unsold goods. This move precipitated a national strike of textile workers, under UTW leadership, that began on September 1 and quickly moved far beyond the South's cotton mills. It remains the largest labour conflict in U.S. history and ended with the union's abject capitulation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_workers_strike_(1934) libcom.org/history/us-national-textile-workers-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1934-southern-workers-spark-massive-textile-strike northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/textile-strike-of-1934/ www.ncpedia.org/textiles/strike-1934 www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1026]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: Sun Harvest signs new contract with a $5.25 an hour minimum wage. ||
 * = 2 || 1830 - Justice Manning - notorious known for tracking down smugglers and poachers - has his barn and corn stacks burnt down by Swing rioters in Orpington, UK.

1872 - The fifth General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association opens in The Hague. In the aftermath of the Paris Commune and Bakunin characterisation of Marx's ideas as authoritarian, arguing that if a Marxist party came to power its leaders would end up as bad as the ruling class they had fought against (c.f. '//Statism and Anarchy//'), it was inevitable that the Hague Congress of the First International would see the long-running conflict between anarchists and Marxists come to a head. It resulted in the expulsion of Bakunin and Guillaume and a split between the 'red' and 'black' internationals. The anarchist faction, including the Jura federation and the federations of Spain, Italy and Belgium, then held their own Congress of Saint-Imier a few days later on September 15-16, from which also emerged the Anarchist St. Imier International. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International]

1876 - The second General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association opens in Lausanne (Sept. 2-7).

1910 - Domingo Trama (d. 2003), Argentine shipyard worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/trama/trama.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre02.html]

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The West Virginia governor imposes martial law in the mining areas following the arrival of a large force of miners at the strikers' Holly Grove tent city. Strikers are forbidden to congregate and face fast-track military courts and long sentences. State troopers are also allowed to confiscate weapons from both sides – the miners and the private security guards hired by the mine operators.

1917 - Mass arrests of Wobblies during the Palmer Raids. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/uspalmerraids/bio.html spartacus-educational.com/USApalmerR.htm www.ushistory.org/us/47a.asp www.marxists.org/glossary/events/p/a.htm www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/MeetEmmaGoldman/warresistance-antimilitarism-deportation1917-1919.html historyproject.uci.edu/files/2017/01/Red_Scare_Grade11.pdf]

1920 - The factory occupations extends to all the metal foundries in major Italian cities. In Rome, Bologna, La Spezia, Genoa and Turin, the occupations are carried out in the greatest enthusiasm. At the FIAT Lingotto factory in Turin, police try to enter under cover of darkness in order to capture new guns, but they are put to flight by the siren and repelled under heavy fire from the sentries. In Genoa, a guard opens fire as workers try to enter the Odero factory to occupy it. One worker is killed and five others injured.

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: With the arrival of a squadron of Army Air Service reconnaissance planes the previous day, and now 2,500 army troops under the command of General Bandholtz, ordered to intervene President Warren G. Harding, the pro-union miners decided to lay down their arms and surrender. Roughly 1,000 exhausted miners eventually surrendered to the army, while the rest scattered and returned home – though scattered fighting continued between the miners and the Logan Defenders until September 4. The exact number of casualties suffered by both sides during the battle is not known, but up to 30 deaths were reported by Chafin's side and over a hundred on the union miners' side, with hundreds more injured or wounded. [see: Aug. 31]

1931 - __La Vaga de Lloguers de 1931 / La Huelga de Alquileres [1931 Barcelona Rent Strike__]: Population pressure on Barcelona in the early 1930s had coincided with the proclamation of the Second Republic, resulting in a very expensive housing sector. [At the time Barcelona had the most expensive housing in Europe, according to the purchasing power of its population, representing between 30 and 40% of the average worker's wage labour, when it averaged 15% in most European cities.] This coupled with widespread unemployment and the precarious situation of the city's working classes, especially in the construction sector, led to numerous evictions by the republican police. The lack of any response from the authorities led to a rent strike being called in April 1931 by the Comité de Defensa Económica del Sindicato de la Construcción de la CNT and the Federación Local de Sindicatos Únicos, just days after the establishment of the provisional government. The tactic was to stop paying rent indefinitely whilst demanding that the landlrds lower rents by 40% across the sector and the protests that had started in Barceloneta quickly spread to districts such as Sants, El Clot, Poblenou as well as L'Hospitalet and Santa Coloma de Gramenet. At its peak, 100,000 working families had stopped paying their monthly rent with the rebel tenants adopting flexible and imaginative tactics, such as their regular protests in front of the homes of landlords. Solidarity actions helped stop many eviction, and even when they did occur, within a few hours the evicted families had been helped to returned and reoccupy their homes. When electricity and water were cut off, other service workers helped reconnect them. To prevent the neighbours from replacing the furniture, for example, the Guardia de Asalto threw them out the window to break both the widows and the family's few precious possessions. Or they arrested those trying to rehouse the evicted. The strike managed to hold firm, lasting the nine months until December 1931, thanks to the decisive role of women and children, the former having a major role as the administrators of their husbands' salary envelopes. However, the new Republican government together with the civil governor, Oriol Anguera de Sojo, and the president of the Cámara de la Propiedad (Chamber of Property), Juan Pich i Pon, reacted harshly, repressing the strikers and tenants who tried to return to their homes after being evicted and filled the Model prison and the floating prison ship 'Antonio López' in the city's harbour with hundreds of 'presos gubernativos' (government prisoners). The repression triggered a hunger strike amongst some of the prisoners in the Modelo prison and their mistreatment in turn sparked a three day general strike, which was harshly repressed by the government and ended with eighteen workers killed and six policemen were injured, with over 300 workers arrested. The strong repressive climate led the union decided to call off the strike a few months later. But despite the repression, the rent strike achieved significant reductions in rents for many families and put on the table for the first time the debate about the right to property versus the right to housing. During the morning of September 2, the Civil Governor of Barcelona, Oriol Anguera de Sojo, visits the 51 prisoners being held without trial and currently on hunger strike demanding their release. However, he tells them that he will not negotiate with them until they cease their protests. The prisoners refuse to give into his blackmail and the governor's intransigence provokes a rebellion, which extends to common prisoners, during which doors and mattresses are burned in the corridors of the prison, and the prison chapel and printing press burns down. The guardias de asaltos storm the jail and put down the mutiny within a few hours. The workers of Barcelona respond by launching an insurrectionary general strike the following day. [www.diagonalperiodico.net/culturas/27273-barcelona-1931-huelga-inquilinos.html directa.cat/diferents-estrategies-un-front-comu-no-ens-faran-fora www.cgtcatalunya.cat/spip.php?article11349&forum=oui ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2015/08/16/catalunya/1439744036_549759.html]

[F] 1976 - __Grunwick Dispute__: All 137 striking workers are dismissed by the company. In the intervening period, APEX had declared the strike 'official' and sought a meeting with Grunwick management, as did, informally, ACAS. The company refused to meet with APEX or ACAS. [www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick/chronology www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/the-intersectional-politics-of-the-grunwick-strike/ libcom.org/library/the-grunwick-strike-a-sivanandan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwick_dispute www.striking-women.org/module/striking-out/grunwick-dispute www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/57/grunwick-strike-strikers-in-saris-unite.html] ||
 * = 3 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Destruction of gig-mill at Southowram near Halifax. Shearing frames destroyed at Gildersome near Morley.

1866 - The First General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (Sept. 3-8) is held in Geneva. Fortyfive delegates, representing the Swiss, French and German Sections and the London General Council, set about debating the adoption of the organisation's General Statutes, including the adoption of the 8-hour work day as one of its fundamental demands. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/firstinternationalcom.html www.marxists.org/archive/marx/iwma/documents/minutes/index.htm]

[F] 1910 - __Corruganza Boxmakers' Strike__: The dispute was settled by the Board of Trade, with the firm agreeing to reinstate all the strikers and the piece work rates were to remain as before, except in the case of tube rolling for incandescent mantle boxes where the rate was to be reduced. Mary Williams, the forewoman, decided not to return but was sent £10 by a well-wisher to help her until she found another position. The Women's Freedom League newspaper '//The Vote//' saw the victory as an important step for women: "The amount of sympathy and help given to the strikers by the public shows that, thanks to the Suffrage agitation, fair play towards women has now made decided progress."

1915 - Wobbly Tom Barker is arrested in Australia for his 'Workers, follow your masters: stay at home' anti-war poster. He is sentenced to 12 months hard labour, but is quickly released within three months, following a series of fires in stores and factories. Tom Barker, organised for the IWW in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina, the US, the UK, Russia, Germany and upon the High Seas. "For every day Barker is in jail, it will cost the capitalists £10,000" - Donald Grant, IWW leader.

[E] 1918 - Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; b. 1890), Russian Socialist-Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, is executed. [see: Feb. 22]

1920 - In Spezia, nearly all the factories have been occupied and are under workers' control. [see: Sep. 2] [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/09ref.htm#01/1920]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: Clashes continue in Zaragoza and across the country. Meanwhile, the CNT calls an assembly of the Frontón Zaragozano at 16:00, chaired by Mariano Andrés. A return to work is agreed and demand that the governor frees prisoners and opens trade union halls within 48 hours. Several thousand workers attend the meeting. [see: Jul. 6 & Aug. 31] [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[D] 1931 - __Vaga General de Barcelona / Huelga General de Barcelona__: An insurrectionary general strike is launched in Barcelona in protest against the treatment of the hunger strike prisoners in the Modelo. The strike begins with the paralysis of industry, public transport and lighting of the city. Shops and restaurants open initially, but after a little persuasion from trade unionists, almost all acceed and close their blinds. Nothing moves in the port and even private car disappear from th roads. Earlier that morning, two cars on the Paseo de San Juan who had been seized by the authorities, were stopped by a group of strikers who did not know they contained police. The cops exited the cars and fired on the pickets, wounding four of them. Another incident occurred at 08:00 on Calle del Carmen, when a group of pickets tried to force a private car to return to the garage. A number of guardias de Seguridad, realising the situation proceeded to search them but they fired at the guards, seriously wounding one of them. In a further exchange of shots, several people are wounded. On the same morning, a group tried to set fire to the church in the Collblanc barrio, but the fire brigade quickly extinguished it. In L'Hospitalet (Barcelona) the church of San Ramón is also torched. The gobernador civil de Barcelona, José Oriol Anguera de Sojo, responsible for public order in the province of Barcelona, stated that transgression of the law would be punished with adequate force, and that any act of hostility would be repressed. He also suspended the publication of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//'. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_General_de_Barcelona_de_septiembre_de_1931 www.fundanin.org/nin32.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1931/09/04/027.html hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/search.html?aux=huelga&fromISO=true&q=huelga&bd=01&bm=09&by=1931&ed=06&em=09&ey=1931]

1934 - __Textile Workers' Strike__: Nearly 10,000 workers march in the Labor Day parade in Gastonia NC, where authorities had brutally suppressed a textile strike five years earlier. The next day, 20,000 of the city’s mill workers walked off the job. During the next week, thousands of union members traveled throughout the South in cars and trucks to organize workers and help close down mills. People called these fleets of union supporters 'flying squadrons'. By week’s end, 300,000 to 500,000 textile workers from New England to the Deep South had gone on strike. Most strikers came from the cotton mills of North and South Carolina. All 104 mills in Gaston County had closed by September 7.

1956 - Jean Le Gall (b. 1896), militant French libertarian and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 14]

2001 - Emily Rosdolsky (Emily Meder; b. 1911), Austrian Trotskyist, anti-Stalinist, and activist in the anti-fascist, trade union and feminist movements, dies in Vienna at the age of 90 years. [see: Jun. 2]

[2018 - Labor Day [USA] - the first Monday in September.] ||
 * = 4 || 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having set sail on May 17 from Portsmouth aboard the William Metcalfe bound for Van Diemen's Land, George Loveless arrives in Hobart Town. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

[E] 1838 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy aka Victorine B (Victorine Malenfant; d.1921), French anarchist and Pétroleuse, is born into a family with a long revolutionary tradition. The daughter of a Republican shoemaker and Freemason, she married Jean Rouchy, an artisan shoemaker, in 1861 and through out the decade the pair participated in various socialist groups in Orleans and Paris in several socialist groups, and become involved in the Association Internationale des Travailleurs from very early on. In 1867, she participated in the foundation of a cooperative bakery and cooperative shop. During the Franco-Prussian War, her husband enlisted as a franc-tireur (irregular) in the Loire and whilst she enlisted as an ambulance driver. During that period she lived with her mother, who helped raise her two sons as well as the son of a neighbour they adopted. The three children would all die within a few years of each other. On March 20, 1871, she joined her husband in the Bataillon pour la Défense de la République and were in charge of the officers' mess, but with the outbreak of fighting, she returned to her post of ambulance driver. She fought on the barricades during the Semaine Sanglante. During the savage repression that followed, she was arrested and condemned to death for burning down the Cour des Comptes (Court of Accounts). Through friends, she managed to escape, first to Switzerland and later to London, while her husband was imprisoned and was to die in captivity. She returned to Lyon and then to Paris in 1878, and became very active in the anarchist movement. She was a member of the group that published the anarchist paper '//La Révolution Sociale//'. She also met the French priest-turned-anarchist writer Gustave Brocher (aka Rehcorb) whilst attending the International Anarchist Conference in London as a Parisian delegate in 1881. They married in Lausanne in 1887 and adopted five orphans of the Commune. In 1909, she published her memoirs under the title '//Souvenirs d'une morte vivante//' (Memories of one of the living dead). [NB: Date also given as 1839] [libcom.org/history/brocher-rouchy-victorine-1838-1921 fra.anarchopedia.org/Victorine_Brocher-Rouchy www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html#brocher militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7182 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Victorine_Brocher www.commune1871.org/?Les-inconnues-de-la-Commune chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4-2.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.humanite.fr/tribunes/victorine-rouchy-brocher-1838-1921-une-morte-vivante-24]

1846 - David de Gaudenzi (d. unknown), French tinsmith and anarchist, who was involved in the 1882 Montceau-les-Mines protests, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2040]

[DD] 1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: At 07:30 a crowd began to collect at reading posters announcing news of the capture of Emperor Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan. The Hôtel de Ville is occupied and the préfet is taken prisoner. At 09:00, the Republic is proclaimed, half a day before Paris. The red flag flies from the top of the building and remains there until March 4, 1871. The insurgents set up a Comité de salut public (Committee of Public Safety ), comprising a majority of radical, free-thinking néo-Jacobines, radicale, as well as a number of individual internationalistes and moderate Republicans included the former député Hénon. [www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/blogs/bakounine/bakounine-a-lyon-chronologie-des-evenements-405/ rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html passerellesdutemps.free.fr/edition_numerique/echantillon_pdf/regionalisme/Lyonnais/corpus/la_commune_a_lyon.pdf www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/48720-la-presse-lyonnaise-pendant-la-commune-septembre-1870-juin-1871.pdf]

1885 - Louis Célestin Boisson (d. unknown), French plasterer, revolutionary syndicalist activist and anarchist, born. Secretary of the syndicat CGT du Bâtiment (builders section of the CGT) in Bouches-du-Rhône in 1913-14, secretary of the Fédération autonome du Bâtiment (Autonomous Federation of Building), member of the board of the CGT-SR and editor of its newspaper '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//' (1928-32). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article415]

[F] 1894 - '//The New York Times//' on September 5, 1894 reports that the "contract tailors of New York and Brooklyn celebrated Labor Day yesterday by going on strike". 10,000 workers went on strike for shorter working hours and demanded to be paid wages instead of being paid for piecework. Unemployed tailors pledged not to replace their striking brothers. "Reports show that the tailors…are united and will not give in." [expand] [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com jewishcurrents.org/september-4-the-great-tailors-strike/]

[FF] 1904 - __Eccidio di Buggerru [Massacre of Buggerru__]: In the zinc and lead mines of Buggerru, a town in Sardinia's Iglesiente region that was know as 'piccola Parigi' aka 'petite Paris', which were owned by the French company Société anonyme des mines de Malfidano, the inhumane working conditions, low pay and the long shifts that often resulted in fatal accidents, had led to the workers forming the Lega di Resistenza di Buggerru, which at the time had 4000 members. In the early months of 1904, the miners had begun a series of strikes aimed at improving their wages as well as their living and working conditions; and on May 7 four of their fellow miners had been killed in an incident in the mine. Things reached a head when, on September 2nd, the mine director Achilles Giorgiades announced that the break between the morning and afternoon shifts would cut to one hour [from two]. The reaction was immediate, with Alcibiade Battelli, secretary of the Lega di Resistenza, calling a strike. So, on Saturday 3rd the miners refused to work. The director Giorgiades responded by calling in two carabinieri companies armed with rifles and bayonets, which he obtained from the prefecture to maintain public order. The following day, while the union delegation was in talks, the workers gathered in front of the headquarters of the mining directorate in support of the union delegation. The gathering was peaceful, except for one stone thrown at the windows of the carpenter's workshop in the mine, but that was enough for the order to be given for the carabinieri to open fire. Two miners, Francesco Littera, 24, and Salvatore Montixi, 36, died on the spot, while Giustino Pittau, 32, succumbed to his gunshot wounds shortly after arriving in hospital. Eleven others were wounded in the incident. Not long after the Buggerru incident, another massacre took place on September 13 in Castelluzzo, in Sicily's Trapani, where the carabinieri fired on a demonstration by peasants protesting against the dissolution of a local meeting and the arrest of the socialist manager of a local agricultural cooperative. Both incidents led directly to the proclamation of a countrywide general strike, called by the Camera del Lavoro di Milano, the first in Europe, which lasted from September 16-21 and involved Italian workers from all sectors. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccidio_di_Buggerru fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buggerru www.ladonnasarda.it/magazine/chi-siamo/3225/buggerru-per-non-dimenticare-la-storia-della-lotta-operaia.html www.larchivio.com/xoom/scioperielsa.htm www.lacanas.it/2012/03/21/buggerru-i-moti-del-1904/]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: Workers return to work following yesterday's decision by the CNT in Zaragoza but industrial unrest continues across the Second Republic.

1931 - __Vaga General de Barcelona / Huelga General de Barcelona__: During the early hours of the morning, the guardia civil come across a number of people in the Calle Lope de Vega 'behaving suspiciously'. When they try to intervene, the group responds by firing at the guardia civil and fleeing, leaving behind a number of rifles, grenades and a pistol. Elsewhere, the governor orders a raid on a meeting in the local of the Sindicato único de la Construcción on the Calle Mercaders. When the guards arrived, several shots are fired from the balconies and roofs at the cop, wounding two of them. The guards responded to the shooting and began a siege to the premises, setting up security cordons in the district. At 16:00, reinforcements from the army arrive. In an attempt to negotiate, the mayor, Jaime Aguadé and the head of the mozos de escuadra, Pérez Farrás, enter the local and persuade those present to surrender. The army then entered and detained about 150 people. That same morning, in the neighborhood of the plaza de la República, there is a shootout between guards and strikers, as well as another one in the Calle Montcada, during which one person died. bout sixty workers were also arrested, but when they reached the Police Headquarters, they refused to enter the cells. When the guardias de seguridad attempted to intervene, three of the detainees were shot and killed and a further five wounded. The rest of the detainees were taken to the cells. The strike had now spread to other towns and cities in the province and prisoners were now being held on the prison ship Dédalo, due to the poor state of the Model prison. The governor continues to insist that any attempt at resistance would be repressed with great vigour and praises the attitude of the security forces. Several representatives of the CNT meet with the mayor in order to manage a removal of the police from the siege to the local in the Calle Mercaders, but the governor refused to do so. However, the intercession of Francesc Macià i Llussà, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, managed to convince José Oriol Anguera de Sojo, the gobernador civil de Barcelona, to facilitate the departure of the besieged in exchange for being detained. Maciá jumped the gun, claiming that the strike was over, when in reality lasted a further day. Likewise, the president of the Generalitat made a citizen address warning that any revolutionary and violent act as well as the failure to prevent such acts should be considered acts against Catalonia and the Spanish Republic. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_General_de_Barcelona_de_septiembre_de_1931 www.fundanin.org/nin32.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1931/09/04/027.html hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/search.html?aux=huelga&fromISO=true&q=huelga&bd=01&bm=09&by=1931&ed=06&em=09&ey=1931]

1973 - Elise Ottesen-Jensen aka 'Ottar' (b. 1886), Norwegian-Swedish sex educator, journalist, feminist and anarchist agitator, who was a member of the Swedish anarcho-syndicalist union Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and a pioneer of women's rights to understand and control their own body and sexuality, dies. [see: Jan. 2]

1982 - Biagio 'Gino' Cerrito (b. 1922), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist historian, dies. [see: Feb. 11] || [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Pullman_Strike.htm]
 * = 5 || [F] 1882 - The first Labor Day is observed on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, called for by the Central Labor Union of New York. In 1894, after sending in the Army and U.S. Marshals to break the Pullman Strike, President Grover Cleveland sought appeasement with organised labour. Legislation making Labor Day a national holiday was rushed through Congress unanimously and signed into law by Cleveland six days after the strike ended. [see: Jun. 28]

1884 - André Augustin Bastelica (d. 1845), French typographer/printer, member of the First International, Communard, agitator, anarchist //avant la lettre//, supporter of Bakunin and organiser of the Marseilles working class, dies. [see: Dec. 14]

1885 - The first issue of '//Federación de Trabajadores//' (Workers' Federation), "Semanario Anárquico-colectivista" is published in Montevideo.

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: George Livesey, the chair of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, who had already decided that he would begin laying down plans to remove the union from South Met., announces to his board that the National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers had written to the Company saying that 'in effect' only Union members would be allowed to work. The company replied that the union would not be recognised and that non-union men would be protected. Men were sacked at Vauxhall and the union said that unless they were reinstated work would cease. The entire body of stokers handed in their statutory weeks notice and strike notices were handed in at most of the works. Unable to cope and with preparations to oust the union only partly made, Livesey stated his willingness to recognise the Union and apologised for some remarks made in a speech of his. An agreement was signed, stating that: "The Company agree … that members of the Gas Stokers Union shall not … be interfered with by … the company". The company's directors were not on board with Livesey's anti-union plans. [marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: With the strike now in its fourth week, the Lord Mayor of London forms the Mansion House Committee. Its aim is to try to bring the two sides together to end the strike. Ben Tillett and John Burns represent the dockers at the negotiations. An important member of the committee was Cardinal Manning, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster. He had shown that his sympathies were with the dockers, many of whom were Catholics. The Mansion House Committee persuaded the employers to meet practically all the dockers' demands. After five weeks the Dock Strike was over. It was agreed that the men would go back to work on September 16.

1893 - __Great Lock-Out of 1893__: "[O]n Sept. 5th, riots break out in every district. A demonstration is held at Wombwell, and the men pass a resolution that they will march to the pits and “persuade” the men who are at work to stop coal filling. Five hundred men march on Hoyland Silkstone. With a savage tour the crowd rushes on 25 men, who are filling railway wagons, and the blackleg run for their lives with broken heads and bleeding faces. The colliery offices are stormed by a crowd of frantic men armed with bludgeons, windows and lamps are smashed, the books are torn to pieces, their leaves scattered to the winds, and the manager is beaten and left half-dead. Growing in numbers the mob swarms one to Rockingham colliery. Here they overturn coal trucks by hundreds, while they pour petrol over wagons and stables, and a broad sheet of flame flares up to the sky. In Sheffield, at the Nunnery Colliery, carts bringing coal from Durham lame overturned, while at the Waterloo Main, near Leeds, mobs of strikers are scattered by police’, armed with cutlasses, The famished people driven mad with hunger have revolted, and the rich robbers, who feasted while children cried for bread, tremble at the storm." [www.healeyhero.co.uk] At least 500 miners with a leader waving a black flag went to Alfreton colliery (Blackwell Colliery Co.) and demonstrated. At the time there were 114 men underground and 43 on the surface at the new South Normanton pit, where the march started. [www.healeyhero.co.uk]

1917 - __Palmer Raids__: Federal agents attack Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) halls and offices in 48 cities across the US.

1919 - In Barcelona, Commissioner Manuel Bravo Portillo, head of the employers' pistoleros and who led the band of gunmen on July 17 that kidnapped and killed the militant centista Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero', is found dead - riddled with bullets. The authorities react by immediately declaring a state of siege that allowed numerous arrests and the closure of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//'. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/bravoportillo/bravoportillo.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2491-asesinato-de-manuel-bravo-portillo.html]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: In Tolosa printing of the weekly '//Tradición Vasca//' is suspended. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1931 - __Vaga General de Barcelona / Huelga General de Barcelona__: The general strike continues, albeit with less intensity. Public transport still does not work although many shops have reopened. In the port continued the total stoppage. As the day progressed, the city slowly returned to normal. The civil governor lets it b known that normality has returned to the city, and that during the day there had been no notable incidents. Annoyed by the criticism of some newspapers editorials, he insists that he had never abandoned any of his functions. The Generalitat de Catalunya, in the face of criticism for its passivity, reports that it has no powers over public order and expresses its full support for Francesc Macià and condemns the use of violence. The disagreements between Oriol Anguera de Sojo and Francesc Macià over the management of the strike were evident. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_General_de_Barcelona_de_septiembre_de_1931 www.fundanin.org/nin32.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1931/09/04/027.html hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/search.html?aux=huelga&fromISO=true&q=huelga&bd=01&bm=09&by=1931&ed=06&em=09&ey=1931]

1938 - __Matanza del Seguro Obrero [Seguro Obrero Massacre (Workers Insurance's Massacre)__]: Attempted coup by the Movimiento Nacional-Socialista de Chile (MNSCH), who occupy the Seguro Obrero building whilst another group take the headquarters of the Universidad de Chile. Ends in mass shooting as all captured Nazis lined up and shot - only 4 of the 63 involved survive. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_del_Seguro_Obrero en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre]

1954 - Sandra Lehtinen (Alexandra Reinholdsson; b. 1873), Finnish servant, seamstress, trades unionist, militant feminist, agitator and organiser in the Suomen Työväenpuolue (Finnish Workers' Party), and later Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, dies. [see: Jul. 1]

1964 - Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, 'The Rebel Girl', (b. 1890), US labour leader, activist, and feminist, who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage, dies whilst visiting the Soviet Union. She given a state funeral in Red Square by the Soviet government, with over 25,000 people attending. [see: Aug. 7] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre06.html]
 * = 6 || 1862 - Henri Delange (d. unknown), French shoemaker, militant revolutionary syndicalist and anarchist, born. In 1888, he participated on '//L'Egalité Sociale//', the newspaper of the Lyon members of the Conseil National of the first Fédération Française des Syndicats Ouvriers (French Federation of Trade Unions). His anarchist opinions earned him to be charged with "incitement to murder and pillage" following a conference in February 1885 in Lyon.

1868 - The Third Congress of the International Workingmen's Association takes place in Brussels (Sept. 6-13). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/firstinternationalhist.html]

1869 - The Fourth Congress of the International Workingmen's Association takes place in Basel (Sept. 6-12). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/firstinternationalhist.html www.marxists.org/archive/marx/iwma/documents/1869/basle-report.htm]

1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: Challemel-Lacour, who was appointed //préfet// of Rhône by the Gouvernement de la Défense Nationale arrives in Lyon. [see: Sep. 4]

1880 - Jules Gustave Durand (d. 1926), French anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist and secretary of the Syndicat des Charbonniers in Le Harve, born. Durand was an initiator of the French general strike of 1910, and was wrongly charged with the murder of a blackleg in a brawl. On the back of a series of corrupt witnesses and a hate campaign by the press he was sentenced to death on November 25, 1910. In a tremendous show of solidarity against this injustice protests and strikes closed the docks at Le Harve and spread across the channel to English ports and to some American ports. After further protests spearheaded by the League of Human Rights, he was released on February 15, 1911. Sadly, due to his inhumane treatment and spending 40 days restrained in a straightjacket he suffered a complete mental breakdown and spent the rest of his days in an asylum where he died in 1926. His case was re-opened and his name was cleared and on June 15, 1918, it was stated that he had been completely innocent of the charge. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier20.html libcom.org/history/durand-jules-1880-1926 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Durand www.franceinter.fr/emissions/la-marche-de-l-histoire/la-marche-de-l-histoire-01-mai-2015]

[A] 1882 - Well over 10,000 workers demanding the 8-hour day marched to protest working conditions in the first-ever U.S. Labour Day parade, held in New York City. About a quarter million New Yorkers turned out to watch.

1899 - In the mining town of Spring Valley, Illinois, Goldman heads a Labor Day procession, which ends with a meeting in the central market place, a direct violation of the mayor's denial of authorisation to do so.

1901 - The Polish anarchist individualist Leon Czolgosz (1873-1901) shoots the U.S. President William McKinley twice in the abdomen at point blank range during a walkabout by the politician at the Pan-American Exposition. Seriously wounded, McKnley dies eight days later from an infection. A grand jury indicted Czolgosz on September 16 with one count of first-degree murder. Czolgosz refused to speak to his appointed lawyers and they went on to try and convince the jury that Czolgosz is insane. However, Czolgosz was convicted on September 24, 1901 after the jury deliberated for only one hour. Two days later, they unanimously recommended the death penalty and Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair at Auburn State Prison on October 29, 1901.

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: In Doña Mencia, the mayor leads an assault against the Guardia Civil post, leaving two guards and three attackers wounded. In the city of Toledo and in several towns in the province, six killed and forty wounded in anti-anarchist reprisals by the Communists. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1934 - __Textile Workers' Strike__: Scabs and special deputies open fire on the 300 textile workers picketing the Chiquola Mill in Honea Path, South Carolina, killing six people and wounding dozens of others; a seventh man died the next day from his wounds. The national textile strike of 1934 saw nearly half a million textile workers from New England, the Mid Atlantic, and the South walk off the job to demand better wages and working conditions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_workers_strike_(1934) libcom.org/history/us-national-textile-workers-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1934-southern-workers-spark-massive-textile-strike northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/textile-strike-of-1934/ www.ncpedia.org/textiles/strike-1934 www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1026]

[F] 1976 - Gerardo Gatti Antuña (1931-1976?), Uruguayan anarchist militant and head of the Uruguayan graphic workers' union, is disappeared by the Argentine government. One of the founders and the first secretary of the Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores - Convención Nacional de Trabajadores (PIT-CNT; Intersyndical Plenary of Workers - National Convention of Workers), a leader of Resistencia Obrero Estudiantil (ROE; Student Worker Resistance), the Federación Anarquista Uruguyaya (FAU) and the Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo (Party for the People's Victory). He will be tortured in the Automotores Orletti, the clandestine detention and torture centre that operated in Buenos Aires, and an attempt made to ransom him for $2m, before his death (date unknown). [see: Apr. 4] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.be/2007/12/exposicion-de-la-clase-obrera-las.html]
 * = 7 || 1855 - The '//Exposición presentada por la clase obrera a las Cortes Constituyentes//' (Exposition presented by the working class to the Constituent Cortes), written by the prominent Catalan libertarian socialist Francesc Pi i Margall, is published in Madrid along with the 'Alocución a los obreros españoles' (Address to Spanish workers). It demands the right of workers to organise and includes instructions for the gathering of signature. Eventaully signed by 33,000 workers, it was delivered to the Cortes at the end of december that year.

1872 - During the Hague Congress, Mikhail Bakunin is expelled from the First International.

1890 - __Southampton Dock Strike__: With the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company refusing to recognise the Dockers' union (Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union) and the National Union of Seamen, and to bring its rates into line with the other companies on Southampton Docks, who had agreed to grant wage increases of 1d an hour at the end of August, dock workers go out on strike. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Dock_strike_of_1890 seesouthampton.co.uk/works/dock-strike-1890/]

1893 - __Featherstone Massacre / Great Lock-Out of 1893__: Starving Featherstone miners at the daily pit side gathering at Ackton Hall, one the town's two pits (with Featherstone Main), now found themselves facing men loading coal from the pithead stockpiles for mine owner Lord Masham's textile business – the vast Lister's Mill in Bradford. Angry at what they considered a betrayal and that Lord Masham was profiting whilst they went hungry, the miners and their families blamed the pit manager, Alfred Holiday, who was assisting in the movement of coal. Holiday claimed that the coal was for the pit engines rather than the Bradford mill, but the people disagreed. On September 7, a group of men attacked Holiday and those loading the coal. Panicked, Holiday rushed to the local Pontefract police for assistance, but was sent to Wakefield. There he chanced upon Lord St Oswald, another local pit owner, who was seeking protection for his mine. He recommended to the Wakefield police that troops be brought in. That afternoon, twenty-nine soldiers of the 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment, under a Captain Barker, arrived to face a growing crowd of miners and onlookers. Angry at the presence of the troops, the crowd demanded their withdrawal. A later report alleged that some of the mob threw stones and others set fire to timber – the flames could be seen "for miles round". As the afternoon passed, thousands more spectators appeared; many from outside Featherstone. By evening, fearful of the 2000-strong mob, the local magistrate Bernard Hartley JP took the drastic step of reading the 'Riot Act'. This meant that anyone in the crowd remaining after one hour could be arrested. Accounts differ but it is believed that before an hour was out Hartley panicked and ordered warning shots be fired. Still the crowd remained. Mistakenly, they believed the troops were firing blanks. The troops shot again, this time injuring eight. Two of those injured later died of their wounds - twenty-two year old James Gibbs and twenty-five year old James Arthur Duggan. Both were passive bystanders. Both were miners, although Gibbs reportedly also volunteered as a Sunday School teacher in Normanton. Even though the two men had not been protesting, a Wakefield inquest concluded that Duggan's death was "justifiable homicide". The inquest into Gibbs' death took place in Featherstone itself. Here the jury blamed the lack of police and Holiday's overreaction. The difference in the verdicts led to a Parliamentary Commission being set up by the Liberal Home Secretary, H. H. Asquith. As a result of a speech by Keir Hardie, Gibbs' and Duggan's families received £100 but no compensation was awarded to the six injured, and the Government accepted no responsibility for the deaths. [libcom.org/history/bullets-bread-featherstone-massacre www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0305E3CA64B014225C77AD89E3BDCCE5/S0020859000005290a.pdf/the-yorkshire-miners-and-the-1893-lockout-the-featherstone-massacre.pdf www.theguardian.com/news/1893/sep/09/mainsection.fromthearchive deceasedonlineblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/1893-featherstone-massacre.html www.healeyhero.co.uk/rescue/individual/Bob_Bradley/Bk-2/Bk2-1893-P1.html www.farnhill.co.uk/History_Docs/1893 - miner's strike.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners'_Federation_of_Great_Britain]

1893 - __Great Lock-Out of 1893__: "A crowd of 1,500 men and boys set off from Bulwell market place then made their way to Watnall and whilst passing by Bulwell colliery did some damage to surface buildings. By the time they reached New Watnall colliery the numbers had swelled to about 5,000. They set fire to wagons standing in the sidings and also set fire to a number of buildings and damaged some machinery. Eventually after some time reinforcements of police arrived to assist the police trying to control the crowd and the Riot Act was read and blows were struck on both sides. Seven ringleaders, Henry Birchmore, Sam Briddlestone, Charles Eaves, John Gully, Albert Palmer, John Richards and Henry Saint were arrested and the crowd was dispersed by police charges. Following this incident large detachments of police were drafted into the area from other parts of the country but they had little to do. It was also stated that some 3,000 people condemned the actions and violent behaviour of the men who took part in the riot." [www.healeyhero.co.uk]

1908 - Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience learns that the speech was written by Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist Becky Edelsohn arrested.

[F] 1931 - __Estevan Coal Strike__: A strike by coal miners in Bienfait, Saskatchewan, organised by the Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, the Workers Unity League, breaks out and will end with the September 29, 1931 Estevan or Black Tuesday Riot. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevan_riot plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.pd.018 esask.uregina.ca/entry/estevan_coal_strike.html nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/saskatchewan-coal-miners-win-strike-better-working-conditions-1931]

[DD] 1969 - __Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo__]: In the wake of the Primer Rosariazo (First Rosariazo) and Cordobazo [see: May 29] the military government interferred in the running of the Unión Ferroviaria (Railway Union), labour agreements were modified unilaterally, union leaders were imprisoned and an across the board salary reduction was introduced. Tensions continued to simmer and soon reached boiling point. Rosario students returned to the streets on September 7th to commemorate the death of those killed in the conflict with the forces of repression. The following day, delegates from the UF's Rosario section went on strike to protest the suspension of the administrative delegate Mario J. Horat, who had been penalised for advocating anti-government strikes. More than 4,000 workers joined the action and that night decided to prolong it for for 72 hours. Other sectional groups joined the action. On September 12, the union declared a nationwide indefinite strike. The government responded by sending in the security forces and mobilising all railway workers uner the Código de Justicia Militar (Code of Military Justice), thereby criminalising the strike. Several factories were occupied in Córdoba, and there was a massive uprising in Cipolletti, Río Negro. On September 15, the CGT of Rosario declared a strike, and on the morning of the next day the workers marched on the city. Street fighting and repression were widespread throughout the city. Between 100,000 and 250,000 people are estimated to have taken part in the protests, which later came to be known as the Second Rosariazo (or the Proletarian Rosariazo). The workers converged on the seat of the CGT and were joined by students, who had previously gathered at the faculties. The police were eventually overwhelmed by the protesters, who set up barricades and re-grouped in many different points throughout the city. Public transport vehicles were set on fire. Police control was limited to a few important buildings such as the Command Seat of the Second Army Corps, the Police Headquarters, the courts and the major radio stations. The conflict then spread to the barrios on the outskirts of Rosario. In light of the deteriorating situation, on September 17 the Army took charge. Future president Colonel Leopoldo Galtieri was among the Army personnel involved in the repression. That evening, the Commander of the II Army Corps, Brig Gen. Herbert Robinson released the following statement: "The public is warned that in this mission, my troops are under orders to fire without warning on any outrage or attack." ('//Antenore//', 2004) From that point forward, the fight was effectively lost for the protesters. The Rozariazo ended with hundreds dead or wounded, and many arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965] ||
 * = 8 || 1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: Ten commissioners are nominated for the "intermédiaires du peuple lyonnais auprès du Comité de Salut public" (intermediary for the people of Lyon to the public Salvation Committee). [see: Sep. 4]

1892 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone), one of the first //fasci// in rural Corleone is founded by Bernardino Verro. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro]

[F] 1911 - The first conference of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo / Confederació Nacional del Treball is held in the Palau de les Belles Arts in Barcelona [Sep. 8-10]. It is attended by 121 delegates representing 99 workers' organisations or societats obreres (59 of Catalonia) and six local federations (4 Catalonia) from 29 localities (12 in Catalonia). However, there was no representation for Madrid by a significant labour organisation. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederació_Nacional_del_Treball es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo www.veuobrera.org/00finest/911congr.htm www.veuobrera.org/00finest/cnt-deta.htm www.veuobrera.org/00fine-x/soli-obr.htm www.fideus.com/sindicals - cnt.htm]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: Strikes take place in the port of Gijón and in the mining area of León. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[CC] 1941 - __Melkestreiken [Milk Strike__]: Following the announcement in early August by Nazi authorities of the introduction of milk rationing, cutting the daily litre bottle of milk, an essential subsidy for many families in a country where wages were so low when workers lost their daily workplace quota of milk, workers arriving on Monday morning found that the subsidy has now been cut completely. A strike broke out in Oslo among workers at the shipyard Akers mekaniske verksted and the Spigerverk industry site in Christiania as workers left their workplaces after breakfast. By the 9th, the number of workers on strike was estimated to be 20-25,000, at around fifty industry sites and was especially strong in the steel industries. Reprisals by the Nazi authorities began, with about fifty workers at Akers mekaniske verksted being arrested. Throughout the day, workers at other enterprises were also arrested, leaving about 200 in German hands. On the third day of the strike the German Reichskommissar Josef Terboven declared martial law in Oslo and the neighbouring municipality Aker. Two union leaders, Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm, were summarily sentenced to death by a court-martial, and immediately executed by a SS Sonderkommando. Later three other union leaders - Ludvik Buland, Harry Vestli and Josef Larsson - would also be sentenced to death, but their convictions were changed to imprisonment for life in German jails. Both Buland and Vestli later died in German prisons. The leadership of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions also underwent a period of "Nazification", with members of the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling installed as leaders. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=1710 mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

1969 - __Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo__]: Following yesterday's student commemoration of thsoe who died during the First Rosariazo, delegates from the UF's Rosario section go on strike to protest the suspension of the administrative delegate Mario J. Horat, who had been penalised for advocating anti-government strikes. More than 4,000 workers join the action and that night decide to prolong it for for 72 hours. Other sectional groups join the action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10197]
 * = 9 || 1855 - Ludovic Ménard (Charles Ménard; bd. 1935), French anarchist, syndicalist and founder of the slate workers union, born. Signatory of the Charter of Amiens, adopted by the Confédération Générale du Travail in 1906. His efforts on behalf of his fellow slate workers won them the same standing as miners. The inscription on a monument to him in Trélazé reads: "Syndicaliste pacifiste, fondateur des syndicats ardoisiers. Sa vie au service des travailleurs fut un combat permanent pour la justice sociale et la paix." (Pacifist unionist, founder of slate workers unions. His life in the service of workers was a constant struggle for social justice and peace.)

1864 - Louis Lingg (d. 1887), German-American carpenter, trades unionist, anarchist and Haymarkeret martyr, born. [expand] [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/haymarket/lingg/linggbio.html libcom.org/library/lingg-louis-autobiography en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lingg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lingg www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlingg.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/59zwk6]

1880 - Marie Guillot (d. 1934), French teacher, anarcho-syndicalist, pacifist and feminist activist, born. [expand] pioneer of trade unionism in primary education [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Guillot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Guillot]

1919 - __Boston Police Strike__: With a long list of grievances about the long hours they had to work for ever-eroding levels of pay, the extra unpaid 'duties' forced upon them and the state of the city's station houses, the local policemen's organisation, known as the Boston Social Club, decided to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor in order to gain support from other unions in their negotiations and any strike that might ensue. On August 9, 1919, the Boston Social Club requested a charter from the AFL. On August 11, the Commissioner of the Boston Police Department, Edwin Upton Curtis, issued a General Order forbidding police officers to join any "organisation, club or body outside the department", making an exception only for patriotic organisations such as the American Legion. On August 15, the police received their AFL charter. On August 17, the Central Labor Union of Boston welcomed the police union and denounced Curtis for his assertions that the police had no right to unionise. Curtis refused to meet with the eight members of the police union's committee. He suspended them and 11 others who held various union offices and scheduled trials to determine if they had violated his General Order. Department trials of the 19 were held and on September 8 they were found guilty of union activity. Rather than dismiss them from the police force, he extended their suspensions. He later explained that he was giving them an opportunity to reconsider their actions and avoid discharges, which would have been irrevocable. The police union members responded that same day by voting 1134 to 2 in favor of a strike and scheduled it to start at evening roll call the next day. On September 9, Boston Police Department officers went on strike at 17:45 Of the force's 1,544 officers and men, 1,117 (72%) failed to report for work. The Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge assigned 100 members of the state's Metropolitan Park Police Department to replace the striking officers, but 58 of them refused to participate and were suspended from their jobs. Despite assurances from Commissioner Curtis to Mayor Andrew Peters and Governor Coolidge, Boston had little police protection for the night of September 9. Volunteer replacements were still being organised and due to report the next morning. Many of those who provided scab labor were students at Harvard University. However, they did not stop looting, rioting and sporadic violence breaking out in downtown Boston and South Boston, which peaked on the night of September 10–11. On the second day Governor Coolidge called out the entire state militia and 5,000 State Guards occupied the city, patrolling the streets for the next three months, thereby effetively putting an end to the strike. The decision on the evening of September 11 by the Central Labor Union not to call a general strike in support of the striking police was the final nail in the strike's coffin The entire police force was subsequently fired and a new one gradually recruited. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Strike libcom.org/history/short-history-boston-police-strike-1919 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/boston-police-strike-better-working-conditions-1919 www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=policeStrike]

1924 - __Hanapēpē Massacre__: Filipino sugar cane workers – on strike for higher wages and better working conditions – and police clash at a strike camp in Hanapēpē, Hawaii. Outarmed by police, strikers fought with cane knives, sticks, and a few guns. Sixteen workers and four policemen died. Striking workers and their leaders were arrested, tried, and imprisoned; many were later deported to the Philippines. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre www.oralhistory.hawaii.edu/pages/historical/1924.html]

[CC] 1941 - __Melkestreiken [Milk Strike__]: The number of workers on strike is estimated to be 20-25,000, at around fifty industry sites and is especially strong in the steel industries. Reprisals by the Nazi authorities have already begun, with about fifty workers at Akers mekaniske verksted being arrested. Throughout the day, workers at other enterprises are also arrested, leaving about 200 in German hands. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

[A] 2009 - A six-day strike is announced in 48 prisons across Italy, with up to 50,000 prisoners refusing food and work.

[F] 2016 - __U.S. Prisoners' Work Strike__: More than 24,000 prisoners in at least 12 states refuse to go to their assigned jobs, demanding an "end to prison slavery" in a coordinated strike on the 45th anniversary of the bloody uprising at Attica prison in New York. Eventually prisoners in 40 to 50 prisons in more than 20 states became involved in the protests 40 to 50 prisons in more than 20 states went on a coordinated strike Friday, refusing to go to their assigned jobs and demanding an "end to prison slavery." In April 2014, one of the main national groups organising the campaign, the Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee, under the banner of the Industrial Workers of the World union, announced its call to action. On July 31, the organisation's Statement of Purpose was created in order to organise and unite prisoners. There are five components to the Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee's Statement of Purpose. The five components lay out the goals of the organisation, convey the importance of supporting fellow prisoners, and vocalise the needs of inmates. Cellular devices were used as a communication force and helped to organise the strikes in the groups. [expand] [incarceratedworkers.org iwoc.noblogs.org/post/2016/04/01/announcement-of-nationally-coordinated-prisoner-workstoppage-for-sept-9-2016/ www.themarshallproject.org/2016/09/27/a-primer-on-the-nationwide-prisoners-strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._prison_strike www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/09/prison-strike-inmate-labor-work/ www.counterpunch.org/2016/09/09/announcement-of-nationally-coordinated-prisoner-workstoppage-for-sept-9-2016/ www.maskmagazine.com/the-prisoner-issue/struggle/live-updates-prisoner-strike www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/prison-strike-lockdown-fallout/ theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/ www.democracynow.org/2016/9/20/headlines/largest_prison_strike_in_us_history_enters_third_week] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2236]
 * = 10 || 1862 - Jean-Marie Giraudon (d. unknown), French locksmith, anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, born.

[F] 1892 - __Broken Hill Miners' Strike__: The arrival of the first train load of blackleg contract workers is met by a massive crowd of hostile local men and women and scenes of major disorder as the train is attacked and police with fixed bayonets attempt to guard the scabs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Broken_Hill_miners'_strike australianminingreview.com.au/broken-hill-australia’s-mining-heart/ www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/bh/intro.html rove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3547893/104478#]

1897 - __Lattimer Massacre__: At least 19 unarmed striking Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian and German immigrant anthracite coal miners at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, are shot and killed by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse of 150 armed deputies. Another 17 to 49 miners were wounded [figures vary according to different sources]. All had been shot in the back whilst running away, and several had multiple gunshot wounds indicating that they had been targeted by the deputies. The sheriff and 73 deputies were arrested, tried, and acquitted. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattimer_massacre lattimermassacre.wordpress.com/tag/1897/ 55716165.weebly.com/massacre.html pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Lattimer.html miningquiz.com/pdf/Fatalities/Lattimer.pdf www.counterpunch.org/2015/09/18/the-lattimer-massacre-when-an-entire-police-force-stood-trial/]

1898 - Anarchist Luigi Luccheni stabs Empress Elizabeth of Austria, in Geneva, using a frayed file, to strike against "the persecutors of the workers". The Swiss courts condemned him to forced labour. Found hung in prison in 1910. [Costantini pic]

1905 - The first edition of Chile's first feminist workers newspaper, the bimonthly '//La Alborada//', "Pulicación quincenal - defensora de las clases proletarias" (fortnightly champion of the proletarian classes) (1905-1907), is published in Valparaíso by the anarchist and feminist Carmela Jería, who worked as a typographer in the Gillbert lithograph works until she made a speech during a May Day demostration. The declared purpose of the anarchist-leaning newspaper is to be a "defender muy en particular a las vejadas trabajadoras..." (in particular to champion the cause of harried working women). [www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-75380.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Alborada es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Jeria virginia-vidal.com/anaquel/article_556.shtml www.observatoriogeneroyliderazgo.cl/blog/wp-content/uploads/jeria.pdf mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/siglo-xix-carmela-jeria.html]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: Publication of the Madrid newspaper '//El Siglo Futuro//' (The Future Century) is suspended, as is the Bilbao daily '//Libertad Vasca//' (Basque Freedom). [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[CC] 1941 - __Melkestreiken [Milk Strike__]: The German Reichskommissar Josef Terboven declares martial law in Oslo and the neighbouring municipality Aker. Two union leaders, Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm, are summilarily sentenced to death by a court-martial, and immediately executed by a SS Sonderkommando. Later three other union leaders - Ludvik Buland, Harry Vestli and Josef Larsson - would also be sentenced to death, but their convictions were changed to imprisonment for life in German jails. Both Buland and Vestli later died in German prisons. The leadership of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions also underwent a period of "Nazification", with members of the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling installed as leaders. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

1941 - Harald Viggo Hansteen (b. 1900), Norwegian lawyer and Communist, is executed by the Nazis during their retaliation against the Oslo Melkestreiken (Milk Strike). [see: Sep. 8 & 13]

1941 - Rolf Wickstrøm (b 1912) was a Norwegian labour activist and shop stewart at the Skabo Rail Coach Factory,, is executed by the Nazis during their retaliation against the Oslo Melkestreiken (Milk Strike). [see: Sep. 8 & Dec. 9]

1943 - Piombino, a steel town with a great libertarian tradition and a tradition above all of revolutionary syndicalism, is behind a popular uprising against the Nazis. Among the anarchists who takes part in the uprising is Adriano Vanni, a partisan who operated in the Maremma and who was called upon to join the local CLN (National Liberation Committee, a body made up of a spectrum of anti-fascist parties). [libcom.org/history/anarchist-partisans-in-italian-resistance www.arivista.org/?nr=357&pag=dossier_antifascismo9_en.htm] ||
 * = 11 || 1837 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having been pardoned on March 10, 1836, on condition of good conduct, and given free passage home following a mass campaign back in England, only for the authorities in New South Wales to delay notifying the five of the government's instructions and offer, James Loveless, Thomas and John Stanfield, and James Brine depart Sydney on board the John Barry, reaching Plymouth on March 17, 1838, one of the departure points for convict transport ships.

1913 - Maruja Lara (Angustias Lara Sanchez; d. 2012), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana, nurse and activist in the clandestine prisoners support group, Unión de Mujeres Demócratas, born. When she was three, her family to Brazil and then Argentina, where her father was a militant in the syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina. In January 1932 she returned to Granada, where she joined the Sindicato de Minyones (domestic workers union) of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), of which she became secretary, and the Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), at the age of fourteen. With the fascist coup, she fled Granada for Tocón, Baza and Guadix, fighting nominally as a miliciana in the Columna Maroto. In mid-1937, she moved to València, joining the Sindicat d'Infermeres (Nurses Union) and working in Hospital Número 1 near Torres de Quart, València. In Valencia she became branch treasurer of the Mujeres Libres and got to know militants like Amelia Torres, Lucia Sánchez Saornil, Suceso Portales, Carmen Pons, Natacha Cabezas, Paquita Domínguez, America Barroso, Pura Pérez, etc. and especially became a good friend of Isabel Mesa. When the war ended in March 1939, she and Mesa got on to a truck for Almeria to catch a ship for Algeria, but she ended up in the port of Alicante and then was imprisoned in the infamous Francoist concentration camp of Albatera. Here 25,000 were murdered by the Francoists and thrown into mass graves. She finally managed to escape from Albatera to Almeria and then Granada. She worked for a while in a caramel factory there. In late 1939 she returned to Valencia. With Isabel Mesa she set up a newspaper kiosk in Valencia, which secretly distributed the anarchist press. In 1942 with Isabel and others, she set up the underground group the Unión de Mujeres Demócratas (Union of Democratic Women) to help prisoners and their families. In 1955 she was arrested because of her anarchist activities. Except for a few months in Palma, Mallorca, in 1940 and a year in France in 1960 to escape repression, she always lived in Valencia. After the death of Franco, she was actively involved in the reconstruction of the CNT and supported the creation of the free radio station Radio Klara. In 1997 she contributed to the anarchist journal 'El Chico'. She died on February 29, 2012. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/marujalara/marujalara.html libcom.org/history/lara-maruja-aka-angustias-lara-sanchez-1913-2012 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2516-maruja-lara-de-las-jjll.html]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: In Bilbao, fighting between Basque nationalists and Republicans leaves two dead. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1941 - Generoso Gran Pérez a member of the CNT's Sindicato de la alimentación (Foodworker's Union) is captured. He had returned from France to act as a go-between exile groups and those in Spain.

1942 - Underground Norwegian trade union newspapers arrange thousands of letters to the government rejecting Nazification.

[F] 1973 - Mine workers at Western Deep Levels mine, Carltonville, out on strike against poverty wages are shot by the police while protesting - 12 miners are killed and 38 are wounded. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm]

1978 - Joan Ferrer i Farriol (b. 1896), anarchist and prominent Catalan anarcho-syndicalist leader, who was a regular contributor to the libertarian press and author of several books, dies. [see: Jun. 21] || [www.puertadetierra.info/figuras/gente/genara/genara_pagan.htm repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:2945?datastream_id=content]
 * = 12 || 1891 - Genara Pagán (d. 1963), Puerto Rican tobacco worker, seamstress, feminist, libertarian labour activist and one of the leaders of the 1914 unión de tabaqueras strike, born. In 1919, she and Emilia Hernández organised, under the auspices of the Federación Libre de Trabajadores (Free Workers’ Federation), the Primer Congreso de Trabajadoras de Puerto Rico (First Congress of Puerto Rican Working Women). One resolution passed called for equal rights for men and women, including the right to vote.

1892 - Adriano Inácio Botelho (d. 1983), Portuguese anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist militant, born. A member of the O Semeador (The Sower) anarchist group, he worked as a translator and on the newspaper '//A Batalha//' in Lisbon. As a member of the Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist CGT, he and his comrades were subject to fierce repression during the Salazar dictatorship and he was critical of the anarchist participation in the government during the Spanish civil war. Post-Salazar, he participated in the reconstruction of the anarchist movement and founded the Almada newspaper '//Voz Anarquista//'. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre12.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0105.html mosca-servidor.xdi.uevora.pt/arquivo/?p=creators/creator&id=84]

1922 - At 21:00 at the premises of the Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacao Workers 'Tomás Briones'), the first meeting of the group drafting the founding principles of the Federación de Trabajadores Regional Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Regional Federation Of Workers) is held at 21:00 in the premises of the cacao workers' Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacao Workers 'Tomás Briones') in Guayaquil, the coastal city and the main port of Ecuador. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: A bomb explodes in the central telephone exchange in Seville. Official strike statistics for between April and June are published. In just two months the total number exceeds three hundred. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1932 - The first issue of '//Cultura Obrera//', "Una publicació de reflexió i de lluita", is published in Palma. This is the second series of the anarcho-syndicalist title (42 issues up til July 9, 1932), was first published between August 16, 1919 and June 28, 1924 (254 issues).

1948 - Marial Quintane (b. 1892), French construction worker, anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Sep. 14]

1969 - __Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo__]: The Unión Ferroviaria (Railway Union) declare a nationwide indefinite strike. The government responds by sending in the security forces and mobilising all railway workers under the Código de Justicia Militar (Code of Military Justice), thereby criminalising the strike. Several factories are occupied in Córdoba, and there is a massive uprising in Cipolletti, Río Negro. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

1997 - The third nationwide general strike of the year shuts down virtually all public and private sector workplaces in Uruguay, demonstrating massive opposition to the government's plans to dismantle social welfare programs. The strike, called by the interunion plenary of workers, the national labour convention and the confederation of organisations of public officials, was the most widely observed of the three general strikes called since president Julio Maria Sanguinetti took office in march. While limited by the union leaders to only four hours, the walkout took on a life of its own, and many strikers, including the entire public school work force, extended their action into a second day. [www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/southamerica/uruguay.html]

2001 - Dolores Prat Coll aka pequeña Montseny (little Montseny)(b. 1905), Catalan textile worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT from the age of 15, dies. [see: Mar. 8] ||
 * = 13 || 1893 - Benoît Malon (b. 1841), French Bakuninist, member of the International, Communard and then a socialist, dies. [see: Jun. 23]

1900 - Harald Viggo Hansteen (d. 1941), Norwegian lawyer and Communist, who was executed by the Nazis during the Oslo Melkestreiken, born. A member of the Norges Kommunistiske Parti (NKP) and judicial consultant for the Landsorganisasjonen i Norge (LO; Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions), he was prominent in the prevention of the attempt by Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering), Vidkun Quisling's Norwegian fascist party, to gain control of LO. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo_Hansteen]

1914 - In Parma, the anarcho-syndicalist Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI) meet in council to decide their position on the war. Two trends clash, interventionist and anti-militarist, and it is ultimately the latter that prevail safter the passage of a motion by fellow Armando Borghi, Aiò, Niccolini, Pace and Nencini. Two trends clash, interventionist and anti-militarist. It is ultimately the latter will prevail after the passage of a motion by Armando Borghi, Aiò, Niccolini, Pace and Nencini.

1915 - Faith Petric (d. 2013), US folk singer, IWW member, peace, anti-fascist and community activist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Petric www.indybay.org/newsitems/2013/10/30/18745703.php]

[F] 1919 - The Confederação Geral do Trabalho (CGT), with its roots in the União Operária Nacional (National Workers Union), is founded, replacing the União Operária Nacional. The CGT's daily newspaper is '//A Batalha//'. Greatly influenced by the anarcho-syndicalist movement, it was the only Portuguese trade union at the time. It went on to affiliate with the International Workers Association (IWA) in 1922. The coup d'état of May 28 1926 and continued repression, ultimately led to its decline, and in 1938, Emídio Santana, the secretary-general of the federation, took part in a failed assassination attempt on Salazar. The ensuing repression killed off the CGT completely. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Portugal) pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederação_Geral_do_Trabalho_(Portugal) www.fmsoares.pt/aeb/crono/pesquisa?pesquisa=União Operária Nacional]

1927 - Gustave Jeanneret (b. 1847), Swiss painter, member of the International Council of the Jura Federation, brother of the libertarian engraver and writer Georges-Edouard Jeanneret and uncle of Le Corbusier, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

1934 - A strike in Woonsocket, Rhode Island – part of a nationwide textile strike for shorter hours, increased wages, and union recognition – results in the deaths of several workers after police tear gas the crowd gathered at the town’s still-open rayon mill. The nationwide strike involved nearly half a million workers and affected almost 3,000 mills. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Textile_Workers_Strike_1934.htm]

[A] 1958 - Rudolf Rocker (b. 1873), German-American anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organiser and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Mar. 25]

[D] 1996 - In Brazil, a masked crowd takes advantage of a police strike in Alegoias Province to burn down the police HQ. ||
 * = 14 || [F] 1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: A settlement was finally agreed and the men returned to work. They had achieved 6d an hour and 8d for overtime, a minimum four-hour call-on guaranteeing at least 2 shillings a day, and other concessions. By now the Tea Operatives & General Labourers' Association had grown from a few hundred members at the start of the strike to an organisation 18,000 strong. Immediately after the strike it became the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Workers Union. Within three months it had 30,000 members.

1892 - Marial Quintane (b. 1892), French construction worker, anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. Secretary of the Syndicat CGT du bâtiment (Building workers union) in Reims and the Comités Syndicalistes révolutionnaires locaux (local committee of revolutionary Unionists) in the early 1920s, he was also a member of the Terre et Liberté anarchist group and active in the local Sacco and Vanzetti support campaign and protests against repression in Spain in the '20s. Later he was a member of the anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist minority in the CGTU and was elected secretary of the UL-CGTU in July 1922. Following the communist takeover of the union in 1925, he took the rump of the building workers into an autonomous building union. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4907 www.ephemanar.net/septembre12.html]

1904 - In Castelluzzo, Italy, the state police shoot on farmers demonstrating against the dissolution of a meeting and the arrest of the leader of an agricultural cooperative, leaving 2 dead and 10 wounded.

1918 - Eugene V. Debs is sentenced under the espionage act to 10 years for his June 16 'Canton, Ohio Speech' against the Great War. [www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1918/canton.htm]

[C] 1923 - The general strike called by the CNT in reaction to yesterday's military coup in Spain fails (the socialists and UGT refuse to participate) and the CNT is forced underground.

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: A new General Strike breaks out in Granada. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1943 - Konstantinos Speras (Κωνσταντίνος Σπέρας; b. 1893), Greek tobacco woker, anarcho-syndicalist and one of the pioneers of the working class trade-union movement in Greece, is executed (beheaded) by ELAS Communist-led Greek partisans during the Axis occupation of Greece. [flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue66/reviews.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre14.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κώστας_Σπέρας en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinos_Speras] || [explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-BD journals.psu.edu/wph/article/download/58794/58520 www.antiwarsongs.org/canzone.php?lang=en&id=18703]
 * = 15 || [F] 1845 - __Battle of Blackstock's Factory / Allegheny Cotton Mill Strikes__: Earlier in the year, 5,000 women cotton mill workers in and around Pittsburgh go on strike for a 10-hour day and an end to child labour. Months into the strike, hundreds of factory girls and male supporters from Allegheny City and Pittsburgh marched on the Blackstock Mill, one of the largest in the area. The women broke down the factory’s gates and forcibly expelled the scabs, while the men who accompanied them kept the police at bay. The 'Battle of Blackstock's Factory' raised the striking workers' spirits but helped turn the middle-class citizens of Pittsburgh, who were shocked by such unladylike behavior, against them.

1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: Michel Bakunin arrives in Lyon. He is unhappy to see the International collaborating with Republicans, and, together with Lyonnais International members Albert Richard, Eugène Saignes and Gaspard Blanc, holds a series of meetings that bring together hundreds of people, during which an event is decided for September 28, in front of the Hôtel de Ville. [see: Sep. 4]

1872 - The International Congress of the Bakuninist section of the AIT takes place in St. Imier, Switzerland (September 15-16) following the anarchists' expulsion from the Conress in The Hague (Sep. 2-7). The Congress begins after the 16 delegates of the Jura Federation have met. Present are Charles Alarini, Rafael Farga Pellicer, Nicolas Alonso Marselau and Tomàs Gonzáles Morago representing the Spanish Federation; Giuseppe Fanelli, Ludovico Nabruzzi, Andrea Costa, Carlo Cafiero and Mikhail Bakunin from the Italian Federation; Jean-Louis Pindy and Camille Camet represnting the French sections; Gustave Lefrancais from America; and James Guillaume and Adémar Schwitzguebel from the Jura Federation. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre15.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International]

[D] 1931 - __Invergordon Mutiny__: Sailors at Invergordon, Scotland, mutinied over pay cuts, as part of the generalised resistance to the government's economic austerity measures which began with the riots on June 10th. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergordon_Mutiny]

1933 - At the Plaza Monumental de Barcelona, over 100,000 people attend an important CNT meeting which is addressses by Valeriano Orobón Fernández and Buenaventura Durruti, the latter fresh from prison.

1988 - Celso Persici (d. 1896), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Oct. 9] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre16.html]
 * = 16 || 1870 - Several Mexican workers groups come together to form the Grand Obreros Círculo de México (GCO) due to the efforts of the libertarian activist Santiago Villanuev and members of the Proletarian Circle, which he had founded a year earlier.

1874 - Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (d. 1922), noted Mexican anarchist, revolutionary, co-founder of the Partido Liberal Mexicano, IWW organiser, author and journalist, brother of Enrique and Jesús, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Magón libcom.org/history/magon-ricardo-flores-1873-1922 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120916 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/magon/home.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_magon.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ricardo-flores-magon-collected-works]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: Striking dock workers return to work following the agreement of a settlement on September 14.

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: Communists in the Zaragoza municipality of El Molón, attack the Guardia Civil headquarters resulting in one death. Communist in the Sevillian town of Olivares assault their local Guardia Civil barracks resulting in several injuries. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[F] 1963 - __Folsom State Prison Work Strike__: The beginning of a five-day work strike at Folsom state prison, California. [Prisoners struck their jobs at Folsom State Prison today in what Warden Robert A. Heinze described as an "orderly demonstration." Heinze said a few refused to report for work after lunch Monday Oct. 21, 1963, but today the work stoppage spread to "100 per cent of the inmates within the main security area." Folsom has 2,441 inmates. Heinze said 650 are employed in such operations as a cannery, furniture factory, and license plate factory. Another 270 are employed in "support" jobs, such as kitchen help and janitor work. Heinze said only the kitchen force is working, and feeding is "proceeding without incident." "A small gang of disgruntled inmates is responsible..." 'Reno Gazette-Journal', Oct. 22, 1963]

[FF] 1969 - __Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo__]: Following the declaration of a strike by the CGT of Rosario in solidarity with the railway workers, during the morning workers march on the city. Street fighting and repression are widespread throughout the city. Between 100,000 and 250,000 people are estimated to take part in the protests, which later came to be known as the Segundo Rosariazo or Rosariazo Proletario. The workers converge on the seat of the CGT and are joined by students, who had previously gathered at the faculties. The police are eventually overwhelmed by the protesters, who set up barricades and re-group in many different points throughout the city. Public transport vehicles are set on fire. Police control is limited to a few important buildings such as the Command Seat of the Second Army Corps, the Police Headquarters, the courts and the major radio stations. The conflict then spreads to the barrios on the outskirts of Rosario. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre17.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3010]
 * = 17 || 1893 - Camille Laberche (d. 1962), French ceramics worker, clerk, anarchist and trade union activist, born.

1899 - __Carterville Mine Riots__: [On September 17, some white miners and black strikebreakers exchanged words. Later and unrelated, several black miners and famUy members walked to the Ulinois Central RaUroad station for personal business, and an armed group of blacks accompanied them. Believing that the armed black escort was responding to the exchange of words, an armed group of thirty white miners met them at the train station. Rather than face gunfire, the black famUies and their escorts left the station escaping along the tracks, but the white miners pursued them. One of the black men fired at their pursuers, and the miners responded by returning fire. Five of the blacks died instantly, and several others were injured. The remaining group made it back to the mine, and nearly 200 blacks stormed the mine’s storehouse, where there were guns, but Brush’s son prevented them from arming themselves. The troops returned shortly and restored peace. Three white men faced trial for the murder of the blacks, but a jury acquitted all three.] [www.encyclopedias.biz/encyclopedia-of-american-race-riots/40382-virden-pana-and-carterville-illinois-mine-riots-1898-1899.html www.mihp.org/2013/05/bloody-williamsons-history-of-mine-massacres/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18990918.2.4 www.rarenewspapers.com/view/591170]

1917 - Cesare Fuochi (d. 2003), Italian anarchist, syndicalist railway worker and anti-fascist partisan, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8520 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1709.html www.ecn.org/uenne/archivio/archivio2004/un02/art3057.html archive.is/s17u]

1918 - Maria Rosa Alorda Gràcia (d. 2006), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. From the age of 11 she began working in a clothing factory as a seamstress, learning to read and write in the rationalist school of the Calle Verdi de Gràcia and at the Ateneu Popular Vila, where she later worked as a teacher. A member of the Juventudes Libertarias, with the fascist coup of 1936 she enlisted in the Ferrer Carod, going to the Aragon front, where she taught militiamen who had not gone to school to read and write. Pregnant with her daughter Blanca, Blesa leaves and returns to Barcelona, ​​where postpartum she worked at the ammunition and weapons factory located in the former 'La Voz de su Amo' (Voice of his Master) record factory. During the Franco era she was the liaison between the committees of the underground CNT and sheltered many on-the-run comrades. Federica Montseny stayed in her home during her visit she made to Barcelona afterFranco's death. Maria Rosa Alorda Gràcia died January 11, 2006 in Barcelona. Her partner, Alfonso Sanchez Cruzado – who was interned in the Albatera concentration camp and after his release worked as a driver, using his vehicle to transport clandestine propaganda – and her daughter, Blanca Cruzado Alorda, were also anarchist militants. [mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_09_01_archive.html]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: In Las Palmas, the newspaper '//El Defensor//' is seized. In Cuenca, the '//El Centro//' newspaper is fined. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[F] 1950 - __Empire Zinc Strike__: Local 890 chapter of the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers begin a 15-month long strike, demanding that the Empire Zinc Company end its discriminatory pay and housing practices in New Mexico. The strike drew national attention, and after it was settled in 1952, a movie entitled Salt of the Earth (1954) was released that offered a fictionalized version of events. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Zinc_Strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film)]

1969 - __Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo__]: In light of the deteriorating situation in Rosario, the Army takes charge. Future president Colonel Leopoldo Galtieri is among the Army personnel involved in the repression. That evening, the Commander of the II Army Corps, Brig Gen. Herbert Robinson releases the following statement: "The public is warned that in this mission, my troops are under orders to fire without warning on any outrage or attack." ('//Antenore//', 2004) From that point forward, the fight is effectively lost for the protesters. The Rozariazo ends with hundreds dead or wounded, and many arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

1980 - On September 17, 1980, representatives of the Międzyzakładowych Komitetów Założycielskich (Inter-Company Founding Committees), which had been set up by the Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy (Interstate Strike Committee) in the wake of the Porozumienia Sierpniowe (August Agreements) reached following the August 1980 strike in support of the 21 demands of the MKS (21 postulatów MKS), meet in Gdansk and decided to form Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność” (Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity"). The decision was made to create a countrywide union with a regional structure in the belief that it would be harder for the state to isolate local unions, the structure prefered by Lech Walesa (who believed that the union should be regional and that everyone would operate in their individual cities). The Solidarność name was the suggestion of Karol Modzelewski, a member of the Lower Silesian MKZ Presidium. The union was dully registered with the state. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niezależny_Samorządny_Związek_Zawodowy_„Solidarność” www.rp.pl/artykul/536812-Solidarnosc--17-wrzesnia-1980-powstala-Solidarnosc.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre18.html revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences./document.php?id=1838&format=print]
 * = 18 || 1857 - François Juillet (d. unknown), French miner, trade union activist and anarchist member of La Bande Noire, born. Involved in the fight against Chagot through the creation of trade associations alongside Dumay. He was sentenced in the first trial of La Bande Noire in 1882. Upon his release from prison in December 1883, he moved closer to libertarian circles.

1896 - Lucien Georges Luther Charbonneau (d. 1984), French roofer and lead worker, militant anarcho-syndicalist and trade unionist, born. Board member of the Syndicat Général des Plombiers Couvreurs and, in 1923, secretary of the Syndicat Unique du Bâtiment (SUB) as well a joining, in July of that year, the executive committee of the Comité de Défense Syndicaliste, founded by Pierre Besnard. In 1924, he participated in the defence campaign for revolutionaries imprisoned in Russia, and was "officially" in charge of theFrench-based Spanish newspaper '//Liberion//' (renamed '//Iberion//' after a ministerial ban in March 1924), directed by Liberto Callejas and funded by the expropriations of the group Los Solidarios. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, Lucien Charbonneau was a dead-letter drop for exiled activists of the Spanish CNT. He was alos involved in the founding of the CGT-SR and was treasurer of the Groupe des Amis de l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste of Sébastien Faure. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article778 www.ephemanar.net/septembre18.html]

1992 - __Giant Mine Strike__: At the height of an already violent four-month-old strike-lock-out of Canadian Association of Smelter and Allied Workers members at the Giant gold mine in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (then under the ownership of Royal Oak Mines Inc.), nine strikebreakers and replacement workers are killed in an explosion in a drift of the mine, 750 ft (230 m) underground when their rail car hit a deliberately set bomb. Six of the victims were CASAW members who had crossed the picket lines. The other three victims were replacement workers. After a lengthy police investigation, in October 1993 striking miner Roger Warren confessed to the crime, but at his trial for murder in September 1994 Warren recanted, but was convicted anyway in 1995 on nine counts of second-degree murder for planting the bomb that killed the victims. He was given a life sentence with no chance for parole for 20 years. He was paroled from prison in 2014, having re-admitted his guilt. The lock-out of the Canadian Association of Smelter and Allied Workers' Local 4 ended in December 1993 [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Mine en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Warren www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/giant-mine-murders/ www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100027388/1100100027390]

[F] 2000 - __Kaiser Aluminum Strike__: A two-year strike by, and subsequent lock-out of, 2,900 workers represented by the United Steelworkers at five Kaiser Aluminum plants in three states ends following binding arbitration. At issue were wages and benefits, contracting out work, and job cuts, among others. It was the longest and largest lock-out in the history of the union. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/inter/seattle/kaiser.html www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/cwc/a-look-back-at-the-kaiser-aluminum-and-united-steelworkers-dispute.pdf www.wsws.org/en/articles/1998/10/usw-o02.html] ||
 * = 19 || 1885 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Forçat du Travail//' (Convict Labour), "Organe communiste-anarchiste", is published in Bordeaux.

1892 - Alexander Berkman found guilty on all counts in his attempt to assassinate Henry Frick and sentenced to 22 years in prison; Emma Goldman learns of this sentence while lecturing in Baltimore. The announcement prompts audience pandemonium, police action and Emma's consequent arrest.

1935 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Oerter aka Bernhard Rothmann (b. 1869), German lithographic worker and anarchist, dies. Along with his younger brother Sepp, he was active in the youth wing of the Social-Democratic Party but were expelled, joining the anarchist movement and smuggling anarchist literature into the country. Both brothers were arrested for delivering “//seditious speeches//” at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz. On Oct 25th 1893 Sepp was sentenced to 8 years in prison and Fritz to 1 year. Fritz was badly affected by prison and spent the next decade in poor health. Both the brothers participated in the Anarchistischen Föderation Deutschlands (German Anarchist Federation) and contributed to the paper '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' (Free Worker). In 1918/1919 Fritz participated in the activities of the Workers and Soldiers Councils in Fürth and he joined the FAUD, becoming influential within it as a leading proponent of the doctrine of passive resistance, and as editor of the FAUD paper '//Der Syndikalist//'. He also had close friendships Gustav Landauer, the playwright Ernst Toller and Erich Muehsam. In 1935 Fritz was arrested by the SA (Nazi stormtroopers) and detained. Following his interrogation he died a week later in hospital at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, apparently of pneumonia. [see: Feb. 19]

1935 - Praskovya Ivanovo [Прасковья Ивановская] (Praskovya Semenovna Voloshenko [Прасковья Семеновна Волошенко]; b. 1852), Russian revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty), Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and the S-R's Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), dies in Poltava, Ukraine. [see: Nov. 15]

1936 - Vicente Ballester Tinoco (b. 1903), Spanish carpenter, cabinetmaker, writer, journalist, and prominent Andalusian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Jun. 13]

[F] 1981 - __Solidarity Day__: More than 260,000 people converge on Washington, DC, for Solidarity Day, a march and rally for "Jobs, Justice, Compassion" in response to President Ronald Reagan’s anti-worker, anti-union policies. 250 organisations – including unions, civil rights, religious, and social justice – participated. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_Day_march] ||
 * = 20 || [D] 1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: Establishment of the Lyon Commune sparks the revolutionary upsurge throughout the Rhone valley, giving the impetus to the Marseilles and Paris Communes.

[C] 1878 - Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr. (d. 1968), American novelist, writer, journalist, socialist and later Democratic candidate for governor of California, born. Upton Sinclair was a supporter of Sacco and Vanzetti and his 'documentary novel', '//Boston//' (1928), was an indictment of the American system of justice set against the background of the prosecution and execution of the 2 anarchists, who themselves feature as characters. He was also an active supporter of the IWW free speech campaigns and strikes and in his anthology, '//The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest//' (1915) he collected selections from the likes of Alexander Berkman ('//Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist//'), Peter Kropotkin ('//Memoirs of a Revolutionist//'), Voltairine De Cleyre, Francisco Ferrer, Auguste Vaillant, Henry David Thoreau, Octave Mirbeau, Leo Tolstoy, etc. Sinclair wrote extensively on fascism in the 1930s and 40s, both in essay and fiction form, including in '//The Flivver King//' (1937), '//No Pasaran!: A Novel of the Battle of Madrid//' (1937) and the eleven volume Lanny Budd anti-fascist spy series (1940-53). "Fascism is capitalism plus murder." [www.uptonsinclair.com/bio.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.htm www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/millay/hamilton.htm laurencoodley.com/landoforangegroves.html]

1882 - Léon Bonneff (d. 1914), French proletarian writer, autodidact and anarchist fellow-traveller, born. He and his brother Maurice met the old Communard Gustave Lefrançais and the libertarian novelist Lucien Descaves shortly after their family moved to Paris in 1900. They quickly resolved to write, both together and individually, about the conditions in which the Parisian working class lived. His works include: '//Le Soldat-phénomène: monologue militaire, dit par Polin//' (The soldier phenomenon: miltary monologue, told by Polin; 1906); '//Fine carotte, comédie en 1 acte//' (Thin carrot, comedy in 1 act; 1906); '//Le Cambrioleur malgré lui, comédie en un acte//' (The burglar despite himself, comedy in one act; 1908); and his famous novel '//Aubervilliers//' (1949); plus the works written with Maurice: '//Les Métiers qui tuent, enquête auprès des syndicats ouvriers sur les maladies professionnelles//' (The trades that kill, survey for labour unions on occupational diseases; 1906); '//La Vie Tragique des Travailleurs: enquêtes sur la condition économique et morale des ouvriers et ouvrières d'industrie//' (The tragic life of workers: investigations into the economic condition and morale of workers and industrial workers; 1908); '//La Classe Ouvrière: les Boulangers, les Employés de Magasin, les Terrassiers, les Travailleurs du Restaurant, les Cheminots, les Pêcheurs Bretons, les Postiers, les Compagnons du Bâtiment, les Blessés//' (The working class: bakers, store employees, navvies, restaurant workers, railway workers, Breton fishermen, postal workers, building workers, the injured; 1910); '//Marchands de Folie: Cabaret des Halles et des Faubourgs - Cabaret-Tâcheron - Cabaret-Cantinier - Cabaret-Placeur - Cabaret de Luxe - L'Estaminet des Mineurs - Au pays du "Petit Sou" : sur les quais de Rouen - Au pays de l'Absinthe - De l'Infirmerie spéciale du Dépôt à la Maison de fous//' ( Merchants of Madness; 1913). - which describes the employees in pubs, cabarets, on the banks of Rouen, the effects of absinthe (which will be banned in 1917) on the workers. [bogros.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/lon-bonneff-1882-1914.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre28.htm andrebourgeois.fr/ecrivains_morts_a_la_guerre_OEUVRES.htm www.sud-travail-affaires-sociales.org/spip.php?article302 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frères_Bonneff]

1923 - Harold B. Fiske, an IWW organiser for the Agricultural Workers Industrial Union No. 110, is sentenced to serve from one to 10 years in the Kansas state prison for breaching its 1920 Ciminal Syndicalism Act. The conviction was appealed and the Kansas supreme court affirmed Fiske's conviction on November 8, 1924. An appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States and 'Fiske v. Kansas' was argued before the court on May 3, 1926. The state of Kansas could prove neither that Fiske had any actual or imminent intent to illegally change the economic structure of the United States nor that he intented to overthrow the US government. Fiske's words were thus protected by the First Amendment and so could not be barred. The court's decision was handed down on May 16, 1927. In it the Syndicalism Act was described as "an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power of the State" and its use to convicted Fiske was found to be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgement of the state court was reversed, and Fiske was found to be not in violation of any law. [see: Jul. 2] [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

1984 - Juan Manuel Molina Mateo aka 'Juanelo' (b. 1901), important Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 4]

1985 - Irmgard Enderle (Irmgard Rasch; b. 1895), German socialist politician, trade unionist and journalist, whose party codenames included Kleopatra and J. Reele, dies. [see: Apr. 28]

[F] 1993 - __Nicaraguan General Strike__: In the three years since the u.s.-backed Violeta Chamorro administration ousted the Sandinistas from power, Chamorro had tried to turn back the gains of the Sandinista revolution and the ensuing 10 years of progress. Her government had stopped agrarian reform, broken unions and brought down wages, raised prices and cut back on social programs. Poverty, unemployment and homelessness were at an all-time high. Water supplies were low and disease was claiming many lives. The general strike started September 20, when transport workers blocked streets and bus depots with rocks and tires. They went out on strike to protest hikes in vehicle taxes and fuel prices imposed by the president. The strike paralyzed activity as businesses and offices closed in all of Nicaragua's major cities. Many workers, without transportation, stayed home. Two days into the strike, Managua radio station La Primerisima called on the Sandinistas to "take charge of the government" and oust president Violeta Chamorro. The second day of the strike was a tragic milestone. The strike had spread throughout the country. Facing a possible uprising, president Chamorro flew to Guatemala. In order to clear a passage for her expected return to the country that evening, police were ordered to disperse protesters on the highway leading to the airport and to demolish the barricades. In a televised offensive, police fired on protesters who responded with rifles and home-made mortars, two people were killed and five others received bullet wounds. Saul Alvarez, 37, deputy head of the police security branch, and Rosmelda Martinez, 41, a bystander who had just arrived from the Caribbean coast, both died of bullet wounds. Sandinista leader and former president Daniel Ortega called for police to disobey their superiors when ordered to repress strikers and made a plea to the public for solidarity with "our companeros in the police force, who, risking their lives for $80 a month, are also victims. The police force is not our enemy," he pointed out (the dead police officer was in fact a long-standing Sandinista militant). "The repressive attitude of the government is our enemy; the government's economic policy is our enemy." On September 24, transport workers and their supporters celebrated a historic victory. After 38 hours of continuous negotiations, the government finally conceded to the bulk of the strikers' demands, including the annulment of the vehicle ownership tax. [www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/centralamerica/nicaragua.html] || [www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=falco-angel anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121126 guillermodelgadopoemas.blogspot.com/2010/10/cuarta-parte-canto-al-amor.html]
 * = 21 || 1885 - Ángel Falco (d. 1971), Uruguayan career soldier, diplomat, journalist, writer, poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist propagandist, born into a Quaker family.

1915 - Jacinto Pérez Merino aka 'Pinilla' (d. 2007), Basque metalworker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html gipuzkoa.cnt.es/spip.php?article357 www.errenteria.net/es/ficheros/40_7467es.pdf]

[F] 1919 - The '//New York Times//' runs an article entitled 'A Nation Strike-Ridden', which lists 121 walkouts and 53 threatened strikes across the United States. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

1937 - In Barcelona, ​​the Republican government under orders from the Communist, having already disarmed the workers' militias, sends its police against the local CNT (La Casa de los Escolapios de San Antonio) which has been the seat of the Comité de Defensa del Centro of the CNT July 36 to May 37, and from the administrative headquarters of the Sindicato de Alimentación. In the building were arms stored to protect the union and to cope with a possible Communist putsch. FIJL youths guarding the building attempted to stop the search and a gunfight quickly broke out, bringing reinforcements from both sides including tanks and artillery. Juan José Domenech and Juan Garcia Oliver step in to mediate and try and avoid further bloodshed, fearing a repeat of the May Days fighting. However, the discovery and seizure of the hidden arms provided the ideal excuse for the intensification of Stalinist repression against anarchists. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre21.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-revolucion-traicionada/]

1962 - Camille Laberche (b. 1893), French ceramics worker, clerk, anarchist and trade union activist, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

1991 - 550 workers at the Frontier Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas go on strike over wages and benefits. The longest hotel strike in U.S. history lasted 6 years, 4 months, and 10 days and when it was over, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals awarded the workers $3.5 million in back pay and pension credits. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] || [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900]
 * = 22 || 1839 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: James Hammett, recently returned, joins the others on stage at the Victoria Theatre (now the Old Vic), London.

1880 - Heinrich Bartling (d. 1940), German locksmith, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Alongside Willi Paul, he left the Kassel Spartakusbund, he helped found a local group of the anarchosyndicalist Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD) in 1920, and in which he became a member of the executive committee. . In 1925, Bartling was also active in the Kassel group of the Föderation Kommunistischer Anarchisten Deutschlands (FKAD). After the Nazi seixure of power and the repression against the Kassel FAUD, Bartling continued his activities thanks to a clandestine printing press hidden on his allotment. On September 1, 1939, he organised an anti-war action and was arrested on September 16 and placed in "protective custody" as prisoner number 002 493 in house block 25 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He did not survive the brutal treatment and appalling conditions there for long and on January 30, 1940, he died there. [www.fau.org/texte/biographien/art_080310-213143 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3818 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Föderation_Kommunistischer_Anarchisten_Deutschlands]

[#] 1910 - __Chicago Garment Workers' Strike / Hart, Schaffner and Marx Strike__: Seventeen-year old garment worker Hannah Shapiro leads a spontaneous walkout at a Hart, Schaffner & Marx factory in Chicago. The strike quickly spread to other plants until it involved 40,000 garment workers across the city, protesting wages, hours, and working conditions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_Chicago_garment_workers'_strike ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/chicagostrike.html hullhouse.uic.edu/hull/urbanexp/main.cgi?file=viewer.ptt&mime=blank&doc=128&type=print]

1912 - The anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial (COM; House of the World Worker) is established despite harassment from the Madero regime.

1916 - Miguel Jiménez Rodriguez, Spanish chemist, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist activist, born. In May 1935, he joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Juventudes Libertarias. At the outbreak of the civil war, he fought with the XIII Brigada Internacional until he was wounded in Pozoblanco (Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain). Hospitalised in Barcelona and Mollà, where he remained an active militant. He later lent his support to the CNT in Albacete until the end of the war. With Franco's victory, he hid out in a farmhouse in his hometown and remained safe because of his having saved the life of an apothecary in Motril in 1937. In the early 1940s, he earned a living teaching science and also worked on the clandestine manufacture of soap. In 1943, he moved to Barcelona and continued his clandestine soap manufacturing activities, as well as joining the Juventudes Libertarias and the Sindicato de Artes Gráficas of the CNT. In 1946, he and José Luis Facerías were jointly appointed secretary of Propaganda of the Comité Regional de Cataluña of the CNT and the proceeds of his soap project financed the printing of the periodical '//Ruta//', which he directed and wrote for under the pseudonym Cherimoya. In December 1946 he was arrested and imprisoned in Barcelona's Modelo prison, where he was responsible for the underground newsletters '//Esfuerzo//' and '//Acarus Sciaberi//'. Later, with Liberto Sarrau, Raul Carballeira and Joaquina Dorado, he formed the 3 de Mayo anarchist group. [puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2579-miguel-jimenez-rodriguez-del-grupo-anarquista-3-de-mayo.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3925 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

1916 - Cipriano Damiano Gonzalez (d. 1986), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco underground resistance, born. Member of the CNT and Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL). Following the defeat of the Republic, he was arrested and spent time in the concentration camps of Los Almendros and Albatera, the Porta Coeli prison in Valencia and the Gardeny Lleida castle. He eventually managed to assume a false identity and help the guerrillas, later joining the Comitè Nacional de Manuel Vallejo (as Deputy Secretary) and going underground himself. He was arrest on June 6, 1953 in Madrid. was sentenced to 15 years in martial held in Madrid on February 5 1954, who served in Carabanchel and Guadalajara prisons. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ciprianodamiano/ciprianodamiano.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Damiano_González puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2600-cipriano-damiano-gonzalez-fundador-de-las-jjll-de-malaga.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1980 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

[F] 1978 - __Winter of Discontent__: 15,000 Ford workers, mostly from the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU), began an unofficial strike on 22 September, which subsequently became an official TGWU action on 5 October. The number of participants grew to 57,000. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent]

2008 - Teofilo Navarro Fadrique aka 'Negro', 'Le Vieux'and 'Zapatero' (b. 1915), Spanish shoemaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, dies. [see: Feb. 6] ||
 * = 23 || 1887 - Alternative d.o.b. for Salvador Segui Rubinat, aka 'El Noi del Sucre' (The Sugar Boy)(d. 1923), anarcho-syndicalist in the Catalonian CNT. [see: Dec. 23]

[E] 1893 - Llibertat Ródenas Domínguez (d. 1970), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist member of the Mujeres Libres, who fought with the Durruti Column, born. [expand] [some sources give her year of brith as 1891 or 1892] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/fn2zss www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2309.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5193 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5751-libertad-rodenas-y-rosario-dulcet-biografia-de-dos-mujeres-anarquistas.html]

[F] 1895 - The Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) is formed in Limoges from the merger of the Fédération des Bourses du Travail (Federation of Labour Councils) and the Fédération Nationale des Syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions). Up until 1919 the CGT was dominated by anarcho-syndicalist tendencies, with Émile Pouget being the vice-secretary and leader of the union from 1906 to 1909. [www.lesenrages.antifa-net.fr/tag/societe-civile-des-relieurs/ www.commune1871.org/?Eugene-Varlin-Aux-origines-du fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) ww.persee.fr/doc/dreso_0769-3362_1996_num_33_1_1377]

1913 - __Southern Colorado Coalfield Strike__: A general strike breaks out amongst the United Mine Workers of America organised Southern Colorado coal field workers. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War www.sangres.com/history/coalfieldwar01.htm www.du.edu/ludlow/cfhist3.html]

[FF] 1916 - __Sydney Twelve__: Twelve members of the Industrial Workers of the World are arrested in Sydney and charged with treason under the Treason Felony Act (1848) – the charge was later changed to conspiracies relating to arson, perverting the course of justice and sedition. The Twelve were: John Hamilton, Peter Larkin, Joseph Fagin, William Teen, Donald Grant, Benjamin King, Thomas Glynn, Donald McPherson, Thomas Moore, Charles Reeve, William Beattie and Bob Besant. The timing of the arrests, during the campaign over the conscription plebiscite scheduled for October 28, led many in the Australian labour movement to believe that the men were being framed for their strong anti-war views and their opposition to conscription during WWI. Later that year, the Labor Prime Minister (and later Nationalist) Billy Hughes forced the Unlawful Associations Act (1916) through Federal Parliament in five days during December 1916, then had the IWW declared an unlawful association. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Twelve www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/the-hummer-vol-11-no-1-2016/tottenham/ moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-sydney-twelve-treason-conspiracy-and-conscription-in-australia-1916/ dictionaryofsydney.org/item/113304 sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/ww1/wobblies sydney.edu.au/business/data/assets/pdf_file/0008/219338/Burgmann_Johnson_paper_.pdf__]__

1941* - Delfín Lévano (Delfín Amador Lévano Gómez; b. 1885), Peruvian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, journalist and baker worker, as well as a poet, clarinetist and lecturer, dies in a poorhouse in the Barrios Altos in Lima. [see: Nov. 9] [* some sources mention Nov. 4]

1963 - Margarethe Faas-Hardegger (d. 1882), Swiss anarchist, syndicalist, feminist, anti-fascist and peace militant, who preached and practised free love, and established an anarchist-communist agricultural community at Minusio, dies. [see: Feb. 20] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1881 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2409.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-de-trabajadores-region-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/federacion-de-trabajadores-de-la-region.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]
 * = 24 || 1881 - __I Congreso de la FTRE__: A Congreso Obrero (workers' congress) is held in the Teatro Circo de Barcelona [Sep. 24-25] at which the Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española is established based on the '//Manifiesto a los trabajadores de la Región Española//' approved by the congress, which reaffimed the movement's principles of 'anti-politicismo' and 'anarchocollectivismo'. [expand]

1882 - __II Congreso de la FTRE [Second Congress of the FTRE__]: At the Congreso de Sevilla [Sep. 24-26] the anarcocolectivistas and 'legalistas', headed by the Catalan Josep Llunas — who was elected to the Comisión Federal — and the Galician Ricardo Mella, faced the anarcocomunistas and insurreccionalistas, headed by the Andalusian Miguel Rubio for the first time. Much of the debate during the congress focused on maintaining the Federation in legality, with the Catalan trade unionists wanted it to be a public leagal work focused movement whilst others, especially many Andalusians wanted to maintain its secret and revolutionary character with a focus on propaganda by deed. The former won the day and shortly afterwards the illegalists left to form a new federation under the name Los Desheredados (The Disinherited). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Sevilla www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2409.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/segundo-congreso-de-la-federacion-de.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

1886 - Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde and Dr. Paul Susini, who had also been convicted on August 12 in absentia for their part in the June 3 meeting at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre in Paris in support of the striking Decazeville miners, have their convictions overturned on appeal. Louise Michel refused to do so and remained in prison, much to the embarrassment of the Government is very embarrassed. Michel was eventually released with the benefit of remission in November 1886. [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]

1918 - The Industrial Workers of the World are declared illegal in Canada.

[FF] 1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: The metalworkers' unions in the Rhineland-Westphalian iron industry, the socialist Deutsche Metallarbeiter-Verband (DMV), the Christian Metallarbeiterverband and the liberal Gewerkverein Deutscher Metallarbeiter, announce a collective demand of a wage increase of 15 Pfennig per hour for all workers aged over 21 years old to be agreed by the employers' association, the Nordwestgruppe of the Vereins deutscher Eisen- und Stahlindustrieller (Association of German Iron and Steel Industries) aka the Arbeit-Nordwest, by the end of September. In response, the Arbeit-Nordwest offered to extend the previous collective agreement for a year and to slightly improve 1% of their workers' incomes. Both sides then took part in the Reichsarbeitsgericht official conciliation procedure but to no avail, and on October 13 the employers' side announced that they would terminate all employment contracts and lock-out their employees on November 1. On October 26, the state conciliator Wilhelm Joetten announced a 6 Pfennig increase in the hourly rate and 2 Pfennigs on the piecework rate. Five days later, the trade unions accepted the arbitration, despite their "serious doubts". The Arbeit-Nordwest refused to endorse it and locked out around 230,000 workers on November 1. On November 12, the Arbeit-Nordwest managed to pursuade the Duisburg Arbeitsgerichtes (Labour Court) to throw out the Joetten arbitration award and, as a result, the union side made a series of concessions. However, the employers' decision and ensuing behaviour had caused indignation in the Reichstag and the SPD and KPD now demanded state support for the locked-out workers. On November 17 the Reichstag decided by a large majority to support the sacked workers with public funds. With the locked-out workers now receiving state aid and the Duisburg court decision being overturned by the Landesarbeitsgerichtes (National Labour Court) in Düsseldorf on November 28 and, with the state now on their side, the unions withdrew their previous concessions. However, the employers, who had the support of the Verband Deutscher Arbeitgeberverbände (Federation of German Employers' Associations) and the Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie (National Federation of German Industry) remained steadfast. After separate discussion wth both sides, representatives of the Reichsregierung (government) announced on November 30 a new conciliation procedure to be conducted by the Social Democratic Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing. The employers quickly accepted the process, believing that it would fovour their side and come up with a lower offer than that of Joetten, a possibility that the socialist DMV very much feared. However, they could not risk rejecting the government's offer and reluctantly agreed on December 2, despite considerable resistance from within its own ranks. The morning of the following day, the iron and iron-processing industries on the Ruhr re-opened their doors and the workers returned to work. On December 21, 1928, Severing delivered his decision: wages were increased by between one to six Phennigs and working time reduced from 60 to 57 or 52 hours, much worse than the orginal arbitration and a major blow to the unions. The Reichsarbeitsgericht ratified Severing's decision on January 22, 1929. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhreisenstreit www.astridbrand.homepage.t-online.de/products/ruhreisenstreit.html www.gewerkschaftsgeschichte.de/1928-der-ruhreisenstreit.html]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: On the docks at Santander clashes between socialists and the police leave one dead and six wounded. The UGT prevents, by force, Sindicato Católico (Catholic Union) members going out on strike. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[C] 1944 - Ignacy Głuchowski aka ‘Morus’ (b. 1892), Polish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Nazi resistance, dies in the fighting in Central Warsaw. A worker in the Państwowy Monopol Tytoniowy (State Tobacco Monopoly) factory and a syndicalist activist in Związek Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ: Union of Workers Unions) and the Robotniczy Instytut Oświaty i Kultury (Workers Institute of Education and Culture). In October 1939, he became vice-chairman of workers section in the Związek Syndykalistów Polskich (ZSP: Union of Polish Syndicalists). Sergeant, chief of 104 ZSP Company, he took part in the fighting in Warsaw's Stare Misato (Old Town) and Śródmieście and died on September 24, 1944, during the fighting there. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9]

1963 - Eugène Léon Tricheux (b. 1901) French building worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist activist, dies. [see: Apr. 1]

1970 - During the council workers strike, a bomb explodes in the cleansing department head office in Greenford, England. [Angry Brigade chronolgy]

[F] 2002 - Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain, passes the Workers Trade Union Law, which recognises the right of workers to organise collectively but restricts activities in a number of essential services. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Trade_Union_Law] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre25.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7459]
 * = 25 || 1838 - François Perroncel (or poss. Péroncel; d. unknown), Lyons silk weaver, anarchist member of the Croix-Rousse of the International and trade unionist, born.

[F] 1848 - The Assoziation der Zigarren-Arbeiter Deutschlands (Association of the Cigar Workers of Germany), the second-oldest trade union in Germany after the Nationalen Buchdrucker-Verein (National Book Printer Association; June 1848), is founded. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakarbeitergewerkschaft 150.ngg.net/geschichte-der-ngg/anfaenge/]

1868 - Mikhail Bakunin founds the anarchist International Alliance of Socialist Democracy. At the Congress of the League of Peace and of Freedom held in Bern today, the Alliance is formed by dissidents who break with the League when decides against "the economic and social equalization of the classes and individuals". The Alliance goes on to form a section of the First International.

[D] 1870 - The armed workers of the Marseilles Commune declare the abolition of the state and all debt. [expand]

1886 - Louise Michel, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Dr. Susini appear before the Assize Court of the Seine charged with "incitement to murder and pillage" for their part in a meeting which took place on June 3, 1886, in Paris at the hall of Théâtre du Château d'Eau in support of the Decazeville miners' strike. They will eventually all be acquitted by the jury, to the loud applause of the audience.

1895 - Erik Hjalmar Eriksson (d. 1973), Swedish miner, writer, novelist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Member and organiser in the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC), Hjalmar Eriksson's novels depict working class mining communities: '//Järn och Bröd : en bergslagshistori//a' (Iron and Bread: a mining history; 1946), '//Arbetets Melodi//' (Work Melody: a miner's novel; 1946), '//Folket i Loälvsdalen//' (The People of Loälvsdalen; 1960), '//Du Trygga Folk//' (You Safeguard People; 1968), '//Gruvans Sång//' (The Mine's Song; 1969) and '//Lille Hugo : berättelser från gruvorna och skogarna//' (Lille Hugo: stories from the mines and forests; 1972). [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120925 www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Eriksson,-Hjalmar-1895-1973]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: In advance of the trial of Joseph Ettor, Arturo Giovannitti, and Joseph Caruso, various mass meetings had been held by the Lawrence workers, IWW members and their supporters to discuss the situation and prepare for action. "The authorities tried to suppress all large meetings – in fact, everything productive of mass action. But such was the pressure of events that finally they gave a permit for a mass meeting to be held on Amesbury Street, south of Essex, on Wednesday, Sept. 25. Long before the hour appointed, these thoroughfares were jammed with thousands of interested workmen and women. But no meeting was held. Instead all present adjourned to Lexington Hall, I. W. W. headquarters, on Lawrence Street. Here, from the windows, an immense gathering was addressed in various tongues by Miss Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca and others. They read letters from Ettor and Giovannitti, urging that the general strike be abandoned for the present. Ettor argued that the general strike "would tend to prejudice public opinion"; Giovannitti thought the price in misery to the workers too great to pay and counseled delay until the trial would demonstrate its necessity. The general committee of Local 20, I. W. W., endorsed the advice thus given "in order that the Massachusetts courts might have an opportunity to demonstrate the fairness that the master class boasts they have." The following morning the Lawrence newspapers could not hide their elation. They came out in big headlines, "No Strike; General Committee, I. W. W., Votes Against It." And the business element of Lawrence could almost be heard to heave a sigh of relief. "No general strike" meant continued mill exploitation and profits in sales to the mill workers for them. But all concerned reckoned without their hosts. Though the workers had apparently acquiesced in the advice given by Ettor and Giovannitti, whom they revered, they were plainly disappointed, deeply so. They were so set on action in behalf of their imprisoned leaders and fellow-workers that to be denied the opportunity were worse than defeat by the enemy. They did not believe in the letters read; so a committee visited Lawrence Jail to find out if they were genuine. They got others, of the same kind. The workers thereupon proceeded to act on their own account; they ignored the advice, they set aside the action of the Central Committee and their affection and proceeded with determination—the industrial democracy reasserted itself once more, the general strike took place..." [Justus Ebert - '//The Trial of a New Society//' (1913)] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_de_Tejedores_de_Barcelona es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España]
 * = 26 || [F] 1840 - The Asociación de Tejedores de Barcelona, which had been founded clandetinely the previous summer by the cotton weavers of Barcelona and adjoining populations in support of 'resistance' activities and then had approx. 3000 members, takes advantage of a February 1839 Royal Order and the May 23, 1840 order of Barcelona's 'jefe político' to form a legal mutual aid society titled the Sociedad Mutua de Tejedores de Barcelona (Mutual Society of Weavers of Barcelona).

1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: In the Rotonde hall in Brotteaux and meeting involving 6000 people, discusses the urgent need to enact a mandatory loan (emprunt forcé), inpose the death penalty on wealthy fugitives, the impeachment all the officers, and in the first place, to remove the préfet Challemel-Lacour and Conseil Municipal (Municipal Council) from City Hall. A signed Call to Arms is turned into a red poster, which is pasted up all over the city. [see: Sep. 4]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 13] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Ivan Sytin (Иван Сытин) and his fellow directors respond to the workers' August 24th [O.S. Aug. 11] demands, offering only a nine-hour day and sick pay for two weeks a year. For compositors and binders, who are paid by piecework rates, such a reduction in the workday without any increase in wages would mean a serious loss in earnings. They refuse to accept management's answer, waiting until after they have collected their next paychecks on October 2nd [O.S. Sep. 19], and go out on strike. They were immediately joined by most other workers in the plant. [see: Aug. 24] [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сытин,_Иван_Дмитриевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sytin]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Following the previous day's general committee of IWW Local 20, which endorsed Ettor and Giovannitti's call for a general strike "in order that the Massachusetts courts might have an opportunity to demonstrate the fairness that the master class boasts they have", the Lawrence newspapers display their elation with headlines such as, "No Strike; General Committee, I.W.W., Votes Against It."

1916 - In Tottenham, Western New South Wales, police constable George Duncan is shot and killed whilst sitting at the typewriter in the town's police station. Within 48 hours three members of the Tottenham branch of the IWW, two brothers Roland and Herbert Kennedy and Frank Franz are arrested for the murder. Roland Kennedy and Frank Franz were tried for the murder just 22 days later by the Chief Justice of NSW Sir William Cullen of Bathurst's Circuit Court. Frank Franz had turned King's evidence and claimed that although the three were involved in the shooting, he did not shoot at the constable. He stated that the brothers Roland and Herbert Kennedy were guilty of the murder. After a short one day trial the jury took one hour to find them both guilty of the murder. Herbert Kennedy stood trial on October 20th. Roland claimed that his brother was not at the murder scene and that he and Frank Franz murdered the constable. As Frank Franz had turned King's evidence and Roland Kennedy did not corroborate his story his evidence was inadmissible and the judge directed the jury to acquit Herbert Kennedy of the murder. The trials were conducted in the anti-IWW hysteria that marked the times. The Sydney Twelve, all IWW members, had been arrested a few days before the murder and the first conscription referendum was held on the December 16, 1916 just weeks after the murder of Constable Duncan. Roland Kennedy and Frank Franz were hanged together December 20, 1916. [www.takver.com/history/iww_tottenham.htm libcom.org/history/ned-kellys-ghost-tottenham-iww-tottenham-tragedy-john-patten researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A30145/datastream/PDF/view www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/the-hummer-vol-11-no-1-2016/tottenham/ independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/australias-long-history-of-union-bashing,8420 www.australianpolice.com.au/george-joseph-duncan/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Twelve]

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: Clashes in Salamanca result in two dead and four wounded. In Manresa, no less than 16 bombs during a strike. In Seville, clashes between different communist groups results in one dead and 16 injured. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1935 - On the eve of the Ethiopian war and Italy's anti-British propaganda braodcasts via Radio Bari and Radio Roma, the Ministero per la Stampa e la Propaganda (Ministry of Press and Propaganda) assumes control of the radio.

1936 - Fernando Demetrio Mata Povedano (b. 1901), Aragonese rationalist teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, and mayor of Montemayor, is assassinated in Córdoba prison and buried in a mass grave in the city's San Rafael cemetery. [see: Dec. 22]

1950 - Gustave Franssen (b. 1874), French copyreader, revolutionary syndicalist and libertarian, dies. [see: Mar. 21]

1977 - Birmingham Trades Council organises an anti-racialist counter-demonstration to a National Front march in the city. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71 www.contrepoints.org/2016/03/06/237779-jules-et-leonce-chagot-les-limites-du-paternalisme-patronal]
 * = 27 || 1884 - __La Bande Noire__: A dynamite cartridge explodes in the house of Bornet, the special guard of Jules Chagot, the owner of the Chagot frères et Cie mines. The attacks continue into September, with the chapel at Magny being the victim of multiple blasts.

[F] 1908 - On the fourth day of the Fourth Annual Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World in Chicago results in a split between political actionists who sought to gain control of the organisation, led by Daniel DeLeon of the SLP, and direct actionists, led by Vincent St. John (elected General Secretary-Treasurer ) and J.H. Walsh (National Organiser). DeLeonists set up rival IWW in Detroit (Workers' International Industrial Union), accusing the Chicago IWW as being "anarchist usurpers". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_International_Industrial_Union]

1911 - In protest against the possibility of war, a 24 hour general strike called for by the Italian Confederazione Generale del Lavoro takes place. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

1930 - The Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina (General Confederation of Labour of the Argentine Republic) is founded as the result of an initial agreement between the socialist Confederación Obrera Argentina and the revolutionary syndicalist Unión Sindical Argentina (USA), a continuation of the FORA del IX Congreso, to generate a united and plural union. Smaller communist and independent unions join up later. In 1935, conflicts between the two main socialist and revolutionary syndicalist sectors led to the CGT spliting in two: CGT-Independencia (socialists and communists) and CGT-Catamarca (revolutionary trade unionists). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina) es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_General_del_Trabajo_de_la_República_Argentina]

1950 - President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the country's railroads to prevent a General Strike. The railroads were held by the military for two years. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen's_Association dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/firstinternationalhist.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michail-bakunin-on-the-international-workingmen-s-association-and-karl-marx www.marxists.org/history/international/iwma/ www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/iwma/documents/index.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2809.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre28.html]
 * = 28 || [F] 1864 - The International Workingmen's Association is founded at a meeting held in Saint Martin's Hall, London. [expand]

1870 - __Commune de Lyon__: The same day as the AIT-planned protest in front to the Hôtel de Ville, //chantiers nationaux// (national projects) workers, engaged in building fortification works, also decide to demonstrate in the Place des Terreaux in protest against the decision by city council to reduce their daily wage by 50 centimes. The City Hall is occupied by protesters and from the balcony, Saignes reads a statement announcing the creation of a Fédération Révolutionnaire des Communes. The préfet Challemel-Lacour is taken prisoner. Cluseret, responsible for the call to arms for the Guardes Nationaux de la Croix-Rousse, asks them to go to the City Hall, but without their weapons. Later in the day, at the instigation of the mayor, troops and the National Guard from the bourgeois districts of the city intervene and the unarmed insurrectionists are forced to flee. The popular uprising in Lyon has been suppressed. Michael Bakunin, freshly arrived on the September 15th, is now forced to flee in the face of an arrest warrant. [see: Sep. 4] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre28.html rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html]

1917 - 166 prominent IWW members, including union head Big Bill Haywood, are indicted by a Chicago grand jury after an investigation of papers seized from a nationwide raid of IWW offices on September 5, 1917. The indictment named every member of the union executive board, the officers of every individual union, editors of every IWW publication, and the union's most popular lecturers. They were charged with conspiracy to sabotage the war effort, seize control of industry, overthrow the U.S. government, hinder registration of the draft and the violation of postal laws (this charge was later thrown out). Their cases were assigned to Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Some 47 of the indicted men could not be found; a few others had charges dismissed against them. Ultimately, Landis presided over a trial against 113 defendants, the largest federal criminal trial to that point.

1931 - __Industrial Unrest in Second Republic__: In Seville one person is killed during clashes between members of the Sindicato Único and the communists. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1966 - A Congreso de Unificación Sindical is held [Sep. 28 - Oct. 1, 1966] during which the Central de Trabajadores del Uruguay is dissolved and the Convención Nacional de Trabajadores (National Workers Convention) becomes the unifying federation of Uruguayan trade unions, with the adoption of the CNT's '//Declaración de Principios//', the '//Programa de Soluciones a la Crisis//', and the organisation's statutes. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIT-CNT www.pitcnt.uy/el-pit-cnt/acerca-de/historia/item/6-breve-historia-del-pit-cnt]

1996 - The anarchist Reclaim the Future alliance throws its weight alongside sacked Liverpool dockers, their trade union and socialist supporters. A massive anniversary demo triggered a 24 hour strike by tugboat men. || "Joseph Caruso is held in the Lawrence jail as a principal in the murder of Anna Lopizzo [sic] who was killed during a clash between strikers and policemen. The state's claim, so far as it is known, is that Caruso aided Scuito who, it is alleged, did the actual shooting. ... The prisoners, who are charged with being accessories to the murder, were not present when Anna Lopizzo was shot. The commonwealth contended at their arraignment before Police Magistrate Mahoney, in Lawrence, February 9, that the defendants had spread ‘a propaganda of violence’. It was this propaganda, said the district attorney, which inspired the person actually guilty of the murder to fire at the police. According to the state's witnesses the shot missed its mark and killed the woman..." [James Heaton - '//Legal Aftermath of Lawrence Strike//','//The Survey//', July 6, 1912] A one-day strike is held in Lawrence with 15,000 to 20,000 textile workers demanding that Caruso, Ettor, and Giovannitti be released. The city's Woolen Trust and other big mills are closed down, and more than 20,000 demonstrators gathered at the city's rail station for a march to the graves of Anna LoPizzo and John Ramay. Clashes between protesters and police ensued as the latter tried to prevent the 'illegal' march. Carlo Tresca was arrested by de-arrested shortly afterwards through the action of the crowd. Protests also took place in other large cities, especially in Massachusetts. [libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/61 dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/strikers/caruso-ettor-and-giovannitti cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19120930.2.19 archive.org/stream/ettorgiovannitti00etto/ettorgiovannitti00etto_djvu.txt]
 * = 29 || [F] 1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The beginning of the trial of Joseph Ettor, Arturo Giovannitti, and Joseph Caruso were held as "accessories before the fact" and charged with inciting and procuring the commission of the crime in pursuit of an unlawful conspiracy with murderer or murderers unknown, they were held as “accessories before the fact.”

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: Facing a court-martial charged with the crime of sedition, the members of the Strike Committee of Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro, Daniel Anguiano and Andrés Saborit are found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment, ending up in Cartagena prison. [see: Aug. 15]

1931 - __Estevan or Black Tuesday Riot__: On strike since September 7, 1931, over union recognition, hours of work, wages, and working and living conditions, 400 coal miners from nearby Bienfait, Saskatchewan march through the streets of Estevan with their wives and children in an attempt to draw attention to their strike. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police confronted them and attempted to block and break up the procession. When they refused to disperse, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police opened fire on the strikers, killing one of the workers. In the ensuing battle, three men were left dead and a number of others seriously injured. Many others were arrested. The three striking miners who were killed have the inscription "murdered by RCMP" on their headstone, and locals have alternately erased and restored these words up to the present day. The miners, who had been organised by the Workers Unity League, the Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, had been on strike since September 7, 1931. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevan_riot ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-09022009-131902 esask.uregina.ca/entry/estevan_coal_strike.html plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.pd.018]

1995 - __Liverpool Dockers' Strike__: On September 25, 1995, 328 men who worked at the Torside gate of the docks formed a picket line after five men were sacked following an overtime dispute. Next day, all the remaining dockers are sacked for protesting the dismissal of their five colleagues. On September 28, the 80 sacked Torside dockers mount a picket line at the port and Liverpool dockers coming in to work, some of them the fathers of the Torside workers, refused to cross it. There was no strike ballot - they simply turned around and went home. Without a ballot, the strike would be declared unofficial by the Transport and General Workers Union. Seizing their opportunity to casualise the docks workforce, Mersey Docks and Harbour Company sacked all 329 dockers in their employ. When the Liverpool dockers tried to return to work a week later on October 9, they were locked out by MDHC. The dispute would last for 28 months (the vote to end the dispute took place on Jan. 29, 1998) but would produce a worldwide solidarity campaign. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_dockers'_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/liverpool-england-dockers-win-strike-major-international-support-1995-1998 libcom.org/library/mersey-docks-dispute-dave-graham libcom.org/library/mersey-dockers-reject-surrender flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue48/dockers.html www.labournet.net/docks2/other/DOCKHOME.HTM www.sinistra.net/lib/upt/comlef/cotu/cotugdicee.html www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/what-1995-1998-liverpool-docks-10079401 libcom.org/gallery/liverpool-dockers-strike-photo-gallery-1995] ||
 * = 30 || 1892 - The chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court swears out a warrant for the arrest of the entire advisory board of the striking steel union at the Carnegie plant in Homestead for treason against the state. The 29 strike leaders are charged with plotting "to incite insurrection, rebellion and war against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania".

1898 - Nikolaus Groß (d. 1945), German Christian trade unionists, leaders in the Katholischen Arbeiterbewegung (KAB; Catholic Worker Movement), resistance fighter against the Nazis and Nazi victims, who was later beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2001, born. Editor at the '//Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung//' (West German Workers' Newspaper), later renamed the '//Kettelerwacht//', he was a member of the Kölner Kreis (Cologne Circle) and was arrested on August 12, 1944, in connection with the failed July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler. On January 15, 1945, he was sentenced to death at the Volksgerichtshof and on January 23, 1945, was hanged at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Gross de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Groß www.nikolaus-gross.de/]

[F] 1899 - __Arnot Coal Miners' Strike__: Mother Jones organises the wives of striking miners in Arnot, Pennsylvania, to descend on the mine with brooms and mops and clanging pots and pans. "I told the men to stay home with the children for a change and let the women attend to the scabs." The women frightened away the mules and their scab drivers and returned daily to keep watch. The miners eventually won their strike. [www.iww.org/es/history/library/MotherJones/autobiography/5 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones www.iww570.org/2014/05/mother-jones-and-arnot-strike-in-tioga.html www.blossburg.org/wb_wilson/1899_1900/blossburg_advertiser8.htm]

1909 - The '//Industrial Worker//', newspaper Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), issues its first call for footloose hoboes and Wobblies to hop the freights for Missoula, to join in the free speech fight taking place there. From 1907-1917 the IWW carried out more than 30 Free Speech fights across the US, generally to demand the right to organize workers in public places and to agitate from street corners. As police arrested one Wobbly for public speaking, another would take his or her place, resulting in thousands of arrests, as well as mass beatings by vigilantes. However, their civil disobedience often succeeded in clogging the jails and court systems to the point that cities were forced to back down and allow public speaking and agitation.

1916 - Raids on the Australian IWW HQ are accompanied by the arrests of key members because of their opposition to the Great War. In December seven IWW members are sentenced to 15 years in prison for anti-war efforts. Others receive five and 10 years. In August 1917 IWW is made illegal and membership rolls made available to employers. Despite widespread repression, the IWW helps lead the General Strike of 1917.

1919 - Edward Wołonciej aka 'Czemier' (d. 1999), Polish solicitor, author, syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. During WWII, he attended clandestine classes, fought as a syndicalist soldier and joined the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army) in 1941. Took part in Warsaw Uprising and between September 1-15, 1944, he was a member of the Gustaw-Harnas battalion. After the capitulation of Warsaw Old Town, he was the captain commanding the Syndicalist Brigade [formed under the under the Syndykalistycznym Porozumieniem Powstańczym (Syndicalist Uprising Agreement)] in Śródmieście. After the surrender of the Uprising, he was imprisoned in Pruszkow camp, from where he fled to Krakow. In 1947, he became a student in the law faculty in Jagiellonian University, becoming an Organizacja Młodzieży Towarzystwa Uniwersytetu Robotniczego (OM TUR; Youth Organisation of Workers University Association] and Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS; Polish Socialist Party) activist. In 1950, he graduated from the diplomatic department of Academy of Political Science. Since 1953 he has been a solicitor. He also studied at the Ludwik Solski Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna (State Higher Theatre School) in the Director’s Faculty. He wrote diaries, stories and plays which he was unable to publish during the communist regime for their "incorrect content". He was victimized for taking part in the anti-communist struggle. Died February 3, 1999 in Warsaw. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Edward_WolonciejCzemier podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/brygada-syndykalistyczna-w-powstaniu-warszawskim/ zsp.net.pl/syndykalisci-w-powstaniu-warszawskim]

1922 - Founding conference of the All-Japan General Federation of Labour Unions (Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Sôrengô) begins in Ôsaka. It is attended by 106 delegates, representing 59 organisations with a combined membership of over 27,000. [libcom.org/book/export/html/2198]

1944 - Jerzy Zbigniew Złotowski aka 'Poręba' (b. 1911), Polish architectural engineer, syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, is shot and killed in fighting during the Uprising. [see: May 27] ||

The origins of Labour Day go back to the eight-hour day movement in that country that began in 1840 when carpenter Samuel Parnell (Feb. 19, 1810 - Dec. 17, 1890) refused to work a longer day. “We have twenty-four hours per day given us; eight of these should be for work, eight for sleeping, and the remaining eight for recreation and in which men do what little things they want for themselves”, Parnell said. Fifty years later, the anniversary of the eight-hour day was commemorated with a parade and then celebrated annually thereafter. [nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/labour-day] ||
 * = OCTOBER ||
 * __Labour Day__ [New Zealand]: Celebrated on the fourth Monday of October.
 * = 1 || 1849 - The first issue of Proudhon's newspaper '//La Voix du Peuple//', run from the prison of Sainte-Pelagie, where he is serving a sentence of three years imprisonment (since June 7, 1849) for articles in which he attacked the Prince-President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. It replaces his previous paper, '//Le Peuple//'.

1867 - Fernand Pelloutier (d. 1901), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist, journalist, poet and founder of the Federation of Bourses du Travail, born. A revolutionary syndicalist, he rejected propaganda by deed in favour of genuinely revolutionary unions participating in direct action, sabotage and the general strike, all independent of political parties. Pelloutier's poems, published under the pseudonym Jean Reflec, were frequently to be found amongst the pages of '//L’Ouvrier des Deux Mondes//' and were reprinted in book form with the melancholic title '//De la Colere, de l’Amour, de la Haine//' (Anger, Love, Hatred; 1898). [expand] [//the idea of the 'universal general strike', peaceful and legal, as a tool of working class struggle??//] "Partisans de la suppression de la propriété individuelle, nous sommes en outre ce que ne sont pas les politiciens, des révoltés de toutes les heures, hommes vraiment sans dieu, sans maître et sans patrie, les ennemis irréconciliables de tout despotisme, moral ou collectif, c'est-à-dire des lois et des dictatures (y compris celle du prolétariat), et les amants passionnés de la culture de soi-même" (Supporters of the elimination of private property, we are moreover not what the politicians are, rebels of every hour, really godless men, homeless and without a master, the irreconcilable enemy of all despotism, moral or collective, that is to say the laws and dictatorships (including the proletariat), and passionate lovers of the culture itself.) [www.pelloutier.net/welcome/index.php www.fondation-besnard.org/article.php3?id_article=124 libcom.org/tags/fernand-pelloutier kropot.free.fr/Pelloutier-Bourses.htm www.drapeaunoir.org/syndicats/pelloutier.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PelloutierFernand.htm]

1909 - The first notice of an Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) free speech fight appears in the '//Industrial Worker//', appealing to all members to join the struggle in Missoula, Montana.

1910 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: At 01:07, 16 sticks of dynamite in a suitcase bomb explodes prematurely in an alley outside the three-story '//Los Angeles Times//' building located at First Street and Broadway in Los Angeles. The bomb was supposed to go off at 4:00 a.m. when the building would have been empty, but the cheap alarm clock timing mechanism was faulty. Not large enough to destroy the whole building, the bomb collapsed the side of the building and ignited barrels of flammable printers’ ink, as well as a natural gas main. The ensuing fire destroyed the '//Times//' building and a second structure next door that housed the paper's printing press. The bombers were unaware that a number of '//Times//' employees were working overnight to produce an extra edition the next afternoon which would carry the results of the Vanderbilt Cup car race, and of the 115 people still in the building, 21 died (most of them in the fire). The '//Times//' called the bombing the "crime of the century", and publisher Otis excoriated unions as "anarchic scum", "cowardly murderers", "leeches upon honest labor", and "midnight assassins". Forewarned to some extent no doubt by the National Erectors' Association own paid spy on the Iron Workers' executive board, Herbert S. Hockin, Harrison Otis and his son-in-law Harry Chandler, the paper’s general manager, activated a secret, second newsroom and printed a one-page edition of the paper whose headline screamed "Unionist Bombs Wreck the Times". Later that morning, unexploded bombs were discovered at the homes of Harrison Otis and of Felix J. Zeehandelaar, secretary of the M&M; the Hotel Alexandria; and the Los Angeles County Hall of Records (then under construction by the non-union Llewellyn Iron Works). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-part-2-bombs-betrayal-and-the-election-of-1911 www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/latbomb.html spartacus-educational.com/Ajohn_mcnamara.htm libcom.org.libcom.org/files/Foner PS - A Martyr to His Cause - The Scenario of the First Labor Film in the United States_0.pdf]

1910 - Antonio Moreno Ronchas (d. 2006), Spanish railway worker, militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Franco combatant, born. The third of 13 children, his family emigrated to Paris when he was 4 years old. His father, Antonio Moreno Fernández, libertarian and anti-militarist, joined the Confederació General del Treball Sindicalista Revolucionària (CGTSR). In 1925 he met both Buenaventura Durruti and Nestor Makhno during their Parisian exile. In 1930 he returned to Valladolid, intending to perform military service, but his father dissuaded him. Upon his return, he worked in the Basque Country and Castellón but his rebellious nature lost him many jobs. At the outbreak of civil war in 1936, while his brothers Isidore and Lazarus fought in the Durruti Column and a communist unit, respectively, Antonio Moreno volunteered in the milicias confederales de Guipúzcoa (Guipúzcoa confederal militias), fighting firstly in San Sebastián in Guipúzcoa confederal militias, first in San Sebastián and later in Oyarzun, slowing the fascist advance. After the fall of Irun, he managed to cross into France via Hendaye and then onto Barcelona, where he enlisted in Column Rojo y Negra. After its militarisation, to which he was opposed, he remained a member of the 3rd Battalion of the 127th Brigada Mixta, and later became a driver with the 4th Battalion of the 4th Compañía de Transportes (Transport Company). With the loss of the war, he made it to France where his knowledge of the language, the country and its geography helped him and a number of other refugees to escape the concentration camps as soon as the first opportunity arose. He remained in the Barcarès and Bram area until the Nazi invasion, when he enlisted in the 3rd Battalion of Foreig Legion and was sent to the Middle East (Syria and Lebanon). After the armistice, he was demobilised and returned to France, where he went to work in the construction of the submarine base in Brest, helping many Spanish forced labour prisoners to escape. This led to his arrest by the Gestapo, but a sympathetic judge freed him. After the liberation of France, Antonio was mainly devoted to propaganda in the local federation of the MLE/CNT in exile in Saint-Denis, Paris. In the 1960s, he participated in the French CNT and was very active during the events of May 1968. Speaking French with the accent of Parisian street urchin, he actively participated in the formation of the Organisation Révolutionnaire Anarchiste (ORA) and took part in numerous editorial meetings of the '//Front Libertaire//'. After Franco's death, he tried in vain to open a local CNT in Medina de Rioseco where his father Antonio Moreno Fernandez was the main leader of the anarcho-syndicalism before being assassinated by Franco in July 1936. He died on August 24, 2006 in a retirement home in Morcenx, leaving all his property in his will to the Valladolid CNT to be sold to raise funds for it. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?article464 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4079]

1915 - [N.S. Oct. 14] Market day in the city of Bogorodsk (Богородск), the location of the important Morozovskaya (Морозовских) textile factories, which employed more than 15 thousand workers, is witness to one of the many food riots that broke out across eastern Europe during WWI. Thirty women workers had come to the market to buy sugar and, finding that it had sold out, they were furious, accusing the merchants in dishonesty and speculation. The police quickly arrived and removed the women from the shop by force, however they returned to the city square and there continued to express their indignation and to pour accusations against traffickers. The number of protesters steadily increased, reaching several thousand, mostly women and young people, and not only workers but also peasants who come to the market from surrounding villages. Soon, the crowd moved toward the stalls and gave vent to his anger. Some threw stones at the windows of shops, someone breaking into them and throwing goods out into the streets whilst other snapped them up. Not wanting to use weapons against women and adolescents, the local police were helpless and could not stop them. Over the following days the food riots spread, with their targets now not only groceries but also clothes shops and other suppliers of manufactured goods. On October 4, Cossacks who had arrived in the city, opened fire on the insurgents, killing two and injuring several others. [expand] [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel ru-history.livejournal.com/3045190.html cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ne-hlebom-edinym-zhenschiny-i-prodovolstvennye-besporyadki-v-pervuyu-mirovuyu-voynu]

1920 - Inés Ajuria de la Torre (d. 2007), Basque militant anarcho-syndicalist, born in Guernica where her mother and a brother were killed in the infamous fascist bombing. She enter the libertarian movement shortly after the crushing of the revolution, when she met Francisco Martinez de Lahidalga, a member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) y de la Federación Ibèrica de las Juventudess Libertarias (FIJL) and her future partner, moved to Guernica. Fed up with the persistent arrests and persecution, at the end of 1946 they fled to France on foot through the Pyrenees. They lived in Paris until 1951; in Chile, between 1951 and 1957; in Uruguay, between 1957 and 1964; and again in Paris. In 1975, shortly before Franco's death, they returned to the mainland, settling in Vitoria, where they played an important role in the reconstruction of the CNT between 1976 and 1977, as members of the initial group, with Macario Illera, Vicente Cuesta, Atanasio Gainzarain, Miguel Iniguez, Manuel Gutierrez, José María Izquierdo, among others. During the decade of the 80s, after the death of her partner, she participated in the Asociación Isaac Puente. Always affiliated to the CNT, Inés Ajuria de la Torre died on August 4, 2007 in Vitoria (Alava, Basque Country) and two days later she was buried in the city's El Salvador cemetery with her CNT membership card in the coffin and the red and black flag on top. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0110.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_08_01_archive.html]

[F] 1929 - //Nepreryvka// (непрерывка) [or nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya (непрерывная рабочая неделя), the continuous work week], the five-day week, officially begins in the Soviet Union, with all workers divided into five groups named by colours (yellow, pink, red, purple, green), and each group had its own day off (non-working) day in the week (the so-called 'nepreryvka'). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Советский_революционный_календарь ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Рабочая_неделя]

1934 - The Ricardo Samper PRR (Partido Republicano Radical) cabinet, the second since the November 19, 1933, election, collapses and the President, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, agrees to include three CEDA members in the new cabinet, a decision that ultimately led to the October general strike, an attempt at Catalonian cession and the Asturian Revolution. [see: Nov. 19 & Oct. 4] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934] || [www.ephemanar.net/octobre02.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3134]
 * = 2 || 1883 - Louis Laurent (d. 1972), French libertarian militant and revolutionary trade unionist, member of the Revolutionary Anarchist Union and the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc in the 30s, born. Helped publish various libertarian journals, worked with league of conscientious objectors and the CGT-SR (revolutionary trade union). Helped found '//Le Libertaire//' in 1968.

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Sep. 19] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Having refused to accept management's response to their August 24th [O.S. Aug. 11] demands, presented to them on on September 26th [O.S. Sep. 13], and having waited till the next pay day, the Sytin (Сытин) printers in Moscow collect their paychecks and go out on strike. They are immediately joined by most other workers in the plant. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print]

[1906 - [O.S. Sep. 19] The St. Petersburg Soviet is put on trial (Oct. 2-Nov. 15) - despite strong public support for the accused and a brilliant defence by Trotsky, the main defendants are sentenced to life deportation to Siberia [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1913 - End of the First International Syndicalist Congress in London.

2010 - The One Nation Working Together rally is held in Washington, D.C. to demand good jobs, equal justice, and quality education for all. Organisers of the rally estimated the size of assembly to have been between 175,000 and 200,000 people. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6829]
 * = 3 || 1881 - Louis Bara (or Barra; d. unknown), French anarchist, anti-militarist and trades union activist, born.

[D / FF] 1905 - [O.S. Sep. 20] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: In a leaflet distributed in Moscow, the underground printers' union criticises the Sytin workers for having gone out on strike "without waiting for the Union to declare a general printers' strike when fully certain of success." The union tried nonetheless to influence events that had started without it, organising a meeting in the yard of the Sytin plant, at which workers elected shop deputies and adopted most of the union's twenty-four demands, with a couple of significant exceptions: they replaced the symbolic demand for an eight-hour day with the more realistic demand for nine hours, and they added the demand that men and women doing the same work be paid equally (presumably reflecting the involvement of female bindery workers). Over the next few days, workers at other presses joined the strike, often presenting the union's list of demands. By the end of the week, almost all of the large printing firms in Moscow and many smaller firms had been closed down. The strike at Sytin Publishers now sets off a great wave of strikes in Moscow, and through out the middle of October there is renewed unrest and street clashes. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1920 The dissident '//minorité révolutionnaire//' within the Confédération Générale du Travail, which included members of the Section Française de l'Internationale Communiste (soon to reconstitute itself as the PCF), anarcho-syndicalists and others wishing to join the Profintern, the Red International of Labour Unions (Красный интернационал профсоюзов), form the Comités Syndicalistes Révolutionnaires, the forerunner of the Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail_unitaire fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail_unitaire en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail www.boursedutravail-paris.fr/node/288 www.ihs.cgt.fr/IMG/pdf_26_-_1922_-_Congres_CGTU_Saint_Etienne.pdf]

[F] 1932 - __Illinois Mine War__: State troopers march into Kincaid, Illinois, to guard against a sympathy strike by more than 160 of the town’s 180 high school students, protesting the use by their school of scab-produced coal from the Peabody Coal Company while their fathers are on strike over wages. [hinton-gen.com/gillespie/pmwa1.html#1932 www.minewar.org/?page_id=40 www.minewar.org/?p=1428 www.timetoast.com/timelines/illinois-mine-war]

1936 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper of the C.N.T./F.A.I. '//Via Libre//' is published in Badalona, near Barcelona. Sixty-nine issues of the anarcho-syndicalist periodical appear up til 10 February 1938. ||
 * = 4 || 1816 - Eugène Edine Pottier (d. 1887), French poet, revolutionist, participant in the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1881, author of '//L'Internationale//', born.

"Arise ye starvelings from your slumbers, Arise ye prisoners of want,  For reason in revolt know thunders,  And at last ends the age of cant.  So away with all your superstitions  Servile masses, arise, arise,  We'll change henceforth the old tradition  And spurn the dust to win the prize." [www.ephemanar.net/octobre04.html#4 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/music/music.html]

1883 - The III Congreso de la FTRE convened in Valencia [Oct. 4-8], held in the shadow of the La Mano Negra trial in Jerez de la Frontera, give dramatic evidence of the knock-on effects that the illegalistas' campaign were having on the movement, with attendance down on the previous one held in Seville: 152 delegates representing 88 local Federations and 62 trade sections - out of a total of 14 regional federations, 218 local federations and 550 sections. The congress involve a confrontation between the supporters of maintaining the Federation within a legal framework and those who thought that 'legality' left them under the control of a government who imprisoned and tortured them. There remained a serious threat that they might have to dissolve the organisation if they could not continue to operate 'legally'. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTRE brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/federacion-de-trabajadores-de-la-region.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

1884 - The first issue of the anarchist newspaper '//The Alarm//', paper of the International Working People's Association, is published in Chicago by Richard and Lucy Parsons. [www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/act1/bombTalking/dynamiteInPrint.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alarm_(newspaper)]

1893 - Emma Goldman appears in court [Oct. 4-9] on charges stemming from her Aug. 21 speech to about three thousand people in Union Square, NY, where, speaking in German and English, she repeated her belief that workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry, and to demonstrate their needs "before the palaces of the rich". Defended by ex-mayor of New York A. Oakey Hall, she denies speaking the words attributed to her by police detectives who monitored her speech. The jury finds Goldman guilty of aiding and abetting an unlawful assemblage. On October 16 she is sentenced to Blackwell's Island penitentiary for one year.

1893 - Francesco Ghezzi (d. 1942), Italian individualist anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who died in a Soviet gulag, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Francesco_Ghezzi www.ephemanar.net/octobre04.html#ghezzi www.katesharpleylibrary.net/sj3w24 gulaganarchists.wordpress.com/tag/francesco-ghezzi/ acontretemps.org/spip.php?rubrique37 cartoliste.ficedl.info/article659.html]

1902 - Lucien Tronchet (d. 1982), Swiss anarchist and trade unionist whose anti-fascist activities landed him in prison, born. As a youngster, he joined FOBB (Federation of Wood and Building Workers) with Clovis Abel Pignat. Tronchet went to Spain in 1936 with Luigi Bertoni to fight with the anarchists against Franco. Following WWII, he was an active militant trade unionist, and fought for abortion rights, anti-militarism and the creation of co-operatives. Supported the squatters movement in Geneva. Tronchet wrote the biography of his friend, Clovis Pignat, '//Une Vocation Syndicale Internationale//' (1971). [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier24.html#tronchet www.katesharpleylibrary.net/rxwf9n ml.ficedl.info/?article4627]

1928 - Jacques Gross (b. 1855), French anarchist, freethinker, freemason and member of the Jura Federation, dies. [www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/g/ARCH00500full.php www.ephemanar.net/octobre04.html]

[DD / F] 1934 - __Revolución d'Octubre de 1934__: Following the massive victory of the right in the November 19, 1933 elections in Spain, the close runners-up the Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party), led by Alejandro Lerroux y García, formed a loose alliance with the winners, the recently formed Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA; Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups), a coalition of largely Catholic conservative groups and Monarchists led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones, and which would progressively begin to ape the NSDAP. Lerroux was appointed Prime Minister and the PRR filled all the government posts as the liberals in the Cortes clearly would not accept Robles and his grouping, with its expressed aim of defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism. However, the CEDA-PRR alliance soon found itself embroiled in internal strife and the Lerroux cabinet soon collapsed. It was replaced by another one drawn from the PRR and led by Ricardo Samper. When the Cortes opened on October 1, 1934, it too fell under right-wing pressure and CEDA ended up with 3 ministries. The new cabinet then proceeded to suspended most of the reforms of the previous Manuel Azaña government. The immediate response of the left was for the socialists of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), and its industrial wing, the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), to propose a Popular Front-style alliance of leftist parties and workers organisations of Spain under the guise of the Alianza Obrera (Workers Alliance). The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo demurred, unlike in Asturias where such an alliance, the Uníos Hermanos Proletarios (UHP; Union of Proletarian Brothers or Unite! Proletarian Brothers) aka Uníos Hijos del Proletariado (Unite! Children of the Proletariat) had been formed in February 1934. The UGT called a general strike, to begin on the evening of October 4, in the name of the Alianza Obrera and, despite the CNT's declared non-involvement, numerous CNT workers centres across Catalonia were raided on the 3rd, with hundreds of anarchist militants being taken away by the police. Efforts to reopen union buildings by force in Barcelona were repelled by armed groups of escamots, the paramilitary youths of the Esquerra, Catalonia's leading nationalist party. Disenchanted with the strike and suffering repeated attacks from the police, the CNT ordered its members back to work, forcing the collapse of the strike in Catalonia. The strike was not faring much better in other parts of the country. Owing to poor coordination and swift police action, the entire socialist leadership had been arrested in Madrid before the strike could take off. Following this, the poorly armed CNT workers in the capital were left largely to their own devices. Repeated attacks from the police and the unwillingness of the socialist committees to coordinate effectively forced them back to work. A suspicious interception by government troops of much needed arms heading towards Madrid only added to CNT mistrust towards the socialists. While the strike was falling apart across Spain, in the mining towns of Asturias things were very different. Having negotiated the Pacto CNT-UGT de Asturias and formed the UHP, the high levels of cooperation between miners of both organisations led to a much more successful outcome. By nightfall on the 4th, miners had occupied towns along the Aller and Nalón rivers, attacking and seizing local Civil and Assault Guard barracks. The following day saw columns of the miners advancing along the road to Oviedo, the provincial capital. With the exception of two barracks where fighting with government troops continued, the city was taken by October 6. The following days saw many outlying towns captured amidst heavy fighting, including the large industrial centre of La Felguera. In these liberated areas it quickly became clear that practical cooperation between the CNT and UGT would be difficult, with the UGT leadership wanting to retain full control over its strongholds, freezing out CNT involvement despite the willingness of UGT rank-and-file workers to cooperate with their counterparts in the CNT. As a result, on October 7 delegates from the anarchist controlled seaport towns of Gijón and Avilés arrived in Oviedo requesting urgently needed weapons to defend against a landing of government troops sent by Generals Manuel Goded and Francisco Franco. The socialists in Oviedo ignored their pleas and they returned empty handed. Gijón and Avilés fell the next day. Constant attacks out of the two ports over the coming week sealed the fate of Asturias, and the uprising was savagely crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish troops from Spanish Morocco. 3,000 miners had been killed in the fighting, and another 35,000 taken prisoner during the wave of repression that followed. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie] || Eventually forced to face the crowd, a humiliated Antoinette shame-faced stands before the crowd, who hurl insults at her rather than stringing her up. The crowd then demands that King Louis XVI distribute bread that the palace had been hoarding, sanction the August Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and accompany them back to Paris to see for himself the plight of the city and its citizens. The King has no choice but to agree to their terms.
 * = 5 || [AA / D] 1789 - __Marche des Memmes vers Versailles__: An angry mob of some 7,000 working women – armed with pitchforks, pikes and muskets – marches in the rain from Paris to Versailles chanting “Bread! Bread!” Despite being met by 20,000 French National Guardsmen who were protecting the royal family, the mob still manages to break into the palace to search for the Queen – who only narrowly escapes by fleeing to the King’s secure apartments through a secret passageway. Two of her bodyguards are not so lucky; their severed heads are impaled on pikes, serving as a clear statement of the mob’s intent.

1836 - __Lowell Mill Girls Strike__: "Dear Diary, Hello, my name is Sarah Brown, and this is the first time that I am able to write in a diary, my mother has never had enough money to even buy me food. I live in Lowell, Massachusetts, and my mother is a mill girl. What my mother told me was that it started when New England men were farmers and they couldn't work the machines that turned out the textiles. They didn't what to pay people to stop being farmers because then they would have to pay them more and it would cost the Lowell mill owners too much money. So, they hired originally the England women to work. Now, my mother spends there most of the day and she tells me that I will have to soon help her too, when I turn 10." [nohemysapt5.blogspot.co.uk]

1839 - Eugène Varlin (d. 1871, French bookbinder, labour activist, internationalist communard and libertarian, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Varlin eugenevarlin.com/ libcom.org/history/eugene-varlin-1839-1871 www.commune1871.org/?Eugene-Varlin-Aux-origines-du www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0510.html www.ephemanar.net/octobre05.html#5]

1903 - Germinal Esgleas (Josep Esgleas i Jaume; d. 1981), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Companion of Federica Montseny. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre05.html#esgleas autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/germinal-esgleas-el-pseudonimo-de-josep.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2646-germinal-esgleas.html]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 22] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The University of Moscow is closed to prevent political agitation.

1909 - The first issue of Pierre Monatte's '//La Vie Ouvrière//' is published in Paris. Initially a fortnightly, it goes on to become the official weekly paper of the revolutionary CGT. Initially an anarchist and syndicalist journal in the period up til July 20 1914, anarchist continue to collaborate on it after WWI up til the early '20s. From then on it becomes a French Communist Party organ.

1923 - Stig Dagerman (d. 1954), Swedish playwright, novelist, poet and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre04.html#4 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0410.html libcom.org/history/stig-dagerman-anarchist-writer quarterlyconversation.com/german-autumn-by-stig-dagerman thecommune.co.uk/2009/10/29/the-shipwrecked-part-iv-anti-fascist-refugees-during-world-war-ii/ littlestarjournal.com/blog/2013/10/stig-dagerman-in-new-york/]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: The strike and the insurrection due to begin at midnight (Oct. 4-5) has been in preparation for months but, owing to poor coordination and swift police action, the entire socialist leadership is arrested in Madrid before the strike could take off. Following this, the poorly armed CNT workers in the capital are left largely to their own devices. Repeated attacks from the police and the unwillingness of the socialist committees to coordinate effectively force the workers back to work. A suspicious interception by government troops of much needed arms heading towards Madrid only adds to CNT mistrust towards the socialists. The Basque Country also took part with a week-long insurrection strike (Oct. 5-12), during which there were forty deaths (most of them insurgents). In Catalonia, with the labour sector of the alliance not having the CNT-FAI in its ranks, the uprising is barely noticed except in industrial towns like Sabadell. The strike, however, does take place even with the mass arrest of anarchists and CNT members. While the strike is falling apart in Madrid and elsewhere across Spain, workers of the mining towns of Asturias are taking up what little arms they have, intent on carrying the strike through. The province had long been a UGT stronghold, although the CNT also exercised a considerable influence of its own. Widely seen as being on the moderate wing of the union, the Asturian CNT has for many years been at the forefront of calls for CNT-UGT collaboration. The lack of antagonism (in comparison to relations between the unions in other parts of the country), and history of common action in Asturias results in high levels of cooperation between miners of both organisations during the insurrection. Before dawn in Asturias, all the Guardia Civil barracks throughout the villages of the province are called upon to surrender, and then attacked. Despite fierce resistance, 40 of the 90 these fall to the insurgents. Once overcome, revolutionary groups are set up in Sama, La Felguera and Mieres and columns of miners (around 1,000) advance along the road to attack Oviedo, the provincial capital, where there had only been uprisings in one or two barrios, and where the government forces had seized strategic positions. Attempts by the authorities through the advance of a company of police from the south runs into trouble in the vicinity of Campomanes and half their numbers are killed in a clash with workers. Resistance in this area around Vega del Rey also holds up a large military force for days. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Obrera en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 lordo.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/informacion-y-propaganda-en-la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934/ www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/TextosIm/TDH/Octubre/Octubre.htm www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie]

[F] 1936 - The Jarrow March begins. [expand]

1945 - __Hollywood Black Friday__: During a six-month strike by set decorators, represented by the Conference of Studio Unions (CSU), boils over at the main gate of Warner Brothers’ studios in Burbank as scabs attempt to drive through a blockade by 300 strikers. By the end of the day, some 300 police and deputy sheriffs had been called to the scene and over 40 injuries were reported. Media coverage of the violence pressured the studios to negotiate and the strike ended about a month later. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Black_Friday]

1947 - Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani (b. 1872), Italian anarchist, socialist, trades union organiser, pacifist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Oct. 28] || [*some sources give the year as 1886] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_James_Ettor spartacus-educational.com/USAettor.htm socialjusticehistory.org/projects/alww/index.php?title=ETTOR,_Joseph_James]
 * = 6 || 1885* - Joseph James 'Smiling Joe' Ettor (d. 1948), Italian-American trade union organiser who, in the middle-1910s, was one of the leading public faces of the Industrial Workers of the World, born. Ettor is best remembered as a defendant in a controversial trial related to a killing in the seminal Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912, in which he was acquitted of charges of having been an accessory. [expand]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 23] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russia's first General Strike.

[F] 1913 - __New Zealand Great Strike__: Allison's Taupiri Coal Company sacked sixteen miners at Huntly, three of whom had recently been elected to the arbitration unions executive. The company refused another ballot and the directors declared that the was nothing to discuss with the union. Three days later the workers voted almost unanimously to strike until the sixteen men, and other miners not re-employed after a strike the previous year, were reinstated. [nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/1913-great-strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Great_Strike www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Great_Strike_1913.htm]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: Oviedo is taken by the insurgents, with the exception of sites such as two barracks and an arms factory, where fighting with government troops continues. The Repubblica Socialista Asturiana is proclaimed in the city. The following days see the capture of many outlying towns amidst heavy fighting, including the large industrial centre of La Felguera. Many of these also see the formation of town assemblies or 'revolutionary committees', and it is in these bodies that practical differences between the socialists and anarchists become apparent. In areas under CNT control, popular assemblies of industrial workers (or peasants in rural areas) are formed, organising such things as food distribution. In contrast, areas under socialist control are characterised by highly centralised committees which keep any decision making largely in the hands of the local UGT bureaucracy. Often excluding CNT delegates to their committees, the determination of the socialist leadership to keep the strike strictly under their control significantly contributes to the defeat of the revolt in Asturias. Despite this, the willingness of UGT rank-and-file workers to cooperate with their counterparts in the CNT is demonstrated continuously throughout the uprising. In the south of the province, a significant contingent of army troops arrived, forcing groups of insurgents to fall back towards Vega del Rey, after destroying the railway line. Campomanes saw the arrival of a battalion Infantry Regiment No. 36, based on Leon; a section of rifles of the No. 12 Lugo Infantry Regiment and a Palencia cyclist battalion consisting of 400 men. By sundown, revolutionary forces had seized key positions on the higher areas around Vega del Rey overlooking the railway and highway, and government forces led by General Bosch had fallen into a trap from which they would not be able to extracate themselves for days. [see: Oct. 4 & 5] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Obrera en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 lordo.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/informacion-y-propaganda-en-la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934/ www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/TextosIm/TDH/Octubre/Octubre.htm www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934__: In Barcelona, ​​the president of the Generalitat, Lluís Companys i Jover, proclaims the formation of the Estat Català (Catalan State) within the Spanish Federal Republic. Companys and the members of his government were arrested sentenced on June 6, 1935 to thirty years' imprisonment. The Estatut d'autonomia de Catalunya de 1932 was suspended on January 2, 1933, and a governor-general imposed in place of the Generalitat.

1934 - __Revolución de 1934__: Following the mass arreas of anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists on the 3rd in advance of the general strike called by the UGT for the evening of October 4, in various parts of Barcelona, the CNT takes matters into their own hands and start to reopen union branch offices and halls that the police had closed 10 months previously. Armed groups of escamots, the paramilitary youths of the Esquerra, Catalonia's leading nationalist party, and the police then attacked the barnches, forcing the syndicalists to withdraw. [see: Oct. 4]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934__: During the evening and night, rebels take control of the town of Alguazas in Mucia, seizing the central Teléfonos y Telégrafos building and arresting at gunpoint the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of the municipality. The revolutionaries then proclaimed a Socialist Republic and raised the red flag on the balcony of the town hall. [expand] [www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-revolucion-en-la-provincia-de-murcia.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934]

1957 - Alphonse Tricheux (b. 1880), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and pacifist, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

[A] 1969 - Weathermen dynamite a statue of a policeman in Haymarket Square, Chicago in the run up to the Days Of Rage.

[A] 1970 - The rebuilt Haymarket police statue is blown up yet again by the Weather Underground. ||
 * = 7 || 1879 - Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill (d. 1915), Swedish-American labour organiser, folk-poet, songwriter and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, born.

1881 - The Comisión Federal of the Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española is formed around the internationalist group from Barcelona that had taken the initiative to end FRE - Josep Llunas i Pujals, Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antoni Pellicer i Paraire - plus Francisco Tomás Oliver. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTRE brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

[F] 1899 - __Syndicats 'Jaunes'__: Following the September-October 1899 general strike of Le Creusot, an arbitration award in favour of the striking workers is signed by the liberal President of the French Council of Ministers, Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau. He had recently been appointed to the post, replacing Charles Dupuy (a victim of the ongoing repercussions of the Affaire Dreyfus), and his arbitration award also had a sting it its tail, authorising the creation of syndicats 'jaunes' (yellow unions), workers' unions set up on the initiative of their employer. On October 29, 1899, Eugène II Schneider, head of Schneider et Cie and the Le Creusot steel works, who was prominently involved in the strike-breaking efforts during the ongoing industrial unrest in the city, set up the first 'syndicat jaune', the syndicat des corporations ouvrières du Creusot et de ses dépendances (union of workers' guilds of Le Creusot and its dependencies). [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_II_Schneider fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalisme_jaune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_nationale_des_Jaunes_de_France]

1933 - Charles Joseph Antoine 'Jo' Labadie (b. 1850), US labour activist, writer, poet, printer, non-violent individualist anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 18]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: Delegates from the anarchist controlled seaport towns of Gijón (outside of which legionnaires and regular Army Africa troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Yagüe had landed) and Avilés arrive in Oviedo requesting urgently needed weapons to defend against a landing of government troops. Ignored by the socialist committee, the delegates returned to their town empty handed. Lacking even the basic arms needed to defend against the attacking troops, Gijón and Avilés fell the next day. Constant attacks out of the two ports over the coming week sealed the fate of Asturias, and the uprising was savagely crushed. 3,000 miners had been killed in the fighting, and another 35,000 taken prisoner during the wave of repression that followed. In Oviedo, the Northern Railways Police Headquarters, the Carabinieri barracks and the railway station fall to the insurgents. In the port of Avilés, the Agadir, a three thousand ton Basque merchant ship is sunk in the entrance to the Ria de Avilés to prevent the rumoured arrival of troops ships to launch an attack on Oviedo. In the south, the military launch artillery attack on the rebel positions around Vega del Rey. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1945 - Gregor Gog (b. 1891), German anarchist, anti-militarist and founder of the FAUD-aligned international movement Bruderschaft der Vagabunden (Brotherhood of Vagrants), dies. [see: Nov. 7] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/8th-october-1812-mass-attack-on-corn.html]
 * = 8 || [1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Mass attack on Corn Mill at Ilkeston, Derbyshire?? [expand]

1836 - __Lowell Mill Girls Strike__: "Dear Diary, My mother told me that in her job they are starting a strike because the the Board of Directors of Lowell's textile mills wanted to increase the textile worker's rent because of the economic depression. My mother said that she did a speech today, and that she is in the Factory Girls' Association. She says that so many people take part in the protest that Lowell textile mills are running far below capacity. I am happy that she stands up for herself because being a mill girl isn't easy, especially if you're being taken advantage of. I really hope that it ends good because I don't know if my mother can afford to pay more for the rent. Soon I will have to help my mother in the mills too, I don't want her to be working so much on her own." [nohemysapt5.blogspot.co.uk]

1866 - __Hereford Street Outrage / Sheffield Outrages__: A can of gunpowder explodes in the house of Thomas Fearnehough, a saw-grinder who had fallen out with his union. [sheffieldtuc.co.uk/history/ youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/3-UNION.TXT]

1886 - Pierre Besnard (d. 1947), French railway worker and anarcho-syndicalist, who was co-founder and Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), prominent in the setting up in August 1936 of the Comité anarcho-syndicaliste pour la défense du prolétariat espagnol (which provided financial and material support to the CNT-FAI), became secretary of the Conference of these committees in October 1936 and later Secretary of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, and co-founder of the Confédération Nationale du Travail in December 1946, born. [www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article184 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Besnard_(syndicaliste) maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article157323 maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article904 www.ephemanar.net/octobre08.html#8 www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1922-Les-anarcho-syndicalistes libcom.org/library/anarchosyndicalism-anarchism-pierre-besnard www.katesharpleylibrary.net/3ffc0v]

1893 - The first issue of the anarchist fortnightly '//L'Avenir//', "Organe Ouvrier indépendant de la Suisse romande", is published in Geneva.

1897 - Antonio 'El Gallego' Soto Canalejo (d. 1963), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He is the subject of Xan Leira's documentary film '//Patagonia Utopía Liberataria//' (1998). [expand] [libcom.org/history/soto-antonio-1897-1963 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2z35m3 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2659-interesante-biografia-antonio-soto-canalejo.html gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto_Canalejo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto www.ephemanar.net/octobre11.html#soto]

1910 - __Grève de la Thune* [Thunder Strike__]: A wildcat strike by French railway workers begins when workers at Tergnier in the Aisne and at the Parisian workshops in La Chapelle are disciplined for a series of small delays. Faced with the refusal of the Compagnie du Nord to reinstate the suspended men, the workers in the workshops and then at the La Chapelle - Plaine Saint Denis depot ceased work. The strike quickly spread, as first the Réseau du Nord (Northern Region) and then the Ouest-État (Western) Region went out on strike in solidarity. With the swift spread of the strike, and fearing repression, the central strike committee sought refuge in the offices of '//L'Humanité//' and on October 11, seized the opportunity and called for a general strike by railway workers in support of the disciplined workers and in pursuit of their outstand wage demands. [* the nickname of the five-franc piece] [www.noisylesec-histoire.fr/2015/06/1910-premiere-greve-generalisee-des-cheminots/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/article-octobre-1910-greve-des-cheminots-111722140.html archivchemindefer.free.fr/1910strike/greve1910.html www.humanite.fr/syndicalisme-un-siecle-de-bataille-du-rail-631207 www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_des_travailleurs_cadres_et_techniciens_des_chemins_de_fer_CGT]

[F] 1919 - General Strike called to demand the release of San Francisco labour militant Tom Mooney and an amnesty for all political prisoners. Falsely convicted of a fatal bombing, Mooney is not released until 1939.

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: The troops holed up the La Vega arms factory quit their positions and retreat to the Pelayo barracks. The city's Guardia Civil barracks falls. General López Ochoa (who would henceforth be known as 'el verdugo de Asturias' [the butcher of Asturias] and end up decapitated when captured during the Civil War in 1936) and his troops leave from Aviles en route to Oviedo, protected by 21 aircraft and with human shields, manacled prisoners in the front of the column (many of whom died, including the Socialist leader Bonifacio Martín). In the south the military, at a distinct disadvantage with their inferior positions, are driven back in fierce fighting around Vega del Rey. [see: Oct. 4 & 5] ||
 * = 9 || [F] 1779 - __Luddite Timeline__: The first 'Luddite' protesters [though it is arguable that the movement did not truly begin until 1811], named after one of their alleged members - Ned Ludd, smash stocking frames in Anstey, Leicestershire.

1870 - The Jura Federation, the anti-authoritarian and anarchist section of the First International is founded at a meeting in Saint-Imier, Switzerland, of local sections of the IWA. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/JuraFederation.htm]

1880 - At its final meeting (9-10 October), in La Chaux-de-Fonds, the Jura Federation adopts an anarchist communist possition, as a "necessary consequence of the inevitability of the social revolution".

1896 - Celso Persici (d. 1988), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2v6xd6 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4593 www.estelnegre.org/documents/persici/persici.html]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 26] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Cossack soldiers open fire on protestors in Moscow; ten people die. All Moscow publishers have been shut down by strikes [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[B] 1908 - Harry Hooton (d. 1961), Australian poet, philosopher, anarchist, Wobbly and pacifist, who participated in the Sydney Push scene in Syndey, is born in Doncaster, England. He arrived in Australia aged 16 in October 1924, with 59 other boys, as part of the Dreadnought Trust child migration scheme, part of the restrictive immigration policy known as the 'White Australia' policy. The boys worked on farms in the Outback from 7.30am to 5 pm, clearing land, milking, ploughing, etc. Hooton's first poetry began to be published in 1936, with his first self-financed book of poetry, '//These Poets//', published in 1941 in a run of around 400 copies. '//Things You See When You Haven't Got A Gun//' was also self-published two years later. His other verse was published as 'It is Great To Be Alive' (1961) and in '//Poet of the 21st Century - Collected Poems - Harry Hooton//' (1990), in addition to appearing regularly in literary journals like '//Forward: A Australian Review//', '//Bohemia//', '//Pertinent//', '//A Comment//' and '//Meanjin Papers//', as well as more mainstream publications like the Workers' Education Association's '//The Australian Highway//' and the Australian Institute of Political Science's '//The Australian Quarterly//'. Hooton was at home in the post-war atmosphere of Sydney's intellectual circles, the 'Sydney Push', "Mecca of the Australian arts", where he formed a focus of opposition to the Libertarian Society and it's pro-Modernist poetics and, according to fellow poet Richard Appleton, "Hooton held that polemic was an art form and that all poetry should be didactic." Very much a bohemian, he corresponded with literary people and counter-culture figures across the world, including fellow anarchist Tuli Kupferberg of The Fugs. Philosophically, he came up with the theory of Anarcho-technocracy, basically arguing that man must have have power over things, including machines, but never over other men, and which was expounded in a series of essays and pamphlets: '//Anarcho - Technocracy. The Politics of Things//' (four-page pamphlet; 1953), '//The Politics of Things//' (1955 essay) and the U.S. collection '//Power Over Things//' (1955). His philosophical treatise '//Militant Materialism//', was never finished, though he did complete five of its eight chapters. Sadly, during his lifetime his work was largely been dismissed by the critics, in terms such as: "an anarchist whose writings were without talent or coherent ideas"; "when we had read half-way through '//Things You See . . .//' we had a crude impulse to put our hands to our ears and scream for God's sake, Harry, stop that noise" and "'//Power Over Things//' contains a few pages of alleged verse and a good deal of exclamatory prose in the interests of a new world theory Anarcho-Technocracy ... Anarchism with a Science Fiction face-lift", and even today he is seen by many as just another bohemian guru. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hooton www.takver.com/history/hooton_bio.htm guides.naa.gov.au/good-british-stock/chapter3/dreadnought .aspx hootonics.wordpress.com/]

[FF] 1912 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: Following the death of 146 women in the Triangle Factory Fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, and the campaigning for improved workplace safety that followed, the ensuing new legislation reducing the working week for women from 60 to 54 hours has some unforeseen results. In Little Falls, New York, the owners of the Gilbert and Phoenix knitting mills reduced the pay of women to match the shorter hours. Since the workers were already living at a near-starvation level, as documented in a recent visit by the state’s Factory Investigating Committee, the women were outraged. On October 9, 1912, eighty of them spontaneously walked out of the Phoenix Mill in protest. At this point there was no organised strike, but the brutality toward the strikers by the owners and by the local police ignited a much larger walk-out, eventually all the more than 1300 workers employed in Phoenix and Gilbert’s. During this bitterly fought dispute, these employees lost a total of 68,379 days of work, ending on January 3, 1913, with an arbitarion decision awarding tha strikers almost all they had asked for, including all those working 54 hours to receive pay formerly paid for 60 hours, reinstatement of all workers, and no discrimination against strikers. [www.dailykos.com/story/2011/1/15/936592/- occupyutica.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/little-falls-historical-society-to-celebrate-centennial-of-1912-iww-textile-strike-5/ occupyutica.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/strike-story-to-be-performed-in-little-falls-readers-theatre-play-march-2-2013-at-masonic-temple/ upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/the-red-sweater-girls-of-1912.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/iww-great-textile-strike-of-1912-in.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/how-other-half-lives-at-little-falls.html margins.fair-use.org/note/Little_Falls_textile_strike_of_1912 www.scribd.com/document/111724371/Industrial-Worker-Issue-1750-November-2012 threerivershms.com/lf2.htm reuther.wayne.edu/search/node/little+falls]

1914 - María Martínez Sorroche (d. 2010), Adalusian textile worker, baker, maid, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0910.html www.seron.tv/historia/maria_martinez_sorroche/]

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: The striking Le Harve steelworkers reluctantly return to work, not having been able to gain any concessions from an intransigent Comité des Forges. [see: Jun. 19] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: In Oviedo the La Vega arms factory is occupied and large numbers of arms are seized but little ammunition is found. The Cárcel Modelo is also stormed and it too is found to contain a huge quantity of rifles and machine guns but no ammunition. However, the government troops are forced to retreat. The city has been taken against the superior forces of the army and Civil Guard: 1,500 soldiers, 400 assault guards and 100 civilians and police guards, however the miners failed to take the barracks of Pelayo and Santa Clara despite them being surrounded by the insurgents. All the city garrison can do now is try and resist the attacks of the workers, in the hope that a relief arrives. Meanwhile, Gijon, where the insurrectionary movement is restricted by its lack of weapons and ammunition, comes under bombardment by the Regular Army and Navy. Other towns suffer the same fate. In the south, army reinforcements from Zamora arrive via the Puerto de Pajares, allow General Bosch and his besieged troops, who were in serious condition without food and unable to care for the wounded, to withdraw to Campomanes on the 11th. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1999 - Peter Miller (b. 1943), English anarchist, secularist and trade unionist, dies. [see: Apr. 5] || [www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]
 * = 10 || 1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: In Syracuse, a protest (for the lack of implementation of the reduction of taxes, that the administration had promised to citizenship) degenerated into turmoil and was sacked the town hall (the tumult calmed the council approved the measures promised).

[C] 1900 - Umberto Marzocchi (d. 1986), Italian shipyard worker, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in the Arditi del Popolo, who fought on the Aragon front during the Spanish Civil War and, following the Retirada, joined the Foreign Legion (to gain French papers) and fought with the Maquis during WWII, born. Marzocchi became an anarchist at a very early age and by 1917 was secretary of the metalworkers’ union affiliated to the Unione Sindacale Italiana (Italian Syndicalist Union), thanks to his youth which precluded his being mobilised for front-line service as a reprisal. During the 'Biennio Rosso' (Red Biennium of 1919-20) he took part in the struggles alongside the renowned La Spezia anarchist, Pasquale Binazzi, the director of '//Il Libertario//' newspaper. In 1920 he was part of a gang of anarchists that attacked the La Spezia arsenal, overpowering the security guards and carrying off two machine guns and several rifles, in the, alas disappointed, hope of triggering a revolutionary uprising in the city. In 1921, visiting Rome to reach an agreement with Argo Secondari, he took over as organiser of the Arditi del Popolo (People’s Commandos) in the region; this organisation was to give good account of itself during the 'fatti di Sarzana' (events in Sarzana), the armed resistance of the civilian population and the Arditi del Popolo in and around Sarzana against fascist //squadre d'azione// groups backed up by the local Regio Esercito carabinieri. Moving to Savona, he organised the meeting between Malatesta and the pro-Bolshevik Russian anarchist Sandomirsky who arrived in Rapallo in the wake of the Chicherin delegation as its Press Officer. By 1922, wanted by the fascists, he left the country, playing an active part in the activities of the anarchist exiles in France and Belgium. In 1936 he was in Spain with the Italian Column and there took part in the battle of Almudevar. After Camillo Berneri was murdered, he returned to France where he handled aid to Spanish refugees. After the Nazi occupation, he joined the Maquis in the Pyrenees, part of a mixed unit made up of anarchists, socialists and French and Spanish communists (Group 31, Area 5). In 1945 after the Liberation he returned to Italy where he became one of the most active publicists, speakers and lecturers of the newly formed Federazione Anarchica Italiana (Italian Anarchist Federation), which at that time was an umbrella for the whole of the Italian anarchist movement. In 1971 he was appointed secretary of the International of Anarchist Federations’ Liaison Committee, a post he filled for 12 years. In 1977, by then almost eighty, he was arrested in Spain during an international anarchist gathering. He died in Savona on 4 June 1986. [libcom.org/history/articles/1900-1986-umberto-marzocchi www.katesharpleylibrary.net/nk99jr it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Marzocchi ita.anarchopedia.org/Umberto_Marzocchi militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9266 www.ephemanar.net/octobre10.html#marzocchi www.umanitanova.org/node/15612 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/8179-un-anarquista-en-la-europa-del-siglo-xx-umberto-marzocchi-1900-1986.html]

1902 - [N.S. Oct. 23] Sam Dolgoff (Sholem Dolgopolsky; d. 1990), US anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist author, editor and militant, born in Byelorussia. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff libcom.org/history/fragments-memoir-sam-dolgoff libcom.org/history/dolgoff-sam-1902-1990 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff raforum.info/spip.php?article229 www.iww.org/history/biography/SamDolgoff/1 www.iww.org/history/library/Dolgoff dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/dolgoff.html socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Sep. 27] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The printers strike in Moscow has effectively escalated into a fully-fledged city-wide General Strike.

1922 - Date wrongly attributed for the death of Luisa Capetillo Perón (b. 1879), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist. [see: Oct. 28 & Apr. 10]

1933 - __San Joaquin Valley Cotton Strikes__: During a strike over wages, working conditions, and union recognition by 20,000 cotton pickers in southern California’s San Joaquin Valley, striking workers assembled at their union’s office in Pixley to hear an organiser speak are shot at by growers who drove up in their pickup trucks. Within minutes, two workers were dead and eight injured. Eight growers were indicted, but all were acquitted of murder. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: In Oviedo, rebel ammuniton supplies are running very low but the insurgents still remain in control of the city. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

[F] 1947 - __French West African Rail Workers' Strike__: In 1947, the railway workers went on a five and a half month long strike to obtain the same rights as the French railwaymen. During during the strike, 20,000 workers and their families shut down most rail traffic throughout all of French West Africa and, following a series of concession in February 1948, the workers returned to work on March 19. The strike's success was celebrated as a turning point in the anti-colonial struggle by Senegalese writer Ousmane Sembène in his 1960 novel '//Les bouts de bois de Dieu//'.[til Mar. 19, 1948] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar–Niger_Railway#1947_strike libcom.org/library/french-west-african-rail-workers-strike-1947-48 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/french-west-african-railway-workers-strike-greater-benefits-1947-1948 digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1199&context=isp_collection] || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Morant_Bay_Rebellion.htm]
 * = 11 || [D] 1865 - __Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica__: Although slavery has been abolished in Jamaica, most blacks are desperately poor, landless, and denied the vote. When a black man is arrested and imprisoned for ‘trespassing’ on a long-abandoned plantation, protesters march to the courthouse in Morant Bay. Militia fire on them, killing seven. The protesters retaliate by killing 18 militia and officials and taking control of the town. The Governor of Jamaica, Edward Eyre, then dispatches troops to engage in brutal reprisals. Hundreds of blacks are killed in the following days, many of them people who had had nothing to do with the events, shot down in cold blood as troops maraude through the countryside.

1877 - Henrik Ibsen's anarchist-influenced play '//Samfundets Støtter//' (The Pillars of Society) is first published in Copenhagen.

1878 - Eugène Soullier (d. unknown), French typographer, militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5683 www.ephemanar.net/octobre11.html]

1885 - Alicia Moreau de Justo (Alicia Moreau; d. 1986), Argentine physician, writer, editor, socialist, feminist, pacifist and human rights activist, born in London. Her father, Armand Moreau, was a French and anarchist who had participated in the Paris Commune in 1871 but fled following the post-Commune repression. In 1890, Alicia and her mother, María Denanpont, emigrated to Argentina, where she beacme involved in the socialist and feminist struggles whilst still at school. In 1906, then still only 21, Alicia Moreau founded the Movimiento Feminista and began lecturing on the women's struggle, education, health, science, etc. in workers' and socialist centres and village halls, as well as supporting the Huelga de los inquilinos (tenant strikes) in tenaments and La marcha de las escobas (March of the brooms) by slum women. In 1910, together Berta W. de Gerchunoff and her father Armand Moreau, she founded the magazine 'Ateneo Popular' to promoted secondary and higher education and was involved in international socialist publication 'Humanidad Nueva', for which she wrote on women's rights and issues. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Moreau_de_Justo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Moreau_de_Justo]

1910 - __Grève de la Thune* [Thunder Strike__]: The Syndicat National des Chemins de Fer (National Union of Railwayworkers) and the Fédération des Mécaniciens et Chauffeurs (Federation of Mechanics and Drivers) unleash the first major railway strike in French history in support of their demand that the government introduce a daily minimum wage of five francs and a pension scheme for all railway workers. The strike had begun four days earlier, when workers at Tergnier in the Aisne and at the Parisian workshops in La Chapelle had been disciplined for a number of small delays. Faced with the refusal of the Compagnie du Nord to reinstate the suspended men, the workers in the workshops and then at the La Chapelle - Plaine Saint Denis depot ceased work. The strike quickly spread, as first the Réseau du Nord (Northern Region) and then the Ouest-État (Western) Region went out on strike in solidarity. The central strike committee, having sought refuge in the offices of '//L'Humanité//', then seized the opportunity and called for a general strike by railway workers in support of the disciplined workers and in pursuit of their outstand wage demands. For a week, the strike revealed just how dependant on the railways that the country had become. The strike also witnessed confrontations between strikers and non-strikers that became increasingly violent, and in one incident a non-striking brakeman was killed by his pickets in Cormeilles-en-Parisis. Eventually, the Aristide Briand government sent in the military to run the railways, had the members of the strike committee arrested and envoked the Loi du 3 Juillet 1877: Lois et réglements militaires (Law of July 3, 1877: Military laws and regulations), mobilising (i.e. drafting) the striking workforce under military law. On October 18, 1910, with many workers having already reluctantly returned to work, the strike was called off and traffic resumed on all the networks. In the end the strike proved successful when, on January 1, 1911, the government announced that "les grévistes de la thune" would receive an increase in their wages and the regulation of their pensions would be introduced. However, the down side was that the strikers faced heavy repression, with 3,300 loosing their jobs. There was also consequences for the Syndicat National itself, as it suffered a series of splits and confrontations between its reformist and revolutionary camps. [* the nickname of the five-franc piece] [www.noisylesec-histoire.fr/2015/06/1910-premiere-greve-generalisee-des-cheminots/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/article-octobre-1910-greve-des-cheminots-111722140.html archivchemindefer.free.fr/1910strike/greve1910.html www.humanite.fr/syndicalisme-un-siecle-de-bataille-du-rail-631207 www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_des_travailleurs_cadres_et_techniciens_des_chemins_de_fer_CGT]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: General Lopez Ochoa and his troops, who had been laid up outside of Oviedo due to the strong resistance they faced, and now reinforced by the legionnaires and regular Army Africa troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Yagüe, enter Oviedo and, late in the day, the Comité Revolucionario Provincial orders the withdrawal from the capital and dissolves itself. However, the fighting in the city centre continues and a new Comité, composed mostly of young socialists and communists, is formed within hours, ready to continue the fight, when the troops of Lopez Ochoa and Yagüe began their first acts of violence and looting. Fighting continued for the next two days, in which the workers' militia attacked the enemy from higher ground and from working-class neighborhoods. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

[F] 1941 - 1700 news dealers in New York go on strike against the '//World Telegram//' over the price of newspapers, delivery charges, and the return of unsold newspapers. The strike spread as other publishers refused to make deliveries to dealers who joined the strike. A judge issued an injunction against the strike, ruling that the news dealers were not employees. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] ||
 * = 12 || [F] __October 12__ - Coal Miners' Day in Illinois... or it used to be, a day of commemoration when thousands of miners took a day off from work, joining their families to celebrate the heritage of mine community unionism on the anniversary of the Battle of Virden in 1898.

1826 - Élodie Richoux (Élodie Duvert; d. unknown), French resturant owner and Pétroleuse, who ahd known Louise Michel in prison and fought alongside her on the barricades at Place Saint Sulpice during the Commune, born. [www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr/Femmes-de-la-Commune-et.html]

1859 - Maurice Donnay (d. 1945), French playwright, born. A frequenter of Le Chat Noir (he composed songs with Alphonse Allias there) and of Fortuné Henry's libertarian community at Aiglemont, about which he based a theatrical comedy called '//La Clairière//' (The Clearing), which he co-authored with Lucien Descaves in 1900.

1860 - Émile Pouget (d. 1931), French anarcho-communist militant and propagandist, born. A key figure of French and international anarchism and revolutionary syndicalism between 1880 and 1914, one of the most vocal militants and cunning strategists, a prolific journalist and pamphlet-writer whose career spans three decades. In the late 1870s formed a shopkeepers' union in Paris, although he did not become a wholehearted advocate of revolutionary trade unionism until the early 1890s. In 1883 he was imprisoned for leading a demonstration of unemployed workers with Louise Michel at Les Invalides, which ended in a bout of rioting and looting. It was on this occasion that the anarchist black flag is believed to have appeared for the first time. In 1888 he founded '//Le Père Peinard//', a fiercely anti-bourgeois, pro-strikes, and anti-colonial paper addressed to the worker, famous for its biting slang and artistic contributions. He was one of those indicted in the 1894 anti-anarchist Procès des Trente. He sought refuge in Britain and was condemned in absentia. Also author and signatory to the 'Charte d’Amiens' (Charter of Amiens; 1906), adopted by the CGT. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre12.html#12 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rfq www.anarchosyndicalism.net/protagonists/pouget.htmtheanarchistlibrary.org/library/emile-pouget-sabotage] [Portrait by Aristide Delannoy]

1873 - In Switzerland the famed Russian revolutionary, Mikhail Bakunin retires from the struggle and resigns from the anarchist Jura Federation.

[F] 1898 - __Battle of Virden__: When the Chicago-Virden Coal Company tries to bring in scab workers during a strike at their mine in Virden, Illinois, the UMWA miners arm themselves with hunting rifles, pistols and shotguns and attack the train carrying them. Both miners and guards suffer numerous casualties in the ensuing Battle of Virden. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Virden www.minewar.org/?p=938 www.lib.niu.edu/2006/iht1320610.html zinnedproject.org/2013/10/battle-of-virden/ www.lib.niu.edu/2006/iht1320610.html www.illinoislaborhistory.org/labor-history-articles/mine-union-radicalism-in-macoupin-and-montgomery-counties-il?rq=Battle%20of%20Virden macoupinctygenealogy.org/mines/m_riot3.html www.legendsofamerica.com/il-virden.html sangamoncountyhistory.org/wp/?p=9094 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_coal_wars en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Wars]

1915 - Robert Rizal Ballester (d. 1936), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. Active in the CNT in Badalona, he was arrested and jailed on May 8, 1934, along with Fernando Lozano Vicente, accused of coercion, insulting behaviour and use of armed force during a strike. He was also accused, based on French evidence, of being a member of an international band of thieves. On February 11, 1935, he tried to escape the dungeons of the Direcció Superior de Policia in Barcelona by simulating a suicide. On 23 November 1935, he was court martialed for the 1934 events and was sentenced to five years in correctional prison. His comrade Lozano was sentenced to four years. During the Fascist uprising in July 1936, he was a member of the Comitè de Milícies Antifeixistes (Committee of Antifascist Militias). Also, as a member of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), he led the Badalona magazine '//Vía Libre//', organ of the CNT and FAI, during the civil war, collaborating on illustrations, collages and writings. With Franco's victory, he went to France, where he was eventually arrested by the Nazis, and sent to the death camps. Robert Rizal Ballester died on August 22, 1941 at Gusen concentration camp in Austria. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1210.html]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: With most of Oviedo in the hands of the military and lacking ammunition, the Provincial Committee is forced to surrender. General Lopez Ochoa, commanding, demanded surrender of the weapons of the captive Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto, restoration of all arms, the lives of prisoners taken to be spared, and the committees to give themselves up. No shots were to be fired on the advancing troops. The committees’ conditions for workers to lay down their arms were for the Tercio and Regulares to be kept out of the mining towns and withdrawn from the front on account of their bloody reputation. Ochoa agreed to these terms, and the Committee surrendered on condition that none of the committee were handed over. The agreement was read out to the population in Sama, who greeted it with cries of "treachery". They refused to surrender, knowing how vicious the repression would be. They said they would sooner take to the hills. In the end it was accepted as inevitable and when the troops entered the town there came the harshest repression yet known in Asturias. The wounded in the hospitals were rounded up and shot. They did not even enquire which side they were on. The prisoners were questioned and shot. A hundred would continue to hold out on Monte Naranco. In flushing them out, a young girl, 16 year old Aida de la Fuente was killed. Her friend was wounded and raped before being murdered. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1999 - Björn Söderberg (b. 1958), Swedish anarcho-syndicalist militant of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC) and anti-fascist activist, is assassinated by neo-Nazis (three bullets in the head) as he leaves his home in Sätra, Stockholm. He was targeted because of his anti-fascist activities in his union, specifically in exposing a fascist in his workplace. [see: Apr. 1] [arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/] ||
 * = 13 || 1766 - A mob of over a thousand rise in Great Colton, Warwickshire, against bread price rises. They split into flying squads 300 strong and traverse the country, enforcing prices and fighting the soldiery in Kidderminster, Birmingham, Alcester and Stratford.

1827 - Giuseppe Fanelli (d. 1877), Italian revolutionary Bakuninite anarchist involved in the establishing of the First International, born. A one-time nationalist and mason, he allegedly originated the 'circle A' symbol. [www.ephemanar.net/janvier05.html#fanelli dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/fanelli/fanelli.html]

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: The strike has collapsed to such an extent that the state militia pull out ending, the 95-day occupation.

[C / F] 1902 - A Carabinieri crackdown on a demonstration organised by the local farmers of the Lega dei Lavoratori (Workers League) at Giarratana, near Ragusa, Sicily, leaves three dead, including a military policeman, and fifty wounded. This was just one in a series of 'proletarian massacres' stemming from the repression of a wave of agrarian strikes affecting the whole of Italy that had begun the previous year. "A strike had been called in Giarratana. But not all workers were in agreement, many were dissidents. To avoid an outbreak of violence, as tempers very excited, the Carabinieri intervened, and faced with flying stones, and threatened by a series of scuffles, the Carabinieri, who were only armed with revolvers, fired into the air. That was the signal for the massacre. The Carabinieri were surrounded by the crowd, which, as if taken over by a madness for destruction, attacked them with stones and clubs. The soldiers, wilting under the vehement impact, tried to defend themselves. But, outnumbered, fired further revolver shots. Then we saw the red plumes of the soldiers being overwhelmed by the waves of the crowd, above which furiously waved sticks. The scrum became fearful, between cries of ferocity and terror, the Police were tight everywhere. The carabiniere Antonino Giancastro who was isolated by the crowd from his comrades, tried to defend himself with his gun, but he had to seek refuge in a nearby house. The crowd, enraged, chased him into the shelter, drunk with fury and blood. Seeing a big stir at the house where he had taken refuge, the Carabinieri came running. But too late: he had already been done in by his assailants." ['//Corriere Illustrato della Domenica//' Oct. 26, 1920] [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/quattro.html www.resistenze.org/sito/te/cu/st/cust4i04.htm www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-k/works/1907/militarism-antimilitarism/pt1-ch4b.htm sites.google.com/site/sentileranechecantano/cronologia/1902]

1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: Having rejected any further conciliation in the current pay negotiation process, the Arbeit-Nordwest announce that they will terminate all employment contracts and lock-out their employees on November 1. [see: Nov. 1]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: Oviedo is now fully under military control and following its fall, many of the workers retreated to the coalfields, where the third and last Provincial Revolutionary Committee chaired by trained socialist Belarmino Tomás, based itself in Sama de Langreo, the capital of the Nalón basin. [see: Oct. 4 & 5] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]
 * = 14 || 1883 - In a show of solidarity between the trade unionists and the 'partisans de l'action directe', a meeting of the chambres demands that the Montceau and Blanzy syndicales each appoint a delegation of three members with mission to go to the management of the mines at Blanzy and request that the latter reinstates all the citizens who had been dismissed from their positions as a result of the insurrectional movement of August 1882.

1883 - Two-day founding congress (Oct. 12-14) of the International Working People's Association (IWPA) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Marks the beginning of the anarchist-trade union movement in the US. Endorses propaganda by the deed.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 1] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The 'October Manifesto' (Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября), officially 'The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order' (Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка), written by Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, and a member of the Council of State, Prince Alexis Obolensky (Алексе́й Оболе́нский), is presented to the Tsar. It closely follows the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic civil rights, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards universal suffrage, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Manifesto ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Манифест_17_октября_1905_года ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 1] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The Moscow Okhrana reports that the strike movement is under control despite all the evidence to the contrary. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1911 - Benito Mussolini, Pietro Nenni, and Aurelio Lolli, are arrested in connection with the September 27th general strike, are convicted on all charges and transferred to prison to await the appeal in Bologna. [see: Nov. 23]

[EE] 1915 - [O.S. Oct. 1] Market day in the city of Bogorodsk (Богородск), the location of the important Morozovskaya (Морозовских) textile factories, which employed more than 15 thousand workers, is witness to one of the many food riots that broke out across eastern Europe during WWI. Thirty women workers had come to the market to buy sugar and, finding that it had sold out, they were furious, accusing the merchants in dishonesty and speculation. The police quickly arrived and removed the women from the shop by force, however they returned to the city square and there continued to express their indignation and to pour accusations against traffickers. The number of protesters steadily increased, reaching several thousand, mostly women and young people, and not only workers but also peasants who come to the market from surrounding villages. Soon, the crowd moved toward the stalls and gave vent to his anger. Some threw stones at the windows of shops, someone breaking into them and throwing goods out into the streets whilst other snapped them up. Not wanting to use weapons against women and adolescents, the local police were helpless and could not stop them. Over the following days the food riots spread, with their targets now not only groceries but also clothes shops and other suppliers of manufactured goods. On October 4, Cossacks who had arrived in the city, opened fire on the insurgents, killing two and injuring several others. [expand] [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel ru-history.livejournal.com/3045190.html cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ne-hlebom-edinym-zhenschiny-i-prodovolstvennye-besporyadki-v-pervuyu-mirovuyu-voynu]

[D] 1920 - Demonstrations are held across Italy in support of the Russian Revolution and against the American and European invasions. Protesters also demand the release of political prisoners in Italy. In Bologna, where Errico Malatesta appears, police open fire on demonstrators, killing several.

[F] 1980 - __Marcia dei Quarantamila [March of Forty Thousand] aka 'Dei Quarantamila Quadri FIAT' [The Forty Thousand FIAT Cadres__]: Thousands of employees and executives of FIAT paraded through the streets of Turin in protest against the picketing that for the past 35 days had prevented them from entering the factory. The event had the direct effect of pushing the union to close the dispute with an agreement favourable to FIAT. It is conventionally referred to as the beginning of a radical change from the big company and union relations system in the country. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_dei_quarantamila qds.revues.org/1608 www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntate/la-marcia-dei-quarantamila/423/default.aspx]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Sunday October 14, 1984, day 210 of the strike, police officers swoop on the village of Grimethorpe and arrested 22 women and children for ‘stealing’ coal – traditionally picking up the loose coal around the slag heaps and workings had been ignored, even though it was technicall NCB property and for the previous seven months striking miners had picked coal from the tip with no interference from the police. Now, with real poverty added to the problems of the pit communities, 'picking' had been transformed into theft. Rumours that a child had been injured by the police led to retributive attacks on the officers and an ensuing 'riot'. ||
 * = 15 || 1884 - __La Bande Noire__: A young worker named Gueslaff carries out an unsuccessful attack on the house of the publican Etienney in Ciry-le-Noble, a prosecution witness in the Montceau trial, who is much disliked by the workers.

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Martial law, which was introduced on September 2 following the arrival of over 5,000 miners at the strikers' tent city, is lifted.

1915 - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) free speech fight in Fresno.

[F] 1922 - In Guayaquil, twelve workers' organisations (later it would total thirty six) come together to form the basis of the Federación de Trabajadores Regional Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Regional Federation Of Workers), an initiative of the cacao workers' Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacao Workers 'Tomás Briones') following its April 26 disaffiliation from the reformist Confederación Obrera del Guayas. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: The troops of General Balmes on the southern front manage to overcome the last resistance that prevented their way to Mieres, in the Caudal basin. The Provincial Revolutionary Committee decide to negotiate the surrender and send a Guardia Civil Lieutenant, Gabriel Torrens Llompart, who had been taken prisoner by the insurgents, to meet with General Lopez Ochoa, commander of the 25,000 troops who had deployed the government to crush the uprising. At a second meeting, this time between General Lopez Ochoa and Belarmino Tomás himself, the terms of surrender of the insurgents were set. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1943 - At the Tule Lake Segregation Center internment camp – which held over 18,000 Japanese Americans during World War II – a truck carrying agricultural workers tips over, resulting in the death of an internee. Ten days later, the agricultural workers went on strike; the internment camp director fired all of the workers and brought in strikebreakers from other internment camps. After several outbreaks of violence, martial law was declared and 250 internees were arrested and incarcerated in a newly constructed prison within the prison. [ww2timelines.com/usa/nisei/4344tulelakeprotests.htm www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/tule_lake_unit_wwii_valor_in_the_pacific_national_monument.html www.janm.org/projects/clasc/tule.htm]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Monday October 15, 1984, day 211 of the strike. Miners and their wives gather outside Grimethorpe's police station to protest the previous day's 'coal picking' arrests. Most of its windows are smashed and it ends up boarded up and abandoned. Later in the day, 120 riot-clad police swooped on the village in revenge for the earliers incident outside the village's police house, attacking against sixty or seventy people, mainly middle-aged men – most of them with bad chests and unable to run – and women and kids. There were twenty-eight arrests on this occasion.

1990 - Sam Dolgoff (Sholem Dolgopolsky; d. 1990), US anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist author, editor and militant, dies. [see: Oct 10 / 23]

1991 - Lucile Pelletier (Lucile Louise Simone Pelletier; b. 1906), French public service worker, anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 20] || Member of the Hollywood Anti-Fascist League alongside Humphrey Bogart, John Garfield, Dashiell Hammett, Lillian Hellman, Langston Hughes, Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Donald Ogden Stewart and Orson Welles. [www.eoneill.com/library/newsletter/viii_2/viii-2b.htm www.nndb.com/org/036/000353971/]
 * = 16 || 1888 - Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (d. 1953), Irish American playwright, Wobbly, socialist and philosophical anarchist, born. He was eighteen-year-old when he discovered Benjamin Tucker's anarchist bookstore in New York in 1906, and associated with anarchist and socialist during his early life: "//T//ime was when I was an active socialist, and, after that, a philosophical anarchist." Many of his early plays and poems are expressly political in content and one of his most famous, 'The Iceman Cometh' (1940), set in Greenwich Village in 1912, contains numerous anarchist characters and highlights issues such as racism, the Boer War and the thought processes of police informers. Eugene O'Neill's expressionist play '//The Hairy Ape//' (1922), which was first produced by the Provincetown Players in the same year, is expressly pro-IWW with its depiction of the oppressed industrial working class and capitalism.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 3] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Thousands march in the Moscow funeral of the liberal leader, philosopher and co-founder of the Moscow Conservatory, Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Troubetzkoy. Students in the march are attacked by Cossacks. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1918 - The United States Immigration Act (also known as the Dillingham-Hardwick Act) is enacted. It is specifically designed to tighten-up on the provisions of the 1903 Act, also known as the Anarchist Exclusion Act, which was seen to be not working, and to help rid the States of foreign-born anarchists and IWW members.

[F] 1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Tuesday October 16, 1984, day 212 of the strike. Following the previous day's police riot, large numbers of police remain in Grimethorpe, acting like an army of occupation, absuing the villagers, mainly women and children. A confrontation between miners and police takes place on the tip earlier in the day. At 15:00 the top end of the village is sealed off by 300 riot police. By 23:00, pub closing time, nearly 600 riot police are running amok in the village, clubbing anyone within arm’s reach during the second police riot in two days.

1988 - Emidio Santana (b. 1906), leading Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist militant, writer and essayist, dies. [see: Jul. 4] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Beer_Flood www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-London-Beer-Flood-of-1814/ londonist.com/2014/07/londons-forgotten-disasters-the-great-beer-flood]
 * = 17 || [A] 1814 - __London Beer Flood__: The metal hoops snap on one of the huge porter fermenting vats at the Meux and Company Brewery in London, causing a chain reaction that results in 1,224,000 liters of beer under pressure to smash through the wall of the brewery and out on to the streets. The brewery was located in a slum where many families were living in basements and eight people drowned in the flood or died from injuries.

1901 - Pano Vassilev (d. 1933), Bulgarian anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/avril13.html#vassiliev www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1710.html militants-anarchistes.info/?article6138 cnt-ait.info/article.php3?id_article=1287]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 4] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: False rumours circulate that the government has arrested the railroad pension delegates at a St. Petersburg conference. The railroad union calls a general strike. Sytin management agree to the 9-hour day demand in order to try and end the strike, a raise in pay of from 7 to 10 percent, and half-pay for time spent on strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh&chunk.id=d0e10528&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e10528&brand=eschol]

[F] 1912 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: The Socialist Mayor of Schenectady George R. Lunn is one of four people arrested on charges of "inciting to riot" when, having denied permission to speak in support of a strike by city officials in a public park, attempts to read Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address. The charges were later dropped after he had spent more than four months in jail in Little Falls. [see: Oct. 9] [margins.fair-use.org/note/Little_Falls_textile_strike_of_1912 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Lunn www.marxistsfr.org/history/usa/pubs/industrialworker/iw/v4n44-w200-jan-23-1913-IW.pdf www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/newreview/1913/v1n05-feb-01-1913.pdf]

1920 - John Reed (John Silas Reed; d. 1920), U.S. radical journalist, poet-adventuer, communist and Wobbly, who chronicled the Mexican and Soviet revolutions, and wrote '//Ten Days That Shook the World//' about the latter, dies of typhus in Moscow. [see: Oct. 22]

[FF] 1922 - __Durán Railworkers' Strike__: The Asamblea de Trabajadores del Ferrocarril del Sur in Durán, resolves to present a list of demands, drawn up on behalf of the company's workers, to the manager of the U.S.-owned Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company, J.C. Dobbie; the main demands being: That the law of 8-hour working day and that of work accidents is respected: the 8-hour day was decreed in 1916 and the Law On Accidents at Work in 1921; Increases in wages: while the monthly remuneration of the workers was of about 30 sucres, the salary of the bosses was of at least 250 dollars, at a time when the dollar was worth 4 sucres; Implementation of a 6-day working week: until then, the work week was 7 days; Increased stability of employment: in order not to dismiss any worker without justified cause; Other demands included the removal of salary deduction from workers for the running of the hospital, a new surgeon, medical kits in Durán, Bucay and Ambato, and the reinstatement of laid off workers.[www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922 www.laizquierdadiario.com/A-92-anos-de-la-primera-huelga-general-del-Ecuador-y-la-masacre-de-Guayaquil 21centurymanifesto.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/remembering-the-1922-guayaquil-massacre/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-workers-guayaquil-engage-general-strike-economic-rights-1922]

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: Five days after the Labor Party won a landslide victory, timber workers officially returned to work having been ordered to return by the new PM yesterday and votes at mass meetings on Wednesday 16. The strike was never settled however as many timber workers were not re-employed in the mills. Although strikers applied for reinstatement, few were re-employed in their mills and most were either never to return to the industry or to wait a number of years to find an employer who would take them back. [see: Jan. 3] [trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/53439159?searchTerm=&searchLimits=l-title=90 trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/67681467/5398985]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: Having begun negotiations on Oct. 15 with General Lopez Ochoa, commander of the 25,000 troops who had deployed the government to crush the uprising, a second meeting takes place between General Lopez Ochoa and the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores leader Belarmino Tomás Álvarez to set the terms of surrender of the insurgents on behalf of the Provincial Revolutionary Committee.

1936 - The first issue of the anarcho-syndicalist journal '//Pueblo Libre//', paper of the local CNT-AIT unions is published in Sueca, near Valencia. || The intervention of the préfect was, however, poorly received by some manufacturers who considered his actions to be demagogic, and the concessions afforded by their representatives to be a sign of weakness. 104 of them refused to apply the rate, claiming it was against the principles of the French Revolution. Laws such as the Le Chapelier Law and the Allarde decree of 1791 established the principle of economic non-intervention by the state, in addition to explicitly banning guilds, and denying the right to strike. The manufacturers claimed the fixed rate was contrary to freedom of enterprise. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 18 || 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: Against the backdrop of poor economic circumstances and a resultant drop in silk prices, which caused a drop in workers' wages, the canuts (master silk workers, often working on Jacquard looms) request that the préfet du Rhône, Louis Bouvier-Dumolart, help them negotiate with the manufacturers. The canuts wanted a fixed price to be established, which would stop the further decrease of the price of silk goods. The prefect organised a group of owners and workers, which was able to establish a fixed rate on October 26. A labour court, the Conseil de prud'hommes, was given the role of ensuring the rate was applied.

[E] 1843 - [O.S. Oct. 6] Anna or Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Анна Васильевна Корвин-Круковская]; d. 1887), Russian writer, journalist and translator, socialist and feminist revolutionary Pétroleuse, who participated in the Commune de Paris (1871) and the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jaclard fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jaclard ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Корвин-Круковская,_Анна_Васильевна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Korvin-Krukovskaya.htm www.esperanto.mv.ru/wiki/Марксизм/Корвин-Круковская chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=1418]

1844 - Amilcare Cipriani (d. 1918), Italian Garibaldian revolutionary, partisan internationalist, communard, anarchist and socialist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre18.html#18 ita.anarchopedia.org/Amilcare_Cipriani www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/amilcare-cipriani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.anarkismo.net/article/18491]

1854 - __Conflicte de les Selfactines__: The strike formally ends with an agreement between manufacturers and workers sponsored by the new Civil Governor Pascual Madoz, according to which spinners would get half an hour extra for their lunch break, which meant a reduction of the working week from 75 to 72 hours. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_de_les_selfactines es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-14-2-gobierno-espartero-en-1855/ www.comb.cat/Upload/Documents/4783.PDF www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1407.html www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html]

1881 - Amilcare Cipriani is arrested and imprisoned in Italy for the killing of an Italian in Alexandria in 1867. This incident was previously ruled self-defence but was invoked by Italian authorities to put the anarchist Cipriani out of commission during his revolutionary campaigning in 1881. Cipriani's imprisonment became a celebrated case across the left.

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: The first trial begins with the appearance of 23 defendants in the court in Chalon-sur-Saône. Amongst them are many members of the chambres syndicales such as Viennet, François Juillet and Antoine Bonnot, but also François Suchet, the former leader of La Marianne, the forerunner of the Bandes Noire. The trial began with the indictment: "This movement is manifestly connected with a series of revolutionary attempts, meditated and consolidated by the violent members of the "workers' party" and which, according to the likelihood, were took place at the same time in various places. They are closely linked to these mysterious assemblies, several times surprised or at least encountered, during the deliberations of so-called trade union chambers, centres of collectivist or anarchist propaganda." [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 5] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The Moscow Okhrana reports that he Moscow printers’ strike is clearly weakening, whereas exactly the opposite is true. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1910 - __Grève de la Thune* [Thunder Strike__]: With the Aristide Briand government having ordered the military in to run the railways, as well as the arrest of the members of the strike committee, and envoked the Loi du 3 Juillet 1877: Lois et réglements militaires (Law of July 3, 1877: Military laws and regulations), mobilising (i.e. drafting) the striking workforce under military law,h many workers had already reluctantly returned to work, the strike was now called off official. Traffic swiftly resumed on all the rail networks across France. [* the nickname of the five-franc piece] [www.noisylesec-histoire.fr/2015/06/1910-premiere-greve-generalisee-des-cheminots/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/article-octobre-1910-greve-des-cheminots-111722140.html archivchemindefer.free.fr/1910strike/greve1910.html www.humanite.fr/syndicalisme-un-siecle-de-bataille-du-rail-631207www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_des_travailleurs_cadres_et_techniciens_des_chemins_de_fer_CGT]

[DDD / F] 1920 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: During the night, the acting governor of Santa Cruz, Edelmiro Correa Falcón, ordered the raid and detention of all the workers gathered in Assembly in Rio Gallegos Workers' Society. Police surround the headquarters of the Federación Obrera and arrest 20 people including Antonio Soto, Antonio Fernández, Paulino Martínez and Fernando Ulacia. With their premises closed and their leaders imprisoned, the Federación Obrera immediately called a general strike throughout the Territory. From the Santa Cruz River in the south, columns of peons march to Rio Gallegos. They demand the immediate release of prisoners, improvements in wages and working conditions. The first strike Patagonia has begun. [scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2832&context=theses]

1924 - The first issue of the weekly '//Solidaridad Proletaria//', "Órgano de la Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña y portavoz de la Confederación Nacional", is published in Barcelona.

1927 - Industrial Workers of the World Colorado Mine strike; first time all the coal fields are out. [expand]

1934 - __Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike__: With the terms for the surrender of the insurgents in Asturias having been set in a meeting with General Lopez Ochoa the previous day, the Unión General de Trabajadores leader Belarmino Tomás Álvarez attempts to persuade the workers and miners to end their fight. From the balcony of the city hall in Sama, Langreo he makes the following appeal: "Comrades! Red soldiers! Before you, convinced that we have been faithful to the trust you have place in us, we come to tell you of the sad situation that our glorious insurrection movement has been reduced to. We must confess our peace talks with the commander of the enemy army. But we have been defeated only for a while. All we can say is that in the other provinces of Spain, workers have failed to fulfill their duty and have not helped us. Because of this, the government has been able to dominate the insurrection in Asturias. Moreover, although we have rifles, machine guns, and cannons, we lack ammunition. All we can do is make peace. But this does not mean abandoning the class struggle. Our surrender today will be nothing more than a halt along the way, which will help us to correct our mistakes and to prepare for the next battle, which will be completed in the final victory of the exploited." The terms of the agreement, though not without some resistance, were accepted by the assemblies of the miners. Rather than give them up their weapons in line with the surrender agreement, many chose to hide them, others chose to flee through the mountains. On October 18, two weeks after starting the insurrection, the last stronghold surrendered and government troops occupied the coalfields. A few days later, the random uncontrolled repression previously practiced gave way to an official repression, with mass arrests and numerous summarrary executions. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1966 - Miguel Chueca Cuartero (b. 1901), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies in Paris. [see: Jan. 3] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1409 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1910.html]
 * = 19 || 1866 - Albert Louis Aernoult (d. 1909), French syndicalist, union activist and libertarian roofer, born. [expand]

1890 - In Baltimore Emma Goldman gives a lecture to members of the International Working People's Association in the afternoon. Later that day she speaks in German to the Workers' Educational Society at Canmakers' Hall. Michael Cohn and William Harvey also speak. This is the first lecture by Goldman to be reported in the mainstream press.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 6] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Workers on the Moscow-Kazan railroad goes out on strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1907 - The first issue of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' (Workers' Solidarity),"Órgano de la Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña", the newspaper of the recently formed Solidaridad Obrera federation, is published in Barcelona [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(periódico) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(periodical) www.soliobrera.org/historias.html www.solidaridadobrera.org/ www.soliobrera.org/historias.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/v9s66q www.fideus.com/publicacions - solidaridad obrera.htm www.cedall.org/Documentacio/Castella/cedall203503000_Solidaridad Obrera.htm]

1920 - Clash between //cenetistas// and //pistoleros del Libre// (rightwing gunmen) on the street of Riera Alta in Madrid. CNT member Jaime Martínez Palau is arrested; also apprehended are Juan Lopez and Bartholomew Llabrés. The latter cenetistas are implicated in several atentados and end up spending six years in jail.

1922 - __Durán Railworkers' Strike__: When no reply was received, the railroad workers began a strike, backed by the Federación de Trabajadores Regional Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Regional Federation Of Workers), the Confederación Obrera del Guayas (Guayas Confederation of Workers) and the Asociación Gremial del Astillero (Association of Shipyard Guilds). In the following days, the solidarity of other workers' unions increased, with the workers in Guayaquil coming in large numbers to show solidarity their fellow workers. The Guayaquil FTRE sent a large delegation to help support the strike, to help organise and publicise the aims of the strikers and the misery of their current economic situation. Large demonstrations also took place in Guayaquil in solidarity with Durán's railway workers. During the strike itself women stood out for their role, as in the case of Tomasa Garcés, the companion of one of the railway union leaders. It is said that Tomasa laid down on the train rails, along with her three children, to prevent scabs from breaking the strike and to help calm the bloodlust of the military. Ultimately, the demands that had led to the stoppage of the railways across the country, eventaully also forced the manager Dobbie to the negotiating table and to reach an agreement with the strikers, and on October 26 the parties signed an agreement accepting the workers' proposals.[www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922 www.laizquierdadiario.com/A-92-anos-de-la-primera-huelga-general-del-Ecuador-y-la-masacre-de-Guayaquil 21centurymanifesto.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/remembering-the-1922-guayaquil-massacre/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-workers-guayaquil-engage-general-strike-economic-rights-1922]

[F] 1930 - Date of the promulgation of the Codice Penale Italiano aka the Rocco Code, Articles 502 to 508 which sanctioned all forms of industrial action, the right to strike, to boycott, sabotage and business employment as "crimes against the public economy". [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_penale_italiano it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero_generale] ||
 * = 20 || 1823 - François Léopold Charles Ostyn (d. 1912), French woodturner, communard, Bakuninst and anarchist, born. Member of the first Central Committee of the National Guard. Elected March 26 to the Council of the Commune, he sat on the board of Subsistances, then the Utilities. He voted against the creation of a committee of public salvation.

1895 - Gaston Leval (born Pierre Robert Piller; also used the pseudonyms Max Stephan, Silvio Agreste, José Benito, Felipe Montblanc, Josep Venutto and Robert Le Franc; d. 1978), French anti-authoritarian writer, combatant and historian of the Spanish Revolution of 1936, born. Wrote '//The Collectives in Aragon//' (1938), and '//Collectives in Spain//' (1945). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6468 www.ephemanar.net/octobre20.html#20]

[E] 1901 - Virginia Bolten aka 'the Louise Michel of Rosario' (1870 - ca. 1960), Uraguayan anarcha-feminist militant of German descent is arrested for distributing anarchist propaganda during a strike outside the gates of the Refineria, a huge sugar factory where she worked, and that employed thousands of workers, many of them European immigrants and many of them women. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Virginia_Bolten libcom.org/files/Bolten, Virginia 1870-1960.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten afed.org.uk/revolutionary-women/5/]

1902 - [O.S. Oct. 10] Sam Dolgoff (Sholem Dolgopolsky; d. 1990), US anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist author, editor and militant, born in Byelorussia. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff libcom.org/history/fragments-memoir-sam-dolgoff libcom.org/history/dolgoff-sam-1902-1990 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff raforum.info/spip.php?article229 www.iww.org/history/biography/SamDolgoff/1 www.iww.org/history/library/Dolgoff dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/dolgoff.html socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp]

1910 - __Aberdare Miners' Strike or 'Block Strike'__: Powell Duffryn workers at Lower Duffryn pit downed tools on October 20 in an unofficial stoppage, and consequently they received no strike pay and the ensuing hardship cut deep into the community. Superficially, their stoppage was a protest against the decision of the mine manager, E.M. Hann, to end the 40-year-old custom whereby miners were permitted to take home blocks of waste timber from the mines for use as household fuel. More broadly it was a reaction to the perceived threat to their livelihoods posed by the colliery company’s drive to increase productivity. The 'Block Strike' as it became known locally, was every bit as violent as the Cambrian Combine dispute. Some of the key incidents of disorder were played out in late October and early November, at almost the same time as the outbreak of rioting in Tonypandy and yet compared with events in the Rhondda they have been all but forgotten. Only one or two historians have paid it any serious attention and there is limited public awareness outside the locality in question. Having downed tools, the workmen marched to neighbouring Powell Duffryn collieries at Aberaman and Cwmbach, and very quickly all the Cynon Valley pits were stopped and 11,000 men out on strike. As the strikers had not given notice of their intention to strike, the South Wales Miners Federation refused to sanction it, and different to the Cambrian strikers, they received no strike pay. On November 1, the strike notices at the Cambrian Combine expired and they joined the Ely pit on strike. From now on the Cynon and Cambrian strikes were intermingled. In Aberaman on November 2 the first major scenes of violence had occurred. This, plus the appeal by the leaders, made the Aberdare strike headline news. Even 'The Times' devoted a long article to it on the 4th. The overtly hostile coverage of the strike by the 'Western Mail' was attacked by Stanton, and on the 3rd a 'Western Mail' reporter was chased off the railway station by a crowd of strikers. The violence at Aberaman had happened when a train carrying about 100 labourers who were still working at the pits was stormed at the Tonllwyd Crossing and several of the occupants were "badly mauled". Later the same day, the houses of many colliery officials who were still working were stoned. By the 4th every colliery and most of the officials' houses were being picketed. On November 8, following a meeting in the Miners' Institute, Aberaman, where the educationalist, socialist, and campaigner for free, compulsory, secular education and free school meals Mary Bridges-Adams had been speaking, those attending had assembled in front of the Institute where their numbers swelled to about 2,000, including many women and children. A contingent of 500, in a diversionary move, proceeded to attack the Aberaman Colliery where they were kept at bay with fire hoses. The rest of the crowd, preceded by an advanced guard of 200 youths, marched to the colliery power station and washery at Cwmbach, which were still in operation, and began to stone the buildings. Several attempts were made to storm the power station, but the 29 policemen inside kept the crowd at bay by electrifying the perimeter fence and by hosing the rioters with hot water from the boilers. As the demonstration was breaking up in confusion, the police charged, injuring 60 and pushing many into the nearby canal. Somehow, the people of Aberdare did not appreciate what the police were doing for them. The following day a train was stoned and there was a disturbance at Aberaman when two mounted police tried to disperse a crowd of women and children by riding into them. Attacks on colliery officials and their houses became daily occurrences. The following Sunday, a chapel service was interrupted by the congregation and a colliery official was removed from their midst. More violence followed at Aberaman on November 13, at Cwmbach on the folowing day, and again at Aberaman on November 22, when a crowd gathered to look for blacklegs coming home from work. 1,500 people, mainly women and children, followed one blackleg on to Aberaman railway station and "shouted uncomplimentary remarks", struck and kicked him, and eventually allowed him to go home only to smash his windows once he had got there. Other officials were caught and tarred and twelve policemen were injured. The following day, a furniture van was held up by pickets and the contents were left strewn across the road in the pouring rain. The owner had been supplying the troops with provisions. These incidents were not on the scale of the Tonypandy riots, but they demonstrate the involvement of the wider community in the attempt to prevent any blacklegging. On November 14, the union executive called a conference, at which a proposal from the executive committee that the Aberdare men should return to work as recommended and that anyone who was not re-employed would receive lock-out pay was put before the 284 delegates (representing 152,559 miners). A call for a wider stoppage was made but lacked support and the meeting broke up having only adopted a resolution condemning "the action of the Home Secretary in refusing to grant an inquiry into the conduct of the police and military forces". At the reconvened conference on December 14, the executive committee's recommendation for a return to work was passed by 1,815 votes to 921. A mass meeting of the Aberdare strikers held on December 15 discussed a resolution calling on each colliery committee to meet its management to obtain a guarantee of no victimisation before the men returned to work. The meeting eventually broke up in disorder, revealing the demoralised mood of the miners. After receiving assurances from the executive committee that any victimisation would be a breach of the Conciliation Board agreement and that the Federation would assist any victimised men, the PD strikers decided to return to work at a meeting on December 23rd. A large section of the PD men had wanted to continue but the prospect of carrying on without the other pits was enough to deter them. Because of the need for repairs to the workings. the actual return to work was delayed until January 2, 1911. Only about half of the PD men had their jobs back. immediately. As further repairs went ahead more men had their jobs back, but by the end of 1911, 1,000 were still out of work, still on lock-out pay. The result of the strike was the temporary defeat and demoralisation of the labour movement in Aberdare. As might be expected. the victimisation of the PD men led to an increasing level of non-unionism in 1911. [welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1326508/llgc-id:1326905/llgc-id:1326931/getText www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/new-history-wales-dr-louise-1889456 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_strike_1857–58 newspapers.library.wales/view/3397589/3397595/29 newspapers.library.wales/view/3294338/3294344/30]

1917 - An anarchist-inspired motion is passed at the first Congress of Factory Councils in revolutionary Russia in favour of workers' self-management.

1926 - Eugene Victor Debs (b. 1855), US locomotive fireman, wholesale grocery salesman, city clerk, union leader, editor, founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World and jailed seditionist, who stood five times as the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States, dies of heart failure at the age of 70 in the Lindlahr Sanitarium in Elmhurst, Illinois, his health ruined by the 2.5 years he spent in prison. [see: Nov. 5]

1935 - Aquilino Gómez Pozo (b. 1871), Basque anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2339 somo.blogcindario.com/2008/01/00019-el-anarquista-aquilino-gomez-pozo-1871-1935.html]

1975 - Joan Enseñat Rigo, aka 'El Periodista' (b. 1901), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html]

1994 - Antonio Ramos Palomares (aka El Carbonero; b. 1905), Andalusian anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist fighter, dies. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6738 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html]

[F] 2010 - Mariano Ferreyra (b. 1987), Argentine student militant in the Federación Universitaria de Buenos Aires (University Federation of Buenos Aires) and Partido Obrero (Workers Party) activist, is shot in the chest and killed in Buenos Aires by members of the largest Argentine railway workers union, the Peronist Unión Ferroviaria (UF), during a protest about the dismisal and outsourcing of workers by Unidad de Gestión Operativa Ferroviaria de Emergencia (Emergency Railway Operational Management Unit) railway company. Prevented by members of the Peronist union from occupying rail tracks at the Avellaneda station in Buenos Aires, who were reinforced by units of the Policía Federal, the protesters – outsourced workers, members of the Partido Obrero and the unemployed workers group Movimiento Teresa Rodríguez, and others – withdrew after an exchange of stones and bottles (from the protesters) and rubber bullet (from the police). However, when the UF members began to pursue them, the Policía Federal stationed between the two moved aside to let them pass. The pursuers, now reinforced by barras bravas (Argentine Ultras) and coordinated via phone by a UF delegate Pablo Diaz, attacked the demonstrators, with two of the attackers, Gabriel Sánchez and Cristian Favale, repeatedly fired on the demonstrators. At the same time, the UF thugs also stopped a camera crew from the news channel C5N filming the event. As a result of the attack, 23-year-old Mariano Ferreyra was killed and Elsa Rodríguez, Nelson Aguirre and Ariel Benjamín Pintos seriously injured. After Mariano's death, 14 people were sentenced in connection with the attack: Sánchez and Favale both got 18 years, as did Pablo Diaz; and the former UF Secretary José Pedraza was sentence to 15 years in prison. [see: Jun. 3] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ferreyra en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Mariano_Ferreyra] || "The International should not be exclusively working association indeed the aim of the social revolution is not only in the emancipation of the working class but in that of all mankind... The Italian Federation considers the collective property of the products of labour as the necessary complement to the collectivist programme, the aid of all for the satisfaction of the needs of each being the only rule of production and consumption which corresponds to the principle of solidarity. The federal congress at Florence has eloquently demonstrated the opinion of the Italian International on this point..."
 * = 21 || 1876 - The third Congress of the Italain section of the IWA, orginally due to be held on the 22nd, takes place in Tosi near Florence. Despite the intervention of the police, the Congress adopts a motion abandoning collectivism in favour of anarchist-communism, proclaiming:

1880 - Viking Eggeling (d. 1925), Swedish avant-garde artist and filmmaker connected to Dadaism, Constructivism and Abstract art, who was one of the pioneers in absolute film and visual music alongside his long-term collaborator Hans Richter, born. His film '//Diagonal-Symphonie//' (1924) is one of the seminal abstract films in the history of experimental cinema. An anarchist sympathiser, he paid a number of visits to the Ascona colony following his 1917 move to Zurich and re-encountering Hans Arp, befriending Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, and Sophie Taeuber whilst participating in the Cabaret Voltaire. In 1918, Tristan Tzara introduced Eggeling to Hans Richter and the pair went on to co-found the Artistes Radicaux (Association of Revolutionary Artists) group in Zurich, a more political section of the Das Neue Leben (New Life) group (which featured Marcel Janco, Hans Arp, Sophie Taeuber, Augusto Giacometti and others). Back in Berlin, Eggeling and Richter joined the radical Weimar artists group Novembergruppe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Eggeling stendhalgallery.com/?page_id=1917 sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/eggeling.htm]

1887 - Ramón Domínguez Basco (d. 1959), Basque militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2110.html]

1905 [O.S. Oct. 8] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The strike by railway workers has by now developed into a general strike in St. Petersburg and Moscow. This prompts the setting up of the short-lived St Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The rail strike reaches Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kursk, and the Urals. The telephone and telegraph service shuts down in central Russia, and the Union of Unions begins setting up strike committees throughout Russia in support of the rail strike [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

[E] 1918 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (1899 - 1984), Italian-American agricultural worker and Galleanist anarchist, is sentenced to 18 months to be served at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City and a $2000 fine following her arrest on a train from Steubenville to Chicago in January 1918 carrying a black leather case containing thirty-six sticks of dynamite and a .32 caliber Colt automatic. The items were to be used to carry out revenge attacks for the arrests and persecution of the Milwaukee anarchists and the death in custody of Augusto Marinell on September 15, 1917. In prison she befriended Emma Goldman and socialist Kate O'Hare, the three becoming known as 'The Trinity'.

1920 - CNT activist Ramón Jaume Mateu is attacked by Pistoleros del Libre. Attacks by these right wing assassins, supported by anti-labour businessmen and the Catholic Church, against militant workers are common during this period.

[F] 1920 - About 25 delegates of the Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI), the 300,000-strong syndicalist union, meeting in Bologna, are all arrested as part of an on-going government crackdown against the union and numerous anarchist organisations and publications.

1922 - The first issue of '//L'Ouvrier du Bois et du Bâtiment//', "organe officiel en langue française de la Fédération des Ouvriers du Bois et du Bâtiment (FOBB)", is published in Lausanne.

1969 - Bolesław Stein (d. 1907), Polish doctor, anarcho-syndicalist and WWII freedom fighter, dies. [see: Apr. 29]

1981 - Germinal Esgleas (Josep Esgleas i Jaume; b. 1903), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 5] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2210.html www.todoslosnombres.org/php/generica.php?enlace=muestrabiografia&idbiografia=8 www.andalupedia.es/p_termino_detalle.php?id_ter=18636]
 * = 22 || 1864 - José Sánchez Rosa (d. 1936), Spanish autodictat, teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. A member of Mano Negra (1883), he was arrested several times and sentenced to various penalties, including death in 1892 as one of the supposed leaders of peasant revolt at Jerez de la Frontera, despite his avowed pacifism. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, during which he met his own teacher in anarchist thoughtFermín Salvochea, and in 1901 he was pardoned. Upon his release he became involved in the establishing of numerous rationalist schools across Andalusia, in which he also taught. He also undertook a speaking tour in 1904 on behalf of the Federació de Societats Obreres de la Regió Espanyola (Federation of Workers Societies of the Spanish Region; FSORE) and ended up in prison in Tangiers. Released in Jan. 1905, he settled in Aznalcóllar. In 1910 he moved to Seville, where taught in the district school in Triana and became director of the Agrupación Pro-Enseñanza Racionalista (Pro-Rationalist Education Association), as well as setting up a workers library in his home and founding and directing the anarchist newspapers '//El Productor//' and '//La Anarquíay//' (1919-1921). [expand]

1887 - John Reed (John Silas Reed; d. 1920), U.S. radical journalist, poet-adventuer, communist and Wobbly, whohronicled the Mexican and Soviet revolutions, and wrote '//Ten Days That Shook the World//' about the latter, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist) spartacus-educational.com/Jreed.htm editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/27/ oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/reed_john_jack_1887_1920_/ aww.anb.org/articles/16/16-01357.html www.saint-petersburg.com/famous-people/john-reed/ www.marxists.org/archive/reed/bio/portland.htm]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: In Floresta, in the province of Messina, the police station is attacked during a Fasci protest. The police are disarmed and taken prisoner. In Marineo the fascio organises a demonstration to quash rumours that it has disbanded. As with the other Fasci, it would continue its protests against the duties on essential goods and against the activities of the municipal administration. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 9] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The rail strike reaches Kiev and Voronezh. Assistant Interior Minister Trepov is now urging "the most drastic measures" to end the strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 9] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: As telegraph workers join the strike, Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) confronts the Tsar, warning him that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship, and demands either a constitutional government or a military dictatorship; he misinforms the Tsar that under a constitution the crown could still revoke any law. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[D] 1905 - Argentian police massacre some 200 demonstrators opposing a tax on cattle, called by the Comité Pro Abolición. Popular outrage sweeps the country and workers call a General Strike. The government declares a state of siege. Despite heavy military protection of the cowards who hide in the palace, insurreccionadas attempt to take the building.

1905 - Today, during the Semana Roja (Red Week), a crucial event in early Chilean workers' history, 30,000 people join the uprising in Santiago, inspired by the revolutionary ideas sweeping working class public opinion.

[F] [2018 - __Labour Day in New Zealand__. Celebrated on the fourth Monday of October.] || [www.ephemanar.net/octobre23.html#lehning libcom.org/history/lehning-arthur-1899-2000 www.ainfos.ca/00/jan/ainfos00089.html]
 * = 23 || 1899 - Arthur Lehning (d. 2000), Dutch anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, and archivist and historian of the international anarchist movement, born. Co-founder, with Rudolf Rocker and Augustin Souchy, in December 1919 of FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland). Establishes and becomes curator of the monumental Bakunin Files, with the International Institute of Social History (IISH( of Amsterdam, in 1971.

[F] 1905 - __Huelga de la Carne [Meat Strike] aka Semana Roja [Red Week__]: Following the previous day's massive protest in Santiago, Chile – an estimated 50,000 in a city of 320,000 residents – against the tariffs imposed on Argentinian livestock imports, workers at the Libertad foundry, la Maestranza and other railway workshops, the Cervecerías Unidas brewery, in the sewerage, construction and slaughterhouse sectors go on strike. Elsewhere, groups of striker roam the city trying to enforce shutdown in other business, facing frequent clashes with the police. [www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-96190.html periodicoelsolacrata.wordpress.com/2013/06/09/la-semana-roja-historia-sobre-la-huelga-de-la-carne-santiago-y-valparaiso-1905/ piensachile.com/2005/10/la-huelga-de-la-carne/ www.estudioshistoricos.uchile.cl/CDA/est_hist_simple/0,1474,SCID%3D18812%26ISID%3D650%26PRT%3D18809,00.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_riots]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 10] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The rail strike reaches Kharkov and Reval (Tallinn). All Moscow rail services have been shut down; a general strike is called in the city. St. Petersburg communications and service employees strike and Menshevik youths urge St. Petersburg workers to form a soviet / strike committee. Moscow Bolsheviks belatedly come out in favour of the general strike. A general strike is also in place in Batum. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1919 - The trial of Charles Krieger, charged with setting off explosives at the home of Carter Oil Company President J. Edgar Pew’s home on October 29, 1917, begins in Tulsa, Oklahoma. After Defense Attorney Fred Moore’s eighteen cross examination, the prosecution’s witness Hubert Vowells admitted that he had confessed to blowing up Pew’s home for a bribe given by Krieger because Pew and other Carter Oil officials promised him they would use their influence to have him released and placed in the army. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc148926/m1/1/ libcom.org/library/new-solidarity-november-1-1919]

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: A dispute over union recognition begins at two downtown department stores, Hastings’ and Kahn’s, where 425 clerks (mostly women) end up on strike. The dispute followed a month-long organising campaign in the summer by the Retail Clerks Local 1265, during which the mostly female workforce had signed union cards at two downtown stores - Hastings, a haberdashery, and Kahn's, a department store situated across the street. (The fact that both stores were in the same block would be an important factor in what was to happen later.) The Retail Merchants Association (RMA), representing 28 non-union stores, refused union recognition. With the holiday shopping season nearing, Hastings workers went on strike Octtober 23. Picket lines were set up a week later at Kahn's. The Alameda AFL labour council issued a call for members of its 142 affiliated locals to honour the lines, as did the national association for the advancement of colored people. Most importantly, drivers who were members of teamster local 70 refused to make deliveries.

1999 - A massive demonstration in Stockholm commemorates Björn Söderberg, a Sveriges Arbetates Centralorganisation activist and anti-fascist murdered by neo-Nazis on October 12, 1999. [www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/11/swed-n11.html] ||
 * = 24 || 1870 - Mikhail Bakunin manages to escape from France, having been in hiding since the end of the Lyon Commune and the issuing of a warrant for his arrest, sailing from Marseilles to Locarno.

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: On the sixth day of the trial, the prosecutor ask for the postponement of the hearing due to the pressure exerted on the jury by means of threatening letters and the attacks on the night of October 22-23 at the Théâtre Bellecour's L'Assommoir restaurant in Lyon (for which Antoine Cyvoct was wrongly convicted). [see: Oct. 18]

1892 - __New Orleans General Strike__: Members of three unions – the Teamsters, the Scalesmen, and the Packers – go on strike in New Orleans for a 10-hour work day, overtime pay, and a union shop. A general strike involving 46 other unions and 25,000 workers quickly followed and the city came to a halt. After a number of failed attempts to divide and crush the strike, employers agreed to binding arbitration, and the workers won the 10-hour day and overtime pay, but not the union shop. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_New_Orleans_general_strike]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 11] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The rail strike reaches Smolensk, Kozlov, Łódź, and Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk), where there is bloody street fighting to Oct.27 - Moscow rail workers present demands to Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, including a call for a constituent assembly - a mass meeting in St. Petersburg calls for a nation-wide rail strike [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1912 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: The strikers vote to affiliate with the IWW and are awarded with a charter as Local 801, the National Industrial Union of Textile Workers of Little Falls. [see: Oct. 9]

[DDD] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The offices of the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) in Río Gallegos, Puerto Deseado, San Julián and Puerto Santa Cruz are searched and closed, and labour leaders arrested. Antonio Paris, general secretary of the FORA is detained and tortured by the police, and deported along with other labour leaders. A second general strike is declared in Santa Cruz. [see: Nov. 1] Meanwhile, Antonio Soto, general secretary of the FORA branch in Río Gallegos and the 'Líder de la patagonia rebelde', had set out with his fellow anarchists Luis Sambucetti, Severino Fernández and Pedro Mongilnitzkiof on September 15 for a recruitment and propaganda tour, by car and on horseback, the estancias in the mountain region. Hearing the news of the general strike on the Bella Vista estancia where he was staying, he hoisted a red and black flag of anarchism and began to promote the strike around the farms he was visiting. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.com/2012/12/la-patagonia-rebelde-o-la-patagonia.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html temakel.net/ghptragica.htm www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.drault.com/pdb/bayer/fechas-5.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1970 - During the Council workers' strike a bomb explodes in the cleansing department head office, Greenford. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[F] 1975 - __Icelandic Women's Strike__: Ninety percent of Iceland’s female population, led by women’s organisations, refuse to go to their paid jobs and do not do any housework or child-rearing for the day to "demonstrate the indispensable work of women for Iceland’s economy and society" and to "protest wage discrepancy and unfair employment practices". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Icelandic_women's_strike libcom.org/history/iceland-women’s-strike-1975 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/icelandic-women-strike-economic-and-social-equality-1975]

1975 - Ricard Sanz i García aka Cipriano Mera Sanz (b. 1897), French anarcho-syndicalist, militia leader and army commander in the Spanish Revolution, dies. [see: Nov. 4]

2013 - Faith Petric (b. 1915), US folk singer, IWW member, peace, anti-fascist and community activist, dies. [see: Sep. 13] ||
 * = 25 || [A] 1870 - The Marseilles Commune declares the abolition of both the state and all debt. [source?]

1886 - Eleuterio Quintanilla Prieto (d. 1966), Asturian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Freemason and rationalist eductor, active in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and the Orto group in the FAI, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuterio_Quintanilla www.estelnegre.org/documents/quintanilla/quintanilla.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2749-eleuterio-quintanilla-pedagogo-y-anarcosindicalista.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/eleuterio-quintanilla-prieto.html]

1891 - Gregorio Jover Cortés (d. 1964), Spanish militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist and fighter against Franco, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/mars22.html#jover www.estelnegre.org/documents/jover/jover.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2864 ita.anarchopedia.org/Gregorio_Jover www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Gregorio_Jover]

1893 - Josef 'Sepp' Oerter is sentenced to 8 years in prison and his brother Fritz to 1 year for delivering "//seditious speeches//" at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz in Dec. 1892.

[FF] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 12] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Strike action in St Petersburg spreads to become a general strike. Over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the Caucasus resulted in Armenian-Tatar massacres, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku oilfields. The rail strike reaches Samara and Poltava. St. Petersburg is utterly paralyzed by a general strike; all rail service to the Tsar’s palace is shut down; troops are moving into the city. After days of inactivity, the Tsar orders Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, to deal vigorously with the unrest; Trepov in turn orders provincial police to "act in the most drastic manner ... not stopping at the direct application of force." During the night (Oct. 25-26), the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks belatedly come out in favour of the general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Liberal Kadet Party (Constitutional Democratic Party / Конституционно-демократическая партия) is established by the Union of Unions and Zemstvo groups. It holds its First Congress in Moscow on October 30th. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: Jury selection begins. The first panel of jurors was exhausted on October 25, forcing the court to order an additional panel of jurors to appear. The jury was finally seated on November 7. [see: Oct. 1]

1912 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: Marching under the IWW banner, the strikers paraded in a great circle around the Gilbert and Phoenix Mills. The better-paid male 'American' workers of the Snyder bicycle plant attempt to attack the largely female and foreign-born strikers, but newly hired police deputies manage to keep the two sides apart. The daily parades under the IWW banner continued until a major clash occurred on October 30. [see: Oct. 9]

1946 - Artur Streiter (b. 1905), German graphic artist, painter, writer, literary critic, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jan. 17]

[F] 1949 - __Hawaiian Dock Strike__: A 177-day strike begun in May by longshoremen in Hawaii over wage parity with their mainland counterparts ends in victory despite scabbing and attempts to break the strike, arrests and court actions, and the employers’ refusal to go to arbitration. The ILWU victory gave Hawaii longshoremen the same kind of recognition and status won by the mainland longshoremen in 1934. [depts.washington.edu/dock/1948strike.shtml nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/hawaiian-longshoremen-win-177-day-strike-hawaii-1949]

1989 - __1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: In a powerful challenge to the new Soviet ban on strikes in energy and other crucial industries, thousands of coal miners in the Arctic Circle's northern Vorkuta region walked off their jobs, demanding political and economic changes. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ ubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf www.nytimes.com/1989/10/26/world/soviet-miners-strike-in-defiance-of-ban.html] ||
 * = 26 || [D] 1795 - Fired up by the French Revolution, a mass meeting of workers is held today in Islington. In its turn, the meeting prompts, three days later, an angry crowd to waylay the corrupt King George III in St. James Park. He is stoned and jeered, and the bootmaker John Ridley is unfortunately foiled in his attempt to haul him from his coach and lynch him (though Ridley is never apprehended).

1876 - The 8th congress of the A.I.T. is held, Bern (26-28 Oct.).

1886 - Justin Olive (d. 1962), French militant anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html#olive www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2610.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4316]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 13] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The rail strike reaches Minsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kremenchug and Simferopol; rail traffic and telegraphs are shut down throughout European Russia. Moscow hospitals strike. Moscow industrialists and bankers urge stern measures against the general strike. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, orders the suppression of illegal Moscow meetings by force if necessary. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 13] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The first meeting of the new St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов), taking its name form the coordinating group of striking workers that formed in late January–early February 1905, and that met at the apartment of Voline. Formed on the initiative of the printers' strike committee to represent striking workers and better co-ordinate the strike, it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/history/1905.html]

[C] 1913 - José Ester i Borrás (d. 1980), Spanish anarchist, arrested by the communists in Spain, then the Nazis in France, born. Active in the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias anarchist youth movement and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, he fought in the famous Colonna Tierra y Libertad during the Spanish Civil War, seeing combat on the Aagon front, in Madrid and catalonia. In May 1938 he was arrested by the Communists and accused with two other of having killed a member of the brigade, remaining imprisoned until the fall of the front. He later fled to France after the fall of the Spanish Republic, where fought in the Résistance against the Nazis and was arrested and deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp. Ester returned to France in 1945 and founded the Federación Española de Deportados e Internados Políticos (Spanish Federation of Former Political Prisoners and Camp Inmates), which campaigned for political prisoners in Franco's Spain, but also for the Spanish antifascists who were deported to labour camps in the Soviet Union after the Civil War. These prisoners were released only in 1956. Ester also worked, from 1953 onwards, for the Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides (French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) and remained active until well into the 1970s, and died in 1980. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html#esterborras militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1488 socialhistory.org/nl/collections/jose-ester-borras autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/josep-ester-borras.html libcom.org/history/jos-ester-borr-s]

1922 - __Durán Railworkers' Strike__: Forced to the negotiating table, J.C. Dobbie on behalf of the Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company signs an agreement with the company's workers in which almost all of the workers' demands are met. [see: Oct. 17 & 19]

1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: With both sides at loggerheads in the current pay negotiations, the state conciliator Wilhelm Joetten announces a 6 Pfennig increase in the hourly rate and 2 Pfennigs on the piecework rate. Five days later, the trade unions accepted the arbitration, despite their "serious doubts" but the Arbeit-Nordwest refused to endorse it. On November 1, the employers go ahead and lock out around 230,000 workers. [see: Nov. 1] || That evening, Sergei Witte’s assistant draws up the 'October Manifesto', based on the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in Sep. In a series of meetings (Oct.31 to early Nov.) Witte fails to gain liberal support as the liberals are astounded at the appointment of the reactionary Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) as Minister of the Interior on October 22nd. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ռուսական_հեղափոխություն_(1905–1907) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дурново,_Пётр_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Durnovo]
 * = 27 || 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 14] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The general strike reaches into Siberia, Central Asia, and Georgia. The Trans-Siberian Railway, and hence European Russia, is paralysed. Only one newspaper is being printed in the entire Russian Empire (in Kiev); electricity is off in St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg lawyers, doctors, and civil servants strike. The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) presents radical demands to the startled city council: the St. Petersburg Soviet quickly begins to act as a shadow government. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, publicly orders the St. Petersburg garrison: "Spare no cartridges and use no blanks." The police and the army ignore the order; War Minister General Aleksandr Rediger (Алекса́ндр Ре́дигер) is concerned about the army’s loyalty. Bloody clashes between troops and strikers take place in Odessa. In Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) the stike is now city-wide, and has swept out to the other cities of the Don region and all the way to Vladikavkaz. A number of revolutionary leaders and activists, and opposition group members in Rostov have also been arrested, further heating up the political situation in the city.

1908 - Antonio Zapata Córdoba (d. 2000), Spanish construction worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Spanish Civil War fighter, born. The youngest of four brothers of a family of day labourers, he attended a rationalist school set up by miners from the age of 5, which had a profound effect on him. At the age of 9 he had to start work in the fields. He went to Barcelona at the age of 12 here his brothers were working. There he worked first as a market gardener, then in a belt buckle factory, before going on to the building sites. He became involved in the anarcho-syndicalist trade union, the CNT, taking part in activities during the years of repression under the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. He was imprisoned for his activities for the first time at the age of 22. Here, he came in contact with the flower of the militants of the Spanish anarchist movement, which was a school for his own anarchism. With the declaration of the Republic in 1931, he was freed and militated in the CNT in the shanty town of Gracia. He was a member of the Groups of Confederal Defence, which physically defended the CNT from the attacks of the bosses and the State. He took part in the building workers strike, and then in the Civil War of 1936-9 joined in the fighting against the right-wing coup led by General Franco. He became a member of the Control and Administration Commission of Urban Property in Barcelona. He fought on the front, and like so many others had to flee to France with his then partner, Ana María Cruzado Sánchez (1907-1982)[see: Oct. 24]. He settled in Toulouse, remaining a supporter of the CNT until his death in on the night of January 12-13, 2000. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/zapatacordoba/zapatacordoba.html libcom.org/history/cordoba-antonio-zapata-1908-2000 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4361-antonio-zapata-cordoba-anarquista-y-fundador-del-ateneo-libertario-de-gracia.html]

[F] 1946 - The right to strike is fully recognised in the French Constitution - "Le droit de grève s'exerce dans le cadre des lois qui le réglementent" (The right to strike is exercised under the laws which regulate it), paragraph 7 of the preamble) [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_grève_en_France]

1966 - Miquelina Sardinha (Miquelina Maria Possante Sardinha; b. 1902), Portuguese educationalist and militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1968 - Rosario (Roser) Dulcet Martí aka 'Dolcet' (b. 1881), Catalan textile worker, anacrho-syndicalist militant and propagandist, dies. [see: Feb. 2]

1973 - The Carltonville inquests exonerates the police from any blame for the shootings at the Western Deep Levels on September 11, 1973, in which eleven black miners were killed and which caused an international outcry. [www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm] || [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Emanuele_Modigliani tenpagesormore.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/Emanuele Modigliani]
 * = 28 || 1872 - Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani (d. 1947), Italian anarchist, socialist, trades union organiser, pacifist and anti-fascist, born. Brother of the artist Amedeo Modigliani. In 1894 he co-founded the Livorno section of the Italian Socialist Party and was imprisoned for 6 months in 1898 for running an anarchist newspaper in Piacenza. He was also the Italian representative on the executive of the Sozialistische Arbeiter-Internationale (SAI) between 1923 and 1940.

1879 - Luisa Capetillo Perón (d. 1922), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist, is born in the then Spanish colony to a French maid, Louise Marguerite Perone, and a Basque labourer, Luis Capetillo Echevarría. One of Puerto Rico's most famous labour organisers, her parent had come to Puerto Rico to seek their fortunes but had to settle for employment below their aspirations. Both held liberal and progressive ideas and never married. Thier only daughter Luisa was educated at the Maria Siera Soler private school, considered one of the best in the country, and also learnt French from her mother. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01314.html flag.blackened.net/lpp/anarchism/aldebol_luisa_capetillo.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Luisa_Capetillo www.alianzaespirita.org/LuisaCapetillo.doc www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-22012004000200011&script=sci_arttext unamujerconpantalones.blogspot.co.uk/ persephonemagazine.com/2011/06/badass-ladies-of-history-luisa-capetillo/ agitrap.com/files/SALVO_4_Lo-Res.pdf www.virtualboricua.org/Docs/lc01.html]

[E] 1901 - Émilienne Léontine 'Mimi' Morin (b. 1901), French stenographer, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and companion of Buenaventura Durruti, born. Daughter of Étienne Morin, a militant anarcho-syndicalist in the construction industry, in 1916 she became secretary of Sébastien Faure's journal '//Ce Qu'il Faut Dire//'. Following a failed marriage to an Italian anarchist named Mario Cascari, she met Durruti in July 1927 and accompnied his clandestine travels around Europe (Durruti is //persona non grata// in many European countries), escaping numerous threats and attempts at deportation or extradition. Eventually, with the advent of the Republic, they moved to Spain in 1931. Active in the CNT and revolutionary struggle, she gave birth on December 4, 1931, to a daughter named Colette, who she raised almost singlehanded as Durruti was in hiding most of the time. With the advent of the Durruti Column, she worked as a secretary and head of the press department for the column. She eventually quit the front to care for her daughter in Barcelona, whilst Durruti went to a Madrid to help in the defence against the Fascists, where he was killed on November 20. After the funeral, she worked for the Defence Council for a while, but returns to France in 1938. There she works in the Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste (SIA) and writes about her experiences on the Aragon Front in Libertaire. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/morin/morin.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4086 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilienne_Morin www.ephemanar.net/fevrier14.html puertoreal.cnt.es/actividades-no-sindicales/1058-emilienne-morin-companera-de-buenaventura-durruti.html guerraenmadrid.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/emilienne-morin-la-francesa-que-amo.html gimenologues.org/spip.php?article163]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 15] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: St. Petersburg bank, post and telegraph workers, ballet dancers, servants, janitors, cab drivers, and retail clerks strike. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior orders police to surround the University of St. Petersburg, forbids rallies, and threatens to clear the campus by force. Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, presents the 'October Manifesto' to the Tsar and refuses to participate in a military dictatorship. Discussions are held on the possible need to evacuate the Imperial family abroad. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 15] __Vuoden 1905 Suurlakko [1905 General Strike__]: With a general strike spreading like wildfire across Russia, the revolutionary movement has now spread to Vyborg and Tampere as Finnish workers on the St. Petersburg-Vyborg railline go on strike. Strikes and mass proests spread across the Grand Duchy over the following days. [expand] [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1905_suurlakko fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1905_suurlakko_Tampereella www.kolumbus.fi/r.katajaranta/Suurlakko.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Työläisaktivismi]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: The California State Federation of Labor releases a report concluding that the explosion was caused by a gas leak, not by dynamite. [see: Oct. 1]

[D] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The general strike called by the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina in Puerto Santa Cruz has spread and developed into a second national general strike. [see: Oct. 24] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_II_Schneider fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalisme_jaune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_nationale_des_Jaunes_de_France]
 * = 29 || 1899 - __Syndicats 'Jaunes'__: In the wake of the great strike in Le Creusot, Eugène II Schneider, head of Schneider et Cie and the Le Creusot steel works, who was prominently involved in the strike-breaking efforts during the ongoing industrial unrest in the city, set up the first 'syndicats jaune', the syndicat des corporations ouvrières du Creusot et de ses dépendances (union of workers' guilds of Le Creusot and its dependencies).

[E] 1899 - Gaetana Teresa Recchia (d. 1935) Italian union organiser, Trotskyist and anti-fascist activist, born. A member of the Socialist Club in Borgo San Paolo, Teresa was in the forefront during the proletarian riots of August 1917 in Turin, and, together with her comrades, she persuaded a detachment of Alpini who were stationed in Piazza Villafranca to fraternise with the insurgent workers. Teresa took part in the factory occupations in Turin in September 1920. It was during those years that she met Mario Bavassano, who was to become her lifelong companion. During the tragic days of 1922 she was amongst the organisers of the armed working class response to the Fascist terror. She remained in Italy, despite arrest and persecution, until March 1927, when she and Mario were forced to emigrate, first to Switzerland and then in France. In July 1930 she was expelled from the PCI, and went on to help form the Nuova Opposizione Italiana, the Italian section of the International Left Opposition. On April 19, 1935, Teresa died of tuberculosis in the Tenon hospital in Paris, a victim, as her comrades of the Union Communiste wrote, "of a long illness contracted in the course of her underground revolutionary activity against Italian Fascism, and aggravated by the hard privations of exile". [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Recchia www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/2760/teresa-recchia revolutionary-history.co.uk/index.php/books-books?id=4887:some-historical-vignettes&catid=171:articles-of-rh0504]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 16] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The general strike reaches Zhitomir. All Russian rail lines are shut down by strikes. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, warns the Tsar that order cannot be forcibly restored without very heavy bloodshed. Government troops open fire on a Social Democrat demonstration at a street market in Revel (Tallinn), Estonia, killing 94 (or 150, depending on sources) and injuring over 200. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.estonica.org/en/History/1850-1914_National_awakening/Emergence_of_parties_and_the_1905_revolution/ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[F] 1916 - Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (Norwegian Syndicalist League) founded in Kristiania, Oslo under the influence of blacklisted Swedish syndicalists from the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and its daughter Lokal Samorganisation (Local Co-operation) syndicates, who had been forced to go to Norway after the general strike of 1909 (the Storstrejken or Great Strike) and had established Lokale Samorganisasjoner (the Norwegian version of the syndicates) linked to the SAC. [no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Føderasjon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund www.iwa-ait.org/content/100th-anniversary-norwegian-syndicalist-federation-1916-2016 www.nsf-iaa.org/readpost.php?post=1481832205.txt radikalportal.no/2016/12/28/norsk-syndikalistisk-federation-100-ar/ www.fagerhus.no/a_Norge/]

1922 - General Strike throughout Spain. [source??]

1932 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Réveil Syndicaliste//', newspaper of the Groupes d'Action Syndicaliste, is published in Jupille-Liege by Jean De Boe, Nicolas Lazarevitch and Ida Mett. ||
 * = 30 || 1884 - __La Bande Noire__: The third of three blasts blows up the engineer Michalovski's bedroom but he escapes uninjured again. [see: May 12 & Jun. 5]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 17] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Nicholas II finally signs and issues the 'October Manifesto' [see: Oct. 14], owing to his desire to avoid a massacre, and a realisation that there was insufficient military force available to do otherwise. The document grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) prints its first issue of the newsheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Manifesto ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Манифест_17_октября_1905_года ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet rushist.com/index.php/russia/3024-manifest-17-oktyabrya-1905-goda]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 17] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) elects a non-partisan Executive Committee and a chairman. The first issue of the Soviet’s secretly printed newspaper 'Izvestia' is published and the government is forced to use soldiers to print its official gazette. That afternoon, Grand Duke Nicholas allegedly threatens to shoot himself in front of the Tsar unless the Nicholas II signs the 'October Manifesto'. After crossing himself, a hesitant, shaken Tsar signs the Maifesto, pledging a constitution, an extended franchise, and civil liberties. Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) becomes Premier that evening, and urges an amnesty for political prisoners. Rumours of Witte’s imminent fall from power begin to circulate almost immediately. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1910 - __Congreso de Constitución de la CNT [Constitutional Congress of the CNT__]: Following the Semana Trágica / Setmana Tràgica (Tragic Week) and the mass repression of the anarchist movement in Spain, the decimated ranks of Solidaridad Obrera / Solidaritat Obrera (Workers' Solidarity) holds its second congress [Oct. 30-Nov. 1] at the Salon des Beaux Arts in Barcelona with the objective of helping re-establish the workers' movement. Former and current members of the Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT and its successor organisations, the Federació de Treballadors de la Regió Espanyola, the Confederació Regional de Societats de Resistència, and Solidaritat Obrera attend with 136 delegates from 119 societies (77 from Catalonia) and local federations Badalona, Sabadell, Terrace, Valls, Vilafranca and Zaragoza present. At this meeting, the decision (by 84 votes in favour, 14 against and 3 abstentions) is taken to establish a new Confederació General del Treball, known as the Confederació Nacional del Treball, with the provisional regulations that had been submitted to the workers' organisations present being approved. The congress also debated the organisational structure of the CNT (by unions and federations of trades), its ideological pinning (revolutionary syndicalist) and tactics, as well as its initial basic demands: abolition of piecework, abusive rents, the 8-hour day, women's work rights (equal wages, maternal leave one month before and one after childbirth, etc.) and a minimum wage. [es.wikisource.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Constitución_de_la_CNT ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederació_Nacional_del_Treball es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidaritat_Obrera es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(sindicato_histórico) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(historical_union) www.veuobrera.org/00finest/910congr.htm www.veuobrera.org/00finest/cnt-deta.htm www.veuobrera.org/00fine-x/soli-obr.htm www.fideus.com/sindicals - cnt.htm www.cedall.org/Documentacio/IHL/MovObreroCat Solidaridad Obrera 1907 1919.pdf madrid.cnt.es/historia/fundacion-de-la-cnt/ blogdelviejotopo.blogspot.co.uk/2016/10/el-nacimiento-de-la-cnt-30-de-octubre-1.html elsalariado.info/2015/04/19/los-origenes-de-la-cnt/ www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/24224/3/THVI~N61~P22-27.pdf]

1912 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: Following their daily parade under the IWW banner in Little Falls, New York, mounted police attack picketing textile workers – mostly immigrant women and girls – when they fail to clear a path for scab workers, beating some of the strikers unconscious. "As Chief Long and his deputies clashed with the strikers, special police and patrolmen mounted on horses closed in on the largely unarmed pickets with their clubs. During the riot, a local police officer was shot in the leg, a special policeman furnished by the Humphrey Detective Agency of Albany was stabbed several times, and numerous strikers were beaten, some into unconsciousness." [Robert Snyder - '//Women, Wobblies and Workers Rights; the 1912 Textile Strike in Little Falls NY//' (1979)] A running battle ensued, with the police pursuing strikers across the river into the south side, where most of them lived. The police then broke into the strike headquarters at the Slovak Hall, smashed the place up, destroying their union charter, and proceeded to make mass arrests. All 24 members of the Strike Committee were taken into custody, and some were held for over a year. Helen Schloss, by now considered a ringleader, was arrested a mile away. The police brought in three doctors to "examine her sanity" but she had a lawyer who soon secured her release. The strike however continued. Matilda Rabinowitz, a Russian-born IWW organiser, soon arrived and joined forces with Helen Schloss. Together, the two women had an entirely female picket line up within a day of the mass arrests. 'Big Bill' Haywood, a founder of the IWW arrived few days later to organise the Little Falls Defense League to provide living expenses and legal support for the strikers. Haywood, Schloss and Rabinowitz set off on a speaking tour of the north east that month to raise the funds that kept the strike going into the winter months. The anarchists Carlo Tresca and Filippo Bocchino also came to Little Falls to help organise the Italian-speaking strikers. Matilda Rabinowitz and Helen Schloss later won a public relations victory by announcing that the children of strikers would be sent away for the Xmas holidays to join Socialist families in Schenectady. With the newspapers publishing reports of the embattled mothers and their children, Albany politicians were moved to act. Just after Christmas, the state Board of Mediation and Arbitration held three days of public hearings in Little Falls. [see: Oct. 9] [www.dailykos.com/story/2011/1/15/936592/- occupyutica.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/little-falls-historical-society-to-celebrate-centennial-of-1912-iww-textile-strike-5/ occupyutica.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/strike-story-to-be-performed-in-little-falls-readers-theatre-play-march-2-2013-at-masonic-temple/ upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/the-red-sweater-girls-of-1912.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/iww-great-textile-strike-of-1912-in.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/how-other-half-lives-at-little-falls.html margins.fair-use.org/note/Little_Falls_textile_strike_of_1912 www.scribd.com/document/111724371/Industrial-Worker-Issue-1750-November-2012 threerivershms.com/lf2.htm reuther.wayne.edu/search/node/little+falls]

[F] 1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: The attacks on IWW members and supporters in Everett reach a peak in an incident that would end in the horror of the massacre six days later on November 5th. During the evening, forty-one IWW members had arrived by ferry in Everett to carry on the free speech fight at the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore. They were met by more than 200 armed deputies and were told they could only speak at a location away from the centre of town. The IWW members refused, and some were beaten at the dock. Deputies then loaded the Wobblies into waiting trucks and cars and drove them to a remote wooded area near the Beverly Park interurban station southeast of town. In darkness and a cold rain, McRae's men formed two lines from the roadway to the interurban tracks and forced the Wobblies to run a gauntlet. One by one the men were beaten with clubs, axe handles, guns, whips and rubber hoses loaded with shot, leaving a trail of blood, teeth, and flesh on the tracks, and then told to get out of town. Despite severe injuries some were forced to walk the 25-mile track to Seattle. The Wobblies vowed to return, in greater number, to show solidarity for their cause. [see: Nov. 5]

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Minnesota becomes the first state to convict anyone criminal syndicalism legislation when Jesse J. Dunning, a lumberjack and former secretary of the IWW local at Bemidji, is convicted of publicly displaying books teaching sabotage and sentenced to serve two years in the local penitentiary. [see: Jul. 22] [collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/49/v49i02p065-075.pdf scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/5046/853white.pdf?sequence=1 intheshadowofpaulbunyan.tumblr.com/post/88886682406/the-bemidji-daily-pioneer-from-july-26th-1917 depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1917.shtml]

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: The prosecution of seven union officals collapses [expand] [trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32326472/2813751 www.myheritage.com/research/record-10450-26182688/sydney-morning-herald-nsw?trp=&trn=organic_google&trl=] ||
 * = 31 || 1870 - French national guards revolt on this date during the siege of Paris. There is also a massive demonstration in front of the Town hall supporting the Paris Commune. Louise Michel is a participant.

1892 - Maurizio Garino (d. 1977), Italian anarchist and syndicalist, who was involved in the Biennio Rosso and the Italian factory council movement, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre31.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Maurizio_Garino libcom.org/history/maurizio-garino-1892-1977]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The St. Petersburg Soviet and the RSDRP order the general strike to continue, but strikers are returning to work en masse. Moscow calls off its strike, bringing and end to Russia's first political general strike. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/history/1905.html cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Massive demonstrations for and against the 'October Manifesto' take place in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Right-wing violence begins to erupt throughout Russia with attacks on workers, students, and intellectuals and pogroms against Jews (690 pogroms are recorded by mid November - for the whole month there are an estimated 25,000 Jews killed; 100,000 injured; 200,000 Jewish families ruined with losses of 400,000,000 roubles.). The professional Bolshevik revolutionary Nikolai Bauman (Никола́й Ба́уман) is beaten to death by a member of the reactionary Black Hundred in Moscow, having spent the past 16 months in Tagan prison. A bloody pogrom breaks out in Odessa; police stand by while 800 Jews are murdered and 5,000 wounded, and intervene only against Jewish self-defense units. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

[F] 1919 - In Turin the Shop Stewards Program, which dictated that their primary purpose was "to set in train in Italy a practical exercise in the realisation of communist society", is adopted. [expand] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/turin-workers-general-strike-labor-rights-1920 www.uncanny.net/~wetzel/ital1920revised.html]

[DDD] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: Within seven days of the beginning of the strike in Patagonia, Antonio Soto had managed to ferment a revolt across a wide section of the southwestern territory of Santa Cruz. So far, the workers on the Buitreras, Alquinta, Rincon de los Morros, Glencross, La Esperanza and Bella Vista estancias had been pursuaded to join the rural workers movement. This first part was achieved absolutely peacefully: entering the estancias, talking with the peons, requisitioning weapons and provisions, which are documented with Soto's signed receipts, and when owners or managers are present, taking them hostage. The rebels are organised into 2 large groups, the columna Antonio Soto and the columna José Font, better known as the columna Facón Grande after José Font's nickname. Based at the estancia La Anita in the Punta Alta with a force of around 600 strikers, Soto resolved that while he continued leading the movement in the country, his fellow militants on September 15 on a recruitment and propaganda tour, by car and on horseback, should try to enter Rio Gallegos to replace the strike leaders recently imprisoned there and try and reestablish a foothold in the city. When the 3 anarchists arrive in Rio Gallegos are swiftly arrested and beaten by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

[D] 1931 - Led by unemployed lumberjack Jesse Jackson, the first Hooverville was built on vacant land owned by the Port of Seattle near Pioneer Square. Within two days over 50 shacks were erected and by 1934, 600-1000 people were living in them. By 1941, Seattle's 'Hooverville' covered 25 blocks. Hoovervilles eventually spread throughout the country.

1978 - 30,000 oil workers strike against repressive rule of the Shah in Iran. || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)  1876 -- France: Jules Bonnot lives, Pont-de-Roide (Doubs). Auto mechanic, vegetarian, tea-totaller, anarchist "illegalist," of the Bonnot Gang — the most famous of the "bandits tragiques."id-n Birthday of Brian McCarvill [US prison rights activist serving 30+ years]1868