Insurrection,+etc.+Mar-Apr

"Perhaps the most beloved figure in the Spanish Anarchist movement of the 19th century". - Murray Bookchin in '//The Spanish Anarchists//' (1998). The inspiration for the character Fernando Salvatierra in the novel '//La Bodega//' (1905) by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez [author of the much filmed '//Los Cuatro Jinetes del Apocalipsis//' (The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse; 1916)].
 * = MARCH ||
 * = 1 || 1842 - Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez (d. 1907), Andalusian author, teacher and insurrectionist, born. He was briefly mayor of Cadiz with the proclamation of the 1st Republic; among other measures, he implemented an 8-hour work day before he was forced to flee the country.

1877 - Milly Witkop Rocker (d. 1955), anarcho-syndicalist and feminist writer and activist, is born in the Ukraine. Exiled to London, she was an activist in the Jewish anarchist movement among East End sweatshop workers. In London in 1896 she met Rudolf Rocker, who became her lifelong companion. Their son, the artist Fermin Rocker, was born in 1907. When Rocker was interned as an enemy alien at the start of WWI, Milly continued her anti-war activities, which led to her arrest in 1916 and imprisonment til the war ended in 1918. In November of that year they both moved to Germany where they became involved in the founding of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD). Disillusioned with the male-dominated nature of the union, Witkop became one of the leading founders of the Women's Union in Berlin in 1920, later to become the countrywide Syndicalist Women's Union (SFB), with Milly drafting '//Was Will der Syndikalistische Frauenbund?//' (What Does the Syndicalist Women's Union Want?; 1921) as a platform for the SFB. Witkop was also active in the fight against racism and anti-Semitism in Germany and despaired of the labour movement's unwillingness to fight either which ultimately helped pave the way for the rise of the NSDAP. Following the Reichstag fire, Witkop and Rocker fled Germany for the United States via Switzerland, France and the UK. In the US the couple continued to give lectures, write about anarchist topics and helped raise awareness of events during the Spanish Civil War. In 1937 Milly and Rudolf Rocker settled in the anarchist community of Mohegan, NY. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RockerMilly.htm]

1880 - [O.S. Feb 17] Stefan Khalturin (Степан Николаевич Халтурин), a Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Наро́дная во́ля or The People’s Will) attempts to blow up Tsar Alexander II with a mine that he had constructed in the basement of the building under the Tsar's dinning-room. Set to go off at half-past six, the time that Narodnaya Volya had calculated Alexander II would be having his dinner. However, his main guest, Prince Alexander of Battenburg, had arrived late and dinner was delayed and the dinning-room was empty. Alexander was unharmed but sixty-seven people were killed or badly wounded by the explosion. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Народная_воля en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Khalturin spartacus-educational.com/RUSpw.htm]

1883 - Adolf Wolff (d. 1944), Belgian-born American anarchist, poet and sculptor, born. Associate of Man Ray, who he first met at the Ferrer Centre in New York and whose lover, Belgian poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur; 1887-1975), went on to become Man Ray's first wife. Wolff also designed the urn that held the ashes of the three anarchists - Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross members Carl Hanson and Charles Berg and IWW member Arthur Caron - killed in the Lexington Avenue bomb explosion of July 4, 1914. The urn was in the shape of a pyramid with a clenched fist reaching out of its apex. Wolff, explained the meaning of the design thus: "It conveys three meanings. By the pyramid is indicated [sic] the present unjust gradation of society into classes, with the masses on the bottom and the privileged classes towering above them to the apex, where the clenched fist, symbolical [sic] of the social revolution, indicates the impending vengeance of those free spirits who refuse to be bound by the present social system and rise above it, threatening its destruction. The urn further symbolizes the strength and endurance of the revolution in so solid a base. A third suggestion is that of a mountain in course of eruption, the crude, misshapen stern fist indicating the lava of human indignation which is about to belch forth and carry destruction to the volcano which has given it birth."

'Prison Weeds'

[for poem see entry in main section]

[written whilst he served a term in the workhouse, a place for drunks and disorderlies on Blackwell’s Island (now Roosevelt Island.)]

[www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/30204/wolf-pris.pdf?sequence=2 moore123.com/book-of-days/]

1896 - Interned political prisoners on the Italian island of Tremiti riot, and an anarchist, Argante Salucci from Santa Croce sull’Arno, is killed by police, and a dozen of his comrades are injured, after they resist brutalisation by the prison guards.

1900 - Nikolas Tchorbadieff (d. 1994), Bulgarian anarchist militant and propagandist, born. Forced into exile, helped found the International Bookshop in Paris and a founder of the French-Bulgarian review '//Iztok//' in 1979. Interned in Vernet concentration camp as an enemy alien in 1939 and later joined the Résistance. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/TchorbadieffNikolas.htm fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Tchorbadieff]

1907 - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) strike in the Portland, Oregon sawmills.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: A Magónista column led by Francisco Vasquez Salinas and Luis Rodriguez crosses the border into Baja California and starts requisitioning the big estates near Tecate.

1911 - Francisco Ponzán Vidal (the 'Anarchist Pimpernel') (d. 1944), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist //guérillero//, anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, born. Captured in France in 1943, shot by the Nazis in Buzet-sur-Tarn, near Toulouse. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ponzan_Vidal]

1912 - In England there is increasing industrial unrest reaches a peak today when miners go on strike to further their demand for a national minimum wage. This is the biggest strike Britain has ever seen to date; according to the Board of Trade over a million workers were involved. The Syndicalist movement was extremely active at this time urging the workers to cease relying upon Parliament, advocating militant trade unionism and Direct Action.

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: A mass meeting of 16,000 people is held in Anchor Square, Kronstadt. It votes to adopt the Petropavlovsk Resolution, much to the ire of the Communist Party apparatchiks present. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - In answer to fascist violence and the assassination of Spartaco Lavagnini on February 27, a general strike is called in Trieste and Florence. In the latter, Guardie Regie (Royal Guards i.e. Interior Ministry police) supported by //squadristi// manage to breach the barricades erected the day previously and the Fascists occupy the headquarters f the Federazione Operaia dei Metallurgi (Federation of Metallurgical Workers). In nearby Empoli (known as the Fatti di Empoli or L'eccidio di Empoli) where a farcical misunderstanding led to the deaths of, occur resulting in the death of more than 20 with over a hundred people injured. [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=03&day=01 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

1932 - Librado Rivera (b. 1864), Mexican anarchist, school principal and comrade of Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magón, dies from complications following a car accident in the US. [see: Aug. 17]

1942 - Biófilo Panclasta (born Vicente Rojas Lizcano; d. 1879), Colombian writer, poet, militant individualist anarchist and agitator, dies. Some sources give the year as 1943. [see: Oct. 26]

1943 - Bjarne Dalland (b.1906), Norwegian trade unionist, politician and communist resistance member, is executed by the Nazis. [see: Aug. 27]

[C] 1951 - Barcelona Tram Strike: The beginning of a tram strike and boycott against ticket price increases in Barcelona that precipitated a general strike on March 12th, the first such strike under Franco. [expand] [libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_tranvías_de_Barcelona_de_1951 www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm revista-hc.com/includes/pdf/05_12.pdf historiadelpresente.es/sites/default/files/congresos/pdf/37/felixhdez2.pdf mayansmayans.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/barcelon-1951-y-el-tranvia.html vdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-citizens-general-strike-democracy-and-economic-justice-1951 elultimoviajeaicaria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/la-llamada-huelga-de-tranvias-del-51-la.html grupostirner.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/primavera-caliente.html www.lavanguardia.com/participacion/cartas/20110301/54120620371/60-anos-de-la-huelga-de-tranvias-en-barcelona.html blog.arqueologiadelpuntdevista.com/2012/01/huelga-de-tranvias-barcelona-1951.html]

[D] 1968 - Battle of Valle Giulia: Clashes takes place between university students and police in the faculty of architecture in the Sapienza University of Rome after the cops intervene to end an occupation. 148 policemen and 478 students wounded. 232 people were arrested. Eight police vehicles were burned. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Valle_Giulia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valle_Giulia]

1969 - '//Hermanos!//' by William Herrick first published in the US.

1981 - The second IRA Hunger Strike begins in HMP Maze.

1997 - 15,000 demonstrate in Lunesburg against shipment of French nuclear waste to site in Gorleben. Over the next several days hundreds of thousands participate in demonstrations and direct actions along the shipping route.

[1-10 1997 - Rebelimi i Vitit 1997 / Kriza Piramidale [Albanian Unrest of 1997 / Pyramid Crisis]: The beginning of the Luftës Civile 10-ditore (10-day Civil War) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_vitit_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_Shqipërisë_së_Jugut-1997]

2011 - Jolanta Brzeska (Jolanta Krulikowska; b. 1947), Polish social activist in the Polish tenants' movement, is found dead. Her body had been burnt beyond recognition. One of the founders of the Warsaw Tenants' Association, a good speaker and committed activist who went to all demonstrations, who blocked evictions and advised other tenants. She herself was involved in a battle with Warsaw's most notorious slumlord, Marek Mossokowski, and was the last tenant left in a valuable piece of real estate - privatised ex-public housing in an area undergoing gentrification - that had been at the time of her death. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolanta_Brzeska libcom.org/news/housing-activist-found-dead-warsaw-08032011 news.vice.com/articles/warsaws-pensioners-and-anarchists-unite-against-gentrification?trk_source=homepage-in-the-news] ||
 * = 2 || 1791 - London's first great factory, Albion Mills, burnt down to the ground. Arson is suspected.

1884 - [O.S. Feb. 18] Police seized all copies of Tolstoy's '//What I Believe In//' at the printers. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tolstoy/chrisanar.htm]

[AA/D] 1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: A meeting of sailor, soldier and worker organisation delegates sets up the 15 member Kronstadt Provisional Revolutionary Committee, which endorses the 'Petropavlovsk Resolution'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1949 - An attempt is made on the life of Eduardo Quintela Boveda, head of the Brigade Politico Sociale police in Barcelona, involving Jossé and Francesc Sabaté Llopart, Simón Gracia Fleringan, Carles Vidal Passanau, Wenceslao Jiménez Orive, José Lluís Facerías and José López Penedo. [expand] [antropologia.cat/antifranquista/fitxa/atemptat-contra-eduardo-quintela-boveda]

[A] 1972 - Thomas Weisbecker (b. 1949), German militant member of the Anarchist Black Cross and the Movement 2 June, is shot dead (a bullet in the heart) in Augsberg by a trigger-happy member of a police surveillance teams who had been tracking Tommy and his companion, SPK member Carmen Roll, for 4 weeks. [see: Feb. 24]

[C] 1974 - Salvador Puig Antich (b. 1948), Spanish anarchist militant and member of the Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), executed by garrote in Barcelona after being tried by a military tribunal and found guilty of the death of a Guardia Civil policeman.

2011 - An uprising in Damanhur prison near Alexandra, Egypt leaves 3 prisoners dead and eight with gunshot wounds. || "Government is, abstractedly taken, an evil, a usurpation upon the private judgement and individual conscience of mankind." - '//Enquiry Concerning Political Justice//' (1793).
 * = 3 || 1756 - William Godwin (d. 1836), philosopher and proto-anarchist, born. Spouse of Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley, his best known works are '//An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Political Justice//' and the novel '//Things as They are; or, the Adventures of// //Caleb Williams//'. His other novels were: '//St. Leon: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century//' (1799); '//Fleetwood; or, The New Man of Feeling//' (1805); '//Mandeville, a Tale of the Seventeenth Century//' (1817), a three volume novels '//Cloudesley: A Tale//' (1830) and '//Deloraine//' (1833).

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 18] Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The government declares martial law in Georgia and dispatches troops in an attempt to end the 'Gurian Peasant Republic' (Гурийская крестьянская республика), and dispatches a force of 10,000 soldiers in an attempt to regain control of the rebellious province. However, the rebels defeat the expeditionary forces and force their withdrawal in July and the government is unable to regain control until January 1906. [see: Feb. 20] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar publishes the 'Bulygin Rescript' (Булыгин рескрипте), named after the then Minister of Interior, Alexander G. Bulygin (Александр Григорьевич Булыгин), which promises the creation of a State Duma of the Russian Empire but with consultative powers only, religious tolerance, freedom of speech (in the form of language rights for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. At the same time he issued a contradictory Imperial Decree drawn up by the prominent jurist and well-known reactionary Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (Константи́н Петро́вич Победоно́сцев), who had long been the //éminence grise// of imperial politics, denouncing reform, whilst also issuing an appeal calling for suggestions by the public for potential reforms. Neither the Rescript nor the resulting Tsarist manifesto issued on August 19 [O.S. Aug. 9] laying out the final plans for establishment of the promised representative body (the 'Bulygin Duma' as it became known), did anything to cool the revolutionary ardour abroad at the time. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Булыгин,_Александр_Григорьевич www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1905bulygduma.php]

1910 - Josef Peukert (b. 1855), Austrian anarchist advocate of propaganda by deed, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

1912 - Revolución Mexicana: Pascual Orozco rises against Francisco Madero. Orozco rebels load train with explosives and rams it into a train full of federal soldiers at Rellano station.

1929 - Ettore Aguggini (b. 1902), Italian mechanic and anarcho-individualist, one of three anarchists implicated in the bombing of the Teatro Diana in Milan on March 23, 1921, believed manipulated and set up by the Chief of Police as a pretext for the fascists to instigate a general repression against all anarchists, dies in Alghero prison, Sardinia, aged just 27-years-old, his health shattered by form the appalling conditions he endured during his incarceration. [see: Mar. 23]

[C] 1933 - German police thwart an alleged plan to assassinate Hitler the following day as he was due to address a political rally in Königsberg to campaign for his slate of candidates in the March 5 Reichstag elections. Police arrest the members of a communist group led by Kurt Lutter, a ship's carpenter, who a police informer has claimed organised the plot to blow up the speaker's platform while Hitler spoke. No explosives were found and none of the conspirators confessed to the crime of attempted political assassination, which carried the death penalty, so Lutter and his group were ultimately released after being detained for several months. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1938 - Samuel Schwartzbard (Sholem-Shmuel Schwarzbard/Samuil Isaakovich Shvartsburd; b. 1886), Russian Jewish watchmaker, anarchist and Yiddish poet, dies in Capetown. Escaped the Russian pogroms in 1905, settled in Paris and active in local anarcho-communist groups with Alexander Berkman, Mollie Steimer, Senya Fleshin and Nestor Makhno. In 1926 he gunned down Simon Petliura, who had directed the Ukrainian pogroms in which some of his family were murdered. He fired three times, announcing: "This, for the pogroms; this for the massacres, this for the victims." Schwartzbard was acquitted by a jury and freed. [see: Aug. 18]

1962 - As the war in Algeria is nearing its end, the headquarters and library of the '//Monde Libertaire//' at 3 rue Ternaux is destroyed by an attack by the OAS (Organisation Armée Secrète), the fascist paramilitary organisation of the //pieds-noirs//, French military and politicians aimed at provoking the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) into breaking the Evian agreements ceasefire, thereby providing an excuse for the reoccupation of Algeria.

1966 - Augusto Masetti (b. 1888), Italian anarchist and anti-militarist, dies. Famed for his attack as a conscript upon his colonel (Stroppa) on the parade ground of the Cialdini barracks, in Bologna, while shouting out 'Down with the war! Long live Anarchy!' in protest of the war in Libya.

1975 - Authorities free seven jailed leftists in exchange for West German CDU politician Peter Lorenz, who had been kidnapped by 2nd June Movement members.

[D] 1980 - Tanks on the streets of Amsterdam as the Vondel Free State [Vondelvrijstaat] is attacked but resists eviction. [www.iisg.nl/staatsarchief/publicaties/destad/hoofdstuk04.php www.iisg.nl/staatsarchief/publicaties/voettussendedeur/hoofdstuk05.php] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0403.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4802 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceso_Portales libcom.org/history/portales-suceso-1904-1999]
 * = 4 || 1904 - María Suceso Portales Casamar (d. 1999), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-feminist, born. Member of the CNT and FIJL in Madrid in the early '30s, she was very active in the development of schools and institutions organised by Mujeres Libres (MM.LL). At the end of the war in 1939 she escaped to Britain aboard the Galatea, participating in resistance activities against the Franco regime whilst in London and worked on the newsletter '//España Fuera de España//' (1962-65). Resuming contact with her fellow exiles in France, she began editing the (trilingual) magazine '//Mujeres Libres//', organ of the Federation MM.LL in exile. In 1972 she moved to Montadin, near Beziers, where Sara Berenger lived, and was responsible for editing the magazine until 1976. She returned to Spain in 1980 after the death of Franco.

1906 - Rosa Luxemburg arrested and imprisoned at the Warsaw Citadel for revolutionary activities in Warsaw.

1910 - IWW begins the Spokane, Washington free speech fight (which they win).

1912 - Suffragettes, walking single file in Knightsbridge, London, smash every window they pass to protest government inaction on votes for women.

1917 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: The Extraordinary Session of the Petrograd Soviet, called to decide the fate of Kronstadt, votes to accept Zinoviev's proposal to force the surrender of Kronstadt sailors upon penalty of death.

1928 - Octavio Alberola Suriñach aka 'El Largo' and 'Juan', Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist member of the FIJL-MLE, CNT, CGT and Grupo Primero de Mayo, born in the Balearic Islands. In 1939, his family left for Mexico and Octavio began his anarchist militancy as a member of the Juventudes Libertarias and the CNT in exile. In 1962, he became part of the underground organisation Defensa Interior (DI) formed by the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) after the 1961 CNT congress. Cipriano Mera, José Pascual Palacios and Octavio Alberola would be responsbile for coordinating DI activies until the organisation was wound up by the 'parental' body at the Montpellier Congress of the MLE in 1965. In 1966, and based in Paris and Brussels, Alberola began coordinating Grupo Primero de Mayo's numerous attacks against the Franco regime as well as its wider activities as part of the growing worldwide resistance to an aggressive and expansionist US foreign policy. On February 9, 1968 in Belgium, after an attempted kidnapping of a minister, he was imprisoned for five months and then places under house arrest. His father, Jose, was meanwhile killed on May 1, 1967 in Mexico by Franco agents. In 1971, he secretly returned to France where he worked at the newspaper '//Frente Libertario//'. Linked to the Groupes d'Action Révolutionnaire Internationalistes (GARI), in May 1974 he was caught up in the case of the kidnapping of the banker Adolfo Suarez. Arrested at Avignon, he remained imprisoned nearly nine months. After Franco's death, and after the split of the CNT, he worked for the reforming of the CGT and participated in the activities of the COJRA in France. In the years 1980-2000, he hosted the Radio Libertaire program '//Tribuna Latino Americana//'. He also became a tireless member of the Grupo por la revisión del proceso Granado-Delgado, which seeks to annul sentences from the Franco era, and active in libertarian iniatives across Europe. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article167 www.guerracivil.org/Diaris/981109pais.htm www.alasbarricadas.org/noticias/node/14119 www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2012/05/spanish-anarchism-and-revolutionary-action-1961-1974-by-octavio-alberola-and-ariane-gransac-christiebooks-kindle-edition/]

1934 - Joaquín Martínez Delgado (d. 1963), Spanish anarchist militant and Fédération Ibérique des Jeunesses Libertaires (JJ.LL) activist, born. He went with his parents into exile in France, where he became a cabinet maker and TV designer and a member of Defensa Interior, the clandestine section of the JJ.LL. Sent to Spain alongside Francisco Granados in July 1963, they were arrested for the July 29 bombings of the General Directorate of Security and at a Francoist union headquarters. Tortured, they refused to accept admit their guilt, they were tried by military tribunal and garrotted on Aug. 17 in the notorious Carabanchel prison. 35 years later, in 1998, two anarchists Antonio Martin and Sergio Hernandez confessed that they had in fact planted the bombs, but the Spanish authorities refused the families' 1999 attempts to get the death penalties overturned.

1937 - The newspaper '//La Noche//' carries an announcement introducing the aims, characteristics and membership conditions of the anarchist Friends of Durruti Group. Also, the Generalidad issues a decree winding up the Control Patrols. In '//La Batalla//', Nin passes favourable and hopeful comment on an article by Jaime Balius carried in the March 2nd edition of '//La Noche//'.

[C] 1943 - The execution in the Berlin-Plötzensee Prison of Heinz Rotholz (b. 1922), Heinz Birnbaum (b. 1920), Hella Hirsch (b. 1921), Hanni Meyer (b. 1921), Marianne Joachim (b. 1922), Lothar Salinger (b. 1920), Helmut Neumann (b. 1922), Hildegard Löwy (b. 1922) and Siegbert Rotholz (b. 1922), members of the anti-Nazi Baum Group who were sentenced to death on December 10, 1942. [see: May 18]

[D] 1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following his arrest on February 23, Colonel Marcel Bigeard personally interrogated Larbi Ben M'hidi, refusing to allow him to be tortured. After two weeks of questioning, Ben M'hidi showed no sign of breaking, and Bigeard grew to like and respect his prisoner. General Jacques Massu, however, was frustrated with Bigeard's slow progress, and arranged for Ben M'hidi to be transferred into the custody of Major Paul Aussaresses [of the 11e Choc (11th 'Shock' Paratroop Regiment), the commando unit of the the SDECEE (Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnagecons-Intelligence Service), France's external intteligence service] on March 3. Under Aussaresses, Ben M'hidi was tortured, and then driven in the early hours of March 4 by men of the 1er Régiment Étranger de Parachutistes (1st Foreign Parachute Regiment) to an isolated farm 18 kilometres south of Algiers, where he was hanged – "to make it look like suicide". [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-suicide.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-arrestation-ben m hidi.html www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2007/03/05/le-general-aussaresses-confirme-que-le-chef-du-fln-a-alger-larbi-ben-m-hidi-a-ete-pendu_878935_3212.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi]

1974 - Acting in collusion and at the behest of striking lead workers, the urban guerrilla People's Revolutionary Army kidnap one of the INSUD plant managers in Argentina. As a result, and in just 22 days, the strikers win compensation for lead poisoning and a reduction of the working day to six hours.

[A] 2009 - Riot at Cereso state prison in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico leaves at least 20 prisoners dead and 15 injured. ||
 * = 5 || 1842 - A Mexican force of over 500 men under Rafael Vasquez invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They briefly occupied San Antonio, but soon headed back to the Rio Grande.

[D] 1867 - Fenian Rising of 1867 [Éirí Amach na bhFiann, 1867]: Abortive Fenian uprisings organised by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (Bráithreachas Phoblacht na hÉireann) against English rule take place in Cork City, Limerick and Dublin, Ireland. The largest of these engagements took place at Tallaght, when several hundred Fenians, on their way to the meeting point at Tallaght Hill, were attacked by the Irish Constabulary near the police barracks, and were driven off after a firefight. A total of twelve people were killed across the country on the day. When it became apparent that the co-ordinated rising that had been planned was not transpiring, most rebels simply went home. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Rising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood]

1871 - Rosa Luxemburg (d. 1919), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, born. Founder, with Karl Liebknecht, of the radical Spartacus League in 1916. After the Spartacist uprising in Berlin, they were arrested and murdered by German soldiers.

1884 - Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero' (d. 1919), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicato de Tintoreros of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, one of the most powerful unions in the textile industry, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0503.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Sabater]

[A] 1886 - In Paris, the 27-year old anarchist Charles Gallo tosses a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Paris Bourse (Stock Exchange). At his trial, where he insisted on addressing the judge as Citizen President, he shouted: "Long live revolution! Long live anarchism! Death to the bourgeois judiciary! Long live dynamite! Bunch of idiots!"

1902 - In France, the National Congress of Miners decided to call for a general strike for an 8-hour day.

[AA] 1903 - Paul Roussenq (labelled by the press as the '//anarchist convict'//) throws a crouton at the head prosecutor during a trial. For this dastardly terrorist act he is conscripted into the disciplinary battalions of Biribi in Africa for five years. Further insubordination leads to a military tribunal condemning Roussenq to 20 years of forced labour in penal colonies at Cayenne in French Guyana on May 5, 1908. There he was involved in a prison uprising, which earns him another 3,779 days in the dungeon. Only after a press campaign and the mobilization of the S.R.I. (International Red Help) is he finally released from prison — in 1932!

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar refuses the demands of the workers’ delegates and disbands the Shidlovsky Commission, appointed in the wake of Bloody Sunday "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs", before it had even started work. A wave of protest strikes is followed by a wave of arrests. On the same day, the Tsar authorises a new commission under Kokovtsov to study labour problem. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1906 - [O.S. Feb. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: An Imperial Manifesto is issued on the Duma’s legal structure, restricting its powers and linking it with the government-dominated State Council. The liberal Kadets party are outraged. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1917 - The first trial of one of the 75 IWW members arrested for the Everett Massacre on November 5 1916, when 200 vigilantes ('citizen deputies') confronted striking IWW activists demonstrating in support of striking shingle workers. During a firefight precipitated by the vigilantes, an unknown number died including 2 deputies shot by their comrades in the back. It is for their deaths that the Wobblies are charged. At the end of the 2 month trial, IWW organiser Thomas H. Tracy is acquitted and the charges against the remaining Wobblies are dropped.

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: In issue no. 3 of '//Izvestia//' the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Sailors, Red Soldiers and Workers the city of Kronstadt proclaim: "For three days Kronstadt got rid of the nightmare of communist power, as it had removed four years ago the power of the Tsar (...) For three days the citizens of Kronstadt breathed free, freed from the dictatorship of the party."

1933 - The Nazi Party wins 44 percent of the vote in German parliamentary elections.

1944 - Pasquale Binazzi (b. 1873), Italian anarchist, secretary of the 'chambre du travail' and organiser of the 'syndicat de l'arsenal' in Spezia, dies. Founded the weekly magazine '//Il Libertario//' in 1903, which printed 10,000 copies at its peak until closed by the Fascists in 1922. He died whilst helping organise anarchist guerilla groups in Liguria and Tuscany. [see: Jun. 12]

1953 - Uncle Joe dies.

1984 - First local strikes in Yorkshire following the leaking of plans to close 20 pits with the loss of 20,000 jobs.

[C] 2009 - Jack van der Geest (Jacobus Petrus Cornelis van der Geest; b. 1923), Dutch member of the anti-Nazi resistance in both Holland and France, who was one of only eight people ever to escape from Buchenwald concentration camp, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

2009 - Following the grenade attack on the Exarcheia Immigrants' Social Centre on February 24th and the demonstration 2 days later, a much larger protest takes place in Athens, which eruptes into extended street battles between protesters and the riot police forces that had attacked the demo. During the clashes, which spread throughout the city centre, several banks and expensive shops were destroyed, and protesters broke into the offices of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn (Xrysi Avgi), the parastate organisation responsible for numerous assassination attempts against immigrants, anarchists and the left, as well as a campaign of terror against radical infrastructures. The offices were torched to the ground. [libcom.org/news/antifascist-protest-marches-end-riots-neonazi-hqs-torched-ground-athens-05032009] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821]
 * = 6 || 1821 - [Feb. 22 (O.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, crosses the river Prut accompanied by several other Greek officers in Russian service, entering the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), where he is a herditary prince. This marks the beginning of the Greek Revolution, which would last for more than 11 years. Two days later, at Iaşi he issues a proclamation, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans.

1879 - The trial of 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante], who attempted to kill King Humbert I, begins.

[DD] 1910 - Kileler Rebellion [Κιλελέρ Εξέγερση]: Early in the morning, around 200 crofters (Κολίγος) and farmers had gathered in the village of Kileler (Κιλελέρ) in Thessaly with their red and black flags to travel by train to Larissa (Λάρισα) to attend a large agricultural demonstration with other crofters and farmers from across Thessaly. It was part of their on-going protests against the semi-feudal Chiflik system under which rural areas in the Ottoman Empire were regulated. Their main demand was the expropriation of land from the landlords and its redistribution to farmers. When they tried to board a train without buying tickets, the director of Thessalian Railways, Politis (Πολίτης), who was on board the train, refuses to allow them to continue to Larissa. He then got some troops that were on the train travelling to Larissa to police the demonstration to push them off the train. Politis then proceeded to insult the farmers, calling them "rabble" and "beasts". The farmers them start stoning the train and the troops were ordered to fire on the farmers, killing Athanasios Ntafouli (Αθανάσιου Νταφούλη) and Athanasios Bocas (Αθανάσιου Μπόκας), and wounding many others. The train quickly pulled out of the station and one kilometre on at the station at Tsoular (Τσουλάρ, today's malia / Μελία), 800 locals were waiting. However, the train was ordered not to stop. Instead, the soldiers fired a warnign volley over the heads of the crowd of waitng farmers, who reposned by attacking the train with stones and sticks. The angry crowd was fired on from the train, leaving two more dead and 15 wounded. When the train arrived in Larissa and news of what had happened in Kileler and Tsoular spread, unarmed demonstrators began battling with the armed forces, who responded with live fire. Two tenant farmers were killed during a cavalry charge. The prefect, the police chief and the garrison commander of Larissa, who had all watched the battle, realised that the suppression of the revolt of crofters was impossible, so the demonstration was allowed to continue peacefully. The rally ended, after having drawn up and approved a resolution which was sent to the Parliament in Athens demanding the immediate passage of the bill for the expropriation of estates and distribution of estate, the strengthening of the Agricultural Fund tax, and expressing deep sorrow for the State's unjust attacking on the people, the unarmed victims of slavery in Thessaly. The uprising was followed by mass arrests and detention of many farmers. Several were released by decree and 62 of the protesters were tried and acquitted on June 23, 1910 in an attempt to defuse the situation. The uprising in Kileler roused a wave of sympathy across the country and increased the social pressure to solve the agrarian question. However, the measures taken were only piecemeal and it was not until 1923 that the estates were expropriated on a large scale. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kileler_incident el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κολίγος thehistoryofgreece.blogspot.co.uk/p/blog-page_29.html www.sansimera.gr/articles/224 www.alfavita.gr/arthron/06031910-η-μάχη-του-κιλελέρ]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Francisco Madero's forces attack federal garrison at Casa Grandes and are driven off with 100 out of 800 of his followers being killed. Madero is joined by other local leaders, including a 32 year old local bandit Doroteo Arango, better known as Pancho Villa. Villa's men are mostly miners from the north. His men are known as dorados 'golden ones' because of their golden hued uniforms and rode into battle crying "Viva Villa! Viva la Revolucion!" Famous for their cavalry charges,often led by Villa himself.

[D] 1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: Lev Kamenev and Leon Trotsky issue an ultimatum to rebelling soldiers and sailors in Kronstadt: "The Workers' and Peasants Government has decreed that Kronstadt and the rebellious ships must immediately submit to the authority of the Soviet Republic. Therefore, I command all who have raised their hands against the socialist fatherland to lay donw their arms at once. The commissars and other members of the government who have been arrested are to be liberated at once. Only those who surrender unconditionally can expect mercy from the Soviet Republic. "I am simultaneously giving orders to prepare for the suppression of the rebellion and the subjugation of the sailors by armed force. All responsibility for the harm that may be suffered by the peaceful population will rest entirely on the heads of the White Guard mutineers. This warning is final." '//Ultimatum to Kronstadt//' - signed by Leon Trotsky (War Commissar), Lev Kamenev (CinC of the Red Army). This is the ultimatum that was said to be accompanied by a threat that the Bolsheviks would "shoot like partridges"all those who refused to surrender immediately. Only those who did could expect mercy. It is attributed to Trotsky but was in fact issued by Grigory Zinoviev's Petrograd Defence Committee: "You are surrounded on all sides… Kronstadt has neither bread nor fuel. If you insist, we will shoot you like partridges." The Provisional Revolutionary Committee replied: "The ninth wave of the Toilers' Revolution has risen and will sweep from the face of Soviet Russia the vile slanderers and tyrants with all their corruption-­and your lemency, Mr. Trotsky, will not be needed." - '//Pravda o Kronshtadte//' No. 5, Monday, March 7th, 1921 [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

[C] 1921 - Ateo Tommaso Garemi i Gagno (d. 1943), Italian-French communist, then anarchist and anti-fascist combatant, born. As a young man he emigrated with his family to France, where he worked as a lumberjack. When he was 17 he joined as a volunteer in the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. In 1940 he joined the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC) and, after the German occupation of France, he joined the Maquis (Francs-tireurs Partisans), fighting in the Marseille region. After the armistice of September 8, 1943, he returned to Italy and became the organiser and commander of the Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP) in Turin. Together with the Turin anarchist Dario Cagno, who profundly influenced Garemi, he ambushed Domenico Giardina, the leader of the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN; Voluntary Militia for National Security), on the morning of October 25, 1943. However, both were betrayed by an informer and arrested 2 days later. They were tortured, prosecuted and sentenced to death by the Special Court of Turin for complicity in the murder of Giardina. Garemi was executed on December 21, 1943 in the courtyard of the Monte Grappa barracks in Turin, and Cagno 2 days later. Resistenza vicentina went on to name a batallion after him. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0603.html intranet.istoreto.it/lapidi/sk_lapide.asp?id=42 www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/ateo-tommaso-garemi/]

1941 - Francisco del Águila Aguilera (b. 1916), Andalusian stonemason, anarchist and anti-fascist member of the FIJL and CNT, is shot in Almeria alongsdie his brothers Juan and Rafael. In 1935, along with Abel Paz, Cueto and others, he was in the military wing of the FIJL, which he represented in the Comitè de Guerra d'Almeria in late September 1936 and in the Comitè Central Antifeixista d'Almeria, and the FAI on the Comitè Permanent del Front Popular d'Almeria (Standing Committee of the Popular Front of Almeria) in late 1936. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article101 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0603.html]

1951 - Barcelona Tram Strike: Following the reversal of the ticket price rise, the Phalangists organsied members to board trams in order to "break the ice". The act merely hardens the workers' position. [see: Mar. 1] [www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm]

[A] 1970 - Three Weathermen (Diana Oughton, Terry Robbins and Ted Gold) blow themselves up in the basement of a Greenwich Village, NY house.

1971 - Ian Purdie arrested. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2013 - Mutiny of prisoners in Patra prison, Greece. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/ravachol.html noms.rues.st.etienne.free.fr/rues/ravachol.html www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html]
 * = 7 || 1892 - François Ravachol and a number of his friends decided to try and bomb the commissariat (police station) in Clichy in revenge for the treatment of the Affaire de Clichy defendants [see: May 1 & Aug. 28]. However they are unable to come close to the commissariat with their bomb, a smelting pot full of fifty dynamite cartridges and scrap iron as grape, and Ravachol will instead targets the home of the presiding judge at the Clichy trial, Edouard Benoit on March 11.

1907 - [N.S. Mar 20] Peter Arshinov (Пётр Арши́нов) shoots Vasilenko, head of the main railroad yard at Aleksandrovsk. A notorious and pitiless oppressor of workers, Vasilenko had turned over to the military tribunal more than 100 workers who were accused of taking part in the armed uprising in Aleksandrovsk in December, 1905; many of them were condemned to death or forced labor because of Vasilenko’s testimony. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging but, the sentence temporarily postponed, he managed too escape from Aleksandrovsk prison on the night of April 22, 1907.

1909 - Charles Perrone (b. 1837), Swiss-born anarchist, militant of the First International, Bakuninist propagandist and cartographer, dies. [see: Dec. 06]

1911 - The United States sent 20,000 troops to the Mexican border in the wake of the Mexican Revolution.

1913 - Ramón Álvarez Palomo aka 'Ramonín' (d. 2003), Asturian militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. As a CNT militant, he was involved in the insurrection of 1934 and was imprisoned with Durruti before taking refuge in France. He also fought in Spanish Revolution and was the publisher of '//Acción Libertaria//' until 1994. Writer and historian with a number of books to his credit. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre14.html anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/114067 www.asturiasrepublicana.com/cervera8.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-i.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-ii.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-iii.html]

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: Specially selected forces of the Red Army commanded by Trotsky open fire at 6:45 p.m. on the forts of Kronstadt; the sailors, soldiers, workers and populace of Kronstadt counter-fire and reduce Trotsky's batteries to silence. Trotsky: "//One can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.//" Voline: "//I see the broken eggs — now where's this omelet of yours?//"

1936 - Adolf Hitler ordered his troops to march into the Rhineland, thereby breaking the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact.

1942 - Lucy Eldine Gonzalez Parson (b. 1853), American anarchist labour organiser and founding member of the IWW, dies in a house fire. Lucy Parsons probably grew up as a slave and married Albert Parsons, a former Confederate soldier, and became a radical republican to 1871. In 1874, they moved to Chicago and engaged in the revolutionary socialist movement, participating in revolutionary activism on behalf of political prisoners, people of colour, the homeless and women. Lucy began writing for '//The Socialist//' and '//The Alarm//', the journal of the IWPA (International Working People's Association) that she and her husband helped form in 1883. Albert was to be arrested and fitted-up for the Haymarket massacre in 1886, and executed on November 11, 1887. Lucy wrote a biography of Albert: '//Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labour Movement in America//' (1889) using material Albert left at his death. In 1892 in Boston she began publishing the periodical, '//Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly//' (1890-92), followed by the Chicago-based '//The Rebel//' (1895-96), and was regularly arrested for her public advocacy of anarchism and workers rights. In 1905 she participated in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and began editing the '//Liberator//' (1905-06), an anarchist newspaper that supported the IWW in Chicago. In January 1915 she organised the Chicago Hunger Demonstrations and continued to be a thorn in the side of the bosses and the police - in 1920 the Chicago Police Department branded her as being "//more dangerous than a thousand rioters//". Following her death, police seized her library of over 1,500 books and all of her personal papers.

[C] 1946 - Jerónimo Curiel Gómez aka 'El Gacho' (b. unknow), Spanish Communist guerrilla native of the Mesas de Ibor and one of the most effective Maquis who roamed the mountains of the Extremadura province, is betrayed, ambushed and killed by the Guardia Civil. Member of the 93ª Brigada of the 12ª División de la Agrupación Guerrillera de Extremadura, aunder the command of Pedro Díaz Monje aka 'El Francés'. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1970]

[D] 1965 - The Selma to Montgomery civil rights march is attacked by police. 525 civil rights advocates begin a 54-mile march from Selma, Alabama, to the capital of Montgomery, to campaign for voting rights for blacks. Just after crossing a bridge on the outskirts of Selma, the marchers are attacked by police wielding tear gas, nightsticks, bullwhips and rubber tubing wrapped in barbed wire.

1969 - A FLQ bomb is placed under the overpass of the Metropolitan Boulevard but is defused.

1971 - Ian Purdie is charged, along with Jake Prescott, accused of the two Angry Brigade bombings. They are both in the top security wing at Brixton Prison -- as class A prisoners -- and are kept in their cells for 23 hours a day. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1988 - Saturnino Carod Lerín aka ' 'El Cuco Cebollero', 'Satur' and 'Jacinto Lahoz Marín' (b. 1903), leading Aragonese anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist combattant, dies. [see: Feb. 21]

1998 - Jack Frager (Yankel or Yakov Treiger; b. 1903), Ukrainian-American anarchist and labour activist, dies. A youthful participant in the Russian Revolution of 1917, in order to escape being conscripted into the Red or White armies, he fled to Romania, and then on to Argentina. Whilst living in Buenos Aires for 18 months, he self-published Gustav Landauer on anarchism in Yiddish, before moving to New York in 1923. He became acvtive on the Committee to Defend Sacco and Vanzetti, made arrangements for Emma Goldman’s last U.S. speaking tour, made his own speaking tours of the U.S. during the 1930’s, helped found the Libertarian Book Club in NYC in the late 1930's, was on the editorial board of the Yiddish language anarchist newspaper '//Freie Arbeiter Stimme//' (The Free Voice of Labour), was active in the Painters' Union and taught labor history at Brookwood Labor College. When he was 80, he visited Spain to meet with the resurgent, post-Franco anarchist movement. At 87 he visited Ukraine but was to develope Alzheimer's disease. "//Daddy was indefatigable,//" said his daughter Cheshire, "//when he sought anti-war and Yiddishkeit groups in Florida and didn't find them, he started them. He never lost his ideas, energy or commitment.//"

2013 - Mutiny in Grevena prison, Greece. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]
 * = 8 || 1821 - [Feb. 24 (O.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, issues a proclamation at Iaşi, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans. The revolt was soon put down by the Ottomans but not before rumours of the massacre of Turkish citizens by Greeks in the Principalities had led the Grand Vizier to order the arrest of seven Greek bishops in Constantinople.

[8-22 1905 - Les Travailleurs de la Nuit Trial: [www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2012/11/le-temps-des-proces/ www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2014/10/vols-a-reims/ amicaledesnidsapoussiere.over-blog.com/2014/08/marius-jacob-et-les-travailleurs-de-la-nuit-la-vie-illustree-mars-1905.html]

1905 - Dolores Prat Coll aka pequeña Montseny (little Montseny)(d. 2001), Catalan textile worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT from the age of 15, born. Prominent in the fight for the eight hour day, she was secretary of the Sindicato de la Industria Textil in Ripoll during the Civil War years. Following the defeat of the Republic, she and her family went into exile in France and were interned in the Magnac-Laval camp. On May 15, 1940, she crossed clandestinely back into Spain on behalf of Prats de Molló. She later settled in Toulouse, continuing their trade union work as secretary of the local CNT federation and the Solidaridad Internacional Anarquista (SIA). She appeared in Lisa Berger's film '//Chemin de Liberté//' (Way of Freedom; 1997) and was the subject of '//Dolores: Une Vie Pour La liberté//' (A Life for Freedom; 2002) by her son Progreso Marin. [puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3306-dolores-prat-coll-anarquista-conocida-como-la-pequena-montseny.html]

1907 - Marinos Antypas (Μαρίνος Αντύπας; b. 1872), one of the most important pioneering figures from the utopian socialist and peasant movements in Greece, dies. [expand] [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Πύλη:Κύρια en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinos_Antypas anarchypress.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/μαρινοσ-αντυπασ/ www.kefaloniainfo.com/kefaloniaisland/people/antypas/ ngnm.vrahokipos.net/index.php/part14?showall=1&limitstart= antapocrisis.gr/index.php/component/k2/item/713-antypas raskolnikovgr.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/blog-post_683.html www.24grammata.com/?p=3607]

[CC] 1916 - Peter Gingold (d. 2006, Frankfurt), German Communist resistance fighter against National Socialism, born in a Jewish family in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. In 1931 he joined the Kommunistischen Jugendverband Deutschlands (KJVD; Communist Youth Association of Germany) and was active in the German anti-fascist underground in 1933. In May 1933, his parents and siblings emigrated to France but Gingold remained behind, only to be arrested in June during a SA raid and, after spending several months in prison, he was ordered to leave Germany. In Paris, he worked for the German anti-fascist newspaper 'Pariser Tageblatt' and was politically active in the small Paris KJVD group. In 1937, he joined the KPD (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) and, after a period (May-October) spent interned as a 'stateless German', he returned to Paris and became active in the German anti-fascist Reistance. Forced to leave his job in the spring of 1941 as the Gestapo were searching for him, he travelled to Dijon, where he became involved in the Travail Allemand Résistance group, spreading anti-fascist leaflets among German soldiers and make contact with anti-Hitler elements in the Wehrmacht who were prepared to cooperate with the Résistance. In July 1942, two of his siblings wer arrestede in Paris and deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. In February 1943, he was arrested at Dijon by the Gestapo and interrogated under torture for several weeks. Gingold was transferred to Paris, where he succeeded in April in escaping and, after a few weeks, he was again active in the Résistance. In August 1944, he took part in the uprising to liberate Paris. After that, he went to Lorraine, to help liberate that city. He returned to Frankfurt am Main in August 1945 and resumed his activities with the Communist Party. Though he was honored in both France and Italy for his anti-fascist work, in Germany, he was vilified in his own country because of his political affiliation. He even had to fight to have his German citizenship recognised. He was also active in the Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten (VVN/BdA; Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime - Federation of anti-fascists and anti-fascists), DRAFD (Verband Deutscher in der Résistance/Association of Germans in the Résistance), and the International Auschwitz Committee, as well as the protests against IG Farben and their use of slave labour during the Nazi era. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gingold de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gingold]

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 23] February Revolution [Февральская Революция]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

1920 - Roberto Elia and Andrea Salsedo, anarchists who worked for the '//Cronaca Sovversiva//', are kidnapped (or on February 25th?) by the Department of Justice without a warrant or being arrested. They are secretly confined and beaten in Department Justice (sic) offices in an effort to get them to inform on their fellow anarchists. Andrea Salsedo was suicided May 3rd, defenestrated from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice where he was being questioned.

1920 - In Siena, fascists and the police attack the union offices which are defended by a hundred anarchist and socialist militants. Many workers are wounded in the confrontation, and the anarchist Regoli Giuseppe succumbs to his wounds. A General Strike in protest follows.

1921 - The Russian anarcho-syndicalist militant Grigori Petrovitch Maximov is imprisoned, along with other members of the Nabat Federation. He is not released until autumn, following a hunger strike, when he is expelled from Russia with Voline.

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: The Bolsheviks, consolidating their party power over the workers and peasants, begin an air raid on the peaceful population of Kronstadt. The Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Kronstadt appeals by radio-telegram to workers around the world to publicize their plight.

1921 - President Eduardo Dato assassinated in Madrid by Luis Nicolau, Pedro Mateu and Ramon Castenellas, metallurgists of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT. Dato was in charge of anti-union repression in Barcelona, and responsible for the killing of three imprisoned union activists on Jan, 20th, victims of the //ley de fugas// (law of escape) - being "set free" only to be shot down moments later as "escapees."

1933 - After the triumph of the right in elections, anarchists across Spain take to the streets. The movement reached insurrectionary extraordinary virulence in the Ebro Valley area (Aragón and La Rioja), with assaults on city councils and the proclamation of libertarian communism. The repression was very hard, several hundred were imprisoned.

[A] 1937 - March 8-18: Battle of Guadalajara; Italian troops defeated by Republican army with substantial International Brigade support.

[C] 1945 - Women from the Gruppi di Difesa della Donna (GddD) demonstrate in front of the Salumificio Frigieri in Paganine on International Women's Day as part of the Unione Donne in Italia protest iniative, to highlight the hunger of the Italian people. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornata_internazionale_della_donna www.paganine.it/storia.html emilia-romagna.anpi.it/modena/archivio_res/giugno_04/art_16_06_04.htm www.fempages.org/genpart.htm it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_delle_donne_nella_Resistenza_italiana udireggiocalabria.wordpress.com/tag/gruppi-di-difesa-della-donna/ storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/04/24/gruppi-di-difesa-della-donna-gdd/]

1976 - Robert Touati, a French anarchist active in Centro Iberico around 1974, and Juan Durran Escriban, wanted in Spain for an attack on an armoury, are both killed on the grounds of Toulouse University during the night of 8/9 March. ||
 * = 9 || 1841 - Slaves who mutinied and took over the Spanish slave ship Amistad - subsequently captured by the US warship Washington - are declared free men by the US Supreme Court. The slave leader, Joseph Cinque (who serves, 130 years later, as the inspiration for Symbionese Liberation Field Marshall Cinque) returned to Africa to become a slaver himself.

1879 - Carlo Tresca (d. 1943), Italian-born American newspaper editor, orator, labour organiser, prominent Industrial Workers of the World activist and anti-fascist, born. Forced into exile following his involvement in the newspaper '//Il Germe//' (The Origin), he emigrated to the USA via Switzerland. In New York he published an Italian language paper, '//La Plèbe//', became involved in IWW union activities and in 1917 started '//Il Martello//' (The Hammer), a newspaper he published until his death. In 1923, he was sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a book on birth control, but due to large demonstrations in his support his sentence was reduced to four months. Later he organised resistance to Italian émigré blackshirts in America. An outspoken foe of Fascism in Germany and Italy, and of Communism in the Soviet Union. The FBI accumulated a mere 1,358 pages on this outstanding citizen. He was murdered by an unknown assailant, presumably by fascists or the Mafia, on a New York street. [see: Jan 11] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Tresca dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tresca/biography.html anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/review-carlo-tresca-portrait-of-rebel poumista.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/carlo-tresca/ politicalaffairs.net/carlo-tresca-the-dilemma-of-an-anti-communist-radical/ www.improntalaquila.org/2013/vita-morte-ed-eredita-di-carlo-tresca-51977.html www.politicamentecorretto.com/index.php?news=55626 osservatoriodiconfine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/confini-mafia-e-informazione-carlo.html giuseppecapograssi.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/tresca.pdf]

1883 - Large demonstration of the unemployed at the Esplanade of Les Invalides is broken up by police. A large contingent marches across Paris, headed by Louise Michel, Joseph Tortelier and Émile Pouget (who initiated the demonstration), waving black flags (hers is an old black skirt attached to a broom handle) and ended with the looting of 3 bakeries. [According to historian George Woodcock, this is the earliest known instance of anarchists flying the black flag.] Louise Michel handed herself into the police a couple of weeks later and was sentenced to six years in prison on April 1, 1883 for "excitation au pillage". [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel www.iisg.nl/collections/louisemichel/biography.php]

[CCC] 1896 - Umberto Tommasini (d. 1980), Italian blacksmith, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, born into a working class socialist family. He took part in the October 14, 1909 protests against the death sentence passed on the Spanish anarchist Francisco Ferrer and also particpated in the celebrated Circolo di Studi Sociali. Wounded during WWI, he was taken prisoner and interned in the Mauthausen POW camp. Upon his release in 1919, he returned to Trieste and resumed his work as a blacksmith, and frequented socialist and anarchist circles. Following the 1920 internal debates within the socialist movement, he decided not to renew his membership of the Partito Socialista and threw his lot in with the anarchist movement. He also became active within the tades union movement, particularly against strikebreakers and the increasingly bold fascists gropus. In 1921 he was wounded by a group of fascists who had stormed the factory where he worked. That summer he took part in a reprisal raid against a squadristi group who had been active in the red light district of San Giacomo, during which his bomb wounded 30 fascists. In 1925, during an Unione Anarchica Italiana meeting, he met Camillo Berneri and Gino Bibbi, both of whom he remained politically close to. He also had a part in the failed attack Gino Lucetti against Mussolini (September 11 1926), supplying the explosives but without knowing their final use. Feared by the Fascist authorities, he was harrassed constantly and was one of the first anti-fascist to be interned, spending six years on the islands of Ustica and Ponza, and during which his "haughty and contemptuous attitude" was a thorn in the authorities' side, who described him as being "a tireless sower of hatred against the present social constitution, intolerant of any discipline and in no way subservient to the authorities." Within a few weeks of his return to Trieste in 1932, he decided to go into exile, leaving for France clandestinely to join the anti-fascist fight in exile. At the outbreak of the Spanish Revolution, he joined the Ascaso Column of the CNT-FAI, commanded by Carlo Rosselli and Camillo Berneri and largely made ​​up of anarchists. On August 28, 1936, during the battle of Monte Pelado on the Huesca front his WWI experience was crucial in helping prepare trenches and repelling a Carlist attack and later contributed to the move towards a greater militarisation of the Militias. During an attempt to sabotage a fascist ship in the port of Cueta in February 1937, he was arrested, together with Giobbe Giopp, Alfredo Cimadori and Giovanni Fontana, by the Communists and taken to Valencia, where he was harshly interrogated by the Stalinist police. Managing to escape, he was forced to give himself up so as not to interfer with the negotiations to free the entire group (including Cimadori who would turn out to be a fascist police informer) currently taking place between the anarchist Ministry of Justice and the the Socialist Interior Minister. In late April 1937, after suffering a mock execution, was released. After a brief stop in Barcelona, where he would meet Berneri for the last time, he returned to Paris disillusioned by the events of May 1937 and reinforced in his anti-Communist views. In Paris during the summer of 1937, Tommasini plotted a new attempt on Mussolini's life planned for the following year, but which was foiled by the Fascist police as one of the ploters was an informer. In the summer of 1939, Tommasini was arrested by the French police and interned in Le Vernet Internment Camp. With the end of hostilities between France and Italy, Tommasini was handed over to the Italian police on January 24, 1941. Interrogated in Coroneo prison in Trieste, he was subsequently sent into internal exile on the island of Ventotene for five years. Unlike other political prisoners, who are released after July 25, 1943, with the overthrow of Mussolini, Tommasini was held along with other anarchists and interned in the Renicci internment camp until the end of the war. Given his strong anti-Communist views he, unlike many anarchists, refused to join the Résistance because it was wholely uner communist control. Fearing potential arrest in Trieste, he stayed at his sister's in Bologna after his release. When he did return to Trieste, he helped found the Gruppo Anarchico Germinal, who relaunched the magazine '//Germinal//' in May 1946. He also returned to employment as a metalworker and, despite the power of the communist unions, was elected as a workplace delegate. In 1954, he was sentenced to 11 months in prison by the military government during the Anglo-American occupation for illegal anarchist propaganda (posters urging police disobedience and desertion). During that period he also helped a number of anarchist flee communist Bulgaria on their clandestine passage to France. In 1965, he was a member of the 'anti-organisationalist' Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica (GIA) that split from the Federazione Anarchica Italiana (FAI). During the late '60s and '70s he became a benchmark for the younger militants who joined the anarchist movement. In 1971, he became the editor of 'Umanità Nova' and continued his activites into his eighties. In 1984, Claudio Venza published a long autobiographical interview tilted '//Umberto Tommasino. The Anarchica Triestino//' (translated into Italian in 2011 as '//Il fabbro anarchico. Autobiografia fra Trieste a Barcellona//'). [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Tommasini ita.anarchopedia.org/Umberto_Tommasini www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html www.carmillaonline.com/2013/03/09/umberto-tommasini-il-fabbro-anarchico/ www.anarchistlife.com/index.php/en/home-eng/item/claudio-magris-su-umberto-tommasini-copy www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Feb. 24] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Council of Ministers orders provincial officials to prevent anti-Semitic pogroms. The order is widely ignored [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1908 - Henri Jullien (d. 2001), grandson of Paule Mink, born in Hanoi. A French socialist, trade unionist, then a mutualist and anarchist. One of the founders of the first syndicat de journalistes confédérés in 1935, he participated in the Résistance and joined the anarchist movement after WWII. In 1949 he became the chair of SIA (Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste) and a supporter of the CIRA (Centre International de Recherche sur l'Anarchisme) in Marseille.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa escapes from prison in El Paso, returns to Mexico and raises army against Victoriano Huerta.

[D] 1916 - In response to the US recognition of Carranza, Pancho Villa's guerrillas cross into New Mexico and attack Columbus, New Mexico with 500 riders. 100 Villistas killed and 18 Americans. New Mexico's Senator Albert Bacon Fall calls for a half million US Army occupation of Mexico.

[B] 1916 - Carles Fontseré (d. 2007), one of the important Catalan anarchist poster artists of the Spanish Revolution, born. Active in the Sindicato de Dibujantes Profesionales de Barcelona (Union of Professional Illustrators; SPD), whose posters plastered the walls of Barcelona - as George Orwell noted on his arrival in the city that December: "//The revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud.//" Fontserè was to bemoan the loss of vitality of these posters once they became 'official' productions of the Republic. The F.A.I. poster Llibertat! (Freedom), with the sickle-waving farmer and the red and black flag in the background, is his work. A refugee in France following Franco's victory, he worked painting stage designs and illustrating Catalan literature. After time spent in Mexico, he ended up in New York where he worked as a cartoonist, painter, poster designer and scenery decorator. He also collaborated with Salvador Dali on a photography project. [terradesomnis.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/carles-fontsere-illustrador-de-la.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Fontserè_i_Carrió]

1938 - Franco's forces, with overwhelming air superiority, launch a major assault on the Aragon front; the Republican forces, torn by internal disputes, collapse; and by April 15 the Nationalists reach the coast, splitting Republican territory in two.

1939 - In Madrid, the anarchist Cipriano Mera (1896-1975), heading the IV army corps, routs the counter-revolutionary communist troops which besiege the National Council of Defence.

1949 - Following the unsuccessful attack on Eduardo Quintela Boveda's car the week before [see: Mar. 2], José López Penedo and José Sabaté Llopart, in whose house in Torrasa they were staying prior to returning tho France, are surprised by a night-time police raid. They defend themselves and, in the ensuing gun battle, manage to jump out of a window in a hail of bullets. José Sabaté manages to escape while Jose Lopez Penedo, wounded by a bullet in the lung, is captured unconscious. ||
 * = 10 || 1817 - The Blanketeers: Impoverished and hungry handloom weavers and spinners assemble in St Peter's Field, Manchester, each equipped with a blanket for their march to London to present a petition to the Prince Regent. After intimidation from the authorities, only a few reach Macclesfield, and no organised marchers get further than Derby.

[AAA] 1863 - Whilst the rest of Guildford is celebrating the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra, a gang of Guys (masked up celebrants of November 5th activities that often turned to rioting in the town) light a bonfire outside Holy Trinity Church and begin smashing windows in the town.

1900 - Pandelis Pouliopoulos (Παντελής Πουλιόπουλος; d. 1943), Greek Trotskyist and onetime general secretary of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), born. Considered the founding father of Greek Trotskyism. In 1943, and then very ill and hospitalised with the tuberculosis that he had contracted in prison, he was executed by the Italian occupation forces in Nezero, near Larissa, along with over a hundred other militants, in retaliation for the destruction by partisans of the Gorgopotamos bridge. Speaking in Italian to the squad of soldiers given the job of executing him, he exhorted them not to commit such a crime against the anti-fascist resisters and their adversaries in the war. When the soldiers refused to be executioners, it was the Carabinieri who were given the task. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandelis_Pouliopoulos www.marxists.org/archive/pouliop/ www.workersliberty.org/story/2013/06/12/life-martyred-greek-trotskyist-pioneer-pandelis-pouliopoulos]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon departs Mexico City.

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: Radiotelegramme to the Workers of all Countries, from the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Kronstadt: "//Three days ago, the Communists opened fire upon us, and spilled our blood. As we fight for a just cause, we took up the challenge. The garrison and the working population of Kronstadt, which shook the infamous yoke of the Communists, has decided to fight until the end.//"

1923 - Salvador Segui Rubinat, 'El Noi del Sucre' (The Sugar Boy)(b. 1886), prominent Catalonoan CNT figure, is assassinated on the orders of the governor of Catalonia. [see: Dec. 23]

1938 - Nationalists begin major offensive in Aragón.

1945 - 90 members of the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation meet (or attempt to meet?) in an extraordinary session, seeking ways of resisting the new communist regime (which has closed all meeting places and prohibited the anarchist newspapers), are stopped by the communist militia and sent in concentration camps, where they are tortured and compelled to do forced labour.

1945 - Oscar Ihlebæk (b. 1900), Norwegian newspaper editor and resistance member, dies in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. [see: Oct. 9]

1964 - Ugo Fedeli (b. 1898) Italian anarchist militant, anti-fascist, historian, writer and librarian, dies. Wrote under numerous pseudonyms including Hugo Train and G. Renti. Arrested for the first time in 1913 (aged 15 years old) for participating in the Unione Italiana Sindacale (USI) organised strike; invloved in anti-miltarist campaigns by anarchist groups including Franchi Tiratori (Snipers) and Ribelli Milansesi (Milanese Rebels); attended the events of the 'Settimana Rossa' (Red Week) in Milano (June 7-14, 1914); drafted in 1917, but deserted to Switzerland where was tried in the 'Bombe di Zurigo' process in 1919 (along with other anarchists, including Bruno Misefari, Luigi Bertoni and Joseph Monnanni); in 1920 married Clelia Premoli; took part in the main events of the 'Biennio Rosso' (Two Red Years) in Milan until march 1921: then accused, alongside other anarchists, of a series of bomb attacks which culminated in the attack on the Diana theatre, which caused 21 casualties. [expand]

[A] 1966 - Provos smoke-bomb the Dutch royal wedding.

1972 - South African Airways, London, firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1976 - Jailbreak by John Sherman, a George Jackson Brigade member, from Walla Walla prison in Washington State.

1990 - Poll tax riots in Brixton and Swindon — during the latter, good sense and ingenuity are displayed as cop radios are jammed.

[D] 1996 - Freeport copper mine in West Papua is closed and destroyed by 3,000 locals after a clansman is run over by mine security. Overnight, the world price of copper jumped from $15 to $2580 per ton. "March 10th-13th 1996: Thousands of people (including Papuan Freeport employees) riot in Freeport's Tembagapura town, after a Dani tribeman is run down by a Freeport vehicle and his body dumped in a ravine. Many company facilities are destroyed or damaged, along with the government relations office, the shopping mall and other buildings - the airport is also attacked. 6,000 march south to Timika and two other company towns (one newly built) on the 3rd day, wreaking more havoc. The mine is closed for two days, and one tribal leader describes the riots as "a war on Freeport and the government"." - '//Rumble in the Jungle//', '//Do or Die//' Issue 8 (1999) [www.eco-action.org/dod/no8/rumble.html www.utwatch.org/corporations/freeportfiles/walhi-960315.text www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/world/asia/below-a-mountain-of-wealth-a-river-of-waste.html?_r=0] ||
 * = 11 || [D] 1811 - Luddites attack machines designed to replace them in the weaving of wool, with 63 stocking frames broken up at Arnold near Nottingham.

1845 - Maori uprising against British rule. Today Ngapuhi attack and take Kororareka (now Russell) township, Bay of Islands.

1850 - Clément Duval (d. 1935), French anarchist illegalist, member of La Panthère des Batignolles, born. He was sentenced to death by a French court for a burglary (in which a policeman was wounded trying to apprehend him). Eventually commuted to life, he spent 14 years in French Guyana where he attempted over 20 prison escapes. Finally, on April 14, 1901, he made good his escape and after a two year sojourn slipped into NY City, where he lived until age 85, supported and surrounded by Italian and French anarchist comrades. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_Duval en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_Duval www.katesharpleylibrary.net/b8gv6t raforum.info/spip.php?mot1642 www.bagnedeguyane.fr/archives/2013/04/11/26902863.html]

1892 - François Ravachol's second attempt to take retribution for the Affaire de Clichy defendants, targets the home of the presiding judge at the Clichy trial, Edouard Benoit. On the first floor of no. 136 Boulevard Saint-Germain outside Benoit's flat, he placed the smelting pot bomb with its fifty dynamite cartridges and scrap iron shrapnel. Shortly after he had left the premises, the bomb explodes causing extensive damage butcausing no injuries. The affair caused a considerable sensation, which became greater following the attack on the Lobau Barracks attack, the site of the Communard massacres, on March 15, days before the anniversary of the rising of the Paris Commune, by the anarchist carpenter Théodule Meunier. [ Costantinni pic ] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/ravachol.html noms.rues.st.etienne.free.fr/rues/ravachol.html www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 26] In St. Petersburg, prominent Social Revolutionary Maximilian Shveitser, leader of a SR Combat Organisation team planning to kill Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, governor-general of Saint Petersburg, accidentally blows himself up while making a bomb in the Bristol Hotel. A double agent, Tatarov, leads the police to the rest of the group, who are all arrested on March 29-30. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Швейцер,_Максимилиан_Ильич www.eleven.co.il/article/14790]

1909 - In Limoges, towards two o'clock in the morning, a bomb exploded in front of the police station causing some damage. The same night, a dynamite cartridge is discovered on the wall of the barracks of the 78th Infantry Regiment. The attack was immediately attributed by some newspapers to anarchists as their response to a circular by Georges Clemenceau concerning anti-militarists. The investigation determines that the dynamite used in the attacks had been stolen some time ago from quarries at nearby Isle.

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 26] February Revolution [Февральская революция]: Early Sunday morning, the police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks. General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers. 169 workers are killed, and over 1,000 people are injured. By 4 pm, the 4th company of the Pavlovsky Regiment, outraged that part of their regiment fired on workers, rushes into the street to subdue them. On the way, police try to stop the company, and a fire fight ensues. General Khabalov orders the company to disarm; some soldiers refuse and join the protestors. Bolshevik workers in the Vyborg district plan to push events into an armed uprising. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 26] February Revolution [Февральская революция]: In the wake of the new wave of strikes Nicholas II orders the Duma to close down.

1944 - Operation Spark*: Another attempt is made to assassinate Hitler when he summons the staff of Field Marshal Busch, now commanding Army Group Centre, to brief him at the Berghof villa. A member of the staff, Captain Eberhard von Breitenbuch (1910 - 1980), volunteered to carry a pistol into the meeting and shoot Hitler. But on the day of the briefing, Hitler issued a Führer directive excluding junior officers from Führer briefings. [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1949 - Miguel Barba Moncayo aka 'Reyes' (b. ca. 1899), Catalan anarchist activist with the FIJL, is murdered in cold blood in his own home in front of his wife and children after the police had knocked on the door and asked him for his identification. He had only just been released from prison. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article683 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/actividades-no-sindicales/1721-miguel-barba-moncayo-anarquista-catalan.html]

1968 - At a demonstration against new airport at Narita in Japan, students attempting to storm the fences at the Tokyo International Airpot Corporation building are forced back from fences riot police deploying water cannon. Demonstrators throw missiles at riot police and the cops storm into crowd, making numerous arrests.] [www.itnsource.com/en/compilations/faith,-history-politics/events/lr/S31070702/1968-Year-of-Protest-Footage/ ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

1968 - Factory workers riot in Warsaw. [expand]

1972 - In Milan a 60-year-old retired man, Giuseppe Tavecchio, is shot in the head at point blank range by a police tear gas projectile as he crosses the road, returning home with a bagful of shopping. The incident occured after a street demonstration, organised by the extra-parliamentary Left, degenerates into clashes with the police close to the headquarters of Corriere della Sera. Militants of the Potere Operaio (Workers’ Power), in particular, go toe to toe with the paramilitary police, transforming the centre of Milan into a battleground. Tavecchio dies 3 days later in hospital and, following a notorious trial, the cop who fired the round and his superior are acquitted on all charges. [www.isiciliani.it/1972-e-1977-11-marzo-di-anni-diversi-due-giorni-di-sangue-a-milano-e-bologna/]

1973 - An FBI agent is fatally shot at the occupation of Wounded Knee by Oglala Sioux where the formation of independent Oglala Sioux Nation is proclaimed at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

1975 - In Portugal a hastily arranged rightist military coup, led by General António de Spinola with the support of paratroops units and the Guarda Nacional Republicana, is quickly defeated by left-wing forces in the military. Spinola decided upon this course of action after he had been warned on March 8, 1975 by the Spanish and French secret services about the Matança da Páscoa (Killing of Easter), a supposed plot by the Portuguese Communist Party and the more radical members in COPCON (Comando Operacional do Continente / Continental Operations Command) and the 5th Division, supported by the Soviet Union, for a campaign of political assassinations, with Spinola and his supporters amongst the targets, as part of a leftist coup. The attempted coup began as two T6 aircraft and four helicopters bombed the left-wing RAL 1 (Regimento de Artilharia Ligeira 1 / 1st Light Artillery Regiment) barracks near Lisbon airport, backed up by a ground force of paratroopers. In response the left-wing population of many cities set up street barricades in defence of the government, protests that would continue for the next three days. By 14:00 it was all over, and three hours later Spinola fled by helicopter to Talavera de la Reina, Spain, going into exile in Brazil on March 15, 1975. The defeat of the coup resulted in a turn in the revolutionary process to the political left, with the main sectors of the economy, such as the banks, transportation, steel mills, mines, and communications companies, being nationalised. However, it also led directly to the events of November 25, 1975 and the ultimate defeat of the socialist revolution by a rightist counter-coup. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_11_de_Março_de_1975 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matança_da_Páscoa_(Revolução_dos_cravos) 150anos.dn.pt/2014/09/30/o-golpe-spinolista-de-11-de-marco-de-1975/ www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1975/portugal/5-twocoups.htm www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1975.htm www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm]

1977 - During a protest in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Bologna, Pier Francesco Lorusso (b. 1952), a medical student and Lotta Continua militant, is shot dead by police. [www.isiciliani.it/1972-e-1977-11-marzo-di-anni-diversi-due-giorni-di-sangue-a-milano-e-bologna/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Lorusso it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Lorusso]

1979 - In anti-tax demonstrations 50,000 people march through Dublin, most of calling for a General Strike. An estimated 150,000 or more people march through Dublin on 20 March and other protests occur in 30 towns throughout the country, including a march by 40,000 workers in Cork.

[A] 1986 - During fights with the cops, steelworkers in Reinosa surround the Guardia Civil, beat them up, strip them naked and march them out of town.

2001 - Over 100,000 greet Zapatistas at the conclusion of their 15-day trek to México City in demand for indigenous rights.

2014 - Fifteen-year-old Berkin Elvan, one of the victims of the Gezi Park anti-government protests in Turkey, dies after spending 269 days in hospital in a coma. He had been hit on the head by a tear-gas canister fired by the police at the protesters. His death sparks a fresh outbreak of violence, during which 22-year-old Burak Can Karamanoğlu is shot dead by the police in Istanbul’s Okmeydanı neighborhood on the evening of March 12. [tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkin_Elvan www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/11/turkey-protests_n_4942943.html www.hurriyetdailynews.com/high-tension-in-sensitive-istanbul-neighborhood-over-death-of-young-man-after-berkin-elvan-funeral.aspx?pageID=238&nID=63544&NewsCatID=341] ||
 * = 12 || [AA] 1650 - Diggers at Wellingborough issue their declaration: "//A Declaration of the Grounds and Reasons why we the poor Inhabitants of the Town of Wellingborrow, in the County of Northampton, have begun and give consent to dig up, manure and sow Corn upon the Common, and waste ground, called Bareshanke belonging to the Inhabitants of Wellinborrow, by those that have Subscribed and hundreds more that give Consent.//"

1906 - Jean Jérôme (Michał Feintuch; d. 1990), French Communist activist, Jew and Résistance member, who helped organise shipments of weapons to Republican Spain and aid for Republican refugees post-defeat, born in Poland. Took the pseudonym Jean Jérôme in 1940 whilst working in the Résistance in Paris. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jérôme fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jérôme]

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Luis Rodriguez and 20 PLM rebels seize Tecate after having to fight several battles.

1912 - The IWW wins the Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' Textile Strike of 1912: Having offered a 5% pay raise on March 1, which the workers rejected, and concerned over the public reaction to the House Committee on Rules hearings, as well as the possible threat to their own tariff protection, the American Woolen Company acceded to all the strikers' demands. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata besieges Cuautla with 5,000 men. City taken, all federal officers executed. Magónist forces led by Jose Maria Leyva and Simon Berthold fail to retake the town.

[D] [1917 - February Revolution [Февральская революция]: The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов) formed [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петроградский_совет_рабочих_и_солдатских_депутатов]

1921 - Edgar Rodrigues (Antônio Francisco Correia; d. 2009), militant anti-fascist and anarchist historian of the Portuguese and Brazilian anarchist movement, who authored more than fifty books, born in northern Portugal. [www.anarkismo.net/article/13241 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/gthv65 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/edgar-rodrigues-a-history-of-the-anarchist-movement-in-brazil]

[C] 1933 - A British Union of Fascists meeting of 3,000 at Manchester’s Free Trade Hall to hear Oswald Mosley speak descends into rioting between fascists and anti-fascist communists and is broken up by police. In the preceeding days, local CPGB members had distributed an anti-fascist manifesto calling on all members of the Labour Party, ILP, trade unions and Co-ops to unite against the BUF and their meeting. In the meeting itself, the first trouble broke out when someone asked Mosley if BUF was anti-Semetic. One of the 140 or so 1 Squad [the BUF's elite uniformed thugs under the command of Eric Hamilton Piercy, and who were always armed and drove round in armoured vehicles] hit him over the head with a rubber truncheon. When other audience members objected, they were assaulted. They fought back and the meeting descended into running battles between hecklers and Blackshirts. The Union Flag was torn down from the platform by antifascist communists singing the '//Red Flag//'. The fascist responded with '//God save the Queen//'. Police netered the hall and ordered the stewards out and led Mosley from the stage. Three fascists required hospital treatment. [PR] [www.manchesterjewishstudies.org/fascism-in-manchester/ www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/MQ37564.pdf www.oswaldmosley.net/mosleys-men-and-women.php www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/page.php?did=125-bla-1933a&pageno=9&date_option=equal&textonly=yes]

1949 - Date sometimes given for the execution in Zaragoza of Justiniano Garcia Macho, aka 'El Macho', (b. unkown) and Pedro Acosta Canovas, aka 'El Chaval' & 'Pedro', (b. 1925). [see: Mar. 22]

1951 - Barcelona Tram Strike: Following a climbdown by the government and the Organización Sindical, together with the Phalangists trying to get its worker back operating the trams at the old ticket rates that were reintroduced on the 6th, the CNT declares a general strike for the 12th: "Against the cost of living! Against the Falangist terror!" It quickly spreads across the city. [libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_tranvías_de_Barcelona_de_1951 www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm revista-hc.com/includes/pdf/05_12.pdf historiadelpresente.es/sites/default/files/congresos/pdf/37/felixhdez2.pdf mayansmayans.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/barcelon-1951-y-el-tranvia.html vdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-citizens-general-strike-democracy-and-economic-justice-1951 elultimoviajeaicaria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/la-llamada-huelga-de-tranvias-del-51-la.html grupostirner.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/primavera-caliente.html www.lavanguardia.com/participacion/cartas/20110301/54120620371/60-anos-de-la-huelga-de-tranvias-en-barcelona.html blog.arqueologiadelpuntdevista.com/2012/01/huelga-de-tranvias-barcelona-1951.html]

1958 - Manol Vassev (Yordan Sotirov; b. 1898), Bulgarian anarchist militant, labour organiser and World War II Resistance fighter, dies. A popular Bulgarian militant anarcho-trade unionist, member of the Bulgarian Anarchist Communist Federation (FAKB) and a living symbol of resistance to both fascism and to Bolshevism. Arrested in March 1945, he spent several years the Stalinist concentration camps of Dupnitsa and Kutzian, where his resistance forced the authorities to release him. However, he rifused to sign a statement denouncing his anarchist beliefs and leave, and he had to be thrown out by force. He later served 5 years in the Sliven prison, and was sentenced again to one and a half years there. At the trial before the second term, exceptionally held in public, he was accused of being an "agent in the pay of the Anglo-Americans". He rose and cut the prosecutor short, crying out: "It isn’t me who signed the Teheran and Yalta treaties with the English and the Americans; it’s not me who went to London to kiss the skirt of the Queen of England!" He was poisoned by his prison guards one day before his scheduled release. [libcom.org/history/articles/1898-1958-manol-vassev-sotirov militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6134 tarfor.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=19%3Aenglish&id=231%3Athe-anarchist-communist-mass-line-bulgarian-anarchism-armed&Itemid=1]

1977 - Joaquín Ascaso Budria (b. 1906), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 5]

[A] 1977 - Il Movimento riots in Bologna: 100,000 people demonstrate in Rome - the Ministry of Justice is attacked and gun shops are looted.

2015 - Two cops are shot outside the police headquarters in Ferguson, Missouri during a low-key protest close to midnight. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 13 || 1848 - Märzrevolution: Restive students, encouraged by a sermon of Anton Füster, a liberal priest, in their university chapel the previous day, hold a demonstration demanding a constitution and a constituent assembly elected by universal male suffrage. Under orders from Emperor Ferdinand and his chief advisor Metternich to crush the demonstration, troops fire on demonstrators as they entered the streets near the palace, killing several. The new working class of Vienna joined the student demonstrations, which rapidly developed into an armed insurrection, and became the first of many revolt during 1848 (the 'Year of Revolutions') that swept the states of the German Confederation. By early October, the Imperial court and government have fled and the city is in the hands of the revolutionaries.

1848 - Märzrevolution: In Berlin the Prussian army charges people returning from a meeting in the Tiergarten; they leave one person dead and many injured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrikadenaufstand]

1870 - A meeting of several thousand is held in Lyon by local members of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs (International Association of Workers), who had been working since the beginning of the year in preparation for a possible workers revolution in the city. [see: Sep. 4]

1881 - [O.S. March 1] While returning to his palace along the Catherine Canal, the closed carriage of Tsar Alexander II is hit by a bomb thrown by 'Nihilist' [see: Voline for a discussion on relevance of the use of the term 'nihilist'] revolutionary People's Will (Narodnaya Volya) member Nikolai Rysakov. The explosion kills one of the escorting Cossacks and a passing butcher's boy. Rysakov is captured almost immediately but, as Alexander steps down from his carriage uninjured, Rysakov's comrade Ignacy Hryniewiecki aka 'Kotik' (Kitten) then throws a second bomb which explodes, terning the Czar apart. He dies latter that day as does Hryniewiecki. Rysakov and a number of other comrades were hung on April 3, 1881. [ Costantini pic ] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia#Assassination en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rysakov en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Hryniewiecki en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya spartacus-educational.com/RUSpw.htm www.thepeopleswillbook.com/thepeopleswill.htm www.ditext.com/voline/unknown.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/voline-the-unknown-revolution-1917-1921-book-one-birth-growth-and-triumph-of-the-revolution]

1896 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Following the resignation of the Italian prime minister Francesco Crispi, ministers in the new liberal government, recognising the excessive brutality of the repression of the Sicilain Fasci, recommend an amnesty for the 120 Fasci members convicted by the military tribunals during the 1893-94 protests. [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9404EFDC123EE333A25757C1A9659C94679ED7CF]

1905 - Les Travailleurs de la Nuit Trial: [Fifth session] On the night of March 27 to 28, 1903, the cathedral of Tours was visited by burglars. Using a mason's ladder taken from a nearby site, the wire mesh of a window was cut with pliers in the base of the right angle, the artistic stained glass window had been broken and though it the perpetrators were introduced. On the inside of the cathedral, a 7-metre firemen's ladder, taken in the angle internal of the Southern corner of the tower had allowed to be taken away in their frames high value XVIIIth century tapestries: '//La Nativité et Les Rois mages//' (The Nativity and the Magi), '//Jésus au milieu des docteurs//' (Jesus in the midst of the doctors), '//La Présentation au Temple//' (he Presentation in the Temple), '//La Fuite en Egypte//' (The Flight from Egypt). On the stained glass fracture was discovered a silk button. Early research made ​​it possible to establish that at 03:39 n individual carrying a 3rd class return Paris-Tours ticket, dated the 27th, was shown at Tours ticket control to catch the 03:42 Express Train. He had in his hands a big roll of carpet and he was accompanied by another person, the bearer of two other rolls of lesser volume, who entered at the docks with a 10 cents ticket. The first of these individuals was Bour, who was recognissed by the employee who had gaven him a first class supplement and a porter who had helped carry the parcels. Jacob, Bour and Pélissard, claims the indictment, agreed that this theft was committed by them; according Bour, the tapestries were transported to Jacob's mother and his mistress, to make them unrecognisable, cutting them up. One of these pieces was used as door cover to the bedroom of Jacob, but at the time of the search of Rue ​​Leibniz, give evidence on the theft. Messrs. Cruchet Narcissus, head priest at Tours, and Caubet, former police commissioner in Tours, give evidence on the theft. Mr Caubet relates the departure from Tours to Paris from burglars, as related in the indictment. He speaks at length of the many robberies in the region, but which have nothing to do in the case. Jacob laughs, smiles, and shrugs his shoulders. [www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2008/06/vol-a-tours/]

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon from Sonora rises against Victoriano Huerta and captures Nogales. The army of Obregon was filled with displaced Yaqui Indians. The northern armies of Pancho Villa, Obregon and Venustiano Carranza operated independently and did not trust one another.

1920 - Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch: An attempted coup, named after its leaders, Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, takes place in the capital, Berlin. It aimed to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish a right-wing autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. The legitimate German government was forced to flee the city. The coup failed after a few days, when large sections of the German population followed a call by the government to join a general strike. At the same time the Rote Ruhrarmee (Ruhr Red Army) came into existance to help thwart the rightists' plans. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp-Putsch en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/luettwitz-kapp-putsch-1920.html]

[DD] 1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: Members of the KPD, USPD, SPD and FAUD in the Ruhr form the Rote Ruhrarmee (Ruhr Red Army) in swift response to the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch. Estimated to number about 50,000 men, it was able to defeat in a very short period the armed forces and police units in the area. Those involved in the uprising, who were often WWI veterans, even received wages from the workers' councils. They often operated in small groups, transporting themselves by bicycle. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1943 - Operation Spark*: A Schwarze Kapelle (Black Band) plot to kill Hitler with a timebomb smuggled on board his plane on a flight from Smolensk to East Prussia flops when the detonator fails to go off. If the plan had succeeded, General Friedrich Olbricht (1888 - 1944), head of the General Army Office headquarters, would have uses the Replacement Army to seize control in Berlin, Vienna, Munich and all the military district centres across Germany by the original Valkyrie plan (before Tresckow rewrote it in advance of the July 20 plot). [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

[C] 1978 - An escape tunnel is discovered at Madrid's Carabanchel prison. The Spanish militant anarchist Agustin Rueda Sierra and seven fellow prisoners are 'identified' as the tunnel builders and subjected to more than six hours of brutal beatings and torture. [see: Mar. 14]

2013 - Dacajeweiah (Splitting the Sky), also known as John Boncore Hill (b. 1952), Mohawk American Indian Movement activist, part time film and screen actor, dies. Imprisoned in New York’s notorious Attica State Prison for his native American activist protests, he was at the heart of the 1971 uprising and the only prisoner convicted of murder [for the death of prison guard William Quinn] following the New York governor Nelson Rockefeller ordered military assault on the prison by State police, where 43 people died. He was sentenced to at least 20 years in prison in 1975 but was pardoned the following year by the then-Govenor Hugh Carey against the backdrop of mass recriminations against how the police acted during the assault, something that the investigating commissions' lead, New York law professor Robert McKay, described the assault as the "bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans, except for the massacres against Indians of the 19th Century." ||
 * = 14 || 1872 - A law is passed in Paris condemning affiliation to the International as being an "attack against the public peace" and to be punished accordingly.

1893 - Emilio Canzi (d. 1945), Italian partisan, anarchist and anti-fascist combattant in the Spanish Civil War, born. Head of the Battaglione Cantarana, he helped train the Arditti del Popolo (People’s Commmandos), who fought against Mussolini’s Blackshirts. Following the killing of a fascist he had to flee to France. In 1927 he returned to Italy to undertake underground work but was arrested. He managed to explain away his presence and left the country illegally in 1928. In France he joined an exile group of Piacenza anarchists, the Anarchist Communist Union of Piacenza. In October 1933 he served on the Anarchist Committee for political Victims based in Paris that maintained links with militants still in Italy. He was a main organiser of protests against the expulsion of Italian anarchist militants from France in 1935. In 1936 he fought with Italian anarchist volunteers in Spain on the Aragon front. Returning to Paris he contributed to the exile anarchist press and organised aid for Italian anarchist volunteers who had ended up in French concentration camps. With the German invasion, Emilio was arrested by the Nazis, spending 3 months in a German prison and then he was sent to a concentration camp. In March 1942 he was transferred to Italy to receive a sentence of five years of internment on the prison island of Ventotene. From here he was sent to the concentration camp of Renicci D’Anghiari from where he and other anarchists organised a daring escape in 1943. He organised a partisan detachment in the mountains. He was arrested by the fascists in 1944 but was freed in a prisoner exchange. The Communists tried to neutralise his importance in the partisan movement and to discredit him and he was arrested by them. Another partisan unit freed him and he took part in the fighting to liberate Piacenza. He threw himself into activity in the anarchist movement again, taking part in the congress of the FCL (Libertarian Communist federation) and then at the founding congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Carrara in September 1945. On October 2 1945 he was struck by a British Army truck and he died in hospital several weeks later. The nature of the accident remains mysterious. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Emilio_Canzi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Canzi www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/emilio-canzi/ www.ecn.org/antifa/article/611/ilcolonnelloanarchicoemiliocanzielaguerracivilespagnola anpibarona.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/emilio-canzi-un-bel-racconto-di.html]

1896 - Louis Emile Cottin (d. 1936), French carpenter-cabinet maker and militant anarchist, born. Received a death sentence [see below] (later commuted) for trying to assassinate Clémenceau in 1919. Cottin died on the Saragossa front during the Spanish Revolution, where he fought in the famed Durruti Column. [www.ephemanar.net/mars14.html#cottin]

1901 - Horacio Badaraco (d. 1946), Argentinian militant anarchist, born. Fought in Spain. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Badaraco www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/b/badaraco.php]

1912 - Young Italian anarchist Antonio d' Alba attempts to assassinate Vittorio Emanuele III by firing two shots from a revolver. The king came out unscathed, but D'Alba was captured and sentenced to hard labour.

1912 - IWW members agree to terms granting wage increases as 10,000 strikers gather and vote, successfully ending the 'Bread & Roses' Lawrence Textile Strike of 32,000-people against wool mills. The strike was precipitated by wage cuts and horrendous working conditions. Lawrence, Massachusetts.

1918 - Gennaro Rubino (b. 1859), Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium on November 15 1902, dies in prison, possibly from Spanish flu after fifteen years of imprisonment and isolation that had come to affect his mental faculties.

[C] 1918 - Abba Kovner (אבא קובנר; d. 1987), Lithuanian Jewish Hebrew poet, writer, and commander of the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO; United Partisan Organisation) in the Vilna Ghetto, born. [expand] "Let us not go like sheep to the slaughter, Jewish youth! Do not believe those who are deceiving you. Out of 80,000 Jews of the Jerusalem of Lithuania (Vilna), only 20,000 remain. In front of your eyes our parents, our brothers and our sisters are being torn away from us. Where are the hundreds of men who were snatched away for labor by the Lithuanian kidnappers? Where are those naked women who were taken away on the horror-night of the provocation? Where are those Jews of the Day of Atonement? And where are our brothers of the second ghetto? Anyone who is taken out through the gates of the ghetto, will never return. All roads of the ghetto lead to Ponary, and Ponary means death. Oh, despairing people, - tear this deception away from your eyes. Your children, your husbands, your wives - are no longer alive - Ponary is not a labor camp. Everyone there is shot. Hitler aimed at destroying the Jews of Europe. It turned out to be the fate of the Jews of Lithuania to be the first. Let us not go like sheep to the slaughter. It is true that we are weak, lacking protection, but the only reply to a murderer is resistance. Brothers, it is better to die as free fighters than to live at the mercy of killers. Resist, resist, to our last breath!" [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Kovner www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/kovner.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Kovner.html www.jewishpartisans.org/t_switch.php?pageName=mini+bio+short+bio+1&parnum=57 jewishpartisans.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/featured-jewish-partisans-vitka-kempner.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Partisan_Organization]

1919 - The 23-year-old Louis-Emile Cottin is sentenced to death for the attempted assassination of Clemenceau on Feb. 2, 1919. This is commuted to 10 years in prison following a protest campaign organised in the pages of the anarchist '//Libertaire//'.

1920 - Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch: A General Strike is called against the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch in Weimar Germany. [see: Mar. 13 & 17]

1933 - Blackshirts armed with knuckle-dusters and lead-filled rubber hoses attack an anti-fascist gathering outside Rochdale Town Hall. [PR]

[B] 1944 - Peter-Paul Zahl (d. 2011), German anarchist of the '68 generation, writer, poet and novelist, born. Linked to the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2nd Movement), he was jailed for 6 months in 1970 for printing a "Freedom for all prisoners" poster in support of RAF and June 2nd Movement prisoners. In 1972 he was involved in a shoot-out with police during a 'terrorist' manhunt, during which a cop was shot. He was convicted in 1976 double murder trial to 15 years in prison, serving 10 years during which he turned author. In 1985, he emigrated to Jamaica where he was granted Jamaican citizenship and worked as a stage director and writer. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter-Paul_Zahl] www.dadaweb.de/wiki/Peter_Paul_Zahl_-_Gedenkseite syndikalismus.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/anarchist-und-schriftsteller-peter-paul-zahl-ist-tot/ www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/anarchist-und-schriftsteller-peter-paul-zahl-ist-tot-a-741539.html]

1946 - Approximately 200 ex-BU fascists and 18B detainees attend a meeting of prominent fascist John Preen's British or Britons’ Vigilantes Action League, held in the Albert Hall, London. 43 Group members were present in the stalls along with other anti-fascists waiting for the right moment to disrupt the even, when a large group of anti-fascists (mostly communists organised by the London District Committee of the CPGB) invaded the hall, taking it over. The speaker was shouted down and, faced with having lost control of the situation, the fascists fled. The anti-fascists present then held a meeting of their own. The meeting was eventually closed down by the police. [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/mar/14/fascist-activities-albert-hall-meeting www.jta.org/1946/03/15/archive/home-secretary-says-government-cannot-cure-british-fascism-by-suppression en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fascist_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: The 'suicide' of Larbi Ben M'hidi is announced [see: Mar. 4]. He had supposedly committed suicide by hanging himself with his shirt. In fact, it had been decided that Ben M'hidi should not stand trial due to the reprisals that would follow his execution and so Major Paul Aussaresses [of the 11e Choc (11th 'Shock' Paratroop Regiment), the commando unit of the the SDECEE (Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnagecons-Intelligence Service), France's external intteligence service] and men of the 1er Régiment Étranger de Parachutistes (1st Foreign Parachute Regiment) removed him from Bigeard's custody on March 3 and, after interrogation, drove him to a farm outside Algiers where they faked his suicide by hanging in the early hours of the following morning. [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-suicide.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-arrestation-ben m hidi.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi]

1958 - Jesús del Olmo Sáez (aka Malatesta; b. 1924), Spanish anarchist and anti-Francoist resistance fighter, dies. [see: Oct. 18]

1978 - In the early hours in Madrid's Carabanchel prison, the Spanish militant anarchist Agustin Rueda Sierra (b. 1952) dies from the injuries inflicted on him following the discovery of an escape tunnel the previous day. He and seven comrades were 'identified' as the tunnel builders and subjected to more than six hours of brutal beatings and torture. [see: Nov. 14] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_Rueda_Sierra www.todoporhacer.org/a-35-anos-del-asesinato-en-prision-de-agustin-rueda www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2932-agustin-rueda-preso-anarquista-asesinado-en-la-carcel-en-1978.html www.forumperlamemoria.org/?Agustin-Rueda-Sierra-asesinado-el laamapolalibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/asesinato-de-agustin-rueda-1978.html]

1978 - Massacre of Prison Ward 7: Also known as the Motín de los colchones (Mutiny of the mattress). 65 'civil' prisoners are murdered by prison guards in Buenos Aires’ Devoto Jail after prison guards drenched the inmates’ mattresses with kerosene before igniting a ferocious fire. Prisoners lost their lives due to suffocation and burns. When the local fire brigade arrived at the scene, they were told by the prisons officials that the blaze had been controlled and were ordered to leave. Those who attempted to escape were shot dead by the guards at close range. The dictatorship later announced that day that the fire was caused by the prisoners as part of a riot [www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Prison-Massacre-during-Argentine-Dictatorship-Declared-Crime-Against-Humanity-20140902-0041.html memoryinlatinamerica.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/argentina-devoto-prison-deadly-riot-or.html]

[D] 1997 - Zapatista Uprising: In San Pedro Nixtalucum (Municipality of El Bosque), in a repressive display, the state police assault civilians sympathetic to the EZLN, resulting in 4 deaths, 29 wounded, 27 detained and 300 displaced. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2009 - Anti-fascists from a large protest march attack an annual wreath laying event in Ioannina in NW Greece attended by members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn (Xrysi Avgi). Numerous fascists are hospitalised and the event prevented. Despite the intervention of the riot-police, who in the past had provided protection for the neo-Nazis, and the extensive use of tear gas, there were no arrests or injuries amongst the anti-fascist protesters. [libcom.org/news/antifascist-protesters-march-smash-neo-nazi-expansionist-stunt-ioannina-nw-greece-16032009] ||
 * = 15 || 1812 - Luddites attack and destroy cloth at Dickenson, Carr & Co.'s workshop in Leeds. The same occurred at Vickerman's establishment in Taylor Hill, Huddersfield.

1892 - French anarchist carpenter Théodule Meunier targets the Lobau Barracks, the site of the Communard massacres, with a bomb on the eve of the anniversary of the rising of the Paris Commune. Numerous arrests follow and Prime Minister, and future President, Émile Loubet at once submits to the Chamber of Deputies a bill providing that all persons responsible for such outrages should be liable to capital punishment. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier]

1894 - Amédée Pauwels (b. 1864), Belgian anarchist bomber, dies when a bomb he was carrying into the the Church of La Madeleine in Paris explodes prematurely. [see: Jan. 29]

1908 - José Peirats Valls (d. 1989), Spanish anarchist, activist, anti-fascist combatant, journalist, historian and author of '//Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution//' and other books on Spain, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1908.html www.ephemanar.net/aout20.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/6335-jose-peirats-militante-anarquista-y-escritor.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/fqz6mq]

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: General Pershing enters Mexico with 3,000 US Cavalry men to pursue the ever-ellusive Pancho Villa, and which increases to 9,000 men in late April. Villa wounded trying to overrun Carrancista garrison at Guerrero.

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Mar. 2] Tsar Nicholas II abdicates as revolution sweeps his country.

1920 - The council movement in Turin begins a strike, combined with occupation of the factories and resuming production under their own workers' control.

[C] 1932 - Mystery assassins fire on the train Hitler is riding between München and Weimar. They miss him. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: A government Comisión de Investigación into the Casas Viejas massacre recognises the existence of the shootings but exonerates the government. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

1945 - David Antona Domínguez (b. 1904), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and one-time Secretariado del Comité Nacional CNT, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: A protest against electoral corruption takes place in Masan, Korea, sparked by Democratic Party members' exposure of electoral corruption. A thousand residents of Masan gather in front of the Democratic Party Headquarters in Masan around 19:30 in the evening. As the citizens face off against the police, the city is blacked out. The police started shooting at the people and the people responded by throwing rocks at the police. The protest marked the beginning of what would become a popular uprising, led by labour and student groups, which overthrew the autocratic First Republic of South Korea under Syngman Rhee. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

1966 - Jean Biso (b. 1881), French anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco and Vanzetti, Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. [see: Apr. 14]

1969 - Two anarchists, Alan Barlow and Phil Carver, arrested immediately following a powerful explosion at the Bank of Bilbao in London. In their possession was a letter claiming the action on behalf of the 1st of May Group.

1971 - Miquel Liern Barberà (b. 1907), Spanish anarchist, CNT member and combattant on the Teruel, Brunete and Ebro fronts, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

1986 - The most successful picket at Wapping in the News International dispute: forty yards of fence are torn down, lorries are held up for five hours and parts of the country have to do without their Murdoch Sunday papers.

2011 - Prison guards opening fire on prisoners protesting plans to execute 10 inmates in Ghezel Hesar prison in Karaj, the largest prison in Iraq. Nearly 80 are killed or seriously injured, and 70 more left with less serious gunshot wounds. ||
 * = 16 || [D] 1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: Bolsheviks stage final bloody assault on rebellious Kronstadt sailors. Kronstadt put Trotsky in power and Trotsky has squashed Kronstadt, shot its rebels like partridges. He has earned his sobriquet, the 'Red Butcher'.

1935 - Hans Westermann (b. 1890), German Communist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter in the German Resistance, dies in Gestapo custody in the Fuhlsbüttel concentraion camp in Hamburg. [see: Jul. 17]

1938 - Continuous bombing of Barcelona, March 16-18, by the fascist forces.

1969 - Antonio Pereira (b. 1908) (true name Tomaso Ranier) dies. Italian anarchist, member of the Ortiz column during the Spanish Revolution and in the underground movement after the fascist Franco became dictator.

1978 - Giuseppe Bifolchi aka Luigi Viola aka 'V' (b. 1895), Italian anarchist communist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and then later in the Italian Resistance to the Nazis, dies. [see: Feb. 20]

1978 - Aldo Moro, former Italian prime minister and Christian Democrat party leader, kidnapped in Rome by the Red Brigades.

[C] 1992 - Henrik Christensen, a 29-year-old Danish anti-fascist activist is killed when a letter bomb explodes in the offices of the Internationale Socialister, of which he was a member, in Copenhagen. The Søllerødgade bombing (as it came to be known) was claimed by Frit Danmark K12, a unknown neo-Nazi organisation but the police kept this fact a secret. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Søllerødgadebomben www.socialister.dk/socrevy/02/sry02s26.htm tvgaderummet.info/Links til tvg-film/2012-03-16 tvg Bombedrabet paa Henrik Christensen 1992.html]

1993 - Jan Paweł Rogalski (b. 1908), Polish Jewish editor, anarchist and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

2003 - Davide 'Dax' Cesare (b. 1977), Italian anti-fascist activist and militant from the Officina di Resistenza Sociale (O.R.So.) from Rozzano, is stabbed to death by two far-right activists in Milan. He and three comrades from O.R.So. were followed and attacked by three fascists, Federico, Mattia e Giorgio Morbi, a father and his two sons, after leaving a bar in Brioschi. Three of the four anti-fascists recieve numerous stab wounds. Dax dies in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. One of the others is stabbed 19 times but the medics manage to save his life. The ambulances arrived late, and the presence of police and carabinieri made the rescue operation much more difficult. Later, Dax's comrades are brutally attacked by police as they try to enter the emergency ward to get news of their comrades. Ten are seriously injured, others are isolated and chased down the street, and the emergency room is forced to close until the following morning. Federico Morbi, the eldest of two brothers, was sentenced to 16 years and 8 months in prison. The father, initially acquitted, was later sentenced to 3 years and 4 months for the attempted murder of one of the victims. His youngest son, Mattia Morbi (who was 17-years-old at the time of the murder), was given 3 years probation. Additionally, they were ordered to pay €150,000 in compensation to Dax's mother and €100,000 each to his partner and daughter. In the wake of the emergency room 'riot', 2 anti-fascists were each sentenced to 1 year and 8 months in prison, whilst a police sergeant received 7 months. The 2 militants were forced to pay €130,000 in damages! [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_di_Dax en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Cesare www.reti-invisibili.net/dax/ www.daxresiste.org/chi-siamo/ libcom.org/blog/'we-don't-forgive-we-don't-forget'-anti-fascists-commemorate-ten-years-murder-davide-cesare]

2008 - Aleksey Krylov aka 'Kyrl' (Алексе́й Крыло́в) a 21-year-old Russian anti-fascist is murdered by neo-Nazis in Moscow. On his way to concert by the Petrozhavodsk anti-fascist oi!-band Nichego Horoshego (Ничего хорошего) at the Art Garbage (Арт Гарбадж) club, the group of young anti-fascists he was in was attacked near Maroseika by twenty neo-Nazis armed with knives. Alexei received thirty-four knife wounds and died on the spot. A young woman attacked in the same incident survived by a chance - the knife got stuck in her backpack less than an inch from her body. [threewayfight.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/moscow-russia-antifascist-murdered-on.html ainfos.ca/en/ainfos20609.html]

2013 - 10,000 people take part in a demonstration in Milan to commemorate ten years since the murder of Davide 'Dax' Cesare by fascists. [libcom.org/blog/'we-don't-forgive-we-don't-forget'-anti-fascists-commemorate-ten-years-murder-davide-cesare] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_uprising_of_1650 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новгородское_восстание dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/114208/Новгородское]
 * = 17 || 1650 - Novgorod Uprising [Новгородское восстание 1650 года]: During an uprising in Novgorod, caused by the Russian government's bulk purchasing of grain (traded to Sweden) which resulted in increases in the price of bread, the Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod is beaten up by a crowd having damned the new municipal authority set up by the insurgents in a church litergy two days earlier.

1848 - Cinque giornate di Milano [Five Days of Milan]: News of the revolution in Vienna and the dismissal of Metternich reaches Milan, generating a lot of political excitement and raising hopes. A group of young radical republicans decide to organise a large demonstration demanding a free press, the establishment of a civilian guard and the creation of a national assembly. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_giornate_di_Milano www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/milanfiv.htm]

1892 - On the second floor of 39 Rue de Clichy, François Ravachol places a small suitcase. In the building lives Bulot, a public prosecutor. Five people are wounded in the considerable carnage. "I have done this", Ravachol declares, "first because M Benoit passed an unfair sentence on Decamp and friends. The jury asked for the minimum sentence, he gave the maximum. Second, because there has been no publicity over the ill-treatment they received at the Clichy police headquarters. It is for these reasons that I have especially marked out MM Bulott and Benoit, but I want all those who have the responsibility of meting out justice to be more clement if they want better treatment themselves." [ Costantini pic ]

1901 - Severino di Giovanni (d. 1931), Italian typographer and anarchist who emigrated to Argentian, born. Best known for his campaign of violence in support of Sacco and Vanzetti and anti-fascism, for which he was executed by firing squad. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni ita.anarchopedia.org/Severino_di_Giovanni www.katesharpleylibrary.net/jdfnqz]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 4] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Workers are granted a partial right to form unions, but not to strike; as are the rights of assembly and association, subject to government approval. The Tsarist regime is trying to introduce the bare minimum level of civil liberties that had been pledged in the 'October Manifesto'. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Federal forces retake Tecate and kill the entire defending PLM force.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Pascual Orozco becomes brigadier in Victoriano Huerta's army.

1920 - Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch: Twelve million workers are now taking part in the general strike called on March 14 and the Putsch has effectively collapsed, as Kapp and Lüttwitz are forced to 'resign voluntarily' in order that they save face and the 'Bolsheviks' are not seen to have won - the outcome of behind the scene negotiations. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp-Putsch en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/luettwitz-kapp-putsch-1920.html]

[C] 1920 - Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch: Adolf Hitler acting as liaison between the Berlin and Munich military revolts, flies to Berlin with early nazi convert Dietrich Eckart to meet with Wolfgang Kapp. But his pilot gets lost, missing Berlin by forty-miles, landing the pair in Jüterborg, a spot with no running trains, and roads that have been barricaded by the strikers. Hitler manages to avoid discovery by wearing a goatee as a disguise, claims to be an accountant in the employ of Eckart, who professes to be a paper salesman, and they are finally allowed to continue their flight to Berlin. [grwa.tripod.com/ht10.html]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: Units of the Red Ruhr Army near Wetter attack an advance party of the Freikorps Lichtschlag under Hauptmann Hasenclever, who upon being asked had identified himself as a supporter of the new Kapp government. They took the enemy force's weapons, captured 600 Freikorps members and occupied Dortmund. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: Bolshevik forces enter Kronstadt. There is a great slaughter when the island is taken.

[A] 1937 - The Friends of Durruti Group is formally established in Spain.

1941 - Jules Sellenet, known as Francis Boudoux (b. 1881), French militant, anti-militarist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 18]

1967 - Aivar Voitka, Estonian anti-Soviet guerrilla legend and member of Metsavendlus Eestis (Forest Brothers), pro-anarchist, born. The documentary '//Voitka - Metsän veljet//' (Warriors of Independence; 2004) directed by Pekka Lehto, was made about their exploits. [et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennad_Voitkad et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsavendlus_Eestis www.imdb.com/title/tt0346150/]

[D] 1976 - Countrywide wildcat work stoppage in Italy, roads blocked, town halls besieged. Unions declare a one-day General Strike in an attempt to recoup this movement.

[1978 - demos & riots over the death of Agustín Rueda on March 14 [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1703.html pacosalud.blogspot.com/2012/03/manifestaciones-de-protesta-por-la.html]

2013 - Five prison guards held hostages in Malandrinos prison, Greece.

2015 - Dozens of people are been hurt and some 350 people arrested as thousands of anti-austerity demonstrators clash with police during protests against the opening of the new European Central Bank headquarters in Frankfurt. Seven police cars were set on fire, streets were blocked by burning stacks of tires and rubbish bins, and shops were damaged in the city center. Dark smoke billowed in front of the ECB towers and across central Frankfurt. Authorities had erected a security zone around the 185 metre skyscraper, putting up barricades and barbed wire in preparation for the protest action. Around 10,000 anti-capitalist protesters, marching under the banner of leftist alliance Blockupy, were expected to attend the rally, with a march through the city planned for later in the evening. A special train had been chartered by organisers to bring 800 people from Berlin, and 60 buses from 39 European countries are also heading to the financial hub. Activists said many protesters had been hurt by police batons, water cannon and by pepper spray and that the police agression had provoked the resulting violent response by the crowd. On the cops' side, they claimed that nearly 90 police were injured by stones and unidentified liquids thrown from within the thousands-strong protest. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrikadenaufstand]
 * = 18 || 1848 - Barrikadenaufstand [Barricades Uprising] / Märzrevolution: Following the failure of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV to grant the liberal concessions demanded by the masses, a large demonstration is held in Berlin. When two shots ring out the people, fearing the soldiers surrounding the castle were being used against them, quickly began erecting barricades. In the Schlossplatz dragoons began attacking the crowd with swords, whilst the crowd threw stones at the soldiers trying to pull down the barricades. The battle raged until the commander of the Royal Guard Corps, Lieutenant General Karl von Prittwitz, suggested that it was neccesary to bombard the city to end the fighting. Instead, the king withdrew the troops after 13 hours of fighting, leaving hundreds dead.

1848 - Cinque giornate di Milano [Five Days of Milan]: A major event in the Revolutionary Year of 1848 and the start of the Prima Guerra di Indipendenza (First Italian War of Independence) from the Austrian Empire begins as a crowd of 10,000 people assembled, some of them armed, in front of the town hall. The crowd quickly invaded the government palace, killing a guard and forcing the Vice-governor O'Donell to accept their political demands, most importantly, the formation of a civilian guard. Intially urprised, Joseph Radetzky von Radetz the experienced general commanding the well-equipped Austrian garrison retreated with his 8,000 men to the Castello Sforzesco. He then orderied his troops to recapture the governor's palace, hoping to capture in it the leaders of the uprising, who had instead moved into a house in Via Monte Napoleone. Intense combat ensued as the insurrection spread spontaneously throughout Milan. The insurgents erected hundreds of barricades [one estimate claims 1600 by the morning of March 19th], in the narrow streets of Milan using carriages, pianos, and sofas, thus rendering the movement of the Austrian troops difficult. The combat was split into many isolated battles which was advantageous to the Milanese who were able to capture arms and ammunition from the enemy, and which they then used to fire upon the troops from their vantage points of surrounding windows and roofs. While almost the entire Milanese society supported the revolt, the lower classes, artisans and workers, played the most significant role in the combat, suffering the bulk of the 409 Milanese dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_giornate_di_Milano www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/milanfiv.htm]

[D] 1871 - During a brief confrontation between regular soldiers, sent to confiscate cannon from the National Guard militia in Paris, and a small group of revolutionary national guardsmen, shots are exchanged during which a guardsmen is killed. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighborhood, including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. Crowds of women and children also gathered, with whom the troops decide to fraternise. Having tried to withdraw his troops, General Claude-Martin Lecomte ordered them to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. General Lecomte and the officers of his staff were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard. That afternoon around 17:00, guardsmen also captured General Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas, long hated for his part in the repression of the 1848 revolution. Half an hour later, an angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at Rue des Rosiers seized Clement-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre, the Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. They were not aware that Adolphe Thiers, the chief executive of the French Government, the government itself, and the military commanders were at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the gates were open and there were few guards. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the train station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped the city. While he was at the train station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him. On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some forty thousand soldiers, including the soldiers in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from the city. The execution of the 2 generals and the flight of the government provided the opening for the Communard insurrection, the first real experiment in worker self-management, occurring with the sympathetic cooperation of the petty bourgeoisie. However, the Commune would only survive for two months, having heroically stood against overwhelming odds. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris_(1871) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune#Establishment www.herodote.net/18_mars_1871-evenement-18710318.php libcom.org/history/1871-the-paris-commune pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr228/birchall.htm www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/p/a.htm www.marxist.com/paris-commune-of-1871.htm]

1877 - Workers celebration in Bern, Switzerland organised by the anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Paul Brousse, leads to clashes with the police when the latter try to seize their red flags.

[DD] [18-29 1886 - Djåcreye di 1886 [Walloon Jacquerie of 1886] or Berdouxha pås Ptitès Djins / Berdouxha di Payizans [Riot of the 'Little People' / Riot of the Peasants]: In the industrial city of Liège, posters were put up by the Groupe Anarchiste et Révolutionnaire summoning workers to a meeting and adding "Let each man bring a revolver. Then forward!" Unexpectedly many workers responded to the anarchist appeal on the 15th anniversary of the Paris Commune (March 18). At Liège (Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Seraing, Tilleur), there was open fighting between troops which had been massed there for the protection of the place and a large body of anarchists who marched on it. The fight was severe and prolonged, but finally resulted in the repulse of the Anarchists. They were not driven from the field, however, until the troops charged upon them with fixed bayonets. A large number of men on both sides were injured. In the aftermath of the battle, 6,000 troops were despatched to the region to maintain order. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_Jacquerie_of_1886 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_wallonne_de_1886 wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardouxha_pås_ptitès_djins homeusers.brutele.be/germinal/1886/1886/zpage_1886.htm www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/1995_Wallonie_Atouts-References/1995_ch08-1_Alaluf_Mateo.htm mrw.wallonie.be/sg/dsg/dircom/walcartes/pages/txt102.htm]

1889 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: The first Fascio, based on the example of the North and the already existing local società di mutuo soccorso (mutual aid societies), is formed in Messina. It was short-lived, folding in July of that year following the imprisonment of its founder Nicholas Petrina, and it would be another 2 years before the movement really took of following the creation of the Fascio di Catania on May 1, 1891. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1903 - Ernesto Bonomini (d. 1986), Italian militant anarchist, anti-militarist and anti-fascist, born. A young socialist and anti-militarist, he is forced into exile in France in 1922 with the rise of fascism. In Paris he becomes an anarchist and, on Feb. 20 1924, he assassinates in a Paris resturant Nicola Bonservizi, a leading Fascist and editor of the Parisian fascist newspaper 'L'Italie Nouvelle' and correspondant of 'Popolo d’Italia', who also spied on the exile community for Mussolini’s secret police. Arrested after the killing, he was tried on 24 October 1924 and sentenced to 8 years hard labour, later commuted to simple imprisonment. Freed on 20 February 1932, he was expelled from France and stayed in Belgium for a few months before being smuggled across the border by Umberto Marzocchi. He then worked in Lille at Marzocchi’s Librairie Moderne bookshop. Both were arrested in April 1933 and sentenced to one month in prison. Back in Paris, Ernesto is arrested again and goes on a long hunger strike. At the end of July 1936, he left for Spain and took an active part in the revolution and in the struggle against Franco. He denounced the attacks on the anarchist movement by the Stalinists in the pages of Camillo Berneri’s paper '//Guerra di Classe//'. In April 1938, he took part in a public meeting in Paris under a false name but was arrested and sentenced to a year in prison for breaking the expulsion order. Interned, he managed to escape in April 1939, making his way to the US via Belgium and Canada. In California he learnt upholstery in California, worked in the Twentieth Century Fox studios in Hollywood and continued his anarchist activity, writing for the anarchist press under the name of Dick Perry. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Bonomini www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=38 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Ernesto_Bonomini libcom.org/history/bonomini-ernesto-1903-1986]

1913 - In Thessaloniki (Greece), King George I of Greece, who was visting the city, is shot and killed by Alexandros Schinas, an anarchist.

1918 - Mexican anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón is arrested for the final time on March 18, 1918 under the Espionage Act. He is charged with hindering the American war effort with his ideas, and imprisoned in the federal penitentiary of Leavenworth, causing outrage at the time among both Mexicans and even US liberals. Ricardo Flores Magón died in prison under highly suspicious circumstances, supposedly of a heart attack', but at the hands of prison guards, according to Chicano inmates who rioted and killed his principal murderer.

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: With the fall of Kronstadt yesterday, thousands of sailors and workers lie dead in the streets. Summary execution of prisoners and hostages continues. Today the victorious Bolsheviks are celebrating the anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871. Trotsky and Zinoviev, with a total lack of shame, denounce Thiers and Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels.

1923 - Maria Turon Turon (d. unkown), Spanish anarchist militant and feminist member of the Mujeres Libres group in the Pueblo Nuevo neighborhood of Barcelona, born. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre08.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2014_09_01_archive]

1931 - At the penitentiary of Punta Carretas n Montevideo (Uruguay), anarchists expropriators Jaime Tadeo Peña, Agustin Garcia Capdevilla, Pedro Vicente Rivas and Boadas Moretti (arrested on 9 November 1928 after robbing the Messina currency exchange), alongside three common law prisoners, escape from the notorious prison by burrowing from the toilet a tunnel 50 meters long by 4 deep. Dug under the floor and walls, the tunnel is fully equipped and ends in a wood and coal store opened in August 1929 by anarchist Gino Gatti, who is the real 'engineer' of the tunnel, helped by José Manuel Paz (who installed electricity and ventilation), Miguel Roscigna, Andrés Vazquez Paredes and Fernando Malvicini. A sign is left behind: "//Solidarity between anarchists is not simply a word written!//"

1937 - Battles in Guadalajara (March 8-18) end in victory for the Republican forces (the International Brigades and a division controlled by the anarchist Cipriano Mera) over the fascist nationalist camp composed of Italian, Moroccan troops and strongly armed and motorized Carlists attempting to seize Madrid.

1971 - During a major strike of Ford workers in England the main offices of the Ford Motor Company at Gants Hill, Ilford, on the outskirts of London, is wrecked by a powerful explosion. A thousand word communique (AB Communique no. 7) is delivered shortly after.

1976 - Police brutally attack students at the University of Padua where they have been holding a sit-in; five wounded by bullets.

[C] 1978 - Fausto Tinelli and Lorenzo 'Iaio' Iannucci, two 18-year-old Milanese activists from the Leoncavallo social centre are murdered by fascist gunmen. The two comrades were walking to Fausto's home when they approached three hooded men (who had been hanging around the social centre for much of the day) in the Via Mancinelli. They fired 8 shots at them. Iaio was killed instantly, Fausto died a few minutes later in the ambulance. The attack was claimed by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (amongst others). The two had been researching the heroin and cocaine traffic in the city, and its link with the 'underworld' and the extreme right. All their gathered information disappeared after their deaths. A journalist on '//L'Unità//', Mauro Brutto, who was investigating the murder of the two comrades, was himself killed in November of the same year and all his documentation and information that he had found vanished as well. [www.reti-invisibili.net/faustoeiaio/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_di_Fausto_e_Iaio www.faustoeiaio.org/html/funerali.htm]

[A] 2006 - Students riot in the streets of Paris, cop cars burn, bricks fly. ||
 * = 19 || 1820 - Charles-Ferdinand Gambon (d. 1887), French lawyer, magistrate, initially a moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist and pacifist revolutionary, born. Elected a member of the Paris Commune. Defence lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials. Wrote for '//Le Cri du Peuple//' and coined the famous pacifist slogan "//Guerre à la guerre//".

1834 - The Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorset farm labourers, sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia for their part in the formation of The Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.

1848 - Märzrevolution: Wilhelm IV issues a proclamation 'An meine lieben Berliner' (To my dear Berliners), in which he seeks to justified the previous day's use of the military, claiming that the insurgents had been trying to storm the castle. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrikadenaufstand]

1912 - Tom Mann, British Syndicalist leader, is arrested for inciting soldiers to mutiny.

[D] 1930 - 1,100 men standing in a breadline in New York seize two lorryloads of bread and rolls as they are being delivered to a nearby hotel.

[A] 1935 - Harlem Uprising. Over 100 injured and $2 million worth of white property destroyed as riots break out in Harlem after a black man's eye is gouged out by policemen. Mayor La Guardia later refused to release a study which blamed the violence on police brutality.

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following the execution of 2 FLN members, Abane Ramdane, the head of the FLN in Algiers following the arrest of Rabah Bitat in March 1955, issues a statement claiming: "Pour chaque maquisard guillotiné, cent Français seront abattus sans distinction" (For every maquisard guillotined, a hundred French will be slaughtered without distinction). [see: Jun. 19 & Sep. 30] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

[C] 1971 - The National Front attempt to disrupt an anti-racism meeting being held in Hornsey Town Hall but are ambushed by anti-fascists and they come off worse in the encounter. [PR] ||
 * = 20 || 1812 - Frame-Breaking Act makes the death penalty available to punish Luddite activities.

1842 - Charles Alérini (d. unknown), French anarchist revolutionary, First International and Jura Federation activist, born. He took part in the occupation of the Hotel de Ville (the town Hall) and the organisation of the short-lived Marseilles Commune of 8 August 1870. [expand] [libcom.org/history/al-rini-charles-1842 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alerini www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Increvables_anarchistes_-_La_Commune_de_Marseille_1871.html]

1848 - Cinque giornate di Milano [Five Days of Milan]: Political differences come to the fore within the Milanese camp as a republican group, led by Carlo Cattaneo and Enrico Cernuschi (the strategic brain of the insurrection), create a war council to coordinate and direct the military operations. Resistance was organised using hot air balloons to send secure messages outside the walls; astronomers were told to monitor the enemy towers and steeples, employees of the Cadastre (surveyors) and engineers were consulted on how best to get around the city using cadastral survey maps, and the Martinitt (the orphanage children, so named after the orphanage where they lived) acted as message-runners to all parts of the town. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_giornate_di_Milano www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/milanfiv.htm]

1888 - Pietro Bruzzi aka 'Brutius' (d. 1944), Italian journeyman mechanic, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, born. [expand] Arrested in Spain and extradited to Italy, he was interned on the island of Ponza. Escaping, he joined the anarchist anti-fascist resistance in Lombardy and edited the clandestine paper '//L'Adunata dei Libertari//' (Anarchist Assembly) in late 1943. He was captured and shot in Melegnano by the fascists. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Bruzzi ita.anarchopedia.org/Pietro_Bruzzi www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/pietro-bruzzi/]

1889 - Jean de Boe (d. 1974), Belgian typographer, militant anarchist, syndicalist and co-operativist, born. Condemned in February 1913 as an accomplice to the Bonnot Gang to 10 years hard labour in French Guiana. He escaped and returned to Belgium in 1922, where he was active in several strikes and he founded '//Les Arts Graphiques'// (The Graphic Arts) co-operative. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/jeandeboe/jeandeboe.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/jean-de-boe.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ANA-Jean_de_Boe.htm]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Mar. 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: SR Maximalists rob the Moscow Merchants Mutual Credit Society (московское купеческой общество взаимного кредита) in the city centre, 50m from the Stock Exchange. 20 militants storm the bank at 18:00 armed with Browning and Mauser pistols, disarm and tie up police and threaten employees with a number of bombs. They manage to take 875,000 roubles; 5,200 roubles in gold, and the remaining in 100-rouble and 500-rouble banknotes. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm starosti.ru/archiv/marz1906.html gazetanv.ru/article/?id=936]

1906 - Fearing that Porfirio Diaz will request their extradition to Mexico, Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and Juan Sarabia pay their bail and flee to Toronto, Canada. Librado Rivera, Antonio I. Villarreal and Manuel Sarabia take over editing 'Regeneración' even though the US postal authorities withdraw it fourth class postage privileges at the request of the Mexican Government.

1907 - [O.S. Mar. 7] Peter Arshinov (Пётр Арши́нов) shoots Vasilenko, head of the main railroad yard at Aleksandrovsk. A notorious and pitiless oppressor of workers, Vasilenko had turned over to the military tribunal more than 100 workers who were accused of taking part in the armed uprising in Aleksandrovsk in December, 1905; many of them were condemned to death or forced labor because of Vasilenko’s testimony. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging but, the sentence temporarily postponed, he managed too escape from Aleksandrovsk prison on the night of April 22 [9], 1907.

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: In Essen, a Central Committee (Zentralrat) of the Workers' Councils was formed, which took power in parts of the Ruhr. Also there was a headquarters in Hagen. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1922 - In the Rue des Plantes in Paris, Lee Ho Ling, a young Chinese student and individualist anarchist [born August 6, 1902 in Soehouang, China], tried unsuccessfully to kill the Chinese Minister Mr Loh Cheng who was returning to his home by car after a party. Lee fires 4 shots at the car but the only injury is to a senior Chinese official present in the vehicle. Lee blamed the minister for the expulsion of 150 Chinese students from Lyon because their ideas were considered "//too advanced//". He admits the act and is sentenced on July 6 to one year in prison and fined 200 francs.

1940 - Célestin Freinet, French militant anarchist educator, arrested. Freinet is interned in various camps in the south of France. Eventually released, in May 1944 he joined the Maquis FTP of Briançon, and was also active in the Comité départemental de Libération de Gap.

[C] 1943 - In the Częstochowa Ghetto the Gestapo organise an Aktion against the intelligentsia: 157 people with academic educations and members of the Judenrat are shot at the Jewish cemetery. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/czest.html www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Czestochowa/cze039.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Częstochowa_Ghetto_Uprising]

[CC] 1949 - The Union Movement had planned to hold a meeting at Ridley Road, Dalston, followed by a march to West Green in Tottenham to hold another meeting, a route calculated to take them right through the Orthodox Jewish area of Stamford Hill. However, the day did not go as the fascists expected. Firstly, only 150 or so of their numbers turned up at the Ridley Road meeting and had to be protected from hundereds of booing anti-fascists by over 100 police. As the fascists drew up to march off, several thousand anti-fascists arrived from a CPGB rally in nearby Kingsland Road and breached police lines. Hand-to-hand fighting broke out and mounted police charged int the crowd. Fireworks were thrown in an attempt to unseat the riders. Thousands of anti-fascists lined Kingsland Road, the fascists' proposed route out of Dalston, and the police chose to reroute it via back roads, away from Stamford Hill, under the protection of 200 cops on foot and more in vehicles tagging along behind. All along the route Londoners shouted, "Down with the Fascists," and "They shall not march", and at various points anti-fascists broke through the police lines to attack the fascists. 5,000 anti-fascists were also waiting for the UM at West Green in Tottenham. However, the police had diverted the march to Tottenham Town Hall and 2,000 of the waiting anti-fascists diverted there. When the police attempted to disperse the crowd, they came under a hail of "large chunks of concrete, stones, hundreds of steel ball-bearings, glass marbles and broken glass to stick in the horses' hooves and impede the progress of the mounted police." The UM were taken behind the Town Hall, where they quickly dispersed. Ten policemen were injured and 35 people arrested, who were charged with obstruction or assault, threatening behaviour and possessing offensive weapons. [pr] [trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/18108028 trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/36358327 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1949/mar/21/political-processions-london-prohibition]

1976 - Patricia 'Tania' Hearst convicted of bank robbery.

1979 - An estimated 150,000 or more people march through Dublin and other protests occur in 30 towns throughout the country, including a march by 40,000 workers in Cork.

1985 - Army crushes a General Strike in Bolivia.

1996 - Claude Bourdet (b. 1909), French writer, journalist, anti-fascist, anti-colonialist and militant socialist, who was active in the Résistance, dies. [see: Oct. 28] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calderón_Bridge es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Puente_de_Calderón en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla]
 * = 21 || 1811 - Guerra de Independencia de México [Mexican War of Independence]: Miguel Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende and the remaining leadership of the insurgent Army of the Americas are ambushed and captured. The prisoners were taken to Chihuahua where they were tried. Allende, Juan Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were shot on June 26, Hidalgo on July 30 and Jose Mariano de Abasolo was sentenced to life in prison in Cádiz, Spain, where he died in 1816.

1848 - Cinque giornate di Milano [Five Days of Milan]: In response to the radicals' control of the war council, during the night of the 21st-22nd conservative elements led by the Podestà (chief magistrate) of Milan, Count Gabrio Casati, and other moderate aristocrats of Milan's municipality established a provisional government, assuming power and preventing the republicans from gaining the upper hand. In fact, earlier they were even ready to accept two truce proposals from Radetzky, but Cattaneo and the war council forced them to reject those proposals. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_giornate_di_Milano www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/milanfiv.htm]

1848 - Märzrevolution: Wilhelm IV issues a second proclamation: 'An Mein Volk und an die deutsche Nation!' (To my people and to the German Nation), delaring the "Wiedergeburt und Gründung eines neuen Deutschlands" (Rebirth and creation of a new Germany). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrikadenaufstand]

1870 - 1500 the miners in the Le Creusot area go on strike to protest against a reduction in their wages. The owner of the local mines and metal works, Eugene Schneider, was notorious: as the bourgeois liberal candidate in the 1869 election, he had been elected by just one vote, having won the previous election of 1863 by 800 votes. He responded to this snub by dismissing 200 workers he suspected of having voted against him. He would use the army against the strikers. [www.commune1871.org/?Les-greves-de-1870-et-la-Commune www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article3798 capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html]

1919 - Hungarian Councils Republic declared. Anarchists particiapte in the Budapest Commune. [expand]

[D] 1927 - The Shanghai Commune [上海工人三次武装起义 ( Shanghai Workers March Armed Uprising )]: Insurrection by Shanghai workers succeeds. Lasts until April 12 when it is crushed by Nationalist troops. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/zh/上海工人三次武装起义 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/四一二事件 libcom.org/files/Shanghai-on-strike-Elizabeth-Perry.pdf theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrew-flood-towards-an-anarchist-history-of-the-chinese-revolution www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2009-04-21/china-1925-1927 en.internationalism.org/icconline/2007/china-march-1927 dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/2356/D_Jiang_Hongsheng_a_201005.pdf?sequence=1]

1933 - A tunnel is discovered under the Potsdamer Garnisonskirche where a ceremony, due to be attended by Hitler and Hindenburg, is due to be held. The tunnel was to be used to blow up the church during the ceremony. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1937 - The Ponce Massacre: 22 Puerto Ricans killed in demonstrations for independence from US.

1937 - The Spansih anarchist Iron Column meets in assembly to vote on militarisation or disbandment: it agrees to militarisation.

[C] 1943 - Operation Spark*: Colonel Rudolph-Christoph von Gersdorff (1905 - 1980), a member of the Schwarze Kapelle (Black Band) anti-Hitler conspiracy, attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler whilst carrying a timebomb inside his army coat during the Führer's visit to the opening (on Heroes' Memorial Day) of a display of captured Soviet Army weapons at the Zeughaus military museum in Berlin. The plan was for Gersdorff to start the ten-minute fuses on the explosives a few minutes before Hitler arrived. Just before the bombs would go off, he would rush to Hitler and embrace him: the explosion would kill both of them. However, at the last minute just before Hitler was to appear, his visit was reduced to just eight minutes as a security precaution, and he breezed through in just two minutes, leaving well before Gersdorff's explosives would have gone off. Gersdorff barely managed to get out and defuse the bombs. [NB: Sources stating March 20th are incorrect] [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Freiherr_von_Gersdorff en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1960 - Sharpeville Massacre: 69 people murdered by police during protests of apartheid pass laws.

1988 - François-Charles Carpentier (b. 1904), French militant anarchist, friend of Louis Mercier Vega and fighter with the Durruti Column, dies. [see: Oct. 28] || Foreseeing the difficulty of resisting a siege in the city centre, but while afraid of being attacked by the Piedmontese army and peasants from the countryside, he preferred to evacuate Milan during the evening of the 22nd, withdrawing towards the 'Quadrilatero' (the fortified zone made up of the four cities of Verona, Legnago, Mantua and Peschiera del Garda), taking with them several hostages arrested at the start of the uprising. Meanwhile, Cattaneo's group dissolved the war council, merging it with a new defence committee which the new government established, signalling the defeat of the republicans and democrats, who had to accept a subordinate position despite leading the Milanese to a military victory. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_giornate_di_Milano www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/milanfiv.htm]
 * = 22 || 1848 - Cinque giornate di Milano [Five Days of Milan]: Casati and his colleagues send representatives to Turin to convince Charles Albert, Piedmont's ruler, to intervene and not only to expel the Austrians out of Lombardy but also to check the radical elements and prevent them from proclaiming a republican democracy.

1848 - Märzrevolution: Friedrich Wilhelm IV, his ministers and generals, all wearing the revolutionary tricolor of black, red, and gold, lead the Märzgefallenen (March of the Dead) through the streets of Berlin to attend a mass funeral at the Friedrichshain cemetery for the 254 civilian victims of the Barrikadenaufstand. Those killed during the riots are laid out on catafalques on the Gendarmenmarkt. Some 40,000 people accompanied them to the burial place at Friedrichshain. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrikadenaufstand]

1871 - Commune de Lyon: During the night (22-23) the Hôtel de Ville is invaded by some of those involved in the September 28, 1870 uprising and attempt to form a Commune in the city (where the Association Internationale des Travailleurs had been active since early in the year trying to prepare the workers for what many saw a possible revolution), members of the former Comité de Salut Public, the Comité Révolutionnaire de la Guillotière, and the 18th and 24th Battalions of the Comité Central of the Garde Nationale. A provisional committee to rally the city in support of the Paris Commune is formed. It proclaims the Commune, hoists the red flag, dismisses the préfet Valentin Henon, who along with the mayor had been trying to delay theradicals in the hope of the arrival of troops to prevent the uprising. The mayor is forced to appoint Riciotti Garibaldi, the son of Italian revolutionary general, as head of the Guard Nationale. The following morning, Michael Bakunin comes to the balcony of the town hall of Lyon in the Place Bellecour and, flanked by members of the Interantional, makes an appeal for world revolution. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1873 - Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez, an early and important Andalusian anarchist, is briefly mayor of Cadiz with the proclamation of the 1st Republic.

1905 - In the Amiens courthouse, the trial of Alexandre Marius Jacob and his Les Travailleurs de la Nuit (Night Workers) gang, credited with 150 burglaries, concludes. Jacob and Félix Bour receive life in prison, 14 others get sentences ranging from 5 to 20 years, while another seven are acquited.

[D] 1914 - Second Battle of Torreón / Revolución Mexicana: 12,000 rebels under Pancho Villa attack a 10,000-strong federal garrison and drive them off with heavy loses.

1919 - Demonstrators against the War Precautions Act march from Russian Hall in Merivale Street to the Domain (Garden's Point) in South Brisbane - a prelude to tomorrow's Red Flag Riot [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Flag_Riots]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: The general strike is officially declared as having ended by the unions, the USPD and the KDP, after having secured additional concessions from the government of chancellor Gustav Bauer. These included the dismissal of Reichswehrminister Noske as well as changes to social and economic policies. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1928 - Alan Barlow (d. 2004), British trade unionist and anarcho-syndicalist, arrested, charged and imprisoned in 1969 for his role in the 1st of May Group bombing of the Francoist Banco de Bilbao in London, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/44j1gm]

1949 - Justiniano Garcia Macho aka 'El Macho' (b. unkown) and Pedro Acosta Canovas aka 'El Chaval' & 'Pedro' (b. 1925) are executed in Zaragoza. [NB: some confusion over the exact date with some sources stating Mar. 12.] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article46 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2203.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/44j22p losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2922 www.alumbraalumbremazarron.org/ficha-biografica/acosta-canovas-pedro]

1968 - Students occupy the school at Nanterre and the March 22nd Movement emerges - an organisation with no hierarchy and no ideological program. 150 students, calling themselves anarchists, occupy the administrative building. Courses are suspended until April 1.

[A] 1969 - Miguel Garcia released from prison in Spain.

2007 - Hans Schmitz (b. 1914), German anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, militant anti-fascist and conscript to the Wehrmacht, dies. [see: May 16] ||
 * = 23 || [A] 1812 - Luddite attack on shearing-mill of William Thompson & Bros at Rawdon, near Leeds and dozens of shears destroyed and fine woollen cloth damaged. [23-25 March]

1813 - Jacques Marie Anselme Bellegarrigue (d. unknown), French individualist anarchist, born. Wrote a novel: '//Le Baron de Camebrac, en tournée sur le Mississippi//', published episodically between 1851 and 1854. "//L'Anarchie c'est l'ordre, le gouvernement c'est la guerre civile.//" (Anarchy is order, the government is civil warfare.) - '//Au fait, au fait!! Interprétation de l'Idée Démocratique//' (1848) [praxeology.net/GW-AB.htm]

1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: Hearing of the proclamation of the Lyon Commune, a large group of Guard Nationale gather in the Place de l'Hotel de Ville with shouts of "Vive la Commune!" Members of the Club de la rue de la Vierge visit the mayor and demand the resignation of the City Council. By 17 votes to 7, councilors declare themselves ready to quit but choose to remain in office until the election of their replacements. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1871 - Commune de Lyon: Posters declaring the creation of the Commune have appeared overnight on the streets of Lyon and during the morning Michael Bakunin comes to the balcony of the town hall of Lyon in the Place Bellecour and, flanked by members of the Interantional, makes an appeal for world revolution. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[DD] [1871 - Commune de Marseille: The préfecture is invaded and a local committee is formed, chaired by Adolphe Cremieux and comprising 12 members, which declares: "À Marseille, les citoyens prétendent s'administrer eux-mêmes, dans la sphère des intérêts locaux. Il serait opportun que le mouvement qui s'est produit à Marseille fût bien compris, et qu'il se prolongeât. Nous voulons la décentralisation administrative avec l'autonomie de la Commune, en confiant au conseil municipal élu dans chaque grande cité les attributions administratives et municipales." [In Marseille, citizens claim self-government in the sphere of local interests. It would be appropriate that the movement that has happened in Marseille is well understood, and that it be prolonged. We want administrative decentralisation with the autonomy of the Commune, by giving the elected municipal council in every major city and municipality administrative duties.] [www.monde-libertaire.fr/autogestion/14451-la-commune-de-marseille www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Marseille-23-mars-4 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Marseille www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Delarartion of the International Workers Association: Federal Council of Parisian Sections. [anarchism.pageabode.com/pjproudhon/appendix-paris-commune.html#IWA]

1902 - Ettore Aguggini (d. 1929), Italian mechanic and anarcho-individualist, one of three anarchists implicated in the bombing of the Teatro Diana in Milan on March 23, 1921, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Ettore_Aguggini militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1171]

1919 - Benito Mussolini founds the Fascist Party.

1919 - Demonstrators against the War Precautions Act march from Russian Hall in Merivale Street to the Domain (Garden's Point) in South Brisbane - a prelude to tomorrow's Red Flag Riot [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Flag_Riots]

1921 - A bomb explodes at the Teatro Diana in Milan, killing and wounding many. Among those accused are Giuseppe Mariani and Giuseppe Boldrini, who get life sentences, and Ettore Aguggini (who died in prison); also implicated are Ugo Fedeli, Pietro Bruzzi, and Francesco Ghezzi (editors of '//L’Indivi-dualista//'). The work of an individualist anarchist group believed manipulated and set up by the Chief of Police Gasti, the bombing serves as a pretext for a general repression against all anarchists and also serves the interests of the fascists, who attack the offices of the trade unions and leftist organizations. They also destroyed the office of the anarchist paper '//Umanita Nova//'.

1944 - A column of the German 11th Company, 3rd Battalion, SS Police Regiment 'Bozen', a battalion organised by the Nazis to intimidate and suppress the Resistance and made up of ethnic German-speakers of the northern Italian province of South Tyrol, is attacked by an ambush, carried out by 16 partisans of the Communist-dominated resistance organisation Gruppo d'Azione Patriottica (GAP; Patriotic Action Group), while they march and sing on a prescribed route that led through the Piazza di Spagna into the narrow street of Via Rasella. An IED is detonated, causing the immediate deaths of 28 SS policemen and at least two civilian bystanders. All sixteen Partisans, some of whom fired on the German column, succeed in melting away into the crowd unscathed. The death toll from the attack would eventually reach 42. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosse_Ardeatine]

1946 - Alberto Ghiraldo (b. 1874), Argentine journalist, playwright, poet, notable intellectual, founder and editor of numerous anarchist publications such as '//Martín Fierro//', '//El Sol//', '//La Protesta//' and '//Ideas y Figuras//', dies.

1974 - Aristide Lapeyre (b. 1899), French hairdresser, anarchist, pacifist militant and néo-Malthusian, dies. [see: Jan. 31]

2014 - In Mannheim members of the anti-Muslim racist 'German Defence League' (GDL) attack a Muslim gathering. [www.inventati.org/leipzig/?page_id=2663 www.taz.de/!149168/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Defence_League] ||
 * = 24 || 1812 - Luddites attack Thompson's mill at Rawdon near Leeds; similarly Joseph Foster's mill at Horbury on 9th April; also during this month, Assizes in Nottingham, tried Wm Carnell, Jos Maples, Benj Poley, Benj Hancock, Geo Green, Jos Peck & Gerves Marshall.

[D] 1815 - Second Serbian Uprising [Други српски устанак]: Following the re-annexation of Serbia by the Ottoman Turks in the aftermath of the failed First Serbian Uprising (Први српски устанак) and the ensuing mass slaughter and the reintroduction of forced labour and taxation, the Serbs again began to plot an uprising, which began spaontaneously as local Serbian leaders began to kill Turkish tax collectors. In response, a gathering of Serbian leaders in Takovo on April 24, 1815, the religious holiday Palm Sunday, proclaimed open revolt against the Ottoman Empire. Miloš Obrenović, one of the leaders of the First Uprising, was chosen as the leader and famously declared, "Here I am and here you are: War to the Turks!" (an event captured in the 1889 painting '//The Takovo Uprising//' by Paja Jovanović). When the Ottomans discovered the new revolt they sentenced all of its leaders to death. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution]

1871 - Commune de Narbonne: Following the news of the insurrection in Paris, the Club de la Révolution faction of the Republican Lamourguier Club asked the Narbonne city council to distribute arms to the Garde Nationale, but it had refused. However, when news leaks out that the commander fo the Garde Nationale in the city had been authorised to distribute a certain amount of rifles to his men, people started rushing to the Hotel de Ville. Around 20:00 the mob invades the town hall with Emile Digeon at its head. He takes to the balcony of the municipal building and proclaimes the estabkishing of the Commune de Narbonne. The red flag replaces the tricolore. [colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de psnarbonne.over-blog.fr/article-29389755.html www.ihs.cgt.fr/IMG/pdf_DOSSIER-7.pdf www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: About 20:00 the Guard Nationale occupies the City Hall singing the 'Marseillaise' and cheering the Commune. An hour later, the building is invaded by the crowd, and representatives of the Club de Rue de la Vierge ask the authorities present (interim prefect, the mayor and two of his deputies, the Commander of the National Guard) to proclaim the Commune! They refuse and are arrested. Around midnight, the Commune is proclaimed by the crowd. The red flag is raised. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune du Creusot: 3000 people gather in Le Creusot to express their support for the Guard National de Paris. A demonstration in favour of the Paris Commune is planned by the Republican and Socialist Committee for 2 days time. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1894 - Emile Digeon (b. 1822), French revolutionary socialist journalist, libertarian free thinker, anarchist journalist, leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune, declared in 1871 when Paris rose up (Paris Commune).

1904 - Russell Blackwell (d.1969), U.S. cartographer, community activist, Wobbly, anarchist and co-founder of the Libertarian League. Fought with POUM and Anarchist militias during May Barcelona events. Wounded in action and arrested by the Stalinist police and imprisoned in Madrid. [libcom.org/history/blackwell-russell-1904-1969 www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/russell-blackwell]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata takes command of 800 man revolutionary band after leader Pablo Torres is killed by federales. Many Indians lost land to large haciendas during the Porfirio Diaz years. Zapata and his followers began a revolt against this with the banner 'Tierra y Libertad!' (Land and Liberty.)

[1919 - Red Flag Riot in South Brisbane: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Flag_Riots melbourneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/brisbane-1919-racist-red-flag-riots.html www.vulgar.com.au/radbris.html www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/28/remembering-brisbanes-anti-russian-red-flag-riots australiarussia.com/redflagriotsENFIN.htm]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: The government, newly returned to Berlin, issues an ultimatum demanding that the workers' councils put an end to the strike and the uprising by March 30 (later extended to April 2). The councils fail to comply with this. Also today, the Zitadelle Wesel is attacked, but here the Ruhr Army experienced its first defeat. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1924 - Aurelio Fernández Sánchez, Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, member of Los Solidarios, is arrested, alongside his brother Ceferino and Adolfo Ballano Bueno, and imprisoned in Barcelona. He subsequently escapes and flees to Paris, where he is involved in a planned attack against the Spanish king Alfonso XIII. [see: Jul. 26]

1944 - Stalag Luft III: At 10:30 pm. on a cold, moonless night in Lower Silesia, 76 men begin to make their escape from the Luftwaffe-run prisoner-of-war camp Stammlager Luft III. A 77th surrendered [at 4:55 am. on March 25] after being seen emerging from the 102m long tunnel by one of the guards. The Germans reacted badly - Hitler wanted all 73 airmen that had been recaptured executed, along with the camp commander, the camp's architect, its security officer and all the guards on duty at the time. In the end, 50 of those recaptured were executed by the Nazis. The events were depicted in a book, '//The Great Escape//' (1950), by former prisoner Paul Brickhill, on which the 1963 film of the same named was based. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III#The_"Great_Escape" therealgreatescape.com/stalag-luft-iii/ www.history.com/news/remembering-the-great-escape-70-years-ago]

1944 - Eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine [Fosse Ardeatine massacre]: In reprisal for a partisan attack conducted on the previous day in central Rome against the SS Police Regiment Bozen. The German high command in Rome decided that a suitable ratio for reprial executions was ten Italians for each German policeman killed. That night, Adolf Hitler authorised the reprisal, stipulating that it be carried out within 24 hours. A list was drawn up from prisoners in German custody, with Jews awaiting deportation and some prisoners selected by the chief of the Fascist police in Rome from the Regina Coeli prison, including his own Lieutenant, Maurizio Giglio, a double agent working for the American OSS. 335 prisoners were taken to the tunnels of the disused quarries near the Via Ardeatina, where they were shot in the back of the head in groups of five. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosse_Ardeatine]

1952 - Wilhelm (Willi) Jelinek (b. 1889), militant German anarchist-syndicalist, dies in the Bautzen prison camp (ex-GDR, East Germany), under unknown circumstances. [see: Dec. 25]

2007 - 12 antifascists are arrested in Toulouse at a demonstration against the Front National meeting being held in the city. Protesters set dustbins alight and tried to build barricades while police fired tear gas and rubber bullets into the crowd. Of those arrested, 5 were released without charge the following day and the others were charged with the use of weapons to commit violent acts after clashes with the police. Two received 3 month suspended sentences (though one was remanded for a psychiatric evaluation) and the rest received between 3 months (plus 3 months suspended) and nine months (an alcoholic Arab male in his forties with 25 previous offences, mostly drunk and disorderly) [libcom.org/news/france-seven-anti-fascists-arrested-29032007]

2013 - Mutiny in Larisa and Patra prisons, Greece. ||
 * = 25 || [B] 1811 - Percy Bysshe Shelley (aged 18 years) is expelled from Oxford for his refusal to repudiate the authorship of the pamphlet '//The Necessity of Atheism//'.

1812 - Alexander Herzen (d. 1870), Russian journalist, political writer, novelist and anarchist sympathiser, born. Influenced by revolution and the French socialism of Saint-Simon. Took an active part in the Revolutions of 1848 in Paris and Rome. Founded the influential newspaper '//The Bell//' (Kolokol) in London. Strongly influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and other anarchists. He helped finance his close friend Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Tsarist Russia.

1843 - Louis Jules Marie Montels (d. 1916), French clerk and commercial traveller, militant in the Paris Commune of 1871 and anarchist, born. After being made a colonel of the Twelfth Federate Legion of the Commune, Jules Montels was sent on a mission to Béziers, where he took part in Narbonne insurrection (March 24-31, 1871). Following the fall of the Commune, he was sentenced in absentia (having fled to Geneva) by a council of war to death on December 11, 1871. [expand] In 1877, he went to Russia where he became tutor of the children of Leo Tolstoy. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre20.html fra.anarchopedia.org/Jules_Montels militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8502 libcom.org/history/montels-jules-1843-1916]

1861 - 300 armed troops thwart a prisoner uprising at Chatham convict prison planned to take place on 27th following the recent repression by prison authorities.

[D] [1871 - Commune de Toulouse: A Garde Nationale rebellion leads to the proclamation of the Toulouse Commune. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Toulouse-25-27-mars www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm raforum.info/spip.php?rubrique1131]

[1871 - Commune de Narbonne: troops sent to seize the city hall go over to the people and leave immediately enlist their comrades. by the evening, there are nearly 250 armed communards [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: the mayor is forced to recognize the fact and accept the organisation of a plebiscite in favour of the Commune [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune de Lyon: the arrival of the 5e Hussards [héros en armes de Belfort], who are welcomed with enthusiasm by the population, brings an abrupt end to the Commune [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune du Creusot: Albert Leblanc, provincal envoy of the central committee of the Garde Nationale de Paris, asks the citizens of Le Creusot to declare a Commune. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1887 - Clément Duval is deported from the military fortress of Toulon, bound for the prison vaults of French Guyana.

1891 - Ravachol ransacks the house of two elderly spinsters, Louise and Jenny Loy, in Saint-Étienne and then tried to set fire to it. "Before leaving, organized two outbreaks of fire: one in the living room, stacking chairs on over others and spraying them with oil." [Pierre Bouchardon - '//Ravachol et Cie//', 1931] [see: Oct. 14]

1905 - Antonio Ejarque Pina aka 'Jarque' (d. 1950), Aragonese metalworker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combattant, born. Active in the CNT from 1920 to 1930 he was chair of the committee of the union of the CNT in Zaragoza. In 1931, he was the Sindicat del Metall de Saragossa's delegate to the CNT congress in Madrid and a member of the Aragon Regional Committee of the CNT. He was also involved in the running of the libertarian magazine '//Cultura y Acción//' (Culture and Action). He managed to escape from Zaragoza and cross the Republican lines following the military insurrection in July 1936, and signed the pact of revolutionary unity between the CNT and the UGT in Aragon. At the war front, he was Commissioner-General of the 25th Division commanded by Antonio Ortiz Ramírez, and later by Miguel García Vivancos, and worker on the '//25 División//' periodical. In October 1938, as Inspector of the 25th Division, he was the author of a report denouncing the communist maneuvers to prevent the 25th Division from obtain the necessary weapons during the Battle of Teruel. Captured at the end of the war he was interned in the Albatera ia Oriola concentration camp. Upon his release, he went underground and was nominated by a plemun of the CNT as a delegate on the Alliance Nationale des Forces Démocratiques (ANFD) in exile in Paris. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2183 lacntenelexilio.blogspot.com/2013/01/antonio-ejarque-pina.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrecció_anarquista_de_gener_de_1933]

1912 - In the Sénart Forest, near Montgeron (south of Paris), 6 members of the Bonnot gang steal a De Dion-Bouton limousine, shooting the driver through the heart. They drove into Chantilly north of Paris where they robbed the local branch of Société Générale Bank, shooting the bank's three cashiers and making off with nearly 50,000 francs. They escaped in their stolen automobile as two policemen tried to catch them, one on horseback and the other on a bicycle. Identified by officers near the Asnières train station, they abandon the car and manage to get on a train from the station.

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: The government of Gustav Bauer is forced to resign, as a result of the negotiations they had conducted with Kapp and his fellow conspirators, and on March 26 Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert appointed Hermann Müller as the new chancellor. The attempt to settle the conflict at the negotiating table in the Bielefeld Agreement failed ultimately due to the intransigences of the regional military commander, Oskar von Watter. The result was the re-proclamation of a general strike. This is followed by more than 300,000 miners (approx. 75% of the workforce) involved. Dusseldorf and Elberfeld now also fell into the hands of the workers. By the end of March, the entire Ruhr region had been seized. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

[C] 1922 - René Cavanhie (aka René Cavan; d. 1996), French poet, songwriter, anarchist and Résistance fighter, born. Helped organise the smuggling of people out of occupied France (via Spain) during WWII and fought in the Resistance. Wrote for '//Le Libertaire//', using the pen name Cavan, for Louis Lecoin’s paper '//Liberté//' and May Picqueray’s '//Le Réfractaire//'. Author of a number of works including '//Révolution au Paradis//' (Revolution in Paradise; 1958) and '//Poèmes et Chansons Anarchistes//' (Anarchist Poems and Songs; 1983).

'//Vieve la Liberté//'

[for poem, see main page entry]

[www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4mw7br militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article711 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120821 artsfree1900.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/rene-cavanhie.html?zx=58e4d54544e6b62d]

2010 - 41 prisoners escape from the Centro de Ejecución de Sanciones prison in Matamoros, close to the US-Mexico border. Two prison guards were also reported as missing and are presumed to have aided the escape.

[A] 2011 - Around 80% of the total population of 10,000 prisoners in all 11 penal colonies and 6 pre-trial detention centres in Kyrgyzstan begin a hunger strike against “//unbearable conditions of detention//”. At least 2 prisoners will die during the 5-day hunger strike from one of the many virulent strains of TB that are rife in the region's prisons. ||
 * = 26 || 1871 - Election of the members of the Paris Commune.

[1871 - Commune de Narbonne: Émile Digeon and a troop of more than two hundred Communards seize the sub-prefecture, and at the station, the telegraph, unmolested. The Communards are masters of the city. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: elections set for the 29th [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune du Creusot: On the Place de la Mairie, a face-to-face meeting between Guards Nationale and soldiers of the line turns into fraternisation with cries of "Vive la République." The colonel withdraws his troops and the mayor, Jean-Baptiste Dumay, proclaims from a window of the first floor of the Town Hall, on which the red flag has been hoisted: "I am no longer the representative of the Government in Versailles, I am the representative of the Municipality of Le Creusot." That night, the mayor sends the Guard Nationale to occupy the station, and the telegraph and mail offices, only to find the three institutions are already occupied by soldiers. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1889 - Jacques Doubinsky (Iakov Dubinsky; d. 1959), Ukranian Jewish anarchist and Makhnovist, born. As a young labour radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the famed anarchist insurrectionary Makhnovist army. Involved in many publishing enterprises and assisting Bulgarian refugees. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/j3tz9n libcom.org/history/doubinsky-jacques-1889-1959]

1890 - Raymond Callemin, (aka Raymond-la-Science) Belgian member of the anarchist/illegalist Bonnot Gang, born. Callemin, who also started the individualist paper '//L'Anarchie//' with Victor Serge, was guillotined in 1913.

[C] 1903 - Albert Guigui-Theral (aka Varlin; d. 1982), Algerian-born French anarchist, militant syndicalist, mechanic and French Résistance fighter, born. [www.ephemanar.net/aout05.html#guigui libcom.org/history/guigui-theral-albert-1903-19 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=1479&PHPSESSID=b97623202970c31aab10f726f0f2f12a fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Guigui recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Guigui-TheralAlbert.htm]

[D] 1910 - The US Immigration Act of 1910 amends existing law to deny entrance into the United States of criminals, paupers, anarchists & diseased persons.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Jose Luis Moya's forces captures Ciudad Lerdo.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Venustiano Carranza, a politician and rancher from Coahuila, was forefront in the opposition against Victoriano Huerta, calling his forces the Constitutionalists, with the secret support of the United States. On March 26, 1913, Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which was a refusal to recognize Huerta as president and called for a declaration of war between the two factions.

1923 - In Yambol, Bulgaria, during an anarchist protest against the governments decision to disarm the people, the army shoots into the crowd, wounding the speaker Atanas Stoitchev and massacring others. About 30 are murdered here, including others executed at the Yambol barracks tomorrow (Todor Darzev, Pani Botchkov, Dimitar Vassilev, Cyrille Kehaiov, Spiro Obretenov, Pétar Kassapina, Rousko Nanine, Pétar Glavtchev, etc.). [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DarzevTodor.htm]

1978 - In the long running battle against Japan's Narita International Airport, the control tower is broken into, four days before the airport is due to open, and $500,000 of equipment is destroyed, delaying that opening til May 20. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport#Construction news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19780520&id=Xl1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-jQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085,4794702&hl=en]

[A] 2005 - Antonio Téllez (b. 1921), Spanish anarchist, guerrilla, historian, dies. Author of, among other works, '//Sabaté: guérilla urbaine en Espagne 1945-1960//' (1972). [see: Jan. 18] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_massacre]
 * = 27 || 1836 - Goliad massacre: On the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican army butchers 342 Texas POWs at Goliad, Texas.

1871 - Commune de Narbonne: Delegates from surrounding towns come to give their support to the Commune of Narbonne and request instructions. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune de Toulouse: The newly appointed préfet arrives at the Arsenal with three cavalry squadrons, six hundred infantry and six guns. He takes possession of the prefecture and the Capitol without resistance. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Toulouse-25-27-mars www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm raforum.info/spip.php?rubrique1131]

[1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: troops begin arriving from Lyon [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune du Creusot: During the morning, the préfet, the local prosecutor and a thousand military reinforcements arrive by train. Meetings are banned and arrest warrants are issued for the leaders of the movement. Demonstrations in support of Dumay and the Commune are dispersed. Yet the proclamation is repeated several times and the red flag is raised again. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1881 - Massagainian Riots: Salvation Army temperance campaigners and their band are attacked by the Massagainians, rowdies sponsored by local brewers and publicans in Basingstoke, a town with a reputation for drunkenness - its population of 6,681 was served by 50 public houses. The mayor has to call in the army to quell the ensuing riot. [www.friendsofwillis.hampshire.org.uk/massagainians.htm www.victoriacountyhistory.ac.uk/explore/items/basingstoke-massagainian-riots en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke]

1884 - A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, attacks members of a jury who had returned a verdict of manslaughter in a clear case of murder, and then over the next few days would riot and destroy the courthouse. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1884]

1892 - At 6 am, François Ravachol takes the bus to the Rue de Clichy, where Léon Bulot, the public prosecutor in the [Affaire de Clichy] case of Henri Louis Decamps and Charles Auguste Dardare. Arriving at about eight o'clock, he drops off his bomb contained in a small valise on the second floor of number 39 outside Bulot's flat. He had walked fifty yards before the bomb exploded. Seven people are injured and the building is destroyed. Damage is estimated at 120,000 francs. After the attack, Ravachol takes an omnibus in order to inspect the damage but the omnibus is diverted and he ends up at the Restaurant Véry (24, boulevard de Magenta, Paris). There he falls into conversation with a waiter, Jules Lhérot, expounding anarchist and anti-militarist theories. Ravachol also talks about the bombing, arousing suspicions in Lhérot, who denounces him when he returns to the restaurant 3 days later. [see: Mar. 30] [ Costantinni pic ] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/ravachol.html noms.rues.st.etienne.free.fr/rues/ravachol.html www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html]

1912 - Start of 8-month Fraser River Strike by IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) railroad construction workers, British Columbia.

1915 - Liu Shifu (劉思復) aka Liu Szu-fu or Shi(h) Fu (b. 1884), one of the most influential figures in the Chinese revolutionary movement and, in particular, the anarchist movement in the early twentieth century, born. Founder of the Huìmíng Xuēshè / Hui-Ming Hsüeh-she (晦鸣学舍) or The Society of Cocks Crowing in the Dark (a.k.a. Cock-Crow Society) In July 1912, he and his brother Liu Shixin, Mo Ji Peng (莫纪彭), Peigang Zheng, Liang Bingxian, Huang Lingshuang, etc. created the famous Xinshe, or Heart (or Consciousness) Society (心社). In 1913 he founded the 'Dark Ming Lu' (晦鸣录) / 'Hey Ming Lu' (晦鳴錄) magazine, organ of the Cock-Crow Society, later renamed 'Voice of the People' (民声) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shifu raforum.info/spip.php?page=imprimerart&article=1735 www.anarkismo.net/article/27362 maitron.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?Farticle184212 acontretemps.org/spip.php?article452 baike.baidu.com/view/1933928.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Assassination_Corps zh.wikipedia.org/zh/支那暗殺團 www.baike.com/wiki/支那暗杀团 libcom.org/forums/history/anarcho-syndicalist-movement-china-1910s-1920s-04062014 www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/en/Scalapino_R.__Yu_G._T._-_THE_CHINESE_ANARCHIST_MOVEMENT.html]

1920 - The metal workers' union (F.I.O.M) in Turin begins a General Strike. The Turin anarchist newspaper '//L'Ordine Nuovo//' publishes a proclamation, "Pour le congrès des conseils d'usine. Aux ouvriers et paysans d'Italie", signed by the libertarian group of Turin, including the strike organisers and militant Councilists Pietro Ferrero (assassinated by the fascists in 1922) and Maurizio Garino. On April 14, the authorities intervene with an extreme rigor to break the strike (which continues until April 23). Arrests en masse occur, which include Garino.

1931 - In Montevideo, the celebrated Argentinian anarchist expropriator, Miguel Arcángel Roscigno (or Roscigna), is arrested and disappeared. [see: May. 8] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2703.html]

1938 - Arnaldo Simões Januário (b. 1897), Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist militant and member of União Anarquista Portuguesa, dies in the Tarrafal (Cap Verde) prison camp. [see: Jun. 6]

1972 - Soledad Brothers acquitted.

1977 - The first major national meeting of the CNT since the fall of the Franco dictatorship is held in San Sebastian de los Reyes (Madrid).

1986 - A car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, killing one police officer and injuring 21 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Street_bombing]

[A] 1993 - The Red Army Faction razes to the ground a recently completed hi-tech prison in Germany.

2002 - Nanterre massacre: In Nanterre, France, a gunman opens fire at the end of a town council meeting, resulting in the deaths of eight councilors and the injury of 19 others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanterre_massacre]

2004 - Karl Ludwig Ratschiller (b. 1921), Italian geologist and anti-Nazi partisan in North-Eastern Italy during WWII, dies. [see: Jun. 22] ||
 * = 28 || 1871 - Paris Commune, over 200,000 people turn out at the City Hall to see their newly elected officials, whose names are read to great and festive acclaim, making this day a revolutionary festival. The red flag, raised over all public buildings, is emblematic of the Commune.

[1871 - Commune de Narbonne: the insurgents seized the Arsenal. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune de Saint-Étienne: at six in the morning, the City Hall is circled, the red flag is removed. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - Commune du Creusot: Order in Le Creusot is finally restored. Many of the leaders of the Republican-Socialist Committee have fled to Geneva, others are in prison. Jean-Baptiste Dumay is in hiding in Le Creusot. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1903 - A robbery is committed at the Cathedral of Saint Gatien Tours during the night of 27th-28th by Marius Jacob and Les Travailleurs de la Nuit. From the daily report of Tours Central Commissioner Caubet, March 28, 1903: "Last night, unknown perpetrators broke into the cathedral on the side of the street from the Pralette using a ladder leant against a window that they broken, and stole four large Aubusson eighteenth tapestries marked with the arms of the city of Tours and bearing the figure S.M., 3m by 4m representing '//La Nativité//', '//Jésus au milieu des docteurs//' (Jesus among the Doctors), '//La fuite n Egypte//' (The escape from Egypt) and '//La présentation au temple//' (he Presentation in the Temple). These tapestries were framed and displayed in a chapel. An investigation was opened." [ Costantinni pics ] "Then he noticed the fine, heavy, 17th century Aubusson tapestries which hung on the walls . . ." [Bernard Thomas - '//Les Vies d'Alexandre Jacob//', 1970] [www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2008/06/vol-a-tours/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Jacob fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Jacob www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/tag/travailleurs-de-la-nuit/ amicaledesnidsapoussiere.over-blog.com/2014/08/marius-jacob-et-les-travailleurs-de-la-nuit-la-vie-illustree-mars-1905.html en.calameo.com/read/0001463675fe0ecbf0f6c]

1911 - Part of the Bonnot Gang is caught and killed by cops after months of joyous bank robbing and other escapades. Many letters had been sent publicising their actions and taunting the police. Comprised of unemployed anarchists, the Bonnot Gang received much enthusiastic response from the public.

[B] 1917 - Ramón Cambra Turias aka 'Mone' (d. 2010), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, printer, translator and poet, born. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121226 syndikalismus.wordpress.com/2011/01/11/ramon-„mone“-cambra-–-moge-die-erde-dir-leicht-sein-companero/ avtonom.org/node/14604 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/v9s636 www.estelnegre.org/documents/cambra/cambra.html]

1934 - The Uníos Hermanos Proletarios (UHP; Union of Proletarian Brothers or Unite! Proletarian Brothers) aka Uníos Hijos del Proletariado (Unite! Children of the Proletariat) is formalised with the signing of the Pacto CNT-UGT de Asturias. [es.wikisource.org/wiki/Pacto_CNT-UGT_de_Asturias]

1970 - Time bomb attributable to The Angry Brigade found at Waterloo Station.

1970 - Jules Vignes (b. 1884), French anarchist publisher, propagandist and Idist, dies. The creator of a number of newspapers including '//La Torche//' (Oct. 1908), the Saint-Genis-Laval liberatrian Idist paper '//La Feuille//' (The Sheet) in 1917, and the original version of the Libération newspaper in 1927. He became involved in supporting the Spanish revolution and the revolutionary fighters in exile including the network around Francisco Ponzán Vidal (Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist guerrillero, anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter captured in 1943, shot and burned by the Nazis two days before the Spanish guerrillas liberate Toulouse). In 1945 he republishes '//La Feuille//' and started '//Le Vieux Travailleur//' (The Old Worker, 1951-57) and '//Le Travailleur Libertaire//' (1957-58). [see: Apr. 13] ||
 * = 29 || 1830 - Claude Rougeot (d. 1871), shoe-maker, Lyons anarchist and participant in the insurrection in the Guillotière suburb in Lyon (April 30) where they tried to establish a commune in conjunction with the Paris Commune and similar efforts in other cities in France, born.

1897 - Renato Castiglioni (d. 1967), Italian socialist, anarchist, trades unionist and anti-fascist, born. A stationmaster in Bologna, he had been a militant in the rail union since 1914, and a member of the PSI since 1921. As a member of the union leadership, he was one of the organisers of the 1920-21 strikes and the anti-fascist strike on August 23, 1922, called by the Workers Alliance. In 1923, he was dismissed from his post in the Italian railways because of his activism. After being exempted from military service in December 1923, he took part from 1923 to 1925 in the work of the organisation Italia Libera. In 1925 the Central Committee of the railway trade union informed him that a warrant of arrest had been issued against him for stopping a train of carabinieri and guards going Parma. To escape arrest, he left for France later that year, settling in Paris and taking part in anarcho-syndicalist movement activities. Working in the construction industry, he joined the CGTU and then probably the CGTSR, participating in all the strikes and demonstrations as well as the campaign for Sacco and Vanzetti. He worked at various newspapers published by Camillo Berneri and the Comité d'aide aux victimes politiques. Expelled from France in 1934, he was successively expelled from Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland before returning to Paris in secret. In 1935 he was on a list of anarchists in the Paris region as residents at no. 11 avenue Philippe Auguste (XI arr.). At the outbreak of the Spanish Revolution, he left for Barcelona where he arrived on July 29, 1936, becoming the first volunteer in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, he participated in the battle of Monte Pelato. Then, at the request of the railway workers' union, he went to Port Bou as lead coordinator for Spanish railways. He was later appointed by the Government of Catalonia as head of the radio, telegraphy and direction finding and interception service for Barcelona, and then head of aviation radio at the Sarignera (Barcelona) airfield, participating in several air missions and setting up radio interception for the Servicios Fronterizos at Port Bou. During this period he was a member of the Italian anarchist group Pisacane and, from early 1937, a member of the newspaper '//Guerra di Classe//'. In December (or July?) 1937, following a double ear infection, he returned to France where, arrested for violating the expulsion of 1934, he was sentenced to one month and fifteen days in jail. Upon his release, he did not return to Spain but settled in Marseille under a false identity. On the list of "subversives" issued by Italian Fascist authorities, he was arrested in Paris in 1940 and interned in July at camp Vernet, then to that of Remoulins d'Où where, in February 1941, he was extradited to Italy. On April 29 he was sentenced to five years internal exile on the island of Ventotene, and later in the Renicci di Anghiari concentration camp. Upon his release from confinement on September 6, 1943, he participated in the resistance and the reconstruction of the underground trade union movement in the cities and countryside of Romagna. He was the editor of the underground mimeographed bulletin '//La Tribuna Ferrovieri Dei//' (The Railway Workers Tribune). After the liberation he joined the PCI. Throughout the 1930s he also collaborated on '//Combat Syndicaliste//', '//L'Espagne Antifasciste//', '//L'Adunata dei Refrattari//' and '//Il Martello//' (New-York). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article643]

1908 - Antonio Pereira (real name Tomaso Ranieri; d. 1969), Italian anarchist, member of the Ortiz column in the Spanish Revolution, and the underground movement after the fascist Franco became dictator, born.

1924 - The weekly anarchist magazine '//Revista Nueva//' begins publication in Barcelona, continuing until July 25, 1925 (69 issues).

[A] 1935 - Clément Duval (b. 1850), French anarchist illegalist, member of La Panthère des Batignolles, sentenced to death by a French court for a burglary (in which a policeman was wounded trying to apprehend him), dies in New York. [see: Mar. 11]

1943 - Joaquin Pallarès Tomás (b. 1923), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and leader of the Pallarès Action Group, one of the first anti-Franco urban guerrilla groups, which started its operations almost as soon as the Civil War ended in 1939, in and around Hospitalet, Santa Eulalia, Sans and La Torrasa (villages and districts in and around Barcelona), is executed (garotte vil) alongside Francisco Álvarez Rodríguez, Fernando Ruiz Fernández, Francisco Atarés Agustin (Francisco Atarés Martín), Josep Serra Lafort (José Serra Lopez), Benito Saute Martí, Juan Aguilar Mompart, Bernabé Argüelles Depaz (Agustin Argüelles Cabeza?) and Pere Tréssols Meix (Pedro Tresols Meix), members of his group, in Modelo prison, Barcelona. Among the operations credited to it was the execution of the chief inspector of the Hospitalet police (on April 30, 1939), as well as a number of incidents in which police were disarmed or shot, and robberies were carried out. His group was made up of Catalans, plus some Aragonese from around Huesca. In addition to guerrilla activity, they did remarkable work on the reorganisation of the FIJL in Catalonia, setting up the first post-war regional committee and the Barcelona local committee. At the time of their arrest, three of the group's members (Pallarés, Alvarez and Ruiz) held positions on the Libertarian Youth regional committee. They were captured by the police in March 1943 and tortured; within days, Joaquin Pallarés – who displayed great integrity — and eight of his comrades were executed. Two days later three more were executed: José García Navarro, Vicente Martínez Fuster (Vicenç Martínez Fuster) and Joan Pelfort Tomàs (Juan Pelfort Tomasa). Vicente Iglesias, José Urrea, Manuel Gracia, Rafael Olalde and Hilario Fondevilla Fuentes had their lives spared. The Pallarès was one of the first Franco urban guerrilla groups. [libcom.org/history/1939-1943-the-pallares-action-group www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/grupo-pallares.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2903.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/denuncias/1808-tal-dia-como-ayer-en-1943-fueron-ejecutados-9-anarquistas.html www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/memoria/68-aniversario-la-ejecucion-los-miembros-del-primer-comite-la-federacion-iberica-jo losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5984 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article350 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7365 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7808 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article124 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article506 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8887 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8277 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8343 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3433 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5777 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2608]

[D] 1962 - A military coup topples Argentina's civilian government but instals a civilian, José María Guido, as their figurehead president. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coups_d'état_in_Argentina#Coup_of_March_29.2C_1962 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_María_Guido es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_María_Guido]

1973 - Former Black Panther H. Rap Brown convicted for October 16, 1971 robbery. ||
 * = 30 || [B] 1844 - Paul Verlaine (d. 1896), French Symbolist //poète maudit//, born. Bisexual lover of Arthur Rimbaud and, whilst never an anarchist despite the Mary Evans caricature of him as a devil with the word 'anarchist' in cyrillic letters on his forehead, he did frequent the usual Parisian anarchist haunts. French singer Léo Ferré set fourteen of his poems (along with 8 of Rimbaud's) to music on his album '//Verlaine et Rimbaud//' (1964).

1869 - Emma Goldman (d. 1940), Russian-American anarchist writer, activist and feminist, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Goldman spartacus-educational.com/USAgoldman.htm recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GoldmanEmma.htm dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/Goldmanbio.html www.spunk.org/texts/people/goldman/sp001520/emmabio.html wwww.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Emma_Goldman.html jwa.org/womenofvalor/goldman theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/emma-goldman]

1892 - François Ravachol returns to the Restaurant Véry (24, boulevard de Magenta, Paris)[see: Mar. 27] and the waiter Jules Lhérot recognises him as the person who he had talked to 3 days before about the bombing, and who also resembles the description of the bomber given in the press. Lhérot denounces him to the police and, after a struggle, Ravachol is arrested for his bombings. [ Costantinni pic ] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/ravachol.html noms.rues.st.etienne.free.fr/rues/ravachol.html www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html]

1900 - Bruno Filippi (d. 1919), Italian individualist anarchist writer and activist, born. Regular collaborator on the Italian individualist anarchist magazine '//Iconoclasta!//' alongside Renzo Novatore. Arrested in 1915 in possession of a recently fired gun during an anti-militarist demonstration and spent some time in prison. During the Biennio Rosso (Two Red Years) he was active in Milan with a group of young comrades who were involved in a series of bombings. On September 7, 1919 the bomb Filippi was carrying exploded as he attempted to attack the Café Biffi in the gallery Vittorio Emanuele in Milan where the 'Circolo dei Nobili (club of nobles), the richest people of the city, were having a meeting. His foot was all that was left amongst the rubble but it led to his identification and the arrest of a number of his comrades. In 1920 a pamphlet of his '//Iconoclasta!//' articles was published as '//Posthumous Writings of Bruno Filippi'//. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Bruno_Filippi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Filippi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Filippi]

1911 - Francisco Ponzán Vidal (d. 1944), known as 'el maestro de Huesca' aka François Vidal, 'Paco', 'Gurriato' and 'El Gafas' (The Eye), important Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, anti-Franco guerrilla and Résistance fighter, born. Founder and organiser of the escape and evasion lines used by the Pat O’Leary and Sabot networks, the French security services (Travaux Ruraux), and local French Résistance organisations, from 1940 to 1943, Francisco Ponzán Vidal’s group, consisting mainly of Spanish anarchist exiles, saved the lives of hundreds if not thousands of Résistance fighters, evadees and escaped prisoners of war. [www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/tag/francisco-ponzan-vidal/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3003.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/ponzan.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/elsresistentsoblidats.pdf]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: With the company having given in to workers' demands, the children who had been living in foster homes in New York City are brought home. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1915 - Francisco Sabaté i Llopart aka 'El Quico' (d. 1960), Catalan anarchist guérilla extraordinaire, born in Barcelona. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Sabaté_Llopart es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Sabaté en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Sabaté_Llopart ita.anarchopedia.org/Francisco_Sabaté_Llopart www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/556-francesc-sabate-i-llopart-qquicoq-la-leyenda-de-un-maquis.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7433 libcom.org/history/articles/1915-1960-francisco-sabate-llopart recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SabateFrancisco.htm raforum.info/spip.php?mot2119 www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2014/04/27/535d2c43ca47416f668b4570.html]

[1949 - Iceland anti-NATO Riot - [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_anti-NATO_riot_in_Iceland]

1968 - Anti-Vietnam demonstration takes place outside a US Army Hospital in Tokyo used for troops injured in Vietnam. Student demonstrators clash with riot police near hospital as demonstrators hurl stones at riot police. The riot police charge into crowd precipitating a riot leaving numerous protesters injured.] [www.itnsource.com/en/compilations/faith,-history-politics/events/lr/S31070702/1968-Year-of-Protest-Footage/ ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

[D] 1976 - Mass Palestinian protests across the West Bank following a decision by Israel to conficate Arab-owned land. In the resulting confrontations with Israeli police, six Palestinians are killed, hundreds wounded, and hundreds jailed. The protests gives birth to the annual Land Day potests/commemorations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Day electronicintifada.net/content/what-it-palestinians-commemorate-land-day/5039]

1978 - An INLA bomb blows up Airey Neave in his car as he leaves the House of Commons car park.

2013 - Mutiny of the prisoners of the first ward in Koridallos prison, Greece. || [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]
 * = 31 || [1871 - Commune de Narbonne: the commune falls.

1905 - [O.S. Mar. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Believing them to be a source of revolutionary ideas and tension, the tsarist government orders the closure of universities until the next academic year, swelling the ranks of the radical activists. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Mar. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Since the wave of strike began, the Factory Inspectorate has so far recorded more than 20 cases of 'sackings' in St Petersburg - direct action is taken by workers against unpopular foremen, seizing the offender, putting him in a sack, and throwing him out of the factory. After two sackings at the Putilov Works, the foremen apparently learned good manners and became extremely polite to the workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[1909 - [N.S. Apr. 13] 31 Mart Vakası [31 March Incident]: signals the defeat of the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_March_Incident]

1943 - José García Navarro, Vicente Martínez Fuster (Vicenç Martínez Fuster) and Joan Pelfort Tomàs (Juan Pelfort Tomasa) are executed by //garotte vil// in Modelo prison, Barcelona. [see: Mar. 29]

1964 - Right-wing coup topples the Brazilian government of President João Goulart. Years of military repression follow.

[A/D] 1990 - Poll Tax riots: 250,000 people battle the police in central London. ||


 * = APRIL ||
 * = 1 || [DD] 1649 - The Diggers occupy St. George's Hill, Watton in Surrey and begin tilling the land. [expand]

1812 - Smith’s workshop near Holmfirth has all his dressing-frames and shears damaged. At Honley, James Brook has new shearing-frame destroyed. [Luddites]

1820 - Scottish Insurrection of 1820 aka The Radical War: A Proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government. Glasgow April 1st. 1820" is published in Glasgow. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Radical_War.htm www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]

1871 - Emile Digeon is arrested, following the army's defeat of the Narbonne Commune yesterday.

1883 - Louise Michel is incarcerated in Saint-Lazare prison having been sentenced to 6 years on a charge of "excitation au pillage" following the looting of bakeries during an unemployment protest on March 9, 1883. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel www.iisg.nl/collections/louisemichel/biography.php]

1901 - Francisco Ascaso Abadia (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, CNT member, born. Emblematic figure of the anti-Francoism, member of Los Justicieros and of Los Solidarios. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/avril01.html#1 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0104.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2460-pedro-fernandez-eleta.html www.drapeaunoir.org/espagne/ascaso.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Francisco_Ascaso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ascaso dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/ascaso/index.html]

[D] 1924 - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison for high treason for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch.

1939 - Franco declares victory in his war against the Republic. The U.S. recognises the Franco government in Spain.

[C] 1958 - Björn Söderberg (d. 1999), Swedish anarcho-syndicalist militant of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC), born. He was assassinated by neo-Nazis (three bullets in the head) as he left his home in revenge for his exposure of Robert Vesterlund, a celebrity in the Swedish neo-Nazi movement, to the union's newspaper '//Arbetaren//' that he was a member of the board of the local Chamber of Trade Union Trade at Svanströms store in Stockholm. Vesterlund was forced to resign from his job and was forced out of the union. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/]

1968 - Further demonstrations against new airport at Narita in Japan. [see: Mar. 11] [www.itnsource.com/en/compilations/faith,-history-politics/events/lr/S31070702/1968-Year-of-Protest-Footage/ ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

1990 - The Strangeways prisoner uprising begins in the chapel and quickly spreads to most of the prison, with prisoners occupying the roofs of the 5 accommodation wings. HMP Hull - sit-down protest in the exercise yard and rooftop occupation in support. Also disturbance at HMPs Gartree, Kirkham and Rochester. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]
 * = 2 || 1821 - [Apr. 14 (N.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: During the evening the first news of the Greek Revolt in southern Greece reaches Constantinople and prominent members of the Greek community began to be accused of having knowledge or even participated in the revolt. The Sultan, Mahmud II, requested a fatwa allowing a general massacre against all Greeks living in the Empire (which was subsequently recalled) and the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, was forced by the Ottoman authorities to excommunicate the revolutionaries, which he did on Palm Sunday, April, 3 (O.S.)[April, 15 (N.S.)] 1821.

1863 - Richmond Bread Riot: Thousands of starving women storm from Capitol Square to Cary Street and the 17th Street market, smashing in store fronts and liberating food in the Southern States' largest civil disturbance during the Civil War. "We celebrate our right to live. We are starving. As soon as enough of us get together we are going to the bakeries and each of us will take a loaf of bread. That is little enough for the government to give us after it has taken all our men." [www.timesdispatch.com/special-section/the-civil-war/civil-war-th-richmond-bread-riots-were-biggest-civil-uprising/article_faa79410-99a9-11e2-a04a-001a4bcf6878.html]

1879 - [Apr. 14 N.S.] Alexsander K. Soloviev (Александр Константинович Соловьёв; b. 1846), a member of Land and Liberty (Zemlya i Volya) fires five shots at Tsar Alexsander II as he takes his morning walk on the grounds of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. He misses his mark and is arrested. He will be hanged on May 28, 1879 [June 9 N.S.]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Soloviev_(revolutionary) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Соловьёв,_Александр_Константинович www.narovol.narod.ru/solovact.htm]

1903 - A demonstration of 10,000 in Monterrey, Nuero Leon, protesting the re-election of General Bernardo Reyes as state governor, are fired on by //federales// under the command of Reyes himself. 15 protesters are killed and many more wounded.

1905 - Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Father Georgy Gapon (Гео́ргий Гапо́н), allegedly now an Okrana spy, chairs a revolutionary conference in Geneva, which is secretly sponsored by Japanese intelligence chief Motojirō Akashi (明石 元二郎), who has been given ¥1,000,000 by the Japanese government to subvert Russia. The meeting is boycotted by the Bolsheviks and the Jewish Bund. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Motojiro]

1908 - In Rome, during a funeral for a worker who died in an industrial accident, confrontations occur with the police, who oppose the procession. Police draw their guns and open fire, killing four and wounding 17. Among the dead is the anarchist militant Paolo Chiarelli. A General Strike is declared, and subsequently, several anarchists are arrested, tried and condemned to heavy prison sentences.

1908 - Ramón Vila Capdevila aka 'Caracremada' or 'Caraquemada' (Burnt-face), 'Peus Llargs' (Big Feet), Capità Raymond (Captain Raymond), Ramon Llaugí Pons, 'El Jabalí' (The Wild boar) (d. 1963), Catalan militant anarcho-syndicalist and guérilla fighter, born. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Vila_Capdevila es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Vila_Capdevila en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Vila_Capdevila www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0708.html libcom.org/history/articles/1918-1963-ramon-vila-capdevila puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3407-ramon-vila-capdevila-ultimo-maquis-catalan.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8584 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/317-ramon-vila-capdevila-qcaraquemadaq.html www.ephemanar.net/aout07.html#capdevila www.territorimaquis.cat/nivells/contingut/titular/ramon-vila-capdevila]

1915 - Battle of the Wazzir: about 2,500 Australian and New Zealand soldiers riot over recent price increases, poor quality drinks, and concerns about the spread of venereal disease on Haret el Wasser, a street an area of Cairo where there were a large number of brothels and drinking establishments [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wazzir]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: The Reich government send the Reichswehr (the German army) and rightwing Freikorps units into the Ruhr area to suppress the uprising. This force also contains units that had supported the putsch only days previously, such as the Marinebrigade von Loewenfeld and even the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. General Watter and his staff led the civil war, based in Münster, successfully suppressed the Red Ruhr Army. The fighting was followed by death sentences and mass executions. Those who were found carrying weapons at the time of their arrest were shot—including the wounded. Reichspräsident Ebert forbade these summary executions. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1939 - Mauro Bajatierra Morán (b. 1884), Spanish journalist, prolific writer, novelist, playwright, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist propagandist, summarily tried and executed in Madrid following the Fascist victory. [see: Jul. 8]

1951 - Barcelona Tram Strike: The protest spreads to Madrid. [expand][see: Mar. 1&12]

1962 - Pierre Carles, French libertarian documentary filmmaker, agent provocateur and one-time anarcho-communist, born. Co-directed (with Georges Minangoy) '//Ni Vieux Ni Traître//' (2006), a documentary film about the involvement of French and Catalan anarchists in the fight against Franco. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Carles che4ever.over-blog.com/article-portrait-pierre-carles-documentariste-ou-et-anarchiste-75704781.html communismefashion.wordpress.com/tag/pierre-carles/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_vieux,_ni_traîtres www.pierrecarles.org/]

[D] 1968 - In the first Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) action, incendiary devices are placed at the Kaufhof and Schneider department stores in Frankfurt.

1969 - Twenty-one Black Panther Party members are charged with plotting to charged with conspiring to kill cops, bomb five New York City stores, shooting at police and trying to blow up police stations. Thirteen are prosecuted in September

1970 - After an eight month trial, the jury took only two-and-a-half hours to vote to acquit the defendants, rejecting the prosecution's crusade to discredit the Black Panthers.

[C] 1980 - A police raid on the 'Black and White' cafe in the mainly Afro-Caribbean working class district of St Paul's in Bristol sparks rioting. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/78/bristol-disturbances.html]

1990 - Minor disturbances at HMP Lindholme, Low Newton and Bedford in support of Strangeways. Unconnected and long-planned escape attempt at Long Lartin involving a JCB.

1996 - Antonio Ortiz Ramirez (b. 1907), Catalan member of the CNT in 1936 during the Spanish Revolution and Civil War, dies. [see: Apr. 13]

2009 - 300 masked protesters arrested in Strasbourg overnight in lead-up to the NATO summit.

[A] 2011 - Prisoners mutiny in Lebanon's notorious Roumieh prison, setting fire to bedding and smashing doors and windows, demanding an amnesty for unconvicted prisoners and better prison conditions. After 4 days security forces using rubber bullets, stun grenades and tear-gas retake the prison. Two prisoners die and 45 are injured, as prisoners fight riot police with sticks and Molotovs. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Radical_War.htm www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]
 * = 3 || [A] 1820 - Scottish Insurrection of 1820 aka The Radical War: Following a call by 'A Committee of Organisation for Forming a Provisional Government' on April 1, workers across central Scotland stopped work and armed themselves. Workers trying to raid the Carron Company ironworks in Falkirk in search of arms were ambushed by police and Hussars. Other actions over the following week saw a number of skirmished between Radicals and the military, with numerous arrests. In subsequent trials 3 men were sentenced to hang and a further 19 transportation to Australia.

1821 - [Apr. 15 (N.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: On Palm Sunday, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, in Constantinople is forced by the Ottoman authorities to excommunicate the Filiki Eteria revolutionaries and their supporters. Later in the day the Sultan orders the execution of the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis, who is beheaded and his body displayed in public. His brother and various other leading members of the Phanariote families are also executed, although in fact only a few Phanariotes were connected with the revolutionaries. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]

[C] 1909 - Joan Borràs Casanova (d. 1987), Spanish anarchist, proletarian painter, poster artist and writer, born. Following the Fascist coup, he joined the CNT's Aliança d'Intellectuals per a la Defensa de la Cultura i al Sindicat de Dibuixants (Alliance of Intellectuals for the Defence of Culture and the Union of Artists). During the revolution, he worked as a member of the Libre-Studio designing posters for the Delegació de Propaganda i Premsa del Consell Executiu Popular (Office of Propaganda and Popular Media Executive Council; CEP) - becoming known as a painter of the Revolution - and illustrations for the libertarian press such as '//Estudios//', '//Libre-Studio//', etc. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0304.html vrcultura.uv.es/cultura/colecciones/e/ficha.asp?ID=UV002236 pintorescatalanes.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/juan-borras-casanova.html]

1912 - Federico Borrell García aka 'El Taino' (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Founder of the local branch of the Libertarian Youth (FIJL) in 1932. FAI militant and during the Spanish Revolution a militiaman in the Columna Alcoiana led by the local anarchist activist, Enrique Vaño Nicomedes. He is best known now by the iconic photo '//The Fallen Soldier//', by Robert Capa, which captured his moment of death on September 5, 1936. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borrell libcom.org/history/borrell-federico-1936 www.alicantevivo.org/2007/06/taino-el-miliciano-annimo.html www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/robert-capa/in-love-and-war/47/ www.culturandalucia.com/GCE/Taino/La_identidad_de_Taino_en_una_foto_atribuida_a_Robert_Capa_INDICE.htm]

[CC] 1912 - Grigoris Lambrakis (Greek: Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; d. 1963), Greek resistance fighter, leftist politician, physician, and track and field athlete, born. A champion athlete throughout his life, he held the Greek record for long jump (for twenty-three years from 1936 to 1959) and the triple jump record. During the Axis occupation of Greece during WWII (1941–1944), Lambrakis participated actively in the Greek Resistance. In 1943 he set up the Union of Greek Athletes (Ένωση των Ελλήνων Αθλητών, Enosi ton Ellínon Athlitón) and organised regular competitions, using the revenue from these games to fund public food-banks for the starving population. Elected to the Greek parliament in 1961 as a candidate of the Pandemocratic Agrarian Front (Πανδημοκρατικόν Αγροτικόν Μέτωπον) on the ticket of the United Democratic Left (Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά), which was Greece's farthest left party outside of the banned communists, he used his Parliamentry immunity to march unmolested in a walk for peace, from Marathon to central Athens after it had been banned by the police who had beaten up the other marchers. It was this march that brought him to the forefront of Greek politics, making him a hero of the left and an enemy of the right. Lambrakis' ideals captured the imagination of the Greek left who after a quarter a century of opression by the right in the name of fighting communism, were ready to embrace his goals of peace and a nuclear-free world. Unfortunately these ideals and Lambrakis' speeches incited the right-wing to hysteria, believing him to be a communist and a danger to pro-America Greece. A plot was hatched to set him up and murder him after he had delivered the keynote speech at an anti-war meeting in Thessaloniki in 1963. Two hired thugs, far-right extremists Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyro Gotzamani, in a trikyklo (three wheeled vehicle), one driving and the other in the back with a club, were allowed to approach the event unmolested by the police. There they clubbed Lambrakis over the head in plain view of the police and a large number of people. Having slowed down almost to a halt in order to deliver the fatal blow, the crowd charged after the trikyklo as it tried to make its getaway, caught it and dragged the hapless assassins out. At that point, the police did not have alternative but to arrest the perpetrators. Lambrakis suffered brain injuries in the attack and died in the hospital five days later, on May 27. The next day, in Athens, his funeral became a massive demonstration, with more than 500,000 people ralling to protest against the right-wing government and the Royal Court, seen by many to support the activities of the right-wing extremists. Within hours of his death composer Mikis Theodorakis founded the Lambrakis Youth Movement, the first mass-movement of its kind in Greece. The letter Z, which means zei, or in English he lives became the rallying cry of the Greek youth who found their voice following the Lambrakis murder. And when the government was eventually overthrown by the military Junta of April 21, 1967, one of the many things they banned was the letter Z. In 1969 Costa-Gavras released the movie '//Z//', about the Lambrakis murder and investigation. That investigation was palced in the hands of a young magistrate by the name of Christos Sartzetakis, who was really only being tasked to find the proof that Lambrakis' death had been an accident. However, Sartzetakis courageously implicated the leaders of the police in a conspiracy to murder Lambrakis and uncovered a secret right-wing organisation used for such dirty work, controlled by the police and others. The Lambrakis murder eventually ended up bringing down Constantine Karamanlis and his pro-American government. Though never implicated in the murder, the perception was that even if Karamanlis was not a part of it, he should have had more control over the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoris_Lambrakis el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Γρηγόρης_Λαμπράκης www.ahistoryofgreece.com/biography/lambrakis.htm theodorakisfriends.com/2013/05/22/grigoris-lambrakis-memorial-day/]

1915 - Karl Ibach (d. 1990), German communist member of the resistance against the Third Reich and later, a writer and politician, born. A member of the Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands (KJVD; Young Communist League of Germany) and later the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, he was arrested in spring 1933 and detained at the Kemna concentration camp in Wuppertal. Released in October 1933 after 2.5 months, he continued his resistance activities, fleeing to the Netherlands, but was arrested again shortly after returning to Germany. Charged with suspicion of preparing to commit high treason, he was sentenced to 8-year and imprisoned in various Nazi concentration camps and prisons (Zuchthouses). In 1943, he was transferred to a Punishment Division and ended up as a Soviet prisoner of war. Released in 1947, he went on to publish a report about his experiences at Kemna in 1948, was a co-founder and director of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, vice chair of the Zentralverband demokratischer Widerstandskämpfer und Verfolgtenorganisationen (Central Association of Democratic Resistance Fighters and Persecuted Organisations) and a member of the presidium of the Fédération Internationale Libre des Déportés et Internés de la Résistance (Free International Federation of Deportees and Internees of the Resistance). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ibach]

1917 - In Kansas City police today escort "off duty" navy sailors to destroy the Industrial Workers of the World union headquarters. This action inspires similar terrorist attacks in Detroit, Duluth, and other IWW centres.

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: A large part of the Ruhr Army fled before the Reichswehr to the region occupied by the French Army. The Reichswehr stopped itself only at the river Ruhr, as the British occupation forces were threatening to occupy the Bergisches Land due to the breach of the Versailles Treaty. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1945 - Himmler orders the execution of all those who show white capitulation flags on their houses. [www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/timeline/timelinetab1945.html]

[D] 1974 - Patty Hearst announces in a taped message to a Berkeley radio station that she has joined her kidnappers, the Symbionese Liberation Army.

1996 - 'Unabomber' Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his cabin outside of Lincoln, Montana.

2009 - 25,000 cops on duty to try and prevent 'trouble' at the NATO summit in Strasbourg.

2011 - Marian Pankowski (b. 1919), Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator, and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

2013 - Mutiny in Koridallos female prison, Greece. ||
 * = 4 || 1812 - Luddite Riots at Stockport; Mr Goodwin's steam-looms destroyed.

[1871 - Commune de Marseille: the army attacks the préfecture and the Commune of Marseilles falls. [www.monde-libertaire.fr/autogestion/14451-la-commune-de-marseille www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Marseille-23-mars-4 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Marseille www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1871 - Commune de Limoges: The 9e Régiment d'Infanterie is ordered to Paris but, having marched to the train station, are met by a crowd composed of women and children who greet the troops with cries of "Long live the Republic Paris. Vive la Commune!", and who ask the soldiers if they would "fire upon your brethren?" The crowd, accompanied by a detachment of the Guard Nationale, led by a porcelain painter named Couessac, invade the station to prohibit the reinforcements leaving for Versailles and Paris. Meanwhile, another group of protesters invade the préfecture. The préfet fled, disguised as a servant. The Hotel de Ville is also invaded and the Commune de Limoges is proclaimed, whilst the surrounding streets are blocked with barricades... The commune survives until Apr. 10 [www.commune1871.org/?4-avril-1871-la-breve-Commune-de raforum.info/spip.php?article3645 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[A] 1871 - Paris Communards take the archbishop of Paris hostage.

1892 - Jules Thomas (b. 1839), French Icarien [follower of Étienne Cabet], Parisian communard, Blanquist, then a militant anarchist, dies. Fled France following the fall of the Commune and took refuge in New York, founding the Société des Réfugiés de la Commune which, in addition to its solidarity actions, commemorated the anniversary of the March 18 Paris uprising. [see: Jul. 7]

1894 - In Paris, during the trial of Émile Henry, a bomb explodes at the Foyot restaurant. The libertarian writer Laurent Tailhade, who was there by chance, lost an eye in the explosion. The anarchist Louis Matha was suspected of being the author of the attack, but no proof could be found against him.

1914 - Unemployed riot in Union Square, NYC.

1920 - During the night of the 3rd-4th April, the IRA burn over 300 abandoned RIC barracks in rural areas and almost 100 income tax offices. [historywithatwist.wordpress.com/timeline-of-the-tans/ www.academia.edu/959397/The_Anglo-Irish_War_1919-1921_Englands_Troubles--Irelands_Opportunities_ worldatwar.net/timeline/ireland/18-48.html paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT19200406.2.28]

1945 - Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French-born student leader during the unrest of May 1968, born. The one-time anarchist was then known as Dany le Rouge but has since become Dany le Vert, having joined the German Greens. ||
 * = 5 || 1839 - Gabriel-Constant Martin (d. 1906), French teacher, elected a member of the Paris Commune, First International, Blanquist, anarchist, botn. Martin wrote for Sébastien Faure's paper, '//Le journal du peuple//' until his death, July 9, 1906.

1871 - Élisée Reclus, serving in the National Guard, now in open revolt, during the Paris Commune, is taken prisoner. On the 16th of November he is sentenced to transportation for life; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer and anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.

1877 - Benevento anarchist/Banda del Matese Uprising: In Italy, the debut of the anarchist Gang of Matese. Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta, Pietro Cesaré Ceccarelli and the Russian militant Sergei Stepniak are among the 26 dubbed the Banda del Matese (Maltese Gang) by the government after the town of Letino declares a social revolution and libertarian communism three days hence. [ita.anarchopedia.org/banda_del_Matese www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckvh www.brigantaggio.net/Brigantaggio/Storia/Matese1.htm docs.google.com/document/d/1oX4HabotuE88AdcDVU_qzytC-JTfkHDGsQf_GAGHVxM/edit?pli=1 pm2010.altervista.org/anarchici.htm auroraliber.wordpress.com/2013/12/26/quelli-del-77-il-matese-e-la-sua-banda/ ninco-nanco.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/la-repubblica-anarchica-del-matese.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/lifeofmalatesta.html#p101]

1889 - Court of Rome sentences the socialist/anarchist Andrea Costa to three years in prison for "ribellione alla polizia di stato" (rebellion against the state police).

1900 - Augustin Malroux (d. 1945), French teacher, socialist politician and member of the French Résistance, born. Member of the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO; French Section of the Second International), on 10 July 1940, he was one of the Vichy 80, the parliamentarians voting not to grant full powers to Marshal Pétain. In September 1940, he participated in the founding of the Comité d'Action Socialiste (CAS, Socialist Action Committee) for the zone occupée, offered his Parisian residence for clandestine meetings and linking between CAS Nord and CAS Sud. From 1941, he was also a member of the Confrérie Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame Brotherhood) and of the Organisation Civile et Militaire (Civil and Military Organisation). From 1940, he was also charged with establishing a link between Libération-sud and Libération Nord. In 1942, this movement asked him to create a combat group. Finally, he participated in the clandestine rebuilding of the Syndicat National des Instituteurs (National Teachers' Union). Arrested on March 2, 1942 in Paris, Malroux was then imprisoned in Fresnes and, on September 15, 1943, he was deported to Germany. First imprisoned in the camp at Neunkirchen, he was then transferred to prisons at Frankfurt am Main, Kassel, Halle and Berlin in September–October 1943, then to the camp at Bad Saarow (Sachsenhausen), from October 1943 to February 1945, and finally to the camp at Bergen-Belsen, where he died. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Malroux fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Malroux]

1913 - Léon Lacombe aka 'Leontou' & 'Le Chien' (b. 1885), French individualist anarchist and miner, who was involved in a series of illegaist actions including robberies and the killing of a police informer, cheats the guillotine by commiting suicide, throwing himself from the roof of the La Santé prison. [see: Apr. 12]

[D] 1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa defeats 12,000 strong Huerta force at San Pedro de las Colonias.

1920 - During the night of the 4th-5th April, one hundred and twenty RIC barracks and 22 tax offices are torched to commemorate the insurrectionists of the Easter Rising. [historywithatwist.wordpress.com/timeline-of-the-tans/ www.academia.edu/959397/The_Anglo-Irish_War_1919-1921_Englands_Troubles--Irelands_Opportunities_ worldatwar.net/timeline/ireland/18-48.html paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT19200406.2.28]

1920 - Following a meeting in Decima Persiceto, near Bologna in Italy, the carabinieri massacre seven workers, including the anarchist Compagnoli, and injure 45 others. A general strike 's declared in the province, which is extended to many other Italian cities and lasts until April 7.

1930 - Antoine Cyvoct (b. 1861), Lyons anarchist militant, dies. [see: Feb. 28]

[C] 1950 - The date most commonly given for the voluntary disbandment of the 43 Group, which has accepted that the immediate fascist threat was over. [see: Jun. 4] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Group www.fighthatred.com/historical-events/fighters-against-hate/1044-the-43-group-was-an-english-anti-fascist-group-set-up-by-jewish-ex-servicemen-after-world-war-ii]

1990 - Strangeways-related disturbances at HMP Durham, Winchester, Wandsworth, Full Sutton, Stafford and Brockhill.

[A] 2003 - 86 prisoners die in fires or are shot by the cops and guards following a riot at El Porvenir prison farm outside La Ceiba, Honduras. ||
 * = 6 || 1781 - Túpac Amaru captured in Perú after being denounced by a traitor.

1812 - Food riot at Carlisle. [expand] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/6th-april-1812-food-riot-at-carlisle.html]

1847 - Gustave Jeanneret (d. 1927), Swiss painter, member of the International Council of the Jura Federation, brother of the libertarian engraver and writer Georges-Edouard Jeanneret and uncle of Le Corbusier, born. Trained as a wallpaper engraver but left for Paris in 1869 to dedicate himself fully to his art. During the Semaine Sanglante he was involved in smuggling passports into Paris to enable the escape of Communards. Back in Switzerland, Switzerland, he was secretary of the Neuchâtel section of the AIT (anti-authoritarian) and active within the Jura Federation. He specialised in realist views of the countryside and especially the vineyard. [www.ephemanar.net/avril06.html#jeanneret anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120913 www.chateaudeboudry.ch/?a=8,29,42 www.sngenealogie.ch/bulletins/bulletin_19/bul_19_famille_jeanneret_branche_de_artiste_peintre_gustave.htm www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=4023099]

[D] 1871 - During the Paris Commune, a battalion of the National Guard set up two guillotines before the statue of Voltaire and set fire to them in front of a cheering crowd, shouting: "Down with the death penalty!"

[A] 1878 - Erich Mühsam (d. 1934 ), gay German poet, playwright and anarchist militant, born. A rebel from an early age (expelled from school aged 13 and a writer of satirical verse), he left his apprenticeship in the family Pharmacy in 1900 to devote himself to cultural agitation. By 1901 he was in Berlin, where he and his partner Johannes Nohl met the likes of John Henry Mackay, Johannes Schlaf and Hanns Heinz Ewers. He also joined the Neue Gemeinschaft (New Community) circle, which brought together young political intellectuals and agitated in favour of community life, and including Peter Hille, Martin Buber and Gustav Landauer. At that time Mühsam discovered the writings of a number of anarchists, especially those of Mikhail Bakunin. He also began working on numerous libertarian publications such as '//Der Freie Arbeiter//', '//Der Anarchist//', Johannes Holzman's (Senna Hoy) magazine '//Der Kampf//', and he edited the Berlin newspaper '//Der Arme Teufel//' (The Poor Devil). Culturally, he became a member of the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagener circle of poets) naturalist writers circle and was a popular figure in literary cabarets and bohemian circles, becoming the producer of the Cabaret zum Peter Hille, named after the Neue Gemeinschaft member. Between 1904 and 1907, he travelled throughout Europe with his partner Johannes Nohl, going to Italy ans Switzerland, where he met Fritz Brupbacher, Bakunin biographer, and participated in the Monte Verità community at Ascona, befriending Karl Gräser, co-founder of Monte Verità with his brother Gusto. He also visited Austria and France, in Paris he frequenting the cabarets Le Lapin Agile and Le Chat Noir, and participated in several meetings of the German Anarchist Club of Paris, befriending Gustave Herve, James Guillaume and former Communards. Back in Berlin, he continued working in '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' and its monthly anti-militarist supplement '//Generalstreik//' (General Strike), along with '//Der Jugend//' and the arts magazine '//Simplicissimus//'. Following the 1907 International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam, he made a public called for civil disobedience and refuse to pay the tax for the Army. That same year, and having also published a pamphlet on those issues, he was fined 500 marks for "incitement to class hatred and encouraging disobedience of the law." In November 1908, he settled in Munich, where he founded the Gruppe Tat (Action), which included Oskar Maria Graf and Georg Schrimpf amongst its members, and joined Landauer's newly founded Sozialistischer Bund (Socialist Federation), which was based on federated Proudhonian mutualist communities. Arrested numerous times and especially persecuted for having organised demonstrations of unemployed, in 1910 he was arrested for membership of a secret societies but eventually acquitted for lack of evidence. However, it did bring about the end of the Tat group. Around the same time he was an active member of a Schwabian cultural circle, which included the likes of Heinrich Mann and Frank Wedekind along with many other poets and artists. He also published three books of poetry, four plays, and in the period 1911-14 was editor of the revolutionary literary monthly '//Kain: Zeitschrift für Menschlichkeit//' (Cain: Journal of Humanity), in which many of his writings of the period were also published. After the outbreak of WWI, Mühsam initially supported the Manifesto of the Sixteen, for which he was heavily criticise, especially by Landauer. However, he eventually changed his position and was involved in attempts, along with Landauer, Heinrich Mann, etc., to establish an international federation of opponents to the war. His attitude was considered "defeatist" by the authorities and he was banished to the Bavarian Alps. This failed to stop him, and on 17 June 1916, he participated in a demonstration against hunger. In January 1918, during a strike by workers in the munitions factories of Munich, he took to the floor in front of around 100,000 Krupp factory workers to call for a general strike, and was arrested. For violating his ban on political activity for refusing to participate in the then Vaterländischen Hilfsdienst (Patriotic Support Forum), he was sentenced to six months imprisonment in Traunstein and not released until November 5 1918, shortly before the revolution. During the German Revolution of November 1918, and which proclaimed the Republic, he was a member of Revolutionären Arbeiterrats (Revolutionary Workers' Counci) which deposed the Kaiser and proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria. Following the assassination of the Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner by right-wingers, he was one of the leaders of the Bavarian Soviet Republic of April 7 1919 but, following the April 13 attempted Munich Soviet coup, he was arrested and jailed with other leaders. After the defeat of the Republic by the Reichswehr and the right-wing nationalist Freikorps, and during which his friend Landauer was murdered, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for being a "treibendes element" (driving element). During his imprisonment he wrote many poems and propaganda pieces including '//Brennende Erde//' (Burning Earth), '//Verse eines Kämpfer//' (Fighter's Poems), '//Alarm//', '//Manifeste aus zwanzig Jahren//' (Manifesto of 20 Years) and the five act drama '//Judas//' in tribute to Gustav Landauer, killed during the post-Republic repression. Upon release on 20 December 1924 (under a general amnesty that saw Adolf Hitler, who by then had only served eight months of a five-year sentence for leading the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, also released), he moved to Berlin and founded the anarchist periodical '//Fanal//' (Beacon) together with the Anarchist Union. He also participated in campaigning for the release of Sacco and Vanzetti and against the expulsion of Durruti and other Spanish anarchist exiles. From 1925 to 1929 he was active the Rote Hilfe Deutschlands (Red Aid), the Communist Party associated prisoner support organisation, but left because of political differences. In the early 1930s, he was a member of the anarcho-syndicalist FAUD, alongside his friend and comrade Rudolf Rocker. A special issue of the journal 'Fanal' appeared in 1932, shortly before the seizure of power by the Nazis. It included his philosophical essay '//Die Befreiung Geselischaft der vom Staat//' (The Emancipation of Society from the State; 1932), subtitled '//Was ist Kommunistischer Anarchismus?//' (What is Communist Anarchism?), in which he rejected the doctrine of historical materialism in his work, explaining his revolutionary concepts and the need for the replacement of the state by an organisation of free manual workers and intellectuals. In it he also denounced the Communist Party for its subverting of the Russian revolution, its seizure of power and its so-called dictatorship in the name of the proletariat. From 1931-1933 Mühsam also published regular satirical political contributions in the '//Ulk//' supplement in the '//Berliner Tageblattes//' under the pseudonym Tobias. From the mid 1920s onwards, Mühsam had been relentlessly denounced by the Nazi press because of his writings satirising the Nazis such as his short story '//Die Affenschande//' (1923), which ridiculed the racial doctrines of the Nazi party, and the poem '//Republikanische Nationalhymne//' (1924), which attacked the German judiciary for its disproportionate punishment of leftists when compared to the right wing participants in the Putsch. Following his attempts to create a broad anti-fascist front, Goebbels labelled him "the red Jewish pig" and the main Nazi organ, '//Die Völkischer Beobachter//', published three photos on the front page (Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Mühsam) with the caption: "The only traitors in the team that have not been executed." On 20 February 1933, chaired the last meeting of anti-fascist artists in Berlin. Shortly thereafter, on February 28 1933, the day after the Reichstag fire, he was arrested as he tried to leave for Prague. Even after his arrest, the Nazi propaganda machine kept after him claiming that he was involved in the execution of 22 hostages in Munich on April 30 1919, unaware that from April 13 onwards he was firmly locked up in Ebrach prison. Following his arrest, Mühsam spent time in Sonnebrug, Ploetzensse and Brandenburg prison camps, where he was routinely beaten and tortured for things like not singing 'Deutschland über alles', for singing 'The Internationale', and so he could not write, etc. Suffering from heart disease, deaf, almost blind and unable to walk unaided, he was eventually hospitalised. In February 1934 he was transferred to Orianenburg Concentration Camp, where he was put to work cleaning the latrines. During the night of July 9-10, 1934 he was brutally murdered by SS men, who left him strung up in the latrines. The Nazi press claimed: "Der Jude Erich Mühsam hat sich in der Schutzhaft erhängt" (The Jew Erich Mühsam hung himself in protective custody). His end echoed the meaning of his surname: Painfully (or Laboriously). Mühsam was buried on 16 July 1934 at the cemetery in Dahlem (Berlin, Germany). Amongst the works published in his lifetime were '//Die Homosexualität. Ein Beitrag zur Sittengeschichte unserer Zeit//' (Homosexuality. A contribution to the history of morals of our time; 1903) (pamphlet); '//Die Wüste. Gedichte 1898-1903//' (The Desert. Poems 1898-1903; 1904); '//Billy's Erdengang. Eine Elephantengeschichte für artige Kinder//' (Billy's Life. An Elephant Story for Kids; 1904), with Hanns Heinz Ewers; 'Die Hochstapler. Lustspiel in vier Aufzügen' (The Impostor. Comedy in four acts; 1906); 'Wüste - Krater - Wolken. Die Gedichte' (Desert - Crater - Clouds. The Poems; 1914); 'Die Freivermählten. Polemisches Schauspiel in drei Aufzügen' (The Free-weds. Polemical Drama in three Acts; 1914); '//1919. Dem Andenken Gustav Landauers//' (1919. In Memory of Gustav Landauer; 1919); '//Brennende Erde. Verse eines Kämpfers//' (Burning Earth. Verses of a Fighter; 1920); '//Judas. Arbeiter-Drama in fünf Akten//' (Judas. Workers drama in five acts; 1921); '//Revolution. Kampf, Marsch und Spottlieder//' (Revolution. Battle, March and Satirical Songs; 1925); '//Staatsräson. Ein Denkmal für Sacco und Vanzetti//' (Reason of state. A Monument to Sacco and Vanzetti; 1929).

Die Augen auf! Erwachen aus Druck und Zwang und Staat! Ihr Armen und ihr Schwachen, besinnt euch auf die Tat! Die ihr dem Herrn den Spaten führt, die Häuser baut, das Feuer schürt, - sehnt ihr euch nicht nach Brot und Land? Den eignen Spaten in die Hand! Fort mit der Fessel, die euch band!

In Reihen, Kameraden! Die ihr die Arbeit haßt, mit der man euch beladen, - werft von euch eure Last! Werft sie, wohin sie fallen mag! Schafft selbst euch euern Arbeitstag Pfeift auf des Herren Dienstgebot! Nicht ihm - euch selbst backt euer Brot! Nicht ihm - euch selbst helft aus der Not!

Ans Werk! Die Kinder schreien nach Brot und Bett und Kleid! Ans Werk, sie zu befreien aus ihrem Weh und Leid! Ans Werk, ihr Männer und ihr Frauen! Den Kindern gilt's die Welt zu bauen! Mensch, fühl dich Mensch und sei kein Hund! Freiheit auf freiem Ackergrund! Dem Volk den Boden! Schließt den Bund!

(The eyes! Awakening of pressure and coercion and state!  Her arms and her weak,  remembers you in the act!  Leading her to the Lord the spade,  builds the houses, stoking the fire, -  not long after ye bread and country?  Are the spade in his hand!  Continued with the ankle, the tape you!

In rows, comrades! You hate the work, with the one you loaded, - cast your burden from you! Throw them wherever they may fall!

You yourselves create your working day! Whistles of the gentlemen on service priority! Not him - yourselves bake your bread! Not him - you help yourself out of trouble!

To work! The children cry for bread and bed and dress! To work, to free them from their pain and suffering! To work, their men and their women! The children's is to build the world! Human, feel human and was not a dog! Freedom at large arable ground! The people of the ground! Makes the covenant!)

- '//Weckruf//' (Wake-up call; 1909)

[www.erich-muehsam.de/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mühsam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam libcom.org/history/muehsam-erich-1878-1934 fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrichten/erich-muhsam-zum-gedenken-in-der-nacht-vom-9-auf-den-10-juli-1934-wurde-erich-muhsam-von-den-faschisten-erschlagen]

1903 - Holland: General Strike begins. [expand]

[C] 1906 - Virginia Hall (d. 1982), American spy with the British Special Operations Executive during WWII and who worked as a radio operator and network manager, supporting the French Résistance in the Lyon and Haute-Loire regions, born. She was known by many aliases, including Marie Monin, Philomène, Brigitte Lecontre, Germaine, La dame qui boite, Diane, Marie de Lyon, Anna Müller, Camille, and Nicolas, as well as the codenames that the Germans gave her, including Artemis and The Limping Lady. Even her wooden leg had a codename, Cuthbert. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall spartacus-educational.com/SOEhall.htm www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/ womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?p=2215]

1915 - Battle of Celya / Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon army of 6,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry has decisive victory over Pancho Villa's 20,000 man army. Villa loses 4,000 killed in frontal cavalry attacks on Obregon's trenches, barbed wire and machine guns. 6.000 taken prisoner. Villia's 19th century tactics do not fare well against Obregon's 20th century trench warfare methods of currently used in WWI.

1919 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata killed by troops of Carrancista officer who pretended to mutiny. Following Zapata's death, the Liberation Army of the South slowly fell apart.

1919 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik]: Bavarian Raterepublik declared in opposition to the provisional government. The Central Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Farmers' Councils includes Ernst Toller, anarchists Erich Mühsam, Gustav Landauer and one 'Richard Maurhut' — the man who became famous as the novelist B. Traven. [see: Apr. 7] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: In response to the Reichswehr presence in the Ruhr, which contravened the Treaty of Versailles, the French occupied towns like Frankfurt, Hanau and Darmstadt. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1945 - Leon Feldhendler (Lejb Feldhendler; 1910), Polish-Jewish resistance fighter known for his role in organising, with Alexander Pechersky (1909 - 1990), the 1943 prisoner uprising at the Sobibor extermination camp, dies having managed to escape and survive the war. The uprising, which took place on October 14, 1943, was detected in its early stages after a guard discovered the body of an SS officer killed by the prisoners. Nevertheless, about 320 Jews managed to make it outside of the camp in the ensuing melee. Eighty were killed in the escape and immediate aftermath. 170 were soon recaptured and killed, as were all the remaining inhabitants of the camp who had chosen to stay. Some escapees joined the partisans. Of these, ninety died in combat or were killed by local collaborators or anti-Semites. Sixty-two Jews from Sobibor survived the war, including nine who had escaped earlier. Feldhendler was among those who survived the war, hiding in Lublin until the end of German occupation in July 1944. However, on April 2, 1945, he was shot through the closed door of his flat as he got up to investigate a commotion in an outer room. Feldhendler and his wife managed to escape through another door and made their way to Lublin's Św. Wincentego á Paulo hospital, where he underwent surgery but died four days later. Some sources claim Feldhendler was killed by right-wing Polish nationalist, possibly members of Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, an anti-Communist and anti-Semitic paramilitary organisation, but this doubtful. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler]

1948 - Philippe Garrel, French film director, cinematographer, editor, actor and libertarian, born. His oeuvre is influenced by his expreiences during May 68, including '//Les Amants Réguliers//' (Regular Lovers; 2005), which is typical of his cynical political world view, is a largely autobiographical story set on and around the Latin Quarter barricades, '//Liberté, la Nuit//' (1983) is set during the Algerian War, and features a teacher in the FLN who becomes involved with a young //pied-noir//. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garrel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garrel www.imdb.com/name/nm0308042/]

1972 - The 'Research Group' (研究会) of the L-Class Struggle Committee (Lクラス闘争委員会), the forerunner of anarchist East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線), bombs the Soji-ji Ossuary, having decided to blow up the ossuary where "the bones of the invaders" laid in the name of "a resistance campaign for the Korean people". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Soji-ji_Ossuary ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/総持寺納骨堂爆破事件]

1976 - Oriol Solé Sugranyes (b. 1948), Spanish libertarian, member of the MIL (Iberian Liberation Movement) and former Centro Iberico militant, who practised expropriation policies (bank robberies) along with Salvador Puig Antich, Jean-Marc Rouillan, etc., under the dictatorship in 70s Spain, dies. On 24 July 1974, he was condemned by Franco's council of war to 48 years in prison. Incarcerated in Segovia prison, he escaped with thirty members of ETA on April 6, 1976 but was shot a few hours later by the Guardia Civil as he tried to cross the Franco-Spanish border. [see: Jan. 4]

1990 - Strangeways-related disturbance at HMYOI Glen Parva.

2008 - April 6 Youth Movement [Harket Shabab 6 April / حركة شباب 6 أبريل]: Egyptian activist group established in Spring 2008 to support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on April 6. Activists called on participants to wear black and stay home on the day of the strike. Bloggers and citizen journalists used Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, blogs and other new media tools to report on the strike, alert their networks about police activity, organize legal protection and draw attention to their efforts. Considered by the United States, according to a Wikileaks document, to be "outside (the) mainstream of opposition politicians and activists". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement shabab6april.wordpress.com/about/shabab-6-april-youth-movement-about-us-in-english/] ||
 * = 7 || 1606 - Gunpowder Plot member Humphrey Littleton, despite his cooperation with the authorities, meets his end at Red Hill near Worcester, together with John Wintour and 3 others.

1870 - Gustav Landauer (d. 1919), anarchist revolutionist, theorist, editor, Munich Soviet leader and Commissioner of Enlightenment and Education in the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic, born. Member of the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagener circle of poets) naturalist writers circle. de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Landauer libcom.org/history/landauer-gustav-1870-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/landauer/landauerbioHorrox.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERlandauer.htm www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11828.html friedrichshagener-dichterkreis.de/2010/04/11/der-sozialist-organ-fur-sozialismus-anarchismus-1895-gustav-landauer-programm/]

1879 - Italy: Mass arrests of Italian revolutionaries. [expand]

1901 - Violent confrontations in Switzerland with the police and the army during demonstrations against the extradition of an Italian anarchist suspected of participation in the attack on King Umberto I on July 29, 1900.

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 25] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A Socialist-Revolutionary Party bomber blows up the Governor of Tver, Pavel Sleptsov (Павел Слепцов). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Слепцов,_Павел_Александрович]

[D] 1919 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik]: Workers' Councils declare a Republic in Bavaria, in spite of the opposition of the Communists. The anarchists are the principal actors: Erich Mühsam, Gustav Landauer, Ret Marut (B. Traven), Ernst Toller, etc. But the troops sent in by the socialists will crush the revolutionaries between April 30 and May 2, 1919, killing over 700 victims. [see: Apr. 13] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

[C] 1937 - Antonio Cieri (b. 1898), Italian anarchist rail worker, anti-fascist militant and Spanish Civil War fighter, is shot and killed [some sources give the 8th], leading a team of Bomberos during an assault on the Huesca front durign the Spainsh Revolution. [see: Nov. 11]

1979 - Antonio Negri arrested in Italy, along with thousands of other radicals, all on charges of 'terrorist conspiracy'.

1981 - Massacre of Monte Carmelo: In El Salvador more than 20 workers and students are dragged from their homes by police and murdered.

1982 - Pio Turroni (b. 1900), Italian anarchist and long-time anti-fascist militant, dies. He fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, and long-time publisher of '//Volontà//'. [see: May 30]

1988 - 2,000 students attack the US embassy in Tegucigalpa after the US kidnaps a suspected drug supplier from the country... apparently incensed that the US government continues to corner the drug market for itself.

1990 - Strangeways-related disturbances at protests this weekend across the prison system: HMP Leeds there was a sit-down protest after the arrival of over 100 prisoners who had been transferred from Strangeways. HMP Dartmoor, between 100 and 120 prisoners wrecked D wing of the prison, and 12 prisoners also protested on the roof of C wing unfurling a banner that read "Strangeways, we are with you". 32 prisoners from Dartmoor were transferred to HMP Horsfiled (Bristol), where there was another major protest following their arrival. Up to 400 prisoners took over three wings of the prison, and held control of them for two days. 130 prisoners at HMP Cardiff destroyed cells, Twenty-hour rooftop protest took place at HMP Stoke Heath, and disturbances occurred at HMP Armley, Brixton, Canterbury, Pentonville, Stafford and Shepton Mallet. A second protest took place at HMP Hull, where 110 prisoners staged a sit-down protest in the exercise yard. || [ita.anarchopedia.org/banda_del_Matese]
 * = 8 || [D] 1877 - In the Italian township of Letino (Matese) the Banda del Matese hand the city clerk an official notice before giving a speech, burning land deeds, and heading off to liberate yet another town: "We the undersigned declare to have occupied, arms in hand, the municipal building of Letino in the name of the social revolution."

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Mexicali taken by PLM forces.

[C] 1912 - Jozef Gabčík (d. 1942), Slovak soldierand resistance fighter, one of a team of Czechoslovak British-trained paratroopers who took part in Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of acting Reichsprotektor (Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia, SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, on May 27, 1942, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Gabčík]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata forces now in control of most of Morelos.

1915 - Irma Bandiera aka 'Mimma' (d. 1944), Italian anti-fascist partisan courier and fighter in the VII Brigade 'Gianni Garibaldi' of GAP in Bologna, born. Captured by the fascists at the end of a firefight, as she prepared to return home after transporting weapons to the group's Castelmaggiore base, Irma had incriminating documents on her, For six days the fascists the tortured her, trying to make her give up the names of her comrades. She remained silent nad, as a last resort, they took her to the home of her parents in Meloncello di Bologna where she had spent her childhood and gave her an ultimatum: "Speak or you will never see them again." She refused. They tortured her again, even blinding her, and eventually shot her, dumping her body in the street outside her parent's house. In her honour, a partisan group in Bologna was named the Prima Brigata Garibaldi 'Irma Bandiera' in the summer of 1944. She was also awarded the Medaglia d'oro al valor militare posthumously. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Bandiera certosa.cineca.it/2/partigiano.php?ID=478043&img=0 certosa.cineca.it/2/formazioni.php?ID=5&TBL=FORMAZIONI web.tiscali.it/gpp.bo/index_22_12_file/SCHEDE/IRMA_BANDIERA.html]

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: The Reichswehr now controlled all of the northern Ruhr area. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1932 - The Law of April 8, 1932: A product of the new bourgeois republic and its new Minister of Labour, Largo Caballero, the Ley de Asociaciones Profesionales de obreros y patronos (Law of professional associations of workers and employers) was designed to reassure the bourgeoise that nothing much would change with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, especially within industry and for employers. Couched in terms of establishing trade union freedom: "joining a trade union is voluntary and not compulsory, i.e. joining a union is a right and not a compulsion; that the intervention of the State must be reduced to guarantee the good order of the trade union and legitimacy in its aims and activities; the Spanish government grants professional associations representativity to their respective bodies, in the public boards which arbitrate labour conditions, and enforce the application of the social legislation". It was in fact designed to effectively end the right to strike, and epecially to outlaw the C.N.T. and its direct action tactics, and maintain the status quo of widespread hunger and poverty amongst the country's proletariat. All workers' organisations had to submit to a certain state control: participation in the state labour courts of arbitration, to which all labour conflicts were to be submitted, was compulsory; and, the date of strikes had to be announced in advance. The socialist U.G.T. submitted, of course, to those terms and put its members into the vacancies of the Jurados Mixtos (Labour Arbitration Courts). Not so the C.N.T. They did not recognise the law and did not submit to it. According to the letter of the law they should have been dissolved automatically, yet the government did not dare to take this step. However, the anarcho-syndicalist organisation was hampered in its activities; its militant members were arrested, and its headquarters closed wherever possible. The C.N.T. and its great social revolutionary mass movements all over the country were slandered as never before. The militant workers of the Confederacióm and the Anarchist Federation of Iberia (F.A.I.) were branded as "bandits with a membership card" by the Socialists. With the U.G.T. firmly in the pocket of the government, the trades union movement was irrevocably split, something that would inevitably adversely effect the success of the 1936 revolution. Towards the end of the Azaña government, in the summer of 1933, a new attack was prepared against the revolutionary labor movement. News items in the press for which neither the police nor the ministry of the Interior wanted to assume responsibility announced the discovery of a far reaching "anarchist-monarchist plot". The government ordered new mass arrests. The example of an Andalusian town where the chief of police received orders from Madrid to arrest a certain number of leading monarchists and the same number of anarchists shows clearly how this "plot" was "discovered". Orders were carried out. One of the best known monarchists of the town, having been on a trip, reported voluntarily to the police upon his return. But they declined to arrest him, stating that they had already the desired number of monarchists! [www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/reunion/1932.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_bienio_de_la_Segunda_República_Española madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-cnt-en-la-segunda-republica/]

1946 - Ilarie Voronca (Eduard Marcus; b. 1903), Jewish Romanian-French avant-garde poet and essayist, who took part in the French Résistance, as a writer and fighter, commits suicide. [see: Dec. 31]

[A] 1950 - José Lluis Facerias, anti-fascist guerilla, blows up the Lonja police station in Barcelona. Facerias was a veteran leader of the anarchist action groups, operating since the end of the Spanish Revolution in 1939.

1990 - Strangeways-related disturbances at protests this weekend across the prison system. [see: Apr. 7] ||
 * = 9 || [D] 1812 - Assault on the Horbury Mill of Joseph Foster near Wakefield, Yorkshire. Armed crowd, of between 300 to 600, destroyed gig-mills, cropping shears and frames, and cloth. Damage amounted to about £700. [Luddites]

[A/DD] 1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: After the failure of the February strikes in Lyon, leaders are put on trial and new laws enacted against the workers' associations, the workers have reached the exploding point. The army occupies the city and bridges, and now troops fire into an unarmed crowd. The streets are immediately filled with barricades, with workers storming and taking the barracks of Bon-Pasteur, while others barricade themselves in the districts, some, like Croix Rousse, making fortified camps. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1914 - Tampico Affair / Revolución Mexicana: Venustiano Carranza's forces were ten miles from the prosperous oil town of Tampico. There was a considerable concentration of U.S. citizens in the area due to the immense investment of American firms in the local oil industry. Several American warships commanded by Rear Admiral Harry T. Mayo settled in the area with the expectation of protecting American citizens and property. Americans sailors detained by (Victoriano) Huerta soldiers and released. American Rear Adm. demands formal apology and the American flag raised ashore with a 21 gun salute. The Mexican commander refuses.

1915 - Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone, members of the Italian anarchist Gruppo Gaetano Bresci, accused of planting bombs in St. Patrick's Cathedral and the Church of St. Alphonsus on the five year anniversary (October 13, 1914) of the execution of Francisco Ferrer, are today sentenced to 6 to 12 years in prison.

1918 - In Moscow, anarchist black guards confiscate the car of the American ambassador. The car is seized in an effort to effect the release of political prisoners and trade union militants imprisoned in America. This action serves as a pretext for the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, to mount a sweeping attack on the anarchists on the night of April 11.

[CCC] 1945 - Johann Georg Elser (b. 1903), German carpenter, communist sympathiser and member of the Roten Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' Union), who singlehandedly tried to assassinate Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi leaders, on November 8, 1939 - the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch - at the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich via a homemade bomb, is executed and his fully dressed body immediately burned in the crematorium at Dachau concentration camp. [see: Jan. 4] [www.executedtoday.com/2012/04/09/1945-johann-georg-elser-adolf-hitler-burgerbraukeller-bomb/]

1948 - El Bogotazo: riots and repression in the center of Bogota, capital of Colombia, following the assassination of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliecer Gaitan & is considered as one of the first urban acts of the era known as La Violencia, as well as one of the most significant events of the twentieth century in the history of Colombia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazo kronista.co/projects/2014/bogotazo/app/index.html ensayobogotazo.blogspot.co.uk/ www.eltiempo.com/multimedia/fotos/pasodeeltiempo/el-bogotazo/15535657]

1968 - Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (b. 1889), Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter, who co-founded the wartime Polish organization Żegota, set up to assist Polish Jews to escape the Holocaust, dies. [see: Aug. 10]

1989 - The Tbilisi Massacre occurs when Soviet troops kill 20 people in Georgia.

1990 - Prisoners smashed windows at HMP Verne. Bristol recaptured. HMP Everthorpe - 65 prisoners barricade themselves on a wing for 3 hours.

[C] 1999 - The NF hold an 'anti-asylum seeker' demo in Margate, Kent. The national turnout is 85 NFers versus 3-400 anti-fascists [B&H claim the figure were 200 vs. "a handful of ragged mdle-class AnaL/Communist types that were met with rision (sic) from both marchers and locals"] who, despite the deployment of the full panoply of police weapons - riot vans, dogs, etc., manage to halt the march. [PR] [news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/718257.stm www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/magazine/issue19/issue19p08,9.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]
 * = 10 || 1821 - [Apr. 22 (N.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: The Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, is seized by Ottoman soldiers in Constantinople during the Easter Sunday liturgy and hanged at the central gate of the Patriarchate. Although he was completely uninvolved with the Revolution, his death was ordered as an act of revenge. That same day three bishops and a dozens of other Greeks, high official in Ottoman administration, are quickly executed in various parts of the Ottoman capital. The execution of the Patriarch signaled a reign of terror against the Greeks living in Constantinople over the following weeks, and that spread throughout the Ottoman Empire that lasted well into July 1821.

1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: The insurrection continues in Lyon with the seizing of the Telegram office. The black flag flies over Fourvière, l'Église Saint-Nizier and l'Hôpital de l'Antiquaille. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1848 - Mass meeting of Chartists, campaigning for civil rights, Kennington Common, Surrey. A procession to the House of Commons to present a petition for civil rights is prevented by authorities. [www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/failed-chartist-demonstration-london spartacus-educational.com/CHkennington.htm]

1848 - Karl Eduard Nobiling (d. 1878), German Doctor of Philosophy, supporter of propaganda by deed, who on June 5 1878 tries unsuccessfully to kill the German Kaiser Wilhelm I, born.

1861 - Louis Armand Matha (d. 1930), French anarchist, manager of the newspaper '//L'Endehors'// and collaborator of the newspaper '//Le Libertaire//' and the '//Journal du Peuple//' during the Dreyfus Affair, born. A comrade of Emile Henry, he is believed to have 'cleaned out' the latter's apartment following his arrest, and to have organised the attack against the restaurant Foyot on 4 April 1894. Charged alongside Jean Grave and Sébastien Faure at the rocès des Trente, he is acquitted.

1871 - In Montereau, Seine-et-Marne, a demonstration inspired by the events of the Paris Commune is held, at which a tree of Liberty is planted, topped by a red flag. Protesters then loot a armoury and occupy the gendarmerie. Masters of the city, they sound the alarm throughout the night. The next day, the arrival of many police squads encourages the insurgents to return power to the préfectural authorities. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Seine-et-Marne-pendant-la www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - Commune de Limoges: the commune falls [www.commune1871.org/?4-avril-1871-la-breve-Commune-de]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 28] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Fr. Georgy Gapon (Гео́ргий Гапо́н), the former labour leader turned police informer, is lynched in an isolated Finnish cottage by order of SR terrorist leader/police agent Yevno Azef (Евгений Филиппович). Having returned to Russia and resumed his contacts with the Okhrana, he made the mistake of revealing to an SR member Pinhas Rutenberg (Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг) his contacts with the police when he tried to recruit him, reasoning to him that having a double loyalty is helpful to the workers' cause. However, Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders, Yevno Azef (who was himself a secret police spy) and Boris Savinkov (Бори́с Са́винков). Having made arrangements to meet Rutenberg in a rented cottage outside St. Petersburg on April 10 [O.S. Mar. 28], 1906, Gapon repeated his collaboration proposal, overheard by three S.R. party combatants in an adjoining room. Rutenberg called the comrades into the room and left. When he returned, Gapon was dead. Gapon's disappearence was something of a mystery until a month later he was found there hanged. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Убийство_Георгия_Гапона ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/savinkov.php en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Savinkov spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm]

1912 - Riots in Wigan require army intervention before they are put down.

1918 - This evening of the 10th & 11th, in reaction to growing protests of Russian anarchists to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Cheka (Bolshevik secret police) raids anarchist centres in Moscow. Approximately 40 anarchists are killed or wounded, more than 500 taken prisoners. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf]

[A/D] 1919 - Anarchist-influenced revolutionary hero Emiliano Zapata (b. 1879) is ambushed and assassinated by Mexican troops. One of the main — and best known — participants in the peasant uprisings against the central government's authority from 1910 until his death. A wax replica of his body is put on public display — obviously not his body, for everyone knows he still rides in the hills intent on finishing the job he began on November 28, 1911 (the Plan of Ayala, the peasants' declaration of independence).

1945 - Augustin Malroux (b. 1900), French teacher, socialist politician and member of the French Résistance, dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. [see: Apr. 5]

[C] 1979 - Pavlos Fyssas aka Killah P (d. 2013), Greek anti-fascist rapper, who was stabbed to death by a supporter of the Greek fascist Golden Dawn (Χρυσή Αυγή) party, born. [see: Sep. 18]

[AA] 1981 - Heavy-handed attempts by Police to help a young black stab victim in Brixton help spark the following day and night's rioting. Young people set fire to buildings and cars, pelted cops with bricks, and looted stores. Roving gangs directly fought cops with bricks, iron bars and Molotovs. Police did their best to blame anarchists, who had just squatted an empty shop at No. 121 Railton Road, and appeared the perfect patsy — but a bit difficult as the rioters were black youths with little familiarity with anarchism. Police immediately arrested ultra-pacifist and ultra-white Jim Huggon (a frequent speaker in Hyde Park, and associated with //'Freedom//' and //'Peace News//'). Huggon had a cast-iron alibi for the time he was alleged to have incited the riots, thrown petrol bombs and led an attack on the local police station — being some 20 miles away playing violin professionally in a church concert rather than instigating these wholesome activities.

1990 - 40 prisoners held a prison officer hostage for twenty-four hours after taking over a hall at HMP Shotts. ||
 * = 11 || 1812 - Unsuccessful attack on the Rawfolds Mill of William Cartwright at Liversedge by around 150 Luddites mainly from Huddersfield and Halifax. Two Luddites, Samuel Hartley and John Booth later died of their wounds. A decisive setback for Luddism.

1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: Second insurrection (following the November 21-24, 1831 uprising) by silk workers in Lyon following the occupation of the city by troops, who fire on an unarmed crowd. The streets are immediately filled with barricades, with workers storming and taking the barracks of Bon-Pasteur, while others barricade themselves in the districts, some, like Croix Rousse, making fortified camps. There are attempted insurrections in Saint-Étienne and Vienna. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

[CCC] 1911 - Anteo Zamboni (d. 1926), 15-year old Italian anarchist, who tried to assassinate Benito Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926, by shooting at him during the parade celebrating the March on Rome, and was immediately lynched, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteo_Zamboni www.casoesse.org/2012/12/01/assassinio-di-anteo-zamboni/ www.abc.es/20120521/archivo/abci-zamboni-atentado-mussolini-201205181716.html storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2012/10/31/anteo-zamboni/ www.archiviodistatobologna.it/it/bologna/attività/mostre-eventi/scritture-al-femminile/vetrina-8-viola-virginia-tabarroni-presenza www.inventati.org/resistenza/a4/279.htm]

1915 - Georges Gourdin (b. 1915), French anarchist and WWII Résistance partisan, born. Arrested and tortured by the Gestapo in May 1944 before being sent to Germany, he died in the Nazi camp of Elbruck.

1918 - The Bolsheviks use the respite of the Brest Litovsk treaty with imperialism to attack their critics on the left. Tonight, 26 anarchist centres in Moscow are raided by the Cheka and hundreds of anarchist are arrested including Lev Chernyi. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf]

[DD] 1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: The body of Kim Ju-yul, a High School student who had disappeared during the Masan rioting of March 15, is found in the harbour at Masan by a fisherman. The authorities announce that an autopsy confirmed that the cause of his death was drowning, but many rejected this explanation. Some protesters forced their way into the hospital. They found that Kim's skull had been split by a 20 centimeter-long tear-gas grenade which had penetrated from Kim's eyes to the back of his head. President Rhee’s regime tried to censor news of this incident, however the story was reported by the Korean press along with a picture of Kim when his body was first found, and delivered to the world through AP. This incident shocked the country and became the basis of a national movement against electoral corruption on April 19. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

1968 - Spokesperson for the German student movement Rudi Dutschke survives being shot in the head. Solidarity demonstrations on his behalf in Paris, Rome, Vienna and London take place.

1981 - Rioting erupts in Brixton as a direct result of Swamp '81, a police stop and search operation.

[C] 1993 - Guillem Agulló i Salvador (b. 1974), Catalan anti-Fascist militant, who was involved in Maulets, a youth organisation attached to the Movimiento Catalán de Liberación Nacional, a Catalan antifascist independentist movement, is stabbed to death by Fascists in Montanejos, Valencia. Pedro Cuevas, a fascist who confessed to the stabbing, was sentenced to 14 years in prison. He only served 4 years. In the 2007 Spanish municipal elections he was a candidate for the far right political party Alianza Nacional in Chiva, Valencia. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesinato_de_Guillem_Agulló en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_Agulló_i_Salvador www.antifeixistes.org/6311_20-anys-sense-guillem-agullo-actes-dhomenatge-i-recull-de-premsa.htm]

[A/D] 1993 - The Lucasville Prison rebellion begins, the longest in US prison history and significant for being organised across racial barriers and gang affiliations.

1998 - Zapatista Uprising: The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores Magón is dismantled in a police and military operation in the community of Taniperlas, municipality of Ocosingo. Nine Mexicans are detained and twelve foreigners are expelled from the country. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2009 - Prison riot at HMP Ashwell in Rutland causes £10,000 damage and ultimately leads to the prison's closure. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]
 * = 12 || 1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: Troops attack and take the insurgent district of Guillotière, after having destroyed numerous houses with artillery.

1861 - The American Civil War begins.

[D] 1871 - Decree of the Commune to demolish the Vendôme Column, as it is considered "a monument of barbarism, a symbol of brute force and false glory, an affirmation of militarism..."

1885 - Léon Lacombe aka 'Léontou' & 'Le Chien' (d. 1913), French individualist anarchist and miner, who was involved in a series of illegaist actions including robberies and the killing of a police informer, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7386]

1888 - Augusto Masetti (d. 1966), Italian anarchist and anti-militarist, born. Famed for his October 30, 1911 attack as a conscript upon his colonel (Stroppa) on the parade ground of the Cialdini barracks, in Bologna, while shouting out "//Down with the war! Long live Anarchy!//" in protest of the war in Libya. Turning to his fellow conscripts he declared: "Brethren, stand up". Arrested, he was found to have antiwar fliers on him calling on soldiers to target their officers. [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Masetti]

1904 - Joaquín Miguel Artal, a 19-year-old anarchist, tries to stab the President of the Council of Ministers, Antonio Maura, in Barcelona. Maura leaps on to the running board of Maura's carriage whilst holding an envelope. Maura, thinking it was a petition reaches out and Artal pulls what the press claimed was a 20 inch knife(!), plunging it into the left side of Maura and shouting "Long live anarchy!" Maura, who would be the victim of another unsuccessful asssassination attempt on April 22, is only slightly injured. Artal is arrested on sentenced to 17 years in prison on June 11, 1904. He will die in prison 5 years later, a victim of the appaling conditions preveleant in Spanish jails.

1912 - Revolución Mexicana: Gen. Victoriano Huerta orders execution of Pancho Villa for Villa then resends order. Huerta defeats Pascual Orozco, forcing him to flee to the US.

[A] 1918 - Moscow headquarters of the anarchists surrounded and attacked by Bolshevik troops. For the past two days Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police has carried out raids on Moscow anarchist groups and making arrests. Very similar to what happens to anarchists, radical and labour activists in the US during this period. "At last the Soviet government, with an iron broom, has rid Russia of Anarchism." - Leon Trotsky, who prepared the military action against the anarchists.

1920 - Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand: General von Watter forbids his soldiers from engaging in "unlawful behaviour". The actions of both sides in the fighting have been described as showing "a maximum of cruelty". By the end of the fighting, the participants in the uprising had lost in excess of 1,000 lives, the Reichswehr 208 dead and 123 missing, and Freikorps about 273 lives. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

[CC] 1921 - Hans Steinbrück (d. 1944), leader of the Ehrenfeld Group (sometimes called the Steinbrück Group), an anti-Nazi resistance group, active in the summer and autumn of 1944 in Cologne, born. Steinbrück, who escaped from a concentration subcamp in Cologne in July 1943, came to the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne, which had been largely destroyed by Allied bombings and was a sanctuary for enemies of the Nazi regime, including escaped prisoners, forced laborers, deserters, and Jews. There he began to stockpile weapons and foodstuffs in the cellar of a bombed-out house and stayed in close contact with escaped forced laborers, Communists, and criminals, with whom he did business, fencing stolen goods. His nickname was 'Black Hans'. The cellar also served as temporary shelter for Jews, deserters and others who had gone into hiding. In the summer of 1944, a number of young people, including teenagers, some of whom had already been Edelweiss Pirates, came into contact with Steinbrück. On September 29, 1944, an army patrol was informed about the group's cellar warehouse and raided it, seizing weapons and arresting Cilli, Steinbrück's girlfriend, and 2 Jewish women sheltering there. Later returning there, Steinbrück and Roland Lorent, a deserter who had just killed a local Nazi leader and had teamed up with Steinbrück to go on a "Nazi hunt", they ran into troops guarding the cellar. They opened fire, injuring the guard and killing a passing SA member. Later they fired into a group of people, killing a member of the Hitler Youth. On October 3, 1944, Lorent was arrested and 5 days later the Gestapo began arresting members of the group, and finally, Steinbrück as well. By October 15, they had had made 63 arrests, including 19 teenagers. Of those, thirteen German males, including several teenagers, were executed without trial in a public hanging next to the Ehrenfeld train station on November 10, 1944, in front of hundreds of curious onlookers. Among the victims were six teenagers, members of the Edelweiss Pirates: Hans Steinbrück, born April 12, 1921, age 23 Günther Schwarz, born August 26, 1928, age 16 Gustav Bermel, born August 11, 1927, age 17 Johann Müller, born January 29, 1928, age 16 Franz Rheinberger, born February 22, 1927, age 17 Adolf Schütz, born January 3, 1926, age 18 Barthel Schink, born November 25, 1927, age 16 Roland Lorent, born March 12, 1920, age 24 Peter Hüppeler, born January 9, 1913, age 31 Josef Moll, born July 17, 1903, age 41 Wilhelm Kratz, born January 6, 1902, age 42 Heinrich Kratina, born January 15, 1906, age 38 Johann Krausen, born January 10, 1887, age 57

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Steinbrück de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfelder_Gruppe]

1927 - The Shanghai Commune [上海工人三次武装起义 ( Shanghai Workers March Armed Uprising )]: The Shanghai Commune is betrayed by the Communist Party and falls into the hands of K.M.T. troops. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/zh/上海工人三次武装起义 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/四一二事件 libcom.org/files/Shanghai-on-strike-Elizabeth-Perry.pdf theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrew-flood-towards-an-anarchist-history-of-the-chinese-revolution www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2009-04-21/china-1925-1927 en.internationalism.org/icconline/2007/china-march-1927 dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/2356/D_Jiang_Hongsheng_a_201005.pdf?sequence=1]

1942 - Henk Sneevliet aka 'Maring' (Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet; b. 1883), Dutch union leader, Communist, Trotskyist and founder of the the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front (MLL-Front) anti-fascist resistance group, is execution in the Amersfoort KZ (concentration camp) along with other members of the MLL-Front leadership. Reportedly they went to their deaths singing '//The Internationale//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet]

1968 - The attack on student leader Rudi Dutschke in Germany results in riots there and supporting demonstrations in France.

1968 - Printing presses from the right-wing Springer media empire are destroyed in Munich.

1990 - Two teenage remand prisoners at HMP Swansea barricaded themselves into their cell for seventeen hours. ||
 * = 13 || 1570 - Guy Fawkes (d. 1606) born.

1848 - Heckeraufstand [Hecker Uprising]: The attempt by Baden revolutionary leaders Friedrich Hecker, Gustav von Struve, and several other radical democrats during the Märzrevolution to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic in the Grand Duchy of Baden. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecker_Uprising de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckeraufstand www.staufenberg.og.bw.schule.de/br16.htm]

1877 - Enrique Flores Magón (b. 1954), Mexican revolutionary anarchist and brother of anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre28.html#28]

[A] 1901 - Clément Duval escapes from prison in French Guyana by canoe with 8 other prisoners.

[D] 1905 - Grèves de Limoges de 1905: In Limoges, 'la ville rouge' or 'la Rome du socialisme', the city undergoes significant social unrest following strikes by locksmiths, then shoe workers followed by the porcelain industry. The initial grievance that triggered the strike was a call for the removal of a tyrannical foreman which then extended throughout the whole profession. Today the bosses ordered a lockout. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

1905 - The French 'Illegalist' newspaper '//L'Anarchie//' first appears in Paris today and every Thursday until the outbreak of WWI in 1914.

[C] 1906 - Samuel Beckett (d. 1989), Irish playwright, poet, novelist, theatre director, anti-fascist and member of the Résistance, born. He worked with the French Underground during the World War II occupation by Germany, first as a courier in Paris and later with the Maquis sabotage of the German army in the Vaucluse mountains, claiming that he preferred "France in war to Ireland in peace". For his service he was awarded the Croix de Guerre and French Médaille de la Résistance. [samuel-beckett.net/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett www.samuel-beckett.net/PerloffBeckettsWar.html weblog.delacour.net/archives/000433.html forward.com/articles/144905/samuel-becketts-letters-reveal-roots-of-resistance/ books.google.co.uk/books/about/Beckett_in_Black_and_Red.html?id=a5h4rYw1uKMC&redir_esc=y www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq43468.pdf]

1907 - Jack Bilbo (Hugo Cyril Kulp Baruch; d. 1967), German-born Jewish writer, novelist, painter, illustrator, sculptor, gallery owner, adventurer and anarchist, born. Co-founder in 1930 of the anti-Nazi Kampfbunde gegen den Faschismus (Committees for Combating Fascism) and fought with anarchist militia in the Spanish Revolution. Interned on the Isle of Man in WWII, he became a friend of Kurt Schwitters, showinghis work in his Modern Art Gallery, which he opened in October 1941 on Baker Street in London. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bilbo www.englandgallery.com/artist_bio.php?mainId=162 www.merzmail.net/jackbilbo.htm www.elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/elmbridgehundred/biographies/biography.asp?id=126 outsider-environments.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/jack-bilbo-sculpture-garden.html www.jacobsongallery.com/index.php?nav=newsdetails&ID=95]

1907 - Antonio Ortiz Ramirez (d. 1996), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-Franco and anti-fascist fighter, born. A member of the CNT at fourteen, he joined Los Solidarios in 1923 and was active in the Sindicato de la Madera, woodworkers section of the union. Following the declaration of the 1931 Republic, he was imprisoned following a strike and in 1934 joined the Nostros affinity group. During the Spanish Revolution he led the 800-strong Roja y Negra Colonna aka Ortiz Column, was made commander of the Republican 25th Division [Apr. 1937, but dismissed by the Communist authorities in the Sept.] and a volunteer French army officer during WWII, born. Following demobilisation, he was involved with José Pérez Ibáñez and Primitivo Pérez Gómez in the 1948 attempted assassination of Franco by bombing his boat from the air at a San Sebastian regatta. The subsequent exposure in the French press, and fearing for his safety, Ramirez went into exile in Latin America in 1951, first to Bolivia, then Peru and, in 1955, to Venezuela. In 1987 he returned to Barcelona, where he managed to recoup his salary as a Republican Army sergeant.

1913 - General Strike in Belgium demanding universal suffrage.

1913 - Anarchist Rafael Sancho Alegre, a member of La Simpatía de Barcelona, fires three shots at King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the eighth attempt on his life, as the King is riding through the streets of Madrid. He is arrested and on July 9, 1913 is sentenced to death, but pardoned by the king himself and the sentence commuted to life imprisonment on September 3, he remains in prison until 1931.

1919 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik]: An attempted counter-coup, known as the Palmsonntagsputsch (Palm Sunday Putsch), against the Münchner Räterepublik by the SPD-led Hoffmann Government in exile in Bamburg, as troops of the Republikanische Schutztruppe (Republican Protection Force) occupy Munich Central Station but are swiftly defeated by elements of the Roten Armee, under the command of the KPD military leader Rudolf Egelhofer. KPD factory delegates used the event to push for the transfer of power from the Assembly to a KPD-dominated Vollzugsrat (Executive Council), with Eugen Leviné and Max Levien at its head. Egelhofer becomes the Munich Stadtkommandanten, the city's military commander. Gustav Landauer and Ernst Toller acknowledge the Executive Council and initially also take part in the second phase of the Soviet Republic. A ten day general strike is proclaimed. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmsonntagsputsch de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1919 - Jallianwala Bagh or Amritsar Massacre: British troops commanded by General Reginald Dyer fire on a crowd that has assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh public garden in Amritsar, India. The peaceful assembly has gathered to protest an edict by General Dyer ordering all Indian men wishing to pass through the Kucha Kurrichhan, a local street in which a British citizen was assaulted, to do so crawling along on their bellies. Dyer had previously forbidden Indians to hold meetings of any kind, so the gathering in the Jallianwala Bagh garden is 'illegal' in his eyes. The garden is surrounded by walls; access is through narrow passageways and gates. Dyer orders his troops to seal off all exits to prevent people leaving, and then, without warning, to start firing on a crowd of 15,000-20,000 Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. The shooting continues until the soldiers run out of ammunition (at least 1,650 rounds). Official British government figures stated that 370 died and 1,200 were wounded. However, it is much more likely that well over 1,000 were killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre]

1920 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon calls for uprising against Venustiano Carranza. Supporters, including Pancho Villa, rally to his side.

1945 - Belsen and Buchenwald Nazi concentration camps liberated. The Allied camp will flaunt the Nazi horrors to cover their own.

1950 - Hoche Arthur Meurant (b. 1883), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Dec. 17]

1980 - José Ester i Borrás (b. 1913), Spanish anarchist, active in the Résistance in France, arrested and sent to Mauthausen concentration camp, dies. After the liberation he co-founded the Spanish Federation of Former Political prisoners and camp inmates (FEDIP). [see: Oct. 26]

2005 - André Bösiger (b. 1913), Swiss anarchist and militant trades unionist, dies. A member of the Ligue d'Action du Bâtiment (L.A.B), and associated with Luigi Bertoni ('//Réveil Anarchiste//' - The Anarchist Alarmclock) and Lucien Tronchet. A founder of the CIRA (Centre International de Recherches sur l’Anarchisme). [see: Jul. 22]

2009 - Abel Paz ( Diego Camacho Escámez; b. 1929), Spanish militant anarchist, historian and Civil War combattant, dies. Paz helped found the Los Quijotes del Ideal group (who opposed collaborating with the Republican government) in August 1936, along with Victor García, Liberto Sarrau and other young libertarians. [see: Aug. 12] ||
 * = 14 || [A] 1736 - The Porteous Riots - so named after the Captain of the Edinburgh City guards who order his men to fire warning shots on a crowd protesting the execution of 2 smugglers. 6 people died and Porteus was arrested, tried and found guilty of murder. The authorities tried to prevent his hanging but Porteus was eventually lynched by a crowd who stormed the tollbooth.

1812 - Food riots in Sheffield, Rotherham and Barnsley. [14-15 April] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/14th-april-1812-sheffield-food-riot.html]

1821 - [Apr. 2 (O.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: During the evening the first news of the Greek Revolt in southern Greece reaches Constantinople and prominent members of the Greek community began to be accused of having knowledge or even participated in the revolt. The Sultan, Mahmud II, requested a fatwa allowing a general massacre against all Greeks living in the Empire (which was subsequently recalled) and the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, was forced by the Ottoman authorities to excommunicate the revolutionaries, which he did on Palm Sunday, April, 3 (O.S.)[April, 15 (N.S.)] 1821. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]

1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: In Lyon, where the Insurrection of the Silk Workers began the 9th of April, the army gradually begins retaking the city, attacking, for the third time, the Croix Rousse district, and massacring many workers. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1905 - Grèves de Limoges de 1905: Today and tomorrow workers invade the factories, set up barricades in the streets and loot the armouries. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: President Wilson orders the US Atlantic Fleet to Mexico.

1914 - José Palacios Rojas aka 'Piruli' (d. 2007), Spanish farm labourer, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Civil War combattant, born. Member of the CNT and FIJL from an early age, he received his education at the local CNT Ateneo. After the occupation of his village by Franco forces, when all of the local CNT committee and many militants were summilarily shot, he managed to escape to the Republican zone and join the militia, fighting on the Cordoba, Granada and Almeria fronts and in Madrid. Trapped in Alicante, he was taken prisoner at the end of the war and interned at the Albatera concentration camp and then in Malaga prison. Released after several years in prison without ever having been tried, Piruli continued to participate in the clandestine CNT. After the death of Franco he 2was involved in the reconstruction of the CNT in Seville, remaining a member until his death. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5964 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html archivo.cnt.es/noticia.php?id=3396 memoria-anarcosindicalista.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/ha-fallecido-jos-palacios-rojas-piruli.html]

[D] 1919 - Limerick General Strike in full swing, in the face of British military occupation: workers run the city as a 'soviet', maintaining utilities and transport, issuing their own newspaper and currency, and regulating food supply (food depots established and food sold at below market prices, profiteering prevented).

1920 - Today the strike and Councilist factory occupations in Italy, begun March 15, has spread, and is now general in Piedmont; in the following days it spreads through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers and railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin.

1925 - A group of anarchists, including Vasil Ikonomov (Васил Икономов) and Vasil Popov (Васил Попов), attack Bulgaria's Tsar Boris III's cavalcade as it passes through the Arabakonak Pass. Boris escapes unharmed. [EXPAND] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Борис_III bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Атентат_срещу_Борис_III_в_Арабаконак ikonomov.a-bg.net/ikonomov.html ikonomov.a-bg.net/arabakonak.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васил_Икономов bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васил_Попов_(анархист)]

1927 - Enrique Martinez Marin aka 'Quique' (d. 1947), Spanish anti-Francoist anarchist guérilla, born. He belonged to the Young Libertarians of Carmelo and was the delegate for this neighbourhood to the local section of the anarchist Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), which had fought in the Spanish Civil War and played an important role in the resistance to Franco after the fascist victory. He was arrested on the August 8, 1947, but was released on the March 25, 1948. He died alongside Celedonio García Casino (aka Celes or el Largo) on the August 26, 1949, in a Guardia Civil ambush on the French frontier. José Luis Facérias and the other members of the group mamnaged to escape.

1931 - A Republic is proclaimed in Spain.

[C] 1931 - At the Fourth Congress of the Partito Comunista d'Italia (PCd'I; Communist Party of Italy), the leadersip invites its members to work within the fascist organisations for their own ends! [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/otto.html]

1935 - The successful use of 'physical force' by the anti-fascist Left in Leicester had succeeded in driving fascist British Union of Fascists off the streets of the city, with their regular open air meetings in the Market Place or at the gates of Victoria Park gates ending in humiliation, as huge, hostile crowds of demonstrators drowned the speakers out with boos and catcalls, and their paper sellers attacked. By the end of 1934, BUF had been forced to travel to small villages and towns in the county like Ratby, Oakham, Loughborough, Market Harborough, and Melton Mowbray, where impromptu outdoor meetings and sales drives would be staged largely undisturbed, or in their constantly targeted branch headquarters. The action taken by the forces of militant anti-fascism in the city had also forced the Chief Constable to take action and ban the fascists from holding meetings in the Market Place and at Victoria Gates for fear of the confrontations ending in violence. This fear of "anti-fascist demonstrations and consequent trouble" also led to Leicester council refusing to let De Montfort Hall to the BUF for a Mosley meeting planned for the evening of November 26, 1934 - an earlier application for November 9 had been accepted, and a large anti-fascist meeting organised’ to coincide with Mosley’s first ever political appearance in the city, but the fascist meeting was cancelled as Mosley had to appear in court in connection with his Worthing arrest [see: Oct. 9]. Instead, they were offered the much larger Granby Hall and BUF turned it down, claiming that they could not organise a meeting at such a large venue at such short notice. Alternate dates were turned down too. However, in early April the decision was taken to organise at short notice the first ever Oswald Mosley meeting staged in Leicester. On the evening of Sunday April 14, 1935 Mosley delivered an address at the Granby Halls. The fascist leader’s speech unfolded as a unrelenting tirade against 'Jewish international power' which according to the local press was up to that time one of the most strident ever made by Mosley in the provinces on this theme. The 'Leicester Mercury' estimated a crowd of 3,000 at the 6,000-capacity venue. That may have been generous. Advance ticket sales had been calamitous in the city, and only the bused hordes of supporters from elsewhere and a sizeable contingent of anti-fascist demonstrators saved the organisers from the sight of a largely empty auditorium. Inside, security was tight. It was also ruthless: the 200 police officers were supplemented by 300 Blackshirt stewards. Cue chaos, as the address was overshadowed by a sideshow of fights and ejections. Meanwhile, members of the Communist Party, the Unemployed Workers Movement and the Independent Labour Party had united in the Market Place to march upon Granby Halls, behind a large banner reading Unite Against Mosley. "The marchers were considerably outnumbered by the people who followed in their rear", reported the 'Mercury'. "Cyclists and motorists rang their bells and hooted continuously. The procession turned into Welford Road and had almost reached the prison gates when a remarkable development occurred. Scores of uniformed police suddenly appeared as if by magic. They had been hiding from view in the entrance to the prison. They joined hands and ran across Welford Road to form a complete cordon. At the same time, police who had been escorting the procession received instructions to turn the demonstrators back. A scuffle ensued as the police stopped the marchers. Several of the marchers fell in the struggle and the banner was torn from their leaders’ hands and ripped to shreds. Outside the gaol gates, a policeman staggered back as somebody threw a quantity of pepper into his face". Thomas Fall, described in the 'Mercury' as one of the "standard-bearers" of the anti-fascist demonstration told the 'Mercury' he’d been "bruised from head to foot" in the clash with the police. [wlv.openrepository.com/wlv/bitstream/2436/41779/1/Morgan_PhD%2520thesis.pdf www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Picture-day-Mosley-s-fascists-Leicester/story-20530728-detail/story.html leicester.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15407coll1/id/61/rec/5]

1937 - Friends of Durruti Group, (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) issues a Manifesto opposing commemoration of the anniversary of the Republic, arguing it is merely a pretext for reinforcing bourgeois institutions and the counter-revolution.

1968 - 4,000 anti-Vietnam War student protesters battle police in West Berlin. Also the peak of demonstrations in West Berlin against Axel Springer and his publishing empire, after an assassination attempt on Rudi Dutschke ("Red Rudy"). || Rioting in Macclesfield. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/15th-april-1812-rioting-in-macclesfield.html]
 * = 15 || 1812 - Food riots in Sheffield, Rotherham and Barnsley. [April 14-15]

1821 - [Apr. 3 (O.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: On Palm Sunday, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, in Constantinople is forced by the Ottoman authorities to excommunicate the Filiki Eteria revolutionaries and their supporters. Later in the day the Sultan orders the execution of the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis, who is beheaded and his body displayed in public. His brother and various other leading members of the Phanariote families are also executed, although in fact only a few Phanariotes were connected with the revolutionaries. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]

1834 - Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine: The end of the 'Bloody Week' in Lyon. The second great insurrection of the Silk workers is subdued in a blood bath, with several hundred victims. Those insurrectionists captured, rather than killed, will appear in a "monster trial" in Paris in April 1835. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1879 - Following his defence of the //attentats// of May 11 and June 5 1878, where the anarchists Emil Hödel and Karl Eduard Nobiling respectively try to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I in separate incidents in Berlin, in the columns of '//L'Avant-Garde//' in terms of "propaganda by the deed", Paul Brousse is sentenced to 2 months in prison and banished for 10 years from the Swiss Confederation.

[C] 1882 - Giovanni Amendola (b. 1926), Italian journalist, politician and noted opponent of Fascism, who died in exile in France from wounds sustained in a fascist attack, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Amendola it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Amendola www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-amendola_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/giovanni-amendola/]

[A] 1902 - [O.S. April 2] During a period of uprisings, riots, arson and peasant plunder of estates [known as the 'Years of the Red Cockerel' (Годы красного петуха)], Dmitry Sipyagin (Дми́трий Серге́евич Сипя́гин), the head of the Russian secret police, who had taken an active role in suppressing student and labour political organisations and in obstructing the powers of the zemstvos (local rural assemblies), is assassinated by a 20-year-old Socialist Revolutionary student, Stepan Balmashёv (Степа́н Валериа́нович Балмашёв), who entered the Mariinsky Palace ministry building disguised as an aide-de-camp of the tsar. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Министры_внутренних_дел_России ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Балмашёв,_Степан_Валерианович]

1908 - Basiliso Serrano Valero, a.k.a 'Fortuna' & 'El Manco de La Pesquera' (d. 1955), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist guérilla fighter, who later fought with the Maquis and joined the PCE, born. After the war, he became a Robin Hood-like character as a member of Agrupació Guerrillera d'Aixequi i Aragó (AGLA), carrying out raids on rich landlords and his assistance to the local poor, but was arrested by the Guardia Civil on April 27, 1952, as he prepared to take refuge in France. On November 4, 1955, he was tried and sentenced to death and executed in the Paterna military barracks in Valencia on December 10, 1955. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/hdr926 libcom.org/history/basiliso-serrano-valero-1908-1955 www.elmanco.es/biografia.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliso_Serrano]

1910 - Francisco I. Madero is designated as the Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista's presidential candidate to run against the incumbent Porfirio Díaz.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon defeats Victoriano Huerta forces along US border.

1923 - Horst Heilmann (d. 1942), German anti-Nazi resistance fighter and member of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. As a student he was drafted into the Wehrmacht radio operator in a special intelligence unit of the Army High Command, decrypting enemy agents' radio traffic. He also joined the circle of intellectuals that had gathered around Harro Schulze-Boysen and Horst Heilmann in Berlin and towards the end of August 1942 he told Heilmann that his office had decrypted Soviet radio messages that contained the names of Harro Schulze-Boysen, John Graudenz, Arvid Harnack and others. Shortly afterwards more than 120 people linked to the Rote Kapelle network were rounded-up by the Gestapo. On December 19, 1942, the Reich Court Martial sentenced Heilmann to death and he was beheaded three days later in Plötzensee prison alongside his Rote Kapelle comrades. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Heilmann]

1938 - Nationalists (fascists) break through Republican forces and reach Mediterranean at Vinaroz; Republican Spain split in two.

1942 - German headquarters at Arras, France was attacked by members of the French Résistance.

[1951 - Beginning of first strike wave in fascist Spain, starting in the Basque country and spreading to Catalonia. Workers from a number of different industries and cities participate, with over 100,000 defying the government's order to return to work] - **NB:** this is incorrect; see: libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike

2005 - Ahvaz Protests: Four days of rioting (April 15-18) by Iranian Arabs in the city of Ahvaz in southwestern Iranian province of Khuzestan leaves 15-20 people dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Ahvaz_unrest]

[D] 2011 - Ahvaz Days of Rage: Protests to mark the anniversary of the 2005 Ahvaz Protests, and in part as a response to the Arab Spring. The protests lasted for 4 days (April 15-18) and resulted in 12-15 protesters (plus one security officer) killed and many wounded and arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Khuzestan_protests] ||
 * = 16 || [A] 1797 - The entire British naval Channel fleet mutinies off Portsmouth.

[D] 1871 - Demonstration in Hyde Park in London, in support of the Paris Commune.

1892 - A month after a failed bombing in Liege at the house of Renson, one of the 2 magistrates involved in the trial of the Belgian anarchists Hansen, Bustin and Langendorf for the March 28, 1891 theft of more than 900 kilograms of dynamite from the powder magazine at Ombret, a second attempted bombing takes place at the residence of the other prosecutor Beltjens.

1903 - The buildings of the anarchist newspaper '//El Hijo del Ahuizote//' are seized by the police for the second time. The staff, Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and Librado Rivera are arrested for having "ridiculed public authorities".

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon occupies Salamanca.

1919 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik]: Near Dachau (north of Munich), the Workers', Soldiers' and Farmers' Councils of the Republic of Bavaria led by Ernst Toller, rout the government troops sent to quell the revolution - a sadly short-lived victory. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1925 - St Nedelya Church Assault [Атентат в църквата Света Неделя]: A group of activists of Military Organization (Военната организация) of the Bulgarian Communist Party (Българската комунистическа партия) blows up the roof of the Sveta Nedelya church in Sofia during the funeral service of General Konstantin Georgiev (Константин Георгиев), in an attempt to wipe out the military and political elite, including Tsar Boris III. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nedelya_Church_assault bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Атентат_в_църквата_„Света_Неделя“ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Борис_III]

1975 - Claudio Varalli, an 18-year-old Italian technical school student and a member of the Workers' Movement for Socialism is shot dead by a fascist in Milan. After chasing fascists from the Avanguardia Nazionale away from the University of Milan, Claudio was shot in the face by one of them who hid in his car where he retrieved a gun.

[CC] 2006 - Alexander Ryukhin aka 'Shtopor' (Bottleopener)(b. 1986), Russian anti-fascist, is murdered by a group of neo-Nazis in Moscow, just nine days before his twentieth birthday. A third-year student at the Moscow Electronics and Mathematics Institute, he had been on his way to an anti-fascist hardcore punk gig on the outskirts of Moscow, when several skinheads attacked Sasha and his friend Yegor near the Domodedovskaya metro station. With no struggle to speak of, one of the attackers stabbed Ryukhin in the chest with a knife. The attackers fled, leaving Sasha lying on the ground with the knife still embedded in his chest, and with no fingerprints on its handle. Ryukhin died almost instantly, well before an ambulance arrived. Three of the attackers, Alexander Shitov (a member of the Format 18 gang), Andrei Antsiferov and Vasily Reutsky (both members of Slavic Union), were detained and Nazi paraphernalia and literature were found in their homes. In June 2007 they were sentenced to between 4 and 6.5 years in prison for 'hooliganism'. Two other suspects, Alexander Parinov and Nikita Tikhonov, together with another unidentified person, were also named in connection with the killing. Tikhonov was later arrested for the murder of human rights lawyer Stanislav Markelov, who had first named Tikhonov in connection with Sasha's murder. Tikhonov was later sentence in May 2011 to life for the murder of Markelov and that of Anastasiya Baburova, a trainee reporter at the '//Novaya Gazeta//' newspaper. [seansrussiablog.org/2007/01/20/from-knives-to-bombs-the-new-wave-of-nazi-terror-in-russia/ libcom.org/forums/anti-fascism/mainstream-article-about-antifa-nazis-etc-in-russia www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/markelov-killing-linked-to-revenge/388976.html www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/06/russian-neo-nazi-life-sentence-murder]

[CC] 2006 - Tomás Vilches Araneda, an 18-year-old Chilean anti-Fascist punk is murdered by a gang of neo-Nazis in Santiago. Vilches had been shopping for music with two friends when a quarrel began with a neo-Nazi named Héctor Herrera Soto. Herrera, 28, left and returned with a group of friends, including two policemen. Herrera then killed Vilches with a knife. The two policemen were later expelled from the force (caught because their cop car had traces of Tomás' blood in it) but no criminal charges were brought against them. Additionally, two Chilean soldiers were also expelled during the investigation. in November 2007, Héctor Herrera was sentenced to 7 years. Two fellow neo-Nazis, who had both cooperated with the prosecution, Esteban González Araneda aka 'Tito van Damme', who was the leader of the neo-Nazi cell, and Herrera Soto's counsin, Miguel Ángel Herrera, were sentenced to 6 and 5 years respectively. A four suspect, Esparza Cesar Zuniga aka 'El Caballo', 32, was extradited from Argentina in January 2014. [buscador.emol.com/emol/ santiagotimes.cl/neo-nazi-murders-in-chile-investigated-killings-linked-to-pinochet-culture/ paginapolicial.blogspot.co.uk/2006/04/neonazis-asesinan-joven-punk.html english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=291709&rel_no=1] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]
 * = 17 || 1905 - Grèves de Limoges de 1905: Pierre Bertrand and workers' delegates visit the Préfecture to ask the préfet to release strikers arrested for looting stores gunsmiths. [ postcard of red and black flags ouside the Prefecture ]. They leave empty handed and a large demonstration is held at the jardin d'Orsay to demand the release of protesters arrested on the previous days. Soldiers open fire without warning. 20-year-old porcelain worker Camille Vardelle is mortally wounded, and a dozen people are injured.

[D] 1910 - Partido Liberal Mexicano military chiefs meeting in Tlaxcala decide that, because of the general unrest through out the states of Mexico, it is now time for a new revolutionary uprising.

1911 - José Luis Quintas Figueroa (aka 'El Quintas', 'Alfonso' & Clemente Cabaleiro Covelo; d. 1976), Spanish tinsmith, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of FIJL, MLE and CNT, and anti-Franco guerrilla, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6659]

[A] 1914 - Suffragettes bomb Yarmouth Pier.

1961 - CIA invasion force lands at the Bay of Pigs. A fiasco, defeated within two days.

1967 - Émile Bachelet (b. 1888), French individualist anarchist, anti-militarist and member of the Bonnot Gang, dies. [see: Jan. 14]

1968 - Further Anti-Vietnam demonstration at US Army Hospital in Tokyo. [see: Mar. 30] [www.itnsource.com/en/compilations/faith,-history-politics/events/lr/S31070702/1968-Year-of-Protest-Footage/ ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

1975 - In the aftermath of the death of anti-Fascist Claudio Varalli the previous day, Giannino Zibecchi, a 28-year-old Italian militant with the Coordinamento dei Comitati Antifascisti, is knocked down by a police jeep on the Corso XXII Marzo in Milan and killed. [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/tredici.html]

1975 - Tonino Micciche aka the 'Mayor of Falchera', an Italian 23-year-old former FIAT factory worker, fired for his trade union activity, and long time anti-Fascist activist, is shot dead in Turin by a deranged right-wing security guard who owned a garage that was being occupied by Lotta Continua as part of a mass public housing project.

[C] 1976 - National Front march organised through the centre of Manningham, the main Asian area in Bradford. 24 people are arrested in pitched battles as the police struggle to stop counter-demonstartors reaching the NF march and the school where the end-of-march meeting was held. [expand] [kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/]

1986 - Cipriano Damián González (b. 1916), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco underground resistance, dies. Member of the CNT and Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL). Following the defeat of the Republic, he was arrested ambnd spent time in the concentration camps of Los Almendros and Albatera, the Porta Coeli prison in Valencia and the Gardeny Lleida castle. He eventually managed to assume a false identity and help the guerrillas, later joining the Comitè Nacional de Manuel Vallejo (as Deputy Secretary) and going underground himself. He was arrest on June 6, 1953 in Madrid. was sentenced to 15 years in martial held in Madrid on February 5 1954, who served in Carabanchel and Guadalajara prisons. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes]
 * = 18 || 1791 - National Guardsmen prevented Louis XVI and his family from leaving Paris, an event foreshadowing the notorious Flight to Varennes, his attempt to secretly flee with his family from Paris on June 20 to the royalist fortress town of Montmédy on the northeastern border of France, where he would join the émigrés and be protected by Austria.

1812 - Failed attempt to murder William Cartwright. [Luddites]

[D] 1812 - First Manchester food riot. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/18th-april-1812-first-manchester-food.html]

1912 - US National Guard is called out against striking West Virginia coal miners. Paint Creek-Cabin Creek coal miners on strike in West Virginia are forced to defend themselves, beginning one of the most violent strikes in the country's history.

1937 - Leon Trotsky called for the overthrow of Soviet leader Josef Stalin. A bad mistake.

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: Students from Korea University launch a non-violent protest at the National Assembly against police violence and demanding new elections. However they are attacked by gangs funded by Rhee's supporters as they returned to their campus. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

[C] 1975 - Rodolfo Boschi, a 28-year-old Italian militant communist and anti-Fascist, is shot dead by plain clothes policemen after a group of protesters came to the aid of a boy being beaten up by police during an anti-Fascist demo, following death of Claudio Varalli in Milan two days before. [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/tredici.html]

[A] 1977 - Native American activist Leonard Peltier found guilty of murdering two FBI agents, despite government testimony that he was not present at the scene of the killings.

1989 - Thousands of Chinese students gathered at Xinhua Gate, the entrance to Zhongnanhai, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the leadership. Police restrained the students from entering the compound as they tried to storm Communist Party headquarters in Beijing. Students then staged a sit-in. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989]

1996 - Israel shells the United Nations headquarters in Qana, Lebanon, killing more than 100 civilians being sheltered there. || García Vivancos was active during the Spanish Civil War, leading the Aguiluchos Column on the Huesca Front, as well as other major units in Belchite and Teruel. He opposed the anti-militarist line of the //intransigentes// anarchists and willingly cooperated with the Stalinist militarisation of fighting units. In September 1937 he was made responsible major units, 126 Brigada and the 25 División (in the place of Antonio Ortiz), winning battles in Belchite and then Teruel where he was wounded in January 1938. In May 1938 he was promoted to colonel. At the end of the war he was charged with handling the evacuation to France of Spanish refugees escaping the fascists in the Puigcerda sector. He himself wound up being interned for four years in the French concentration camp at Vernet-les-Bains before being liberated during WWII by the Maquis and joining the French Résistance for the duration. At the CNT Congress in Marseilles in 1945, he was excluded from the organisation. Having gone astray, his views were deemed incompatible with libertarian practice. Living in poverty in Paris, he discovered and developed his talent for painting. He was introduced in 1947 to Pablo Picasso, who helped open up the art world for him. His first exhibition was held in 1948 at the Gallery Mirador and won him instant recognition amongst the likes of surrealist André Breton. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/general_vivancos.html]
 * = 19 || 1895 - Miguel García Vivancos (d. 1972), Spanish anarchist militant and combatant, and Naïve painter, born. Formed the Los Solidarios group, together with Buenaventura Durruti, Francisco Ascaso, Juan García Oliver, Gregorio Jover, Ramona Berri, Eusebio Brau, Manuel Campos, and Aurelio Fernández). In 1924, he was condemned to three months of prison. Released, exiled in France, he travelled with Ascaso, Durruti and Jover in Latin America (Mexico, Cuba, Peru, Chile). On his return to France, he was arrested because of the expropriations practised by the group on their trip. Escaping extradition, he was expelled and found refuge in Belgium. In 1927, he returned to Barcelona, participating in the clandestine struggles and took part in the Thirties in several insurrectionary attempts. Captured, he was interned for one year in Burgos.

1905 - Grèves de Limoges de 1905: Camille Vardelle's funeral draws a large workers' demonstration. The lockout is finally lifted, but the anarchists who took a very active part in social unrest become the target of repression: arrests, dismissals, expulsions of the city and the department, as was the case for Régis Meunier. The anniversary of the murder of Camille Vardelle in 1906, is still marked by a clash between police and several libertarian militants are arrested. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

[D] 1919 - La Révolte de la Mer Noire: Sailors Mutiny in the Black Sea, April 19-21. A French delegation, made up partly of anarchist sailors, demands suspension of the war against Russia, the return of the ships to France, and no disciplining for their rebellion. [expand] [libcom.org/history/black-sea-revolt-tico-jossifort libcom.org/history/black-sea-mutiny-marty-myth-role-anarchists fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutineries_de_la_mer_Noire matthieulepine.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/ils-ont-eu-le-courage-de-dire-non-les-mutins-de-la-mer-noire-1919/ www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no2/blacksea.html]

[A] 1943 - Of the 50,000 Jews remaining in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, some thousands rise up in armed struggle against Nazi deportations to extermination camps.

[C] 1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: On the eve of Passover, police and SS auxiliary forces enter the Warsaw Ghetto. They have plans to complete the deportation action within three days, but are ambushed by Jewish insurgents firing and tossing Molotov cocktails and hand grenades from alleyways, sewers, and windows. The Germans suffer casualties and their advance is bogged down. Two of their combat vehicles are set on fire by insurgent petrol bombs. In a symbolic act that afternoon, two boys climb up onto the roof of a building on Muranowski Square, where the longest resistance took place (and where the ŻZW chief leader, Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum, was killed in combat) and raise two flags, the red-and-white Polish flag and the blue-and-white banner of the ŻZW. These flags remain there, highly visible from the Warsaw streets, for four days. As the battles continue inside the Ghetto, Polish resistance groups Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army) and Gwardia Ludowa (GL; People's Guard) engaged the Germans (between April 19 and 23) at six different locations outside the Ghetto walls, firing at German sentries and positions, and making a failed attempt to breach the Ghetto walls with explosives. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization]

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: Thousands of students marched from Korea University to the Blue House and, as they march past other high schools and universities, their numbers grows to over 100,000. Arriving at the Blue House, the protesters call for Rhee's resignation. Police open fire on protestors killing approximately 180 and wounding thousands. The Rhee government proclaims martial law in order to suppress the demonstrations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

1979 - Ciro Principessa, a 23-year-old activist in the Italian Communist Youth Federation, is stabbed to death by a neo-Fascist in Rome. On April 19, 1979 Claudio Minetti, a right-wing extremist and frequenter of the MSI HQ in the Via Acca Larentia, entered the headquarters of the Communist Party on the Via di Torpignattara, asking to borrow a book from its small library. When asked to show proof of identity, Minetti refused, taking a book from a table and then running away down the street. Pursued by two members of the PCI, the neo-fascist spun round and stabbed Ciro Principessa with a knife. Principessa, whose condition was initially thought to be not serious, died in hospital the following day. Minetti was arrested shortly afterwards and turned out to have serious mental health problems, as well as to be the son of Leda Pagliuca, a close friend of the notorious neo-fascist fanatic and terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie. Minetti was sentenced to 10 years in a secure mental hospital. [www.reti-invisibili.net/ciroprincipessa/]

1989 - Food riots in Jordan. [www.nytimes.com/1989/04/20/world/5-are-killed-in-south-jordan-as-rioting-over-food-prices-spreads.html]

2008 - London anti-fascists attack a British Peoples Party meeting in Victoria, London. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/04/397537.html] ||
 * = 20 || 1812 - Colliers from Hollinwood and local mob attacked Mr Burton's manufactory in Middleton and again April 22nd, 10 rioters killed. Food riots in Manchester, Bolton, Ashton, Oldham, and all through Cheshire north-east of Stockport. [Luddites]

1848 - Heckeraufstand [Hecker Uprising]: Hecker's 800 revolutionaries are faced with the overwhelming power of 2,000 men of the federal troops in the small Baden town Kandern. This situation was hopeless despite all the enthusiasm and courage of the revolutionaries. Hecker's troops suffered a crushing defeat, known as the Gefecht auf der Scheideck (Battle on the Scheideck or the Battle of Kandern) but he was able to escape to Switzerland. Disappointed, he emigrated to America. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecker_Uprising de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckeraufstand www.staufenberg.og.bw.schule.de/br16.htm de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Scheideck]

[D] 1910 - Revolución Mexicana: Hailey's Comet appears, many Mexicans believe is a harbinger of war, pestilence and death.

1914 - USA: Ludlow Massacre of striking miners and their families by the National Guard and Company police, burning a striking miners' camp and killing at least 12 children and 7 adults. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre]

1919 - La Révolte de la Mer Noire: Easter Sunday, almost all the sailors of the France and the Jean-Bart, instead of saluting the tricolour flag raised aft, stood facing the bow and sang the Internationale, while the red flag was raised on the bowsprit mast on both boats simultaneously. [libcom.org/history/black-sea-revolt-tico-jossifort libcom.org/history/black-sea-mutiny-marty-myth-role-anarchists fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutineries_de_la_mer_Noire matthieulepine.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/ils-ont-eu-le-courage-de-dire-non-les-mutins-de-la-mer-noire-1919/ www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no2/blacksea.html]

1963 - A FLQ bomb explodes at the Canadian Army recruiting centre downtown. The night watchman is killed in the first casualty of their campaign.

1986 - As part of mass social upheaval in Spain, riots erupt in Guernica. [expand] ||
 * = 21 || 1812 - Flogging of soldier who refused to fire on the Luddites during the siege of Rawfolds Mill. Cartwright himself intervenes to stop the punishment after 25 strokes. The full 300 strokes would probably have resulted in death. Food riot at Tintwistle and machinery destroyed at Rhodes' woollen cloth mill.

1834 - Demonstration involving 30,000 people on Copenhagen Fields near King's Cross, London against the sentences of transportation imposed on the Tolpuddle Martyrs.

1848 - Heckeraufstand [Hecker Uprising]: Hecker's 800 revolutionaries are faced with the overwhelming power of 2,000 men of the federal troops in the small Baden town Kandern. This situation was hopeless despite all the enthusiasm and courage of the revolutionaries. Hecker's troops suffered a crushing defeat, known as the Gefecht auf der Scheideck (Battle on the Scheideck or the Battle of Kandern) but he was able to escape to Switzerland. Disappointed, he emigrated to America. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecker_Uprising de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckeraufstand www.staufenberg.og.bw.schule.de/br16.htm de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Scheideck]

[DD] 1851 - Motín de Urriola [Urriola Uprising]: On the streets of the Chilean capital Santiago revolutionaries erect barricades for the first time in Chilean history. It marks the beginning of the 1851 Chilean Revolution. Shortly after midnight that morning a detatchment of troops from the Valdivia Battalion try to seize the civic headquarters in Santiago as part of an attempt to overthrow the Conservative president, Manuel Bulnes. The liberal opposition fearing what they saw as the inevitable replacement of Bulnes by another Conservative, Manuel Montt, in the upcoming election decided that a coup was their only hope of gaining power. Backed by Colonel Pedro Urriola Balbontín of the Valdivia Battalion, members of the liberal Sociedad de la Igualdad (Society of Equality) had hoped to seize power but the attack on the civic headquarters is thwarted and the five thousand men Urriola had been promised by his liberal allies fail to materialise (only 15 turning up). At dawn Urriola, realising he is short of men and ammunition, mounts an attack on the artillery barracks was at the foot of Cerro Santa Lucía. The assault is repulsed a number of times and, in the midst of the fray, the revolutionaries replace the Urriola with Colonel Justo Arteaga Cuevas. During the government counteroffensive from the Alameda and Cerro Santa Lucia Urriola is killed by a stray bullet and after five hours of fierce fighting, during which more than 200 are killed on both sides, with success then impossible, Arteaga took refuge in the American legation. By 11:00 the revolt had been quashed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motín_de_Urriola www.icarito.cl/enciclopedia/articulo/segundo-ciclo-basico/historia-geografia-y-ciencias-sociales/vision-panoramica-de-la-historia-de-chile-republicano/2009/12/93-7560-9-motin-de-urriola-20-de-abril-de-1851.shtml es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1851 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Chilean_Revolution]

1869 - Anthelme Girier aka Jean Baptiste Lorion (d. 1898), French anarchist orator, who was imprisoned and involved in the revolt at the Iles du Salut penal colony, born. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre16.html#girierlorion libcom.org/history/girier-anthelme-1869-1898]

1885 - Ethel Duffy Turner (d. 1969), American journalist and author who took an active part in the Mexican Revolution alongside the Magónistas, born. Her books include '//Writers and Revolutionists: Oral History Transcription//' (1966), '//Revolution In Baja California: Ricardo Flores Magón's High Noon//' (1981) and '//Ricardo Flores Magón y el Partido Liberal Mexicano (Textos de la Revolución Mexicana)//' (1984). Ethel Duffy Turner also wrote a novel, '//The Orange Tree//', a novella and a number of short stories. [www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/ethel-duffy-turner/writers-and-revolutionists--oral-history-transcript--and-related-material-196-hci/1-writers-and-revolutionists--oral-history-transcript--and-related-material-196-hci.shtml]

1894 - Workers storm the prison in La Salle, Illinois and liberate striking miners.

1898 - In Ancône, Italy anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, go on trial (21st-27th) for criminal conspiracy gainst "the public safety of people and property".

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 8] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Strikes break out in factories and at the docks in Odessa; the first of many in the city. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - Three members of the anarchist Bonnot Gang, André Soudy (b. 1892), Raymond Callemin (b. 1890) and Elie Monier (b. 1889), are executed. [see: Feb. 25; Mar. 26 & Aug. 20 respectively]

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata besieges Victoriano Huerta's garrison at Cuautla. Federal train blown up,killing 100 federal troops, federals round up civilians.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: 800 American seamen and marines land at Veracruz.Snipers open fire on Americans, 4 Americans killed. 400 more Americans are sent ashore.Eventually 3,300 sailors and 2,000 marines land. Sniper fire continues.126 Mexicans and 17 Americans killed.Resentment against Americans grows in Mexico.Arms and supplies from Germany to Victoriano Huerta cut off.

1930 - 322 killed at Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio, after fire starts on scaffolding. Most died of smoke inhalation as guards failed to open cell doors.

1937 - The Delegated Committee for the Defence of Madrid dissolved.

[C] 1948 - In Leeds 100 members of the Jewish Ex-Servicemen's Association (AJEX) and 100 CPGB members prevent an outdoor Union Movement, whose members were simply intimidated by the anti-fascists' presence. [PR]

[D] 1961 - Putsch des Généraux [General's Putsch]: A second military coup takes place in Algiers, [see: May 13] led by Generals Maurice Challe, Edmond Jouhaud, Raoul Salan and André Zeller, and backed by many junior ranks in the French army in Algeria. The coup is in reaction to the January 8, 1961 referendum on self-determination in Algeria organised in France and Algeria, and in which almost 75% had voted in favour of self-determination, and the actions of de Gaulle and his government, which they saw as having lied toward French Algeria colonists and loyalist Muslims who trusted it, the equivalent of treason and the abandonment of French Algeria. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch_des_généraux en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961]

1967 - CIA-assisted right-wing coup deposes elected Greek civilian government, military junta takes over.

[CC] 1979 - In Leicester, an estimated 2,000 anti-fascists mobilise to oppose around 800 NF supporters from holding their St. George's day march and election meeting. Planning to march from the Welford Road recreation ground to hold their rally at a Wyggeston Collegiate School close to Leicester University, the police are forced to re-route the NF march out of Leicester city centre, and later they attack the remaining anti-fascists who were trying to reach the school. Eighty-two people are arrested and there are 40 injuries as protesters hurl bricks, bottles and smoke bombs at NF supporters and police, injuring at least twenty-five of the latter. All told, the costs of deploying more than 5,000 police was estimated at £14,200. According to a former cop on duty that day: "The main clash erupted in and around University Road and in ugly scenes, 25 policemen were injured, with two Leicester constables, Dave Cowling and John Norman, detained in hospital. There were also 14 casualties among the demonstrators. Missiles thrown at police included paving slabs, bricks, granite cobbles from Leicester University car park and stones." "Despite the cordon of five thousand police, the National Front march was attacked within a hundred yards of its start. Supporters of the Anti Nazi League had occupied some waste ground and began pelting police and marchers alike with rocks. The marchers ducked and scrambled by, but some of them were injured and immediately the police abandoned the planned route of the march through the city centre. The counter demonstrators hailed it as a triumph." "But the demonstrators were not satisfied with aborting the Front's march. They wanted to get at the school where the meeting was taking place. Then ensued a series of battles which lasted for two hours. The demonstrators using rocks and stones and the police inching forward behind riot shields. "Some of the worst violence occurred at the campus of the University of Leicester. The demonstrators controlled the area inside the fought off police attempts to reach them. In any event, police brought in dogs behind the riot shields. All the time, they were being pelted with rocks and stones. Finally, they gave leash to the dogs. At least twenty-five police were injured, a number of demonstrators, and there were 87 arrests IN TOTAL. It was some of the worst violence Britain has been in the last few years." ['//ITN News//' broadcast 21/04/79] [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/ www.leicestermercury.co.uk/day-extremists-brought-unsaintly-scenes-Leicester/story-20997381-detail/story.html www.itnsource.com/shotlistRTV/1979/04/23/BGY511080337/?s=abortion etheses.dur.ac.uk/1826/1/1826.pdf]

[A] 1993 - The Lucasville prison rebellion ends after 450 inmates surrendered and released the last five guards they had held hostage for the 11 days of the siege.

2011 - Stokes Croft in Bristol erupts into violence when the 'Telepathic Heights' squat is raided. The new, unwanted Tesco 'supermarket' ends up trashed.

2013 - March for England: In what the organisers claimed was going to be a "family day out", police bus in less than 150 male nationalists to Brighton seafront for a 400m march (200m there and 200m back in what was effectively a mobile kettle) with no speaches, all cordonned off and protected by 700 cops drafted in from as far away as Wales, only to be bused out of town even quicker than they came. Lining their 'route' were 2,000 loud counter-protesters behind a police organised cordon. In addition, there were about 200, mainly local, masked-up anti-fascists roaming the streets picking off stragglers and fascist latecomers plus the handful of boneheads who took the opportunity of a visit to town to harrass the locals and possibly pick off the occassiona anti-fascist when the odds were heavily in their favour. The police made a number of attempts to kettle or otherwise control the independant antifa, trying to pull off their masks and confiscate their armoured Antifa banner, leading to several confrontations and de-arrests. The day saw 13 arrests made for public order offences, theft, criminal damage and possessing weapons. [stopmfe.wordpress.com/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/MOBS-AND-COPPERS/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/STEALING-A-MARCH/ malatesta32.wordpress.com/2013/05/01/march-for-england-marches-nowhere/ www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-22312197 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-22244933 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-22237935 www.vice.com/en_uk/read/the-march-for-england-was-humiliated-in-brighton-this-weekend www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2013/04/508176.html?c=on www.theargus.co.uk/photos/2013/marchforengland2013/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/10370124.Nineteen_arrests_during_March_for_England with_video_/ brightonsource.co.uk/reviews/march-for-england-photos/]

2013 - At 1.20am on Sunday moring (after more than 16 hours on the final day of a week-long trial) a court in Brazil sentences 23 police officers to 156 years in jail each for their part in the notorious Carandirú prison massacre in São Paulo in 1992 that left 111 prisoners dead, and another 87 wounded. [see: Oct. 2] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/22nd-april-1812-third-and-final-day-of.html]
 * = 22 || 1812 - Third and final day of food rioting in Manchester.

[D] 1821 - Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: The Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, is seized by Ottoman soldiers in Constantinople during the Easter Sunday liturgy and hanged at the central gate of the Patriarchate. Although he was completely uninvolved with the Revolution, his death was ordered as an act of revenge. That same day three bishops and a dozens of other Greeks, high official in Ottoman administration, are quickly executed in various parts of the Ottoman capital. The execution of the Patriarch signaled a reign of terror against the Greeks living in Constantinople over the following weeks, and that spread throughout the Ottoman Empire that lasted well into July 1821. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]

1873 - Luigi Lucheni (d. 1910), Italian anarchist, born. Notably, on September 10, 1898, Luccheni stabs the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria 'Sissi', in Geneva, using a frayed file, as a symbolic blow against "the persecutors of the workers". The Swiss courts sentenced him to forced labour. He was found hung in prison in 1910. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre19.html#19]

1897 - In Rome the anarchist Pietro Acciarito, 26, attempts to stab the king of Italy, King Umberto I. Tried and sentenced May 28, following a parody of a trial, Acciarto gets life in prison.

1898 - Adrien Perrissaguet (d. 1972), French founder of L'Association des Fédéralistes Anarchistes, of the weekly magazine '//The Libertarian Voice//' and of '//Combat syndicaliste//', born. An activist in the Sacco and Vanzetti committee, he also fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and was a member of the French Resistance during WWII. [www.ephemanar.net/janvier14.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4584 www.estelnegre.org/documents/perrissaguet/perrissaguet.html]

1907 - [O.S. Apr. 9] Following his capture by police on March 20 [O.S. Mar. 7], 1907, after he had assassinated Vasilenko, head of the main railroad yard at Aleksandrovsk and a notorious and pitiless oppressor of workers, Peter Arshinov (Пётр Арши́нов) had been cruelly beaten, and two days later sentenced to hang by a military tribunal. Suddenly, when the sentence was about to be administered, it was established that Arshinov’s act should by law not be tried by the military tribunal, but by a higher military court. This postponement gave Arshinov the chance to escape Aleksandrovsk prison. On the night of April 22-23, 1907, during Easter mass, while the prisoners were being led to the prison church, the prison guards assigned to watch the prisoners at the church were surprised by the audacious attack of several comrades. All the guards were killed, and all the prisoners had the chance to escape. Fifteen men escaped together with Arshinov.

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The Nazis' ultimatum to surrender is rejected by the defenders, and German forces resort to systematically burning houses block by block using flamethrowers and fire bottles, and blowing up basements and sewers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

1971 - Committal proceedings for Jake Prescott and Ian Purdie start at Barnet Court. The committal is to decide whether or not the magistrate feels there is enough evidence against the two of them for a trial to be set at the Old Bailey. There is no doubt that he will find so, but nevertheless proceedings proceed... interminably... until May 27. Jake had been presented (April 15) with three more charges: having conspired with Ian to cause explosions `with others' between July 1970 and March 1971 and having actually caused the Miss World and DEP bombings. [Angry Brigade chronology] [www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt]

1975 - Police Inspector José Ramón Morán is killed by ETA in Algorta, prompting the Spanish State to declare a state of emergency in the provinces of Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa. [blogs.libertaddigital.com/in-memoriam/eta-asesina-al-inspector-moran-y-franco-declara-el-estado-de-excepcion-9500/ eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustakio_Mendizabal]

1978 - The Anti Nazi League hold a mass picket at NF election meeting in Leeds just prior to the May local elections. "Some 80 NF members, including Martin Webster, were attacked on their way into the meeting by a mob of about a thousand Anti Nazi League and SWP banners. The NF members were again attacked on the way out. After about 20 minutes of persistent attacks the mob succeeded in fragmenting the group of NF members. As soon as the Anti Nazi League mob saw that Martin Webster was left with only nine other persons, he was beaten up and had to be taken to Leeds Infirmary to receive hospital treatment." ['//Lifting the lid off the Anti Nazi League//' - an NF publication, October 1978] [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf www.aryanunity.com/memoirs9.html]

1982 - Car bomb attack outside the Parisian offices of anti-Syrian newspaper '//Al-Watan Al-Arabi//', attributed to Carlos the Jackal, leaves 1 dead and 60 injured.

1990 - 80-100 remand prisoners staged an eighteen-hour rooftop protest at HMP Pucklechurch. 24-hour rooftop protest at HMP Winson Green.

[A] 1993 - Stephen Lawrence murdered by racists in south-east London.

1999 - NATO try to blow up Slobodan Milošević when an early morning missile hits his house at 15 Uzicke St. in Belgrade.

[C] 2012 - March for England: St. George's supporters are well and truly put to the sword as around 2,000 anti-fascists run the nationalists out of town, after having lined their route blotting out their view of the Brighton public and drowning out the racist and homophobic bile that had been all too audible from them in previous years. Numerous attempts are made to stop the march, successfully in Queen's Road and later in Church Street, blocking the streets and building barricades out of whatever was available. The police resort to baton charges, the liberal use of pepper spray and deploy horses to force their way through into what was effectively a police march with a hundred or so nationalist boneheads tagging along behind. Eventually the march makes its way to the pen in Victoria Gardens pre-prepared for the MfE, except there are loads of anti-fascists there before them, jumping their pitch, and they spend the next 2 hours being jeered at by the sort of people that these little Englanders have nightmares about. Job done, the cops swiftly escort them back to station (jeered all the way, natch) with their tails well and truly between their legs. All told, there are 3 arrests (though East Sussex's finest released photos of 5 people 'wanted' for throwing missiles at the MfE) and 2 cops (of the 400 or so on duty) are injured, one being taken to hospital. [stopmfe.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/march-for-england-we-won-the-day/ brightonantifascists.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/opposing-the-march-for-england-in-brighton/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/STOP-THE-MARCH-FOR-ENGLAND/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/BY-GEORGE!-/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/FASH,-BANG,-WALLOP/ malatesta32.wordpress.com/2012/04/22/march-for-enger-land-total-flop/ stopmfe.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/march-for-england-we-won-the-day/ edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/latest-news/703-march-for-england-edl-chased-out-of-brighton www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-17786261 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-17811384 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-18150677 www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/04/22/march-for-england-two-police-officers-injured_n_1444016.html www.theargus.co.uk/news/9666296.Brighton_police_investigate_March_for_England_complaints/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/9664513.Police_horses_attacked_during_March_for_England_violence/?ref=rl www.theargus.co.uk/news/9663359.Bottles_thrown bins_torched_and_arrests_during_heated_March_for_England/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/9663456.Police_officer_taken_to_hospital_after_being_hit_with_bottle_during_March_for_England/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/10056914.No_action_after_St_George_s_Day_violence_in_Brighton/]

2013 - Prisoners’ food abstention from mess in Larisa prison, Greece. || [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]
 * = 23 || 1905 - [O.S. Apr. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The government orders the establishment of local commissions to suppress peasant revolts but the harsh repression fails to stem rural unrest.

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: At the 4th Party or 'Unity' Congress of the RSDRP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) in Stockholm (Apr. 23-May. 8 [O.S. Apr. 10-25]), the Mensheviks, the Bolsheviks, and the Jewish Bund nominally reunite, but actually continue as separate parties. Lenin sets up a secret Bolshevik Central Committee, advocates an armed rising and the nationalisation of land. Stalin proposes distributing land to the peasants to revolutionise them. The Bolsheviks ignore condemnations of their ‘expropriations’ [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party leninism.su/works/51-tom-13/3012-primechaniya-13.html]

[D] 1918 - General Strike in Ireland ends conscription of Irishmen into the British army during WWI.

1922 - 'Boy' Segundo Jorge Adelberto Ecury (d. 1944), Dutch communist and Resistance fighter in WWII, who was a member of the Oisterwijk Raad van Verzet (Oisterwijk Resistance Council), born on the island Arruba in the Dutch Antillies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Ecury nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Ecury www.visitaruba.com/aruban-people/boy-ecury]

1936 - Zenzl Mühsam is arrested in Moscow for "counter revolutionary activities".

1968 - Following Enoch Powell's 'Rivers of Blood' speech, and on the same day that the Race Relations Bill is being debated in the House of Commons, a thousand workers - mainly dockers (some of the 1,000 who failed to turn up to work that day at the West India Dock in Poplar, together with some meat porters from Smithfield Market and building workers - march on Westminster protesting against the "victimisation" of Powell, with slogans including "Back Britain not Black Britain". Those on the left are surprised by the strength of pro-Powell sentiment across the country, including torrow's protests at Smithfield and other mass demonstrations of working class support, much of it from trade unionists, in London and Wolverhampton. However, only 1,000 of the 23,000 workers in the capital joined that protest and many of those were from St. Katherine's Dock, where a small group of fascists who normally had no influence exploited the opportunity to agitate and stir up fears over job losses. [PR] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech liverpool.metapress.com/content/j3218h407p488t16/fulltext.pdf]

1976 - Enric Duran i Giralt, aka Robin Bank, Robin Banks or the Robin Hood of the Banks, Catalan anarchist and anti-capitalist activist, member of the Tiempo de Re-vueltas collective and InfoEspacio, born. On September 17, 2008, he publicly announced that he had 'robbed' dozens of Spanish banks of nearly half a million euros as part of a political action to denounce "el depredador sistema capitalista" (the predatory capitalist system) and to finance various anti-capitalist social movements - among the projects financed was the free newspaper publication '//Crisi//', 200,000 copies of which were distributed throughout Catalonia by volunteers.

[C] 1977 - Battle of Wood Green: A 1,200-strong National Front march through Wood Green is opposed by some 3,000 anti-racists, members of Haringey Labour Party, the Indian Workers’ Association, local West Indians, trade unionists, and members of Rock Against Racism and the Socialist Workers’ Party. While Communists and churchmen addressed a rally at one end of Duckett’s Common, a contingent of anti-fascists organized by the SWP broke away and subjected the NF column to a barrage of smoke bombs, eggs and rotten fruit. Some 81 people were arrested, including 74 anti-fascists. But, in spite of the numbers arrested, they managed to reduce the NF to "an ill-organised and bedraggled queue", in large part because the police were outnumbered and allowed the anti-fascists to get up close and personal with the NF. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/27/the-battle-of-lewisham/ www.tottenhamjournal.co.uk/news/haringey_blogger_how_the_battle_of_wood_green_prevented_fascism_fouling_our_borough_1_2162426 afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf www.harringayonline.com/group/historyofharringay/forum/topics/1977-antifascists-battle-it thatchercrisisyears.com/2013/01/10/wood-green-riot-city-sorry-shopping-city/ grimanddim.org/historical-writings/2002-the-battle-of-wood-green/]

1979 - Southall, the NF and a full-scale police riot. Following the announcement by the National Front that they would be holding an election meeting in Southall on St. George's Day, and a number of failed attempts to get the meeting banned, local workplaces, including Ford Langley, SunBlest bakery, Walls pie factory and Quaker Oats, which had agreed to strike in protest against the Front, local shops and public transport, had all closed down by 1pm as people began to block the road from lunchtime onwards. 1-2pm: young Asians started to fight the skinheads, and the police responded by attacking the Asians. By 3.30pm, the entire town centre was closed, and the police declared it a 'sterile' area, meaning that it was free of anti-racists. Rain had begun to fall in buckets, further dampening the mood. By this time, 60 NF members had assembled on the outskirts of the area ready to be escorted into the meeting. Protecting them were 2,756 police officers, including the SPG, plus the usual contingent of horses, dogs, vans, riot shields and a helicopter. 6pm: The police use the horses, as well as dribving vans into the crowd, to push back the protesters. Snatch squads are deployed to deplete anti-fascist numbers. The protesters respond with bricks and whatever came to hand. Chaos ensues. As the tiny group of NF members arrive at the town hall, some of them raise their arms in Heil Hitler salutes. Around this time, the police decide to close down the 'Peoples Unite' building, which anti-fascist demonstrators are using as their makeshift headquarters. Those inside are given ten minutes to leave. Police officers, form up along the stairs, beat people as they try to leave. Tariq Ali, one of those in the building, exits bleeding from his head. Clarence Baker, the pacifist manger of Misty in Roots, is beaten so badly that he lapses into a coma. Police smash medical equipment, a sound system, printing and other items that end up having to be dumped as unrepairable, and the damage to the building is so bad that that Peoples Unite has to be closed down. All told, more than 160 people, including 97 police, were injured as a result of the police riot. 750 anti-fascists were arrested, of whom 342 were charged. At least three protesters suffered fractured skulls. Others were beaten until they lost consciousness. One person, Blair Peach, died from a blow to the head from a SPG truncheon. Widespread accounts of police beating and racially abusing people appear in the media. A reporter from the Daily Telegraph witnessed: "several dozen crying, screaming coloured demonstrators ... dragged bodily along Park View Road towards the police station ... Nearly every demonstrator we saw had blood flowing from some sort of injury; some were doubled up with pain. Women and men were crying." Jack Dromey, then a full-time official of the Transport and General Workers' Union, would tell a later inquiry, "I have never seen such unrestrained violence against demonstrators ... The Special Patrol Group were just running wild." [www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/southall.htm www.thesouthallstory.com/ randompottins.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/southall-two-murders-no-conviction-and.html news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/23/newsid_2523000/2523959.stm www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/26/police-blair-peach www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/how-a-riot-in-southall-became-a-symbol-of-police-corruption-1956165.html www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/yasmin-alibhai-brown/yasmin-alibhaibrown-who-exactly-are-the-police-serving-1671342.html history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/southall-1979.html livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/30/southall/ thelangarhall.com/uk/the-southall-story hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/category/southall-1979/ redwedgemagazine.com/articles/battle-blair-peach afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/a-bulwark-diminished.pdf]

1990 - HMP Pucklechurch siege ended by force. || Of the 24 men arrested and sent for trial at Lancaster Assizes, four men [James Smith, Thomas Kerfoot, John (or Job) Fletcher and Abraham Charlston] were hanged for the burning of the mill and eleven others were sentenced to be transported to Australia for seven years for the act of taking or administering an illegal oath. Afterwards, the owners quit the town for good and power looms didn't return to Westhoughton for 30 years. [Luddites] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/24th-april-1812-westhoughton-mill.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhoughton_Mill]
 * = 24 || 1812 - The steam powered Westhoughton Mill and its looms is destroyed by a large crowd of weavers and mechanics after a small force of Scots Greys that had been called from nearby Bolton by the mill manager earlier in the day had left. The crowd then ran across nearby fields and set fire to Westhoughton Hall, the home of R. J. Lockett, the previous owner of the Mill, before the troops and the mill manager, who had set out for Bolton to implore them to return and protect the looms, returned. The Riot Act was later read in the village square.

[C] 1908 - George Oppen (d. 1984), American Objectivist poet and political activist, born. In 1933 Oppen set up the Objectivist Press together with fellow poets William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky and Charles Reznikoff. However, faced with the aftermath of the Depression and the rise of fascism, he became increasingly politically active and though closer to anarcho-communism in his political outlook, joined the CPUSA. But, disillusioned with the CPUSA and, despite having been deferred from military service because he worked in the defence industry, wanting to be active in the fight against fascism (something he thought the CP were not), he quit his job and was drafted, fighting in France and helping liberate the concentration camp at Landsberg am Lech. After the war, he moved to Mexico, fearing being called before HUAC, and was kept under surveillance by the Mexican authorities and the FBI. He returned to the US in 1958 and resumed writing poetry. [jacket2.org/articles/archive?page=25 www.mentalcontagion.com/mcarchive/.../Oppen_Chapter_One.doc]

1912 - In Ivry-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, the Assistant Director of Security, Jouin, who that morning had arrested gang member Elie Monier in a hotel of Belleville, arrives to search the shop of the discount trader and suspected fence Antoine Gauzy in Ivry. Having arrested Gauzy, they stummble across Bonnot himself whilst searching the premises. A hand-to-hand fight ensues and Bonnot succeeds in shooting two of the policemen. Jouin is killed instantly and Inspector Colmar is seriously injured. Bonnot is wounded in the hand but escapes through an adjoining apartment and through nearby gardens and alleys. Antoine Gauzy narrowly escapes being lynched by a gathering crowd.

[D] 1916 - Start of the Easter Uprising in Dublin led by the Silk Weavers' Union and the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union.

1920 - A General Strike in Piedmont, which spread on the 15th across northern Italy, raising the possibility of a victorious insurrection across the whole country, is today suppressed.

1923 - In Sliven, Bulgaria, the anarchists Nicolai Dragnev and the brothers Panayot and Ilia Kratounkov are shot by soldiers under the pretext of "attempting to escape".

1932 - Mass trespass on Kinder Scout in the Peak District begins the right to roam movement in UK.

1957 - Juan Fernández Ayala aka Juanín (b. 1917), Spanish //miliciano// and anti-Francoist guérilla, is shot dead in an ambush near the Vega de Liebana (Santander) by Guardia Civil corporal Leopoldo Rollan Arenales and guard Angel Agüeros Rodríguez de Cabarceno. [see: Nov. 27]

1972 - A 15-year-old plants a home-made bomb at police HQ in Sleaford, Lincolnshire.

1976 - National Front march organised through the centre of Manningham, the main Asian area in Bradford. Police vans were overturned 24 people are arrested in pitched battles as the police struggle to stop counter-demonstrators, who had chosen not to attend the main counter-rally in the centre of Bradford, harrying the NF march and reaching the school where the end-of-march meeting was held. Thousands of asian youths from the area also took part in the anti-NF actions, labelled 'The Battle of Bradford' in the local papers, throwing up barricades, fighting their way through police lines and hurling bricks at the school windows. The events are seen as an early catAlyst for the formation of the Asian Youth Movement the following year. [kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/tahistory/featuresnostalgiapasttimes/10375211.print/ www.1in12.com/publications/archive/thepicklespapers/pickleschap3.html www.tandana.org/Table/Oral-Histories/]

1979 - 200 ANL supporters, led by local anarchist Graham Short, occupy Coburg Street school hall, booked by the NF for a pre-general election address from John Tyndall, preventing the NF meeting. "The move was well planned and the anti-nazis got in early and set up an outside picket. Socialists, trades unionists, revolutionaries, students, working class people, "punks with their banner, ‘Never Mind the Bollocks - Stop The National Front’." The NF sent the police in to clear the ANL out. Nothing doing! People sat down ‘we’re not going’. Eventually the police gave up, the NF disappeared, John Tyndall had his car damaged as he got away in a hurry. The rest of the evening at the school hall turned into an anti-nazi party, with piano player, beer and political discussion." ['//An Anarchist Bricklayer in Plymouth//'] [libcom.org/library/anarchist-bricklayer-plymouth]

1989 - Tens of thousands of students strike in Beijing. On the 27th, 50,000 students march to Tiananmen Square in defiance of authorities. A prelude to anti-government protests in Tiananmen Square, where up to one million gather in May.

2011 - March for England: "This year saw the first significant counter-mobilisation by anti-fascists to the MfE as by then it was seen as a front group for the then expanding EDL. Unite against Fascism (UAF) staged a counter demonstration against the MfE, taking the form of a rally opposite the King and Queen pub on the Old Steine, the end point of the march. Other non-aligned anti-fascists actually joined the MfE, by taking them at their word as being anti-racists and joining their parade to announce why. They were roundly condemned by the MfE on the day and received a great deal of abuse for handing out an 'England For All' leaflet celebrating a different kind of pride in Englishness. One MfE marcher, Ryan Williams from Dorset plead guilty to assault (in October 2010) following an incident on this march." [Brighton Anti-fascists blog] "Trust the fash to screw the sunniest bank holiday weekend in Brighton in years. Around 100 of the March for England’s finest shambled their pot-bellied way through town on Sunday. In the event they needed a mass mobilisation of 350 cops from six forces to force their march through town. For weeks March for England had been claiming to be nothing to do with the EDL, but of course on the day, inside their mobile kettle, out came the flags and up went the chant of "E,E,EDL". Passers-by were subjected to racist and homophobic abuse, but the march was protected throughout by the cops, who held the counter-demo in a kettle. The not St George’s Day march by the not EDL was, for a family event, remarkably short of kids. A hilarious attempt to liberalise their image by carrying a rainbow flag foundered after the mob began chanting "You lot take it up the arse!" The march was interrupted by anti-fascist demonstrations throughout the day and the MFE didn’t quite get the stroll in the sunshine they may have been hoping for." [' Schnews ' 769] [stopmfe.wordpress.com/ brightonantifascists.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/opposing-the-march-for-england-in-brighton/ www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news769.php malatesta32.wordpress.com/2011/10/08/a-very-poor-show/ malatesta32.wordpress.com/2011/04/25/march-for-england-in-brighton/ www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/04/478021.html www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-13182049 www.theargus.co.uk/news/8991346.LIVEBLOGBrighton_nationalist_march/ www.demotix.com/news/668531/march-england-brighton#media-668507__]__ || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jacques_Pelletier]
 * = 25 || 1792 - Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, a French highwayman who is the first person to be executed by means of the guillotine.

1849 - A Tory mob protesting the passage of the Rebellion Losses Bill sets fire to Canada’s Parliament buildings in Montreal. They are enraged because the legislation, passed by the majority of reformers in the legislature, will indemnify supporters of the rebellion of 1837-8, as well as those who opposed it. The rioters first ransack the legislative building, and then set a fire which destroys the parliamentary libraries, the public archives, and then spreads to adjacent buildings, including the general hospital. Firefighters who come to put out the fire are prevented from doing so by the rioters. The following day, Tory gangs attack and vandalize the residences of reformist Members of Parliament. The violence continues into May; it eventually dies down after the British Parliament approves the legislation. That fall, a group of Montreal businessmen, nearly all of them English-speaking Tories, publish a manifesto calling for Canada’s annexation by the United States. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-04-April.htm]

1892 - On the eve of trial of François Ravachol, a bomb explodes at the Resturant Véry in Paris, where Ravachol had been arrested on March 30, 1892, killing the owner and one of his customers. The perpretrator is Théodule Meunier, who fled to England where he lived as a political refugee until his arrest at Victoria Station on April 4, 1894. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodule_Meunier www.ephemanar.net/juillet25.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9253 www.estelnegre.org/documents/meunier/meunier.html]

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 12] The Bolsheviks, having hijacked the RDSLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party / Росси́йская социа́л-демократи́ческая рабо́чая па́ртия, РСДРП) following the vote to limit party membership to 'professional' revolutionaries only at the Second Congress in August 1903, the Lenin supporters (Bolsheviks, from the Russian bol'shinstvo [majority]) hold a 'Third Congress' (Apr. 25-May. 10) so secretive that the name of the venue in London is not known. Only with a handful of the supporters of Lenin's principal opponent at the Second Congress, Julius Martov (Mensheviks, from the Russian men'shinstvo [minority]), who organised an alternative conference in Geneva. The Menshevik Central Committee had voted against calling the Congress on February 7, 1905 and voted to expel Lenin. Two days later nine of the eleven members of this committee were coincidentally (?) arrested. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg City Council meets with the 'Soviet of the Unemployed' (Петербурский Совет безработных), and pledges aid programs [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1920 - Silvano Fedi (d. 1944), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist partisan, born. Already an active anti-fascist, he was arrested on October 12, 1939, along with Fabio Fondi, Giovanni La Loggia and Carlo Giovanelli, by the secret police OVRA, and they were sentenced by a Special Tribunal to a year in prison for communist activity i.e. organising an anti-fascist group. Upon his release from prison, he now identified himself as a libertarian communist and returned to the anti-fascist struggle in his home town, Pistoia. His contact with the older anarchist generation led to the formation of the Federazione Comunista Libertaria, and a growing confrontation with the underground Communist Party. Fedi was again arrested by the police in January 1942. With the fall of fascism and the armistice of Italy with the Allies, he was among the first to go to the main piazza (square) and address the crowds. On the 26th July 1943 he was addressing a factory gate meeting at the San Giorgio factory and called on the workers to strike. He was arrested by the police of Marshal Badoglio. On hearing of his arrest, a large crowd gathered outside the Palace of Justice and demanded his release. The authorities were forced to free him a few hours later. Fedi now set up the most important partisan unit in the Pistoia area. Formed mostly of anarchist or libertarian-inluenced peasants, workers, students and ex-soldiers, it carried out several spectacular actions, including raiding the fascist arms dump at the Santa Barbera Fortress three times. He also attacked the Ville Sbertoli prison, freeing 54 mostly political prisoners. Fedi planned to continue the armed resistance after the Anglo-American forces arrived, but his plans were cut short when he was caught in a German ambush on July 29, 1944 and shot. He remains a local hero to this day. [libcom.org/history/fedi-silvano-1920-1944 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Fedi www.estelnegre.org/documents/fedi/fedi.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/gb5nj2 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/tmphd8]

1937 - Emma Goldman organises a concert at Victoria Palace in aid of Spanish refugees with Paul Robeson on the bill. An artistic success, it fails to raise as much money as hoped.

[B] 1938 - George Orwell's '//Homage to Catalonia//' first published.

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: Professors join students and citizens in large-scale protests outnumbering soldiers and police who refused to attack the protestors. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

[C/D] 1974 - The beginning of the Carnation Revolution and fall of the dictatorship in Portugal. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolução_dos_Cravos www.socialismtoday.org/37/portugal37.html www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm www.workersliberty.org/node/24429 www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1975.htm www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm]

1977 - Albert Perrier (or Perier), aka Germinal, (b. 1897), French militant revolutionary syndicalist and Résistance fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 7]

1979 - More than 4,000 officers, including Special Branch, SPG and mounted police, are deployed against an anti-fascist protest in Newham. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/]

1980 - Operation Eagle Claw: In Iran, a farcical commando mission to rescue hostages is aborted after mechanical problems disabled three of the eight helicopters involved. During the evacuation, a helicopter and a transport plan collided and exploded. Eight U.S. servicemen were killed. The mission was aimed at freeing American hostages that had been taken at the U.S. embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw]

[A] 1990 - The Strangeways prison mutiny ends after 25 days in Manchester.

1990 - Sandinista rule ends in Nicaragua. Having overthrown the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, withstood the insurrgency of the US-back Contra militia for 11 years (1979–1990) and won the 1984 national elections, the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front) looses the 1990 election to the National Opposition Union alliance (UNO's Violeta Barrios de Chamorro getting 55% of the popular vote against Daniel Ortega's 41%), thereby ending the Contra war. After the war, a survey of voters found that 75.6% agreed that if the Sandinistas had won, the war would never have ended. 91.8% of those who voted for the UNO agreed with this too. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front]

2010 - March for England: the nationalist event - a St.George's day celebration cum nationalist pissup by the seaside - first staged in Brighton in 2008, but which largely went unnotcied until this year, takes place with nearly 200 boneheads celebrate some long-dead Greek Christian born in Palestine. There are a few skirmishes with anti-fascists but things would change in future years. [brightonantifascists.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/opposing-the-march-for-england-in-brighton/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/8118920.Nationalist_demonstrators_gather_in_pub/ www.demotix.com/news/424314/english-nationalist-alliance-protest-march-brighton#media-424289 newsfrombrighton.co.uk/brighton-and-hove-news/ppcs-clash-over-march-for-england-event-in-brighton/ marchforengland.weebly.com/st-georges-day---brighton---2008.html marchforengland.weebly.com/st-georges-day---brighton---2009.html]

2012 - The jury acquits all defendants of violent disorder at a 2010 student demo except Alfie Meadows, who suffered a brain haemorrhage from a police truncheon attack. In his case the jury failed to reach a verdict (?) ||
 * = 26 || 1607 - The British established an American colony at Cape Henry, Virginia. It was the first permanent English base for their invasion of Northern America.

[A] 1649 - The first Diggers manifesto ('//The True Leveller's Standard Advanced//') is published.

[D] 1789 - Affaire Réveillon [Réveillon Riots]: A popular revolt takes place at the Faubourg Saint-Antoine in Paris, a harbinger of the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. Rumours that Jean-Baptiste Reveillon, the owner of a luxury wallpaper factory employing 300 non-guild workers, was about to lower wages during the particularly harsh winter when food was scarce and prices were increasing rapidly, unemployment was high and wages were low, provoke rioting [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_Réveillon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réveillon_Riots www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article411 www.herodote.net/27_28_avril_1789-evenement-17890427.php]

1864 - Régis Meunier (d. 1936), French militant syndicalist and anarchist propagandist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin26.html#meunier militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6955 revolutionnairesangevins.wordpress.com/dictionnaire/m/meunier-regis-dit-pieds-plats/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2604.html]

1892 - The trial of François Ravachol begins in Paris for the Resturant Very bombing, with co-defendants Charles Simon aka Biscuit, Chaumartin, Béala and his wife Mariette Soubère. Everyone expects the death sentence but the jury give life with hard labour for Ravachol and Simon (the latter crying "Vive la Sociale! Vive l'Anarchie!"; Chaumartin, Béala and Mariette Soubère are acquitted. On 21 June Ravachol will return to court in Montbrison to be tried for 3 murders, two of which he denied (admitting that of the hermit Chambles). Found guilty, he will be guillotined on July 11.

1912 - Revolución Mexicana: Col. Pedro Leon mutinies in Mexico City. Revolt fails and Leon is executed.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Fortress San Juan de Ulua surrenders to Americans. American forces remain most of the year.

1934 - Ex-ILP member and one-time Labour MP for Gateshead, John Beckett, who was once suspended from the House of Commons for removing the mace, and later joined the British Union of Fascists attempts to speak at a BUF meeting at the Corn Exchange in Plymouth. A full-scale riot breaks out involving up to 100 people weilding broken chairs. When Beckett tries to leave the sage to join in, he is felled by a rugby tackle and his head repeatedly bounced off the floor. Three men and one woman are taken to hospital and polcie eventually restore order. [BF] [devonsocialistarticles.wordpress.com/2008/01/06/plymouth-power-a-book-review-of-todd-grays-blackshirts-in-devon/]

1936 - Mosley succeeds in holding a meeting at the Pontypridd Town Hall, protected by 300 police. A counter-demonstration was organised by the Pontypridd Trades and Labour Council, the local Communist Party and the Cambrian Combine Committee. "Allegations by Lewis Jones that Mosley had dined the night before with Colonel Lionel Lindsay, the Chief Constable of Glamorgan, at the house of Lady Rhondda, daughter of D.A.Thomas, architect of the Cambrian Coal Combine, injected into the already tense atmosphere an air of credibility to the theory of a conspiracy between the police, the fascists and the coalowners." [heartofanation.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/fighting-fascism-is-great-welsh.html]

[AA/C] 1937 - The bombing of Guernica by German and Italian planes during the Spanish Civil War.

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: President Rhee steps down from power. Lee Ki-poong, Rhee's handpicked running mate for the vice presidency, is blamed for most of the corruption in the government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

1968 - Students at hundreds of colleges and high schools across the United States go on a one-day strike to protest the U.S. war against Vietnam.

1972 - Bomb blast and fire at Tory HQ, Billericay, Essex. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1973 - André Gaudérique Jean Respaut (b. 1898), Catalan author, resistance fighter, anarchist, survivor of Buchenwald, dies. Author of '//Buchenwald Terre Maudite//' (Buchenwald Cursed Earth; 1946) and '//Sociologie Fédéraliste Libertaire//' (1961). [see: Sep. 28]

[CCC] 1982 - Bradford 12: The 12's trial begins in Leeds Crown Court, where the 12 spring a surprise on the prosecution, claiming a defence of 'community self-defence'. "Yes, we made these petrol bombs, the young men said. We were forced to, to defend our communities from the threat of an invasion by the far-right National Front, against which we knew from previous experience there would be no police protection." [IRR website] The trial lasted 31 days and the jury returned an 11 to 1 verdict of not guilty. [see: Jul. 11] [history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/short-hot-summer-1981-bradford-12.html www.irr.org.uk/news/bradford-12-lessons-for-organising/ www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/53/bradford-12-acquitted.html kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/from-streetfighters-to-bookburners/ libcom.org/files/politics of asian youth movement.pdf libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf]

1998 - Two days after releasing a report blaming the U.S.-backed military government for atrocities, Guatemalan Bishop Juan Gerardi Conedera is murdered by army officers led by a Colonel trained in the School of the Americas. ||
 * = 27 || [D] 1812 - Huddersfield. Assassination of William Horsfall, owner of shearing-frames and fervent, sworn enemy of the Luddites.

1848 - Heckeraufstand [Hecker Uprising]: The 650 men in the Herwegh group that arrived too late to help Hecker's forces on April 20th at Scheideck, are defeated at Dossenbach. The uprising is over and the remaining forces scatter. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecker_Uprising de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckeraufstand www.staufenberg.og.bw.schule.de/br16.htm]

1879 - Alberto Meschi (d. 1958), prominent Italian anarchist, syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Dec. 11]

1894 - Trial of the French anarchist Émile Henry for bombing the Terminus cafe February 12, 1894 and blowing up the Bons-enfants police station, November 8, 1892. Émile Henry proudly acknowledged his actions, reading a declaration in which he analyzed a corrupt society and called for further revolt. The jury finds no extenuating circumstances nor goes easy on him.

1897 - Italian anarchist Romeo Frezzi is arrested because he is found in possession of a photo that showed, in a group of people, Pietro Acciarito, who had 5 days ealier tried to assassinate King Umberto I. He would die on May 2 of injuries sustained under interrogation.

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 14] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Premier Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) secretly resigns in disgust over the oppressive policies of conservative Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дурново,_Пётр_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Durnovo]

[C] 1907 - Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap (or Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap; d. 1948), Indonesian socialist politician and one of the Indonesian Republic's first leaders, who was a major leader of the Left during the Revolution, born. He was executed in 1948 by Indonesian Republican officers following his involvement in a Communist revolt. Amir led a group of younger Marxists in the establishment of Gerindo ('Indonesian People's Movement'), a radical co-operating party opposed to international fascism as its primary enemy, following the Soviet Union’s Dmitrov doctrine of the United Front. Sjarifuddin was the only prominent Indonesian politician next to Sutan Sjahrir to organize active resistance. The Japanese arrested Sjarifuddin in 1943 and he escaped execution only due to intervention from Sukarno. Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945 and the proclamation of Indonesian independence two days later, he was appointed as Information Minister despite still being in prison. He then became, sucessively, Minister for Defence in November 1945 and Prime Minister in July 1947. In August 1948, the 1920s leader of the banned Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia; PKI), Musso, arrived in Yogyakarta from the Soviet Union and Amir admitted membership of the underground PKI since 1935 and his faction went over to Musso. Following a premature coup (the so-called Madiun Affair) launched on September 18, Amir and 300 rebel soldiers were captured by government forces on December 1 and, following the intervention of Dutch forces, the army killed Amir and fifty other leftist prisoners rather than risk their release. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Sjarifoeddin www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=21&dn=20081215122430]

1911 - Second Guangzhou Uprising (黃花崗起義): The Uprising took place on April 27 (the 29th day of the 3rd month in Chinese Calendar), 1911 and is subsequently known as 3.29 Guangzhou Uprising (三·二九廣州起義). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Guangzhou_Uprising zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/黃花崗起義]

1934 - FOCH (Federacion Obrera de Chile) headquarters in Santiago assaulted by the police and the 'white guards'; seven workers die in the attack, a child slain, and 200 workers were badly injured.

1937 - Armed conflict between anarchist and Generalidad forces in Bellver de Cerdaña, April 27 & 28. Antonio Martin, the anarchist mayor of Puigcerdá, is shot dead.

1945 - Benito Mussolini is intercepted in a convoy of lorries carrying German troops to the Swiss border, when one of the partisans of the 52nd Garibaldi brigade became suspicious about a man in the corner of the fifth truck. He was wearing glasses, wrapped in a greatcoat with his helmet pulled down. One of the Germans explained that he was a "drunken comrade". But the partisan remained dubious. Knowing that Italy's fascist dictator was attempting to flee the country, and the troop convoy had been given safe passage only on condition no Italians were hidden among the retreating soldiers, he called in Urbano Lazzaro the political commissar of his unit. "When I saw him," Urbano Lazzaro recalled, "I called out 'excellency'. But he didn't reply. I also shouted 'comrade'. Still nothing. So I got into the lorry. I went up to him and I said: 'Cavaliere (sir) Benito Mussolini'. It was as if I had given him an electric shock." [see: Nov. 4] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_Lazzaro it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_Lazzaro www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/ricerca/?q=Bonzanigo.+Bill+e+Pedro]

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: Lee Ki-Poong and his entire family commit suicide. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

2014 - March for England: Hundreds of anti-fascists descended upon Brighton pier today to run the EDL boneheads out of town from their daytrip 'March for England' rally. Less than 150 nationalists, opposed by at least ten times that number of anti-fascists, were proected by more than 200 police including mounted cops and dogs. A number of fascists got a good kicking and 27 people are arrested. [stopmfe.wordpress.com/ brightonantifascists.wordpress.com/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/It-Rained-on-their-Parade/ www.schnews.org.uk/stories/This-town-aint-big-enough-for-the-both-of-us.../ malatesta32.wordpress.com/2014/05/02/more-mfe/ malatesta32.wordpress.com/2014/04/28/marching-up-down-again-mfe-2014/ antifascistnetwork.wordpress.com/2014/04/28/barricades-of-brighton-march-for-england-run-out-of-town/ 325.nostate.net/?p=10169 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-27178145 www.channel4.com/news/march-for-england-brighton-protest-edl-anti-fascists www.theargus.co.uk/news/11175736.Violent_clashes_as_March_for_England_returns_to_Brighton/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/11178616.Police_cannot_ban_March_for_England_as_it_is_not_violent_enough/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/11177308.March_for_England_police_release_updated_arrest_figures/ reelnews.co.uk/mfe-racists-still-not-welcome-in-brighton/] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_Réveillon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réveillon_Riots]
 * = 28 || 1789 - Affaire Réveillon [Réveillon Riots]: Crowds gather on the Ile de la Cité and in the Faubourg Saint-Marcel, Marais, and Faubourg Saint-Antoine for 3 large protest marches that end in confrontations with troops. Protestors throw stones at the troops, as well as tiles and furniture from the roofs of houses. The troops open fire. On the soldiers' side, 12 are killed and 80 wounded; 200 insurgents are killed and 300 injured.

1861 - Henry Bauer (d. 1934), German-American anarchist, born.

1898 - In Ancône, Italy the show trial of the anarchists accused of criminal conspiracy against "the public safety and property" concludes. The trial began on the the 21st, following the failure of a General Strike in mid-January against price increases for bread. The defendants are represented by the anarchist lawyers Francisco Saviero Merlino, Pietro Gori and Errico Ferri. Errico Malatesta is sent to prison for seven months (but escapes in early 1899). Bread riots also break out in Bari and Foggia.

1901 - Paule Mink or Minck (Paulina Mekaraska) (b. 1839), Communard, socialist revolutionary, prominent feminist and the mother of the anarchist Henri Jullien, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

[D] 1903 - [O.S. Apr. 15] Thessaloniki bombings: The Boatmen of Thessaloníki (Bulgarian: Гемиджиите, Macedonian: Гемиџиите, Gemidzhii) or the Assassins of Salonica, was Bulgarian anarchist group active in the Ottoman Empire in the years between 1900 - 1903. Most from its members were young graduates from the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. From April 28 until May 1 [O.S. Apr. 15-18] the group launched a campaign of terror bombing in Thessaloniki, the so called "Thessaloniki bombings of 1903". Their aim was to attract the attention of the Great Powers to Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and Thrace. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatmen_of_Thessaloníki self.gutenberg.org/articles/Thessaloniki_bombings_of_1903 www.promacedonia.org/bugarash/sa/dynamiters.html]

1904 - Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; d. 1942), German artist and resistance fighter in the Third Reich, who belonged to the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. On September 12, 1942, she and her husband, the sculptor and staunch Communist Kurt Schumacher, were both arrested and on December 19, 1942, they were both was sentenced to death at the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal) for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Schumacher was beheaded on December 22, 1942 at Plötzensee Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumacher de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumacher www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/schumacher/ www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1912 - Jules Bonnot (b. 1876), French illegalist gang leader, killed in police shootout after managing to kill three of the estimated 500 armed police officers, soldiers, firemen, military engineers and a lynch mob of local citizens laying seige to the house and garage of Joseph Dubois in Choisy-le-Roi. Having failed to extracate Bonnot by seige (and during which he had had time to write a letter exonerating Eugène Dieudonné, his mistress Judith Thollon, her husband and Antoine Gauzy), Paris Police Chief Louis Lépine ordered the building bombed, using a dynamite charge. The explosion demolished the front of the building. Injured and hiding under a mattress, Bonnot is shot 10 times beofre a coup de grace to the head by Lépine.

1912 - Joseph Dubois (b. 1870), mechanic and anarchist illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang, is killed during the first moments of the police raid on his Choisy-le-Roi garage where Bonnot is also shot and killed following a seige.

1912 - José Pellicer-Gandia (d. 1942), Valencian anarchist militant and syndicalist, a commander in Durruti's Iron Column during the Spanish Revolution, born.

1913 - Prudencio Iguacel Piedrafita (d. 1979), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist resistance fighter, born. [anarcoefemerides..balearweb.net/post/114718 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3799 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2804.html]

1919 - After receiving a bomb in the mail, Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson declared that the government should "buck up and hang or incarcerate for life all the anarchists".

1922 - Mécislas Charrier, French anarchist illégaliste, goes on trial for his attempt, along with two others, to rob the Paris-Marseilles train, in which one person was killed.

[A/CCC] 1945 - Benito Mussolini is shot and strung-up by partisans in the Piazzale Loreto, Milan.

[CC]1945 - Rupprecht Gerngroß (1915 - 1996), one-time German lawyer, Captain in an interpreter company in Munich and leader of the Freiheitsaktion Bayern (Bavarian Freedom Initiative, a group of around 400 military and civilians who had decided to oppose the Nazis in the final months of the war), orders the occupation of radio transmitters in Schwabing-Freimann and Erding and he broadcast messages in multiple languages, encouraging soldiers to resist the Nazi regime. The group had been armed by Jürgen Wittenstein, a friend of the members of the Weiße Rose, who collected weapons from wounded soldiers at the Italian front, where he had volunteered to serve in order to escape the Gestapo. In the final days of the war, when the order was issued to defend Munich to the last man by blowing up all bridges and using the Munich trams to form barricades, he decided to resist this order to prevent a complete destruction of the infrastructure of the city. The call for people to display white flags from their homes as a sign of surrender and claim that the Freiheitsaktion had taken control over Munich was sadly premature and led to other uprisings against the Nazis in the region, which were often brutally suppressed by the SS. However, the braodcast had triggered an uprising in Dachau were supposed to be sent on a death march south with their SS guards to be used as laborers in the Alpenfestung. The SS left in panic, abandoning the inmates who were liberated by the arriving US forces soon after. The action also saved much of the city of Munich from further destruction and the announcement of the end of the Nazis in Munich led many German soldiers to desert the lost cause and the US forces arriving in Munich on 30 April experienced virtually no resistance when taking the city. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupprecht_Gerngroß]

1960 - April Revolution [4·19 혁명]: Minister of Interior Choi In-Kyu and the Chief of Security resign taking responsibility for the Masan incident. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4·19_혁명 library.419revolution.org/board/419photos/list-tab.asp?tb=inno_45&tab=419&page=1 blog.daum.net/dldbsdnzm/2]

1969 - On Okinawa Day, students take over the trains in Tokyo and bring the railway network to a halt in protests about the United States occupation of Okinawa. Protests spread across the city as 20,000 students, workers, high school students and others carried out often violent actions, whilst 100,000, including many from Okinawa, took part in a peaceful mass rally elsewhere in Tokyo. [libcom.org/files/BeyondtheNewLeftpart2.pdf en.internationalism.org/2008/09/japan-1968 ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

1977 - In Stuttgart, West Germany, the lengthy trial of the leaders of the Red Army Faction, ends with Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe being found guilty of four counts of murder and more than 30 counts of attempted murder. Each defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment.

[C] 1979 - Fifteen thousand people march in honour of Blair Peach past the spot where he died. Workers at SunBlest bakery raise £800 for Peach's widow.

1988 - Lucio Arroyo Fraile aka 'El Verdejo' and 'El tuerto Teruel' (b. 1904), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 22] ||
 * = 29 || [D] 1839 - Chartists riot and occupy Lanidloes in Mid Wales for five days.

[C] 1907 - Bolesław Stein (d. 1969), Polish doctor, anarcho-syndicalist and WWII freedom fighter, born. In November 1926, he was a co-founder of the Organizacja Młodzieży Radykalnej (Organisation of Radical Youth) in Krakow. From November 1929 chairperson of ZPMD in Krakow. Expelled from University for political reasons. Continued his studies in Wilnus [Vilna] (nowadays Lithuania). Worked in Liga Samopomocy Gospodarczej (League of Economic Mutual Aid). Since 1936 chairman of District Council of Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) in Wilnus. In April 1938 stood up court accused of libelling Stanislaw Mackiewicz, editor of the conservative paper '//Słowo//'. He was also penalized for publishing a leaflet and taking part in a strike. After his studies, worked in a military sanatorium in Rabka (southern Poland). On April 2, 1939, he became a member of Central Department of ZZZ. In 1939 mobilized in Vilna, but managed to get to Lviv (nowadays Ukraine) where he was co-initiator of anti-soviet conspiracy Rewolucyjny Zwiazek Niepodległosci i Wolnosci (Revolutionary Union of Independence and Freedom) which included syndicalists, socialists and peasant movement activists. Organization was crushed in January 1940. At the same time Boleslaw Stein organized the evacuation of children from the TB hospital in Rabka. During WWII member of ZWZ-AK. From 1940 lived in Krakow. As director of St. John of God Hospital, he provided help to soldiers of Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army), Armia Ludowa (AL; People's Army), Jews, English pilots and others. After Warsaw Uprising he helped Warsaw fugitives. In 1945 he joined the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS; Polish Socialist Party) – after unification he stayed in Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR; Polish Unified Workers Party – communist regime party). Died 21st October 1969 in Krakow. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucyjny_Związek_Niepodległości_i_Wolności pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Związek_Polskiej_Młodzieży_Demokratycznej

1919 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik]: With Ebert's troops massing on Bavaria's northern borders, the Red Guards began arresting people they considered to be hostile to the new regime. On April 29, 1919, eight men were executed after being found guilty of being right-wing spies. From April 29 to May 2, government forces go on to crush the Republic of the Councils of Bavaria in Munich. Resistance results in many hard-fought street battles. Many resistors (workers, socialists, anarchists, sympathisers) are summarily executed, leaving over 700 dead. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: Having lost all its commanders, the remaining fighters of the the ŻZW escape the Ghetto through the Muranowski tunnel and relocated to the Michalin forest, marking the end of significant fighting as organised defence collapses. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

2013 - 580 prisoners on hunger strike in Larisa prison, Greece. ||
 * = 30 || 1843 - Charles Keller (d. 1913), French poet, Paris Communard and Bakuninist, born. Companion of Mathilde Roederer, a militant in the A.I.T. and Jura Federation. Author of the song '//La Jurassienne//' which was put to music by James Guillaume.

1871 - Following a call to boycott elections in La Guillotière, the Town Hall (Place du Pont) is occupied by the Guard Nationale to prohibit access to the polls with the complicity of the majority of the population. Barricades are erected on the Grand rue de la Guillotière and the Cours des Brosses. Under orders from the Préfet Valentin, the army arrives from Perrache to face a crowd of 20 000 to 25 000 people shouting "Do not shoot! [Rifle] Butts in the air! Don't go against the people!" The two columns of infantry take up positions by the Pont de la Guillotière and by the Rue de Marseille, and begin dispersing the demonstrators around 19:45 by shooting. The insurgents fight back from behind their barricades and the battle lasts until 23:00, when the military are getting artillery ready to break down the doors of the Town Hall. Thirty are killed in the fighting. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html]

1886 - On the eve of May 1, 50,000 workers in Chicago are on strike. 30,000 more swell their ranks tomorrow, bringing most of Chicago manufacturing to a standstill. Chicago cops kill four unionists on the 3rd. A demonstration will be held on the 4th in Haymarket Square; a cop is killed by a never identified assailant and eight anarchists (some not in attendance) are tried for murder and sentenced to death.

1902 - Carlo Gambuzzi (b. 1837), Italian Anarchist, who fought alongside Garibaldi at the Battle of Aspromonte in 1862, dies. [see: Apr. 30]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In a crackdown on the freedom of the press, new laws are introduced increasing the government’s control of the press. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1920 - Following a meeting in Rome on the Russian Revolution, attended by the anarchist Spartaco Stagnetti, the police open fire on the crowd wounding several demonstrators. The crowd fight back killing one guard and wounding several others.

1939 - Chief Inspector of the Hospitalet police in Spain is killed by the anti-fascist urban guerilla Pallarés group.

1943 - 2,000 Jews being deported from Wlodawa to Sobibor Death Camp attack the death camp's SS guards upon arrival at the unloading ramp. All of the Jews are killed on the spot by the SS guards using machine guns and grenades. [chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html]

[D] 1966 - Spanish ecclesiastic adviser to the Vatican, the prelate Marcos Ussia, is kidnapped by the anarchist 1st May Group. The action was explained by Luis A. Edo, demanding the release of all political prisoners of Franco's jails. This action was mainly symbolic, designed to bring international attention to the plight of Spanish anarquistas and other victims of the repression in fascist Spain. Ussia was released on May 11, in good health.

1976 - Gaetano Amoroso (b. 1955), Italian draftsman and student-worker, attending evening classes at an Art School that now bears his name, dies in Milan of stab wounds inflicted by a gang of neo-fascists. A member of the Vento Rosso and Partito Comunista Italiano (Marxista Leninista), he and other comrades of the Comitato Rivoluzionario Antifascista di Porta Venezia (Revolutionary Anti-Fascist Committee of Porta Venezia) are ambushed by a group of well-known MSI squadristi (Cavallini, Folli, Cagnani, Pietropaolo, Terenghi, Croce, Frascini, Forcati) on the evening of April 27, 1976. Gaetano and 2 of his comrades suffer knife wounds and 8 of the fascists are arrested within hours. Gaetano Amoroso died from his injuries 3 days later. [www.reti-invisibili.net/gaetanoamoroso/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Amoroso]

1979 - More than 1,000 officers are deployed against an anti-fascist protesters outside a NF election meeting in Bradford. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/]

1990 - Jean Jérôme (Michał Feintuch; b. 1906), Polish Jew-French Communist activist and Résistance member, who helped organise shipments of weapons to Republican Spain and aid for Republican refugees post-defeat, dies. [see: Mar. 12]

2012 - Cleveland 5: Five Occupy Cleveland activists are arrested in an FBI sting operation, jointly charges with conspiracy, attempted use of an explosive device to destroy property in interstate commerce, and attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction to destroy property in interstate commerce, after allegedly having planned to blow up Ohio bridges. || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)