Women+Mar-Apr


 * = MARCH ||
 * = 1 || 1906 - The first issue of the monthly magazine '//Mother Earth//' in the US. This 64 page anarchist publication is dedicated to the social sciences and literature is published by Emma Goldman in collaboration with Max Baginski, Hippolyte Havel and others. A victim of anti-anarchist repression, the last issue is published in August 1917.

[E] 1918 - Marie Louise Berneri (d. 1949), Anglo-Italian anarchist activist and author, born in Italy. The eldest daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri. Best known as editor of '//Freedom//', author of '//Neither East Nor West//' and '//Journey Through Utopia//'. Berneri was also one of the first people in Britain to promote the ideas of Wilhelm Reich. Married to Vernon Richards, she died in childbirth, age 31. [libcom.org/history/berneri-marie-louise-1918-1949 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0103.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise_Berneri dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berneri/berneribio.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/various-authors-marie-louise-berneri-1918-1949-a-tribute theanarchistlibrary.org/library/phillip-sansom-marie-louise-berneri]

1960 - Irina Konstantinova Kakhovskaya (Ири́на Константи́новна Кахо́вская; b. 1887), Russian revolutionary, memoirist and translator, a member of the Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов) ca. 1906 and, after the October 1917 split, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries [The Party of the Left, Internationalist -Revolutionary-Socialists](Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов) and its combat organisation, dies. [see: Aug. 27]

2006 - Joëlle Aubron (b. 1959), French libertarian member of Action Directe, dies aged 46 from a cancer that had metastasised in her brain. [see: Jun. 26]

2011 - Jolanta Brzeska (Jolanta Krulikowska; b. 1947), Polish social activist in the Polish tenants' movement, is found dead. Her body had been burnt beyond recognition. One of the founders of the Warsaw Tenants' Association, a good speaker and committed activist who went to all demonstrations, who blocked evictions and advised other tenants. She herself was involved in a battle with Warsaw's most notorious slumlord, Marek Mossokowski, and was the last tenant left in a valuable piece of real estate - privatised ex-public housing in an area undergoing gentrification - that had been at the time of her death. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolanta_Brzeska libcom.org/news/housing-activist-found-dead-warsaw-08032011 news.vice.com/articles/warsaws-pensioners-and-anarchists-unite-against-gentrification?trk_source=homepage-in-the-news] ||
 * = 2 || 1872 - [N.S. Mar. 14] Lyudmila Nikolayevna Stal (Людмила Николаевна Сталь; d. 1939), Russian revolutionary and member of the RSDLP, who was repeatedly arrested and exiled from the 1890s onwards, born. [see: Mar. 14]

1873 - Inez Haynes Irwin aka Inez Haynes Gillmore (Inez Haynes; d. 1970), American feminist author (novels, short stories, children's books, etc.), journalist, member of the National Women's Party and the Heterodoxy Club, president of the Authors Guild, fiction editor for The Masses and a war correspondent during WWI, born. Her fiction often addressed feminist issues and the plight of women, including divorce, single parenthood and work, and she wrote the "radical feminist Swiftian fantasy" 'Angel Island' (1914), about a group of men stranded on an island occupied by winged women. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin www.feministsf.org/authors/ihgi.html]

1908 - [O.S. Feb. 17] Anna Rasputin [Анна Распутина](Anna Mikhaylovna Shulyatikov [Анна Михайловна Шулятикова]; b. 1874), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. [see: Dec. 18]

1908 - [O.S. Feb. 17] Lydia Avgustovna Sture (Лидия Августовна Стуре; b. 1884), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. A well-known Russian story 'The Seven Who Were Hanged' (Рассказа о семи повешенных; 1908) by Leonid Andreyev (Леонида Андреева) is based on the case. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Стуре,_Лидия_Августовна socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/126-obvinitelnye-akty-i-prigovory/803-19080211-obvinitelnyj-akt-po-delu-ob-anne-rasputinoj-lidii-sture-sergee-baranove-mario-kalvino-i-dr-predannyx-sudu-pomoshhnikom-glavnokomanduyushhego-vojskami-gvardii-spb-voennogo-okruga]

[E] 1919 - Jeanne Marie Labourbe (b. 1877), French teacher and communist militant, who actively participated in the October Revolution, is shot by French counterintelligence (Deuxième Bureau) together with other members of the Foreign Collegium some time during the night of March 1-2 for her part in helping organise agitation and mutinies among French soldiers and sailors in the Baltic region. [see: Apr. 8]

1943 - Elaine Brown, African-American prison activist, writer, singer, and former Black Panther Party chair (1974-77), who left the party when Regina Davis, who almost single-handedly operated the Panthers' school in Oakland, was severely beaten by party members, born. A former cocktail waitress at the Pink Pussycat, she joined the party in 1968 and, by 1971, became a member of the Party’s Central Committee as Minister of Information, effectively second in command to Huey Newton. In 1974 Brown became the Chairman of the Black Panther Party upon the expulsion of Bobby Seale. She soon became Minister of Defense, replacing Newton who had begun to disintegrate the party from the inside. It was under her leadership that the party's survival programs grew at their most rapid pace and the original ideas of the party hit their strongest mark. Elaine Brown stepped down from chairing the Black Panther Party less than a year after Huey Newton’s return from Cuba in 1977 when Newton authorized the beating of Davis because she reprimanded a coworker when he did not do an assignment. In 1992 she wrote 'A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story', which has been regarded as one of the best books on the Black Panther party and movement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Brown www.elainebrown.org www.blackpast.org/aaw/brown-elaine-1943 spartacus-educational.com/USACbrownE.htm blog.longreads.com/2015/03/03/a-taste-of-power-the-woman-who-led-the-black-panther-party/ www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/335.html www.democracynow.org/2010/12/14/prisoner_advocate_elaine_brown_on_georgia www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/society.politics articles.philly.com/1993-02-08/news/25956176_1_black-panther-party-eldridge-cleaver-panther-co-founder-huey-newton www.learntoquestion.com/seevak/groups/2003/sites/brown/Bio2/Hueyreturns.htm archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=22186]

1961 - Norah Dacre Fox aka Norah Elam (Norah Doherty, b. 1878), Anglo-Irish militant suffragette, anti-vivisectionist, feminist and later fascist, dies. A prominent member of the Women's Social and Political Union, she served as general secretary, leading the "campaign against forcible feeding, concentrating particularly on attempts to persuade Church of England bishops to denounce the practice. From May to July 1914 she was imprisoned three times in Holloway Prison for 'acts of terrorism'; she received a WSPU hunger strike medal with three bars. However, with the rapid rightward drift of the leadership of the WSPU after it had agreed to end their militant activities, whilst taking government money to help organise support for the war effort, Norah Dacre Fox's rightward drift never stopped as she became a full-blown fascist, campaigning in 1918 for the internment of enemy aliens in collaboration with the British Empire Union and the National Party. As Norah Elam (taking the name of her new partner Edward Descou Dudley Vallance Elam), she founded the anti-communist Women's Guild of Empire with fellow ex-suffragettes Flora Drummond and Elsie Bowerman at the beginning of the 1930s and later joined Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists in 1934, ending up in Holloway Prison again in 1940 as a Defence Regulation 18B detainee. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Elam spartacus-educational.com/Wdacrefox.htm]

1997 - Judi Bari (b. 1949), US environmentalist and labour activist, feminist, musician and the principal organiser of Earth First! campaigns against logging in the ancient redwood forests of Northern California in the 1980s and '90s and also organised efforts through the EF!-IWW Local 1 to bring timber workers and environmentalists together in common cause, dies of breast cancer. [see: Nov. 7]

1998 - Josefina Fierro de Bright (b. 1914), Mexican-American labour organiser, dies. Born in Mexico and grew up on farm labour camps; she was the daughter of an anarchist mother, the bordera Josefina Arancibia, who served meals to migrant workers in Maderna, California and introduced her to the teachings of Ricardo Flores Magón. Josefina gave up her studies at UCLA to become a full-time organiser, and her organizing style was described by veteran longshoremen union leader Bert Corona as "gutsy, flamboyant, and tough." She led boycotts of companies that did business in Mexican American communities but did not hire Mexican American workers. She became executive secretary of El Congreso (the first national Latino civil rights organisation) in 1939 and organized protests against racism in the Los Angeles Schools, against the exclusion of Mexican-American youths from public swimming pools, and against police brutality. She co-ordinated El Congreso’s support for Mexican workers in the furniture, shoe manufacturing, electrical, garment, and longshoremen’s unions. || [www.nswp.org/event/international-sex-worker-rights-day]
 * = 3 || March 3 - International Sex Workers’ Rights Day

1877 - [N.S. Mar. 15] Milly Witkop Rocker (Milly Vitkopski; d. 1955), anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, is born in the Ukraine. [see: Mar. 15]

[E] 1914 - Maria Lozano Molina (also Maria Lozano Mombiola)(d. 2000), Spanish poet and anarchist, who fought with the Columna Durruti, partisans in Grenade (Haute Garonne) during WWII and, in the post-war period, supported Sabaté and the autonomous assault groups of Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación and Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/lozanomolina/lozanomolina.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3474 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/9zw4kd]

2012 - Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Maria Alyokhina, two members of Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот], are arrested and charged with hooliganism for their part in the February 21 event in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Толоконникова,_Надежда_Андреевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alyokhina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Алёхина,_Мария_Владимировна]

2016 - Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (b. 1971*), Honduran environmental activist, Lenca indigenous community leader, and co-founder and coordinator of the Consejo Cívico de Organizaciones Populares e Indígenas de Honduras (Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras), is murdered in her own home, one of dozens of environmental activists and defenders killed in Honduras in recent years. In Berta's case, she was targeted for her activism against the Agua Zarca Dam, which would have compromised indigenous access to food, water, and medicine. [see: Mar. 4] [* NB The exact year of her birth is disputed, with some sources also giving it as 1972 or 1973.] || Barred from any political activity and with the Enragés now being brutally suppressed, Claire Lacombe was in danger and went into hiding. On April 2, 1794, she was arrested, along with with Pauline Léon and Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc, as she prepared to leave for a theatre in Dunkirk. Released on August 18, 1795, she returned to her acting career. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe unsansculotte.wordpress.com/tag/claire-lacombe/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women journal.e-veilleur.com/l-evenement-du-jour/interdiction-des-sociétés-de-femmes/586]
 * = 4 || [EE] 1765 - Rose Claire Lacombe (d. unknown), French actress, revolutionary and feminist militant, born. During the insurrection of August 10, 1792, she took part in the storming of the Tuileries Palace and was shot through the arm but kept fighting on, earning herself the lifelong sobriquet, Heroine of August Tenth. For her bravery, she was awarded a civic crown by the victorious fédérés. In May 1793, Lacombe and fellow female revolutionary, Pauline Léon, founded the Société des Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women), which was closely associated with the sans-culottes and enragés. She also played a prominent role in Les journées du 31 mai et du 2 juin 1793 (Insurrection of May 31 - June 2 1793), which saw the fall of the Girondins, participating in discussions and pushing the insurgency. That August, she petitions that all nobles be removed from the army and on September 5, asks for the same purging of royals from the government. Unsurprisingly, the Jacobins hit back, accusing her of various trumped-up charges. Arrested on September 16 after being publicly denounced by the Jacobins to the Comité de sûreté générale (Committee of General Security) as being a counter-revolutionary, she is released the same evening. On October 7, 1793, she shows up at the bar of the Convention and denounces the way the government is oppressing women, adding "Nos droits sont ceux du peuple, et si l'on nous opprime, nous saurons opposer la résistance à l'oppression" (Our rights are those of the people, and if one oppresses us, we know how to resist that oppression). On October 30, the Convention ordered that: "clubs and popular societies of women, under whatever denomination, are forbidden".

1895 - Maria Amalia Melli (d. unknown), Italian anarchist, who sister Elena was the companion of Errico Malatesta, born. On October 17, 1915, she emigrated with her husband Isidoro Prati to France and settled in Ate, Provence, and on January 24, 1918, her daughter Armida, who also became a prominent anarchist, was born. Active in Marseille along side Edel Squadrani despite the hardships that she had to suffer. As a member of the Comitato Anarchico Pro Vittime Politiche, she was one of those in charge of support for Angelo Sbardellotto, providing him the lawyer Mario Trozzi among other things, following his arrest on June 4, 1932, in Rome accused of planning to assassinate Benito Mussolini. On October 26, 1936, she and her daughter crossed the border with Spain, along with other prominent anarchists and antifascists (Lucette Bled, Giovanni Dettori, Camillo Lanzillotta, Karl Ernst Teuffel, etc.), to join her partner Edel, whom had enlisted in the mostly anarchist Columna Italiana. On December 10, 1936, she also joined the column but returned to France the following year. In December 1938, she was arrested with Edel Squadrani and sentence to two months in prison for sheltering Edel, who was the subject of a deportation order. He was sentenced to one year in prison. All trace of Maria and Edel is lost shortly after the end of WWII. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0403.html]

1904 - María Suceso Portales Casamar (d. 1999), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcha-feminist, born. Member of the CNT and FIJL in Madrid in the early '30s, she was very active in the development of schools and institutions organised by Mujeres Libres (MM.LL). At the end of the war in 1939 she escaped to Britain aboard the Galatea, participating in resistance activities against the Franco regime whilst in London and worked on the newsletter '//España Fuera de España//' (1962-65). Resuming contact with her fellow exiles in France, she began editing the (trilingual) magazine '//Mujeres Libres//', organ of the Federation MM.LL in exile. In 1972 she moved to Montadin, near Beziers, where Sara Berenger lived, and was responsible for editing the magazine until 1976. She returned to Spain in 1980 after the death of Franco. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0403.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4802 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceso_Portales libcom.org/history/portales-suceso-1904-1999]

1906 - [N.S. Mar. 17] Rosa Luxemburg, together with Leo Jogiches, is arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities in Warsaw. On April 11 [N.S. Apr. 24], they were moved to Pavilion X of the Warsaw Citadel, which was notorious for the incarceration of ‘dangerous’ political criminals. Rosa Luxemburg embarked on a hunger strike that lasted six days. In combination with the overcrowded conditions, the hunger strike undermined her health. Her poor health together with the money paid over, ostensibly by her family in Poland, brought her release on bail on July 8 [N.S. Jul. 21], 1906. The money, which had been collected back in Germany by the SPD, was paid against Rosa Luxemburg’s knowledge or wishes. Under the conditions of bail she was required to remain in Warsaw, although her intention before her arrest, with the arrangements already made, had been to return to Berlin. On release from prison she quickly learnt that on her return to Germany she would face prosecution for incitement to Violence based on the speech she had made at the 1905 conference in Jena, where she had drawn the lesson from the events in Russia of ‘when evolution would turn into revolution even in Germany In time it would lead to further imprisonment.

1911 - Doris Maase (Doris Franck; d. 1979), German doctor, communist and resistance fighter, who survived nine years in various Nazi camps and was one of Ravensbrück’s earliest prisoners, born. In 1931, she was a member of Roten Studentenbund as a medical student but was expelled from the university in the summer of 1933 for being "half Jewish". In October 1933, she emigrated to Switzerland to finish her ​​medical studies and at the end of 1934 she married Klaud Maase, eventually returning to Dusseldorf where they and others they formed a small communist resistance group. Doris and Klaus Maase were arrested on May 27, 1935, accused of disseminating anti-Nazi leaflets. On September 7, 1936, she was sentenced to three years in prison and three years Ehrenverlust (loss of honour) by the people's court in Berlin for "preparation of high treason". Sent to Strafanstalt Ziegenhain (Ziegenhain detention centre), where she remained in solitary confinement. At the end of her sentence she was placed in protective custody. Between June 10 1938 and July 18 1938, she remained in Düsseldorf remand prison before being sent to Lichtenburg women's concentration camp. From April 1939 to July 1941, she was imprisoned as a political prisoner in the Jewish block in Ravensbrück. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Maase]

[E] 1912 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: British suffragettes take part in a WSPU window-breaking demonstration, walking single file through Whitehall and Knightsbridge targeting official buildings to protest government inaction on votes for women. 200 are arrested and jailed for taking part.

[C] 1943 - The execution in the Berlin-Plötzensee Prison of Heinz Rotholz (b. 1922), Heinz Birnbaum (b. 1920), Hella Hirsch (b. 1921), Hanni Meyer (b. 1921), Marianne Joachim (b. 1922), Lothar Salinger (b. 1920), Helmut Neumann (b. 1922), Hildegard Löwy (b. 1922) and Siegbert Rotholz (b. 1922), members of the anti-Nazi Baum Group who were sentenced to death on December 10, 1942. [see: May 18]

[B] 1964 - Buñuel's film version of the Octave Mirbeau novel '//Diary of a Chambermaid//' first release in France.

1971* - Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (d. 2016), Honduran environmental activist, Lenca indigenous community leader, and co-founder and coordinator of the Consejo Cívico de Organizaciones Populares e Indígenas de Honduras (Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras), who was targeted and murdered in her home for her activism against the Agua Zarca Dam, which would have compromised indigenous access to food, water, and medicine, born. [* NB The exact year of her birth is disputed, with some sources also giving it as 1972 or 1973.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Cáceres es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Cáceres www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/03/honduras-berta-caceres-murder-enivronment-activist-human-rights]

1986 - Ding Ling (丁玲), the pen name of Jiang Bingzhi (蔣冰之; b. 1904 ), once popular Chinese writer, who wrote against filial piety and for women's social and sexual freedom in '//The Diary of Miss Sophie//' (莎菲女士的日記; 1927) during the New Culture Movement (新文化運動), dies. [see: Oct. 12] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Люксембург,_Роза www.rosalux.de/english/foundation/rosa-luxemburg.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSluxemburg.htm www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/ www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article448]
 * = 5 || 1871 - [N.S. Mar. 17] Rosa Luxemburg (d. 1919), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, born. Founder, with Karl Liebknecht, of the radical Spartacus League in 1916. After the Spartacist uprising in Berlin, they were arrested and murdered by German soldiers. [expand]

[E] 1882 - Dora Marsden (d. 1960), British individualist anarchist and militant suffragette, born. Founded a number of libertarian publications: '//The Freewoman//' (1912), '//The New Freewoman//' (1913), and '//The Egoist//' (1914-1919). Was influenced by Max Stirner's version of individualist anarchism ca. 1912-14 and has been labelled by some as the 'Stirner of Feminism'. '//The Freewoman//' was not only an important radical feminist and individualist anarchist publication, but it and its successor '//The Egoist//' were also important conduits for modernist literary experimentalism of the likes of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Wyndham Lewis, Herbert Read and James Joyce, with Joyce's '//A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man//' (1916) published for the first time as a series in '//The Egoist//' between 1914 to 1915. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Marsden www.estelnegre.org/documents/marsden/marsden.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WmarsdenD.htm i-studies.com/journal/f/egoist/f1914_09_15.shtml theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sidney-e-parker-the-new-freewoman-dora-marsden-benjamin-r-tucker modernist-magazines.org/?q=category/categories/dora-marsden]

[1914 - Selma Cohen (d. 1985) US printmaker, illustrator, mural artist, anarchist and partner of Abe Bluestein www.annexgalleries.com/artists/biography/220/Bluestein/Selma www.nytimes.com/1997/12/14/nyregion/abraham-bluestein-88-dies-an-advocate-of-anarchism.html huc.edu/flipbook/eye-of-the-collector/files/assets/basic-html/page26.html www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/artist-info.33205.html?artobj_artistId=33205&pageNumber=1]

1941 - Edith Mansell Moullin (Edith Ruth Thomas; b. 1858) Anglo-Welsh suffragette, socialist and social activist, who was a founder member of the Anti-Sweating League and the Cymric Suffrage Union, as well as being a member of the WSPU, the Church League for Women's Suffrage and the Women's Freedom League, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Mansell_Moullin spartacus-educational.com/Wmansell.htm]

1966 - Anna Akhmatova (Анна Ахматова;), pen name of Anna Andreyevna Gorenko (b. 1889), Russian modernist poet and important figure in the so-called Silver Age of Russian Poetry, who is widely recognised as the greatest woman poet in Russian literature, dies. [see: Jun. 23]

1998 - The arrest in their Turin squat of the Italian anarchists Edoardo Massari aka 'Baleno' and Silvano Pelissero and the Argentine anarchist Maria Soledad Rosas on eco-terrorrism charges relating to a series of attacks against the TAV high-speed train project. On March 28, Baleno, Maria's partner, would take his own life in the Turin prison. After the suicide of Baleno, Soledad – who had not even been in Italy when the original attacks had taken place – was granted house arrest in Piedmont and, on the night of July 10-11, 1998, hung herself with a bedsheet. On January 31, 2000, Silvano was convicted of subversive association, and various 'ecoterrorist' and explosive charges, and given six years and 10 months in prison. An appeal in Janaury 2991 reduced the sentence by 9 months and another court invalidated the terrorist association conviction in November of that year. He was released in 2002 after the Court of Cassation in Rome finally reduced his sentence to 3 years and 10 months. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0503.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Soledad_Rosas ita.anarchopedia.org/Edoardo_Massari ita.anarchopedia.org/Silvano_Pelissero www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2014/06/17/soledad-rosas-una-flor-anarquista/ www.prenser.com/3407/Amor_y_Anarquia __ La_historia_de_Soledad.html insumiseria.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/amor-y-anarqua-la-vida-de-soledad-rosas.html] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women]
 * = 6 || 1792 - Claire Lacombe, president of the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires, goes to the Legislative bar to read an address supported by three hundred twenty Parisian requesting authorisation to organise a women's national guard.

1842 - [N.S. Mar. 18] Anna Nikolayevna Shabanova (Анна Николаевна Шабанова; d. 1932), Russian doctor, radical, feminist and writer, born. [see: Mar. 18]

1884 - Maria Collazo (d. 1942), Uraguayan educationalist, journalist, educator, journalist, feminist, syndicalist and anarchist activistMaria Collazo, who was known as Abuelita del Pueblo (Grandmother of the People), born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/collazo/collazo.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4518-maria-collazo-periodista-y-anarquista-de-uruguay.html mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/siglo-xix-maria-collazo.html]

1908 - Madeleine Lamberet (d. 1999), French anarchist, painter, designer, engraver, illustrator and primary-school teacher, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6500 www.ephemanar.net/mai09.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0603.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/madeleine-lamberet.html lescenobitestranquilles.fr/?s=Madeleine LAMBERET&x=0&y=0]

1931 - Carla Lonzi (d. 1982), Italian art critic, writer and radical feminist theorist, who founded the group Rivolta Femminile and was a proponent of the feminist theories of autocoscienza (self-awareness) and filosofia della differenza (sexual difference), born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Lonzi /fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Lonzi www.ica.org.uk/blog/now-you-can-go-feminist-generations-affective-withdrawal-and-social-reproduction www.e-flux.com/journal/we-are-all-clitoridian-women-notes-on-carla-lonzi’s-legacy/]

1970 - Diana Oughton (b. 1942), US member of the Students for a Democratic Society Michigan Chapter, the SDS's radical Jesse James Gang (as well as its full-time organiser) and the Weather Underground, dies in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion. Her body was not found for four days. [see: Jan. 26]

1971 - First ­National Women's Liberation Movement march held in London.

[E] 1974 - The Weather Underground's Women's Brigade bomb the San Francisco Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare offices, in honour of International Women's Day (March 8) and in remembrance of Weatherman members Diana Oughton, Ted Gold and Terry Robbins. The communique accompanying the action calls for women to take control of daycare, health care, birth control and other aspects of women's daily lives. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Brigade_of_Weather_Underground]

2000 - Miriam Patchen (Sirkka Miriam Oikemus; b. 1914), peace activist and dedicatee of all the works of her lifelong partner, fellow anarchist and poet, Kenneth Patchen, dies. [see: Sep. 28]

2014 - Three members of Pussy Riot – Nadezhda Tolokonnikova [Наде́жда Толоко́нникова], Maria Alyokhina [Мари́я Алёхина] and Taisia Krugovykh [Таисия Круговых] – in Nizhny Novgorod as part of a campaign for prisoners' rights, are attacked and covered in green paint by a group of unknown men wearing Ribbon of Saint George medals. [www.ctvnews.ca/world/pussy-riot-members-attacked-in-nizhny-novgorod-russia-1.1717151 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot] ||
 * = 7 || 1908 - Maria Maddalena De Lellis, aka 'la Padovella' (b. 1835), notorious Italian brigante, who was a member of Andrea Santaniello's gang, as well as his lover, dies quietly in her home village where she had found refuge in her last years as the community's nanny, looking after its children as the villagers worked in the fields. [see: Aug. 8]

1911 - Dolores Vimes Domínguez (d. 2007), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, is born into an anarchist family. Her father Juan Vimes Durán was one of the founders of a union in her home town Constantina, Sevilla, and during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the Republic he was imprisoned on several occasions. Dolores was already a member of the CNT herself prior to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. Her father and brother were killed during the Civil War, and her partner José Teyssiere Gómez, also a centista, was sentenced to death. After the sentence was commuted, Dolores was able to visit the prison in Seville before he was sent to the La Corchuela concentration camp, about eight kilometers from Dos Hermanas, where more than a thousand political prisoners worked on the construction of the Bajo Guadalquivir Canal. In 1942, she married José in the La Corchuela camp in order to get some money and be able to feed her children. On December 28, 1942 Teyssiere managed to escape, and after spending a few days hiding at a comrade's home, Dolores took him to a cottage in the Cuarteros district, where he managed to stay hidden for five years until his situation was normalised. In later life she participated in events recognising and celebrating the historical memory of the 'presos del Canal', the Republican prisoners forced to work constructing the Bajo Guadalquivir Canal. Her testimony is recorded in the collection 'El canal de los presos' (1940-1962) (2004); Mariano Agudo and Eduardo Montero - 'Presos del silencio' (2004); and, José Luis Gutiérrez Molina - 'La tiza, la tinta y la palabra. José Sánchez Rosa, maestro y anarquista andaluz (1864-1936) (2005). Dolores Vimes Domínguez died on May 17, 2007. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0703.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Militant suffragettes Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry (1886-1947) are sentenced to eighteen months (Lenton in absentia, having absconded after being released after becoming ill due to botched force-feeding) for setting fire to the tea pavilion at Kew Gardens, causing £900 worth of damage. Olive Wharry is sent to Holloway Prison from which she was released on April 8 after having been on hunger strike for 32 days, apparently without the prison authorities noticing. Her usual weight was 7st 11lbs [49kg]; when released she weighed 5st 9lbs [36kg]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Lenton spartacus-educational.com/WlentonL.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Wharry spartacus-educational.com/Wwharry.htm www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/115olivewharryscrapbook.html www.bl.uk/learning/images/Campaign_MAI/newspapers/large94344.html www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/outrage-at-kew/]

[E] 1940 - Hannah Wilke (Arlene Hannah Butter; d. 1993), pioneering US feminist conceptual artist [painting, sculpture, assemblage, photography, performance, video and performance], born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Wilke www.hannahwilke.com/id10.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wilke-hannah www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/wilke-marxism-and-art-beware-of-fascist-feminism-p79357/text-summary]

1942 - Lucy Eldine Gonzalez Parson (b. 1853), American anarchist labour organiser and founding member of the IWW, dies in a house fire. Lucy Parsons probably grew up as a slave and married Albert Parsons, a former Confederate soldier, and became a radical republican to 1871. In 1874, they moved to Chicago and engaged in the revolutionary socialist movement, participating in revolutionary activism on behalf of political prisoners, people of colour, the homeless and women. Lucy began writing for '//The Socialist//' and '//The Alarm//', the journal of the IWPA (International Working People's Association) that she and her husband helped form in 1883. Albert was to be arrested and fitted-up for the Haymarket massacre in 1886, and executed on November 11, 1887. Lucy wrote a biography of Albert: '//Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labour Movement in America//' (1889) using material Albert left at his death. In 1892 in Boston she began publishing the periodical, '//Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly//' (1890-92), followed by the Chicago-based '//The Rebel//' (1895-96), and was regularly arrested for her public advocacy of anarchism and workers rights. In 1905 she participated in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and began editing the '//Liberator//' (1905-06), an anarchist newspaper that supported the IWW in Chicago. In January 1915 she organised the Chicago Hunger Demonstrations and continued to be a thorn in the side of the bosses and the police - in 1920 the Chicago Police Department branded her as being "//more dangerous than a thousand rioters//". Following her death, police seized her library of over 1,500 books and all of her personal papers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Parsons www.iww.org/history/biography/LucyParsons/1 flag.blackened.net/liberty/parsonsl-bio.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/lparsons/lparsonsbio.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1603.html www.blackpast.org/aah/parsons-lucy-1853-1942 joanofmark.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/lucy-parsons-more-dangerous-than.html]

1980 - Irma Götze (b. 1912), German pediatric nurse, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Dec. 3] || The Second International Socialist Women's Conference, held on August 26-27, 1910 in Copenhagen, endorsed the idea of an international day of concerted action to protest for female suffrage, on the model of the annual May Day celebrations. The Second International at its Eighth Congress, also in Copenhagen between Aug. 28 - Sept. 3, 1910, passed a motion submitted by the German socialist Clara Zetkin (Leader of the 'Women's Office' for the Social Democratic Party in Germany) in favour of establishing an annual International Woman's Day, though no date was set. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialist_Women's_Conferences#Copenhagen_1910 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International www.internationalwomensday.com www.iww.org/content/international-working-women%E2%80%99s-day www.cwluherstory.org/a-history-of-international-womens-day.html www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/interwomen.html womenwatch.unwomen.org/international-womens-day-history www.womenaid.org/events/iwd/iwdeverywomen.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/mar/04.htm]
 * = 8 || March 8 - International Women's Day (originally called International Working Women's Day)

1857 - The date of an apocryphal protest march and pickets by garment workers in New York City demanding improved working conditions, a ten hour day, and equal rights for women. Their ranks were supposedly broken up by the police. Fifty years later, March 8, 1907, their sisters in the needle trades in New York were suposed to have held a rally honouring the 1857 march, demanding the vote, and an end to sweatshops and child labour. This event also appears to have been apocryphal, possibly invented to detach International Women's Day from its basis in Soviet history and restore US 'ownership' over it. [www.iwf.org/news/2432416/Women's-Day-Fantasies]

1872 - [O.S. Feb. 24] Sophia Nikolaevna Chernosvitova (Софья Николаевна Черносвитова; d. 1934), Russian revolutionary and feminist, who was a member of the RSDLP and with Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, founded Zhenotdel (Женотдел), the Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Working Women, born. Whilst travelling abroad in the early 1890s, she joined Georgi Plekhanov and Vera Zasulich's Marxist group, Emancipation of Labour (Освобождение труда), later joining the RSDLP. In 1914 she worked in the Moscow Regional Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and after the February 1917 Revolution was secretary of the Moscow Regional Office RSDLP (b). [spartacus-educational.com/RUSsmidovich.htm alya-aleksej.narod.ru/index/0-91 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Освобождение_труда en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenotdel]

1877 - Kathinka Zitz-Halein (Kathinka Therese Pauline Modesta Halein; b. 1801), German poet, short story writer, journalist, translator, novelist and feminist, who has been called "the poet laureate of the German Revolution" (of 1848-49), dies. [see: Nov. 4]

[E] 1887 - Marie-Adele Anciaux aka Mary Smiles (d. 1983), French militant, naturalist animal rights activist and libertarian teacher, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0803.html www.ephemanar.net/mars08.html]

1905 - Dolores Prat Coll aka pequeña Montseny (little Montseny)(d. 2001), Catalan textile worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT from the age of 15, born. Prominent in the fight for the eight hour day, she was secretary of the Sindicato de la Industria Textil in Ripoll during the Civil War years. Following the defeat of the Republic, she and her family went into exile in France and were interned in the Magnac-Laval camp. On May 15, 1940, she crossed clandestinely back into Spain on behalf of Prats de Molló. She later settled in Toulouse, continuing their trade union work as secretary of the local CNT federation and the Solidaridad Internacional Anarquista (SIA). She appeared in Lisa Berger's film '//Chemin de Liberté//' (Way of Freedom; 1997) and was the subject of '//Dolores: Une Vie Pour La liberté//' (A Life for Freedom; 2002) by her son Progreso Marin. [libcom.org/history/prat-coll-dolores-1905-2001 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0803.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3306-dolores-prat-coll-anarquista-conocida-como-la-pequena-montseny.html]

1907 - Fifty years after the protest march and pickets by garment workers supposedly held on March 8, 1857, in New York City demanding improved working conditions, a ten hour day, and equal rights for women, a second march and rally is suposed to have been held a rally honouring the 1857 march, demanding the vote, and an end to sweatshops and child labour. This event also appears to have been apocryphal, possibly invented to detach International Women's Day from its basis in Soviet history and restore US 'ownership' over it. [www.iwf.org/news/2432416/Women's-Day-Fantasies]

1911 - First International Women's Day is celebrated, in Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany and the US.

1914 - The first International Women's Day to actually be held on March 8, possibly because that day was a Sunday. Now it is always held on March 8 in all countries.

1914 - Britta Gröndahl (d. 2002), Swedish writer, French language teacher, editor, translator, feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Gröndahl sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Gröndahl www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Gröndahl,-Britta-1914-2002 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0803.html]

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 23] February Revolution [Февральская Революция]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

[C] 1945 - Women from the Gruppi di Difesa della Donna (GddD) demonstrate in front of the Salumificio Frigieri in Paganine on International Women's Day as part of the Unione Donne in Italia protest iniative, to highlight the hunger of the Italian people. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornata_internazionale_della_donna www.paganine.it/storia.html emilia-romagna.anpi.it/modena/archivio_res/giugno_04/art_16_06_04.htm www.fempages.org/genpart.htm it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_delle_donne_nella_Resistenza_italiana udireggiocalabria.wordpress.com/tag/gruppi-di-difesa-della-donna/ storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/04/24/gruppi-di-difesa-della-donna-gdd/]

1983 - La Ragnatela (Spider's Web) Women's Peace Camp created at Comiso, Sicily, the first overseas site for US cruise missiles. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel www.iisg.nl/collections/louisemichel/biography.php]
 * = 9 || 1883 - Large demonstration of the unemployed at the Esplanade of Les Invalides is broken up by police. A large contingent marches across Paris, headed by Louise Michel, Joseph Tortelier and Émile Pouget (who initiated the demonstration), waving black flags (hers is an old black skirt attached to a broom handle) and ended with the looting of 3 bakeries. [According to historian George Woodcock, this is the earliest known instance of anarchists flying the black flag.] Louise Michel handed herself into the police a couple of weeks later and was sentenced to six years in prison on April 1, 1883 for "excitation au pillage".

[E] 1906 - WSPU members Flora Drummond and Annie Kenney are arrested for demonstrating in Downing Street and knocking on the door of No. 10. [pic] [www.johndclare.net/Women1_SuffragetteActions_Rosen.htm]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes cause damage to Croxley Green Station near Watford. The attack was initially not attributed to the militants until a suffragette newspaper was delivered to the station master with the scribbled inscription: "Afraid copy left got burnt." "A local story is told of how a year after the opening of the station a group of ladies were directed to it by Croxley’s policeman P.C. Haggar. He bade them a cheery “Good-night” – to learn shortly afterwards that they were a band of suffragettes who had set fire to the new station." [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Major act of arson as the bowling pavilion at Heaton Park, Newcastle; estimated value £400. Railway lamps and small trees in Nottingham Forest Recreation Ground destroyed. Bowler's Pavilion burned down at Newcastle. [heatonhistorygroup.org/2013/03/04/inflammatory-incident-in-heaton-park/]

1916 - [N.S. Mar. 22] One of the first large urban women's riots in Bulgaria broke out in the town of Bourgas (Бургас) after the municipality refuses to pay allowances to poor soldier's families. Led by Ghana Avdjieva (Гана Авджиева), Kristalina Grigorova (Кристалина Григорова), Todorka Kaloyanchev (Тодорка Калоянчева) and Ana Kovacheva (Ана Ковачева), the Burgas women chanted slogans against war such as "Give us bread", "We want peace", "Return our men". [see: Mar. 23]

[EEE] 1919 - Lyudmila Naumovna Mokievsky-Zubok (Людми́ла Нау́мовна Мокие́вская-Зубо́к; b. 1896), Russian revolutionary, S-R Maximalist and Red Guard, who was an active participant in the 1918-19 Civil War and, the only known female commander of the armoured train, is killed by a shell during the battle for the Debaltsevo (Дебальцево) train station in the Ukraine. The illegitimate daughter of a Russian noblewoman Glafira Timofeevna Mokievsky-Zubok (Глафиры Тимофеевны Мокиевской-Зубок) and Naum Yakovlevich Bykhovsky (Наума Яковлевича Быховского), a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), in the summer of 1913 she began studies at the St. Petersburg Neuropsychiatric Institute (Психоневрологический институт), later joining the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and coming under the influence of Marxist ideas. She dropped out of her studies in her fourth year and went into hiding. By this time she was now a member of the Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов) [at least until the end of 1918]. However, she was also close to the Bolsheviks and on occasion supported them, which is how she came to join a detachment of the Red Guard (Красная гвардия) – claiming in her application that she was a member of the RSDLP [hence her later being claimed by the Bolsheviks as one of their own] and using the name Leonid Mokievsky (Леонида Мокиевского). The Bolshevik party apparatchiks swiftly recognised her talents as an organiser and leader and, in April 1917, she was sent to the Ukranian city of Ekaterinoslav (Екатеринослав)[Dnipro] by Nikolai Podvoisky (Никола́й Подво́йский), the head of the Military Department of the Petrograd Revolutionary Military Committee (Петроградского ВРК), as Commissioner of Food with special powers to organise the export of bread to Moscow and Petrograd. She failed in her mission, as she did when she was sent back in the November, being unable to understand local conditions and earning the ire of the Ukrainians. However, on March 10 [February 25], 1918 Lyudmila was appointed a Commissioner in the Bryansk fighting group (Брянский боевой отряд бронированного поезда Российской Советской республики) and commander of the armoured train '3rd Bryansk' (3-й Брянский) by Sergo Ordzhonikidze (სერგო ძე ორჯონიკიძე), Extraordinary Commissioner of Ukraine, doubling up on her duties and joining the fighting against the White Army of Anton Denikin. In November 1918, she was appointed a Commissioner of the armoured train №3 'Power to the Soviets' (Власть советам) and, in February 1919, its commander. Deployed to the 13th Army, 'Power to the Soviets' led the fighting against the offensive by Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia (Вооружённые си́лы Ю́га Росси́и) in the Lugansk Region (Луганской области). She died in the fighting near the Debaltsevo (Дебальцево) station in the Donbas (Донбассе) on March 9, 1919, and was buried in a mass grave in Kupyansk (Купянске). After the arrival of the White army in June that year, her body was dug up and thrown in a nearby ravine. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мокиевская-Зубок,_Людмила_Наумовна military.sevstudio.com/s-romadin-kramatorsk-lyudmila-georgie/ ok.ru/moypolkru/topic/65274775852522 archive.ec/SP9T#selection-39.0-811.1]

1920 - Lydia Nikolayevna Figner (Лидия Николаевна Фигнер; b. 1853), Russian revolutionary member of Narodnaya Volya and the younger sister of Vera Figner, dies of a stroke. [see: Dec. 3]

1943 - Susana Gaggero (Emilia Susana Gaggero Pérez de Pujals; d. 1976), Argentine psychologist, who was active in the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores – Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Revolutionary Workers Party – People's Revolutionary Army), and died in a shootout between security forces and members of the ERP during the military dictatorship, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susana_Gaggero www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/g/gaggero/]

1949 - Joan Bird, former Black Panther Party member, born. She joined the NY chapter of the BPP in autumn 1968 whilst attending Bronx Community College, Joan was one of two women, along with Afeni Shakur, among the New York 21 Panthers arrested in April 1969 and accused of conspiracy to bomb police stations, the Bronx Botanical Gardens, a city commuter train and five department stores, as well as long-range rifle attack on two police stations and an education office in New York City. All 13 that eventually stood trial were acquitted on all charges on May 12, 1971 Author of 'A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story' (1992). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_21 archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/AmRad/joanbirdsstatement.pdf www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Chapter_History/pdf/New_York/New_York_21.pdf]

1951 - Charlotte Hill O’Neal, African-American poet, musician and visual artist, former member of the Kansas City chapter of the Black Panther Party and Founding Director of Tanzania's United African Alliance Community Center (UAACC), born. She joined the BPP at age 18 and, along with her husband, Pete O’Neal the former Chairman of the chapter, she played a key role in the organisation. In June 1969, the Kansas City chapter began a campaign to expoase the Kansas City police chief for allegedly transferring weapons to a right-wing Minutemen militia group. Shortly after an assassination attempt was made on Pete O’Neal, which the Panthers maintained the police were responsible. On October 30, 1969, Fred was arrested for the transporting of a gun across state lines. The couple later fled to Algeria and, in 1972, moved to Tanzania, where they still live. There, in 1991, they founded the UAACC, a non-profit community based NGO providing programs and projects for the enrichment of the Arusha community, both urban and rural and also to promote closer cultural ties to communities in America and around the world. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_O'Neal uaacc.habari.co.tz/history2.htm sfbayview.com/2013/04/charlotte-hill-oneal-mama-c-urban-african-spirit-visits-laney-csu-eastbay/ rockethics.psu.edu/events/a-panther-in-africa-1 articles.philly.com/2000-02-11/news/25575822_1_black-panthers-pete-o-neal-era]

1952 - Alexandra Kollontai [Алекса́ндра Коллонта́й] (Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich [Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Домонто́вич]; March 31 [O.S. Mar. 19] 1872), Ukrainian-Russian Communist revolutionary, writer, novelist, feminist, Soviet commissar and diplomat, dies in Moscow a few weeks short of her 80th birthday - the only major critic of the Soviet government that Joseph Stalin did not have executed. [see: Mar. 31]

1977 - After thirteen years of domestic abuse, American mother of four Francine Hughes (b. 1947) pours petrol around ex-husband Mickey Hughes' bed and sets it on fire, killing Mickey and destroying the house. She then drove to a nearby police station in Michigan to hand herself in. At her trial for murder, the jury sides with her and finds her not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Hughes] || Her poetry first appeared in magazines in 1916 and she published 3 volumes: '//Outlaws//' (1921), '//Sublunary//' (1923) and '//Parallax//' (1925). She also became the muse of Paris Dada through her friendship with Man Ray who regularly used her as a model. Tristan Tzara wrote '//Mouchoir de Nuages//' (1924), his fourth and final play, for her. Nancy was also the model for characters in novels by 2 of her lovers: Virginia Tracy in Michael Arlen's '//Piracy//' (1922), Iris March in his '//The Green Hat//' (1924) and the eponymous heroine in '//Lily Chritine: A Romance//' (1928). Aldous Huxley also modelled his characters Myra Viveash in '//Antic Hay//' (1923) and Lucy Tantamount in '//Point Counter Point//' (1928) on her. Other characters based on her include Lady Brett in Hemingways 'The Sun Also Rises' (1926) and those in Louis Aragon's '//Le Con d'Irene//' (1927) and '//Blanche, ou l'Oubli//' (1967); Evelyn Waugh's '//Unconditional Surrender//' (1961); and Wyndham Lewis' '//The Roaring Queen//' (1973). In 1928 she bought Three Mountains Press (renamed Hours Press) that had published Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, Carlos Williams and E. Pound. She had become the lover of the surrealist poet Louis Aragon. Later she fell in love with the African-American piano player, Henry Crowder, who was playing jazz in a //boîte de nuit// in the then trendy Montparnasse district; due to this relationship she was disinherited and wrote '//Black Man and White Ladyship//' (1931), an attack on upper class racist attitudes as exemplified by her mother's attitude to he relationship with Crowder. She also edited the massive '//Negro: an Anthology//' (1934), collecting poetry, fiction and non-fiction primarily by African-American writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, and included writing by George Padmore and Cunard's own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. She was also a passionate anti-fascist, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War - predicting that it would precipitate another world war. She fund-raised for Spanish refugees, publishing pamphlets (including the poetry collection '//Les Poètes du Monde Défendent le Peuple Espagnol//' (The Poets of the World Defend the Spanish People; 1937) and helping organise relief supplies. She also worked as a Resistance interpreter during WWII. However, her Spain and WWII work serious affected her physical and mental health and she declined in the post-war years, dying in a mental hospital weighing only sixty pounds (27kg).
 * = 10 || [BBB/C] 1896 - Nancy Cunard (d. 1965), Surrealist writer, poet, model, anarchist and anti-fascist, born into the British upper class - her father Baronet Sir Bache Cunard and mother Maud Alice Burke, a flamboyant American heiress. Her paternal great grandfather was founder of the steamship company of the same name, the origin of the family’s immense wealth.

[E] 1913 - Harriet Tubman (Araminta Ross; b. ca. 1822), African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, Suffragist activist, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War, dies of pneumonia. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends via the Underground Railroad. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman www.harriet-tubman.org www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/harriet-tubman/ www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html]

1934 - Emma Goldman continues her massive three month long speaking tour of the United States when she gives an evening lecture in The Arena stadium in New Haven, Connecticut, reading extracts from her autobiography '//Living My Life//' and discussing '//Today's International Problems//', thereby avoiding discussing domestic politics as agreed with the US Government when they gave permission for the tour. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1003.html]

1968 - María Ascaso Abadía (b. 1908), Spanish seamstress, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, who was sister of the prominent anarchist militants Domingo and Francisco, dies. Wanted by the police in 1924, she and her mother Emília Abadía Abad took refuge in the home of the libertarian militant María Barajas, who had been giving sanctury to many wanted anarchists including Felipe Alaiz de Pablo and Hermós Plaja Saló. Soon after, the pair left for France and her brothers Domingo and Francisco. In 1926, she took part in the Comitè Ascaso, Durruti i Jover, formed to campaign for the release of the three anarchist militants (Buenaventura Durruti, Francisco Ascaso and Gregorio Jover) arrested in France and in danger of being extradited to the Kingdom of Spain. She and her mother were also sheltered by Berthe Fabert and Séverin Ferandel, two of the main leaders of the Committee. She later bacame the partner of Lluís Riera Planas (Pere Carner), with whom she had a child. During the Revolution she was responsible with Paula Feldstein and Luis Riera for the Colònia Ascaso-Durruti, opened in Llansa by the SIA and which took in 300 children, mostly orphans. In 1939, with the triumph of Franco, she crossed the Pyrenees and in July 1939 he was part of a group of 150 refugees, including her partner, mother Emilia and child are, mostly members of the CNT who, despite having their papers in order, could not embark on any ship bound for Mexico, because of the intervention of communist leaders, Passed in France during the Retrada, she bet in July 1939, a group of 150 refugees - her partner and their child and his old mother Emilia - most members of the CNT, despite proper papers do could board a vessel bound for Mexico, following the intervention of the Stalinist leaders with the Servicio de Evacuación de los Refugiados Españoles who made the selection from amongst the refugees, and were substituted at the last moment. During this period, her partner Lluís Riera died of typhus in a French concentration camp near Bordeaux and her son, Sol, was also interned. María Ascaso later managed to embark on the De La Salle for San Felipe de Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic with her mother, arriving on February 23, 1940. She lived in the Dominican Republic with a new partner Mariano Francés Alonso, a chauffeur and mechanic and UGT militant, whilst remaining a core activist in the CNT in exile. where she continued to belong to the CNT core in exile. María Ascaso Abadia died on cancer in Mexico City on March 10, 1968. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1003.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10667] || [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza_Zielińska pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Józef_Zieliński_(działacz_robotniczy)]
 * = 11 || 1863 - [O.S. Feb. 27] Iza Zielińska (Iza Gąsowska; d. 1934), Polish journalist, educator, social activist and participant in the Polish and International anarchist and socialist movements, born. [expand]

1888 - Virginia Tabarroni aka 'Danda' (d. 1977), Italian typographer and anarchist, who was the aunt of Anteo Zamboni, the 15-year-old who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/tabarroni/tabarroni.html]

1897 - Ilona Duczyńska (d. 1978), Polish-Hungarian revolutionary, journalist, translator, engineer, and historian, born. During the First World War, she became acquainted with anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary Ervin Szabó, who connected her with the work of the Galilei Circle. She became a revolutionary socialist. For her anti-war activities, she was expelled from school in 1915 and during her studies at the Technical University of Zurich, she fell in with a number of members of the RSDLP, including Nadezhda Krupskaya and Lenin. She helped plan the October 16, 1918 assassination attempt on the Hungarian Prime Minister Istvan Tisza, when the gun used by Lékai János, a member of the Galilei-Circle (Galilei-kör) and Korvin anti-militarist movement, jammed. For this she was amongst those imprisoned but they spent only fifteen days in prison as they were freed during the Aster Revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Duczyńska www.karipolanyilevitt.com/ilona-duczynska-polanyi-1897-1978-a-brief-summary-of-her-life/ fabricadelamemoria.com/mujeres-en-la-historia/revolucionarias/500-una-anarquista-hungara-ilona-duczynska]

[E] 1900 - Eleonore 'Lore' Wolf (d. 1996), German stenographer, Communist and anti-fascist, born. Member of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands and Rote Hilfe. Arrested in 1940 in Paris after being betrayed to the Gestapo, she was sentenced to 12 years in prison for conspiracy to commit treason. Five years were spent in solitary confinement - most of the time in Hesse Ziegenhain, she resisted the interrogations, torture and isolation and remained faithful to her convictions, refusing to betray her friend Anna Seghers, who the Nazis were desperate to get hold of. Founding member in 1991 of the Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" e. V. (Association of Germans in the French Resistance, in the Armed Forces of the Anti-Hitler Coalition and in the Movement for a "Free Germany"). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lore_Wolf hessen.vvn-bda.de/lore-wolf/ www.dkp-frankfurt.de/rote_frankfurter/lore_wolf.html]

[B] 19?? - Leslie Fish, US filk musician, author, Trekie, IWW member and anarchist political activist, born. A member of the 'filk outfit' DeHorn Crew - the Chicago IWW's house band and lover of fellow anarchist and band member Mary Frohman. The character Jenny Trout in the science fiction novel '//Fallen Angels//' (1991) by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Michael Flynn is based on her. She has recorded morethan a dozen albums, written a number of science fiction short stories as well as '//A Dirge for Sabis//' (with C. J. Cherryh; 1989), part of the '//The Sword of Knowledge//' trilogy of shared world fantasy novels. She also sings (and makes several appearances) in the film '//Finding the Future: A Science Fiction Conversation//' (2004). [lesliefish.com/opinion.htm www.prometheus-music.com/eli/fishltr.html www.pubwages.com/30/an-interview-with-leslie-fish]

1963 - Louise Olivereau (b. 1884), US teacher, poet, militant anarchist and anti-conscription activist, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison for sending out anti-conscription leaflets during WWI, dies. In 1911 through 1912 she had worked as an assistant to William Thurston Brown at the Ferrer Modern Day School in Portland. In 1917 she worked as secretary of the Lumber Workers, a division of the IWW in Seattle. In August, after reading Elihu Root's pro-war speech, she mailed a circular to the drafted men of Seattle urging them "but one thing - obedience to your own conscience...we do not ask you to resist the draft IF YOU BELIEVE THE DRAFT IS RIGHT." On September 5, 1917, the IWW office was raided by federal agents, and two days later Olivereau went to special agent Howard Wright to request the return of her books. After questioning, she admitted to mailing the circular, and she was then arrested. Olivereau chose to act as her own attorney during the trial to avoid taking defence funds away from other radical causes. After a trial in late November at which she was convicted of six counts of "attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny and refusal of duty in the military," and three for "unlawfully using the mails and postal service of the United States for transmission of unmailable matter," she was sentenced on December 3, 1917 to ten years in prison at Canyon City, Colorado. However she only served 28 months. [libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963]

2010 - Odette Ester, aka Odette Beilvert (Lucienne Marie Kervorc'h; b. 1915), French anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist resister, who was the long time partner of the Catalan anacho-syndicalist miltant Josep Ester ' Borràs (José Ester Borrás) aka 'Minga', dies. [see: Jul. 15] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm womanandhersphere.com/2013/06/07/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-emily-wilding-davison-and-hurst-park/ viceandvirtueblog.wordpress.com/category/kitty-marion/ www.thesuffragettes.org/campaigning-performance/hidden/sapdd-biographies/ intothelimelight.org/category/kitty-marion/ sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2014/12/19/kitty-marion-broadways-local-suffragette-gets-arrested-for-distributing-obscene-literature/ lifedynamics.com/app/uploads/2015/09/1918-11-November.pdf]
 * = 12 || [EE] 1871 - Kitty Marion (Katherina Maria Schafer; d. 1944), Anglo-American actress, militant suffragette and birth control advocate, who is estimated to have endured 232 force-feedings whilst on hunger strike in English prisons, and who spent time in American prisons for imparting birth control information, born in Westphalia. Her mother died during childbirth when she was two, and her stepmother when she was six, both of tuberculosis. leaving Marion with her violent and abusive father. In 1886 she moved to England to be with her sister, Dora. After learning English, she adopted the name Kitty Marion and became an actress. In 1908, she joined the WSPU and that June she was arrested during a demonstration outside the House of Commons. Kitty Marion was a supporter of direct action and in July 1909 she was arrested and found guilty of throwing stones at a post office in Newcastle. She was sentenced to a month's imprisonment, went on hunger strike, and was forcibly fed. She barricaded herself in her cell and set fire to her mattress as a protest at her treatment at the hands of the doctors who she described as the "dirty, cringing doormats of the government". [expand]

[E] 1901 - Zdzisława Bytnarowa aka 'Sławska', 'Sława', 'Sławka' (d. 1994), Polish teacher, who fought in the ranks of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) during the Warsaw Uprising, born. Following her dismissal by the Nazis in June 1940, she joined the underground as a second lieutenant in the AK in Pasieka, the codename of the General Headquarters of the Szare Szeregi (Grey Ranks), the underground organisation of the Związku Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting Association) during the Nazi and Soviet occupations of WWII. There she served as head of the Scouts' Field Post Office in the city centre. One of her sons, Jan Bytnar aka 'Rudy, head of the Grey Ranks 'Południe' (South) aka SAD (acronym for sabotaż i dywersja [sabotage and diversion]) Battle Group (Grupy Szturmowe), was arrested alongside his father, Stanislaw Bytnar, on March 23, 1943, and died of the injuries he received during interogation by the Gestapo, despite being freed by the Grupy Szturmowe during the Akcja pod Arsenałem (Action at the Arsenal) on March 26. Stanislaw Bytnar died during the forced march that followed the evacuation of Auschwitz in January 1945. After the liquidation of the Ghetto, she had periods in Fallingbostel (Stalag XI-B), Bergen-Belsen and Holsdorf* concentration camps before she returned to Warsaw on August 15, 1945 and returned to her career as a teacher. [* possibly mistaken for Mühldorf (Dachau subcamp) or Ohldorf (Neuengamme)] [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzisława_Bytnarowa pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bytnar pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Bytnar pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szare_Szeregi pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasieka_(Szare_Szeregi)]

1912 - The IWW wins the Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' Textile Strike of 1912: Having offered a 5% pay raise on March 1, which the workers rejected, and concerned over the public reaction to the House Committee on Rules hearings, as well as the possible threat to their own tariff protection, the American Woolen Company acceded to all the strikers' demands. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Attempt made to burn down the British Museum when an incendiary device is left in a lavatory.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Inspectors from Scotland Yard raid the Notting Hill studio of artist and WSPU member Olive Hocken, finding wire-cutters, fire-lighters, hammers, bottles of corrosive fluid, and five false motor car licence plates.

1926 - Minerva Mirabal Reyes (María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes; d. 1960), one of the three 'Las Mariposas', the Hermanas Mirabal (Mirabal Sisters), assassinated members of the clandestine opposition to the Dominican dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, who would become symbols of both popular and feminist resistance worldwide, born. In 1999, the date of their deaths, November 25 1960, was designated by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. [www.af3irm.org/2012/1/revolutionary-woman-day-minerva-mirabal inyourfacewomen.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/mirabal-sisters.html mrlucerosjournal.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/english-iv-in-time-of-butterflies.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabal_sisters]

1973 - Mary Eleanor Gawthorpe (b. 1881) British teacher, suffragette, socialist, trade unionist and co-editor of the radical periodical, '//The Freewoman:A Weekly Feminist Review//' (1911-12), dies in Long Island, New York [see: Jan. 12].

1980 - Renée Lamberet (Jeanne Renée Yvonne Lamberet; b. 1901), French professor of history and geography, activist and anarchist historian, dies. [see: Oct. 4] ||
 * = 13 || 1895 - Louise Otto-Peters (d. 1819), German writer, feminist, poet, journalist, and women's rights movement activist, who is widely acknowledged as one the founder of the women's movement in Germany, dies. [see: Mar. 26]

1911 - Maria Luisa 'Gigia' Minguzzi (b. 1852), Italian seamstress, anarchist and feminist, who was an important figure in the Italian anarchist movement, and played a leading role in the development of the female workers' movement in Italy, dies. [see: Jun. 21]

1919 - Olga Aleksandrovna Dilevskaya (О́льга Алекса́ндровна Диле́вская; b. 1886), Russian writer, teacher, and active member of revolutionary movement in Russia as a member of the military organisation of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP(b), is arrested by Alexander Kolchak (Алекса́ндр Колча́к) [White] Siberian Army (Сиби́рская добровольческая а́рмия) and summarily executed the same day. [see: Dec. 30]

[E] 1952 - Võ Thị Sáu (b. 1933), Vietnamese schoolgirl who fought as a guerilla against the French occupiers of Vietnam, is executed by the French colonialists. [NB: This is the date given in Paul Grace - 'Vietnamese women in society and revolution. Volume 1' (1974) and it is incorrect. see: Jan. 23]

1961 - Labour organiser Elizabeth Gurley Flynn is elected chair of the National Committee of the Communist Party, U.S.A. One-time IWW and an anarchist in her youth.

1998 - María García (b. 1915), Spanish militant cenetista, dies. [see: Feb. 2]

2012 - Domitila Barrios de Chúngara (Domitila Barrios Cuenca; b. 1937), Bolivian labour leader and feminist, famed for her peaceful struggle against dictatorships of René Barrientos Ortuño and Hugo Banzer Suárez, dies of lung cancer aged 74 years old. [see: May 7] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сталь,_Людмила_Николаевна]
 * = 14 || 1872 - [O.S. Mar. 2] Lyudmila Nikolayevna Stal (Людмила Николаевна Сталь; d. 1939), Russian revolutionary and member of the RSDLP, who was repeatedly arrested and exiled from the 1890s onwards, born. A member of the Bolshevik group in Paris (1907 onwards) and the Parti Socialiste whilst in exile and the international women's movement. Member of the RSDLP from 1897. She worked on '//Pravda//' (Правда) from 1912-14 and was on the editorial board of '//Working Woman//' (Работница). Later a party bureacrat/official and a member of the International Women's Secretariat of the Comintern Executive (1921-3).

[E] 1877 - [N.S. Mar. 26] During the 'Process of 50' (Процесс 50-ти), the mass trial of the Muscovites Circle (Кружок москвичей) of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийской социально-революционной организации), the Subbotina sisters, Evgeniya, Nadezhda and Maria, are all sentenced to exile in Siberia, as are Lydia Figner, Vera Lyubatovich, Varvara Alexandrova and Varvara Batiushkov. Sophia Bardin and Olga Lyubatovich are sentenced to 9 years hard labour, Alexandera Horzhevskaya to 5 years, Anna Toporkova to 4 years and Gesya Gelfman to 2 years. [see: Mar. 26]

1893 - Marietta di Monaco (Maria Kirndörfer; d. 1981), German cabaret artist, poet, chanteuse, dancer, artist's model and poet's muse, who was involved in the Cabaret Voltaire, birthplace of Dada, in Zurich, born. A regular performer at the Simplicissimus cabaret in Munich, where she danced, sang and recited her own and other Expressionist poet's poetry including that of Ringelnatz, Frank Wedekind, Fred Geyer and Klabund, who was also one of her lovers and he dedicated his 1920 play 'Marietta' to her. She also notedly took part in Hugo Ball's '//Simultan Krippenspiel (Concert bruitiste)//' on May 31, 1916 at Cabaret Voltaire alongside Hans Arp Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_di_Monaco www.literaturportal-bayern.de/autorenlexikon?task=lpbauthor.default&pnd=106706950]

1902 - Alternative date for the birth of Mika Feldman de Etchebéhère (d. 1992), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist who fought with the P.O.U.M., born. The only woman to lead a militia column in the Spanish Civil War. [see: Feb. 2]

1962 - Giovanna Caleffi Berneri (b. 1897), Italian anarchist, married to Camillo Berneri (murdered by the Communists in Spain), mother of Marie Louise Berneri, Giliana Berneri (anarchists all), dies. [see: May 4]

1993 - Soledad Estorach Esterri (b. 1915), Catalan anarcha-feminist, member of Mujeres Libres, companion in arms with Concha Liaño, dies. [see: Feb. 6] || Witkop was also active in the fight against racism and anti-Semitism in Germany and despaired of the labour movement's unwillingness to fight either which ultimately helped pave the way for the rise of the NSDAP. Following the Reichstag fire, Witkop and Rocker fled Germany for the United States via Switzerland, France and the UK. In the US the couple continued to give lectures, write about anarchist topics and helped raise awareness of events during the Spanish Civil War. In 1937 Milly and Rudolf Rocker settled in the anarchist community of Mohegan, NY. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milly_Witkop de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milly_Witkop www.estelnegre.org/documents/witkop/witkop.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/rocker/RockerMilly/index.html forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/category/milly-witkop-rocker/ beta.birthcontrol-international.org/items/show/231 www.iisg.nl/womhist/nelleseng.pdf recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RockerMilly.htm]
 * = 15 || [E] 1877 - [O.S. Mar. 3] Milly Witkop Rocker (Milly Vitkopski; d. 1955), anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, is born in the Ukraine. Exiled to London, she was an activist in the Jewish anarchist movement among East End sweatshop workers. In London in 1896 she met Rudolf Rocker, who became her lifelong companion. Their son, the artist Fermin Rocker, was born in 1907. When Rocker was interned as an enemy alien at the start of WWI, Milly continued her anti-war activities, which led to her arrest in 1916 and imprisonment til the war ended in 1918. In November of that year they both moved to Germany where they became involved in the founding of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD). Disillusioned with the male-dominated nature of the union, Witkop became one of the leading founders of the Women's Union in Berlin in 1920, later to become the countrywide Syndicalist Women's Union (SFB), with Milly drafting 'Was Will der Syndikalistische Frauenbund?' (What Does the Syndicalist Women's Union Want?; 1921) as a platform for the SFB.

1920 - Nguyễn Thị Định (d. 1992), Vietnamese communist revolutionary, who fought with the Viet Minh forces against the French and, as a founding member of the National Liberation Front (Việt Cộng), against the Americans during the Vietnam War, born. In 1965, she was elected chairwoman of the South Vietnam Women's Liberation Association. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Định vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Định]

1943 - Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús aka Aling Oriang & 'Lakambini' (b. 1875), Filipina revolutionary, who was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan secret revolutionary society, dies during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. [see: May 9]

1960 - Julia Bertrand (b. 1877), French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist and free thinker, dies. She collaborated on the feminist newspaper '//La Femme Affranchie//' (The Emancipated Woman) and the journal 'La Vrille' (The Spiral) published by the anarchist Victor Loquier. Register in the '//Carnet B//' (the Interior Ministry's book of monitored subversives) as an anti-miltraist, she was arrested an internned in 1914. Released following protests, she is banned from teaching but begins work in Faure's La Ruche until it closes in November 1917, and eventually has her teaching certification reinstated in 1925. Active in the anarchist press, including '//L'en Dehors//', '//l'Idée Libre//', '//Le Libertaire//', etc.., in the Ligue d'Action Anticatholique and campaigning against vivisection. [see: Feb. 14]

1983 - Rebecca West (Cicely Isabel Fairfield; b. 1892), English author, journalist, literary critic, travel writer, socialist, militant feminist, free love advocate and staunch anti-fascist, dies. [see: Dec. 21] ||
 * = 16 || 1853 - Suggested date of birth of Lucy Eldine Gonzalez Parson, American anarchist labour organiser and founding member of the IWW. The exact date is unrecorded but this is the date recorded in the US Library of Congress. [see: Mar. 7]

1877 - Eleanor 'Fitzi' Fitzgerald (Mary Eleanor Fitzgerald; d. 1955), US theatre employee and manager, editor, anarchist speaker and writer, born. A friend and supporter of Emma Goldman, who she met through her then partner Ben Reitman, she became the office manager and assistant editor for 'Mother Earth'. She later became became involved with Alexander Berkman and was co-editor his paper '//The Blast//'. She was also a member of the No-Conscription League, helped found the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners and was the manager of the Provincetown Players. Amongst her other relationships was one with Eugene O'Neill and she lived with fellow activist Pauline Turkel for many years. Eleanor Fitzgerald died from cancer on March 30, 1955. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Fitzgerald www.provincetownplayhouse.com/maryeleanorfitzgerald.html]

1896 - [N.S. Mar. 28] Melpomena Dimitrova Karnicheva [Мелпомена Димитрова Кърничева (bg) / Мелпомена Димитрова Крничева (mk)], popularly known as Mencha Karnichiu [Менча Кърничиу] or Carmen [Кармен](September 5 1964), Bulgarian revolutionary of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешната македонска революционна организация), born. [see: Mar. 28]

1908 - Police forcibly remove Emma Goldman from the Workingmen's Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on 'Anarchy as It Really Is', an event organised by the newly created Freedom of Speech Society. Barred since March 2 by police from addressing any meetings in any public halls in Chicago, every subsequent attempt has been thwarted by the police and she temporarily abandons her attempts on the 20th.

1913 - At a Sunday afternoon meeting In Hyde Park a large crowd "armed ... with ammunition of various descriptions or with trumpets, mouth organs and bells" verbally abuse and attack WSPU speakers, who are pelted with clods, oranges and other missiles and subjected to a "veritable tornado of abuse, catcalls, ragtime choruses and cries of "Go home to your children"." The police, who were "outnumbered 100 to 1", "realising the danger the women were in, called upon the chairman (sic) to close the meeting. A large force of police, mounted and on foot, drew in about the suffragette [platforn], and under this escort the women were led out of the park, followed by a jeering crowd which continued to pe!t them with missiles over the heads and through the lines of constables." "The police endeavored to pilot the women to the tube station, but the crowd brushed them aside and dragged the women up and down the street. In the melee one woman's eye was blackened and the clothes of all were torn and disheveled. The police, after half an hour's struggle, got the upper hand and succeeded in getting the badly mauled women into the tube, from which all men were barred until order had been restored." [cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19130317.2.2]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: New house at Cheam in Surrey is burnt down, causing £2,000 in damage.

1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: During the night of March 15-16, Birmingham Suffragettes are responsible for a fire at Kings Norton Station. A number of railway coaches are set alight as an act of protest. Difficulty obtaining enough water resulted in fire damage totalling £1,000. A copy of the 'Suffragette’ was found nearby. [stirchleybaths.org/2015/03/ www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/case-study-the-right-to-vote/the-right-to-vote/suffragette-acts-in-birmingham/kings-norton-railway-carriages/]

1922 - Tatiana Aleksandrovna Leontieva (Татьяна Александровна Леонтьева; ca. 1885), Russian revolutionary, dies in a psychiatric hospital in Switzerland. She studied medicine in Lausanne in 1903-04, joining the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and becoming active in the S-R Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция). Arrested in the spring of 1905 having been involved in transporting a suitcase of dynamite, she spent several months in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, after which she began to show signs of mental illness. Released from detention on the understanding she spent time in a nursing home, she was sent to Switzerland where she renewed her S-R contacts. She later appealled directly to Boris Savinkov to be allowed to rejoin combat activities but her refuse her permission, telling her to improve her health first. She took the new badly and sought out other 'terrorist' groups, linking up with the S-R Maximalists. On September 2 [August 20], 1906, in an attempt to assassinate the Russian Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó), who had long been a target for the revolutionary groups, who was known to be holidaying in Interlaken in Switzerland under the assumed name of Müller, Leontieva mistakenly shot a French septuagenarian millionaire and tourist, Charles Müller, who superficially resembled Durnovo. The Interior Minister has been forewarned of a plot by Alexander Gerasimov (Алекса́ндр Гера́симов), the head of the Okhrana in St. Petersburg. In March 1907, Tatiana Leontiev was sentenced to a long period in prison. In 1910, rather than being deported at the end of her time in prison, she was transferred to a psychiatric hospital in Münsingen, where she died in 1922. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Леонтьева,_Татьяна_Александровна www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=50&tek=729&issue=20 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1936 - Marguerite Durand (Charlotte Marguerite Durand; b. 1864), French stage actress, journalist, socialist and feminist, who founded the daily feminist newspaper '//La Fronde//', dies. [see: Jan. 24]

1946 - Eleanor E. Stein aka Eleanor Raskin, US administrative law judge, instructor at Albany Law School and former member of the Weather Underground, who went underground following the 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, born. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Raskin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground]

1960 - As'ad AbuKhalil (أسعد أبو خليل), Lebanese-American professor of political science, former Marxist-Leninist, anarchist, feminist, and "atheist secularist", born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As'ad_AbuKhalil]

1962 - Zenzl Mühsam (b. 1884), militant German anarchist and companion of Erich Mühsam, dies. She wounded up in Stalin's Gulags, convicted of "//membership of a counterrevolutionary organisation and counter-revolutionary propaganda//", and upon her release she was shuttled from one Workers' Paradise to another. [see: Jul. 27]

1995 - Joséphine Coueille (b. 1912), known as Andrée Prévotel, French anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, free thinker, dies. Charged in the 'Sterilizers of Bordeaux' case (affaire des stérilisés de Bordeaux) for promoting vasectomies, her charges were dropped, but her husband André Prévotel was sent to prison. [see: Apr. 19] [NB: Mar. 15 (and to a lesser extent Mar. 14) is sometimes given as her date of death.]

[A/E] 2003 - Rachel Corrie, member of the International Solidarity Movement, crushed to death by an Israeli bulldozer.

2012 - A third member of Pussy Riot, Yekaterina Samutsevich [Екатерина Самуцевич], is arrested for her part in the February 21 event in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. [see: Mar. 3] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Samutsevich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Самуцевич,_Екатерина_Станиславовна] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Roland fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Roland]
 * = 17 || 1754 - Madame Roland aka Jeanne Manon Roland (Marie-Jeanne Phlippon; d. 1793), French salonnière, prominent supporter of the French Revolution and an influential member of the Girondist faction, born. She fell out of favour during the Reign of Terror and died on the guillotine.

1848 - Ernesta Forti (d. unkown), Italian anarchist, born. She worked in the dairy in rue Joquelet, Paris, that was owned by her partner the prominent French anarchist Constant Martin. Her son Alfredo, who was also an anarchist, also worked there. In February 1894, she had come to the notice of the police as being an anarchist and On March 8 the French police ordered her and Alfredo's exulsion. They ended up in London, where Constant Martin was also exiled following the Procès des Trente. In London she married a French tailor called Siccardi, who acknowledged her son, thereby both automatically became French citizens with all the rights. In 1894 her name appears on a list of anarchists held by the French frontier and railway police. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1703.html]

[E] 1871 - [O.S. Mar. 5] Rosa Luxemburg (d. 1919), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, born. Founder, with Karl Liebknecht, of the radical Spartacus League in 1916. After the Spartacist uprising in Berlin, they were arrested and murdered by German soldiers. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Люксембург,_Роза www.rosalux.de/english/foundation/rosa-luxemburg.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSluxemburg.htm www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/ www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article448]

1893 - [N.S. Mar. 29] Maria Vartanovna Petrosova [Мария Вартановна Петросова] or Mariya Vasilyevna Potresova [Мария Васильевна Потресова] (d. unknown), Russian member of the revolutionary movement since tsarist times, born. [see: Mar. 29]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 4] Rosa Luxemburg, together with Leo Jogiches, is arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities in Warsaw. On April 24 [O.S. Apr. 11], they were moved to Pavilion X of the Warsaw Citadel, which was notorious for the incarceration of ‘dangerous’ political criminals. Rosa Luxemburg embarked on a hunger strike that lasted six days. In combination with the overcrowded conditions, the hunger strike undermined her health. Her poor health together with the money paid over, ostensibly by her family in Poland, brought her release on bail on July 21 [O.S. Jul. 8], 1906. The money, which had been collected back in Germany by the SPD, was paid against Rosa Luxemburg’s knowledge or wishes. Under the conditions of bail she was required to remain in Warsaw, although her intention before her arrest, with the arrangements already made, had been to return to Berlin. On release from prison she quickly learnt that on her return to Germany she would face prosecution for incitement to Violence based on the speech she had made at the 1905 conference in Jena, where she had drawn the lesson from the events in Russia of ‘when evolution would turn into revolution even in Germany In time it would lead to further imprisonment.

1934 - During her 90 days 'cultural tour' of the US - for which the US government gave permission only on the condition that she only spoke only in theatres and only about literature i.e her aboutbiography '//Living My Life//', during which she was watched at all times by members of the FBI - Emma Goldman gives a stirring incendiary lecture to the City Club in Rochester, New York, speaking on the "drama" of world events and about fascism, Nazism, Stalinism, etc. and her eventful biography. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1703.html]

1935 - As vice president of the Société Contre l'Abus du Tabac (Society against the Abuse of Tobacco), anarchist militant, freethinker, anti-militarist, feminist and teacher Julia Bertrand presents a talk at the organisation's Paris headquarters entitled '//Le tabac. Poison de la vie en toutes circonstances//' (Tobacco. Posionous to life in all circumstances). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1703.html]

1942 - Presumed date on which Käthe Leichter (Marianne Katharina Pick; d. 1942), Austrian social scientist, socialist trade unionist, journalist, author, and founder and director of the Women's Unit of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (Frauenreferats der Wiener Arbeiterkammer), who was one of the most prominent socialist feminist in Rotes Wien (Red Vienna) during the interwar years, was murdered (gassed) in Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) as part of the so-called Aktion 14f13. [see: Aug. 20]

1948 - Irina Dunn (Patricia Irene Dunn), Australian writer, social activist, filmmaker and coiner of the catch phrase: "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle", born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Dunn]

1965 - Nancy Cunard (b. 1896), Surrealist writer, poet, model, anarchist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Mar. 12] ||
 * = 18 || 1789 - Catherine Murphy, a counterfeiter, is the last person to be executed by burning in Britain, though she was strangled (hung for 30 minutes) before the faggots around her were ignited in a standard judicial act of 'mercy', so she was actually dead before she was burnt.

1842 - [O.S. Mar. 6] Anna Nikolayevna Shabanova (Анна Николаевна Шабанова; d. 1932), Russian doctor, radical, feminist and writer, born. As a young woman she joined the radical Society of Mutual Aid (взаимного вспомоществования) group and in 1865 was arrested and imprisoned for six months. Unable to train to qualify as a doctor in Russia, she moved to Helsinki but returned in 1873 when a new women's medical course started in St. Petersburg. In 1878 she became one of the first women in Russia to qualify as a doctor. Shabanova was one of the founders of the Russian Women's Mutual Philanthropic Society (Русского женского взаимного благотворительного общества) and during the 1905 Revolution campaigned for women's suffrage. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шабанова,_Анна_Николаевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Shabanova womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/anna-nikolaevna-shabanova spartacus-educational.com/RUSshabanova.htm]

1882 - During a meeting at the Salle Favié in Paris, Louise Michel, wanting to disassociate herself from authoritarian socialists and parliamentarists, decides unambiguously that the Black Flag should be adopted by anarchists. "Plus de drapeau rouge, mouillé du sang de nos soldats. J'arborerai le drapeau noir, portant le deuil de nos morts et de nos illusions." ["More red flags, wet with the blood of our soldiers. I shall raise the black flag, being in mourning for our deaths and for our illusions."]

1898 - Matilda Joslyn Gage (Matilda Electa Joslyn; b. 1826) US suffragist and radical feminist, Native American rights activist, abolitionist, freethinker, and prolific author, dies. [see: Mar. 24]

[E] 1923 - Maria Turon Turon (d. unkown), Spanish anarchist militant and feminist member of the Mujeres Libres group in the Pueblo Nuevo neighbourhood of Barcelona, born. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre08.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2014_09_01_archive]

1993 - Sara R. Ehrmann (b. 1895), US housewife and mother of two children, who became a prominent campaigner against capital punishment in Massachusetts and countrywide, having gotten to know Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti during their trial when her husband Herbert worked on their defence, dies of natural causes at the age of 97. [see: Jun. 14]

1987 - Pilar Grangel (Maria del Pilar Grangel Arrufat [or Granjel i Arrufas]; b. 1893), Spanish rationalist educator and militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 19] || On September 10, 1763, Silang tried to besiege Vigan but the Spanish retaliated, forcing her into hiding. She retreated once more to Abra, where the Spanish later captured her. Silang and her troops were executed by hanging in Vigan's central plaza on September 20, 1763. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Silang www.bayaniart.com/articles/gabriela-silang-biography/]
 * = 19 || [E] 1731 - Gabriela Silang (Maria Josefa Gabriela Cariño; d. 1763), Filipina revolutionary leader best known as the first female leader of a Filipino independence movement in the struggle against Spain, born. She took over the reins of her husband Diego Silang's revolutionary movement after his assassination in 1763, leading the Ilocano rebel movement for four months before she was captured and executed by the colonial government of the Spanish East Indies.

1844 - Minna Canth (Ulrika Wilhelmina os Johnson; d. 1897), Finnish writer, journalist, feminist and social activist, born. One of the pioneers of realism in Finland, she wrote plays, novella and short stories and became the country's first female journalist. Something of a social radical, she openly criticised the church and ran a salon where well-known writers and cultural figures gathered to discuss ideas such as the women's movement and Darwinism, subjects that led to it being condemned by conservative politicians. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Canth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Canth]

1872 - [N.S. Mar. 31] Alexandra Kollontai [Алекса́ндра Коллонта́й] (Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich [Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Домонто́вич]; d. 1952), Ukrainian-Russian Communist revolutionary, writer, novelist, feminist, Soviet commisar and diplomat, born. [see: Mar. 31]

1914 - Jiang Qing [江青] aka Madame Mao (Lǐ Shūméng [李淑蒙]; d. 1991), Chinese actress and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), as a member of the Gang of Four (四人幫), born. She effectively held the reigns of power after Mao's death on September 9, 1976, but on October 6, Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, and Yao Wenyuan were arrested in what amounted to a bloodless coup. At her trial she claimed that all that all she had done was obey the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong: "I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite." Jiang Qing was sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve in 1981. By 1983, her death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. While in prison, Jiang Qing was diagnosed with throat cancer, but she refused an operation. She was eventually released, on medical grounds, in 1991 and he committed suicide on May 14, 1991, hanging herself in a bathroom of her hospital. [www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jiang_Qing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing zh.wikipedia.org/zh/江青 www.chineseposters.net/themes/jiangqing.php]

[EE] 1933 - German anti-fascist photographer Gerda Taro (Gerta Pohorylle), who made her name photographing the Republican struggle during the Spanish Civil War and would ultimately loose her life during the Battle of Brunete, is arrested by the Nazis and interrogated about a supposed Bolshevik plot to overthrow Hitler. As a member of a communist youth organisation, she had already come to the authorities' notice for distributing anti-Nazi leaflets and putting up communist propaganda posters on walls under cover of darkness. On her release after two weeks detention, she used a fake passport to travel overland to Paris, where she was looked after by a communist network. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voix_des_Femmes en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voix_des_Femmes]
 * = 20 || [E] 1848 - The Parisian feminist newspaper '//La Voix des Femmes//' is founded by Eugénie Niboyet, with the support of Jeanne Deroin, Pauline Roland and Désirée Gay, following the 1848 Revolution. Its aim is to promote the need for financial and employee rights, education, property rights and the right to vote for all women.

[1863 - [O.S. Mar. 8] Sophia Mikhaylovna Ginsberg (Софья Михайловна Гинсбург; d. 1891), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya, born. November 1890 - sentenced to death, commuted perpetual servitude / November 7, 1891 cut her neck with scissors. [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гинсбург,_Софья_Михайловна]

1907 - Several hundred suffragettes against attempt to storm parliament [see: Feb. 13], many of them young mill workers from the north of England, who were confronted by 500 policemen. The women failed to breach the police lines and some were arrested, including seventeen-year-old Dora Thewlis, who's photograph appeared in the 'Daily Mirror' the following day, the paper nicknaming her "the Baby Suffragette". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Thewlis www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-baby-suffragette-628607 www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-news/dora-thewlis-teenage-suffragette-4978209]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: The house of Lady White (widow of Field-Marshal Sir George White, the 'hero' of Ladysmith) at Englefield Green, on the Thames, is destroyed by fire; damage £4,000. A golf pavilion at Weston-Super-Mare in Somersetshire is also destroyed by fire.

1945 - Maria Lacerda de Moura (b. 1887), Brazilian teacher, lecturer, journalist, writer, poet, anti-fascist individualist anarchist and anarcha-feminist revolutionary, who founded the Liga para a Emancipação Intelectual da Mulher (League for the Intellectual Emancipation of Women), dies. [see: May 16]

1976 - Patricia 'Tania' Hearst convicted of bank robbery. [expand] || [www.neithboyce.net/ www.one-act-plays.com/dramas/enemies.html]
 * = 21 || 1872 - Neith Boyce Hapgood (d. 1951), U.S. novelist, playwright and journalist, born. She married the anarchist Hutchins Hapgood and together they collaborated on a novel, '//Enemies//' (1916) which they later published as a one-act play in 1921. Her other novels include: Novels: '//The Forerunner//' (1903), '//The Folly of Others//' (1904), '//Eternal Spring//' (1906), '//The Bond//' (1908), '//Two Sons//' (1917), '//Proud Lady//' (1923) and '//Harry: A Portrait//' (1923). She also co-founded the Provincetown Players together with Susan Glaspell, George Cram Cook and others.

[E] 1897 - Marcela Marcelo aka 'Selang Bagsik' (Ferocious Sela) and 'Henerala Sela' (General Sela) (b. 1868), famed Filipina 'Woman General of the revolution', dies in the Battle of Pasong Santol (Battle of Perez Dasmariñas) during the Cavite Offensive, an all-out attack by Spanish forces to recapture Cavite in the Philippines [kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1471/today-in-philippine-history-march-21-1897-marcela-marcelo-died-in-the-battle-of-pasong-santol]

1920 - Evelina Haverfield (Evilena Scarlett; b. 1867), Scottish nurse, militant suffragette in the WSPU, aid worker and founder Women’s Emergency Corps, dies of pneumonia. [see: Aug. 9]

2004 - Consuelo Zabala (b. 1920), Spanish life-long anarchist militant, dies. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2103.html] ||
 * = 22 || 1914 - [N.S. Apr. 4] Yelena Grigórievna Mazanik (Елена Григорьевна Мазаник; d. 1996), Belarusian member of the anti-fascist underground, who planted the timebomb in the matress of Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, SS Gauleiter for Weissruthenien (Belarus), that killed him on September 22, 1943, in his apartment in occupied Minsk, born. [see: Apr. 4]

1916 - [O.S. Mar. 9] One of the first large urban women's riots in Bulgaria broke out in the town of Bourgas (Бургас) after the municipality refuses to pay allowances to poor soldier's families. Led by Ghana Avdjieva (Гана Авджиева), Kristalina Grigorova (Кристалина Григорова), Todorka Kaloyanchev (Тодорка Калоянчева) and Ana Kovacheva (Ана Ковачева), the Burgas women chanted slogans against war such as "Give us bread", "We want peace", "Return our men". The following year, held demonstrations against high prices and hunger in Dupnitsa (Дупница). Most were massive protests and many developed into riots, and in May 1918 when the government reduced bread rations, they would cover all parts of the country. Protest involving thousands of women broke out in Stara Zagora (Стара Загора), Yambol (Ямбол), Sliven (Сливен), Bourgas, Sofia (София), Pazardzhik (Пазарджик), Plovdiv (Пловдив), Pleven (Плевен), Vidin (Видин), Lovech (Ловеч) and dozens of other towns and villages. Erupting spontaneously, in some cities they lasted for 2-3 days. In many places during the unrest warehouses were looted requisitioned as well as the food cellars and hidden caches of speculators. The government were forced to deploy troops to deal with the women's riots and many of the participants and initiators were arrested. A wave of unrest and riots, including a women's revolt against food and clothing shortages, swept through the country in 1918 and weakened any remaining resolve to continue the war. [www.bg-history.info/calendar/day:9/month:3 bspbourgas.org/news-Бургаската партийна организация на 115 години-info-2191.html]

[E] 1942 - Maria Collazo (b. 1884), Uraguayan educationalist, journalist, feminist, syndicalist and anarchist activist, who was known as Abuelita del Pueblo (Grandmother of the People), dies. [see: Mar. 6]

1950 - Olga Afanasevna Varentsova [Ольга Афанасьевна Варенцова], aka 'Maria Ivanovna' [Мария Ивановна] & 'Ekaterina Nikolaevna' [Екатерина Николаевна] (b. 1862), Russian historian, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and later a Bolshevik and a Soviet party and state leader, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

1952 - Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (b. 1860), Brazilian educator, poet, writer, playwright, and libertarian and feminist activist, dies. [see: Sep. 24]

1972 - The Equal Rights Amendment, an amendment to the United States Constitution first proposed in 1923, which produced a decades-long split in the women's movement between middle class feminists (in support) and working class feminists (and the labour movement), is finally passed by the United States Senate and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It fails to get the approval of the 38 states needed by the ratification deadline of March 22, 1979, or by a second deadline of June 30, 1982, and the legislation fell. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment]

1991 - María Mañas Zubero (b. 1912), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Dec. 4] || [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/0k6fft es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_Medina_Onrubia www.estelnegre.org/documents/medinaonrubia/medinaonrubia.html hlafuente.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/salvadora.pdf poetassigloveintiuno.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/salvadora-medina-onrubia-16154-poeta-de.html www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-22012004000200011&script=sci_arttext www.taringa.net/posts/femme/1365778/Salvadora-Medina-Onrubia-anarquista.html www.arcondebuenosaires.com.ar/mural-granados.htm hemisphericinstitute.org/hemi/en/e-misferica-61/farnsworth]
 * = 23 || 1894 - Salvadora Carmen Medina Onrubia de Botana aka 'La Venus Roja' (d. 1972), Argentine poet, novelist, playwright, anarchist and feminist of Spanish-Jewish origin, born. [expand]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Eighteen trunk telephone wires, each 80 yards long, removed near Hull.

1917 - Opening-celebration of the Galerie Dada. Programme: Abstract dances (by Sophie Taeuber, verses by Ball and masks by Arp).- Frédééric Glauser: verses - Emmy Hennings: verses - Hans Heusser: compositions - Olly Jacques: prose by Mynona - H.L. Neitzel: verses by Hans Arp - Perottet: new music - Tristan Tzara: Negro verses - Claire Walter: expressionistic dances.

1953 - Chaka Khan (Yvette Marie Stevens), African-American singer-songwriter, who joined the Black Panther Party in 1969 after befriending fellow member and Chicago native Fred Hampton and worked on the Panther breakfast programme whilst still in high school. She later quit the BPP and took the name Chaka Adunne Aduffe Hodarhi Karifi, before pursuing her career in music. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan www.blackpast.org/aah/khan-chaka-1953]

1972 - Bianca Sbriccoli Pichioni aka 'Rosa Salvadè', also known as Bianca Fabbri & Bianca Fabbri-Sbriccoli (b. 1880), Italian anarchist, who married her cousin, the prominent anarchist intellectual Luigi Fabbri, dies. [see: Sep. 30]

[E] 1978 - Agafya 'Galina' Andreyevna Kusmenko (Галина Андріївна Кузьменко; b. 1892*), Ukrainian teacher, domestic servant, anarchist-communist and feminist, who was the partner of Nestor Makhno, dies. [expand] [* NB. The exact year of her birth is also cited as being 1894 and 1896] [www.makhno.ru/st/75.php de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galina_Agafja_Andrejewna_Kusmenko ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кузьменко,_Галина_Андреевна www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/en/Collective_-_The_Personal_Side_of_Nestor_Makhno.html libcom.org/library/unsolved-mystery-diary-makhnos-wife www.nestormakhno.info/english/personal/personal5.htm www.worldhistory.biz/contemporary-history/75355-the-fate-of-makhno-s-wife-and-daughter.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage biography.com/people/matilda-joslyn-gage-212143 www.matildajoslyngage.org]
 * = 24 || 1826 - Matilda Joslyn Gage (Matilda Electa Joslyn; d. 1898) US suffragist and radical feminist, Native American rights activist, abolitionist, freethinker, and prolific author, born with, as she claimed, "a hatred of oppression". Organiser of The Women’s National Liberal Union, the radical edge of the suffrage movement, which she founded in 1890 after the conservative take over of the suffrage movement, turning it into a single issue i.e. solely in favour of gaining the vote, pro-temperance and christian values, campaign. Whereas Gage and her fellow radicals wanted more profound social reform.

[E] 1912 - Augusta Farvo (d. 2003), Italian anarchist militant and propagandist, and anti-fascist, who was a member of the Bruzzi-Malatesta anarchist partisan brigade, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/farvo/farvo.html www.ecn.org/uenne/archivio/archivio2003/un23/art2794.html www.nelvento.net/testi-autonomi/augustina.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Attempt to burn down a house at Beckenham was discovered in time to prevent total destruction. Greens on the Sandwich golf links damaged.

1945 - Camilla Christine Hall aka 'Gabi' (d. 1974), US artist, social worker, and an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who took part in a number of bank robberies and the kidnap of Patty Hearst, born. She died in the May 17, 1974, shootout with the police at 1466 East 54th Street, Los Angeles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Hall en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout]

1975 - Georgette Ryner (b. 1895), French writer, poet, teacher and anarchist activist, who was also the daughter of anarchist thinker Han Ryner and companion of the individualist anarchist Louis Simon, dies. [see: Jan. 7] || [www.gloriasteinem.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem]
 * = 25 || 1934 - Gloria Marie Steinem, US journalist, writer, lecturer, political activist, and feminist organiser, who became a spokeswoman for the feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, born.

1960 - Julia Bertrand (b. 1877), French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist and free thinker, dies. Participant in the feminist periodical '//La Femme Affranchie//'. [see: Feb. 14]

[E] 1965 - Viola Fauver Gregg Liuzzo (b. 1925), a white Unitarian Universalist civil rights activist from Michigan, is murdered by Ku Klux Klan members following the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama. One of the Klansmen in the car from which the shots were fired was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Otto-Peters de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Otto-Peters]
 * = 26 || [E] 1819 - Louise Otto-Peters (d. 1895), German writer, feminist, poet, journalist, and women's rights movement activist, who is widely acknowledged as one the founder of the women's movement in Germany, born. She often wrote under the pseudonym of Otto Stern.

1877 - [O.S. Mar. 14] Russian revolutionary and narodnitsa Evgeniya Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Евгения Дмитриевна Субботина; 1853 - post 1930), is convicted of belonging to a subversive association during the Trial of the 50 (процесс 50-ти) and sentenced to 16 years of exile in Siberia. Daughter of Sophia Alexandrovna Subbotina (Софья Александровна Субботина) and sister of Maria (Мария) and Nadezhda (Надежда). In 1872 she moved to Switzerland with her sister Maria and Anna Toporkova (Анна Топоркова) and enrolled in the Faculty of Science at the University of Zurich, where she joined the Fritsche circle of young Russian female emigrants. Banned by the Russian government from studying in Zurich, she moved to Geneva and then to Paris with Maria. In August of 1874 he returned to Russia. In February 1875, participated in the elaboration of the statutes of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийской социально-революционной организации) and participated in anti-government propaganda among the workers in Moscow. Indicted in the Trial of the 193 (процесс 193-х), in which he was acquitted Member of the All-Union Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Всесоюзного общества бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев). She died some time after 1930 in Moscow. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Субботина,_Евгения_Дмитриевна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgenija_Dmitrievna_Subbotina]

1877 - [O.S. Mar. 14] Maria Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Мария Дмитриевна Субботина) is sentenced to four years of exile in Siberia for membership Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty). [see:Feb. 20]

1877 - [O.S. Mar. 14] During the 'Process of 50' (Процесс 50-ти), the mass trial of the Muscovites Circle (Кружок москвичей) of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийской социально-революционной организации), the Subbotina sisters, Evgeniya, Nadezhda and Maria, are all sentenced to exile in Siberia, as are Lydia Figner, Vera Lyubatovich, Varvara Alexandrova and Varvara Batiushkov. Sophia Bardin and Olga Lyubatovich are sentenced to 9 years hard labour, Alexandera Horzhevskaya to 5 years, Anna Toporkova to 4 years and Gesya Gelfman to 2 years. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Процесс_50-ти]

1891 - Marcelle Capy (Marcelle Marques; d. 1962), French journalist, writer, militant syndicalist, libertarian socialist, pacifist and feminist, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Capy www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article1991 www.h-france.net/rude/rudevolv/09%20Goldswain%20Feminine%20Witness%20final.pdf]

1951 - María Asunción Artigas Nilo de Moyano (d. ca. 1978), Uraguayan medical student and militant in the Resistencia Obrero Estudiantil (ROE) in Uruguay and the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional - Tupamaros (MLN-T) in Argentina, born. At 03:00 on December 30, 1977, she and her partner Alfredo 'Fredy' Moyano Santander (b. 1956), a fellow MLN-T member, were kidnapped from their home in Berazategui, Buenos Aires as part of Operation Condor. One month pregnant at the time of her abduction, Mary was detained in the clandestine centres of Pozo de Quilmes and Pozo de Banfield. She gave birth to her daughter Maria Victoria in Pozo de Banfield on August 25, 1978. Maria Victoria was immediately taken away and adopted by a military or police family. She regained her identity in 1987. However, Mary and Fredy disappeared, transferred to an unknown located most likely on October 12, 1978. [www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/a/artigasm/ militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9462]

1965 - Yekaterina Peshkova [Екатерина Пешкова] (Yekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina [Екатерина Павловна Волжина]; b. 1876), Russian proofreader, revolutionary, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров / ПСР), and Soviet public figure and human rights activist, born. [see: Aug. 7]

[EE] 1974 - The Chipko Movement: A group of 27 women and young girls of Reni Village in the state of Uttarakhand, India surround and hold on to trees in their forest to prevent them from being cut down by a lumber company given cutting rights by the government. The confrontation grows out of growing resistance to the commercial logging that is destroying the traditional forests that local people rely on for their livelihoods. On this day, knowing of the villagers’ resistance, the government has used a ruse to lure the men of the village to a distant location so they will be away when the loggers arrive. However, when loggers appear on the scene, the women of the village rush out to confront them. When it seems that logging will begin regardless, the women start hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down, calling out to the Forestry officials and lumberjacks: "Brothers! This forest is the source of our livelihood. If you destroy it, the mountain will come tumbling down onto our village... If you cut the trees down, you will have to hit us with your axes first." This act of defiance marks the beginning of the Chipko movement or chipko andolan - he tactic is originally known by the Garhwali word //angalwaltha// but becomes more widely known by the Hindi term //chipko//. After a four-day stand-off, the loggers leave. When news of the success of the tactic reaches other villages, a movement of resistance to commercial logging quickly spreads, leading to hundreds of grassroots actions. Primarily a forest conservation movement in India that began in 1973, the Chipko non-violent and increasingly ecofeminist-orientated movement went on to become a rallying point for many future environmental contrast and movements all over the world. [www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/26-march-1974-gaura-devi-led-a-group-of-women-in-the-chipko-movement www.speakingtree.in/blog/gaura-devia-forgotten-hero-of-chipko-movement-in-gharwal www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-March-26.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipko_movement] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Finch_Kelly www.vulgus.org/indfem/ffk1.htm www.sunypress.edu/pdf/63325.pdf uncletaz.com/liberty/feminism.html]
 * = 27 || 1858 - Florence Finch Kelly (d. 1939), American journalist, author of novels and short stories, anarchist, feminist and suffragist, born. Finch contributed many articles to the 'Boston Globe' and the anarchist periodical 'Liberty', and worked on the staff of 'The New York Times' as a book reviewer from 1906 to the mid 1930s. In addition to seven novels and numerous short stories and magazine articles on literary, artistic, and economic subjects. She also produced a free-love novel titled '//Frances: A Story for Men and Women//' (1889) and "an avowedly anarchist novel" '//On the Inside//' (1890) - though she later played down her anarchism in her autobiography '//Flowing Stream: The Story of Fifty-six Years in American Newspaper Life//' (1939).

[E] 1945 - Annie Mae Aquash (Naguset Eask; d. 1975), Mi'kmaq First Nations activist, who participated in the AIM occupation of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in 1973, born. She was kidnapped, raped and murdered some time in December 1975, allegedly on the orders of AIM leader because of suspicions that she was a police spy who was implicated in the conviction of Leonard Peltier for the alleged murder of two FBI agents. AIM members Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham were later convicted in seperate trials of her murder. Both continue to deny involvement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Mae_Aquash]

1997 - Ella Maillart (b. 1903), French-speaking Swiss adventurer, ethnologist, travel writer, war reporter and photographer, dies. [see: Feb. 20] || en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencha_Karnicheva bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Менча_Кърничева]
 * = 28 || 1896 - [O.S. Mar. 16] Melpomena Dimitrova Karnicheva [Мелпомена Димитрова Кърничева (bg) / Мелпомена Димитрова Крничева (mk)], popularly known as Mencha Karnichiu [Менча Кърничиу] or Carmen [Кармен](March 28 [16] 1896 - September 5 1964), Bulgarian revolutionary of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешната македонска революционна организация), born. Initially a member of the group around left-wing IMRO activist Todor Panitsa (Тодор Паница), she grew disillusioned with this links with the Comintern and joined the right-wing of the IMRO, ultimately assassinating Panitsa after the latter's killing of Boris Sarafov (Борис Сарафов) and Ivan Garvanov (Иван Гарванов). She later married the rightist IMRO leader and Axis collaborator Ivan (Vanche) Mihailov Gavrilov [Иван (Ванче) Михайлов Гаврилов].

1906 - Ines Lida Scarselli (d. 1985), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2803.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Olive Hocken appears before magistrates, charged with an arson attack on Roehampton Golf Club's Pavilion, Kew Garden's Orchid House, the cutting of telegraph and telephone wires and the destruction of letters. Her notoriety even reaching as far as the United States, with the 'Boston Herald' carrying a report of her trial and claiming her home in Kensington was a "depot where people foregathered, armed and prepared for any particular marauding outrage on hand". [www.historytoday.com/fern-riddell/weaker-sex-violence-and-suffragette-movement]

[E] 1915 - Anarchist Emma Goldman is arrested after trying to explain to an audience of 600 people at the Sunrise Club in New York the use of contraceptive methods for the first time the history of the United States. After a stormy trial, she was sentenced to spend 15 days working in prison workshops or pay a fine of $100, Goldman chose jail to the applause of the audience. A '//Little Review//' reporter said: "Emma Goldman was sent to prison to hold that women need not always keep their mouths shut and their wombs open!" She was later considered by the FBI director Edgar Hoover to be, "the most dangerous woman in America", ordering her expulsion from the country. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2803.html]

1915 - Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl who led 6000 men during the Guerra do Contestado (Contestado War), a guerrilla war fought for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces, which lasted from October 1912 to August 1916, following the death of the rebels' leader, the 'holy monk' José Maria de Santo Agostinho (real name Miguel Boaventura Lucena, allegedly an army deserter wanted for rape),on October 22, 1912, herself falls in battle on the banks of the Rio Caçador, near the village of Reinchardt. [see: Feb. 8] [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rosa_(Contestado) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestado_War www.passeiweb.com/estudos/livros/chica_pelega_a_guerreira_de_taquarucu]

1947 - Annamaria Ludmann aka 'Cecilia' (b. 1947), Italain secretary, tobacco shop manager and 'irregular' in the Brigate Rosse, is killed during a police raid on her flat in Genoa, which was being used as a BR 'safehouse' and arms cache. [see: Sep. 9]

1953 - Valentine de Saint-Point (Anna Jeanne Valentine Marianne Glans de Cessiat-Vercell; b. 1875), French artist, writer, poet, painter, playwright, art critic, choreographer, lecturer, journalist, feminist and futurist, who repudiated Marinetti's views on women, dies. [see: Feb. 16] || [www.history.com/this-day-in-history/writer-mary-wollstonecraft-marries-william-godwin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin]
 * = 29 || [E] 1797 - A pregnant Mary Wollstonecraft, one of the earliest and most eloquent proponents of women’s rights, marries William Godwin, the most famous radical reformer of his time. She dies in the autumn, eleven days after the birth of her daughter, Mary. Her daughter Mary goes on to marry the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (author of 'The Mask of Anarchy') and writes the novel 'Frankenstein'.

1893 - [O.S. Mar. 17] Maria Vartanovna Petrosova [Мария Вартановна Петросова] or Mariya Vasilyevna Potresova [Мария Васильевна Потресова] (d. unknown), Russian member of the revolutionary movement since tsarist times, born. During the 1917 Civil War, she was an active participant in the Saratov Anarchist-Communists group (Саратовской группы анархистов-коммунистов) and at the end of 1920, together with her partner V.V. Barmashov (В.В. Бармашем), she was involved in clandestine activities of the Moscow Platform (Платформы) group of supporters of the position of Peter Arshinov and Nestor Makhno. In the mid-1930s, she was also a member of the anarchist group Aron Davidovich Baron [Аро́н Дави́дович Ба́рон] in Orel. She was arrested by the Soviet authorities on numerous occasions and spent long periods in the labour camp. The last official record of her is in 1957. It is not known where or when she died. [www.makhno.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=1464&page=19]

1940 - Tosca Tantini (b. 1913), Italian ice cream maker, anarchist and miliciana, who fought in the Columna Ascaso, dies in France. [see: Nov. 16]

1976 - Susana Gaggero (Emilia Susana Gaggero Pérez de Pujals; b. 1943), Argentine psychologist, who was active in the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores – Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Revolutionary Workers Party - People 's Revolutionary Army), is killed during a shootout with the police when a clandestine meeting of the Central Committee of the ERP is discovered. [see: Mar. 9]

2012 - Laura Gómez, secretary of the CGT-Barcelona, burns a cardboard box filled with false trading tickets in front of the Barcelona Stock Exchange, a symbolic action organised as part of the 29-M general strike protests in Spain against the government's plans to reform labour law. She ends up in prison on April 25, charged with arson and fire damage to the Stock Exchange. After 24 days on remand and a court hearing, she was released on bail and had to wait until October 2015 until her trail (along side Eva Sánchez, ex-general secretary of CGT-Barcelona), when they faced calls from the prosecution for a two and half years sentence. Following a plea bargin, they received suspended sentences of nine months for damages and 4 and a half months for disorderly conduct. [www.anarkismo.net/article/22628 www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/29/spanish-general-strike-begins www.theguardian.com/business/2012/mar/29/spain-general-strike-rebellion-austerity www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/europe/spain-hobbled-by-general-strike.html?_r=1 www.diagonalperiodico.net/libertades/27868-la-movilizacion-del-anarcosindicalismo-barcelona-durante-29-m-fue-espectacular.html ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/04/24/catalunya/1335269606_421411.html www.20minutos.es/noticia/1453821/0/libertad-fianza/sindicalista-cgt/disturbios-29m-huelga-barcelona/ www.eldiario.es/catalunya/trabajo/sindicalistas-acusadas-desordenes-entraran-prision_0_438506553.html www.eldiario.es/catalunya/trabajo/estudiantes-Isma-Dani-absueltos-desorden_0_406310072.html cgtbarcelona.org/cgtvallesoriental/?p=4317 cgtbarcelona.org/cgtvallesoriental/?p=6711 www.cgtcatalunya.cat/spip.php?article11493 www.izquierdadiario.es/Laura-y-Eva-condenadas-a-dos-anos-y-seis-meses-de-prision-por-la-huelga-del-29M?id_rubrique=2653 cgtagegirona.info/laura-y-eva-libertad-cgt-barcelona/] || She separated from Robins in the mid 1920s following his rejection of anarchism for the communism of the new Soviet Union, marrying Harry Lang, a long-time acquaintance and labour editor of the '//Jewish Daily Forward//'. In the 1930s, she developed an interest in Zionism and helped raise in 1939 funds for the Kfar Blum cooperative (later a kibbutz) in Palestine for German and Austrian refugees. However, she continued her largely unsung political activities, helping keep public attention focused on the legal battles of anarchists and labour activists. Lucy Fox Robins Lang died on January 25, 1962, in Los Angeles, having made significant contributions to American political and labour history, despite her refusal to ever be a paid employee of any political or labour organisation. [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lang-lucy-fox-robins en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_Day_Bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing]
 * = 30 || 1884 - Lucy Fox Robins Lang (d. 1962), US anarchist and labour activist, born in Kiev. During her childhood, Lang worked in a cigar factory and tended her younger siblings while taking courses at the Hull House settlement. A committed anarchist by age fifteen, she participated actively in the labour and free speech movements of early twentieth-century America whilst working as a printer, waitress, vegetarian restaurant owner, and real estate broker to support her many political activities. In 1904, she contracted a completely egalitarian marriage with anarchist Bob Robins, stipulating that love alone should govern a marriage, and insisted that they sign a legal document limiting the union to five years, allowing her to continue her political activities, requiring the sharing of all household tasks, and stipulating that there would be no children. The couple did separate as specified by their contract, but soon reunited and remained married for twenty years. When the couple moved to New York, Lang met Emma Goldman and began arranging speaking tours, bail money, and publicity for the famed activist. For ten years, Lang and Robins travelled in a mobile home Lang designed, organizing activists around the country. She also played an important role in two notorious attempts at framing labour leaders: the '//Los Angeles Times//' bombing in 1911, for which James and John McNamara were charged, and that of Tom Mooney, a California AFL leader falsely accused of bombing a 1916 parade held to support military preparations for WWI. In both cases her efforts gained the court cases countrywide attention. In 1918, Lang began working with labour leader Samuel Gompers of the AFL, becoming his confidante and one of the few women to speak at the AFL annual convention. In 1919 she became executive secretary and organiser of the Central Labor Bodies Conference for the Release of Political Prisoners and of the Repeal of War-Time Laws. The latter group spearheaded a national labour campaign to obtain amnesty for thousands of WWI political prisoners, including conscientious objectors, court-martialed soldiers, and those, such as socialist Eugene Debs, jailed for speaking out against the war. Her book '//War Shadows//' (1922) documents the successful amnesty campaign.

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: With the company having given in to workers' demands, the children who had been living in foster homes in New York City are brought home. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1955 - Eleanor 'Fitzi' Fitzgerald (Mary Eleanor Fitzgerald; b. 1877), US anarchist, magazine editor, director, business manager and executive director of the experimental theatre company, the Provincetown Players, dies of cancer. [see: Mar. 16]

1985 - Yaeko Nogami (野上 弥生子) (Yae Kotegawa [野上 ヤヱ]; b. 1885); Japanese novelist and feminist of the Shōwa period, who wrote for the anarchist-influenced feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Blue Stocking), and gained a substantial following with fans of the proletarian literature movement, dies. [see: May 6] || A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Росси́йская социа́л-демократи́ческая рабо́чая па́ртия), first as Menshevik and then, from 1915 on, as a Bolshevik. She witnessed Bloody Sunday in 1905 and went into exile, to Germany, in 1908 after publishing '//Finland and Socialism//' (Финляндия и социализм), which called on the Finnish people to rise up against oppression within the Russian Empire. She visited England, France, and Germany, and became acquainted with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. After the October Revolution she was appointed her Commissar for Social Welfare and with Inessa Armand, Sophia Smidovich and Nadezhda Krupskaya, was one of the few women to play a prominent role in the male-dominated Bolshevik administration. Kollontai remain a staunch feminist and with Armand and Smidovich helped form the Zhenotdel (Женотдел), the Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Working Women in 1919. Member of the left-wing Workers' Opposition faction of the party (1920-21). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Коллонтай,_Александра_Михайловна libcom.org/history/kollontai-alexandra-1872-1952 spartacus-educational.com/RUSkollontai.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenotdel www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/ rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/cathy-porter-alexandra-kollontai-a-biography-19801.pdf libcom.org/library/women-fighters-days-great-october-revolution- alexandra-kollontai libcom.org/library/hisory-movement-women-workers-russia-alexandra-kollontai libcom.org/library/workers-opposition-alexandra-kollontai]
 * = 31 || [E] 1872 - [O.S. Mar. 19] Alexandra Kollontai [Алекса́ндра Коллонта́й] (Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich [Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Домонто́вич]; d. 1952), Ukrainian-Russian Communist revolutionary, writer, novelist, feminist, Soviet commisar and diplomat, born. Alexandra was not allowed to go to school as her parents were worried that she would meet "undesirable elements". Tutored at home, her teacher M.I. Strakhov (М.И. Страхова), who sympathised with Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), was a strong influenced upon her.

1894 - Laura Meneses de Albizú Campos (Laura Meneses del Carpio; d. 1973), Puerto Rican revolutionary, social and political activist, who campaigned for Puerto Rican independence and for the release of political prisoners in the United States and Puerto Rico, born. She was the first Latin American woman to study at Harvard University's Radcliffe College, where she met her husband Pedro Albizú Campos, later president of the Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico. Albizú Campos' resulted in their family being persecuted and, on June 7, 1937, he and seven fellow nationalists were imprisoned. Laura Meneses launched an international campaign for their freedom and after his release ten years later, she found she could not enter Puerto Rica and the family move to Cuba, only to be ejected after the Batista coup. Now in Mexico City, she became involved in the Cuban revolutionary struggle and, with the defeat of Batista, she move back to the island, joining the country's diplomatic service. [www.preb.com/apuntes4/lauram1.htm]

1898 - Eleanor Marx aka 'Tussy' (Jenny Julia Eleanor Marx; b. 1855), English socialist activist and member of Socialist League in Britain, who was Karl Marx’s youngest daughter, depressed at having discovered that her ailing husband Edward Aveling had secretly married a young actress, commits suicide. [see: Jan. 16]

1936 - Marge Piercy, American poet, novelist, and social activist, born. Author of '//Woman on the Edge of Time//'.

1945 - Maria Skobtsova [Мария Скобцова] (Elizaveta Yurievna Pilenko [Елизавета Юрьевна Пиленко]; b. 1891), Russian noblewoman, revolutionary, poet, nun, and member of the French Résistance during World War II, is executed in one of Ravensbrück concentration camp's gas chambers, a week before the camp was liberated by the Red Army. [see: Dec. 20]

2000 - Gisèle Freund (Gisela Freund; b. 1908), German-born French photographer and photojournalist, socialist and anti-fascist, best known for her documentary photography and portraits of writers and artists and her book '//Photographie et Société//' (1974), about the uses and abuses of the photographic medium in the age of technological reproduction, dies. [see: Nov. 19]

2014 - Irene Fernandez (b. 1946), Malaysian human rights activist and the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organisation Tenaganita, which promotes the rights of migrant workers and refugees in Malaysia, dies of heart failure. [see: Apr. 18] ||


 * = APRIL ||
 * = 1 || 1883 - Louise Michel is incarcerated in Saint-Lazare prison.

[E] 1916 - Julia Hermosilla Sagredo (d. 2009), Basque anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana and member of the anti-Franco resistance movement, born. [expand] [* some sources give March 30 as the date] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/juliahermosilla/juliahermosilla.html libcom.org/history/hermosilla-sagredo-julia-1916-2009 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/julia-hermosilla-el-10-de-enero-de-2009.html]

1922 - Mimmi Kanervo (Tuticorin Grönlund; b. 1870), Finnish servant, trades unionist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP and lecturer, who cooperated with the communists later in her political life, dies. [see: May 26]

1940 - Wangari Muta Maathai (d. 2011), Kenyan environmental and political activist, who founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organisation focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights in 1977, born. In 2004, she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for "her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/biography]

2010 - Izabela Horodecka (b. 1908), Polish nurse, canoeist, AK soldier and participant in the Warsaw Uprising, dies. [see: May 1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bread_riots civilwardailygazette.com/the-richmond-womens-bread-riot/ www.timesdispatch.com/special-section/the-civil-war/civil-war-th-richmond-bread-riots-were-biggest-civil-uprising/article_faa79410-99a9-11e2-a04a-001a4bcf6878.html]
 * = 2 || [E] 1863 - Richmond Women's Bread Riot: Thousands of starving women storm from Capitol Square to Cary Street and the 17th Street market, smashing in shop fronts and liberating food in the Southern States' largest civil disturbance during the Civil War. "We celebrate our right to live. We are starving. As soon as enough of us get together we are going to the bakeries and each of us will take a loaf of bread. That is little enough for the government to give us after it has taken all our men."

1894 - Jeanne Deroin (Jeanne-Françoise Deroin; b. 1805), French embroiderer, schoolteacher, journalist and socialist feminist, who during the 1848 Revolution was the first woman in France to run for national office, dies. William Morris, the founder of the Socialist League, which Deroin had joined during her self-imposed exile in England, delivered the oration at her funeral. [see: Dec. 31]

1895 - Marietta 'Maria' Bibbi (d. 1993), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, who life and militancy was closely linked to that of her brother Gino Bibbi, who affectionately called her Zingrina, born. [* some sources give the date as August 2, 1895] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0204.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/ginobibbi/ginobibbi.html]

1948 - Magdalena Cäcilia Kopp (d. 2015), German photographer, member of the Frankfurt Revolutionären Zellen (Revolutionary Cells) and partner of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez aka 'Carlos the Jackal', born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Kopp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Kopp www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/revolutionary-cells/]

[EE] 1950 - Safiyah Bukhari (d. 2003), African-American community activist and former political prisoner, who was a founding member of the Jericho Amnesty Movement, born. In November 1969, she joined the Black Panther Party after she had witnessed an NYPD officer harassing a Black Panther for selling the organisation’s newspaper on a Harlem street corner. The young pre-med student felt compelled to intervene in defence of the Panther’s First Amendment right; she ended up handcuffed and thrown into the back of a police car. Shortly after joining Safiyah helped form the National Committee to Defend Political Prisoners in support of the Panther 21 defendants and other COINTELPRO victims. The following year Safiya joined the Black Liberation Army. In 1974, she was subpoenaed to testify before a grand jury in a case against the BLA. Safiyah refused to testify and went underground. On January 17, 1975, she was captured, convicted and sentenced to 40 years. On December 31, 1976 Safiyah escaped from the Virginia Correctional Center for Women. She was re-captured on February 21, 1977 and returned to prison. On August 22 1983, Safiyah made parole. She went on to work on the cases of political prisoners, including the New York 3 and Mumia Abu-Jamal. She is the author of the posthumously published 'The War Before: The True Story of Becoming a Black Panther, Keeping the Faith in Prison & Fighting for Those Left Behind' (2010) [dissidentvoice.org/2010/02/remembering-safiya-bukhari/ uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/10-return-of-the-sun/ whgbetc.com/mind/bpp-safiya-bio.html www.revcom.us/a/1224/safiya.htm www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/014.html www.itsabouttimebpp.com/our_stories/Chapter4/pdf/WW_Interviews_Safiya_Bukhari.pdf monthlyreview.org/2010/02/01/an-untold-chapter-in-black-history/]

1958 - Mary Barbour (Mary Rough; b. 1875), Scottish political activist, community leader and social policy pioneer, who played an outstanding part in the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915, dies. [see: Feb. 20] ||
 * = 3 || 1881 - [N.S. Apr. 15] Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (Russian: Со́фья Льво́вна Перо́вская; b. 1853), Russian revolutionary and prominent member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who helped to organise the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging, born. [see: Sep. 13]

1887 - [N.S. Apr. 15] Maria Feodorovna Nagovitsyna (Мария Фёдоровна Наговицына; d. 1966), Russian revolutionary and member of the RSDLP, born. [see: Apr. 15]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Four houses and the Free Church at Hampstead Garden Suburb are set on fire. Thirteen pictures in the Manchester Art Gallery smashed with hammers. An empty train near Stockford, in Cheshire, is partly wrecked by explosives.

1914 - Suzanne Hans (d. 1936), French anarchist and miliciana, who fought and died alongside her partner Louis Recoule in the Centúria Sébastian Faure of the Columna Durruti, born. Both her parents Suzanne Camus and Henri Hans and one of her grandmothers were active anarchists, and she and Louis met as members of the Union Anarchiste group in Paris' 13è Arrondissement. They had two daughters, born in 1935 and 1936, both of whom died as infants of meningitis and whooping cough respectively. When the couple learned of the fascist uprising in Spain, they both left in September 1936 to join the International Group of the Durruti Column - Suzanne joining up under the surname of Louis' mother. Both are thought to have died along with comrades such as Émile Cottin and Pietro Ranieri during the fascist offensive at Farlete on October 8, 1936 [though it is possible that Louis in fact died at Perdiguera eight days later]. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0304.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2611 gimenologues.org/spip.php?article382]

1927 - Leonora O’Reilly (b. 1870), US feminist, suffragist, and trade union organiser, dies. [see: Feb. 16]

[B] 1968 - Nina Paley, American cartoonist, animator, libertarian and free culture activist, born.

[E] 1970 - Luisa Amanda Espinoza (b. 1949), a member of the Nicaraguan Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional becomes the first female Sandanista to be killed in battle against the Somoza regime after she is betrayed by an informant. [see: Aug. 19]

[D] 1974 - Patty Hearst announces in a taped message to a Berkeley radio station that she has joined her kidnappers, the Symbionese Liberation Army.

1975 - Angela Bambace (b. 1898), Italian-American garment worker, feminist, anti-fascist, anarchist, communist, and labour organiser for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union for over fifty years, dies of cancer. [see: Feb. 14]

2008 - Ester Soriano(-Hewitt) (b. 1946), Filipino-American civil rights activist and skilled mediator, whose partner was Raymond 'Masai' Hewitt, the Black Panthers' Minister of Education and a member of the Central Committee, dies from complications following surgery for liver cancer. [see: Apr. 6]

2011 - Marian Pankowski (b. 1919), Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator, and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

2013 - FEMEN activists burn the Salafist flag in front of the Great Mosque of Paris as part of a solidarity protest with Amina Tyler. [www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/04/femen-stages-a-topless-jihad/100487/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Désirée_Gay fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Désirée_Gay fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Femme_libre_(brochure)]
 * = 4 || [E] 1810 - Désirée Gay (Jeanne Désirée Véret; d. ca. 1891), French seamstress, feminist and utopian socialist, born. A follower of the utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, in 1832 she and Marie-Reine Guindorff founded '//La Femme Libre//' [it later went through a number of name changes - '//La Femme nouvelle//', '//L'Apostolat des femmes//' and '//La Tribune des femmes//'], the first French feminist newspaper produced and published only by women, in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites. She would go on to act as an intermediary between the Owenites, the Saint-Simonites and Charles Fourier, as weel as play a prominent role after the February Revolution of 1848 and would eventually Desirée become president of the International Workingmen's Association's women's section in 1866.

1872 - Mary Dennett (Mary Coffin Ware; d. 1947), US artist, interior designer, women's rights activist, pacifist, and pioneer in the areas of birth control, sex education, and women's suffrage, whose 1929 landmark court case helped redefine the legal definition of obscenity, born. In 1904, her divorce proceedings attracted a certain notority, not last because of its rarity, but because she divorced her husband Hartley Dennett, keeping custody of her children, when he formed a ménage à trois with a couple whose house they were working on. Active in the National American Women's Suffrage Association in the early 1910s, she eventually became disillusioned with the organisation and resigned from her position to focus her energies elsewhere. In 1913 she co-founded the Twilight Sleep Association, which advocated the use of scopolamine and morphine to allow women to have painless childbirth and, when war broke out in 1914, she join the anti-war movement Women's Peace Party. In 1915 she co-founded the National Birth Control League and the same year Dennett wrote a sex education pamphlet for her children, later published in 1918 as '//The Sex Side of Life: An Explanation for Young People//' in the '//Medical Review of Reviews//', and a year later as an educational pamphlet. In 1918 she became a member of the organising committee of the People’s Council for Democracy and Peace and, around the same time, joined the Heterodoxy Club, a Bohemian feminist debating group in Greenwich Village. The following year she co-founded the Voluntary Parenthood League and decided to focus her efforts on a "straight repeal" of the birth control provisions of the Comstock Laws, which prevented the distribution of material on contraception and planned parenthood though the US Mail. In 1928, she was indicted under the law for distributing the '//The Sex Side of Life//' pamphlet. Convicted and fined $300, she appealed and the conviction was set aside six months later. Her conviction was eventually overturned in 1930, and planned parenthood materials would go on to be freely distributable via the post. Mary Dennett died of myocarditis in New York on July 25, 1947. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dennett www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library/inside-the-collections/mary-ware-dennett]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: An attempt is made to blow up the railway station at Oxted, in Surrey. Suffragettes failed in their efforts to wreck a stationary train at Stockport. Unoccupied mansion near Chorleywood in Hertfordshire, valued at £2,500, burned down.

1914 - [O.S. Mar. 22] Yelena Grigórievna Mazanik (Елена Григорьевна Мазаник; d. 1996), Belarusian member of the anti-fascist underground, who planted the timebomb in the matress of Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, SS Gauleiter for Weissruthenien (Belarus), that killed him on September 22, 1943, in his apartment in occupied Minsk, born. Yelena and the two other women involved in the operation, Maria Osipova and Nadezhda Troyan, were honoured with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мазаник,_Елена_Григорьевна www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1001 ww2.debello.ca/underground/ussr/bomb.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kube]

1969 - Diana Blefari Melazzi (d. 2009), Italian member of the Nuove Brigate Rosse, who was arrested on December 22, 2003 in Santa Marinella and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of labour lawyer and jurist Marco Biagi, born. Sentenced to first and second degree imprisonment (primo e secondo grado all'ergastolo) on Dec. 7, 2007, the judgment was set aside due to her poor mental health (she was said to be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, paranoia and panic attacks). A new trail was held and on October 27, 2009 she was again sentenced to life imprisonment. On the evening of October 31, shortly after being informed of the decision, Blefari hung herself with a bedsheet in her cell in Rebibbia prison. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Blefari_Melazzi]

1975 - Zhang Zhixin (張志新; d. 1975), Chinese dissident during the Cultural Revolution, who took on the Gang of Four, publicly criticising them and the deification of Mao Zedong, for which she was imprisoned for six years (1969 - 1975) and tortured, is executed, having her throat cut before being shot. [see: Dec. 5] || [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html twonerdyhistorygirls.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/wild-women-suffragists-commit-arson-for.html#sthash.b97Z8yrh.dpuf]
 * = 5 || [E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: In the early hours of the morning militant suffragettes set fire to a private grandstand at Ayr racecourse, destroying other buildings including the stables. Copies of '//Votes for Women//' and the '//Suffragette//' are found in the debris. The fire is estimated to have caused £3,000 damage. Elsewhere, an attempt to destroy the grandstand at Kelso racecourse is discovered.

1922 - The American Birth Control League, founded by Margaret Sanger at the First American Birth Control Conference in New York City. and forerunner of Planned Parenthood, is incorporated in New York. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League]

1992 - Peace protesters Suada Dilberovic, a Bosniak medical student, and Olga Sučić, a Croat, are shot and killed on the Vrbanja Bridge in Sarajevo by Serb snipers, becoming the first casualties of the Bosnian War. The bridge was later renamed the Suada and Olga bridge in their honour. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suada_Dilberović en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Sučić] || Anna was arrested for the first time in 1935 and then again on October 1, 1937. She was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment on April 12, 1938, which she served in Waldheim jail. She was then imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, where her daughter Irma was also being held. They both managed to escape from there when the Nazis began the death march of prisoners from there in April 1945. Anna Götze died on July 18, 1958. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Götze www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/goetze/ digitalresist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rebellische-orte-sigismundstr6-anna_19.html libcom.org/history/götze-anna-1875-1958 libcom.org/history/götze-ferdinand-nante-1907-1985]
 * = 6 || 1875 - Anna Götze (d. 1958), German bookbinder, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. Initially a member of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, at the end of WWI she joined the newly formed Spartakusbund. Following the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and the absorption of the Sparticists into the SPD, she joined the anarcho-syndicalist Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany) she joined the FAUD and was active in various cooperative projects, women's federations, free schools and free children's groups. Of the three children that she had with her fellow anarcho-syndicalist Karl Brauner, Irma and Ferdinand aka 'Nante', also FAUD members, were active along side her. Her third child, Waldemar, joined the KPD. The resulting intrafamilial disputes gave way only after the Nazis' seizure of power and all the family becoming active in the anti-fascist underground together. On May 9, 1933, the FAUD offices in Berlin-Friedrichshain were raided by the Gestapo and FAUD was forced to set up underground networks. The Götze's apartment in Leipzig quickly became one of the important meeting places for the anarcho-syndicalist resistance.

[B] 1902 - Margaret Michaelis (Michaelis-Sachs) (born Margarethe Gross; d. 1985), Austrian, and then Australian, photographer and anarchist, born in Dzieditz, near Krakow, to a liberal Jewsih family. She studied photography at the Graphische Lehr-und Versuchsanstalt (Institute of Graphic Arts and Research) in Vienna from 1918-1921. 'Margaret Michaelis : fotografía, vanguardia y política en la Barcelona de la República, dossier de prensa de 19 de enero al 7 de marzo de 1999'. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/michaelis/michaelis.html libcom.org/history/michaelis-margaret-born-margaret-gross www.afed.org.uk/org/issue69/margaret_michaelis_photographer.html viejas-fotos.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/margaret-michaelis-sachs-la-fotografa.html viejas-fotos.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/margaret-michaelis-sachs-la-fotografa_11.html viejas-fotos.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/margaret-michaelis-sachs-la-fotografa_27.html latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-saggio-felip-equy-margaret-michaelis-una-fotografa-anarchica-32113787.html backdoorbroadcasting.net/2014/12/helen-graham-stories-to-get-by-margaret-and-rudolf-michaelis/ adb.anu.edu.au/biography/michaelis-margarethe-14956 nga.gov.au/Michaelis/ cs.nga.gov.au/Search.cfm?CREIRN=20160&ORDER_SELECT=1&VIEW_SELECT=4]

[C] 1906 - Virginia Hall (d. 1982), American spy with the British Special Operations Executive during WWII and who worked as a radio operator and network manager, supporting the French Résistance in the Lyon and Haute-Loire regions, born. She was known by many aliases, including Marie Monin, Philomène, Brigitte Lecontre, Germaine, La dame qui boite, Diane, Marie de Lyon, Anna Müller, Camille, and Nicolas, as well as the codenames that the Germans gave her, including Artemis and The Limping Lady. Even her wooden leg had a codename, Cuthbert. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall spartacus-educational.com/SOEhall.htm www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/ womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?p=2215]

1920 - Serafim Ivanovna Deryabin (Серафима Ивановна Дерябина; [June 19] 1888), Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik, who escaped from the notorious White Army 'train of death', dies of tuberculosis. [see: Jul. 1]

1946 - Ester Soriano(-Hewitt) (d. 2008), Filipino-American civil rights activist and skilled mediator, whose partner was Raymond 'Masai' Hewitt, the Black Panthers' Minister of Education and a member of the Central Committee, born. One of the founders of the National Committee for the Restoration of Civil Liberties in the Philippines, she also served as the jury foreperson in the civil damages trial of Rodney King. [www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/04/21/18494224.php articles.latimes.com/keyword/raymond-masai-hewitt]

[E] 1983 - Ana María, nom de guerre of Mélida Anaya Montes (b. 1929), El Salvadorean professor, co-founder of the FLP, and second in command of the FMLN, is assassinated – stabbed eighty six times with an ice pick (to make it look like a right wing death squad had carried it out) – by members of a faction in the FMLN around Rogelio Bazzaglia following deep idelogical divisions breaking out in the organisation. [see: May 17] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0106.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristan es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Tristán www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/tristan.htm www.womeninworldhistory.com/imow-Tristan.pdf mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Flora_Tristan.htm]
 * = 7 || 1803 - Flora Tristán (Flora Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso (d. 1844), Franco-Spanish woman of letters, militant socialist and early feminist theorist, born.

1872 - Dr. Marie Diana Equi (d. 1952), American medical doctor, lesbian anarchist, labour organiser and anti-militarist, born. Found guilty of sedition during WWI (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Equi oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/equi_marie_1872_1952_/ www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_103.html theproviderproject.org/2012/10/17/marieequi/ www.glapn.org/6332equi.html www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/55pxm4zh9780252037641.html]

1879 - Begum Hazrat Mahal [بیگم حضرت محل‎] (Muhammadi Khanum; b. ca. 1820), the Begum of Awadh and first wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah (ruler of the state of Oudh or Awadh), she led a rebellion against the British East India Company during the First War of Independence (1857-58), dies in exile in Nepal. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Abortive attempt was made to burn down the Dundee Tennis Club's pavilion and an attempt to fire stands on Cardiff racecourse is discovered. Flower beds in Armstrong Park, Newcastle, destroyed. Letters and windows were damaged in Glasgow. A large unoccupied mansion in Norwich was entirely destroyed by fire. A fire breaks out in another house in Hampstead Garden Suburb. In the ruins of Dudley Castle the Suffragettes charge one of the ancient cannons and cause a shattering explosion.

[CCC] 1926 - The Hon. Violet Albina Gibson (1876-1956), the daughter of Lord Ashbourne, attempts to assassinate Benito Mussolini in Rome as he leaves a meeting of the International Congress of Surgeons after having delivered a speech on the wonders of modern medicine. Gibson shot at Mussolini three times, twice hitting him in the nose, and was almost lynched on the spot by an angry mob. Rescued by the police, who took her off for questioning, she was later deported after being released without charge. Mussolini was only slightly wounded and, after his nose was bandaged, he continued his parade. Violet Gibson spent the rest of her life in a mental asylum. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Gibson forgottennewsmakers.com/2010/05/17/violet-gibson-1876-%E2%80%93-1954-shot-mussolini/]

[E] 1930 - Vilma Espín (Vilma Lucila Espín Guillois; d. 2007), Cuban revolutionary, feminist, and chemical engineer, who was the partner of Raúl Castro, born. She was involved in the students struggles of the early 1950s, including the student demonstrations following the coup of March 10, 1952, as a member of the Federación Estudiantil Universitaria Oriental, going on to become a ember of the Acción Nacional Revolucionaria and later of the Movimiento 26 de Julio. During the Guerra de Liberación, she became the Provincial Coordinator of the clandestine organisation in the Oriente province on July 20, 1957, She later joined the armed rebels in the Sierra Maestra, where she met Raúl Castro and fought beside him under the nom de guerre Deborah in a second front in the Sierra Cristal. Following the defeat of Batista, Vilma Espin was in charge of reorganising the various Cuban women's organisations, going on to be head of the Federación de Mujeres Cubanas from its foundation in 1960 until her death. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_Espín es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_Espín www.ecured.cu/Vilma_Espín_Guillois]

1996 - Yelena Grigórievna Mazanik (Елена Григорьевна Мазаник; b. 1914), Belarusian member of the anti-fascist underground, who planted the timebomb in the matress of Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, SS Gauleiter for Weissruthenien (Belarus), that killed him on September 22, 1943, in his apartment in occupied Minsk, dies. [see: Apr. 4]

2013 - Maria Àngels Rodríguez García aka 'La Rodri' (b. 1953), Spanish historian of the libertarian movement and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Feb. 11] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лябурб,_Жанна fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Labourbe www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article2951]
 * = 8 || 1877 - Jeanne Marie Labourbe (Жанна Мари Лябурб; d. 1919), French teacher and communist militant, who actively participated in the October Revolution and helped organise the 1919 mutiny of the French Black Sea fleet, for which she was shot by French counterintelligence, born. She went to Russia in 1896 in search of work, was a teacher in the city of Tomashov, and joined the revolutionary movement in 1903. In 1918 she worked in the Central Federation of Foreign Groups of the Central Committee of the RCP (Bolshevik), was secretary of the French Communist Group, and helped found the Third International Club, whose members conducted revolutionary work among foreign soldiers and sailors. A leader of the Foreign Collegium of the Odessa underground committee of the Ukrainian CP (Bolshevik) in February 1919, Labourb, she conducted agitation among French soldiers and sailors, helping organise the Black Sea fleet mutiny. She was shot by the French counterintelligence service (Deuxième Bureau) together with other members of the Foreign Collegium on the night of March 1-2, 1919.

1909 - The US Court in Buffalo invalidates the citizenship of Jacob A. Kersner, Emma Goldman's legal husband, threatening Goldman's claim to US citizenship. She is forced to cancel her trip to Australia.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: "Release Mrs. Pankhurst" is cut in the turf at Duthie Park, Aberdeen. The word 'release' is twelve feet long.

[EE] 1915 - Irma Bandiera aka 'Mimma' (d. 1944), Italian anti-fascist partisan courier and fighter in the VII Brigade 'Gianni Garibaldi' of GAP in Bologna, born. Captured by the fascists at the end of a firefight, as she prepared to return home after transporting weapons to the group's Castelmaggiore base. Irma was found with incriminating documents on her, and for six days the fascists the tortured her, trying to make her give up the names of her comrades. She remained silent and, as a last resort, they took her to the home of her parents in Meloncello di Bologna where she had spent her childhood and gave her an ultimatum: "Speak or you will never see them again." She refused. They tortured her again, even blinding her, and eventually shot her, dumping her body in the street outside her parent's house. In her honour, a partisan group in Bologna was named the Prima Brigata Garibaldi 'Irma Bandiera' in the summer of 1944. She was also awarded the Medaglia d'oro al valor militare posthumously. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Bandiera certosa.cineca.it/2/partigiano.php?ID=478043&img=0 certosa.cineca.it/2/formazioni.php?ID=5&TBL=FORMAZIONI web.tiscali.it/gpp.bo/index_22_12_file/SCHEDE/IRMA_BANDIERA.html]

[E] 1919 - Maria Oskarovna Aveyde (Мария Оскаровна Авейде; b. 1884), Russian revolutionary, member of the RSDLP member in the Volga region and the Urals, and in late 1918 a member of an underground RCP(b) [РКП(б)] cell, is shot by White Czech forces near Ekaterinburg. [see: Feb. 25]

[B] 1927 - Phyllis Webb, Canadian poet, radio broadcaster, anarchist and feminist, born. In 1967, she travelled to the Soviet Union, carrying out research on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and on the anarchist Peter Kropotkin, much of which appears in her '//The Kropotkin Poems//', a never completed cycle of poems based on the anarchist's life. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Webb www.georgewoodcock.com/phylliswebb.html www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol32/potvin.htm talonbooks.com/meta-talon/a-review-of-stephen-collis-phyllis-webb-and-the-common-good www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=2253 jacket2.org/commentary/phyllis-webb-85 www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/05/12/the-art-of-ideas/]

1945 - Margherita Cagol (d. 1975), Italian founder member (along with her partner Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini) and a former leader of the Brigate Rosse, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Cagol it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Cagol]

2013 - Five FEMEN members stage a "topless ambush" of Russian President Vladimir Putin as he is accompanied by German Chancellor Angela Merkel at the Hanover trade fair. || [www.latarea.com.mx/articu/articu8/mendoza8.htm]
 * = 9 || 1884 - Atala Apodaca Anaya de Ruiz Cabañas (d. 1977), Mexican teacher, feminist, anti-clericalist and anti-Diaz revolutionary propagandist, who was known as the 'conferencista de la Revolución' (speaker for the Revolution), born. She joined the antirreelecionista cause in 1911 and was a noted speaker, defending the empowerment of women during a speaking tour that she conducted throughout Mexico during 1916.

1890 - [N.S. Apr. 23] Rose Lilian Witcop Aldred (Rachel Vitkopski; d. 1932), Ukrainian-British Jewish anarchist, journalist and pioneer of birth control and sex education, who was sister of Milly Witkop and partner of Guy Aldred, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Witcop www.katesharpleylibrary.net/80gc07]

1891 - Lesbia Harford (Lesbia Venner Keogh; d. 1927), Australian poet, novelist, free love advocate, member of the I.W.W. and state vice-president of the Federated Clothing and Allied Trades Union, born. Afflicted with defective heart valves which restricted her mobility and caused her to tire easily, a chronic problem that was to increase with age, it did not prevent her form persuing her political activism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbia_Harford adb.anu.edu.au/biography/harford-lesbia-venner-6562 www.takver.com/history/harford.htm www.iww.org.au/node/392]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Telegraph wires between Grimsby and Immingham, in Lincolnshire, were cut for a distance of seven miles.

1914 - Casilda Hernáez Vargas [sometimes cited as Casilda Méndez Hernáez] aka 'Casilda, la Miliciana', 'Kasilda' & 'Kasi' (Soledad Casilda Hernáez Vargas; d. 1992), Basque anarcha-feminst militant and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born in the Fraisoro orphanage in Zizurkil. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/casilda/casilda.html libcom.org/history/hernáez-vargas-casilda-aka-kasi-1914-1992 www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/sociedad/201407/08/casilda-miliciana-20140707163537.html www.euskonews.com/0645zbk/ebooks64503es.html]

1936 - Valerie Jean Solanas (d. 1988), US radical feminist writer and playwright, best known for writing the '//SCUM Manifesto//' and the shooting of Andy Warhol, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto www.columbia.edu/itc/architecture/ockman/pdfs/feminism/solanis.pdf www.ccs.neu.edu/home/shivers/rants/scum.html www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/andy-warhol-shot-valerie-solanas-1968-article-1.2235937 www.villagevoice.com/news/andy-warhol-shot-by-factory-actress-valerie-solanas-6658985]

[E] 1944 - Leila Khaled (ليلى خالد‎), Palestinian member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, who was involved in the 1969 TWA Flight 840 and the 1970 El Al Flight 219 hijackings, and who was later released in a prisoner exchange for hostages kidnapped on BOAC Flight 775 by her fellow PFLP members, born. She later became a member of the Palestinian National Council. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Khaled en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_840_hijacking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson's_Field_hijackings electronicintifada.net/content/injustice-every-day-interview-leila-khaled/7285 ushypocrisy.com/2014/10/20/leila-khaled-hijacker-watch-the-entire-documentary-film-chronicling-the-palestinian-revolutionarys-life-online-now/]

1968 - Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (b. 1889), Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter, who co-founded the wartime Polish organization Żegota, set up to assist Polish Jews to escape the Holocaust, dies. [see: Aug. 10] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Santos www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/biografias/santanto.htm]
 * = 10 || [E] 1782 - María Antonia Santos Plata (d. 1819), Neogranadine peasant and Colombian Independence leader, who organised and led the rebel guerrillas in the Province of El Socorro against the invading Spanish troops during the Reconquista of the New Granada, born.

1848 - Hubertine Auclert aka 'Liberta' and Jeanne Voitout [penname] (Marie-Anne-Hubertine Auclert; d. 1914), French journalist, militant feminist, women's suffrage campaigner and militant anticlerical, born. In 1876 she founded the society Le Droit des Femmes, which supported women's suffrage, as opposed to other current women's rights organisations such as the Association pour le Droit des Femmes, which focused solely on women's legal rights. In 1883, the organisation formally changed its name to the society Le Suffrage des Femmes. These opposing positions resulted in a split in the women's movement in 1878 at the Congrès International sur les Droits des Femmes in Paris, with Auclert then trying to forge links with the socialist movement and pursuing more radical tactics, such as the tax strike that began in 1880. On February 13, 1881, she launched the feminist monthly newspaper 'La Citoyenne' (The Citizeness), primarily to advocate French women's enfranchisement and full citizenship. In 1885, she ran as illegal candidate for the French parliament. In 1888, she left Paris to marry her longtime collaborator and legal advisors, the attorney Antonin Lévrier, moving to Algeria. She returned to Paris in 1892 and resume her activism, pursuing a more militant path including organising a demonstration in 1904 to burn French Civil Code and leading violent demonstrations during the 1908 municipal elections in Paris, when she symbolically smashed a ballot box, for which she was convicted of misdemeanour. Hubertine Auclert continued her activism until her death in 1914 at age 65. She is interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertine_Auclert en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertine_Auclert www.centre-hubertine-auclert.fr/hubertine-auclert www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article614]

1911 - Teresa Pons Tomàs (d. 1988), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1004.html]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes set fire to a haystack near Nottingham, and a canister containing live cartridges exploded in a third-class compartment on a passenger train.

1922 - Luisa Capetillo Perón (b. 1879), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist, dies of tuberculosis. [see: Oct. 28] [NB: the date of her death is frequently given as Oct. 10, 1922. This is erroneous as notice of her death appeared in the press in April 1922. c.f. '//El Imparcial//', Apr. 13, 1922 & '//Unión Obrera//', Apr. 15, 1922.]

1930 - Dolores Huerta (Dolores Clara Fernández), US labour leader, feminist and civil rights activist, who was the co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Huerta www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/dolores-fernandez-huerta/]

1969 - Simone Larcher (Rachel Willissek; b. 1903), French anarchist, proofreader, anti-militarist, dies. With Louis Louvet, she published the newspapers '//l'Éveil des Jeunes Libertaires//' and '//L'Anarchie//' until 1929. [see: Apr. 30]

[EE] 1985 - Maria Angelina Soares Gomes (b. ca. 1905), Brazilian embroidery-worker, teacher, feminist, anarchist, and writer, dies in Rio de Janeiro. She came under anarchist influence early in life, both by her brother, the anarcho-syndicalist Florentino de Carvalho (Primitivo Raimundo Soares), and by her stepmother, Paula Soares, and became involved in the anarchist struggle in 1914, helping Florentino produce the newspaper 'Germinal-La Barricata', which was published in Portuguese and Italian. Her writing would go on to be printed in publications such as 'A Guerra', 'A Lanterna', 'El Libertario', 'A Voz da União', 'A Plebe', and 'A Voz dos Garçons'. In São Paulo, she helped found and run the Centro Feminino de Educação as well as other escuelas modernas libertarias of the period. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Soares pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Soares www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Angelina_Soares es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Soares mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2009/08/siglo-xx-angelina-soares.html]

2008 - Date of the founding of FEMEN by Anna Hutsol [Ганна Гуцол] following her becoming aware of stories of Ukrainian women duped into going abroad and then taken advantage of sexually. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Ground womanandhersphere.com/2013/04/15/suffrage-stories-arson-at-tunbridge-wells-april-1913/ www.kent.ac.uk/sspssr/womenshistorykent/themes/suffrage/arson.html www.cricketcountry.com/articles/suffragettes-burned-down-pavilion-of-nevill-ground-tunbridge-wells-25094]
 * = 11 || [E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: The Nevill Pavilion in Tunbridge Wells is destroyed in a fire set by militant suffragettes who objected to Kent County Cricket Club having a policy of no-admittance to women. The fire started in the dressing rooms, spreading quickly along the large number of stacked up practice nets. The fire was discovered by a passing lamplighter. The fire brigade extinguished the fire in an hour, too late to save the pavilion. In front of the remains of the pavilion, firemen found suffragette literature, an electric lantern and a picture of Emmeline Pankhurst who was then on hunger strike in Holloway prison. The pavillion was one of the first targets of what was an intensification in the WSPU campaign of protest.

1917 - Matilde Saiz Alonso (d. 1984), Spanish anarchist and miliciana, who fought with the Columna Roja i Negra and was the partner of fellow anarchist Francisco Sansano Navarro, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1104.html elsilencioguerracivilespanola.wordpress.com/2014/04/30/milicianas/ www.estelnegre.org/documents/sansano/sansano.html]

1936 - Nelly Kaplan, Argentine-born French libertarian feminist writer, filmmaker, screenwriter and actress, born. A close friend ("une éblouissante amitié amoureuse") of André Breton who she first met in 1956, she went on to make a number of deocumentary films including '//Gustave Moreau//' (1962), '//Abel Gance, hier et demain//' (Abel Gance, today & tomorrow; 1963) and '//The Picasso Look//' (1967), before making her best known work '//La Fiancée du Pirate//' (A Very Curious Girl; 1969), which Pablo Picasso described as "insolence considered as one of the fine arts". [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan www.imdb.com/name/nm0438342/]

1949 - Pilar Molina Beneyto (d. 2008), Valencian writer, photographer, documentary filmmaker, historian, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist, born. [expand] www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1104.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Molina ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Molina_Beneyto]

1993 - Marietta 'Maria' Bibbi (b. 1895), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, who life and militancy was closely linked to that of her brother Gino Bibbi, who affectionately called her Zingrina, dies. [see: Apr. 2] ||
 * = 12 || [B] 1900 - Florence Reece (née Patton; d. 1986), American social activist, poet and folk song writer, born. The wife of an union organiser for United Mine Workers which was engaged in industrial action in Harlan County, Kentucky in 1931. One night, they heard that men were coming to kill Sam Reece and he got out of the house just before they arrived. Deputies hired by the mining company entered and searched her home, terrorising Florence and her children in the process. After they’d gone, Florence was so outraged that she tore the calendar off the kitchen wall and wrote the lyrics to '//Which Side Are You On?//' on the back.

"Come all you poor workers Good news to you I’ll tell  How that good old union  Has come in here to dwell

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

We’re starting our good battle We know we’re sure to win Because we’ve got the gun thugs Are looking very thin

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

You go to Harlan County There is no neutral there You’ll either be a union man Or a thug for J.H. Blair

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

They say they have to guard us To educate their child Their children live in luxury Our children almost wild

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

Gentleman, can you stand it? Oh, tell me how you can Will you be a gun thug Or will you be a man?

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

My daddy was a miner He’s now in the Aran sun He’ll be with you fellow workers Till every battle’s won

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

Now all of you know which side you’re on And they’ll never keep us down!"

1931 - Teresa Claramunt i Creus (b. 1862), Catalan textile worker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist pioneer, dies. [see: Jun. 4]

1971 - Rote Armee Fraktion member Ilse 'Tinny' Stachowiak is arrested at the train station in Frankfurt.

[E] 1975 - Josephine Baker (Freda Josephine McDonald; b. 1906), African-American dancer, singer, actress and civil rights activist, who worked for the French military intelligence and the Résistance during WWII, dies following a cerebral haemorrhage. [see: Jun. 3] || "I told my kids I just want three words on my tombstone ... Woman, Atheist, Anarchist. That's me." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O'Hair www.positiveatheism.org/writ/madalyn.htm en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O'Hair www.lacarte.org/about/freedom/thought/o'hair/index.html www.religiousfreedomcoalition.org/2011/04/05/the-madalyn-murray-ohair-murder/]
 * = 13 || [E] 1919 - Madalyn Murray O'Hair (Madalyn Mays; d. 1995), US psychiatric social worker, anarchist, feminist and atheist activist, who was founder of American Atheists and a woman of many pseudonyms, her favourite being M. Bible, who 'Life' magazine in 1964 called "the most hated woman in America", born.

1930 - Marie Huot (Mathilde Marie Constance Ménétrier; b. 1846), French poet, writer, journalist, lecturer, anarchist, feminist néo-Maltusian, Theosophist, vegetarian propagandist, and activist for animal rights and against vaccination, who was known as 'La mère aux chats' and wrote uner the penname of Edward Mill, dies. [see: Jun. 28]

1949 - Marie Louise Berneri (b. 1918), the elder daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri, editor of '//Freedom//' and author of '//Neither East Nor West//' and '//Journey Through Utopia//', dies in childbirth. [see: Mar. 1] "Into the silence of the sun Risen in dust the rose is gone,  The blood that burned along the briar  Branches invisibly on the air.  Flame into flame's petal  Her grief extends our grief,  Over the ashy heat-ways  A green glance from a leaf  Shivers the settled trees.  A child walks in her grace  The light glows on his face,  Where the great rose has burned away  Within the terrible silence of the day." ' //In Memory of M.L.B.//' - Louis Adeane [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/various-authors-marie-louise-berneri-1918-1949-a-tribute]

1962 - Rachel Carson's book indicting the pesticide industry, '//Silent Spring//', is published.

1971 - Vicenta Sáez (or Sáenz) Barcina (d. 1971), Spanish weaver and anarchist, who was active in the prisoner support movement in Barcelona during the 1920s, dies. [see: Jan. 22] ||
 * = 14 || 1883 - [N.S. Apr. 26] Sophia Illarionovna Bardina (Софья Илларионовна Бардина; b. 1853), Russian anarchist revolutionary, who defended the attentat against the Tsar, saying that "for us, anarchy does not signify disorder, but harmony in all social relations; for us, anarchy is nothing but the negation of oppressions which stifle the development of free societies", commits suicide, shooting herself in the head. [see: Apr. 26]

[E] 1986 - Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (b. 1986), French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist, dies of pneumonia in Paris, aged 78. [see: Jan. 9] ||
 * = 15 || [E] 1881 - [O.S. Apr. 3] Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (Russian: Со́фья Льво́вна Перо́вская; b. 1853), Russian revolutionary and prominent member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who helped to organise the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, is executed by hanging for the crime. [see: Sep. 13]

1887 - [O.S. Apr. 3] Maria Feodorovna Nagovitsyna (Мария Фёдоровна Наговицына; d. 1966), Russian revolutionary and member of the RSDLP, born. She was elected a member of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенского совета рабочих депутатов) during the strike of May 24 [12] - Aug. 5 [Jul. 23], 1905, and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in 1920. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Наговицына-Икрянистова,_Мария_Фёдоровна]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: In the early hours of the morning, WSPU militant Kitty Marion sets fire to Levetleigh, the former home of Conservative MP and anti-women's rights councillor, Harvey Du Cross, at St Leonards. Contemporary newsreels reported the estimated cost of the damage to be £10,000. Hastings and St Leonards being hotbeds of Suffragette activity, they were immediately suspected of involvement and the notoriously pacifist Hastings section of the movement were later attacked by an angry male mob as described in a letter to 'The Hastings and St Leonards Observer' of May 24, 1913: "[I do] not think that anyone who was not present could have any idea of the brutalities on the Hastings Front. Women had their hats torn off, their clothes torn from their shoulders. They were struck in the face, they were pelted and unnameable indignities were offered to them." [www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/GiberneSieveking.html spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm]

1968 - Amparo Poch y Gascón (b. 1902), Spanish anarchist feminist, **​**Mujeres Libres founding member, doctor and propagandist for sexual freedom, dies. [see: Oct. 15]

1973 - Laura Meneses de Albizú Campos (Laura Meneses del Carpio; 1894), Puerto Rican revolutionary, social and political activist, who campaigned for Puerto rican independence and for the release of political prisoners in the United States and Puerto Rico, dies in Havana from a brain aneurysm. [see: Mar. 31]

2007 - Maria-Antonietta Macciocchi (b. 1922), Italian journalist, writer, feminist and politician, member of the Radical Party and member of the Italian and European Parliaments, dies. [see: Jul. 23] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/xerradagoldman1925/xerradagoldman1925.html]
 * = 16 || 1925 - Prominent anarchist activist Emma Goldman gives a lecture at the South Place Institute in London entitled 'An Exposure of the Trade Union Delegation's Report on Russia'. The talk, which was repeated again in London on the 27th, had been organized by the British Committee for the Defence of Polish Prisoners in Russia. [expand]

1958 - Rosalind Elsie Franklin (b. 1920), English chemist and X-ray crystallographer, who was largely written out of the discovery of the structure of DNA in her lifetime, despite the fact that her research and expertise in X-ray diffraction techniques was essential to the determination of the structure of DNA, dies aged just 37 from ovarian cancer. [see: Jul. 25]

[E] 1979 - Idania de Los Angeles Fernandez (b. 1952), prominent Sandanista amilitant, is executed by the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua after the Comando Regional Occidental had been betrayed by an informer. Held up as a martyr of the Revolution, she is often compared to Camilo Torres Restrepo, Che Guevara and José Martí. [see: Jul. 23] || [paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=SUNCH19140418.2.66 trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58505309 www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/piers/britannia pier.htm vagendamagazine.com/2015/03/new-outrages-by-mad-women/]
 * = 17 || [A/E] 1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes Evaline 'Hilda' Burkitt, 37, and Florence Tunks, 22, set fire to the grand pavilion on Great Yarmouth's Britannia Pier, according to local gossip because the pier owners had refused permission for them to hold a meeting there. The pair would set fire to the empty Bath Hotel in Felixstowe, causing £35,000 worth of damage (roughly £2.6m in today's money), for which they would end up in jail.

2008 - Rosario Sánchez Mora aka 'La Dinamitera' (b. 1919), Spanish seamstress, member of the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas and miliciana during the Civil War, famed for her expertise in explosives, which was immoralised in Miguel Hernández's poem 'Rosario, dinamitera', dies. [see: Apr. 21]

2014 - Conxa (Concha) Pérez (Concepció Pérez Collado; b. 1915), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana in the Columna Ortiz and anti-Franco resister, dies. [see: Oct. 17] || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-April-18.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Reform_or_Revolution www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1900/reform-revolution/intro.htm]
 * = 18 || [E] 1899 - Rosa Luxemburg writes and dates the introduction to her classic work, '//Reform or Revolution//' ( Sozialreform oder Revolution ; 1899).

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes had an elaborate plot to blow up the grandstand at the Crystal Palace on this date, the day before the FA Cup final, but it never took place.

1946 - Irene Fernandez (d. 2014), Malaysian human rights activist and the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organisation Tenaganita, which promotes the rights of migrant workers and refugees in Malaysia, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Fernandez]

1947 - Kathy Acker (Karen Lehmann; d. 1997), American novelist, punk poet, playwright, essayist, postmodernist and feminist writer, born.

2008 - Germaine Tillion (b. 1907), French ethnologist and member of the French résistance, who spent time in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, dies. [see: May 30] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/rouco/rouco.html libcom.org/history/buela-juana-rouco-1889-1969 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Rouco_Buela www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2694-juana-rouco-buela-feminista-y-anarcosindicalista-argentina.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/juana-rouco-buela.html]
 * = 19 || 1889 - Juana Rouco Buela (d. 1969), Spanish-Argentinian dress maker, autodictat, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist pioneer, who helped create the Centro Femenino Anarquista (Women’s Anarchist Centre), with Virginia Bolten, Teresa Caporaletti, Marta Newelstein and Maria Collazo, and others, born. [expand]

[E] 1912 - Joséphine Coueille (d. 1995), known as Andrée Prevotel, French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and free thinker, born. Charged in the 'Sterilizers of Bordeaux' case (for promoting vasectomies), her charges were dropped, but her husband, André Prévotel, was sent to prison. Both were also involved in the SIA, starting a branch in the Gironde in 1942 to aid Spanish refugees. [www.ephemanar.net/avril19.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4839]

1935 - Gaetana Teresa Recchia (b. 1899) Italian union organsier, Trotskyist and anti-fascist activist, dies of tuberculosis in the Tenon hospital in Paris, a victim, as her comrades of the Union Communiste wrote, "of a long illness contracted in the course of her underground revolutionary activity against Italian Fascism, and aggravated by the hard privations of exile".

2005 - Violeta Fernández Saavedra (b. 1913), Spanish-Mexican teacher, anarchsit and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in Puebla, Mexico from a respiratory illness. [see: Jun. 30]

2014 - Concha Liaño (Concepción Liaño Gil; b. 1916), Spanish anarcha-feminist militant, who was one of the founders of the Agrupación Cultural Femenina (Women’s Cultural Association) and the magazine '//Mujeres Libres//' (Free Women), dies. [see: Nov. 24] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-April-20.htm www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Tubman_Harriet.htm]
 * = 20 || [E] 1853 - Harriet Tubman begins helping slaves escape on the Underground Railroad, a network of people and places that helps slaves escape to the North and to Canada. During her first trip, she brought her own sister and her sister's two children out of slavery in Maryland. She later rescued her brother and her parents, among the approximately 300 slaves she personally escorted to the North during an estimated 19 expeditions over 10 years.

[EE] 1915 - Maria Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist and popular hero of the Casas Viejas Uprising in Andalusia, born. She earned her nickname from an incident when a guardia civil had ordered her to take off the red and black scarf that she habitually wore and she had refused, slapping the guard when her tried to take it off her. A participant in the Sucesos de Casas Viejas in January 1933, she was one of only two survivors (the other being a neighbour's child who she carried from the flames) of the conflagration of the hut of Francisco Cruz Gutierrez, nicknamed Seisdedos (Six Fingers), her grandfather, during the brutal suppression of the uprising. When the fascists took the city of Ronda in August 1936, the Guardia Civil sought her out and arrested her, snatching her son who was only a few months old violently from her arms. She was shot at dawn on August 23 1936 along side two others. She was later immortalised by Federica Montseny in her book 'María Silva: la libertaria' (1951). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Silva_Cruz www.historiamujeres.es/mujers.html#Silva www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1712-biografia-de-maria-silva-cruz-la-libertaria.html puertoreal.cnt.es/actividades-no-sindicales/1512-silva-cruz-maria-qla-libertariaq.html libcom.org/history/silva-cruz-maria www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/11/01/andalucia/1351775779.html]

1918 - Nadezhda Prokofievna Suslova (Надежда Прокофьевна Суслова; b. 1843), Ruaaia's first qualified female doctor, who was also a youthful revolutionary and onetime close friend of Fyodor Dostoyevsky (her sister Apollonia Suslova was Dostoyevsky's lover, dies. [see: Sep. 13] || [www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/ethel-duffy-turner/writers-and-revolutionists--oral-history-transcript--and-related-material-196-hci/1-writers-and-revolutionists--oral-history-transcript--and-related-material-196-hci.shtml archive.org/stream/writersrevolution00turnrich/writersrevolution00turnrich_djvu.txt raforum.info/spip.php?mot1543]
 * = 21 || 1885 - Ethel Duffy Turner (d. 1969), American journalist and author who took an active part in the Mexican Revolution alongside the Magonistas, born. Her books include '//Writers and Revolutionists: Oral History Transcription//' (1966), '//Revolution In Baja California: Ricardo Flores Magon's High Noon//' (1981) and '//Ricardo Flores Magón y el Partido Liberal Mexicano (Textos de la Revolución Mexicana)//' (1984). Ethel Duffy Turner also wrote a novel, '//The Orange Tree//', a novella and a number of short stories.

[E] 1919 - Rosario Sánchez Mora aka 'La Dinamitera' (d. 2008), Spanish seamstress, member of the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas and miliciana during the Civil War, famed for her expertise in explosives, which was immoralised in Miguel Hernández's poem 'Rosario, dinamitera', born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Sánchez_Mora es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Sánchez_Mora www.foroporlamemoria.info/documentos/2006/rosariodinamitera_01032006.htm]

1962 - Raissa Adler (Raissa Timofevna Epstein [Раиса Тимофеевна Эпштейн]; b. 1872), Russian-Austrian feminist and Trotskyist, who co-founded the Internationalen Arbeiterhilfe (Workers International Relief) in Austria and was a member of Roten Hilfe and the Kommunistischen Partei Österreichs, dies in New York. [see: Nov. 9] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Staël fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Staël scandalouswoman.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/napoleons-women-life-of-madame-de-stael.html literaturesalon.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/madame-de-stael-the-ultimate-philosophe-and-salonniere/ www.historyandwomen.com/2011/03/madame-anne-louise-germaine-de-stael.html]
 * = 22 || [E] 1766 - Germaine de Staël, Madame de Staël (Anne Louise Germaine Necker; d. 1817), French-Swiss woman of letters, philosopher, political propagandist, and scourge of Napoleon Bonaparte, born.

[B] 1899 - Kate Chopin publishes the early feminist novel '//The Awakening//'.

1912 - Wage Earners' League for Woman Suffrage holds first mass rally at New York's Cooper Union's Great Hall of the People. Rose Schneiderman and Leonora O'Reilly officially founded the Wage Earner’s League for Woman Suffrage on March 22, 1911 in New York City. [jwa.org/thisweek/apr/22/1912/welfws en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_Earner’s_Suffrage_League]

1945 - Käthe Kollwitz (b. 1867), German Expressionist painter, printmaker, sculptor, socialist and pacifist, who was one of the most important women artists of her period and also artists of the working classes in Europe, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

1947 - Ana Maria Lanzilotto (d. ca. 1976), Argentine teacher and member of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Revolutionary Workers Party), who later became an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People 's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla and was kidnapped on July 19, 1976 in the town of Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires and has remained missing since then. Like Liliana Delfino [see: Jun.. 16] who was one of the three people (plus Delfino's two children) who detained with her, she was six months pregnant at the time and it is believed that Lanzilotto was taken to clandestine El Campito detention centre called located inside the military garrison of Campo de Mayo, where she would have given birth. After the delivery, she would have been transferred to the concentration camp called Vesuvius, which was located in the town of Ciudad Evita and was used by the Army to hold, torture and dispatch the disappeared. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_María_Lanzilotto] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Witcop www.katesharpleylibrary.net/80gc07]
 * = 23 || 1890 - [O.S. Apr. 9] Rose Lilian Witcop Aldred (Rachel Vitkopski; d. 1932), Ukrainian-British Jewish anarchist, journalist and pioneer of birth control and sex education, who was sister of Milly Witkop and partner of Guy Aldred, born.

[E] 1917 - Lois Orr (Lois Cutler; d. 1985), US socialist revolutionary and miliciana, who fought in POUM's women's militia during the Spanish Civil War, born. She and her husband, Charles Orr, survived the May Days Stalinist coup, fighting on the Barcelona streets along side the CNT-FAI militants. Arrested on 17 June, the day after the arrest of Andrés Nin and the POUM executive, they were released on July 1, and left for Marseilles two day later, en route to Mexico. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Orr www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article16384 www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n18/jeremy-harding/paralysed-by-the-absence-of-danger www.solidarity-us.org/node/2448 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Orr_(socialist) libcom.org/history/international-volunteers-poum-militias]

1923 - Nair Lazarine Dall'Oca (d. 2010), Brazilian seemstress and anarchist, born. When Nair Lazarine married Virgilio Dall'Oca, she was joining a well-known Bralian anarchist family and they quickly became involved in the Centre de Cultura Social (CCS) after the couple moved to São Paulo to live with Aida and Nicola D'Albenzio, Virgilio's aunt and uncle. Both were active anarchist militants, with involved in the Federação Operária de São Paulo (Workers Federation of São Paulo; FOSP). Nair worked as a seamstress and Virgilio worked as a construction builder, collector bus, truck driver, and finally, a taxi driver. Despite financial difficulties, they contributed financial to many solidarity campaigns, especially those supporting the numerous Spanish anarchist refugees that arrived in Brazil at the end of the Spanish Civil War. The closure of the CCS by the State in November 1937 was a blow to the Brazilian anarchist movement but a group of mainly vegetarian and naturalist anarchists created a farm community in Itaim near São Paulo, buying the land and building the Chácara Nossa (our farm), where Nair and Virgilio went to live. The Societat Naturista Amics de la Nossa Chácara (Friends of the Naturist Society of Nossa Chácara) was established in November 1939 and went on to reopen the CCS in São Paulo on July 9, 1945. The Dall'Ocas were also financed and helped distributed the newspapers '//O Libertarian//', created in October 1960, and '//Dealbar//', started in September 1965. They were also involved in the Editora Mundo Livre in Rio de Janeiro, which published many anarchist classics as well as the works of prominent Brazilian intellectuals and libertarians. Following the establishment of the military dictatorship April 1, 1964, the Societat Naturista Amics de la Nossa Chácara decided to sell the farm and buy a new one at Mogi das Cruzes they thought better sited for their libertarian project. The Dall'Ocas and the daughter Clara were involved in raising the money for the Nosso Sítio (Our Place). In early 1969, the CCS was forced to close its door as it was no longer safe to operate there against the background of persecution by the military. After several years living in Itanhaem, the Dall'Oca family took up residence in the city of Santos and it was there that Nair died of a heart attack on August 20, 2010, after several years suffering from Alzheimer's disease. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7220 www.ccssp.org/ccs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233:a-familia-dalloca-e-o-anarquismo-em-sao-paulo&catid=41:padrao&Itemid=60]

1936 - Zenzl Mühsam is arrested in Moscow for "counter revolutionary activities".

1939 - Lyudmila Nikolayevna Stal (Людмила Николаевна Сталь; b. 1872), Russian revolutionary and member of the RSDLP, who was repeatedly arrested and exiled from the 1890s onwards, dies. [see: Mar. 14]

1942 - Olga Benário Prestes (Olga Gutmann Benário; b. 1908), German-Brazilian Jewish communist militant, is gassed by the Nazis in the Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg). [see: Feb. 12]

1947 - Bernadette McAliskey (Josephine Bernadette Devlin), Irish socialist and republican political activist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/people/biography/mcpeople.htm] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin16.html]
 * = 24 || 1878 - Marie Mayoux (nee Gouranchat) (d. 1969); known as Joséphine Bourgon, teacher, militant revolutionary, pacifist and libertarian trade unionist, born. Partner of François Mayoux and mother of Jehan Mayoux. Marie and François joined the socialist SFIO in 1915, earning places in the 'Carnet B'. They were heavily fined and sentenced to 2 years in prison for the pacifist pamphlet '//Les Instituteurs Syndicalistes et la Guerre//' (The Teachers Union and War) in 1917 and were excluded from the French Communist party in 1922 during the purge of syndicalists. Both participated in the anarchist press including '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Voix Libertaire//', '//CQFD//', '//Défense de l'Homme//', '//Le Monde Libertaire//', etc. Excluded from the CGTU in 1929, they went on to support the Spanish Revolution and denounced the Stalinist repression.

[E] 1889 - Johanna 'Hanna' Kirchner (Johanna Stunz; d. 1944), German Social Democrat, feminist, member of the German anti-Nazi underground and resistance fighter in the French Résistance, born. At 14, she joined the Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Jugend and, four years later, the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands. During WWI, as a mother with two young daughters, she became involved in communal welfare, dedicating herself to local women's and children's welfare. She then went on, in 1919 with Marie Juchacz, to found and work in the Arbeiterwohlfahrt (Workers' Welfare organization). In 1933, she joined the anti-fascist undergound after becoming known to the authorities for helping free an anti-Nazi from the Gestapo. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Kirchner de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Kirchner de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiterwohlfahrt www.wider-des-vergessens.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=177&Itemid=134 www.executedtoday.com/2012/06/09/1944-johanna-kirchner/]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: An explosion of a tin containing gunpowder wrecked the platform and smashed the windows of the Manchester Free Trade Hall.

1929 - Caroline Rémy de Guebhard, better known as Madame Séverine, (b. 1855), French libertarian, militant feminist, pacifist, journalist and co-founder of the League of Human Rights, dies. [see: Apr. 27]

1941 - Karin Maria Boye (b. 1900), Swedish writer, poet, translator, socialist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Oct. 26]

1975 - Six Red Army Faction members – Siegfried Hauser, Hanne-Elise Krabbe, Karl-Heinz Dellwo, Lutz Taufer, Bernhard-Maria Rössner,and Ullrich Wessel – most of whom were former members of the Heidelberg Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv (Socialist Patients Collective), take over the West German Embassy in Stockholm, taking 11 hostages. [expand] [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1975-timeline/]

1978 - Ilona Duczyńska (b. 1897), Polish-Hungarian revolutionary, journalist, translator, engineer, and historian, dies in Pickering, Canada. [see: Mar. 11]

1988 - Alexandra 'Sasha' Shevchenko [Олександра Шевченко], Ukrainian founder member of the international feminist protest group FEMEN, along with Anna Hutsol [Ганна Гуцол] and Oksana Shachko [Оксана Шачко], born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Shevchenko en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMEN femen.org]

1998 - Christiane Rochefort (b. 1917), French writer, novelist, essayist, translator, journalist, feminist and anarchist, dies. [see: Jul. 17] ||
 * = 25 || 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Slight damage caused by the explosion of a bomb in the county hall at Newcastle.

1913 - Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act (Cat and Mouse Act), which allows hunger-striking prisoners to be released when their health was threatened and then re-arrested when they had recovered, with the time spent recuperating was not counted as part of the currency of the sentence, receives Royal Assent.

1926 - Ellen Key (Ellen Karolina Sofia Key; b. 1849), Swedish suffragist and feminist writer of the 'difference' persuasion, who was known as the 'Pallas of Sweden', dies. [see: Dec. 11]

1937 - Emma Goldman organises a concert at Victoria Palace in aid of Spanish refugees with Paul Robeson on the bill. An artistic success, it fails to raise as much money as hoped.

[E] 1988 - Valerie Jean Solanas (b. 1936), US radical feminist writer and playwright, best known for writing the 'SCUM Manifesto' and the shooting of Andy Warhol, dies of pneumonia in San Francisco, aged 52. [see: Apr. 9]

1997 - Goldy Parin-Matthèy (b. 1911), Swiss psychoanalyst and anarchist, dies. [see: May 30]

2004 - A March for Women’s Lives brings more than one million to Washington, asking for safe and legal access to reproductive service including abortion and birth control. ||
 * = 26 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 14] Sophia Illarionovna Bardina (Софья Илларионовна Бардина; b. 1853), Russian anarchist revolutionary, who defended the attentat against the Tsar, saying that "for us, anarchy does not signify disorder, but harmony in all social relations; for us, anarchy is nothing but the negation of oppressions which stifle the development of free societies", commits suicide, shooting herself in the head. [see: Jun. 27]

1885 - Giuditta 'Yudith' Maria Zanella (d. 1962), Italian anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist and miliciana, who fought in the Columnas Ortiz and Durruti along with her partner, the Italian anarchist militant Ilario Margarita, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2604.html gimenologues.org/spip.php?article379]

1899 - Catina Ciullo (Caterina D'Amico Willman; d. 1991), Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist activist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ciullo/ciullo.html www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=255]

1908 - At her final lecture in her short San Francisco lecture series, she gives a talk on patriotism. In attendance is U.S. soldier William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is witnessed shaking hands with Goldman following her speech. Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for this action.

[E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: In the early hours of the morning, WSPU member Kitty Marion sets fire to a train, left standing between Hampton Wick and Teddington, almost totally destroying it. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm www.historytoday.com/fern-riddell/weaker-sex-violence-and-suffragette-movement]

1914 - In a poll organised by Séverine (Caroline Rémy de Guebhard) – an unlikely candiate given her prominence as an anarchist, despite her obvious feminist credentials – and the Ligue du Droit des Femmes section of the Association de Etudiantes on behalf of 'Le Journal' takes place. When the votes are counted, it is found that 505 972 women voted in favour of the proposition "I want to vote", with just 114 voting "no". [www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/societe/2014/07/08/26006-20140708ARTFIG00197-il-y-a-cent-ans-les-parisiens-decouvrent-les-bacs-a-sable.php www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/centenaire-14-18/2014/08/29/26002-20140829ARTFIG00073-les-femmes-ont-gagne-le-droit-de-voter-1917.php rebelinablackdress.wordpress.com/21-plundering-politics-and-robbing-banks/ caminare.free.fr/1914a1926.htm cartoliste.ficedl.info/article2949.html?lang=en]

1967 - María Cano (María de los Ángeles Cano Márquez; b. 1887), Colombian union militant, feminist and campaigner for basic civil rights, who was the first prominent female political leader in Colombia, as well as one of the founders of the Partido Socialista Revolucionario, dies. [see: Aug. 12] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft spartacus-educational.com/Wwollstonecraft.htm plato.stanford.edu/entries/wollstonecraft/ digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:253/datastream/OBJ/download/The_Radical_Ideas_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft.pdf ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247&context=ijls robertgraham.wordpress.com/2010/08/17/emma-goldman-and-mary-wollstonecraft/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-mary-wollstonecraft-her-tragic-life-and-her-passionate-struggle-for-freedom]
 * = 27 || 1759 - Mary Wollstonecraft (d. 1797), English moral and political philosopher, novelist, travel writer, educational theorist and feminist author of '//A Vindication of the Rights of Women//', born. [expand]

[E] 1855 - Séverine, (Caroline Rémy de Guebhard; d. 1929), French libertarian, feminist, pacifist, journalist and co-founder of the League of Human Rights, born. The first female editor of a major French newspaper, //'Le Cri du Peuple//', in 1885 before a falling out with the Marxist Jules Guesde caused her to leave the newspaper in 1888. She also wrote for '//La Fronde//' (under the pen name Arthur Vingtras), the first feminist daily newspaper and, despite her pacifism, was a strong defender of anarchists, included Clément Duval, Auguste Vaillant, Germaine Berton, Ascaso, Durruti, Jover, and Sacco and Vanzetti. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/severine/severine.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Séverine en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Rémy_de_Guebhard www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article2684 www.dreyfus.culture.fr/en/bio/bio-html-caroline-remy-dite-severine.htm lexikon.freenet.de/Caroline_Rémy_de_Guebhard]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes set fire to Perthshire Cricket Club's Pavillion causing damage worth £1,250.

1968 - The Abortion Act 1967 passes into law, legalising abortion in Britain.

1974 - Anna Pietroni and Aldo Rossi, anarchist militants involved with various publications and causes eg. support campaigns for anarchist poet and militant Giovanni Marini and for Pietro Valpreda, die this evening in a car accident. Anna was from a family of anarchists, and both she and Aldo broke with the Communist Party following WWII. [see: Jan. 13] || [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120929 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Federn-Kohlhaas www.estelnegre.org/documents/federn/federn.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Etta_Federn libcom.org/history/federn-marietta-etta-1883-1951 buecher.hagalil.com/2009/06/etta-federn/ www.onb.ac.at/ariadne/vfb/bio_federnetta.htm]
 * = 28 || 1883 - Etta Federn (Marietta Federn; d. 1951), Austrian writer (essays, biographies, novels, poems, etc.), translator, journalist, educator, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. She also published under her married names Etta Federn-Kohlhaas and Etta Kirmsse, and the pseudonym Esperanza. [expand]

1895 - Irmgard Enderle (Irmgard Rasch; d. 1985), German socialist politician, trade unionist and journalist, whose party codenames included Kleopatra and J. Reele, born. A student member of the Spartakusbund and later of the KPD, from mid 1919 she was a full-time worker for the party, including as the trade union editor of the KPD daily newspaper '//Klassenkampf//' in Halle and, in 1927, on '//Rote Fahne//' (Red Flag). A member of its right-wing, she was amongst those purged in early 1929, joining the newly formed Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Opposition) and in 1932 she joined the newly formed Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (SAPD)... [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Enderle de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Enderle]

1896 - Ida Pilat Isca (d. 1980), Ukrainian-American anarchist writer, translator and activist, who was prominent in the Sacco and Vanzetti campaign in New York and later joined the Socialist Party, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n2z47f www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2804.html]

[E] 1896 - Na Hye-sok (나혜석; d. 1948), pioneering Korean poet, novelist, painter, educator, journalist, independence and feminist activist, and all-round rebel, whose pen name was Jeongwol (정월 / the bright moon), born She was the first female professional painter in Korea, creating some of the earliest Western-influenced paintings (including Fauvism and post-Impressionism) in the country. She was also the first Korean feminist writer, publishing feminist novels and short stories in addition to her essays. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Hye-sok ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/나혜석 namu.wiki/w/나혜석]

1901 - Paule Mink (or Minck) (Adèle Paulina Mekarski; November 9, 1839 - April 28, 1901), French writer (stories, poems and plays), journalist, seamstress, franc-maçonne (female Freemason), Pétroleuse, socialist revolutionary, prominent feminist and the mother of the anarchist Henri Jullien, who participated in the Paris Commune and in the First International, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

1904 - Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; d. 1942), German artist and resistance fighter in the Third Reich, who belonged to the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. On September 12, 1942, she and her husband, the sculptor and staunch Communist Kurt Schumacher, were both arrested and on December 19, 1942, they were both was sentenced to death at the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal) for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Schumacher was beheaded on December 22, 1942 at Plötzensee Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumacher de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumacher www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/schumacher/ www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes Evaline 'Hilda' Burkitt, 37, and Florence Tunks, 22, set fire to the empty Bath Hotel in Felixstowe, causing £35,000 worth of damage (roughly £2.6m in today's money). They were jailed for two years and nine months respectively following a trial in May 1914, but released under a general amnesty not long after the outbreak of World War One in August 1914. Eleven days earlier, the pair had set fire to the grand pavilion on Great Yarmouth's Britannia Pier, according to local gossip because the pier owners had refused permission for them to hold a meeting there. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-27204415 thebartletfelixstowe.co.uk/news-story.php?id=14 vagendamagazine.com/2015/03/new-outrages-by-mad-women/]

1943 - Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Italian autonomist feminist, member of Lotta Femminista and Potere Operaio, who co-authored the classic 'The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community' (1972), with Selma James, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariarosa_Dalla_Costa www.generation-online.org/p/pdallacosta.htm www.padovanet.it/sites/default/files/attachment/C_1_Allegati_20187_Allegato.pdf libcom.org/tags/mariarosa-dalla-costa]

1944 - Charlotte Wilson (Charlotte Mary Martin; b. 1854), English Fabian, anarchist, feminst and co-founder of '//Freedom//' and Freedom Press, dies a week short of her ninetieth birthday. [see: May 6] "The genuine Anarchist looks with sheer horror upon every destruction, every mutilation of a human being, physical or moral. He loathes wars, executions and imprisonments, the grinding down of the worker's whole nature in a dreary round of toil, the sexual and economic slavery of women, the oppression of children, the crippling and poisoning of human nature by the preventable cruelty and injustice of man to man in every shape and form." from '//Anarchism and Homicidal Outrage//' (1893)

1944 - Katri Vala (Karin Alice Wadenström; b. 1901), Finnish teacher, modernist poet, translator, radical, pacifist and anti-Fascist, who was a central member of the literary group Tulenkantajat (Torchbearers), dies. [see: Sep. 12]

1974 - Lilian Wolfe (Lilian Gertrude Woolf; b. 1875), English pacifist, anarcha-feminist and member of the Freedom Press publishing collective, dies. [see: Dec. 22]

1977 - In Stuttgart, West Germany, the lengthy trial of the leaders of the Red Army Faction, ends with Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe being found guilty of four counts of murder and more than 30 counts of attempted murder. Each defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment.

1977 - First rally by Mothers of the Disappeared at Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires.

1996 - Claire Culhane (b. 1918), Canadian nurse, hospital records librarian, socialist, leading anti-Vietnam War activist in the Enough/Assez campaign and prisoner rights advocate, dies. [see: Sep. 2] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom wilpf.org/]
 * = 29 || 1915 - The Women's International League of Peace and Freedom, a non-profit non-governmental organisation working "to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes of war and work for a permanent peace", is founded at the International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, then (April 28-30) being held in The Hague.

[E] 1943 - Mire Golą* (Miriem Golą; b. 1911), Polish Jewish communist, poet and member of the anti-Nazi underground resistance in the Kraków Ghetto, is shot whilst trying to escape Nazi custody. As a teenager she was a member of the leadership of Ha-Shomer ha-Za’ir, a Socialist-Zionist secular Jewish youth movement, but in 1932 she was expelled from the organisation because of her radical stand on relations with the Soviet Union. She went on to join the Polska Partia Robotnicza and in 1936 participated in organizing a strike at the Kontakt factory, where she was employed. She was arrested together with twelve other strike leaders and sentenced to six months in jail. After her release she renewed her activities in the Communist underground and she was picked up in a mass arrest with about twelve other young women. The right-wing Polish government staged a show trial in which the defendants, who refused to accept a lawyer, were instantly silenced when they attempted to speak for themselves. Relatives of Golą who attended her trial later told a friend of hers that only Golą spoke for an hour and a half without being silenced. She was sentenced to twelve years’ imprisonment. In prison she fought for improvements in the prisoners’ conditions and creating a better relationship between them and the guards. When WWII broke out on September 1, 1939, the prison guards fled, leaving Fordon Prison near the German border locked. Led by Golą, the women somehow managed to break the gate open and flee before the Germans arrived. She made her way to Białystok and was reunited with her partner Olek Hausman. They travelled together to Lvov, which was also under Soviet rule, and there they were married. The Soviet authorities appointed her a member of the city council and commissar, whilst she also served as an arbitrator in work disputes among the activists. After the German conquest of June 1941, Olek fled eastward to join the Red Army and was never again heard from. Golą, who was close to the end of her pregnancy, was unable to join him and had to go into hiding in Lvov, where she was too well known and where the Germans were searching for her. Finding shelter in a dilapidated basement, she gave birth alone and managed to survive for two or three months before having to ask her relatives. With the help of a family friend, she made it to Kraków, only for her son to die in her arms. Eventually, she returned to her underground activities as a member of the Gwardia Ludowa (GL-PPR), the armed underground organisation of the communist Polish Workers Party in German occupied Poland, trying to recruit people such as Aharon 'Dolek' Liebeskind (1912-1942) and Shimshon Draenger (1917-1943), leaders in the Akiva movement, and Adolf (Avraham) Leibovich aka 'Laban' (1917-1943), a leader in the Dror movement [Akiva and Dror would join together to form the He-Haluz ha-Lohem (Fighting Organisation of the Pioneering Jewish Youth)], to the anti-Nazi struggle. Another group, Iskra, led by Heshek 'Zvi' Bauminger (1919-1943) was persuaded to join Mire's GL-PPR groups and, given her organisational experience, Golą effectively took over the organisation and coordination of the various resistance groups activities [usually referred to under the catch-all name of the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŽOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation)]. This led to the December 22, 1942, bombing attacks against the German authorities in Kraków, capital of the Generalgouvernement (the territory in the interior of occupied Poland). Golą's Iskra group and He-Haluz ha-Lohem, under Liebeskind’s command. The operation, code-named Cyganeria after the exclusive "Germans only" café, a favourite of Schutz Staffeinel (SS) and Gestapo, involved the throwing of grenades into three cafés frequented by Nazi officers, the sabotage military vehicles, distribution of anti-Nazi leaflets encouraging resistance against the occupiers, the raising Polish flags on bridges over the Vistula River, and laying flowers at the monument to the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, which had been destroyed by the Germans. The biggest success was at the café Cyganeria [also referred to as La Bohema], where at least seven German officers were killed and many more wounded. However, many members of the He-Haluz ha-Lohem were either captured or killed in the operation, or turned over to the Germans by an informer. Golą however remained free and Iskra continued to carry out operations, bombing targets outside the city, due in large part to her influence. However, at the beginning of March 1943 Golą was captured at the PPR printing office that she had established in Kraków and imprisoned at Montelupich prison, which was known as one of the harshest prisons. After fourteen days of solitary confinement and terrible torture, during which she revealed nothing, she was transferred to the women’s wing in the adjacent Helzlaw monastery, where women from He-Haluz ha-Lohem were held, together with others. Her hair and fingernails had been torn out and she looked grey and exhausted but she still managed to write poetry in Yiddish and Hebrew. When the women were transferred to the basement, they realized the end was near. Golą and Tova Draenger (one of the He-Haluz ha-Lohem leaders) conceived the idea of escaping as they were taken to the truck that would bring them to the 'Hill of Death' [Hujowa Górka (Prick Hill)] at the nearby Płaszow concentration camp. The He-Haluz ha-Lohem men in another part of the prison had also had the same idea. At dawn Mire Golą and most of the women were taken from the basement cell and, as they were being led to the truck with a group of men, the sign was given to scatter. The guards were taken by surprise as the women and men fled for their lives but chased after them, firing their weapons. Most of them were killed as they ran. Golą managed to escape the courtyard out into the empty street outside, where she was shot and killed. [* sometimes confusingly rendered as Gola or Gole Mire] [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Golą-mire spartacus-educational.com/2WWmire.htm www.kedyw.info/wiki/Andrzej_Kuler,_Konspiracja_krakowska_w_latach_1939-1945 www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/krakow/5,historia/?action=view&page=3&ver=5]

1951 - Irene Goergen aka 'Peggy', founding member of the Rote Armee Fraktion, who was involved in the 1970 freeing of Andreas Baader in Berlin and several bank robberies, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Goergens www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?docid=1nI4SNEx7w17Vunk5T7VkcjCDyRpB2sD0bkCD8hY www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/irene-goergens/]

1968 - Lin Zhao [林昭] (Peng Lingzhao [彭令昭]; b. 1932), Chinese Communist student, poet and prominent dissident during the Hundred Flowers Movement (百花運動) of 1957, who was later imprisoned and executed by the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution for her criticism of Mao Zedong's policies, is executed in secret at Shanghai’s Longhua Airport. Two days later public security officers went to Lin Zhao mother's home to obtain the five cents costs of the bullet used to kill her. Her remains were never given to her family, neither were they informed of how they had been disposed of. [see: Dec. 16] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Larcher militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3109 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3004.html]
 * = 30 || 1903 - Simone Larcher (true name Rachel Willissek) (d. 1969), French proofreader, anti-militarist and anarchist, born. With her companion, Louis Louvet, she publishes the newspapers '//l'Éveil des Jeunes Libertaires//' and '//L'Anarchie//', which continues until 1929. [expand]

[E] 1913 - Police raid the WSPU’s offices at Lincoln’s Inn House, arresting Beatrice Saunders, the financial secretary of the Union, Harriet Kerr, the office manager, Rachel Barrett, an assistant editor of the 'Suffragette', Geraldine Lennox, a sub-editor, Agnes Lake, the business manager, and Flora Drummond. The same day police also raided Anne Keeney’s flat (19 Mecklenburgh Square) and the Victoria House Press, which was printing the 'Suffragette' for the first time.

[EE] 1977 - The Movimiento de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo is founded following a meeting on Friday April 30, 1977, of fourteen mothers of the desaparecidos – victims of forced disappearance during the dictatorship of Jorge Rafael Videla and Argentina's Dirty War – at which they hoped to deliver a letter to the secretary of the military chaplain, Adolfo Tortolo, at the Curia Metropolitana in Buenos Aires, demanding information on their loved ones. Nobody received them, so they decided that they would begin a protest campaign across the Plaza de Mayo from the presidential office building, at the Casa Rosada (the Pink House), traditionally the place where political demonstrations took place. The following Saturday the founding group of mothers – Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti, Berta Braverman, Haydée García Buelas; María Adela Gard de Antokoletz, Julia, María Mercedes and Cándida Gard (four sisters); Delicia González, Pepa Noia, Mirta Baravalle, Kety Neuhaus, Raquel Arcushin, and Senora De Caimi – began their protest. The police ordered them to 'circulate', static gatherings of more than five people being prohibited', so they walked around the Pirámide de Mayo in the centre of the square arm-in-arm in groups of two. However the Plaza was alrgely empty and the Mothers decided to return the following Friday, when more people would be around. More mothers of the desaparecidos joined them and after that they chose Thursdays ("Viernes es día de brujas" [Friday is a day of witches]) from 15:30 to 16:00 and to make themselves recognisable, they began wearing their iconic white scarves, made initially from babies' cloth nappies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo madres.org/navegar/nav.php www.udel.edu/leipzig/254/lasmadres.htm] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: 'Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)