Labour+Movement+Mar-Apr


 * = MARCH ||
 * = 1 || [F] 1890 - '//The Worker//', the first Australian labour newspaper, is published in Brisbane.

1907 - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) strike in the Portland, Oregon sawmills.

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: A Magónista column led by Francisco Vasquez Salinas and Luis Rodriguez crosses the border into Baja California and starts requisitioning the big estates near Tecate.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The American Woolen Company, Arlington Mills and U.S. Worsted are forced to give in, and offered a 5 percent pay increase effective March 4. Pacific Mills also agree to as yet unspecified changes to wages paid. The AFL's United Textile Workers accepted the offer and returned to work. John Golden, president of the UTW, had been working with the mill owners and actively tried to break the general strike from the beginning. But the Wobblies refuse to accept the offer, although they sent 10 delegates to negotiate with the employers. [www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1912 - In England there is increasing industrial unrest reaches a peak today when miners go on strike to further their demand for a national minimum wage. This is the biggest strike Britain has ever seen to date; according to the Board of Trade over a million workers were involved. The Syndicalist movement was extremely active at this time urging the workers to cease relying upon Parliament, advocating militant trade unionism and Direct Action.

1912 - __National Coal Strike__: Beginning of the national strike following the action in Derbyshire in which nearly one million miners took part. '//The Times//' declared the strike: "The greatest catastrophe that has threatened the country since the Spanish Armada". Fearing widespread civil unrest, the Government abandoned its stance of non-intervention. Within a month it had rushed a minimum wage bill through Parliament. A week later, prime minister Herbert Asquith broke down in the Commons under the strain. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_coal_strike_of_1912 www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nostalgia-100th-anniversary-national-miners-4413682 www.petergill7.co.uk/pieces/lawrence/national_coal_strike.shtml www.marxists.org/archive/quelch/1912/03/coal-strike.htm www.marxist.com/1912-the-great-unrest.htm]

1919 - The first issue of the '//One Big Union Monthly//' is published in Chicago by the general executive board of the IWW. [libcom.org/library/one-big-union-monthly www.iww.org/sites/default/files/images/Our Immediate Demands.jpg depts.washington.edu/iww/newspapers.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The army and navy are continuing to try to keep essential services running, including La Canadenca, Catalana de Gas y Electricidad, Energia Elèctrica de Catalunya and Sociedad General de Agua, as well as operating the trams. Barcelona begins to return to some form of normality. The water, light and electricity companies give an ultimatum to their striking workers: those who do not return to work before the sixth will be sacked. The La Canadenca management also offers to readmit its striking workers (again, after being fired twice), but it will not recognise the union, nor will it reinstate the eight workers whose sacking on February 2nd precipitated the strike. There remains a shortage of water as the military engineers lack the skills and knowledge of how to operate the service properly. Few trams circulate. Taking advantage of the situation, drivers of rental cars are able to negotiate a new contract that includes a salary increase.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: A mass meeting of 16,000 people is held in Anchor Square, Kronstadt. It votes to adopt the Petropavlovsk Resolution, much to the ire of the Communist Party apparatchiks present. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - In answer to fascist violence and the assassination of Spartaco Lavagnini on February 27, a general strike is called in Trieste and Florence. In the latter, Guardie Regie (Royal Guards i.e. Interior Ministry police) supported by //squadristi// manage to breach the barricades erected the day previously and the Fascists occupy the headquarters f the Federazione Operaia dei Metallurgi (Federation of Metallurgical Workers). In nearby Empoli (known as the Fatti di Empoli or L'eccidio di Empoli) where a farcical misunderstanding led to the deaths of, occur resulting in the death of more than 20 with over a hundred people injured. [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=03&day=01 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

1924 - All the referendum ballots having now been counted following the December 27, 1923, motion to hold a referendum on affiliation with the Industrial Workers of the World, members of the Lumber Workers Industrial Union officially decided to affiliate with the IWW. Following the split, communist members of the Finnish Organisation of Canada (Kanadan Suomalainen Järjestö) in the rump of the LWIU (OBU) decided to form the Lumber Workers' Industrial Union of Canada as an affiliate of Red International of Labour Unions. [see: Dec. 27] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_Workers_Industrial_Union en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_Workers_Industrial_Union_of_Canada www.spunk.org/texts/groups/iww/sp000476.txt contentdm.library.uvic.ca/cdm/ref/collection/collection8/id/253 archive.org/stream/reportoflabour192325cana/reportoflabour192325cana_djvu.txt www.thefreelibrary.com/Cult+of+spontaneity%3A+Finnish-Canadian+bushworkers+and+the+Industrial...-a030403442]

1943 - Bjarne Dalland (b.1906), Norwegian trade unionist, politician and communist resistance member, is executed by the Nazis. [see: Aug. 27]

[C] 1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: In December 1950, the municipal authorities in Barcelona increased the cost of tram fares by 40% from March 1, 1951. They were already more expensive than in the Spanish capital, Madrid, and working class families were outraged. The cost of living had been rising and the price of food was at an all-time high [up 700% on many items since 1939]. Unemployment, homelessness, starvation and deaths from deficiency diseases were rife, especially in the rural areas such as Andalucia. In Barcelona much of the extensive damage stemming from the Civil War had not been repaired and two-thirds of the population lived without plumbing or electricity. On February 8, 1951, an anonymous leaflet circulated throughout Barcelona, calling for a boycott of the city’s trams to begin on March 1 until the fares were returned to their regular price. As the date of the boycott approached, citizens from across the city began to make their anger known. On February 22, groups of individuals united in protest and used explosives to dislodge the tramlines. In the week that followed, groups of angry citizens gathered to throw stones at the trams and marched through the streets. The police arrested many of them. By March 1 the boycott of the trams was in full force. Tram workers stayed home and many individuals walked to their offices and shops. That night hundreds of people took to the streets across the city. The municipal police stormed the downtown area in an attempt to break up the groups of protesting citizens. Though many were arrested, the police could not quiet the masses. On the first day, around 97% of tram users joined the boycott, and by March 4 this figure had risen to 99%. The streets were filled with people walking, in some cases several miles, to their workplaces. Tram drivers were mostly on strike, attacks were made on trams still running, and police units were stationed around the city to protect them. . Taking it upon himself to set an example for strikebreakers, Governor Baeza Alegria stormed out of a meeting at city hall and boarded a tram, which after several minutes took a wrong turn and drove into a stone barricade. The boycott was so successful in fact, that hopes held by the authorities of it being broken by the thousands of football fans who would travel to Les Corts stadium on Sunday, March 4, were completely dashed. After watching their team win 2-1 against Santander, FC Barcelona supporters chose to walk home through pouring rain instead of catching the trams as usual. For two weeks, the population massively refused to use public transport, carried out their journeys on foot and participated in numerous protest protests, later sign-up and support militants and others. Several days later the authorities caved, the tram company had lost 5,000,000 pesetas, and the old fares were reinstated. It was also announced that 70 people arrested during the boycott would be released. The damage had already been done though, and preparations to turn the boycott into a strike to protest more general grievances were already under way. A manifesto calling for a strike had been distributed on March 4, and a meeting held two days later by political and union elements, including those in the lower ranks of the Sindicato Vertical, had decided on a date of March 12. Beginning in the textile mills of the Pueblo Nuevo area, the strike quickly spread to involve workers in metallurgical and chemical plants, communications, construction, government workers, and taxi and tram drivers. 300,000 workers had joined the strike, including many in the nearby cities of Badalona, Sabadell, Tarrasa and Mataro. Initially bewildered by the success of the strike, the authorities again mobilised thousands of police and Civil Guard units. Troops were deployed, and four warships carrying hundreds of marines were docked in Barcelona harbour. Demonstrations and clashes took place across the city, and thousands of strikers were arrested and imprisoned for the duration of the strike. As well as acting as a general protest against the regime, other demands were put forward included wage increases, and a reduction in the cost of living. Despite Barcelona having been turned into an armed camp, the strikers managed to hold out for fourteen days, after which most workers returned to their jobs. Terrified by the prospect of further unrest, the authorities released the vast majority of those arrested, and ordered employers to pay full wages to those who had been on strike. Although little was done to meet the strikers' demands, the encouragement given by the strike to workers across the country was significant, and the continual outbreak of further disturbances plagued the regime in the following months. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_tramvies es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_tranvías_de_Barcelona_de_1951 www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm antropologia.cat/antifranquista/fitxa/vaga-de-tramvies taxi.cnt.cat/associacio/article/category/terrassa elultimoviajeaicaria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/la-llamada-huelga-de-tranvias-del-51-la.html historiadelpresente.es/sites/default/files/congresos/pdf/37/felixhdez2.pdf mayansmayans.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/barcelon-1951-y-el-tranvia.html www.lavanguardia.com/participacion/cartas/20110301/54120620371/60-anos-de-la-huelga-de-tranvias-en-barcelona.html blog.arqueologiadelpuntdevista.com/2012/01/huelga-de-tranvias-barcelona-1951.html grupostirner.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/primavera-caliente.html www.1mayo.ccoo.es/nova/files/1018/Portada201209.pdf historiadelpresente.es/sites/default/files/congresos/pdf/37/felixhdez2.pdf libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-citizens-general-strike-democracy-and-economic-justice-1951]

1971 - __Bangladeshi General Strike__: President Yahya Khan announces the postponement until "a later date" of the Pakistan. National Assembly. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, popularly known as Mujib, leader of the Awami League Mujib reacts and calls for emancipation of Bengalees, declaring as a sign of revolt a general strike in Dhaka on March 2 and the whole of (pre-Bangladesh) East Pakistan on the 3rd. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bangladeshi-citizens-struggle-through-noncooperation-political-autonomy-1971 www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/history-prelude-independence/the-march-days/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The UFW filed 1153e ULP charges accusing the growers of bad faith bargaining, and there was no further bargaining until August 1979. In September 1979, 15 of the growers reached the Sun Harvest agreement with the UFW in 9/79 that paid lettuce cutters at least $0.75 a carton and settled the ULP charges. [see: Feb. 21 & 28] ||
 * = 2 || 1791 - London's first great factory, Albion Mills, burnt down to the ground. Arson is suspected.

[FF] 1821 - __Revolta Obrera d'Alcoi [Workers' Revolt in Alcoy] / Motín de Alcoy [Alcoy Mutiny] / Sucesos de Alcoy de 1821 [Events of Alcoy from 1821__]: In one of the most famous example of 'ludismo', about 1,200 peasants and day labourers from neighbouring towns who carded and spun wool at their homes (under the putting-out system) smash and set fire to 17 spinning machines in Alcoy. The insurgents further demanded that the remaining machines be dismantled. A cavalry regiment and infantry battalion had to intervene from Játiva and Alicante to restore tranquillity. One of the most industrialised cities in Barcelona at the time, the cloth manufacturing industry employed around 40,000 workers at that time. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_obrera_d'Alcoi es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Alcoy_de_1821 paramisonenigmas.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/ludismo-en-espana-destruccion-de-maquinas/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España]

1907 - The first issue of '//The Industrial Union Bulletin//', "Official Publication of the Industrial Workers of the World", is published in Chicago. [archive.org/details/v1n01-mar-02-1907-iub archive.org/details/industrialunionbulletin]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: In an interview with the mayor Manuel Morales Pareja, the committee asks him to forward the three points and gives the government 48 hours to respond. In Madrid, the government responds that the deadline is very short and the attempt at negotiation fails.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: Overnight [March 1-2] the strike is called off following the intervention of Alexandre Millerand, President of the Council of Ministers, and the railway companies to concede on the final demand, no victimisation of strikers. Many of the companies fail to keep to the bargain and some strikers are sacked. Worse still, some non-strikers on the État, PLM and PO networks are paid a double salary. Wildcat strikes continue in various parts of the rail network. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 19]

[AA/D] 1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: A meeting of sailor, soldier and worker organisation delegates sets up the 15 member Kronstadt Provisional Revolutionary Committee, which endorses the 'Petropavlovsk Resolution'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1929 - __Rothbury Miners Strike__: With the colliery owners on the Northern New South Wales coalfields having combined as the Northern Collieries Association, on Thursday February 14, 1929, the mine employers gave their 9,750 employees 14 days' notice, demanding that the miners should now accept the following new conditions: "A wage reduction of 12½ per cent on the contract rates, one shilling ($0.10) a day on the 'day wage' rate; all Lodges must give the colliery managers the right to hire and fire without regard to seniority; all Lodges must agree to discontinue pit-top meetings and pit stoppages". With the miners and their union, the Miners Federation, having refused to accept these terms, and on Saturday March 2, 1929, all miners are now 'locked out' of their employment. They were to remain closed for 15 months. 10,000 miners, pit boys and their families now found themselves without a job, forced to subsist on government handouts and charity. They would remain out until June 1930, when they capitulated and returned to work on reduced contract wages. However, the lockout failed to break the resolve or organisation of the miners union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothbury_riot www.lockout.tv/the-story.php www.coalandcommunity.com/rothbury-riot.php www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000085.pdf monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/government/dissent/display/22596-rothbury-riot-memorial]

1937 - U.S. Steel signs its first collective bargaining agreement with the Steelworkers Organizing Committee (SWOC), averting a strike. The agreement included a substantial wage hike; an eight-hour day and forty-hour week, with overtime; seniority protection; a grievance procedure; and full recognition of SWOC as the workers’ bargaining agent. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Workers_Organizing_Committee www.usw.org/union/history]

1971 - __Bangladeshi General Strike__: A curfew is declared from dawn to dusk as the general strike begins, but protesters still take to the street. Many are killed by Pakistani troops. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman denounces the firing on unarmed men and declares a province-wide Hartal (general strike) from March 3 to March 6, 1971 during the hours 06:00 to 14:00. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bangladeshi-citizens-struggle-through-noncooperation-political-autonomy-1971 www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/history-prelude-independence/the-march-days/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War]

[F] 1989 - __1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году]__: At the Severnaya (Северная) mine in Vorkuta (Воркута), protests against arbitrary fluctuations in their wages, quickly develop into a short underground hunger strike initially involving 107 workers. They put forward demands for no Sunday working, a six-hour working day, cuts in the management apparatus, the sacking of the director, and enhanced pay for night work; later announcing the formation of an independent trade union, ominously called Solidarnost. Support meetings are held in the city, but the strike is resolved with the usual influx of Party officials and rapid concession of the bulk of the workers’ demands. Following this strike the Vorkuta miners met to establish a City Workers’ Committee on June 10. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf]

1997 - Judi Bari (b. 1949), U.S. environmentalist and labour activist, feminist, musician and the principal organiser of Earth First! campaigns against logging in the ancient redwood forests of Northern California in the 1980s and '90s and also organised efforts through the EF!-IWW Local 1 to bring timber workers and environmentalists together in common cause, dies of breast cancer. [see: Nov. 7]

1998 - Josefina Fierro de Bright (b. 1914), Mexican-American labour organiser, dies. Born in Mexico and grew up on farm labour camps; she was the daughter of an anarchist mother, the bordera Josefina Arancibia, who served meals to migrant workers in Maderna, California and introduced her to the teachings of Ricardo Flores Magón. Josefina gave up her studies at UCLA to become a full-time organiser, and her organizing style was described by veteran longshoremen union leader Bert Corona as "gutsy, flamboyant, and tough." She led boycotts of companies that did business in Mexican American communities but did not hire Mexican American workers. She became executive secretary of El Congreso (the first national Latino civil rights organisation) in 1939 and organized protests against racism in the Los Angeles Schools, against the exclusion of Mexican-American youths from public swimming pools, and against police brutality. She co-ordinated El Congreso’s support for Mexican workers in the furniture, shoe manufacturing, electrical, garment, and longshoremen’s unions. || [www.nswp.org/event/international-sex-worker-rights-day]
 * = 3 || [F] __March 3__ - International Sex Workers’ Rights Day.

1756 - William Godwin (d. 1836), philosopher and proto-anarchist, born. Spouse of Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley, his best known works are '//An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Political Justice//' and the novel '//Things as They are; or, the Adventures of// //Caleb Williams//'. His other novels were: '//St. Leon: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century//' (1799); '//Fleetwood; or, The New Man of Feeling//' (1805); '//Mandeville, a Tale of the Seventeenth Century//' (1817), a three volume novels '//Cloudesley: A Tale//' (1830) and '//Deloraine//' (1833). "Government is, abstractedly taken, an evil, a usurpation upon the private judgement and individual conscience of mankind." - '//Enquiry Concerning Political Justice//' (1793).

1877 - [N.S. Mar. 15] Milly Witkop Rocker (Milly Vitkopski; d. 1955), anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, is born in the Ukraine. [see: Mar. 15]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 18] __Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The government declares martial law in Georgia and dispatches troops in an attempt to end the 'Gurian Peasant Republic' (Гурийская крестьянская республика), and dispatches a force of 10,000 soldiers in an attempt to regain control of the rebellious province. However, the rebels defeat the expeditionary forces and force their withdrawal in July and the government is unable to regain control until January 1906. [see: Feb. 20] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 18] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsar publishes the 'Bulygin Rescript' (Булыгин рескрипте), named after the then Minister of Interior, Alexander G. Bulygin (Александр Григорьевич Булыгин), which promises the creation of a State Duma of the Russian Empire but with consultative powers only, religious tolerance, freedom of speech (in the form of language rights for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. At the same time he issued a contradictory Imperial Decree drawn up by the prominent jurist and well-known reactionary Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (Константи́н Петро́вич Победоно́сцев), who had long been the //éminence grise// of imperial politics, denouncing reform, whilst also issuing an appeal calling for suggestions by the public for potential reforms. Neither the Rescript nor the resulting Tsarist manifesto issued on August 19 [O.S. Aug. 9] laying out the final plans for establishment of the promised representative body (the 'Bulygin Duma' as it became known), did anything to cool the revolutionary ardour abroad at the time. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Булыгин,_Александр_Григорьевич www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1905bulygduma.php]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Paterson's silk workers had been going on strike at the rate of 1,200 a day, and there were now approximately, 24,000 men, women and children in the streets having fully committed to participating in the Paterson silk strike. With the dyer’s helpers and ribbon weavers now out on strike, silk manufacturing in Paterson had effectively come to a halt and the 300 or so mills in the town had been forced to close. The dyer’s helpers and ribbon weavers goals, however, differed from those of the broad-silk weavers, with the dyer’s helpers striking to achieve the 8-hour day/44-hour week, rather than to protest the 'stretch out'. Ribbon weavers joined the strike to protect the right of free speech, which they believed was threatened by the arrest of speakers and peaceful picketers for "disorderly conduct" and "unlawful assembly". [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The '//La Veu de Catalunya//' is the only newspaper that continues to write about the strike, and the military are now covering more and more of the work of those who are out on strike. Workers of the power station of Sant Adrià del Besos join the strike. In Barcelona, ​​a scab that was running a tram was almost lynched for having run over a child (slightly). He defended himself, firing a gun that he carried, injuring one man and ending up under arrest.

1971 - __Bangladeshi General Strike__: The province-wide Hartal (general strike) has spread to the rest of the country. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman launches a non-violent non-cooperation movement. There is serious trouble in Chittagong that night when the authorities try to unload the MV Swat which had arrived with troops and a cargo of ammunition. Dock workers spread this news. Soon thousands of people were locked in battle with West Pakistan soldiers and sailors. The trouble gained a new dimension when a unit of the East Pakistan Rifles refused to fire on Bangali demonstrators. This action gave a sharper edge to Bangali resentment. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bangladeshi-citizens-struggle-through-noncooperation-political-autonomy-1971 www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/history-prelude-independence/the-march-days/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War]

1985 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: A Special Delegate Conference of the National Union of Mineworkers in Great Britain votes 98-91 to return to work after the nearly year-long miners’ strike over the announced closure of twenty mines and the loss of 20,000 jobs. Soon after the strike ended, the Thatcher government’s program of 'accelerated closure' was put into practice. ||
 * = 4 || 1906 - [N.S. Mar. 17] Rosa Luxemburg, together with Leo Jogiches, is arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities in Warsaw. On April 11 [N.S. Apr. 24], they were moved to Pavilion X of the Warsaw Citadel, which was notorious for the incarceration of ‘dangerous’ political criminals. Rosa Luxemburg embarked on a hunger strike that lasted six days. In combination with the overcrowded conditions, the hunger strike undermined her health. Her poor health together with the money paid over, ostensibly by her family in Poland, brought her release on bail on July 8 [N.S. Jul. 21], 1906. The money, which had been collected back in Germany by the SPD, was paid against Rosa Luxemburg’s knowledge or wishes. Under the conditions of bail she was required to remain in Warsaw, although her intention before her arrest, with the arrangements already made, had been to return to Berlin. On release from prison she quickly learnt that on her return to Germany she would face prosecution for incitement to Violence based on the speech she had made at the 1905 conference in Jena, where she had drawn the lesson from the events in Russia of ‘when evolution would turn into revolution even in Germany In time it would lead to further imprisonment.

1910 - __Spokane Free Speech Fight__: IWW begins the Spokane, Washington free speech fight (which they win). [expand]

1917 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: The Extraordinary Session of the Petrograd Soviet, called to decide the fate of Kronstadt, votes to accept Zinoviev's proposal to force the surrender of Kronstadt sailors upon penalty of death.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The '//La Veu de Catalunya//' and '//La Publicidad//' publish a letter from the manager of La Canadenca, Fraser Lawton, which says that the company wants to negotiate with the strike committee, who were sent a letter the previous Saturday, but who have not yet responded. There are strikes in the workshops of San Feliu de Guixols and Tarragona woodworkers obtain the 8 hour day and a 20% wage increase.

1924 - The first issue of the monthly magazine '//Die Internationale//', official publication of the anti-authoritarian International Workingmen's Association (AIT or IAA) appears in Berlin. It continues in publication until 1926, and the same title reappears in 1927 as the paper of the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutchlands (FAUD), with the subtitle: "Journal for the revolutionary labour movement, social criticism and a new socialist construction".

1928 - Octavio Alberola Suriñach aka 'El Largo' and 'Juan', Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist member of the FIJL-MLE, CNT, CGT and Grupo Primero de Mayo, born in the Balearic Islands. In 1939, his family left for Mexico and Octavio began his anarchist militancy as a member of the Juventudes Libertarias and the CNT in exile. In 1962, he became part of the underground organisation Defensa Interior (DI) formed by the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) after the 1961 CNT congress. Cipriano Mera, José Pascual Palacios and Octavio Alberola would be responsbile for coordinating DI activies until the organisation was wound up by the 'parental' body at the Montpellier Congress of the MLE in 1965. In 1966, and based in Paris and Brussels, Alberola began coordinating Grupo Primero de Mayo's numerous attacks against the Franco regime as well as its wider activities as part of the growing worldwide resistance to an aggressive and expansionist US foreign policy. On February 9, 1968 in Belgium, after an attempted kidnapping of a minister, he was imprisoned for five months and then palces under house arrest. His father, Jose, was meanwhile killed on May 1, 1967 in Mexico by Franco agents. In 1971, he secretly returned to France where he worked at the newspaper '//Frente Libertario//'. Linked to the Groupes d'Action Révolutionnaire Internationalistes (GARI), in May 1974 he was caught up in the case of the kidnapping of the banker Adolfo Suarez. Arrested at Avignon, he remained imprisoned nearly nine months. After Franco's death, and after the split of the CNT, he worked for the reforming of the CGT and participated in the activities of the COJRA in France. In the years 1980-2000, he hosted the Radio Libertaire program '//Tribuna Latino Americana//'. He also became a tireless member of the Grupo por la revisión del proceso Granado-Delgado, which seeks to annul sentences from the Franco era, and active in libertarian iniatives across Europe. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article167 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0403.html www.guerracivil.org/Diaris/981109pais.htm www.alasbarricadas.org/noticias/node/14119 www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2012/05/spanish-anarchism-and-revolutionary-action-1961-1974-by-octavio-alberola-and-ariane-gransac-christiebooks-kindle-edition/]

[B] 1964 - Buñuel's film version of the Octave Mirbeau novel '//Diary of a Chambermaid//' first release in France.

1974 - Acting in collusion and at the behest of striking lead workers, the urban guerrilla People's Revolutionary Army kidnap one of the INSUD plant managers in Argentina. As a result, and in just 22 days, the strikers win compensation for lead poisoning and a reduction of the working day to six hours.

1979 - Formed the previous month without permision form the Communist authorities, the existence of the Sindicatul Liber al Oamenilor Muncii din România (Free Trade Union of the Working People of Romania) is announced when the founding declaration, signed by 20 persons, is broadcast by Noël Bernard over Radio Free Europe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLOMR ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicatul_Liber_al_Oamenilor_Muncii_din_România epochtimes-romania.com/news/cat-de-tare-iubea-ceausescu-poporul-roman-prigoana-comunistilor-impotriva-primului-sindicat-liber-din-romania---213136 www.memorialsighet.ro/clubul-memoriei-slomr-35-ani-2/]

[F] 1985 - __Jornadas de Marzo [Working Days of March__]: As a result of the fall in the price of metals, the crisis deepened, so were the days of March 1985 when the true magnitude of the workers' opposition to the government's adjustment measures was felt. On March 4, the Central Obrera Boliviana bussed some 12,000 miners into La Paz for a 'march against hunger'. Civilian servants and local unions joined in the march to the presidential palace. With the municipal band at their heels and tossing dynamite into the air, the strikers demanded the improvement of their salaries, President Hernán Siles Zuazo’s immediate resignation and the establishment of workers' rule. The march turned into a 20-day siege of La Paz, which paralysed the city. As food became scarce, Siles ordered out the troops to break the strike. With Siles, the leader of a 'populist revolution' and ally of the working class, facing off against Juan Lechín Oquendo, secretary general of the Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia and leader of the strikers, a bloody clash seemed inevitable, but bishops stepped in and resolved the crisis. After achieving a minimum number of concessions, the workers backed down, with the Siles Government maintaining its popularity and the COB effectively defeated. [see: Mar. 24] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bolivian-workers-overthrow-president-1983-1985 disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/LaJun85.0377.5429.010.007.Jun1985.14.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Workers'_Center]

1989 - __1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: At the Severnaya mine another 58 people decide to support the strike and refuse to rise to the surface. However, the [see: Mar. 2] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Люксембург,_Роза www.rosalux.de/english/foundation/rosa-luxemburg.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSluxemburg.htm www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/ www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article448]
 * = 5 || 1871 - [N.S. Mar. 17] Rosa Luxemburg (d. 1919), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, born. Founder, with Karl Liebknecht, of the radical Spartacus League in 1916. After the Spartacist uprising in Berlin, they were arrested and murdered by German soldiers. [expand]

1872 - The General Council approves a private circular, '//Fictitious Splits in the International//', written by Marx and Engels, which exposes "Bakuninist intrigues and disruptive activity in the International". Part of their campaign to undermine the anti-authoritarian and democratic elements within the international. Published in Geneva as a pamphlet in May.

1884 - Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero' (d. 1919), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicato de Tintoreros of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, one of the most powerful unions in the textile industry, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0503.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Sabater]

1902 - In France, the National Congress of Miners decided to call for a general strike for an 8-hour day.

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 20] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsar refuses the demands of the workers’ delegates and disbands the Shidlovsky Commission, appointed in the wake of Bloody Sunday "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs", before it had even started work. A wave of protest strikes is followed by a wave of arrests. On the same day, the Tsar authorises a new commission under Kokovtsov to study labour problem. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1906 - [O.S. Feb. 20] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: An Imperial Manifesto is issued on the Duma’s legal structure, restricting its powers and linking it with the government-dominated State Council. The liberal Kadets party are outraged. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1912 - __National Coal Strike__: Strike pay for the colliers, ten shillings a week for full union members, began on Tuesday 5th March. By the 23rd the Notts Miners' Association had spent about £50,000 out of their total funds of £220,000 and it was estimated that the men `could last out at least another ten weeks. [see: Mar. 1]

1917 - __Everett Massacre Trial__: The trial of Thomas H. Tracy, the first of 74 planned trials following the Everett Massacre, gets under way in Seattle, having been moved from Everett because the Governor believed it would be impossible for any Wobbly to receive a fair trial in Snohomish County. [see: Nov. 5] [www.weneverforget.org/hellraisers-journal-trial-of-i-w-w-class-war-prisoner-thomas-h-tracy-begins-in-seattle-washington/ www.seattlestar.net/2014/03/march-5-1917-the-wobblies-on-trial/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The economy is suffering and one incident at the municipal market makes its way into the pages of the 'La Publicidad' newspaper, when a grocer hoarding the best quality cabbages in order to force up prices, is himself forced by protesting shoppers to sell all his cabbages at a cut price rate. Workers from those gas works, especially from La Catalana, who had not gone out now joined the strike. The police respond by launching a series of absurd raids on foreigners.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: In issue no. 3 of '//Izvestia//' the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Sailors, Red Soldiers and Workers the city of Kronstadt proclaim: "For three days Kronstadt got rid of the nightmare of communist power, as it had removed four years ago the power of the Tsar (...) For three days the citizens of Kronstadt breathed free, freed from the dictatorship of the party."

1922 - __Chinese Seamen's Strike__: After 52 days of strike by Chinese seamen from Hong Kong and Canton (now Guangzhou) demanding higher wages, the employers finally capitulate and agree to wage increases of 15-30%, despite the Hong Kong government having declared the strike as being illegal. [see: Jan. 12]

1934 - Marie Guillot (b. 1880), French teacher, anarcho-syndicalist, pacifist and feminist activist, dies. [see: Sep. 9]

1939 - The Negrín government is overthrown in an overnight coup (March 5-6) in Madrid; members of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT trade union in the south-central zone are involved in the coup and occupy posts in the new National Council of Defence.

1941 - Edith Mansell Moullin (Edith Ruth Thomas; b. 1858) Anglo-Welsh suffragette, socialist and social activist, who was a founder member of the Anti-Sweating League and the Cymric Suffrage Union, as well as being a member of the WSPU, the Church League for Women's Suffrage and the Women's Freedom League, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Mansell_Moullin spartacus-educational.com/Wmansell.htm]

1944 - Pasquale Binazzi (b. 1873), Italian anarchist, secretary of the 'chambre du travail' and organiser of the 'syndicat de l'arsenal' in Spezia, dies. Founded the weekly magazine '//Il Libertario//' in 1903, which printed 10,000 copies at its peak until closed by the Fascists in 1922. He died whilst helping organise anarchist guerilla groups in Liguria and Tuscany. [see: Jun. 12]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: In the wake of the wave of strikes in and around Durban, the Western Province Workers' Advice Bureau (WPWAB) is established and an executive committee consisting of exclusively workers in elected. [www.sahistory.org.za/topic/western-province-workers-advice-bureau-wpwab www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes]

[F] 1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: First local strikes in Yorkshire following the leaking of plans to close 20 pits with the loss of 20,000 jobs. || When they tried to board a train without buying tickets, the director of Thessalian Railways, Politis (Πολίτης), who was on board the train, refuses to allow them to continue to Larissa. He then got some troops that were on the train travelling to Larissa to police the demonstration to push them off the train. Politis then proceeded to insult the farmers, calling them "rabble" and "beasts". The farmers them start stoning the train and the troops were ordered to fire on the farmers, killing Athanasios Ntafouli (Αθανάσιου Νταφούλη) and Athanasios Bocas (Αθανάσιου Μπόκας), and wounding many others. The train quickly pulled out of the station and one kilometre on at the station at Tsoular (Τσουλάρ, today's malia / Μελία), 800 locals were waiting. However, the train was ordered not to stop. Instead, the soldiers fired a warnign volley over the heads of the crowd of waitng farmers, who reposned by attacking the train with stones and sticks. The angry crowd was fired on from the train, leaving two more dead and 15 wounded. When the train arrived in Larissa and news of what had happened in Kileler and Tsoular spread, unarmed demonstrators began battling with the armed forces, who responded with live fire. Two tenant farmers were killed during a cavalry charge. The prefect, the police chief and the garrison commander of Larissa, who had all watched the battle, realised that the suppression of the revolt of crofters was impossible, so the demonstration was allowed to continue peacefully. The rally ended, after having drawn up and approved a resolution which was sent to the Parliament in Athens demanding the immediate passage of the bill for the expropriation of estates and distribution of estate, the strengthening of the Agricultural Fund tax, and expressing deep sorrow for the State's unjust attacking on the people, the unarmed victims of slavery in Thessaly. The uprising was followed by mass arrests and detention of many farmers. Several were released by decree and 62 of the protesters were tried and acquitted on June 23, 1910 in an attempt to defuse the situation. The uprising in Kileler roused a wave of sympathy across the country and increased the social pressure to solve the agrarian question. However, the measures taken were only piecemeal and it was not until 1923 that the estates were expropriated on a large scale. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kileler_incident el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κολίγος thehistoryofgreece.blogspot.co.uk/p/blog-page_29.html www.sansimera.gr/articles/224 www.alfavita.gr/arthron/06031910-η-μάχη-του-κιλελέρ]
 * = 6 || [DD] 1910 - __Kileler Rebellion [Κιλελέρ Εξέγερση__]: Early in the morning, around 200 crofters (Κολίγος) and farmers had gathered in the village of Kileler (Κιλελέρ) in Thessaly with their red and black flags to travel by train to Larissa (Λάρισα) to attend a large agricultural demonstration with other crofters and farmers from across Thessaly. It was part of their on-going protests against the semi-feudal Chiflik system under which rural areas in the Ottoman Empire were regulated. Their main demand was the expropriation of land from the landlords and its redistribution to farmers.

[F] 1913 - Joe Hill's song '//There is Power in a Union//' first appears in the IWW's '//Little Red Song Book//'.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Public lighting services remain poor and power failures mean that tram services are interrupted or stopped altogether in Barcelona, whilst the strike movement moves back on to the offensive. The strike has now spread to include the power workers in the hydroelectric power plants in Tordera – which provides electricity to Sabadell and Panadés – and in the city of Tremp in the Pyrennes, supplier for the municipality of Igualada. In the latter the guardia civil take over the plant. In addition, workers in Molins del Rey are on strike and there are rumours that Lérida will also join in.

[D] 1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: Lev Kamenev and Leon Trotsky issue an ultimatum to rebelling soldiers and sailors in Kronstadt: "The Workers' and Peasants Government has decreed that Kronstadt and the rebellious ships must immediately submit to the authority of the Soviet Republic. Therefore, I command all who have raised their hands against the socialist fatherland to lay donw their arms at once. The commissars and other members of the government who have been arrested are to be liberated at once. Only those who surrender unconditionally can expect mercy from the Soviet Republic. "I am simultaneously giving orders to prepare for the suppression of the rebellion and the subjugation of the sailors by armed force. All responsibility for the harm that may be suffered by the peaceful population will rest entirely on the heads of the White Guard mutineers. This warning is final." '//Ultimatum to Kronstadt//' - signed by Leon Trotsky (War Commissar), Lev Kamenev (CinC of the Red Army). This is the ultimatum that was said to be accompanied by a threat that the Bolsheviks would "shoot like partridges" all those who refused to surrender immediately. Only those who did could expect mercy. It is attributed to Trotsky but was in fact issued by Grigory Zinoviev's Petrograd Defence Committee: "You are surrounded on all sides… Kronstadt has neither bread nor fuel. If you insist, we will shoot you like partridges." The Provisional Revolutionary Committee replied: "The ninth wave of the Toilers' Revolution has risen and will sweep from the face of Soviet Russia the vile slanderers and tyrants with all their corruption-­and your lemency, Mr. Trotsky, will not be needed." - '//Pravda o Kronshtadte//' No. 5, Monday, March 7th, 1921 [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1925 - __Cape Breton Coal Strike__: The United Mine Workers of America go on strike to try and restore wage levels to those in place prior to the cuts introduced by the British Empire Steel Corporation in 1922. Twelve thousand miners walked out. BESCO police began terrorizing citizens in mining towns throughout the province, charging even small groups of people on horseback and beating anyone they caught. BESCO, which owned most of the electrical utilities and grocery stores in the mining towns, cut off power and credit. By June, thousands of families were on the verge of starvation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_coal_strike_of_1981]

1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: Following the reversal of the ticket price rise, the Phalangists organsied members to board trams in order to "break the ice". The act merely hardens the workers' position. [see: Mar. 1] [www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm]

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The NUM has called off a four-week strike following a 35% pay offer from the new Labour government in what is being seen as a resounding victory for the miners. Around 260,000 miners have accepted weekly pay rises ranging from £6.71 to £16.31. The offer is worth more than double the figure on offer under Edward Heath's government. Miners will return to work on March 11. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/newsid_4207000/4207111.stm]

2012 - __The Longest Unemployment Line In The World__: The artismyoccupation.org project holds a large, participatory arts event called '//The Line//' in New York, where an estimated 5,000 demonstrators formed a three-mile (five km) line in downtown New York to protest unemployment in the United States. [www.artismyoccupation.org/news_and_projects/2012/feb/26/the_line/ www.democraticunderground.com/12521011 todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com/tag/new-york-city/page/3/] ||
 * = 7 || 1907 - [N.S. Mar 20] Peter Arshinov (Пётр Арши́нов) shoots Vasilenko, head of the main railroad yard at Aleksandrovsk. A notorious and pitiless oppressor of workers, Vasilenko had turned over to the military tribunal more than 100 workers who were accused of taking part in the armed uprising in Aleksandrovsk in December, 1905; many of them were condemned to death or forced labor because of Vasilenko’s testimony. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging but, the sentence temporarily postponed, he managed too escape from Aleksandrovsk prison on the night of April 22, 1907.

1909 - Charles Perrone (b.1837), Swiss-born anarchist, militant of the First International, Bakuninist propagandist and cartographer, dies. [see: Dec. 06]

1911 - Dolores Vimes Domínguez (d. 2007), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, is born into an anarchist family. Her father Juan Vimes Durán was one of the founders of a union in her home town Constantina, Sevilla, and during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the Republic he was imprisoned on several occasions. Dolores was already a member of the CNT herself prior to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. Her father and brother were killed during the Civil War, and her partner José Teyssiere Gómez, also a centista, was sentenced to death. After the sentence was commuted, Dolores was able to visit the prison in Seville before he was sent to the La Corchuela concentration camp, about eight kilometers from Dos Hermanas, where more than a thousand political prisoners worked on the construction of the Bajo Guadalquivir Canal. In 1942, she married José in the La Corchuela camp in order to get some money and be able to feed her children. On December 28, 1942 Teyssiere managed to escape, and after spending a few days hiding at a comrade's home, Dolores took him to a cottage in the Cuarteros district, where he managed to stay hidden for five years until his situation was normalised. In later life she participated in events recognising and celebrating the historical memory of the 'presos del Canal', the Republican prisoners forced to work constructing the Bajo Guadalquivir Canal. Her testimony is recorded in the collection '//El canal de los presos//' (1940-1962) (2004); Mariano Agudo and Eduardo Montero - '//Presos del silencio//' (2004); and, José Luis Gutiérrez Molina - //'La tiza, la tinta y la palabra. José Sánchez Rosa, maestro y anarquista andaluz (1864-1936)//' (2005). Dolores Vimes Domínguez died on May 17, 2007. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0703.html]

1913 - Ramón Álvarez Palomo aka 'Ramonín' (d. 2003), Asturian militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. As a CNT militant, he was involved in the insurrection of 1934 and was imprisoned with Durruti before taking refuge in France. He also fought in Spanish Revolution and was the publisher of '//Acción Libertaria//' until 1994. Writer and historian with a number of books to his credit. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre14.html anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/114067 www.asturiasrepublicana.com/cervera8.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-i.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-ii.html demicasaalautopia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/biografia-ramon-alvarez-palomo-iii.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Only 12 of the 1000 La Canadenca strikers have returned to work following the expiry of the deadline. The strikes in the water, gas and electricity industries continue and have spread to several cities including Igualada, Sabadell, Cerdanyola, Villefranche, Molins de Rei and others. The army has failed to normalise gas supplies and Badalona is in the dark because of a strike at the La Propagadora gasworks. González Rothwos, the civil governor, says he wants to end the strike and get back to normal. Some strikes are settled such as coal loaders and cleaning staff, and employees at the Sant Andreu railway station return to work.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: Specially selected forces of the Red Army commanded by Trotsky open fire at 6:45 p.m. on the forts of Kronstadt; the sailors, soldiers, workers and populace of Kronstadt counter-fire and reduce Trotsky's batteries to silence. Trotsky: "//One can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.//" Voline: "//I see the broken eggs — now where's this omelet of yours?//"

1935 - __Huelga de Marzo__: Workers across Cuba launch a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the Batista-Caffery-Mendieta regime. Antonio Guiteras and the Joven Cuba had asked the Strike Committee to postpone it, in order to have the necessary time to acquire arms and prepare for the armed struggle. At the same time, the Partido Comunista and the Confederación Nacional Obrera de Cuba are also reluctant to support a general strike, feeling it had been enacted prematurely, as they have not yet fully organised their vast network of armed self-defense organisations to support it. But the Comité de Huelga precipitates the events and the JC, the PC and the CNOC have no choice but to launch firm and selflessly to the heroic struggle. For more than 48 hours, urban and road transport, factories, commerce, and even state agencies throughout the country are paralyzed. In some places, the strike survives until March 15. But the bloody repression unleashed by the regime added to the lack of coordination and unity between all the organisations involved in the strike movement, provoke their defeat. [libcom.org/history/1935-cuban-general-strike www.ecured.cu/Huelga_de_Marzo_de_1935]

[F] 1942 - Lucy Eldine Gonzalez Parson (b. 1853), American anarchist labour organiser and founding member of the IWW, dies in a house fire. Lucy Parsons probably grew up as a slave and married Albert Parsons, a former Confederate soldier, and became a radical republican to 1871. In 1874, they moved to Chicago and engaged in the revolutionary socialist movement, participating in revolutionary activism on behalf of political prisoners, people of colour, the homeless and women. Lucy began writing for '//The Socialist//' and '//The Alarm//', the journal of the IWPA (International Working People's Association) that she and her husband helped form in 1883. Albert was to be arrested and fitted-up for the Haymarket massacre in 1886, and executed on November 11, 1887. Lucy wrote a biography of Albert: '//Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labour Movement in America//' (1889) using material Albert left at his death. In 1892 in Boston she began publishing the periodical, '//Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly//' (1890-92), followed by the Chicago-based '//The Rebel//' (1895-96), and was regularly arrested for her public advocacy of anarchism and workers rights. In 1905 she participated in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and began editing the '//Liberator//' (1905-06), an anarchist newspaper that supported the IWW in Chicago. In January 1915 she organised the Chicago Hunger Demonstrations and continued to be a thorn in the side of the bosses and the police - in 1920 the Chicago Police Department branded her as being "//more dangerous than a thousand rioters//". Following her death, police seized her library of over 1,500 books and all of her personal papers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Parsons www.iww.org/history/biography/LucyParsons/1 flag.blackened.net/liberty/parsonsl-bio.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/lparsons/lparsonsbio.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1603.html www.blackpast.org/aah/parsons-lucy-1853-1942 zinnedproject.org/materials/lucy-gonzales-parsons/ joanofmark.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/lucy-parsons-more-dangerous-than.html]

1975 - Mikhail Bakhtin (b. 1895), Russian cultural theorist, philosopher, literary critic, literary theorist and semiotician, dies. [see: Nov. 17]

1980 - Irma Götze (b. 1912), German pediatric nurse, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Dec. 3]

1998 - Jack Frager (Yankel or Yakov Treiger; b. 1903), Ukrainian-American anarchist and labour activist, dies. A youthful participant in the Russian Revolution of 1917, in order to escape being conscripted into the Red or White armies, he fled to Romania, and then on to Argentina. Whilst living in Buenos Aires for 18 months, he self-published Gustav Landauer on anarchism in Yiddish, before moving to New York in 1923. He became acvtive on the Committee to Defend Sacco and Vanzetti, made arrangements for Emma Goldman’s last U.S. speaking tour, made his own speaking tours of the U.S. during the 1930’s, helped found the Libertarian Book Club in NYC in the late 1930's, was on the editorial board of the Yiddish language anarchist newspaper '//Freie Arbeiter Stimme//' (The Free Voice of Labour), was active in the Painters' Union and taught labor history at Brookwood Labor College. When he was 80, he visited Spain to meet with the resurgent, post-Franco anarchist movement. At 87 he visited Ukraine but was to develope Alzheimer's disease. "//Daddy was indefatigable,//" said his daughter Cheshire, "//when he sought anti-war and Yiddishkeit groups in Florida and didn't find them, he started them. He never lost his ideas, energy or commitment.//" || [www.iwf.org/news/2432416/Women's-Day-Fantasies]
 * = 8 || [FF] 1857 - The date of an apocryphal protest march and picketing by garment workers in New York City demanding improved working conditions, a ten hour day, and equal rights for women. Their ranks were supposedly broken up by the police. Fifty years later on March 8, 1907, their sisters in the needle trades in New York were reputed to have held a rally honouring the 1857 march, demanding the vote, and an end to sweatshops and child labour. This event also appears to have been apocryphal, possibly invented to detach International Women's Day from its basis in Soviet history and restore US 'ownership' over it.

[B] 1885 - Juan de Dios Filiberto (Oscar Juan de Dios Filiberti Rubaglio; d. 1964), Argentine anarchist, instrumentalist (piano, guitar, violin and harmonium), conductor, poet and composer, who became prominent in the Argentine tango genre, born. He worked in various trades (shoeshine, boilermaker, baker, lottery ticket seller, bricklayer, stevedore, longshoreman, mechanic, etc.) and from 1904 to 1910 worked in the Navales Mihanovich workshops. Always linked to anarchist groups, he was one of the organisers of the 1907 shipyard strikes. Amongst his most enduring compositions are '//Guaymallén//', '//Quejas de bandoneón//' (The Bandoneón's Woes), '//Suelo Argentino//' (Argentine Soil), '//Cura Segura//' (Sure Medicine), '//De mi Tierra//' (From My Land), '//Se Recomienda Solo//' (It's Better Alone), '//La Planchadorita//' (Woman Ironing), '//El Ramito//' (Spring), '//El Besito//' (The Little Kiss), '//Malevaje//', '//La Porteñita//' (Little Girl from Buenos Aires), '//Clavel del Aire//' (A Carnation from the Wind), '//Caminito//' (Little path) and '//Botines viejos//' (Old lace shoes). His first band was Orfeón Los del Futuro, which he formed with other militant anarchist musicians, and in 1932 he formed his famous and innovative band, Orquesta Porteña, which included 'non-standard' instruments such as clarinets and flutes. The band appeared in Luis Moglia Barth's film '//¡Tango!//' (1933), as well as recording numerous records for the Odeon and RCA Victor labels and becoming a fixture on the Buenos Aires radio stations during the 1930s. He went on to lead other equally important groups in the following decades, such as the Orquesta Popular de Arte Folklórico, the Orquesta de Música Popular and the Orquesta de Música Argentina y de Cámara. After his death in 1964 his last band would be renamed the Orquesta de Juan de Dios Filiberto de Música Argentina y de Cámara and, after a 1973 Presidential decree, its name was officially changed again to the Orquesta Nacional de Música Argentina Juan de Dios Filiberto. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/112401 www.todotango.com/English/creadores/jdfiliberto.html www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/cultura/arteargentino/04biografias/filiberto.php www.aimdigital.com.ar/2011/05/01/dia-del-trabajador-entre-rios-obrero/]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 23] __Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In the village of Bakhvi [ბახვის] village near the main Gurian city of Ozurgeti [ოზურგეთი], 500 people comprising representaives from around 25 villages across the region and a number of well-known bandits turned revolutionaries, including Datiko Shevardnadze [დათიკო შევარდნაძე], David Kadeishvili [დავით ქადეიშვილი], and Kiki Mamulaishvili [კიკია მამულაიშვილი] gather for one of the most important meeting during the early part of the Gurian Uprising. The gathering elected 12 representatives (mainly Social Democrats) to negotiate with the newly arrived representative of the Tsarist government, the well-known liberal Sultan Krim-Girey [სულთანი კრიმ-გირეი]. Together they drew up the Bakhvi Manifesto [ბახვის მანიფესტი], which demanded: Freedom and equality (including freedoms of speech, assembly, to join unions and to strike; the release of political prisoners, and the immediately reopening of the Biberach City Library [სამკითხველოების]); Administrative reform (incl. the establishment of peasant committees in rural areas and People's Courts; permanent abolition of the army and the introduction of the People's Militia; a government elected by universal, direct and secret ballot); Tax reform (incl. abolition of church and state taxes and all indirect taxes; tax exemption for farmers whose income does not exceed 500 rubles); Land reform (incl. church and monastery lands confiscated and their transfer to farmers free of charge; Education Reform (incl. free universal teaching for both sexes up to 16 years old; new rural schools; the teaching of the Georgian language in schools and the end of the teaching of the catechism) - "We want to study, we would like it very much, because we know that in modern times unlettered men tlive in poverty. We demand free, compulsory education for 16 years, of girls and boys... We think the school should serve the brotherhood, unity and truth spread among peoples." [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ბახვის_მანიფესტი ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/დათიკო_შევარდნაძე ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/სერგო_ორჯონიკიძე]

1905 - Dolores Prat Coll aka pequeña Montseny (little Montseny)(d. 2001), Catalan textile worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT from the age of 15, born. Prominent in the fight for the eight hour day, she was secretary of the Sindicato de la Industria Textil in Ripoll during the Civil War years. Following the defeat of the Republic, she and her family went into exile in France and were interned in the Magnac-Laval camp. On May 15, 1940, she crossed clandestinely back into Spain on behalf of Prats de Molló. She later settled in Toulouse, continuing their trade union work as secretary of the local CNT federation and the Solidaridad Internacional Anarquista (SIA). She appeared in Lisa Berger's film '//Chemin de Liberté//' (Way of Freedom; 1997) and was the subject of '//Dolores: Une Vie Pour La liberté//' (A Life for Freedom; 2002) by her son Progreso Marin. [libcom.org/history/prat-coll-dolores-1905-2001 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0803.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3306-dolores-prat-coll-anarquista-conocida-como-la-pequena-montseny.html]

[FF] 1907 - Fifty years after the protest march and pickets by garment workers supposedly held on March 8, 1857, in New York City demanding improved working conditions, a ten hour day, and equal rights for women, a second march and rally is supposed to have been held a rally honouring the 1857 march, demanding the vote, and an end to sweatshops and child labour. This event also appears to have been apocryphal, possibly invented to detach International Women's Day from its basis in Soviet history and restore US 'ownership' over it. [www.iwf.org/news/2432416/Women's-Day-Fantasies iwd.uchicago.edu/page/international-womens-day-history en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day]

1914 - Britta Gröndahl (d. 2002), Swedish writer, French language teacher, editor, translator, feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Gröndahl sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Gröndahl www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Gröndahl,-Britta-1914-2002 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0803.html]

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 23] __February Revolution [Февральская Революция__]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Workers on the Ferrocarril de Sarrià electric rail line who had come out on strike yesterday are followed by those at the Plaça de Catalunya station. Police are sent into to attack the workers and multiple arrests are made. The govnernment finally gives into the pressure from the La Canadenca company (i.e. Regs i Força de l'Ebre) and the bosses, declaring a state of war. The city is divided into sectors, each commanded by a colonel or general. Workers from 21 of the 38 companies then on strike, including La Canadiense, Ferrocarril de Sarriá–Las Planas–Rubí, Servicio de Transportes de Barcelona, Catalana de Gas y Electricidad, Energía Eléctrica y Gas Lebón, are called up and must report to their recruitment areas. Those who do not comply are threatened with four years in prison. The strike committee meets to try and decide on how to combat the new measures. After a long discussion it is decided that workers should present themselves, but that they are to refuse to work as scabs in the companies. Five days later, more than a hundred of the newly drafted worker/soldiers are charged with insubordination and the rest detained in a legal limbo. The trials of several soldiers in August 1919 revealed that dozens of them were insubordinate, disobeyed orders, insulted their commanders, or deserted. [The exacr numbers of those drafted are unknown but estimates vary between three to five thousand.] It was clear that repressive measures were not going to break the strikers' wills, and the government and employers have begun to display increasing divisions over how to proceed. Milans del Bosch pushed for a further increase in coercion. The government of Romanones, however, feared the effect of stirring up the conflict.

1920 - In Siena, fascists and the police attack the union offices which are defended by a hundred anarchist and socialist militants. Many workers are wounded in the confrontation, and the anarchist Regoli Giuseppe succumbs to his wounds. A General Strike in protest follows.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: The Bolsheviks, consolidating their party power over the workers and peasants, begin an air raid on the peaceful population of Kronstadt. The Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Kronstadt appeals by radio-telegram to workers around the world to publicize their plight.

1921 - President Eduardo Dato assassinated in Madrid by Luis Nicolau, Pedro Mateu and Ramon Castenellas, metallurgists of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT. Dato was in charge of anti-union repression in Barcelona, and responsible for the killing of three imprisoned union activists on Jan, 20th, victims of the //ley de fugas// (law of escape) - being "set free" only to be shot down moments later as "escapees."

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: The Militant’s Women’s Group organised a second International Women’s Day rally at Belmore Park to support the wives and children of the striking timber workers. They also stormed the offices of the Timber Merchants Association, leaving its Secretary, Mr F H Corke "pale and trembling". [see: Jan. 3]

2000 - The International Union of Sex Workers make its first public appearence during a march through Soho on International Women’s Day, "when a Brazilian samba band, sex workers and supporters swung and shimmied through the streets." [www.iusw.org/iusw-history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Sex_Workers]

[F] 2017 - __First International Women's Strike aka 'Day Without a Woman'__: Women around the world hold first mass International Women's Strike – billed 'A Day Without Women' in the U.S. and 'Paro Internacional de Mujeres' in Spanish speaking countries – in protest against pay gaps and violence. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_a_Woman en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Strike] ||
 * = 9 || 1841 - Slaves who mutinied and took over the Spanish slave ship Amistad - subsequently captured by the US warship Washington - are declared free men by the US Supreme Court. The slave leader, Joseph Cinque (who serves, 130 years later, as the inspiration for Symbionese Liberation Field Marshall Cinque) returned to Africa to become a slaver himself.

1879 - Carloman François Rose (d. 1961), French anarchist, house painter and trade unionist (CGT, UD, CGTU), born. He served on the editorial board of '//Germinal//', was a salesman for '//Libertaire//' and organised support for the Black Sea Mutineers in 1921.

1879 - Carlo Tresca (d. 1943), Italian-born American newspaper editor, orator, labour organiser, prominent Industrial Workers of the World activist and anti-fascist, born. Forced into exile following his involvement in the newspaper '//Il Germe//' (The Origin), he emigrated to the USA via Switzerland. In New York he published an Italian language paper, '//La Plèbe//', became involved in IWW union activities and in 1917 started '//Il Martello//' (The Hammer), a newspaper he published until his death. In 1923, he was sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a book on birth control, but due to large demonstrations in his support his sentence was reduced to four months. Later he organised resistance to Italian émigré blackshirts in America. An outspoken foe of Fascism in Germany and Italy, and of Communism in the Soviet Union. The FBI accumulated a mere 1,358 pages on this outstanding citizen. He was murdered by an unknown assailant, presumably by fascists or the Mafia, on a New York street. [see: Jan 11] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Tresca dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tresca/biography.html anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/review-carlo-tresca-portrait-of-rebel poumista.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/carlo-tresca/ politicalaffairs.net/carlo-tresca-the-dilemma-of-an-anti-communist-radical/ www.improntalaquila.org/2013/vita-morte-ed-eredita-di-carlo-tresca-51977.html www.politicamentecorretto.com/index.php?news=55626 osservatoriodiconfine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/confini-mafia-e-informazione-carlo.html giuseppecapograssi.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/tresca.pdf]

[E] 1883 - Large demonstration of the unemployed at the Esplanade des Invalides is broken up by police. A large contingent marches across Paris, headed by Louise Michel, Joseph Tortelier and Émile Pouget (who initiated the demonstration), waving black flags (hers is an old black skirt attached to a broom handle) and ended with the looting of 3 bakeries. [According to historian George Woodcock, this is the earliest known instance of anarchists flying the black flag.] Louise Michel handed herself into the police a couple of weeks later and was sentenced to six years in prison on April 1, 1883 for "excitation au pillage". [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel www.iisg.nl/collections/louisemichel/biography.php]

[CCC] 1896 - Umberto Tommasini (d. 1980), Italian blacksmith, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, born into a working class socialist family. He took part in the October 14, 1909 protests against the death sentence passed on the Spanish anarchist Francisco Ferrer and also particpated in the celebrated Circolo di Studi Sociali. Wounded during WWI, he was taken prisoner and interned in the Mauthausen POW camp. Upon his release in 1919, he returned to Trieste and resumed his work as a blacksmith, and frequented socialist and anarchist circles. Following the 1920 internal debates within the socialist movement, he decided not to renew his membership of the Partito Socialista and threw his lot in with the anarchist movement. He also became active within the trades union movement, particularly against strikebreakers and the increasingly bold fascists gropus. In 1921 he was wounded by a group of fascists who had stormed the factory where he worked. That summer he took part in a reprisal raid against a squadristi group who had been active in the red light district of San Giacomo, during which his bomb wounded 30 fascists. In 1925, during an Unione Anarchica Italiana meeting, he met Camillo Berneri and Gino Bibbi, both of whom he remained politically close to. He also had a part in the failed attack Gino Lucetti against Mussolini (September 11 1926), supplying the explosives but without knowing their final use. Feared by the Fascist authorities, he was harrassed constantly and was one of the first anti-fascist to be interned, spending six years on the islands of Ustica and Ponza, and during which his "haughty and contemptuous attitude" was a thorn in the authorities' side, who described him as being "a tireless sower of hatred against the present social constitution, intolerant of any discipline and in no way subservient to the authorities." Within a few weeks of his return to Trieste in 1932, he decided to go into exile, leaving for France clandestinely to join the anti-fascist fight in exile. At the outbreak of the Spanish Revolution, he joined the Ascaso Column of the CNT-FAI, commanded by Carlo Rosselli and Camillo Berneri and largely made ​​up of anarchists. On August 28, 1936, during the battle of Monte Pelado on the Huesca front his WWI experience was crucial in helping prepare trenches and repelling a Carlist attack and later contributed to the move towards a greater militarisation of the Militias. During an attempt to sabotage a fascist ship in the port of Cueta in February 1937, he was arrested, together with Giobbe Giopp, Alfredo Cimadori and Giovanni Fontana, by the Communists and taken to Valencia, where he was harshly interrogated by the Stalinist police. Managing to escape, he was forced to give himself up so as not to interfer with the negotiations to free the entire group (including Cimadori who would turn out to be a fascist police informer) currently taking place between the anarchist Ministry of Justice and the the Socialist Interior Minister. In late April 1937, after suffering a mock execution, was released. After a brief stop in Barcelona, where he would meet Berneri for the last time, he returned to Paris disillusioned by the events of May 1937 and reinforced in his anti-Communist views. In Paris during the summer of 1937, Tommasini plotted a new attempt on Mussolini's life planned for the following year, but which was foiled by the Fascist police as one of the ploters was an informer. In the summer of 1939, Tommasini was arrested by the French police and interned in Le Vernet Internment Camp. With the end of hostilities between France and Italy, Tommasini was handed over to the Italian police on January 24, 1941. Interrogated in Coroneo prison in Trieste, he was subsequently sent into internal exile on the island of Ventotene for five years. Unlike other political prisoners, who are released after July 25, 1943, with the overthrow of Mussolini, Tommasini was held along with other anarchists and interned in the Renicci internment camp until the end of the war. Given his strong anti-Communist views he, unlike many anarchists, refused to join the Resistance because it was wholely uner communist control. Fearing potential arrest in Trieste, he stayed at his sister's in Bologna after his release. When he did return to Trieste, he helped found the Gruppo Anarchico Germinal, who relaunched the magazine '//Germinal//' in May 1946. He also returned to employment as a metalworker and, despite the power of the communist unions, was elected as a workplace delegate. In 1954, he was sentenced to 11 months in prison by the military government during the Anglo-American occupation for illegal anarchist propaganda (posters urging police disobedience and desertion). During that period he also helped a number of anarchist flee communist Bulgaria on their clandestine passage to France. In 1965, he was a member of the 'anti-organisationalist' Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica (GIA) that split from the Federazione Anarchica Italiana (FAI). During the late '60s and '70s he became a benchmark for the younger militants who joined the anarchist movement. In 1971, he became the editor of 'Umanità Nova' and continued his activites into his eighties. In 1984, Claudio Venza published a long autobiographical interview tilted '//Umberto Tommasino. The Anarchica Triestino//' (translated into Italian in 2011 as '//Il fabbro anarchico. Autobiografia fra Trieste a Barcellona//'). [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Tommasini ita.anarchopedia.org/Umberto_Tommasini www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html www.carmillaonline.com/2013/03/09/umberto-tommasini-il-fabbro-anarchico/ www.anarchistlife.com/index.php/en/home-eng/item/claudio-magris-su-umberto-tommasini-copy www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm]

1908 - Henri Jullien (d. 2001), grandson of Paule Mink, born in Hanoi. A French socialist, trade unionist, then a mutualist and anarchist. One of the founders of the first syndicat de journalistes confédérés in 1935, he participated in the Résistance and joined the anarchist movement after WWII. In 1949 he became the chair of SIA (Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste) and a supporter of the CIRA (Centre International de Recherche sur l'Anarchisme) in Marseille.

1916 - [N.S. Mar. 22] One of the first large urban women's riots in Bulgaria broke out in the town of Bourgas (Бургас) after the municipality refuses to pay allowances to poor soldier's families. Led by Ghana Avdjieva (Гана Авджиева), Kristalina Grigorova (Кристалина Григорова), Todorka Kaloyanchev (Тодорка Калоянчева) and Ana Kovacheva (Ана Ковачева), the Burgas women chanted slogans against war such as "Give us bread", "We want peace", "Return our men". [see: Mar. 23]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The decree allowing for the government's compulsory militarisation of all reservist factory workers aged between 21 and 31 years is published in the press. The strike committee itself issues a proclamation inviting all workers to decide for themselves how to respond: "you will have to accept the consequences individually." In response, those drafted went en masse to the recruiting booths. However, once they were assigned a destination, they refused to obey despite all arguments and threats put to them. The choice between work under military orders or imprisonment was a tactic that had served to destroy the railway strike of 1912 but, to the surprise of the authorities, most workers in the electricity, gas and water industries refused to work; more than 3,000 were arrested and taken to the fortress of Montjuïc. During the night of March 9-10, a bomb exploded in the Heinrich printing press in the Calle Córcega, wounding four. The unions accused the police of an act of provocation.

1952 - Alexandra Kollontai [Алекса́ндра Коллонта́й] (Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich [Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Домонто́вич]; March 31 [O.S. Mar. 19] 1872), Ukrainian-Russian Communist revolutionary, writer, novelist, feminist, Soviet commissar and diplomat, dies in Moscow a few weeks short of her 80th birthday - the only major critic of the Soviet government that Joseph Stalin did not have executed. [see: Mar. 31]

1989 - __1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: The strike and sit-in hunger strike at the Severnaya (Северная) mine in Vorkuta (Воркута) comes to an end following the then usual tactic of an influx of Party officials and rapid concession of the bulk of the workers’ demands. [see: Mar. 2] ||
 * = 10 || 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: Stocking workers in Nottingham, England, gather to protest automation that was replacing their jobs and lowering their wages. They then marched to the nearby town of Arnold, where they destroyed sixty knitting frames. The riots spread and the Prime Minister decreed frame-breaking a capital offense a year later. Seventeen workers were executed.

[F] 1817 - __The Blanketeers__: Impoverished and hungry handloom weavers and spinners assemble in St Peter's Field, Manchester, each equipped with a blanket for their march to London to present a petition to the Prince Regent. After intimidation from the authorities, only a few reach Macclesfield, and no organised marchers get further than Derby.

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: For over a month demonstrators and onlookers had assembled every Sunday at the city's jail to show solidarity with those free speech campaigners inside and sing songs of the workers' revolution. On that Sunday afternoon a noisy crowd of 5,000 people surrounded the city jail, who "laughed, jeered, and applauded" as evangelist Lulu Wightman harangued the police from a soapbox, calling them "brass-buttoned anarchists" and – an insult at the time – "Cossacks". By this time a large crowd of ordinary citizens had gathered to watch "the fun". Wilson phoned the fire department. "Bring 50 feet of hose", he said. "Water cure". But the hose on the fire engine that turned up barely able to reach the protestors, much to their ammusement. A second 100 ft high-pressure hose was dispatched, which was deployed, drenching the demonstrators and onlookers alike. For almost an hour, moving closer and closer, four streams pummeled the human shield around Laura Payne Emerson, who stood on the soapbox trying to speak. To keep their balance, those in the front rows tilted forward. Many people were knocked over and injured, including a baby shot from its pushchair into the gutter by the force of the water. More arrests for disturbing the peace also followed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1914 - __Southern Colorado Coalfield Strike__: The body of a strikebreaker was found on the railroad tracks near the Forbes tent colony. The National Guard said that the man had been murdered by the strikers. In retaliation, Chase ordered the Forbes tent colony destroyed. The attack was launched while the inhabitants were attending a funeral of infants who had died a few days earlier. The attack, during which the tent colony was burned to the ground, was witnessed by photographer Lou Dold, whose images of the destruction appear often in accounts of the strike. The attack was a foreruuner to the Ludlow Massacre on April 20. [see: Sep. 23]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The military are forced to run the railways as the authorities cannot find any staff willing to run them. Workers unloading coal in the port threaten to go out on strike in order to prevent its supply to La Canadensa. The Transatlántica company donates 7,000 pesetas to the army scabs after they break up a demonstration in front of the company offices. The situation had become very serious and a solution needed to be found.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: Radiotelegramme to the Workers of all Countries, from the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Kronstadt: "Three days ago, the Communists opened fire upon us, and spilled our blood. As we fight for a just cause, we took up the challenge. The garrison and the working population of Kronstadt, which shook the infamous yoke of the Communists, has decided to fight until the end."

1923 - Salvador Segui Rubinat, 'El Noi del Sucre' (The Sugar Boy)(b. 1886), prominent Catalonoan CNT figure, is assassinated on the orders of the governor of Catalonia. [see: Dec. 23]

1959 - __Newfoundland Loggers Strike__: In the town of Badger in Central Newfoundland during a struggle between the local police and protestors, a striker hit a police officer with a piece of wood, knocking him unconscious. The policeman died two days later.

1964 - Ugo Fedeli (b. 1898) Italian anarchist militant, anti-fascist, historian, writer and librarian, dies. Wrote under numerous pseudonyms including Hugo Train and G. Renti. Arrested for the first time in 1913 (aged 15 years old) for participating in the Unione Italiana Sindacale (USI) organised strike; invloved in anti-miltarist campaigns by anarchist groups including Franchi Tiratori (Snipers) and Ribelli Milansesi (Milanese Rebels); attended the events of the 'Settimana Rossa' (Red Week) in Milano (June 7-14, 1914); drafted in 1917, but deserted to Switzerland where was tried in the 'Bombe di Zurigo' process in 1919 (along with other anarchists, including Bruno Misefari, Luigi Bertoni and Joseph Monnanni); in 1920 married Clelia Premoli; took part in the main events of the 'Biennio Rosso' (Two Red Years) in Milan until march 1921: then accused, alongside other anarchists, of a series of bomb attacks which culminated in the attack on the Diana theatre, which caused 21 casualties. [expand] ||
 * = 11 || [D] 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: Stocking workers in Nottingham, England, gather to protest automation that was replacing their jobs and lowering their wages. They then marched to the nearby town of Arnold, where they destroyed sixty knitting frames. The riots spread and the Prime Minister decreed frame-breaking a capital offense a year later. Seventeen workers were executed.

1895 - __New Orleans Dockworkers Riot__: Following the replacement of 300 organised white workers by the Harrison Line of Liverpool, replacing them with unskilled non-union black workers, gangs of white screwmen and longshoremen attack black workers, leaving a black worker named Philip Fisher with bullet wounds. The following day a mob of several hundred whites descended on an ocean-going ship being loaded and started firing on black longshoremen. That attack and a second coordinated attack on another cotton vessel upriver, left six black workers dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_New_Orleans_dockworkers_riot]

[F] 1912 - __Dreibundstreik [Triple Alliance Strike] / Bergarbeiterstreik [Miners' Strike__]: Coal miners in the Ruhr go on strike to demand an eight-hour day, as well as a 15% increase in wages to cover increases in the cost of living, and restrictions in the levying of company fines. The dispute lasted from March 11 - 20, 1912, and at its peak 235,000 miners in the Ruhr area were on strike, about 61% of the total workforce. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergarbeiterstreik_von_1912]

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 26] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: Early Sunday morning, the police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks. General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers. 169 workers are killed, and over 1,000 people are injured. By 4 pm, the 4th company of the Pavlovsky Regiment, outraged that part of their regiment fired on workers, rushes into the street to subdue them. On the way, police try to stop the company, and a fire fight ensues. General Khabalov orders the company to disarm; some soldiers refuse and join the protestors. Bolshevik workers in the Vyborg district plan to push events into an armed uprising. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 26] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: In the wake of the new wave of strikes Nicholas II orders the Duma to close down.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The Romanones government established a maximum 8 hour working day in the construction industry across the whole of Spain, the prologue for more widespread change in policy as a direct result of the Catalan strike. In the evening, ​​Carlos Montañés [Carles Emili Montañès i Criquillion], an engineer and independent deputy with Catalanist sympathies, who is well acquainted with La Canadenca plant because he was involved in the setting up of the company, is appointed civil governor and Gerardo Doval is appointed chief of police.

1963 - Louise Olivereau (b. 1884), US teacher, poet, militant anarchist and anti-conscription activist, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison for sending out anti-conscription leaflets during WWI, dies. In 1911 through 1912 she had worked as an assistant to William Thurston Brown at the Ferrer Modern Day School in Portland. In 1917 she worked as secretary of the Lumber Workers, a division of the IWW in Seattle. In August, after reading Elihu Root's pro-war speech, she mailed a circular to the drafted men of Seattle urging them "but one thing - obedience to your own conscience...we do not ask you to resist the draft IF YOU BELIEVE THE DRAFT IS RIGHT." On September 5, 1917, the IWW office was raided by federal agents, and two days later Olivereau went to special agent Howard Wright to request the return of her books. After questioning, she admitted to mailing the circular, and she was then arrested. Olivereau chose to act as her own attorney during the trial to avoid taking defence funds away from other radical causes. After a trial in late November at which she was convicted of six counts of "attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny and refusal of duty in the military," and three for "unlawfully using the mails and postal service of the United States for transmission of unmailable matter," she was sentenced on December 3, 1917 to ten years in prison at Canyon City, Colorado. However she only served 28 months. [libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963]

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Miners return to work after accepting the new Labour government's offer of a 35% pay increase. [see: Feb. 10]

[A] 1986 - During fights with the cops, steelworkers in Reinosa surround the Guardia Civil, beat them up, strip them naked and march them out of town. || [www.ephemanar.net/mars24.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/digeon/digeon.html www.histoire-contemporaine-languedoc-roussillon.com/Bio Digeon.html www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article17007]
 * = 12 || 1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: At a meeting of the the Club de la Révolution faction of the Republican Lamourguier Club in Narbonne, revolutionary socialist journalist on the Carcassonne newspaper '//La Fraternité//' and narbonne councillor Émile Digeon calls for the arming of the Guards Nationale. In front of the two thousand people present he states: "Revolution, it is peace through the abolition of standing armies, it is the removing taxes for the small buisnessman and the day labourer..." ["La révolution, c'est la paix par l'abolition des armées permanentes, c'est la suppression des impôts pour le petit propriétaire et pour le journalier..."]

1895 - __New Orleans Dockworkers Riot__: Following the previous day's rioting, a mob of several hundred whites descend on an ocean-going ship being loaded and start firing on black longshoremen. That attack and a second coordinated attack on another cotton vessel upriver, leaves six black workers dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_New_Orleans_dockworkers_riot]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Luis Rodriguez and 20 PLM rebels seize Tecate after having to fight several battles.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Having offered a 5% pay raise on March 1, which the IWW and many workers rejected, and concerned over the public reaction to the House Committee on Rules hearings, as well as the possible threat to their own tariff protection, the American Woolen Company acceded to all four of the strikers' original demands. Agreements were reached with the other companies and the strike was called off on March 24, 1912. The strike committee was dissolved and the militia moved out. After two months of struggle, the Great Lawrence Strike had ended. [www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/13 www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

[D] 1917 - __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов) formed. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петроградский_совет_рабочих_и_солдатских_депутатов]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Declaration of the state of war in Barcelona. Carlos González Rothwos leaves the position of civil governor. During the next two days there are arrests of workers for posting propaganda and there are explosions in gas pipes and in an electrical substation, all probably accidents, caused by inexperienced troops untrained in their operation. Attempts to force workers to run the trams leads to militarisation and being operated by soldiers - very few run.

[F] 1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: Following a climbdown by the government and the Organización Sindical, together with the Phalangists trying to get its worker back operating the trams at the old ticket rates that were reintroduced on the 6th, the CNT declares a general strike for the 12th: "Against the cost of living! Against the Falangist terror!" It quickly spreads across the city. [EXPAND] [libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_tranvías_de_Barcelona_de_1951 www.rumbos.net/rastroria/rastroria10/HuelgaTranvias.htm revista-hc.com/includes/pdf/05_12.pdf historiadelpresente.es/sites/default/files/congresos/pdf/37/felixhdez2.pdf mayansmayans.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/barcelon-1951-y-el-tranvia.html vdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-citizens-general-strike-democracy-and-economic-justice-1951 elultimoviajeaicaria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/la-llamada-huelga-de-tranvias-del-51-la.html grupostirner.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/primavera-caliente.html www.lavanguardia.com/participacion/cartas/20110301/54120620371/60-anos-de-la-huelga-de-tranvias-en-barcelona.html blog.arqueologiadelpuntdevista.com/2012/01/huelga-de-tranvias-barcelona-1951.html]

1973 - Mary Eleanor Gawthorpe (b. 1881) British teacher, suffragette, socialist, trade unionist and co-editor of the radical periodical, '//The Freewoman:A Weekly Feminist Review//' (1911-12), dies in Long Island, New York [see: Jan. 12].

1977 - Joaquín Ascaso Budria (b. 1906), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 5]

[B] 1980 - Ángel Borda (b. 1901), Argentinian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, trades union organiser, popular library founder, autodidact, sculptor, story and song writer (chamarritas and coplas), dies. [see: Aug. 2]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Arthur Scargill, President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), calls for a national strike. ||
 * = 13 || 1870 - A meeting of several thousand is held in Lyon by local members of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs (International Association of Workers), who had been working since the beginning of the year in preparation for a possible workers revolution in the city. [see: Sep. 4]

1896 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Following the resignation of the Italian prime minister Francesco Crispi, ministers in the new liberal government, recognising the excessive brutality of the repression of the Sicilain Fasci, recommend an amnesty for the 120 Fasci members convicted by the military tribunals during the 1893-94 protests. [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9404EFDC123EE333A25757C1A9659C94679ED7CF]

1901 - Fernand Pelloutier (b. 1867), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist and founder of the Federation of Bourses du Travail, dies. Pelloutier in the words of Pierre Monatte, can be "//justly regarded as the father of revolutionary syndicalism//." He rejected parliamentary reformism and anarchist revolutionary violence, favouring instead the General Strike. [see: Oct. 1]

1911 - Maria Luisa 'Gigia' Minguzzi (b. 1852), Italian seamstress, anarchist and feminist, who was an important figure in the Italian anarchist movement, and played a leading role in the development of the female workers' movement in Italy, dies. [see: Jun. 21]

[F] 1912 - [O.S. Feb. 29] __Lena Goldfields Strike [Приисках Ленского Забастовка__]: Located along the shores of the Lena River about 28 miles northeast of the town of Bodaybo in northern Irkutsk (southeast Siberia), the conditions endured by workers were harsh in the region's goldfields, with miners having to work fifteen to sixteen hours a day for starvation wages and for every thousand workers, there were more than 700 accidents. The main employer along the Lena River was the Lena Goldfields Co. Ltd., owners of 66% of the Lena Gold Mining Joint Stock Company (Lenzoloto [Лензолота]), itself the principal owner of the majority of goldfields in the region. In 1911, the company, which produced large profits for its British and Russian shareholders, had cut the amount of wages paid in cash directly to workers (after the deduction of 'fines' for 'poor work') and declared that it would instead pay a sizeable portion of their salary in coupons that could only be used in the company store and canteens. As a consequence, the miners and their families were also forced to live in overcrowded barracks rather than be able to afford to rent better housing. Discontent in the goldfields was high, and a strike broke out spontaneously on March 13 [O.S. Feb. 29] with hundreds of workers walking out at the Andreyevsky (Андреевском) goldfield after being issued rancid meat at the company store, reportedly made from horse penises. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ленский_расстрел hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1912lena.php www.prlib.ru/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=1020 libcom.org/history/1912-lena-massacre www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/02/x01.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Barcelona is under military occupation and machine guns are mounted at strategic points along public highways. Milans del Bosch sends out a circular introducing censorship of the press. The workers continue to demand their rights, which include the minimum wage and an eight-hour maximum shift. José Morote, the undersecretary to the presidency, who has been tasked with mediating in the dispute, arrives in Barcelona from Madrid.

[DD] 1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: Members of the KPD, USPD, SPD and FAUD in the Ruhr form the Rote Ruhrarmee (Ruhr Red Army) in swift response to the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch. Estimated to number about 50,000 men, it was able to defeat in a very short period the armed forces and police units in the area. Those involved in the uprising, who were often WWI veterans, even received wages from the workers' councils. They often operated in small groups, transporting themselves by bicycle. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1968 - All Polish universities are out on strike and in Warsaw a student demonstration leads to riots in the streets.

2012 - Domitila Barrios de Chúngara (Domitila Barrios Cuenca; b. 1937), Bolivian labour leader and feminist, famed for her peaceful struggle against dictatorships of René Barrientos Ortuño and Hugo Banzer Suárez, dies of lung cancer aged 74 years old. [see: May 7] || [www.nls.uk/learning-zone/politics-and-society/labour-history/fenwick-weavers cets.coop/moodle/pluginfile.php/89/mod_folder/content/0/Co-operative%20history/Fenwick%20Weavers.pdf]
 * = 14 || 1761 - In the East Ayrshire town of Fenwick fifteen self-employed weavers met in the local church and signed a charter establishing the world’s first co-operative for which there are full records.

[F] 1836 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: The Government agrees that all the men should have a full and free pardon. Public Dinner held to celebrate. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900]

[A] 1851 - The Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, after first being jailed in Prague, is sent today to the Olmütz fortress in Austria, where he is sentenced in May to hang.

1872 - A law is passed in Paris condemning affiliation to the International as being an "attack against the public peace" and to be punished accordingly.

1883 - Karl Marx dies in London.

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Mine owners still holding out for the 10-hour day soon attempted to re-open their mines. On March 14, they obtained a court injunction ordering the miners not to interfere with the operation of their mines, and hired strikebreakers. The Western Federation of Miners initially attempted to persuade these men to join the union and strike, but when they were unsuccessful, the union resorted to threats and violence. These tactics succeeded in driving non-union miners out of the district. [see: Feb. 7]

1907 - The Suikerbond (Sugar Union) – Bond van Geëmployeerden in de Suikerindustrie in Nederlandsch-Indië (Union of those employed in the sugar industry in the Netherlands Indies) – a trade union for European workers in the sugar industry in the Dutch East Indies, is founded in Surabaya. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerbond]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: IWW members agree to terms granting wage increases as 10,000 strikers gather and vote, successfully ending the 'Bread & Roses' Lawrence Textile Strike of 32,000-people against wool mills. "On March 14, 1912, the throng that assembled on the Lawrence Common had come from all over the Western world. They had also come from just a few blocks away. Beneath hazy skies and merciful spring temperatures, fifteen thousand people clogged streets and alleys as they walked to their appointed meeting… But if their languages were many, their purpose was one. They would soon resume quarreling. All the former animosities, as old as the ‘old country,’ would surface. Yet for this singular afternoon, after sixty-three days without work or pay, surviving on soup and sandwiches doled out in dingy kitchens, witnessing the death of two strikers, the beatings of dozens, the arrests of hundreds, the marching of thousands, this cosmopolitan collection of the world’s workers had become an American tapestry." Bruce Watson - '//Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream//' (2005)] [www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/13 www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASHb1a8b409a6800f6ce40419]

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Introduced on February 19, 1917, the Idaho legislature passes its criminal syndicalism bill. A relatively brief document, the statute described criminal syndicalism as the "doctrine which advocates crime, sabotage, violence or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform." It made the "advocacy of such doctrine" a felony and then went on to criminalise not only advocating criminal syndicalism, but also publicising criminal syndicalism; "[o]penly, wilfully and deliberately justif[ying], by word of mouth or writing, the commission or the attempt to commit crime, sabotage, violent methods of terrorism;" establishing or holding membership in any organisation committed to teaching or advocating criminal syndicalism; assembling to teach or advocate criminal syndicalism; and providing a physical forum for the advocacy of criminal syndicalism. In 1925 Idaho further expands its previous provisions to include a defintion of sabotage: "improper use of materials; loitering at work; slack work; slowing down work or production; [and] scamped work." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicalism archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt archive.org/stream/jstor-1112089/1112089_djvu.txt scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The new civil governor ​Carles Montañés [Carles Emili Montañès i Criquillion] and Gerardo Doval, the new chief of police, arrive in Barcelona from Madrid. Upon his arrival, Montañés is applauded at the station: perhaps not so much for what he is, but because his presence means the end of Gonzalez Rothwoss. Lawton and Montañés have a meeting where the second convinces the first to negotiate with the strike committee. The Federación Patronal de Barcelona is established. Its first major task it would set itself was to try and root out CNT members from amongst the strikers, setting as one of its terms for ending the second general strike that in order to be reinstated, a worker had to give up their CNT membership card and negotiate a new salary individually, a demand that no self-respection centista would tolerate.

1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: Barcelona has been turned into an armed camp, with four warships carrying marines docked in the harbour and troops having arrested thousands more strikers over the past few days, the general strike collapses, as workers return to their jobs. For many the threat of lay-offs was too great and, with thousands already starving, to risk unemployment seemed ridiculous. Though some workers continued to stay home from their jobs in an attempt to sustain the protest, by the end of the week most Barcelonan’s had returned to work.

1954 - The film '//Salt of the Earth//', which tells the story of the 1951 strike by members of the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers at the Empire Zinc mine in New Mexico, premières. Of the 13,000 movie theaters in the U.S. at the time of its release, only 13 showed the film. "This film is a new weapon for Russia", said HUAC member and U.S. Rep. Donald L. Jackson. [see: Oct. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Zinc_Strike] ||
 * = 15 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddites attack and destroy cloth at Dickenson, Carr & Co.'s workshop in Leeds. The same occurred at Vickerman's establishment in Taylor Hill, Huddersfield.

[E] 1877 - [O.S. Mar. 3] Milly Witkop Rocker (Milly Vitkopski; d. 1955), anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, is born in the Ukraine. Exiled to London, she was an activist in the Jewish anarchist movement among East End sweatshop workers. In London in 1896 she met Rudolf Rocker, who became her lifelong companion. Their son, the artist Fermin Rocker, was born in 1907. When Rocker was interned as an enemy alien at the start of WWI, Milly continued her anti-war activities, which led to her arrest in 1916 and imprisonment til the war ended in 1918. In November of that year they both moved to Germany where they became involved in the founding of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD). Disillusioned with the male-dominated nature of the union, Witkop became one of the leading founders of the Women's Union in Berlin in 1920, later to become the countrywide Syndicalist Women's Union (SFB), with Milly drafting 'Was Will der Syndikalistische Frauenbund?' (What Does the Syndicalist Women's Union Want?; 1921) as a platform for the SFB. Witkop was also active in the fight against racism and anti-Semitism in Germany and despaired of the labour movement's unwillingness to fight either which ultimately helped pave the way for the rise of the NSDAP. Following the Reichstag fire, Witkop and Rocker fled Germany for the United States via Switzerland, France and the UK. In the US the couple continued to give lectures, write about anarchist topics and helped raise awareness of events during the Spanish Civil War. In 1937 Milly and Rudolf Rocker settled in the anarchist community of Mohegan, NY. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milly_Witkop de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milly_Witkop www.estelnegre.org/documents/witkop/witkop.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/rocker/RockerMilly/index.html forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/category/milly-witkop-rocker/ beta.birthcontrol-international.org/items/show/231 www.iisg.nl/womhist/nelleseng.pdf recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RockerMilly.htm]

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Mar. 2] Tsar Nicholas II abdicates as revolution sweeps his country.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: La Canadenca representatives, members of the strike committee and José Morote, the assistant secretary of the presidency who had been sent from Madrid to mediate, hold a series of meetings at the headquarters of the Instituto de Reformas Sociales. The first meeting takes place at 15:00 as the strike committee arrived two hour late, much to the annoyance of the employer's side. The meetings were to last for three long days. Montañés reported to the Minister of the Interior that the union presented their negotiation position, which he believed could be acceptable. What he did not say was that he had previously accepted three demands from the CNT: release of prisoners, guarantees of reinstatement, and the reopening of trade union premises. The new demands placed before the company are: 1) Readmission of those dismissed 2) Increase in salaries 3) Guarantees to avoid retaliation 4) 8-hour day 5) Full payment of wages in the case of accident 6) 50 thousand pesetas in compensation 7) Payment of wages lost during the strike. The La Canadenca representatives responded by accepting the 8-hour day and payment of the wage in cases of accident, but refused to pay any compensation or the proposed salary increases of 10 to 50%. They even agreed, at the request of Montañés, to pay the wages paid during the strike if the workers presented themselves within three days. Where they remained firm was in refusing to reinstate of the dismissed strikers. Lawton declared the following day that many of those employees are thieves, which is why he can not readmit them. With reprissals still in place against part of the striking workers, the strike committee rejected the employer counter-offer at 19:00. A new attempt at resolving the dispute began.

[F] 1920 - The council movement in Turin begins a strike, combined with occupations of factories and the resumption of production under their own workers' control.

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: A government Comisión de Investigación into the Casas Viejas massacre recognises the existence of the shootings but exonerates the government. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

1945 - David Antona Domínguez (b. 1904), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and one-time Secretariado del Comité Nacional CNT, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1966 - Jean Biso (b. 1881), French anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco and Vanzetti, Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. [see: Apr. 14]

1971 - Louis Louvet (b. 1899), French anarcho-syndicalist, in the Syndicat des Correcteurs d'Imprimerie since 1937, dies. Involved in numerous anarchist publications including: '//Le Libertaire//' (1924); '//L'Éveil des Jeunes Libertaires//' (1925); '//L'Anarchie//' (1925); '//La Revue Anarchiste//' (1925); '//Controverse//' (1932); '//Ce Qu'il Faut Dire//' (1944-45); '//Les Nouvelles Pacifistes//' (1949); and '//Contre Courant//' (1951). [see: Feb. 7]

[C] 1978 - Agustín Rueda Sierra (b. 1952), Spanish militant anarchist, who was active in the Coordinadora de Presos en Lucha (COPEL), is tortured and beaten to death after the discovery of an escape tunnel at Madrid's Carabanchel prison. [see: Mar. 14] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1403.html]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: A 23-year-old miner David Jones from Wakefield, Yorkshire, is struck by a brick and killed on a picket line outside Ollerton colliery in Nottinghamshire during the first weeks of the miners' strike. [www.worksopguardian.co.uk/lifestyle/video-father-who-s-son-was-killed-on-picket-line-speaks-to-the-guardian-1-633629 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orgreave en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners'_strike_(1984–85)]

1986 - __News International Strike / Wapping Dispute__: The most successful picket at Wapping in the News International dispute: forty yards of fence are torn down, lorries are held up for five hours and parts of the country have to do without their Murdoch Sunday papers. ||
 * = 16 || 1853 - Suggested date of birth of Lucy Eldine Gonzalez Parson, American anarchist labour organiser and founding member of the IWW. The exact date is unrecorded but this is the date recorded in the US Library of Congress. [see: Mar. 7]

1877 - Antoine Bertrand (d. 1964), French anarcho-syndicalist, member of La Jeunesse Libre (Free Youth) group, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin12.html#bertrand recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BertrandAntoine.htm]

[F] 1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: An armed group of miners ambushed and captured six sheriff's deputies en route to the Victor mine. A fight broke out, in which one deputy was shot and another hit by a club. An Altman judge, a member of the Western Federation of Miners, charged the deputies with carrying concealed weapons and disturbing the peace, then released them. After the assault on his deputies, El Paso County Sheriff M.F. Bowers wired the governor Davis H. Waite, and requested the intervention of the state militia, who arrived on March 18 to find the area tense but quiet. Thier commanding officer recommended the withdrawal of troops; Waite concurred and the state militia left Cripple Creek on March 20. [see: Feb. 7] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1908 - Police forcibly remove Emma Goldman from the Workingmen's Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on 'Anarchy as It Really Is', an event organised by the newly created Freedom of Speech Society. Barred since March 2 by police from addressing any meetings in any public halls in Chicago, every subsequent attempt has been thwarted by the police and she temporarily abandons her attempts on the 20th.

1912 - [O.S. Mar. 3] __Lena Goldfields Strike [Приисках Ленского Забастовка__]: A mass meeting of workers draws up their list of 18 demands and 4 guarantees were put forward by the workers: 8-hour day, with Sundasy and 12 holidays work-free; increases in salary by 30%; cancellation of fines; no repercussions due to the strike, including allowing strikers to receive food from the kitchens; better quality of food; the sacking of 25 listed employees of the mine's administration; women not to be forced to wrk; the use of the more prespectful address of "Вы" rather than "ты" [equivalent of "vous" & "tu" in French]; etc. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ленский_расстрел hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1912lena.php www.prlib.ru/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=1020 libcom.org/history/1912-lena-massacre www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/02/x01.htm]

1918 - '//Regeneración//' publishes a proclamation in the US, "//With the anarchists of the world and the workers in general//." The authors, Librado Rivera and Ricardo Flores Magón, argue that the social revolution approaches and that all anarchists must infuse it with their energies and possibilities. This text gets the paper seized in the land of the free, and this is its last published appearance in the mythical land of milk and honey.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: To increase the pressure on the employers's side, the Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña added a new sector to the general strike, as a typographers' strike left Barcelona without newspapers. The Catalan CRT also threatened to bring out telephone operators and banking staff. A second conciliatory meeting is held.

[D] 1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: Bolsheviks stage final bloody assault on rebellious Kronstadt sailors. Kronstadt put Trotsky in power and Trotsky has squashed Kronstadt, shot its rebels like partridges. He has earned his sobriquet, the 'Red Butcher'.

1933 - Last appearance of '//Arbeitslose//', FAUD's (Die Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands) newspaper for the unemployed in Dresden, which also served as the unofficial organ of the German anarcho-syndicalist movement after the Nazi's banned their two previous papers.

1950 - Grigori Petrovich Maximov (Григорий Петрович Максимов)[also rendered as Gregory or G.P. Maximov or Maximoff] aka Gr. Lapot (Гр. Лапоть)(b. 1893), Russian anarcho-syndicalist propagandist and author, dies. Editor and writer during the Russian Revolution for '//Golos Truda//' (The Voice of Labour), and its short-lived successor '//Volny Colos Truda//' (The Free Voice of Labor) both suppressed by the Bolsheviks. Author of an important history of Leninism in Russia, '//The Guillotine at Work//'. [see: Nov. 22] || [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk dorset-ancestors.com/?p=2561 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373 www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm kmflett.wordpress.com/2016/07/12/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-history-work-in-progress/ www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/07/10/tolpuddle_story_feature.shtml www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106426.html www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2011/10/tolpuddle-–-a-photographic-essay/]
 * = 17 || [FF] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, James Loveless, Thomas Standfield, and John Standfield stand trial at the Crown Court in the Shire Hall, Dorchester. They were tried before an all-male 12 jury. The jury men were farmers, and the employers of the labourers under trial. The farmers themselves rented their land from the gentry – but it was the gentry who had opposed the idea of the labourers uniting. Guilty from the start in the eyes of the court, the men on trial stuck to their views and, as George Loveless told the judge and jury: "My lord, if we had violated any law it was not done intentionally. We were uniting together to save ourselves, our wives and families from starvation."

1838 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Five of the Martyrs landed in Plymouth and on April 16th they were the star guests at a Grand Dinner at White Conduit House, London. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900]

[E] 1871 - [O.S. Mar. 5] Rosa Luxemburg (d. 1919), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, born. Founder, with Karl Liebknecht, of the radical Spartacus League in 1916. After the Spartacist uprising in Berlin, they were arrested and murdered by German soldiers. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Люксембург,_Роза www.rosalux.de/english/foundation/rosa-luxemburg.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSluxemburg.htm www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/ www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article448]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 4] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Workers are granted a partial right to form unions, but not to strike; as are the rights of assembly and association, subject to government approval. The Tsarist regime is trying to introduce the bare minimum level of civil liberties that had been pledged in the 'October Manifesto'. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 4] Rosa Luxemburg, together with Leo Jogiches, is arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities in Warsaw. On April 24 [O.S. Apr. 11], they were moved to Pavilion X of the Warsaw Citadel, which was notorious for the incarceration of ‘dangerous’ political criminals. Rosa Luxemburg embarked on a hunger strike that lasted six days. In combination with the overcrowded conditions, the hunger strike undermined her health. Her poor health together with the money paid over, ostensibly by her family in Poland, brought her release on bail on July 21 [O.S. Jul. 8], 1906. The money, which had been collected back in Germany by the SPD, was paid against Rosa Luxemburg’s knowledge or wishes. Under the conditions of bail she was required to remain in Warsaw, although her intention before her arrest, with the arrangements already made, had been to return to Berlin. On release from prison she quickly learnt that on her return to Germany she would face prosecution for incitement to Violence based on the speech she had made at the 1905 conference in Jena, where she had drawn the lesson from the events in Russia of ‘when evolution would turn into revolution even in Germany In time it would lead to further imprisonment.

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Federal forces retake Tecate and kill the entire defending PLM force.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Prime Minister Romanones puts pressure on the Civil Governor of Barcelona, ​​Carles Montañés, to resolve the conflict within the next 24 hours as he had received a threat from Largo Caballero, leader of the Socialist UGT, to call a general strike across the country if the conflict in Barcelona were not resolved. An hour later the manager Lawton accepted all the conditions of the La Canadenca strikers and added that there would be no reprisals. The strike committee then agreed to lift the general strike as long as this resolution is accepted by an assembly of strikers. A document is signed by the company, the strike committee and the unions involved (wood, electricity, water and gas, metallurgical) containing 9 points: 1) Readmission of dismissals and strikers 2) Removal of hostile company management personnel 3) Wage increases: 60% for those who earn 100 pesetas monthly, 40% for those on 100 to 150, 20% for those on 150 to 200, 15% for those on 300 to 400, 10% for those on 400 to 500. Not applicable to children under 17 years 4) Equalization of salaries with those of the Federación Patronal de Barcelona (Employers' Federation of Barcelona) 5) Payment of half salary for February and full salary payment from March 1 with increase, minus holiday pay 6) 8-hour day 7) Full payment of wages in the case of accident at work 8) No retaliation 9) Resumption of work within 48 hours. After 45 days of strike, an agreement is reached that represents an almost total victory for workers: freedom of prisoners (except those who had a trial in progress), the reinstatement without penalties of all the strikers and pickets, general rise of wages, granting eight hours and payment of lost wages during the strike. Seventy-six prisoners released are released over the next two days.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: Units of the Red Ruhr Army near Wetter attack an advance party of the Freikorps Lichtschlag under Hauptmann Hasenclever, who upon being asked had identified himself as a supporter of the new Kapp government. They took the enemy force's weapons, captured 600 Freikorps members and occupied Dortmund. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: Bolshevik forces enter Kronstadt. There is a great slaughter when the island is taken.

1941 - Jules Sellenet, known as Francis Boudoux (b. 1881), French militant, anti-militarist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 18]

1942 - Presumed date on which Käthe Leichter (Marianne Katharina Pick; d. 1942), Austrian social scientist, socialist trade unionist, journalist, author, and founder and director of the Women's Unit of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (Frauenreferats der Wiener Arbeiterkammer), who was one of the most prominent socialist feminist in Rotes Wien (Red Vienna) during the interwar years, was murdered (gassed) in Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) as part of the so-called Aktion 14f13. [see: Aug. 20]

[F] 1966 - __Rio Grande Valley Farm Workers March / Delano Grape Strike__: Nearly 100 striking Mexican and Filipino farm workers begin a march from Delano to Sacramento, California. By April 11, when they reached the steps of the state capitol, 10,000 supporters had joined them. A few months later, the two organisations representing the workers – the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the National Farm Workers Association – joined to form a single union, out of which the United Farm Workers of America was born. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano_grape_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-farmworkers-california-campaign-economic-justice-grape-strike-1965-70 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Chavez_Cesar.htm libcom.org/library/review-cesar-chavez-united-farm-workers-question-unions-contemporary-capitalism insurgentnotes.com/2013/03/book-review-frank-bardacke-trampling-out-the-vintage-cesar-chavez-and-the-two-souls-of-the-united-farm-workers-2012/]

[D] 1976 - Countrywide wildcat work stoppage in Italy, roads blocked, town halls besieged. Unions declare a one-day General Strike in an attempt to recoup this movement.

1986 - Cipriano Damiano González (b. 1916), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco underground resistance, dies. [see: Sep. 22] || They were returned to their stinking smoke-filled cells - tiny, dark, single person cells, where the jailors would put green wood on the fires to generate smoke to make the conditions even more uncomfortable - to await transport in chains to the prison hulks, York and Leviathan, lying off Portsmouth. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk dorset-ancestors.com/?p=2561 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373 www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm kmflett.wordpress.com/2016/07/12/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-history-work-in-progress/ www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/07/10/tolpuddle_story_feature.shtml www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106426.html www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2011/10/tolpuddle-–-a-photographic-essay/ blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2013/03/18/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-sentenced-to-seven-years-transportation-on-18-march-1834/]
 * = 18 || [FF] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: After a two day trial James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, James Loveless, Thomas Standfield, and John Standfield were found guilty for their part in the formation of The Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers because, in the words of Judge Baron Williams: "The safety of the country was at stake". He then sentenced to seven years in a penal colony in Australia, the maximum sentence available to him, where they would have been sold on as slaves. They had been made an example of.

[D] 1871 - During a brief confrontation between regular soldiers, sent to confiscate cannon from the National Guard militia in Paris, and a small group of revolutionary national guardsmen, shots are exchanged during which a guardsmen is killed. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighborhood, including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. Crowds of women and children also gathered, with whom the troops decide to fraternise. Having tried to withdraw his troops, General Claude-Martin Lecomte ordered them to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. General Lecomte and the officers of his staff were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard. That afternoon around 17:00, guardsmen also captured General Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas, long hated for his part in the repression of the 1848 revolution. Half an hour later, an angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at Rue des Rosiers seized Clement-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre, the Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. They were not aware that Adolphe Thiers, the chief executive of the French Government, the government itself, and the military commanders were at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the gates were open and there were few guards. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the train station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped the city. While he was at the train station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him. On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some forty thousand soldiers, including the soldiers in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from the city. The execution of the 2 generals and the flight of the government provided the opening for the Communard insurrection, the first real experiment in worker self-management, occurring with the sympathetic cooperation of the petty bourgeoisie. However, the Commune would only survive for two months, having heroically stood against overwhelming odds. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris_(1871) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune#Establishment www.herodote.net/18_mars_1871-evenement-18710318.php libcom.org/history/1871-the-paris-commune pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr228/birchall.htm www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/p/a.htm www.marxist.com/paris-commune-of-1871.htm]

1877 - Workers celebration in Bern, Switzerland organised by the anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Paul Brousse, leads to clashes with the police when the latter try to seize their red flags.

[DD] 1886 - __Djåcreye di 1886 [Walloon Jacquerie of 1886] or Berdouxha pås Ptitès Djins / Berdouxha di Payizans [Riot of the 'Little People' / Riot of the Peasants__]: [18-29] In the industrial city of Liège, posters were put up by the Groupe Anarchiste et Révolutionnaire summoning workers to a meeting and adding "Let each man bring a revolver. Then forward!" Unexpectedly many workers responded to the anarchist appeal on the 15th anniversary of the Paris Commune (March 18). At Liège (Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Seraing, Tilleur), there was open fighting between troops which had been massed there for the protection of the place and a large body of anarchists who marched on it. The fight was severe and prolonged, but finally resulted in the repulse of the Anarchists. They were not driven from the field, however, until the troops charged upon them with fixed bayonets. A large number of men on both sides were injured. In the aftermath of the battle, 6,000 troops were despatched to the region to maintain order. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_Jacquerie_of_1886 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_wallonne_de_1886 wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardouxha_pås_ptitès_djins homeusers.brutele.be/germinal/1886/1886/zpage_1886.htm www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/1995_Wallonie_Atouts-References/1995_ch08-1_Alaluf_Mateo.htm mrw.wallonie.be/sg/dsg/dircom/walcartes/pages/txt102.htm]

1889 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The first Fascio, based on the example of the North and the already existing local società di mutuo soccorso (mutual aid societies), is formed in Messina. It was short-lived, folding in July of that year following the imprisonment of its founder Nicholas Petrina, and it would be another 2 years before the movement really took of following the creation of the Fascio di Catania on May 1, 1891. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The government withdraws the state of war. Simó Piera leads a meeting-rally at the teatre Bosque de Gràcia during which it is decided to return to work under the condition that all prisoners are released, both union leaders arrested in January during state of emergency as thousands of prisoners during the strike, which had been promised by the new civil governor Carles Montañés.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: With the fall of Kronstadt yesterday, thousands of sailors and workers lie dead in the streets. Summary execution of prisoners and hostages continues. Today the victorious Bolsheviks are celebrating the anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871. Trotsky and Zinoviev, with a total lack of shame, denounce Thiers and Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels.

[F] 1971 - During a major strike of Ford workers in England the main offices of the Ford Motor Company at Gants Hill, Ilford, on the outskirts of London, is wrecked by a powerful explosion. A thousand word communique (AB Communique no. 7) is delivered shortly after. ||
 * = 19 || 1820 - Charles-Ferdinand Gambon (d. 1887), French lawyer, magistrate, initially a moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist and pacifist revolutionary, born. Elected a member of the Paris Commune. Defence lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials. Wrote for '//Le Cri du Peuple//' and coined the famous pacifist slogan "//Guerre à la guerre//".

[FF] 1912 - British Syndicalist leader Tom Mann is arrested and charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 for having read out sections of '//Open Letter to British Soldiers//' at a meeting in Salford on March 14. Originally printed in the '//Irish Worker//' the year before, the '//Open Letter//' urged the army not to shoot strikers, and it had been reprinted in the first edition of 'The Syndicalist' (January 1912). Mann was also chairman of the Industrial Syndicalist Education League, which was the publisher of '//The Syndicalist//'. Guy Bowman, secretary of the ISEL and the paper's editor was also arrested, as were the paper's printers, Benjamin Edward and Charles Ernest Buck. The three were charged under the 1797 Act and with "endeavouring to incite and stir up persons serving in His Majesty's land forces to commit acts of disobedience to the lawful orders of their superior officers". The same day as Mann's arrest, Bowman and the Bucks stood trial at the Old Bailey, where they were found guilty; and on March 22 Bowman was sentenced to nine and a half months imprisonment with hard labour and the Bucks to 6 months with hard labour. These sentences were subsequently reduced to 6 months and one month respectively without hard labour. The '//Open Letter//' had also been reprinted as a leaflet at his own expense by a railwayman named Fred Crowsley, who had personally distributed copies to soldiers at Aldershot, Hyde Park Comer and Hounslow barracks. He had then been arrested on February 31 and charged under the 1797 Act and was tried at the Hampshire Assizes on June 18 and sentenced to four months imprisonment with hard labour, subsequently reduced to two months without hard labour. Mann's trial took place on May 9 at the Manchester Assizes, during which he defended himself. He was found guilty and given the same (revised) sentence as Guy Bowman, six months without hard labour in Strangeways prison. He only served seven weeks. [libcom.org/history/articles/syndicalist-trials-1912 libcom.org/library/leaflet-which-tom-mann-was-jailed-1912 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1912/mar/20/arrest-of-mr-tom-mann www.marxists.org/archive/mann-tom/1923/memoir/chXX.htm www.marxists.org/archive/mann-tom/1923/memoir/chXXI.htm katesharpleylibrary.pbworks.com/w/page/118292400/Guy Bowman katesharpleylibrary.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/118292481/BL_0001652_19120322_071.pdf www.oldbaileyonline.org/print.jsp?div=t19120319-45 www.marx-memorial-library.org/the-call/item/237-the-don-t-shoot-leaflet en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mann]

[F] 1912 - __National Coal Strike__: The Minimum Wage Bill is introduces and subsequently rushed through Parliament in an effort to bring the strike to a swift end. The bill provided for arbitration to settle the level of minimum wages, district by district. This was rejected by miners in a second ballot over the weekend of March 23-24, with many expressing their determined opposition to the district by district nature of the government's proposals, there was also evidence of a strong disposition on the part of the men to return to work at an early date, leaving details to be afterwards settled. So, citing the smaller majority for continuing the strike action, and fear for the unity of the federation, the executive called off the strike. [see: Mar. 1]

1917 - The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of the Adamson Act, a federal law that established an 8-hour workday, with overtime pay, for interstate railway workers. Congress passed the law in 1916 to avert a nationwide rail strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamson_Act todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Salvador Seguí aka 'el Noi del Sucre' (Sugar Boy) is released and the same day takes part in the famous rally in the massive Plaza de las Arenas bullring in Barcelona. At the meeting, which is attended by 50,000 people inside and spilling into the streets outside, it is agreed to end the strike. ||
 * = 20 || 1806 - Building work begins on Dartmoor prison, originally designed to hold prisoners from the Napolionic Wars.

[F] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Frame-Breaking Act makes the death penalty available to punish Luddite activities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Stocking_Frames,_etc._Act_1812]

1842 - Charles Alérini (d. unknown), French anarchist revolutionary, First International and Jura Federation activist, born. [expand] [libcom.org/history/al-rini-charles-1842 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alerini www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Increvables_anarchistes_-_La_Commune_de_Marseille_1871.html]

1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: Following the news of the insurrection in Paris March 18, 1871, a meeting of the the Club de la Révolution in Narbonne votes upon a motion which ends with the words: "the undersigned declare that they no longer recognise the government in Versailles and ask the councilors of Narbonne to decide and inform their fellow citizens whether they are willing to obey the government in Paris or that in Versailles." ["les soussignés déclarent ne plus reconnaître le gouvernement de Versailles et viennent demander aux conseillers municipaux de Narbonne d’avoir à se prononcer et à informer leurs concitoyens s’ils sont prêts à obéir au gouvernement de Paris ou à celui de Versailles"] [colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/]

1903 - '//Arbeter Fraint//' begins republishing under the administration of the Arbeter Fraint group and editorship of Rudolf Rocker, but now as the organ of the "//Federation of Yiddish-Speaking Anarchist Groups in Great Britain & Paris//".

1907 - [O.S. Mar. 7] Peter Arshinov (Пётр Арши́нов) shoots Vasilenko, head of the main railroad yard at Aleksandrovsk. A notorious and pitiless oppressor of workers, Vasilenko had turned over to the military tribunal more than 100 workers who were accused of taking part in the armed uprising in Aleksandrovsk in December, 1905; many of them were condemned to death or forced labor because of Vasilenko’s testimony. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging but, the sentence temporarily postponed, he managed too escape from Aleksandrovsk prison on the night of April 22, 1907.

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The State of Washington's criminal syndicalism legislation, "An Act defining the crime of criminal syndicalism and prescribing the punishment thereof", is vetoed by the Democrat Governor Ernest Lister, who had help bring the eight-hour work day to the Pacific Northwest during the IWW's 1917 Lumber Workers' strike, though he was also active in repressing the IWW.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Seventy-six prisoners have been released and the state of siege lifted but 33 prisoners facing charges remain under arrest together with a further eight held by the military. The workers returned to their jobs, but the military refuse to release all the prisoners (who had been arrested whilst having been called up) and the strike ultimately resumes.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: In Essen, a Central Committee (Zentralrat) of the Workers' Councils was formed, which took power in parts of the Ruhr. Also there was a headquarters in Hagen. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

[A] 1960 - Cuban anarchist-syndicalist workers' papers – including '//Solidaridad Gastronomico//' – forced to cease publishing. || [www.commune1871.org/?Les-greves-de-1870-et-la-Commune www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article3798 capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html]
 * = 21 || [F] 1870 - 1500 the miners in the Le Creusot area go on strike to protest against a reduction in their wages. The owner of the local mines and metal works, Eugene Schneider, was notorious: as the bourgeois liberal candidate in the 1869 election, he had been elected by just one vote, having won the previous election of 1863 by 800 votes. He responded to this snub by dismissing 200 workers he suspected of having voted against him. He would use the army against the strikers.

1874 - Gustave Franssen (d. 1950), French copyreader, revolutionary syndicalist and libertarian, born. [expand] www.ephemanar.net/septembre26.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1831]

1919 - Hungarian Councils Republic declared. Anarchists particiapte in the Budapest Commune. [expand]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Salvador Seguí continues to try and persuade the workers to return to work and the newspapers claim that "tornada a la normalitat" (everything is back to normal). However, Seguí issues a warning giving the authorities 72 hours to release the remaining prisoners or the workers will go out on strike again.

[D] 1927 - __Shanghai Commune [上海工人三次武装起义 ( Shanghai Workers March Armed Uprising )__]: insurrection by Shanghai workers succeeds. Lasts until April 12 when it is crushed by Nationalist troops. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/zh/上海工人三次武装起义 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrew-flood-towards-an-anarchist-history-of-the-chinese-revolution www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2009-04-21/china-1925-1927 en.internationalism.org/icconline/2007/china-march-1927 dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/2356/D_Jiang_Hongsheng_a_201005.pdf?sequence=1]

1945 - Amédée Dunois (pseudonym for Amédée Gabriel Catonne; b. 1878), French anarchist militant, communist, and then a revolutionary socialist trade unionist, dies in Bergen-Belsen after his arrest by the Nazi regime. Author of several works of history (in particular on the Paris Commune) and the chapter '//Marxism & Socialism//' in Sébastien Faure's '//Anarchist Encyclopaedia//'. [see: Dec. 16] ||
 * = 22 || [F] 1803 - Thomas Helliker (or Hilliker) aka the Trowbridge Martyr (b. 1784), a young English apprentice (shearman's colt) working in the woollen industry, is hanged on the eve of his 19th birthday after Littleton Mill at Semington, near Trowbridge in Wiltshire, was burned down in protest at the introduction of machinery. He was apprehended on false accusation, but refused to clear his name because it would. [see: Mar. 23]

1871 - __Commune de Lyon__: During the night (22-23) the Hôtel de Ville is invaded by some of those involved in the September 28, 1870 uprising, members of the former Comité de Salut Public, the Comité Révolutionnaire de la Guillotière, and the 18th and 24th Battalions of the Comité Central of the Garde Nationale. Bakunin comes to the balcony of the town hall of Lyon in the Place Bellecour to make an appeal for world revolution. He has with him all of the First Workers' International. A provisional committee is formed. It proclaims the Commune, hoists the red flag, dismisses the préfet and the mayor appoints as head of the Guard Nationale, Riciotti Garibaldi, son of Italian revolutionary general. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: Hearing of the proclamation of the Lyon Commune, a large group of Guard Nationale gather in the Place de l'Hotel de Ville with shouts of "Vive la Commune!" Members of the Club de la rue de la Vierge visit the mayor and demand the resignation of the City Council. By 17 votes to 7, councilors declare themselves ready to quit but choose to remain in office until the election of their replacements. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1912 - [O.S. Mar. 9] __Lena Goldfields Strike [Приисках Ленского Забастовка__]: With the company initially disposed to negotiate with the representatives of the more than 6,000 gold miners then on strike, talks eventually break down, possibly under pressure from the government. The Lenzoloto directors resolve to end the strike quickly and troops of the Imperial Russian Army are sent from the town of Kirensk, some 200 miles away. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ленский_расстрел hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1912lena.php www.prlib.ru/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=1020 libcom.org/history/1912-lena-massacre www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/02/x01.htm]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: With the city and county jails holding more than 250 inmates, Chief Wilson announces that, from now on, police would make 'selective arrests' – just leaders of the movement – and deport those in jail to the city limits. The following day [23rd] rumors spread that the night before, several trucks had driven prisoners to the train station at Sorrento Valley. Unmasked civilians, calling themselves the new Vigilance Committee, ordered handcuffed captives to form a single line. What followed was a 'going-away party'. Vigilantes beat the men with clubs and axe handles, then told them to walk to Orange County. Chief Wilson denied knowledge of the incident. The Union said he "was inclined to laugh" at the allegation. Chief of Detectives Myers, labeled a "Cossack" by protesters, said that, for all he knew, the prisoners "merely started on their way".

1916 - [O.S. Mar. 9] One of the first large urban women's riots in Bulgaria broke out in the town of Bourgas (Бургас) after the municipality refuses to pay allowances to poor soldier's families. Led by Ghana Avdjieva (Гана Авджиева), Kristalina Grigorova (Кристалина Григорова), Todorka Kaloyanchev (Тодорка Калоянчева) and Ana Kovacheva (Ана Ковачева), the Burgas women chanted slogans against war such as "Give us bread", "We want peace", "Return our men". The following year, held demonstrations against high prices and hunger in Dupnitsa (Дупница). Most were massive protests and many developed into riots, and in May 1918 when the government reduced bread rations, they would cover all parts of the country. Protest involving thousands of women broke out in Stara Zagora (Стара Загора), Yambol (Ямбол), Sliven (Сливен), Bourgas, Sofia (София), Pazardzhik (Пазарджик), Plovdiv (Пловдив), Pleven (Плевен), Vidin (Видин), Lovech (Ловеч) and dozens of other towns and villages. Erupting spontaneously, in some cities they lasted for 2-3 days. In many places during the unrest warehouses were looted requisitioned as well as the food cellars and hidden caches of speculators. The government were forced to deploy troops to deal with the women's riots and many of the participants and initiators were arrested. A wave of unrest and riots, including a women's revolt against food and clothing shortages, swept through the country in 1918 and weakened any remaining resolve to continue the war. [www.bg-history.info/calendar/day:9/month:3 bspbourgas.org/news-Бургаската партийна организация на 115 години-info-2191.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Many workers return to work to find that the military have badly damaged plant that they were trying to operate and the workers now have no jobs to return to. The outstanding prisoners are slowly and grudgingly being released.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: The general strike is officially declared as having ended by the unions, the USPD and the KDP, after having secured additional concessions from the government of chancellor Gustav Bauer. These included the dismissal of Reichswehrminister Noske as well as changes to social and economic policies. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1928 - Alan Barlow (d. 2004), British trade unionist and anarcho-syndicalist, arrested, charged and imprisoned in 1969 for his role in the 1st of May Group bombing of the Francoist Banco de Bilbao in London, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/44j1gm]

1961 - Ettore Bonometti (b. 1872), Italian shoemaker and anarchist militant, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1990 - Geoffrey Ostergaard (b. 1926), English anarcho-pacifist, dies. Wrote on workers' control, and also similarities of Sarvodaya in India and anarchism. [see: Jul. 20]

1991 - María Mañas Zubero (b. 1912), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Dec. 4]

2007 - Hans Schmitz (b. 1914), German anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, militant anti-fascist and conscript to the Wehrmacht, dies. [see: May 16] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Helliker]
 * = 23 || 1784 - Thomas Helliker (or Hilliker) aka the Trowbridge Martyr (d. 1803), English apprentice (shearman's colt) working in the woollen industry, a figure in early English trade union history who was hanged, aged 19, for his alleged role in machine-breaking at a Wiltshire woollen mill, born.

[A] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddite attack on shearing-mill of William Thompson & Bros at Rawdon, near Leeds and dozens of shears destroyed and fine woollen cloth damaged. [March 23-25]

1860 - André Girard (known as Max Buhr) (d. 1942), French anarchist militant and trade unionist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8293 www.ephemanar.net/avril08.html]

1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: Hearing of the proclamation of the Lyon Commune, a large group of Guard Nationale gather in the Place de l'Hotel de Ville with shouts of "Vive la Commune!" Members of the Club de la rue de la Vierge visit the mayor and demand the resignation of the City Council. By 17 votes to 7, councilors declare themselves ready to quit but choose to remain in office until the election of their replacements. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1871 - __Commune de Lyon__: Bakunin comes to the balcony of the town hall of Lyon in the Place Bellecour to make an appeal for world revolution. He has with him all of the First Workers' International. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[DD] [1871 - __Commune de Marseille__: The préfecture is invaded and a local committee is formed, chaired by Adolphe Cremieux and comprising 12 members, which declares: "À Marseille, les citoyens prétendent s'administrer eux-mêmes, dans la sphère des intérêts locaux. Il serait opportun que le mouvement qui s'est produit à Marseille fût bien compris, et qu'il se prolongeât. Nous voulons la décentralisation administrative avec l'autonomie de la Commune, en confiant au conseil municipal élu dans chaque grande cité les attributions administratives et municipales." [In Marseille, citizens claim self-government in the sphere of local interests. It would be appropriate that the movement that has happened in Marseille is well understood, and that it be prolonged. We want administrative decentralisation with the autonomy of the Commune, by giving the elected municipal council in every major city and municipality administrative duties.] [www.monde-libertaire.fr/autogestion/14451-la-commune-de-marseille www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Marseille-23-mars-4 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Marseille www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Delarartion of the International Workers Association__: Federal Council of Parisian Sections. [expand] [anarchism.pageabode.com/pjproudhon/appendix-paris-commune.html#IWA]

1918 - Trial of 101 Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World) begins in Chicago, for opposition to World War I; accused of violating the Espionage Act.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: 300 workers building the Rubí Terrassa railway line go out on strike. Elsewhere, troops have been withdrawn from the gas plants they had been temporarily running.

[F] 1925 - __Masacre de Marusia__: In March 1925, miners at the Marusia nitrate mine (mina de salitre) in the foothills of the Andes in the Tarapacá region had gone on strike for better wages, a shorter working day, and working conditions. Whilst negotiations were taking place between company executives and workers' representatives, the British engineer who ran the mine, a man hated by his habit of whipping his workers, was found dead near the mine. A Bolivian engineer was accused of the crime and executed without trial on the orders of the owners of the company. The union (FOCH), under the local leadership of Domingo Soto, was fearful of reprisals, and especially of another massacre like the one that had happened in San Gregorio in February 1921, which had left 565 nitrate miners dead. It therefore decided to take several preventive measures, making contact with the other mines, and proposing to blow up the railroad tracks in order to prevent the arrival of the military (strikebreakers). The women of Marusia also began organising themselves under the direction of Selva Saavedra, and they too decided to resist the advance of any troops sent to put the strike down. The government of Arturo Alessandri did respond, sending 40 soldiers commanded by the captain Gilberto Troncoso, who was known as the 'Hiena de San Gregorio' (Hyena of San Gregorio) because of his reputation for violence. When the soldiers arrived, they entered the city firing. A group of workers responded by throwing cartridges of dynamite at them, killing several soldiers and seizing their weapons. The workers than organised a counter-offensive, taking over the explosives stores at the mine and the cutting of the telegraph cables. Captain Troncoso was forced to retire. The miners then proceeded to arm the entire city (about 2,400 people). In an open meeting, trade union leaders proposed that they negotiate their surrender, while some miners defended a motion to call for the help of workers from other mines. In the end, a motion from Soto that the village priest be asked to mediate was approved. Army reinforcements came in the form of a 300-man battalion commanded by Colonel Pedro Schultz. They attacked the city in the middle of the night and machine-gunned everyone in sight. Hundreds of people died, including women and children - the exact number was never properly established. The most commonly cited estimate is that at least 500 died, of which 90% were strikers and their families, including that of Selva Saavedra. A group of workers were able to mount a hurried defence, throwing dynamite cartridges over the advancing troops, and managed to kill 36 soldiers and wound 64 others. The surviving miners escaped with their families in the high mountains. This ended the strike immediately, but the conflict erupted again less than two months later, and led to the La Coruña massacre. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Marusia www.puntofinal.cl/656/coruna.htm piensachile.com/2010/11/la-olvidada-matanza-de-obreros-y-sus-familias-en-la-oficina-salitrera-qla-coruapaq/ metiendoruido.com/2012/09/chile-200-anos-de-una-patria-asesina/ porlaputa.com/id/892141 www.nortino.com/2012/08/matanzas-en-las-oficinas-salitreras.html centroestudioshistoricos.ubo.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/4-José-Soto-L.-La-FOCH.pdf] ||
 * = 24 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddites attack Thompson's mill at Rawdon near Leeds; similarly Joseph Foster's mill at Horbury on April 9th; also during this month, Assizes in Nottingham, tried Wm Carnell, Jos Maples, Benj Poley, Benj Hancock, Geo Green, Jos Peck & Gerves Marshall.

1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Grand Meeting of the Working Classes called by Robert Owen. London to Dorchester Committee formed to mount campaign to win free pardons. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900 www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/story/mounting-protest]

1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: Following the news of the insurrection in Paris, the Club de la Révolution faction of the Republican Lamourguier Club asked the Narbonne city council to distribute arms to the Garde Nationale, but it had refused. However, when news leaks out that the commander fo the Garde Nationale in the city had been authorised to distribute a certain amount of rifles to his men, people started rushing to the Hotel de Ville. Around 20:00 the mob invades the town hall with Émile Digeon at its head. He takes to the balcony of the municipal building and proclaimes the estabkishing of the Commune de Narbonne. The red flag replaces the tricolore. [colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de psnarbonne.over-blog.fr/article-29389755.html www.ihs.cgt.fr/IMG/pdf_DOSSIER-7.pdf www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: About 20:00 the Guard Nationale occupies the City Hall singing the '//Marseillaise//' and cheering the Commune. An hour later, the building is invaded by the crowd, and representatives of the Club de Rue de la Vierge ask the authorities present (interim prefect, the mayor and two of his deputies, the Commander of the National Guard) to proclaim the Commune! They refuse and are arrested. Around midnight, the Commune is proclaimed by the crowd. The red flag is raised. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune du Creusot__: 3000 people gather in Le Creusot to express their support for the Guard National de Paris. A demonstration in favour of the Paris Commune is planned by the Republican and Socialist Committee for 2 days time. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1894 - Émile Digeon (b. 1822), French revolutionary socialist journalist, libertarian free thinker, anarchist journalist, leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune, declared in 1871 when Paris rose up (Paris Commune).

1904 - Russell Blackwell (d.1969), U.S. cartographer, community activist, Wobbly, anarchist and co-founder of the Libertarian League, born. Fought with POUM and the anarchist militias during the events of May in Barcelona. Wounded in action and arrested by the Stalinist police and imprisoned in Madrid. [expand] [libcom.org/history/blackwell-russell-1904-1969 www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/russell-blackwell]

[F] 1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The strike is officially over, the IWW's strike committee is dissolved and the militia moved out. After two months of struggle, the Great Lawrence Strike had ended. [www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense__: With 16 civilian workers and 7 activists prosecuted by the military still remaining in prison and the deadline issued by Salvador Seguí on the 21st having expired, a ballot shows a majority of just over 50% in favour and a second strike is called. However, this time it not only involves La Canadenca but is a general strike across Catalonia, returning the region to a total blackout and shutdown. General Milans del Bosch declares a second state of war is proclaimed and neither of the daily newspapers, '//La Publicidad//' or '//La Veu de Catalunya//', is published. The army occupies Barcelona and under martial law provisions arrests 3,000 workers and CNT leaders, including the strike committee. He was supported by the new Federación Patronal de Barcelona (Employers' Federation) and the Lliga Catalana, as well as having under his command Police Chief Manuel Bravo Portillo, who led a group of pistoleros, using violence to intimidate the workers. The Federación Patronal de Barcelona would try to make it a demand that in order to be reinstated, a worker had to give up their CNT membership card and negotiate a new salary individually, a demand that no self-respection centista would tolerate.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: The government, newly returned to Berlin, issues an ultimatum demanding that the workers' councils put an end to the strike and the uprising by March 30 (later extended to April 2). The councils fail to comply with this. Also today, the Zitadelle Wesel is attacked, but here the Ruhr Army experienced its first defeat. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1952 - Wilhelm (Willi) Jelinek (b. 1889), militant German anarchist-syndicalist, dies in the Bautzen prison camp (ex-GDR, East Germany), under unknown circumstances. [see: Dec. 25]

1985 - __Jornadas de Marzo [Working Days of March__]: Having occupied the capital La Paz for 20 days, striking miners return to work with only a partial victory: an increase of 400%, partly payable in food coupons. But with inflation running at 2000% per year this will not maintain the workers' buying power. The workers and their allies were not politically organised enough to challenge the power of the government, with the bourgeoisie having made gains during the strike: the power of the miners was temporarily checked and the role of the military was gradually expanded. [see: Mar. 4] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bolivian-workers-overthrow-president-1983-1985 disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/LaJun85.0377.5429.010.007.Jun1985.14.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Workers'_Center] || In 1877, he went to Russia where he became tutor of the children of Leo Tolstoy. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre20.html fra.anarchopedia.org/Jules_Montels militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8502 libcom.org/history/montels-jules-1843-1916]
 * = 25 || 1843 - Louis Jules Marie Montels (d. 1916), French clerk and commercial traveller, militant in the Paris Commune of 1871 and anarchist, born. After being made a colonel of the Twelfth Federate Legion of the Commune, Jules Montels was sent on a mission to Béziers, where he took part in Narbonne insurrection (March 24-31, 1871). Following the fall of the Commune, he was sentenced in absentia (having fled to Geneva) by a council of war to death on December 11, 1871. [expand]

[D] [1871 - __Commune de Toulouse__: A Garde Nationale rebellion leads to the proclamation of the Toulouse Commune. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Toulouse-25-27-mars www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm raforum.info/spip.php?rubrique1131]

[1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: troops sent to seize the city hall go over to the people and leave immediately enlist their comrades. by the evening, there are nearly 250 armed communards [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: the mayor is forced to recognize the fact and accept the organisation of a plebiscite in favour of the Commune [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune de Lyon__: the arrival of the 5e Hussards [héros en armes de Belfort], who are welcomed with enthusiasm by the population, brings an abrupt end to the Commune [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune du Creusot__: Albert Leblanc, provincal envoy of the central committee of the Garde Nationale de Paris, asks the citizens of Le Creusot to declare a Commune. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1873 - Rudolf Rocker (d. 1958), German-American anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organiser and anti-fascist, born. Author of 'A//narcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice//', '//Anarchism & Anarcho-Syndicalism//', '//Pioneers of American Freedom//', '//The Tragedy of Spain//' and '//Nationalism and Culture//'.

1877 - Jean-Baptiste Knockaert (aka Jean Rouge; d. 1957), Belgian anarcho-syndicalist, communist and free thinker, born. [www.ephemanar.net/mars25.html#knockaert militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2936 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2503.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/KnockaertJeanBaptiste.htm]

1905 - Antonio Ejarque Pina aka 'Jarque' (d. 1950), Aragonese metalworker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combattant, born. Active in the CNT from 1920 to 1930 he was chair of the committee of the union of the CNT in Zaragoza. In 1931, he was the Sindicat del Metall de Saragossa's delegate to the CNT congress in Madrid and a member of the Aragon Regional Committee of the CNT. He was also involved in the running of the libertarian magazine '//Cultura y Acción//' (Culture and Action). He managed to escape from Zaragoza and cross the Republican lines following the military insurrection in July 1936, and signed the pact of revolutionary unity between the CNT and the UGT in Aragon. At the war front, he was Commissioner-General of the 25th Division commanded by Antonio Ortiz Ramírez, and later by Miguel García Vivancos, and worker on the '//25 División//' periodical. In October 1938, as Inspector of the 25th Division, he was the author of a report denouncing the communist maneuvers to prevent the 25th Division from obtain the necessary weapons during the Battle of Teruel. Captured at the end of the war he was interned in the Albatera ia Oriola concentration camp. Upon his release, he went underground and was nominated by a plemun of the CNT as a delegate on the Alliance Nationale des Forces Démocratiques (ANFD) in exile in Paris. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2183 lacntenelexilio.blogspot.com/2013/01/antonio-ejarque-pina.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrecció_anarquista_de_gener_de_1933]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: In Spain a joint strike committee of the CNT and UGT (set up following the historic 'Pacto de Zaragoza' of July 17, 1916) sign a pact of unity of action and draw up a manifesto, which was published two days later, in which they demanded fundamental changes in the political system. From this pact came an agreement to hold a revolutionary strike the following August [declared on Aug. 13, 1917], during which the unions openly confronting the structures of the state. The strike was a failure and cost 70 dead, 43 of them in Catalonia, and 2000 arrests. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_española_de_1917 www.veuobrera.org/00finest/cnt-deta.htm www.wikiteka.com/apuntes/manifiesto-conjunto-ugt-cnt/ palabrasalcaldero.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/comentario-de-textos-historia-de-espac3b1a.pdf www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

[F] 1919 - In France the Loi du 25 Mars 1919 provides a first institutional framework for collective agreements, a decisive step in the construction of the right to collective bargaining. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_juin_1919 www.vie-publique.fr/politiques-publiques/regulation-relations-travail/chronologie/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: With the press already subject to censorship, a number of breaches led to the all ceasing publication until 15 April. All constitutional guarantees are suspended across Spain, echoing what had already taken place in Barcelona. The city itself was now displaying ever more prominent signs of military occupation, with artillery deployed in Plaça de Catalunya and other central locations. The centre of the city was now patrolled by volunteers Sometent for first time since they had began to take shape in November 1918. They now numbered about eight thousand and were under the command of regionalists like Josep Bertran i Musitu, Eusebi Bertran i Serra and the Marquès de Camps (Carles de Camps i d'Olzinelles), alongside the leaders of the Unión Monárquica Nacional, like the industrialist Emilio Vidal i Ribas. Francesc Cambó i Batlle, leader of the Lliga Regionalista decided to act as an example and went out with his rifle on his back.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: The government of Gustav Bauer is forced to resign, as a result of the negotiations they had conducted with Kapp and his fellow conspirators, and on March 26 Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert appointed Hermann Müller as the new chancellor. The attempt to settle the conflict at the negotiating table in the Bielefeld Agreement failed ultimately due to the intransigences of the regional military commander, Oskar von Watter. The result was the re-proclamation of a general strike. This is followed by more than 300,000 miners (approx. 75% of the workforce) involved. Dusseldorf and Elberfeld now also fell into the hands of the workers. By the end of March, the entire Ruhr region had been seized. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1932 - During its 19th and last regional Congress, held in Erfurt [25th-28th], the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD, anarcho-syndicalist union) decides that, in the event of the Nazis taking power, its federal bureau in Berlin will shut down and be replaced by an underground directorate and that there would have to be a General Strike by way of reply. The latter decision proves impracticable: for one thing, the FAUD all across Germany is decimated by a wave of arrests.

1964 - Gregorio Jover Cortés (b. 1891), Spanish militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist and fighter against Franco, dies. [see: Oct. 25 & Jan. 25]

2006 - Severino Campos Campos (b. 1905), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 26] ||
 * = 26 || 1871 - __Paris Commune__: Election of the members of the Commune.

[D] [1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: Émile Digeon and a troop of more than two hundred Communards seize the sub-prefecture, and at the station, the telegraph, unmolested. The Communards are masters of the city. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: elections set for the 29th [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune du Creusot__: On the Place de la Mairie, a face-to-face meeting between Guards Nationale and soldiers of the line turns into fraternisation with cries of "Vive la République." The colonel withdraws his troops and the mayor, Jean-Baptiste Dumay, proclaims from a window of the first floor of the Town Hall, on which the red flag has been hoisted: "I am no longer the representative of the Government in Versailles, I am the representative of the Municipality of Le Creusot." That night, the mayor sends the Guard Nationale to occupy the station, and the telegraph and mail offices, only to find the three institutions are already occupied by soldiers. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1879 - Georges Cochon (d. 1959), French tapestry maker, anarchist and very popular secretary of the Federation of Tenants (ancestor of the DAL), born. [libcom.org/history/cochon-georges-1879-1959]

[F] 1884 - [O.S. Mar. 14] Minnie Helen Schloss (d. 1965), Russian-American nurse, socialist, feminist, union organiser, IWW member and free speech activist, born in Vilna, Russia. The daughter of a rabbi, she attended the Rand School in NYC and trained as a public health nurse, specialising in the treatment of tuberculosis. She first worked in Malone, NYC and was later hired by the 'Fortnightly Club', an organisation of wealthy women, who were probably unaware of her earlier work with the Socialists in Malone, NY. When the Factory Investigating Committee came to Little Falls that August 1912, Helen Schloss provided investigators with graphic evidence of unsanitary conditions in the factories and tenements on the South Side. Once the strike began that October, she was very active in its support, working with Matilda Rabinowicz and Big Bill Haywood, and encouraged her friend Helen Keller to come and support the strikers too. On October 30, police attacked strikers and began making mass arrests. They broke into the strike headquarters at the Slovak Hall, smashed the place up, and proceeded to arrest all 24 members of the Strike Committee, some of whom were held for over a year. Helen Schloss, by now considered a ringleader, was arrested a mile away. The police brought in three doctors to "examine her sanity" but she had a lawyer who soon secured her release. Despite the arrests, the strike continued. Matilda Rabinowitz, a Russian-born IWW organiser, soon arrived and joined forces with Helen Schloss. Together, the two women had an entirely female picket line up within a day of the mass arrests. They also used the tactic that was so successful in the Bread and Roses Strike in Lawrence earlier that year, sending the children of strikers away for the Xmas holidays to join Socialist families in Schenectady. After the Little Falls strike was settled by state mediators in January 1913, Helen went directly to the silk workers strike in Paterson New Jersey, which had begun in March of that year. Her IWW comrades Big Bill Haywood and Carlo Tresca, who had been at Little Falls, were major organisers at Paterson, as was Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, with whom Helen had been arrested in 1904 in New York. At Paterson, Flynn was arrested for a speech in which she called for uniting workers across racial boundaries, and was among the 1800 workers and organisers arrested by the police during the dispute. In 1914 Helen Schloss was at the strikers' camp in Ludlow, Colorado when the Colorado National Guard attacked the tent colony, massacring two dozen men, women and children. The workers fired back over the next ten days, leading to more deaths on both sides. She also was a speaker at a NYC Suffrage Rally in NYC. She set up medic tents at strikes in Colorado and traveled to Russia with the Friends Service Committee in 1919 as part of a Quaker medical mission. From there nothing is known until her death in February 1965. [upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/the-red-nurse-helen-schloss-at-ludlow.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/how-other-half-lives-at-little-falls.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/iww-great-textile-strike-of-1912-in.html www.dailykos.com/story/2011/1/15/936592/- www.dailykos.com/story/2014/12/26/1354018/-Hellraisers-Journal-Mother-Jones-and-The-Red-Nurse-Helen-Schloss-Seek-Aid-for-Colorado-Strikers listsearches.rootsweb.com%2Fth%2Fread%2FSCHLOSS%2F2010-11%2F1289480651]

1885 - Louis Montgon aka 'Vérité' (d. 1972), French labourer, artisan watchmaker, anarchist propagandist, militant anarcho-syndicalist in the CGTU, born. In the early 1920s, he was the secretary of the local Perpignan anarchist group and was described in a police report as "enemy of all authority". During the 1920s, he took part in numerous anti-fascist and anti-Bolshevik activities and conferences. He also left the then Communist-dominated CGTU to join the CGTSR. From July 1936 to March 1937, he was the Departmental chair of the Comité de Défense de la Révolution Espagnole and of the Fédération des Émigrés Antifascistes Espagnols. He also managed the bilingual French-Spanish 'Bulletin d'information du Comité de Défense de la Révolution Espagnole Antifasciste in Perpignan (11 issues from February 6 to September 23 1937 and replaced by the 'La Nouvelle Espagne Antifasciste'). However, he resigned from the bulletin after issue no. 3 due to his disagrement with the official collaborationist line of the Spanish libertarian movement and was replaced by Jean Ay, though he continued to represent the Perpignan group in the Federation and, after the events of May 1937 in Barcelona, ​​raised funds for comrades of the French section of the CNT imprisoned by the Stalinists. In February 1939, he was charged with being the liaison between the Spanish émigrée groups in Paris and the Marseilles-based Comitato Anarchico pro Vittime Politiche, then run by Pio Turroni, maintaining the links between the Spanish and Italian internees in the Argeles and Saint Cyprien detention camps. During one such visit, he was arrested by the gendarmes in Argeles. After the Second World War, Montgon continued his activism and was the secretary of the local federation of the French CNT (CNTF) in Perpignan. [www.ephemanar.net/aout28.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4047]

1889 - Jacques Doubinsky (Iakov Dubinsky; d. 1959), Ukranian Jewish anarchist and Makhnovist, born. As a young labour radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the famed anarchist insurrectionary Makhnovist army. Involved in many publishing enterprises and assisting Bulgarian refugees. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/j3tz9n libcom.org/history/doubinsky-jacques-1889-1959] || [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]
 * = 27 || 1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: Delegates from surrounding towns come to give their support to the Commune of Narbonne and request instructions.

1871 - __Commune de Toulouse__: The newly appointed préfet arrivesat the Arsenal with three cavalry squadrons, six hundred infantry and six guns. He takes possession of the prefecture and the Capitol without resistance. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Toulouse-25-27-mars www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm raforum.info/spip.php?rubrique1131]

[1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: troops begin arriving from Lyon [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune du Creusot__: During the morning, the préfet, the local prosecutor and a thousand military reinforcements arrive by train. Meetings are banned and arrest warrants are issued for the leaders of the movement. Demonstrations in support of Dumay and the Commune are dispersed. Yet the proclamation is repeated several times and the red flag is raised again. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1912 - Start of 8-month Fraser River Strike by IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) railroad construction workers, British Columbia.

[FF] 1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: Following the success of the December 18, 1916 24-hour general strike, the CNT and UGT joint strike committee publish a joint manifesto, the '//Manifiesto Conjunto de la UGT y la CNT//' / '//Manifest Conjunt de la UGT i la CNT//' (Joint Manifesto of the UGT and the CNT), in which they set out the history of workers' complaints and analayse why previous protests against the exploitation of the working class have not worked. Based on this detailed analysis, they then state that this is why they have been forced to come to the conclusion that the only way they can combat the exploiters of the proletariat is to call an indefinite general strike, and end the text hoping that the strike, of which they have not yet set the start date, is a success. "In order to oblige the ruling classes to those fundamental changes of system that guarantee to the people the minimum of decent living conditions and the development of their emancipatory activities, it is necessary that the Spanish proletariat employ the general strike, with no definite term of completion, as the most powerful weapon he possesses to claim his rights." In response, Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, Conde de Romanones suspended constitutional guarantees and imprisoned all the signatories of the manifesto that could be found. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_española_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1917 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2703.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/manifiesto-conjunto-ugt-cnt-madrid-27.html www.veuobrera.org/00finest/cnt-deta.htm www.wikiteka.com/apuntes/manifiesto-conjunto-ugt-cnt/ palabrasalcaldero.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/comentario-de-textos-historia-de-espac3b1a.pdf www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Many striking workers are ready to end what they now see as a failing strike, but the civil governor Carles Montañés refuses to mediate in the conflict.

[F] 1920 - In Turin the metal workers' union ( Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici ) begins a General Strike. The Turin anarchist newspaper '//L'Ordine Nuovo//' publishes a proclamation, '//Per il Congresso dei Consigli di fabbrica. Agli operai e contadini di tutta Italia//' (For the Congress of the Councils of the Factory. For workers and peasants from all over Italy), signed by the libertarian group of Turin, including the strike organisers and militant Councilists Pietro Ferrero (assassinated by the fascists in 1922) and Maurizio Garino. On April 14, the authorities intervene with an extreme rigor to break the strike (which continues until April 23). Arrests en masse occur, which include Garino. [cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1921f.htm www.infoaut.org/storia-di-classe/20-marzo-1920-serrata-alla-fiat-e-sciopero-generale www.marxpedia.org/biblioteca/aa-vv/ordine-nuovo-1919-1920/per-il-congresso-dei-consigli-di-fabbrica-ordine-nuovo-anno-i-numero-42]

1977 - The first major national meeting of the CNT since the fall of the Franco dictatorship is held in San Sebastian de los Reyes (Madrid). || "1° D'excitation à la haine du gouvernement; 2° De provocation à la guerre civile; 3° D'attaque à la Constitution et à la propriété!" (1° Stirring up hatred against the government; 2° Provoking civil war; 3° Attacking the Constitution and property!)
 * = 28 || 1849 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is condemned to three years in prison and fined 3,000 francs for one of his lampoons published in the newspaper '//Le Peuple//'. The unhappy tribunal explains the reasons for his harsh sentence:

1870 - Karl Marx addresses his '//Confidential Communication//' to his German friends to stir up hatred against Mikhail Bakunin (his anarchist nemesis) by declaring him an agent of the pan-Slavist party from which he allegedly received 25,000 francs per year. It was, of course, a lie.

1871 - __Paris Commune__: Over 200,000 people turn out at the City Hall to see their newly elected officials, whose names are read to great and festive acclaim, making this day a revolutionary festival. The red flag, raised over all public buildings, is emblematic of the Commune.

[1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: the insurgents seized the Arsenal. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune de Saint-Étienne__: at six in the morning, the City Hall is circled, the red flag is removed. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Saint-Étienne www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Saint-Etienne www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/675-la-commune-de-saint-etienne.html www.emse.fr/AVSE/commse.htm www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1871 - __Commune du Creusot__: Order in Le Creusot is finally restored. Many of the leaders of the Republican-Socialist Committee have fled to Geneva, others are in prison. Jean-Baptiste Dumay is in hiding in Le Creusot. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumay www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-en-province-Un-voyage capdas.blogspot.com/p/les-greves-de-1870-et-la-commune-du.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3652 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: Police brutality and aggression were rampant throughout the free speech fight, and the first death of the campaign comes when sixty-three-year-old Michael Hoy, an IWW veteran of free-speech fights in Spokane and Fresno, dies after the police beat him and withheld medical attention. Arrested during the first week of protests in San Diego, Hoey spent 40 days in city jail. Although they denied it, Hoey swore that three officers – rookie patrolman Irwin, in particular – clubbed and kicked him repeatedly in the groin. Cramped with over 100 prisoners in a cell built for 60, Hoey had to sleep on a cement floor and eat inedible food. "When I asked Dr. Claude Magee [the police surgeon] for a laxative, he gave me an emetic, which caused such violent vomiting that I became seriously ill." On March 21, Magee sent Hoey in an ambulance to Agnew Hospital with a note: the patient is in "practically normal condition", but suffers from an old rupture. Seven days later, Hoey died. A coroner’s jury diagnosed bronchial pneumonia and found "no evidence of violence". Dr. Deville of Agnew Hospital disagreed. Hoey died from unsanitary conditions at the jail, Deville told the San Diego Sun, and "police brutality". Michael Hoy's funeral took place on March 31. [www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/jun/20/unforgettable-city-leaders-cracked-heads-county-li/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: On the fourth day of the strike, met the Council of the Mancomunitat and the president Josep Puig i Cadafalch explained that, "required by the Captain General [Milans del Bosch] to cooperate in restoring normalcy among citizens, I offered to provide the help needed to tend to the most urgent health, supply and assistance services that concern all citizens, considering only the Council that the Mancomunitat is not responsible for any activity other than that started". The Council also agreed that it was necessary to anticipate the introduction of legal formulas to resolve conflicts when they start and that, as soon as the strike ended, the Mancomunitat would organise a conference on labour to promote a 'social truce'. In fact, earlier, on January 29, 1919, the Standing Committee of the Mancomunitat had agreed to address the employer and worker representatives of the sectors where there was a labour dispute to offer their mediation, which they did in a dispute involving print workers in Girona, with a satisfactory outcome for workers. Milans del Bosch did not like the March 28, 1919 proposal from the Mancomunitat, and did not allow this agreement to be published in the only official newspaper published in Barcelona or in other Catalonia newspapers. Milans del Bosch wrote a letter to Puig i Cadafalch in which he said he believed that the announcement made the Mancomunitat and the organisation of a conference on labour were not appropriate "in the current state": "They are political issues that need a hiatus today and that I propose to have observed."

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Arkansas joins the majority of states in the union by passing Act 512, which read: "An act to define and punish anarchy and to prevent the introduction and spread of Bolshevism and kindred doctrines, in the State of Arkansas. §1. Unlawful to attempt to overthrow present form of government of the State of Arkansas or the United States of America. §2. Unlawful to exhibit any flag, etc., which is calculated to overthrow present form of government. §3. Laws in conflict repealed; emergency declared; effective after passage." Such a crime was a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of between $10 and a $1,000, and the perpetrator could be imprisoned in the county jail for up to six months. This anarchy bill was originally introduced as House Bill Number 473, and, on March 6, 1919, it was read in the House of Representatives. The House moved that the bill be placed back upon second reading for the purpose of amendment. The motion was passed, and the following amendment was sent up: "Amend House Bill No. 473 by striking out the words ‘association of individuals, corporations, organization or lodges by any name or without a name,’ as found in lines 2 and 3 of section 2, of the bill." On March 12, 1919, House Bill 473 was read the third time and placed on final passage in the Senate On March 28, 1919, Governor Charles Hillman Brough signed the bill, making it Act 512. [www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4600]

[F] 1934 - The Uníos Hermanos Proletarios (UHP; Union of Proletarian Brothers or Unite! Proletarian Brothers) aka Uníos Hijos del Proletariado (Unite! Children of the Proletariat) is formalised with the signing of the Pacto CNT-UGT de Asturias. [es.wikisource.org/wiki/Pacto_CNT-UGT_de_Asturias] ||
 * = 29 || 1830 - Claude Rougeot (d. 1871), shoe-maker, Lyons anarchist and participant in the insurrection in the Guillotière suburb in Lyon (April 30) where they tried to establish a commune in conjunction with the Paris Commune and similar efforts in other cities in France, born.

1897 - Renato Castiglioni (d. 1967), Italian socialist, anarchist, trades unionist and anti-fascist, born. A stationmaster in Bologna, he had been a militant in the rail union since 1914, and a member of the PSI since 1921. As a member of the union leadership, he was one of the organisers of the 1920-21 strikes and the anti-fascist strike on August 23, 1922, called by the Workers Alliance. In 1923, he was dismissed from his post in the Italian railways because of his activism. After being exempted from military service in December 1923, he took part from 1923 to 1925 in the work of the organisation Italia Libera. In 1925 the Central Committee of the railway trade union informed him that a warrant of arrest had been issued against him for stopping a train of carabinieri and guards going Parma. To escape arrest, he left for France later that year, settling in Paris and taking part in anarcho-syndicalist movement activities. Working in the construction industry, he joined the CGTU and then probably the CGTSR, participating in all the strikes and demonstrations as well as the campaign for Sacco and Vanzetti. He worked at various newspapers published by Camillo Berneri and the Comité d'aide aux victimes politiques. Expelled from France in 1934, he was successively expelled from Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland before returning to Paris in secret. In 1935 he was on a list of anarchists in the Paris region as residents at no. 11 avenue Philippe Auguste (XI arr.). At the outbreak of the Spanish Revolution, he left for Barcelona where he arrived on July 29, 1936, becoming the first volunteer in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, he participated in the battle of Monte Pelato. Then, at the request of the railway workers' union, he went to Port Bou as lead coordinator for Spanish railways. He was later appointed by the Government of Catalonia as head of the radio, telegraphy and direction finding and interception service for Barcelona, and then head of aviation radio at the Sarignera (Barcelona) airfield, participating in several air missions and setting up radio interception for the Servicios Fronterizos at Port Bou. During this period he was a member of the Italian anarchist group Pisacane and, from early 1937, a member of the newspaper '//Guerra di Classe//'. In December (or July?) 1937, following a double ear infection, he returned to France where, arrested for violating the expulsion of 1934, he was sentenced to one month and fifteen days in jail. Upon his release, he did not return to Spain but settled in Marseille under a false identity. On the list of "subversives" issued by Italian Fascist authorities, he was arrested in Paris in 1940 and interned in July at camp Vernet, then to that of Remoulins d'Où where, in February 1941, he was extradited to Italy. On April 29 he was sentenced to five years internal exile on the island of Ventotene, and later in the Renicci di Anghiari concentration camp. Upon his release from confinement on September 6, 1943, he participated in the resistance and the reconstruction of the underground trade union movement in the cities and countryside of Romagna. He was the editor of the underground mimeographed bulletin '//La Tribuna Ferrovieri Dei//' (The Railway Workers Tribune). After the liberation he joined the PCI. Throughout the 1930s he also collaborated on '//Combat Syndicaliste//', '//L'Espagne Antifasciste//', '//L'Adunata dei Refrattari//' and '//Il Martello//' (New-York). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article643]

[F] 1973 - On March 29, ten thousand militant strikers block entrances at the FIAT plant in Mirafiori, and by the next day, most of Turin’s factories were in the hands of their workers as an all-out wildcat strike transforms itself into an number of armed occupations. Both unions and companies rushed to reach an agreement to defuse the situation, but even when a new contract was quickly signed, more than half the workforce at Mirafiori was absent the next day. [libcom.org/files/Katsiaficas - The Subversion of Politics - European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life.pdf antonionegriinenglish.wordpress.com/category/1970s/1973/ libcom.org/history/1962-1973-worker-student-struggles-italy]

2012 - Laura Gómez, secretary of the CGT-Barcelona, burns a cardboard box filled with false trading tickets in front of the Barcelona Stock Exchange, a symbolic action organised as part of the 29-M general strike protests in Spain against the government's plans to reform labour law. She ends up in prison on April 25, charged with arson and fire damage to the Stock Exchange. After 24 days on remand and a court hearing, she was released on bail and had to wait until October 2015 until her trail (along side Eva Sánchez, ex-general secretary of CGT-Barcelona), when they faced calls from the prosecution for a two and half years sentence. Following a plea bargin, they received suspended sentences of nine months for damages and 4 and a half months for disorderly conduct. [www.anarkismo.net/article/22628 www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/29/spanish-general-strike-begins www.theguardian.com/business/2012/mar/29/spain-general-strike-rebellion-austerity www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/europe/spain-hobbled-by-general-strike.html?_r=1 www.diagonalperiodico.net/libertades/27868-la-movilizacion-del-anarcosindicalismo-barcelona-durante-29-m-fue-espectacular.html ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/04/24/catalunya/1335269606_421411.html www.20minutos.es/noticia/1453821/0/libertad-fianza/sindicalista-cgt/disturbios-29m-huelga-barcelona/ www.eldiario.es/catalunya/trabajo/sindicalistas-acusadas-desordenes-entraran-prision_0_438506553.html www.eldiario.es/catalunya/trabajo/estudiantes-Isma-Dani-absueltos-desorden_0_406310072.html cgtbarcelona.org/cgtvallesoriental/?p=4317 cgtbarcelona.org/cgtvallesoriental/?p=6711 www.cgtcatalunya.cat/spip.php?article11493 www.izquierdadiario.es/Laura-y-Eva-condenadas-a-dos-anos-y-seis-meses-de-prision-por-la-huelga-del-29M?id_rubrique=2653 cgtagegirona.info/laura-y-eva-libertad-cgt-barcelona/] || She separated from Robins in the mid 1920s following his rejection of anarchism for the communism of the new Soviet Union, marrying Harry Lang, a long-time acquaintance and labour editor of the '//Jewish Daily Forward//'. In the 1930s, she developed an interest in Zionism and helped raise in 1939 funds for the Kfar Blum cooperative (later a kibbutz) in Palestine for German and Austrian refugees. However, she continued her largely unsung political activities, helping keep public attention focused on the legal battles of anarchists and labour activists. Lucy Fox Robins Lang died on January 25, 1962, in Los Angeles, having made significant contributions to American political and labour history, despite her refusal to ever be a paid employee of any political or labour organisation. [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lang-lucy-fox-robins en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_Day_Bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing]
 * = 30 || 1884 - Lucy Fox Robins Lang (d. 1962), US anarchist and labour activist, born in Kiev. During her childhood, Lang worked in a cigar factory and cared for her younger siblings while taking courses at the Hull House settlement. A committed anarchist by age fifteen, she participated actively in the labour and free speech movements of early twentieth-century America, whilst working as a printer, waitress, vegetarian restaurant owner, and real estate broker to support her many political activities. In 1904, she contracted a completely egalitarian marriage with anarchist Bob Robins, stipulating that love alone should govern a marriage, and insisted that they sign a legal document limiting the union to five years, allowing her to continue her political activities, requiring the sharing of all household tasks, and stipulating that there would be no children. The couple did separate as specified by their contract, but soon reunited and remained married for twenty years. When the couple moved to New York, Lang met Emma Goldman and began arranging speaking tours, bail money, and publicity for the famed activist. For ten years, Lang and Robins travelled in a mobile home Lang designed, organizing activists around the country. She also played an important role in two notorious attempts at framing labour leaders: the '//Los Angeles Times//' bombing in 1911, for which James and John McNamara were charged, and that of Tom Mooney, a California AFL leader falsely accused of bombing a 1916 parade held to support military preparations for WWI. In both cases her efforts gained the court cases countrywide attention. In 1918, Lang began working with labour leader Samuel Gompers of the AFL, becoming his confidante and one of the few women to speak at the AFL annual convention. In 1919 she became executive secretary and organiser of the Central Labor Bodies Conference for the Release of Political Prisoners and of the Repeal of War-Time Laws. The latter group spearheaded a national labour campaign to obtain amnesty for thousands of WWI political prisoners, including conscientious objectors, court-martialed soldiers, and those, such as socialist Eugene Debs, jailed for speaking out against the war. Her book '//War Shadows//' (1922) documents the successful amnesty campaign.

1900 - Nicolas Faucier (d. 1992), French anarchist, trade unionist and pacifist, born. Ran the bookshop La Librairie Sociale, and with Louis Lecoin formed the Comité pour l'Espagne Libre, (later the SIA [Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste]) and did a many stints in prison for his anti-war activities and only an escape during WWII saved him from the German camps. [www.ephemanar.net/mars30.html#30]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: With the company having given in to workers' demands, the children who had been living in foster homes in New York City are brought home. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

[F] 1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: While attempting to lead a parade of nearly twenty-five thousand silk strikers out of Paterson for the two-mile hike to their Sunday meeting in Haledon, Big Bill Haywood and local IWW organiser, Adolph Lessig, are arrested just before the Paterson city line. They are loaded into a paddy wagon and taken to the city jail. The city jail guards, seeming to think that the city jail is a human zoo, escorted a crowd of the curious past Haywood's cell for a good look at the one-eyed union organiser. [www.voicesonthesquare.com/essays/2013/03/30/hellraisers-journal-big-bill-haywood-put-display-paterson-city-jail] || A federal commemorative holiday in the U.S. proclaimed by President Obama in 2014. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Chavez_Cesar.htm libcom.org/library/review-cesar-chavez-united-farm-workers-question-unions-contemporary-capitalism insurgentnotes.com/2013/03/book-review-frank-bardacke-trampling-out-the-vintage-cesar-chavez-and-the-two-souls-of-the-united-farm-workers-2012/]
 * = 31 || __March 31__ - Cesar Chavez Day.

[1871 - __Commune de Narbonne__: the commune falls. [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de colloque-commune1871.fr/la-commune-de-narbonne/ www.le-blog-de-roger-colombier.com/2015/03/24-mars-1871-emile-digeon-et-la-commune-de-narbonne.html www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[F] 1889 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: At a protest meeting following the lay-offs of workers at the Beckton Gas Works, one of the speakers at the meeting, Will Thorne (William James Thorne 1857-1946), suggested that the gas workers formed their own union to protect themselves from the power of their employers. Thorne told the assembled men "I pledge my word that, if you will stand firm and don't waver, within six months we will claim and win the eight-hour day, a six-day week and the abolition of the present slave-driving methods in vogue not only at the Beckton Gas Works, but all over the country." Will Thorne, Ben Tillett and William Byford formed a three man committee and that morning they recruited over 800 members. The committee then had responsibility of forming what became known as the National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers. Thorne was subsequently elected to the post of General Secretary of the union and, following an argument over the best way to improve workers' conditions, a campaign for an eight-hour working day (down from the then current 12 hour shift system), rather than an increase in wages. Following negotiations with the owners of the Gas Light and Coke Company, Beckton Gas Works and Nine Elms Gas Works, Thorne successfully negotiated an eight hour day in the industry. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_General_Workers_(UK) greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm www.ashevillelist.com/history/uk-gas-workers-strike-1889.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-unionisation.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1905 - [O.S. Mar. 18] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Believing them to be a source of revolutionary ideas and tension, the tsarist government orders the closure of universities until the next academic year, swelling the ranks of the radical activists. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Mar. 18] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Since the wave of strike began, the Factory Inspectorate has so far recorded more than 20 cases of 'sackings' in St Petersburg – direct action is taken by workers against unpopular foremen, seizing the offender, putting him in a sack, and throwing him out of the factory. After two sackings at the Putilov Works, the foremen apparently learned good manners and became extremely polite to the workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The funeral of veteran Wobbly free speech campaigner Michael Hoy takes place. [see: Mar. 28] [NB: Some sources incorrectly give the date as March 29] [www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/jun/20/unforgettable-city-leaders-cracked-heads-county-li/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Miguel Burgos, a secretary of the CNT's sindicato de ramo de curtidores (tanners), is killed in prison under the Ley de fugas, allegedly while attempting to escape. [enlluita.org/articles/la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-un-exemple-de-lluita-i-sindicalisme/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: In Barcelona the sometent militia hold a rally in the Plaça de Catalunya, where 8,000 people attend.

1927 - Cesar Chavez (César Estrada Chávez; d. 1993), Mexican-American labour leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union) in 1962, born. Despite his being a much heralded advocate of nonviolence, he was happy for the union in 1973 to organise the setting up of a 100-mile-long 'wet line' of military-style tents along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionisation efforts during a UFW-led seven-month-long strike outside Yuma, Arizona. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez www.cesarechavezfoundation.org ufw.org/research/history/story-cesar-chavez/ aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/cesar-chavez spectator.org/59956_cesar-chavez-anti-immigration-his-union-core/] ||


 * = APRIL ||
 * = 1 || [DD] 1649 - The Diggers occupy St. George's Hill, Watton in Surrey and begin tilling the land.

1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Smith’s workshop near Holmfirth has all his dressing-frames and shears damaged. At Honley, James Brook has new shearing-frame destroyed.

1820 - __Scottish Insurrection of 1820 aka The Radical War__: A Proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government. Glasgow April 1st. 1820" is published in Glasgow. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=1820_Isurrection. www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Radical_War.htm www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]

[F] 1865 - __Dreigroschenstreik [Threepenny Strike__]: A strike by employees in the book printing industry in Leipzig from April 1 to June 6, 1865, involving 500 of the approximately 800 printers in the German city, was an important step in the founding of the Deutschen Buchdruckerverbandes (German Print Workers Association). The strike was aimed at higher wages and shorter working hours, with the employers bringing in strike breakers from Bohemia and whilst planning to employ unskilled women as settlers. Initially there was no financial strike support but the arrest and sentencing of some of the leading protagonists of the strikes to fourteen days of imprisonment triggered a wave of solidarity across Germany. Despite the fact the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeitserverein (German General Workers' Association), the first mass party of the German workers' movement, came out against the strike and the various attempts by leading liberal publishers to successfully mediate a solution, the employers eventually conceded a pay increase of 28 Pfennig, though 50 sacked strikers failed to be reinstated after the strike's end. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreigroschenstreik]

1871 - Émile Digeon is arrested, following the army's defeat of the Narbonne Commune yesterday.

1883 - Louise Michel is incarcerated in Saint-Lazare prison.

1894 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Plébéien//', "Journal communiste-anarchiste", "Organe de combat pour l'émancipation des travailleurs" covering "Sociologie -Arts - Littérature", is published in Dison, Belgium.

1899 - The Landsorganisasjonen i Norge (Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions), the largest of Norway's trade union confederation [representing 26 trade unions in 2017], is founded under its original name of Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisasjon (Workers' National Trade Union). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsorganisasjonen_i_Norge snl.no/Landsorganisasjonen_i_Norge www.lo.no/language/English/]

1901 - Francisco Ascaso Abadia (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, CNT member, born. Emblematic figure of the anti-Francoism, member of Los Justicieros and of Los Solidarios. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/avril01.html#1 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0104.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2460-pedro-fernandez-eleta.html www.drapeaunoir.org/espagne/ascaso.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Francisco_Ascaso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ascaso dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/ascaso/index.html]

1901 - Eugène Léon Tricheux (d. 1963) French building worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist activist, born. He began work as a sheet metal worker in a Toulouse aviation factory before working on construction sites. Listed as an anarchist and anti-militarist in the 'Carnet B' in June 1924, the following year he and his brother Marius with others founded an independent union building, which later aligned itself with the CGT-SR. He was also prominent in the city's Bien-Être et Liberté anarchist group. On August 23 1927, he was arrested, along with his parents, following a demonstration in support of Sacco and Vanzetti and was sentenced to two months in prison. He then became a taxi driver and, in 1933, created a union for the industry, becoming its secretary. At outbreak of the revolution in Spain in July 1936, Eugène went there together with his parents, brother and sister, and settled in Puigcerdà, the city then in the hands of the Republicans and, in particular, the anarchists. They lived there for almost a year, active the management of the city. When his father was arrested June 11, 1937 by the communists, Eugene tried to intervene with the help of a Spanish comprade, but Eugène himself was arrested and imprisoned for a number of weeks in Barcelona's Modelo prison (the rest of the family also ended up under arrest). Eventually released, the family returned to France. In 1940, he initiated the creation in Toulouse of the Cercle d'études économiques et sociales and the Groupe Orobon-Fernandez and, with the exiled Spanish CNT and the SIA, organised shows, film screenings and information meetings in the city's neighbourhoods to raise funds for the Spanish comrades. In June 1940, being on the police files, he was arrested. along with his brother and father, and interned in prison St-Michel. Eugène was sent to the Camp de Noé, close to Toulouse and held in the block for réfractaires de la Relève of the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO), going on to work as forced labourer in the Hautes-Alpes, participating in the building of fortifications. The rest of the family during this period were involved in the reconstruction of French anarchist movement. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre24.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6019]

1912 - Paul Brousse (b. 1844), French medical doctor, anarchist and socialist, member of the Jura Federation (IWMA), dies. [see: Jan. 23]

1915 - At the IX Congreso of the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina, which had a built-in revolutionary syndicalist majority with the participation of new trade unions and other autonomous organisations, the Congress resolved by 46 votes in favour, 14 against and one abstention, repudiated the avowal to anarcho-communism established at the V Congreso in 1905. This would lead to the split [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_IX_Congreso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORA]

[E] 1916 - Julia Hermosilla Sagredo (d. 2009), Basque anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana and member of the anti-Franco resistance movement, born. [expand] Actress in the Grup Artístic Confederal de Santurtzi. [NB: some sources give March 30 as the date] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/juliahermosilla/juliahermosilla.html libcom.org/history/hermosilla-sagredo-julia-1916-2009 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/julia-hermosilla-el-10-de-enero-de-2009.html]

1918 - The first wartime trial against the IWW, involving 113 prominent members, begins. Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis quickly dismissed charges against a dozen defendants, including one A.C. Christ, who turned up to court in military uniform and on leave from his army unit. Eleven others were also dismissed, leaving 101 defendants in all. George Vanderveer, Otto Christenson, and Caroline Lowe represented the IWW men. The trial almost collapsed at the outset when the court came to choose a jury. Obvious irregularities in that process aided the prosecution. There are suggestions that Attorney General Gregory had privately urged Landis to start the selection procedure all over again after the prosecution quickly used up their challenges on prospective jurors. The selection process was indeed halted, and the existing pool of jurors dismissed, after it was discovered that members of the defence team had approached one of their relatives. The new pool proved more amenable to the prosecution than the first might have been. The trial lasted for more than four months, from April 1 through to the middle of August. The prosecution made no attempt to prove the charges listed in the indictment. Prosecutors instead read out inflammatory passages from IWW newspapers, circulars and pamphlets to the court. They "indicted the organisation", Melvyn Dubofsky writes, "on the basis of its philosophy and its publications". Guilt by the written word replaced guilt by deed. The defence team did its best under the circumstances. George Vanderveer, the IWW’s principal attorney, brought Wobblies to the witness stand by the score. J.T. 'Red' Doran, one of the IWW’s most popular agitators, lightened the mood in the courtroom when he gave testimony in June and illustrated his lecture on political economy with chalk and blackboard. "Usually we have questions and literature for sale and collections", he finished, to laughter from the court, "but I think I can dispense with that today." Vanderveer refused to give a closing statement, possibly on the grounds that as the prosecution had not attempted to prove their case there was no point rebutting arguments that had not been made. It probably made no difference to the outcome of the trial. In mid-August, Judge Landis, who had studiously maintained an air of impartiality throughout the proceedings, instructed the jury on how to go about determining guilt or innocence in a case involving more than 10,000 violations of federal law. The jury retired to consider their verdict on August 17. They did not make the defendants wait very long. Less than an hour later they returned and found all 101 Wobblies guilty on every charge that the prosecution had thrown at them. The defence was naturally shocked; but on reflection they probably should not have been. The government and press had carefully nurtured a public image of the IWW as anarchist bomb-throwers, pro-German saboteurs and slavish supporters of the Bolshevik Revolution, and the prosecution team had successfully reinforced that image in the minds of the jurors even if they didn’t choose to substantiate the contents of their indictment. The defendants were the kind of people who might do such dastardly things, even if nobody had proved that they had done them; this was probably the line of reasoning that led twelve jurors to find the Wobblies guilty on all counts. On August 31, Judge Landis handed the accused their sentences. Fifteen received the legal maximum of twenty years in jail, thirty-three received ten years, thirty-one received five, eighteen received lesser sentences, and together they incurred more than $2 million in fines. It later transpired than one of them, 19-year-old Ray Fanning, was not even an IWW member. Guilty or not, the defendants were quickly bundled off to the federal prison at Leavenworth, Kansas. [depts.washington.edu/iww/justice_dept.shtml depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1918.shtml editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

1922 - Mimmi Kanervo (Tuticorin Grönlund; b. 1870), Finnish servant, trades unionist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP and lecturer, who cooperated with the communists later in her political life, dies. [see: May 26]

[C] 1958 - Björn Söderberg (d. 1999), Swedish anarcho-syndicalist militant of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC), born. He was assassinated by neo-Nazis (three bullets in the head) as he left his home in revenge for his exposure of Robert Vesterlund, a celebrity in the Swedish neo-Nazi movement, to the union's newspaper '//Arbetaren//' that he was a member of the board of the local Chamber of Trade Union Trade at Svanströms store in Stockholm. Vesterlund was forced to resign from his job and was forced out of the union. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/]

1997 - The Federation of Unions of South Africa, the second largest national trade union confederation in South Africa, is founded [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Unions_of_South_Africa] ||
 * = 2 || 1840 - Émile Zola (d. 1902), French writer, experimental novelist and activist, born. Author of '//Germinal//', one of whose central characters is Souvarine, a Russian anarchist and political émigré who arrives in Montsou seeking a living in the pits. The basis for some of the ideas expounded in Germinal stem from a series of discussions on the anarchist challenges to Marx's ideas that Zola held with Turgenev shortly before his death in 1882. Zola was at the forefront of the campaign to support Alfred Dreyfus, and his open letter '//J'accuse//' ultimately led to Zola being sentenced to prison in 1898. He fled to England, and returned only after Dreyfus was pardoned.

1905 - __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Father Georgy Gapon (Гео́ргий Гапо́н), allegedly now an Okrana spy, chairs a revolutionary conference in Geneva, which is secretly sponsored by Japanese intelligence chief Motojirō Akashi (明石 元二郎), who has been given ¥1,000,000 by the Japanese government to subvert Russia. The meeting is boycotted by the Bolsheviks and the Jewish Bund. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Motojiro]

[F] 1908 - In Rome, during a funeral for a worker who died in an industrial accident, confrontations occur with the police, who oppose the procession. Police draw their guns and open fire, killing four and wounding 17. Among the dead is the anarchist militant Paolo Chiarelli. A General Strike is declared, and subsequently, several anarchists are arrested, tried and condemned to heavy prison sentences.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: All the union locals have been closed ddown and their leaders jailed. Amongst those arrested today is Ángel Pestaña, editor in chief of '//Solidaritat Obrera//', which is also banned.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: The Reich government send the Reichswehr (the German army) and rightwing Freikorps units into the Ruhr area to suppress the uprising. This force also contains units that had supported the putsch only days previously, such as the Marinebrigade von Loewenfeld and even the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. General Watter and his staff led the civil war, based in Münster, successfully suppressed the Red Ruhr Army. The fighting was followed by death sentences and mass executions. Those who were found carrying weapons at the time of their arrest were shot—including the wounded. Reichspräsident Ebert forbade these summary executions. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1939 - Mauro Bajatierra Morán (b. 1884), Spanish journalist, prolific writer, novelist, playwright, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist propagandist, summarily tried and executed in Madrid following the Fascist victory. [see: Jul. 8]

1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: The protest spreads to Madrid. [see: Mar. 1&12] [expand]

1958 - Mary Barbour (Mary Rough; b. 1875), Scottish political activist, community leader and social policy pioneer, who played an outstanding part in the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915, dies. [see: Feb. 20] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=1820_Isurrection. www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Radical_War.htm www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]
 * = 3 || [A] 1820 - __Radical War aka Scottish Insurrection of 1820__: Following a call by 'A Committee of Organisation for Forming a Provisional Government' on 1 April, workers across central Scotland stopped work and armed themselves. Workers trying to raid the Carron Company ironworks in Falkirk in search of arms were ambushed by police and Hussars. Other actions over the following week saw a number of skirmished between Radicals and the military, with numerous arrests. In subsequent trials 3 men were sentenced to hang and a further 19 transportation to Australia.

1917 - In Kansas City police today escort "off duty" navy sailors to destroy the Industrial Workers of the World union headquarters. This action inspires similar terrorist attacks in Detroit, Duluth, and other IWW centres.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The president of the Spanish government Romanones takes everyone by surprise and issues a decree (Real Decreto de 3 de abril de 1919: Jornada máxima legal en todos los trabajos) introducting the 8-hour working day for both Catalonia and throughout Spain against the opposition of the military and radical elements, who favour continuing the conflict until the unions are 'defeated'. [www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/trabajo/1919.htm]

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: A large part of the Ruhr Army fled before the Reichswehr to the region occupied by the French Army. The Reichswehr stopped itself only at the river Ruhr, as the British occupation forces were threatening to occupy the Bergisches Land due to the breach of the Versailles Treaty. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1927 - Leonora O’Reilly (b. 1870), US feminist, suffragist, and trade union organiser, dies. [see: Feb. 16]

1933 - Zamfir Constantin Arbore (Zamfir Ralli; b. 1848), Romanian amateur historian, geographer, ethnographer, member of the International Workingmen's Association, international anarchist and a disciple of Mikhail Bakunin, dies. [see: Nov. 14]

1963 - Achille Daudé (Achille Daudé-Bancel; b. 1870), French anarchist, trade union activist and advocate of cooperatives, dies. [see: Dec. 15]

[F] 1968 - Martin Luther King, Jr., returns to Memphis, Tennessee, to support striking sanitation workers and delivers his '//I've Been to the Mountaintop//' speech at a church filled with union members and supporters. He was assassinated the next day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I've_Been_to_the_Mountaintop www.afscme.org/union/history/mlk/ive-been-to-the-mountaintop-by-dr-martin-luther-king-jr kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_memphis_sanitation_workers_strike_1968/]

1975 - Angela Bambace (b. 1898), Italian-American garment worker, feminist, anti-fascist, anarchist, communist, and labour organiser for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union for over fifty years, dies of cancer. [see: Feb. 14]

1989 - __1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: A strike breaks out at the Lenin mine in Mezhdurechensk (Междуреченска) when one brigade of miners stops work and refuses to come to the surface, demanding increased bonuses and a reduction in the number of engineering-technical staff in the mine. [expand][see: Jul. 10] [web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Désirée_Gay fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Désirée_Gay fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Femme_libre_(brochure)]
 * = 4 || [E] 1810 - Désirée Gay (Jeanne Désirée Véret; d. ca. 1891), French seamstress, feminist and utopian socialist, born. A follower of the utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, in 1832 she and Marie-Reine Guindorff founded '//La Femme Libre//' [it later went through a number of name changes - '//La Femme nouvelle//', '//L'Apostolat des femmes//' and '//La Tribune des femmes//'], the first French feminist newspaper produced and published only by women, in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites. She would go on to act as an intermediary between the Owenites, the Saint-Simonites and Charles Fourier, as weel as play a prominent role after the February Revolution of 1848 and would eventually Desirée become president of the International Workingmen's Association's women's section in 1866.

1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddite Riots at Stockport; Mr Goodwin's steam-looms destroyed.

[1871 - __Commune de Marseille__: the army attacks the préfecture and the Commune of Marseilles falls. [www.monde-libertaire.fr/autogestion/14451-la-commune-de-marseille www.commune1871.org/?La-Commune-de-Marseille-23-mars-4 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Marseille www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[D] 1871 - __Commune de Limoges__: The 9e Régiment d'Infanterie is ordered to Paris but, having marched to the train station, are met by a crowd composed of women and children who greet the troops with cries of "Long live the Republic Paris. Vive la Commune!", and who ask the soldiers if they would "fire upon your brethren?" The crowd, accompanied by a detachment of the Guard Nationale, led by a porcelain painter named Couessac, invade the station to prohibit the reinforcements leaving for Versailles and Paris. Meanwhile, another group of protesters invade the préfecture. The préfet fled, disguised as a servant. The Hotel de Ville is also invaded and the Commune de Limoges is proclaimed, whilst the surrounding streets are blocked with barricades... The commune survives until Apr. 10 [www.commune1871.org/?4-avril-1871-la-breve-Commune-de raforum.info/spip.php?article3645 www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[A] 1871 - __Paris Commune__: Communards take the archbishop of Paris hostage.

1872 - The Second Congress of the Spanish Regional Federation of AIT (FRE de la AIT) begins [Apr. 4-11] in clandestine session in Zaragoza in anticipation of being banned by the Government, which eventually happened after it officially opened its sessions on April 8, 1872 at the Teatro Novedades. During the congress the Bakunist majority expel the Marxist 'autoritaria' minority based around 'La Emancipación' (Francisco Mora, Ángel Mora, Pablo Iglesias, Valentín Sáez, José Mesa, Victós Pagés, Hipólito Pauly, Inocente Calleja and Luis Cantillón). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Zaragoza www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0404.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/segundo-congreso-de-la-federacion.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf es.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifiesto_de_la_F.R.E.-A.I.T._de_Zaragoza(02-04-1872)]

1892 - Jules Thomas (b. 1839), French Icarien [follower of Étienne Cabet], Parisian communard, Blanquist, then a militant anarchist, dies. Fled France following the fall of the Commune and took refuge in New York, founding the Société des Réfugiés de la Commune which, in addition to its solidarity actions, commemorated the anniversary of the March 18 Paris uprising. [see: Jul. 7]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The citizens' vigilance committee is summonded in San Diego with the warning that between 90 and 100 IWW’s had hopped a train at Santa Ana headed for San Diego. A meeting in District Attorney Utley's office decides to deputise as many people so they could and stop the train at the county line. That afternoon 30 prisoners vanished from jail. Some said police turned them over to a citizens’ committee for 're-education' at Sorrento Valley. An estimated 45 newly deputised constables rode on horseback to San Onofre. Over 100 other San Diegans headed north in cars or on the 15:00 train. They packed blankets and provisions for several days and vowed "inspirational lessons in patriotism." The night before, a posse had stopped the Santa Fe at the county line. They ordered 72 'vagrants' down from the freight cars and beat them. In the morning, bragging about the 'fun' they were having, vigilantes herded their captives across the county line. Three couldn’t walk. The official word: two tripped when hopping down from the train; the third broke his leg when he slipped on tracks and fell off a bridge. Charles Hanson, a veteran of three free-speech fights, was that third victim. He told the 'Industrial Worker' that vigilantes forced him to kiss the flag ("You son of a bitch, come on, kiss it, God damn you!") and run a gauntlet through over 100 men – two lines, 50 each – armed with whips, clubs, and broken whiskey bottles. He didn’t get far when a wagon spoke shattered his kneecap. As he bled in the dust, Hanson watched a "cowardly and inhuman cracking of heads". At 1:00 a.m. on April 5, a freight train from Los Angeles reached the county line. On board were over 100 men, half under 21. The train slowed to an unscheduled halt. Four hundred 'citizens' – men, and some women – lined both sides of the tracks. Some carried lanterns. Many sported constables’ badges and all wrapped a white handkerchief around the left elbow: the sign of a vigilante. Albert Tucker was one of the 'free travelers' on the train. "The moon was shining dimly through the clouds,” he recalled, “and I could see pick handles, wagon spokes, and every kind of club imaginable swinging from the wrists of all of them." He also saw rifles, aimed at the Wobblies, and 'black snakes' – 18-inch fire hoses filled with sand at one end, tacks at the other. A black snake left no marks. "We were ordered to unload," Tucker recalled, "and we refused. Then they closed around the flat car we were on and began clubbing and knocking and pulling men off by their heels." A half-hour later, hundreds of "drunk and hollering and cursing" vigilantes marched "bruised and bleeding" captives single-file to a nearby cattle corral. Inside, the men had to keep moving in a circle with their hands over their heads. Those who fell were beaten. Anyone acting like a leader got "an extra beating." Vigilantes dragged unconscious Wobblies out of the corral and into the darkness. Rifle fire chased those who tried to flee. "Afterwards," says Tucker, "there was a lot of our men unaccounted for and never have been heard from since." At dawn, constables opened the corral gate and released four or five prisoners at a time. They marched up the tracks and stopped before a mob of vigilantes. Each prisoner had to kneel, kiss the American flag, and sing the 'Star Spangled Banner'. If someone refused, or even looked like he might not cooperate, black snakes beat him senseless. Then, Tucker says, each had to "run a gauntlet of 106 men, every one of which was striking at us as hard as they could." As he watched the man before him run, fall, and crawl through two rows of flying handles, Tucker noticed that the clubbers were headhunters: whenever a man raised his head, vigilantes took dead aim. When Tucker ran the gauntlet, he kept his head low. He emerged black-and-blue. As he hobbled to the county line he bled from "a dozen" wounds and vowed: "If I ever take part in another [free-speech fight], it will be with machine guns and aerial bombs. There must be a better way of fighting – and better results." That night, the war continued in town. Unmasked members of the citizen’s committee kidnapped Abraham Sauer, editor of the pro-Free Speech '//San Diego Herald//'. They drove him to East County, put a noose around his neck, and told him never to return – or identify them. Sauer never took legal action or named names. That morning, while the edition was still being printed, 30 vigilantes burst into the printer’s shop and smashed the galleys. From that point on, Sauer smuggled the weekly 'Herald' from Los Angeles and distributed it on the sly. The 'San Diego Union' editorials praised the vigilantes: "If this action be lawlessness, make the most of it" (April 7); "These anarchists have gone far enough…hereafter they will not only be carried to the county line and dumped there, we intend to leave our mark on them…so that the outside world may know that they have been to San Diego" (April 12). Stumpy, the correspondent for '//Solidarity//', wrote in reply: "The jails are full, but they seem to think there is plenty of room in the cemetery." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

[FF] 1914 - __Unemployed Riot in Union Square, NYC__: "At one-thirty in the afternoon on the fourth of April, crowds enjoying the Saturday half-holiday in Union Square were startled at a sudden incursion by a massive contingent of police. Four hundred officers hurriedly deployed, asserting control over the area. Some patrolled the outer boundaries. Others swept up and down along the pathways of the park, warning idlers to “move on.” Fifty uniformed men filed into hiding within a pavilion at the north end of the plaza; scores more concealed themselves inside a construction shed, and another hundred or so plainclothesmen mingled among the spectators. Commissioner McKay arrived in his green automobile, and established a command post on 17th Street, between Broadway and Fourth Avenue. During the previous two weeks, he had endured ceaseless criticism for having failed to prevent the anarchists’ last parade through the wealthiest neighborhood in Manhattan. This morning, he had received word that they were planning to repeat the performance, and he was absolutely determined to forestall them. To do so, he called on all the department’s resources. Besides the men on the scene, he had two hundred more officers dispersed among the basements of every fashionable club and hotel from the Ladies’ Mile to Harlem. One thousand more reserves stood ready in the precincts to act as reinforcements. A general order issued to all these forces that morning was terse and direct: “Break ‘em up!” There were two rallies planned for the afternoon. The Central Federated Union, a conglomeration of AFL locals, had received official approval from the city to hold their meeting. The anarchists, as usual, had not deigned to beg for “the kind permission of the master class and its armed hirelings. ”Berkman suspected that the police were intentionally pitting the groups against each other, using the moderate trade unionists to discredit the radical unemployed. Newspapers, he knew, would gleefully exaggerate any conflict between rival labor factions. So, he had two choices. He could march, and face accusations of fomenting dissension within the working class, or he could postpone his parade. It was after 2 p.m., and no one outside Berkman’s inner circle yet knew what he had decided. Six or seven thousand demonstrators were milling around at the northern edge of Union Square, where the trade-union meeting was just being called to order. Spectators hovered on the periphery, or watched from windows, hoping to see some excitement. Three motion-picture cameras swept the scene. McKay and his inspectors surveyed the crowd, while reporters and photographers scrambled to cover any potential outbreak. Lincoln Steffens stood on tiptoe trying to get an adequate view. Everyone kept sharp for the anarchists. And then with shout and shove, they were here. The group surged forward in a tight, organized mass, “seeming to spring from the ground,” wrote a reporter, “so rapid was their approach.” The militants pushed through the crowd, distributing propaganda as they forced a path toward the speaker’s platform. The mob tightened in, cheering crazily. At the front, Berkman scaled a stacked tower of lumber, which served as an improvised stage. As the highest spot in the area, the platform also happened to be the police operations center, so as he turned to address the demonstrators he was just a few feet from McKay and his inspectors. Everyone craned closer to hear. He started with his usual imprecations against labor fakirs and the “capitalist class.” Then came the substance of his address. “We will postpone our meeting,” he said, “because we want the people of New York and of the country to see our solidarity with labor, whether organized or unorganized.” As Berkman clambered down to the sidewalk, the police inspectors momentarily relaxed. At the very moment their attention lapsed, they lost control of the situation. A different group of radicals – either unaware that their rally had been put off, or unwilling to abide by the decision – chose this instant to raise signs reading, “Hunger,” “Unemployed Union Local No. 1,” and “Tannenbaum MUST Be Freed.” Seeing the placards, policemen at the boundaries of the demonstration thought a parade was forming, and recalled their orders to “Break ‘em up.”Forming wedges, they sliced in to the throng. Commanders signaled frantically, but whether to stop the assault or urge it on, it was impossible to know. “The crowd jeered and yelled and the banners continued to wave for a moment or two,” a reporter wrote. “Then the flags were jerked from the hands of the color bearers, and a minute later those color bearers … were on their way to the East Twenty-second Street Police Station.” Riotous demonstrators trailed the officers and their prisoners to the upper edge of the park, shouting threats, and turning back only when a line of mounted policemen cantered over to block their path. Facing south, the leaders improvised a new plan. “Come on, men,” shouted an unemployed anarchist named Joe O’Carroll, “We’ll march to Rutgers Square.” With him in the lead was Becky Edelsohn – “a comely young woman” of “electric vitality” in her mid-twenties – who was a former lover of Berkman’s, and was becoming a leading campaigner for militancy. During the previous parade up Fifth Avenue, she had been the one who even shocked some of her own cohort by prying open the door to a limousine to spit at the faces of the women inside. Arm in arm, they showed the way, and within a minute, hundreds had fallen into line behind them. The column soon stretched the entire length of the park. Demonstrators shouted “Kill the Capitalists!” and “Revenge Tannnenbaum!” Detectives scurried to head off the leaders, while the mounted patrol trotted menacingly on the parade’s flank, and the hidden officers streamed out from their concealed positions. For a few moments, the two sides marked each other. Then, at 14th Street, the detectives ordered the protesters to disband. The crowd responded with taunts and hisses. And, at last, detectives Gegan and Gildea – the detectives who had been pining for this moment since early March – ordered the attack. The horsemen formed a column, drew their batons, and spurred directly toward the middle of the parade. “Invective and imprecations hurled at the policemen changed to yells of alarm and terror” as the surging cavalry struck the mass of demonstrators. Protesters fled, if they could, or were ridden down. Officers wheeled and charged, wheeled and charged, knocking dozens to the sidewalks, raising a clamor that could be heard for blocks around. At the front of the march, plainclothesmen and uniformed policemen pushed their way towards the heart of the mob. “The officers fought coldly, contemptuously, systematically, shoulder to shoulder and elbow to elbow,” a reporter wrote. “The IWW and anarchists battled wildly and lost all judgment in a furious rage.” Each side unleashed its resentment and hatred on the other. “The yells of defiance, the curses, the screams of pain from men and women, the clacking of galloping horses, the curt orders from police commanders made a chorus which overwhelmed the ordinary song of the streets.” In the first moments of fighting, detectives had grabbed O’Carroll, and dragged him – struggling – from the melee. His friends chased behind, cuffing and shouting at the arresting officers, pulling their hair in a wild attempt to pry him free. The panicked and outnumbered cops lashed out indiscriminately, beating the thin, sickly O’Carroll on the head until a deep gash opened across his scalp, and blood was pouring over his face and soaking his clothes. Becky threw her body over his, shielding him as best she could from the policemen’s blows, and shouting desperately, “Save Joe from the oppressors of the poor!” Hearing her calls for help, an unemployed radical named Arthur Caron moved to intervene. Within seconds, he too was on the ground, being struck again and again with blackjacks and fists on his head and legs. “For Christ’s sake,” he pleaded, “stop hitting me.” They grabbed him up, manhandled him toward a patrol wagon, and threw him into the hold. O’Carroll and an officer were already in the back, two more officers rode up in the cab, and several plainclothesmen stood out on the running board. The door slammed shut as the vehicle coughed into motion. A cop hissed at him, “You bastard, we’ve got you now,” and punched him in the face. He tried to get up, blood racing from his nose. “You Bastard, lie still!” they yelled, as they all beat him on the back of his skull. O’Carroll staggered over and cradled Caron’s wounded head. “Poor boy!” he muttered in shock. “Jesus! You’re getting it awful.” At the East 22nd Street station, the two crushed protesters were dragged from the wagon and shoved down onto opposite ends of a long bench. Before they could be booked, the detectives made them wash the blood off their faces, necks, and hands so they could be presentable to the magistrate. Then they had to think of what charges they would file against their prisoners. “That’s O’Carroll,” one of them said. “We’ll charge him with striking an officer and resisting arrest.” “What’ll we charge that big bastard with?” asked another, gesturing to Caron. “Charge the fuck with trying to take him away from the police and yelling, ‘Kill the bastards!’” “No scene in New York for years has approached the violence of the outbreak in Union Square yesterday,” proclaimed the next morning’s Sun. There had been eight arrests, and dozens of injuries. For more than a week, newspaper editors had been calling for stern measures against protest demonstrations, and for now the press seemed satisfied with the result. “The police,” a Times reporter wrote, “led by a detachment of mounted men, wielded their clubs right and left, and left many aching heads in their wake.” The World expressed similar contentment at seeing “a couple of hundred vile-tongued IWW’s … routed by unmerciful clubbing.” After the battle, Commissioner McKay surveyed the scene of his masterstroke with complacency. “Though what did happen was bad enough,” he told reporters, “anything might have happened, and we were prepared for it.” Surely, no one would now accuse him of overindulging these anarchists." [Thai Jones - 'More Powerful than Dynamite Radicals, Plutocrats, Progressives, and New York’s Year of Anarchy' (2012)] [indypendent.org/2007/04/93-years-of-illegal-parades-in-nyc/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Salvador Seguí and other anarcho-syndicalist leaders, who wanted above all to maintain the strength of the CNT as a union against the more confrontational elements, issues call to return to work by April 7, but unlike before the union is in no position now to negotiate terms for the release of thousands of prisoners, layoffs or retaliation against the mostly CNT-affiliated workers who had supported the general strike.

1935 - __Relief Camp Workers' Union 'On-to-Ottawa Trek'__: 1,600 unemployed men living and working in Canadian federal relief camps – constructing roads and other public works at the rate of twenty cents per day – go on strike. Public support was enormous and the men decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On June 3, hundreds boarded boxcars headed east in what became known as the “On-to-Ottawa Trek.” [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek ontoottawatrek.weebly.com/on-to-ottawa-trek.html bctf.ca/uploadedFiles/public/TeachingResources/YouthUnionsYou/SS11_L2.pdf www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on-to-ottawa-trekregina-riot/ ottawahistorytours.com/uncategorized/80th-anniversary-of-the-on-to-ottawa-trek-and-the-campaign-for-unemployment-insurance/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers'_Union]

[F] 1944 - Crew on board five Greek Navy ships in Alexandria harbour mutiny. The destroyers Ierax and the Criti, the corvettes Sachtouris and Apostolis, the floating repair shop Hyphaistos, and in Port Said the submarine Papanicolis and the battleship Averof, all joined the mutiny. The mutiny spread to Malta, where three submarines, the submarine escort the Corinthia and the destroyers Spetses and Navarinon joined. Venizelos of the government in exile was told by Admiral Cunningham that he would lose his seat at the coming negotiations over Greece’s future if he did not act, so he appointed Rear-Admiral Petros Voulgaris "with the mission to crush the mutiny". [libcom.org/files/Unpatriotic History of the Seco - Heartfield, James.pdf] ||
 * = 5 || 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: George Loveless, who had been too ill to travel with his five comrades to Portsmouth, is declared fit and taken to the York hulk. Six weeks later, on May, 17th he sailed aboard the William Metcalfe for Van Diemen's Land, reaching Hobart Town on September 4. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

1839 - Gabriel-Constant Martin (d. 1906), French teacher, elected a member of the Paris Commune, First International, Blanquist, anarchist, botn. Martin wrote for Sébastien Faure's paper, '//Le journal du peuple//' until his death, July 9, 1906.

1871 - Élisée Reclus, serving in the National Guard, now in open revolt, during the Paris Commune, is taken prisoner. On the November 16 he is sentenced to transportation for life; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer and anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.

1900 - Augustin Malroux (d. 1945), French teacher, socialist politician and member of the French Resistance, born. Member of the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO; French Section of the Second International), on 10 July 1940, he was one of the Vichy 80, the parliamentarians voting not to grant full powers to Marshal Pétain. In September 1940, he participated in the founding of the Comité d'Action Socialiste (CAS, Socialist Action Committee) for the zone occupée, offered his Parisian residence for clandestine meetings and linking between CAS Nord and CAS Sud. From 1941, he was also a member of the Confrérie Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame Brotherhood) and of the Organisation Civile et Militaire (Civil and Military Organisation). From 1940, he was also charged with establishing a link between Libération-sud and Libération Nord. In 1942, this movement asked him to create a combat group. Finally, he participated in the clandestine rebuilding of the Syndicat National des Instituteurs (National Teachers' Union). Arrested on March 2, 1942 in Paris, Malroux was then imprisoned in Fresnes and, on September 15, 1943, he was deported to Germany. First imprisoned in the camp at Neunkirchen, he was then transferred to prisons at Frankfurt am Main, Kassel, Halle and Berlin in September–October 1943, then to the camp at Bad Saarow (Sachsenhausen), from October 1943 to February 1945, and finally to the camp at Bergen-Belsen, where he died. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Malroux fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Malroux]

1913 - Léon Lacombe aka 'Leontou' & 'Le Chien' (b. 1885), French individualist anarchist and miner, who was involved in a series of illegalist actions including robberies and the killing of a police informer, cheats the guillotine by committing suicide, throwing himself from the roof of the La Santé prison. [see: Apr. 12]

[D] 1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Pancho Villa defeats 12,000 strong Huerta force at San Pedro de las Colonias.

1917 - [O.S. Mar. 23] __February Revolution [Февральская Революция__]: The Petrograd Soviet organises a large-scale ceremony for the burial of the victims at the the Field Of Mars (Марсовом поле) [humus.livejournal.com/2305797.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Марсово_поле_(Санкт-Петербург) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Февральская_революция]

1920 - Following a meeting in Decima Persiceto, near Bologna in Italy, the carabinieri massacre seven workers, including the anarchist Compagnoli, and injure 45 others. A general strike 's declared in the province, which is extended to many other Italian cities and lasts until April 7.

1943 - Peter Miller (d. 1999), English anarchist militant, secularist and trade unionist, born. Initially a member of the Trotskyist Socialist Labour League, he moved towards anarchism and, after a meeting with Albert Meltzer, began a long cooperation with the Anarchist Black Cross. A militant secularist, he was chair of the Leicester Secular Society for more than 10 years and an active trade unionist in the labourt movement in Leicestershire. He was also involved in the libertarian press, with '//Black Flag//', '//Freedom//', '//Cienfugos Press Anarchist Review//', '//Anarchy Magazine//' and published in the 70s the anarchist cultural magazine '//Z Review//'. [flag.blackened.net/blackflag/219/219obit.htm]

[F] 1954 - The longest strike in U.S. history begins as workers at the Kohler Company in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, go out on strike when the company fails to negotiate in good faith with their union, the United Auto Workers. More than six years later, the NLRB ruled in the workers’ favor; it wasn’t until 1964 that Kohler agreed to pay $4.5 million in back wages and pension contributions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohler_strikes]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: A 'go-slow' in operation since the beginning of the month at the San Nicolás pit (Nicolasa) in Mieres, Asturias over working conditions, the organisation of shifts and a disagreement over the set piecework rate [the company, Fábrica de Mieres, wishing to cut production] by 25 miners comes to a head with the refusal of seven others from 'taller 9' (workshop 9) to move coal. The following day the seven 'taller 9' miners were called in one by one to be informed by an engineer of their dismissal. They took the opportunity to reitterate their miners' demand for an increase in piecework rates, whilst threatening to go to the press about their sacking. On Saturday, April 7, neither the morning shift nor the afternoon shift, comes to work, in solidarity with their sacked colleagues. [vientosur.info/spip.php?article6474 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/spanish-coal-miners-challenge-franco-dictatorship-1962 www.fundacionjuanmunizzapico.org/huelgas1962.htm ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_minaire_d'Astúries_de_1962 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_Asturias_de_1962 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_1962–63_en_Espagne www.notbored.org/asturian-strike.html workingmans-blues.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/the-asturian-miners.html]

1997 - Allen Ginsberg (b. 1926), American Beat poet, one-time Wobbly and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 3] || [www.ephemanar.net/avril06.html#jeanneret anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120913 www.chateaudeboudry.ch/?a=8,29,42 www.sngenealogie.ch/bulletins/bulletin_19/bul_19_famille_jeanneret_branche_de_artiste_peintre_gustave.htm www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=4023099]
 * = 6 || 1847 - Gustave Jeanneret (d. 1927), Swiss painter, member of the International Council of the Jura Federation, brother of the libertarian engraver and writer Georges-Edouard Jeanneret and uncle of Le Corbusier, born. Trained as a wallpaper engraver but left for Paris in 1869 to dedicate himself fully to his art. During the Semaine Sanglante he was involved in smuggling passports into Paris to enable the escape of Communards. Back in Switzerland, Switzerland, he was secretary of the Neuchâtel section of the AIT (anti-authoritarian) and active within the Jura Federation. He specialised in realist views of the countryside and especially the vineyard.

[D] 1871 - __Paris Commune__: During the Commune, a battalion of the National Guard set up two guillotines before the statue of Voltaire and set fire to them in front of a cheering crowd, shouting: "Down with the death penalty!"

1871 - In an article in the '//Journal Officiel de la Commune//', Gustave Courbet, president of the Fédération des artistes, calls on his fellow artists to join him in his efforts in re-establishing the role of the arts and help reopen the museums.

1875 - Anna Götze (d. 1958), German bookbinder, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. Initially a member of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, at the end of WWI she joined the newly formed Spartakusbund. Following the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and the absorption of the Sparticists into the SPD, she joined the anarcho-syndicalist Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany) she joined the FAUD and was active in various cooperative projects, women's federations, free schools and free children's groups. Of the three children that she had with her fellow anarcho-syndicalist Karl Brauner, Irma and Ferdinand aka 'Nante', also FAUD members, were active along side her. Her third child, Waldemar, joined the KPD. The resulting intrafamilial disputes gave way only after the Nazis' seizure of power and all the family becoming active in the anti-fascist underground together. On May 9, 1933, the FAUD offices in Berlin-Friedrichshain were raided by the Gestapo and FAUD was forced to set up underground networks. The Götze's apartment in Leipzig quickly became one of the important meeting places for the anarcho-syndicalist resistance. Anna was arrested for the first time in 1935 and then again on October 1, 1937. She was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment on April 12, 1938, which she served in Waldheim jail. She was then imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, where her daughter Irma was also being held. They both managed to escape from there when the Nazis began the death march of prisoners from there in April 1945. Anna Götze died on July 18, 1958. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Götze www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/goetze/ digitalresist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rebellische-orte-sigismundstr6-anna_19.html libcom.org/history/götze-anna-1875-1958 libcom.org/history/götze-ferdinand-nante-1907-1985]

[A] 1878 - Erich Mühsam (d. 1934), queer German poet, playwright and anarchist militant, born. A rebel from an early age (expelled from school aged 13 and a writer of satirical verse), he left his apprenticeship in the family Pharmacy in 1900 to devote himself to cultural agitation. By 1901 he was in Berlin, where he and his partner Johannes Nohl met the likes of John Henry Mackay, Johannes Schlaf and Hanns Heinz Ewers. He also joined the Neue Gemeinschaft (New Community) circle, which brought together young political intellectuals and agitated in favour of community life, and including Peter Hille, Martin Buber and Gustav Landauer. At that time Mühsam discovered the writings of a number of anarchists, especially those of Mikhail Bakunin. He also began working on numerous libertarian publications such as '//Der Freie Arbeiter//', '//Der Anarchist//', Johannes Holzman's (Senna Hoy) magazine '//Der Kampf//', and he edited the Berlin newspaper '//Der Arme Teufel//' (The Poor Devil). Culturally, he became a member of the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagener circle of poets) naturalist writers circle and was a popular figure in literary cabarets and bohemian circles, becoming the producer of the Cabaret zum Peter Hille, named after the Neue Gemeinschaft member. Between 1904 and 1907, he travelled throughout Europe with his partner Johannes Nohl, going to Italy ans Switzerland, where he met Fritz Brupbacher, Bakunin biographer, and participated in the Monte Verità community at Ascona, befriending Karl Gräser, co-founder of Monte Verità with his brother Gusto. He also visited Austria and France, in Paris he frequenting the cabarets Le Lapin Agile and Le Chat Noir, and participated in several meetings of the German Anarchist Club of Paris, befriending Gustave Herve, James Guillaume and former Communards. Back in Berlin, he continued working in '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' and its monthly anti-militarist supplement '//Generalstreik//' (General Strike), along with '//Der Jugend//' and the arts magazine '//Simplicissimus//'. Following the 1907 International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam, he made a public called for civil disobedience and refuse to pay the tax for the Army. That same year, and having also published a pamphlet on those issues, he was fined 500 marks for "incitement to class hatred and encouraging disobedience of the law." In November 1908, he settled in Munich, where he founded the Gruppe Tat (Action), which included Oskar Maria Graf and Georg Schrimpf amongst its members, and joined Landauer's newly founded Sozialistischer Bund (Socialist Federation), which was based on federated Proudhonian mutualist communities. Arrested numerous times and especially persecuted for having organised demonstrations of unemployed, in 1910 he was arrested for membership of a secret societies but eventually acquitted for lack of evidence. However, it did bring about the end of the Tat group. Around the same time he was an active member of a Schwabian cultural circle, which included the likes of Heinrich Mann and Frank Wedekind along with many other poets and artists. He also published three books of poetry, four plays, and in the period 1911-14 was editor of the revolutionary literary monthly '//Kain: Zeitschrift für Menschlichkeit//' (Cain: Journal of Humanity), in which many of his writings of the period were also published. After the outbreak of WWI, Mühsam initially supported the Manifesto of the Sixteen, for which he was heavily criticise, especially by Landauer. However, he eventually changed his position and was involved in attempts, along with Landauer, Heinrich Mann, etc., to establish an international federation of opponents to the war. His attitude was considered "defeatist" by the authorities and he was banished to the Bavarian Alps. This failed to stop him, and on 17 June 1916, he participated in a demonstration against hunger. In January 1918, during a strike by workers in the munitions factories of Munich, he took to the floor in front of around 100,000 Krupp factory workers to call for a general strike, and was arrested. For violating his ban on political activity for refusing to participate in the then Vaterländischen Hilfsdienst (Patriotic Support Forum), he was sentenced to six months imprisonment in Traunstein and not released until November 5 1918, shortly before the revolution. During the German Revolution of November 1918, and which proclaimed the Republic, he was a member of Revolutionären Arbeiterrats (Revolutionary Workers' Counci) which deposed the Kaiser and proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria. Following the assassination of the Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner by right-wingers, he was one of the leaders of the Bavarian Soviet Republic of April 7 1919 but, following the April 13 attempted Munich Soviet coup, he was arrested and jailed with other leaders. After the defeat of the Republic by the Reichswehr and the right-wing nationalist Freikorps, and during which his friend Landauer was murdered, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for being a "treibendes element" (driving element). During his imprisonment he wrote many poems and propaganda pieces including '//Brennende Erde//' (Burning Earth), '//Verse eines Kämpfer//' (Fighter's Poems), '//Alarm//', '//Manifeste aus zwanzig Jahren//' (Manifesto of 20 Years) and the five act drama '//Judas//' in tribute to Gustav Landauer, killed during the post-Republic repression. Upon release on 20 December 1924 (under a general amnesty that saw Adolf Hitler, who by then had only served eight months of a five-year sentence for leading the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, also released), he moved to Berlin and founded the anarchist periodical '//Fanal//' (Beacon) together with the Anarchist Union. He also participated in campaigning for the release of Sacco and Vanzetti and against the expulsion of Durruti and other Spanish anarchist exiles. From 1925 to 1929 he was active the Rote Hilfe Deutschlands (Red Aid), the Communist Party associated prisoner support organisation, but left because of political differences. In the early 1930s, he was a member of the anarcho-syndicalist FAUD, alongside his friend and comrade Rudolf Rocker. A special issue of the journal 'Fanal' appeared in 1932, shortly before the seizure of power by the Nazis. It included his philosophical essay '//Die Befreiung Geselischaft der vom Staat//' (The Emancipation of Society from the State; 1932), subtitled '//Was ist Kommunistischer Anarchismus?//' (What is Communist Anarchism?), in which he rejected the doctrine of historical materialism in his work, explaining his revolutionary concepts and the need for the replacement of the state by an organisation of free manual workers and intellectuals. In it he also denounced the Communist Party for its subverting of the Russian revolution, its seizure of power and its so-called dictatorship in the name of the proletariat. From 1931-1933 Mühsam also published regular satirical political contributions in the '//Ulk//' supplement in the '//Berliner Tageblattes//' under the pseudonym Tobias. From the mid 1920s onwards, Mühsam had been relentlessly denounced by the Nazi press because of his writings satirising the Nazis such as his short story '//Die Affenschande//' (1923), which ridiculed the racial doctrines of the Nazi party, and the poem '//Republikanische Nationalhymne//' (1924), which attacked the German judiciary for its disproportionate punishment of leftists when compared to the right wing participants in the Putsch. Following his attempts to create a broad anti-fascist front, Goebbels labelled him "the red Jewish pig" and the main Nazi organ, '//Die Völkischer Beobachter//', published three photos on the front page (Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Mühsam) with the caption: "The only traitors in the team that have not been executed." On 20 February 1933, chaired the last meeting of anti-fascist artists in Berlin. Shortly thereafter, on February 28 1933, the day after the Reichstag fire, he was arrested as he tried to leave for Prague. Even after his arrest, the Nazi propaganda machine kept after him claiming that he was involved in the execution of 22 hostages in Munich on April 30 1919, unaware that from April 13 onwards he was firmly locked up in Ebrach prison. Following his arrest, Mühsam spent time in Sonnebrug, Ploetzensse and Brandenburg prison camps, where he was routinely beaten and tortured for things like not singing 'Deutschland über alles', for singing 'The Internationale', and so he could not write, etc. Suffering from heart disease, deaf, almost blind and unable to walk unaided, he was eventually hospitalised. In February 1934 he was transferred to Orianenburg Concentration Camp, where he was put to work cleaning the latrines. During the night of July 9-10, 1934 he was brutally murdered by SS men, who left him strung up in the latrines. The Nazi press claimed: "Der Jude Erich Mühsam hat sich in der Schutzhaft erhängt" (The Jew Erich Mühsam hung himself in protective custody). His end echoed the meaning of his surname: Painfully (or Laboriously). Mühsam was buried on 16 July 1934 at the cemetery in Dahlem (Berlin, Germany). Amongst the works published in his lifetime were '//Die Homosexualität. Ein Beitrag zur Sittengeschichte unserer Zeit//' (Homosexuality. A contribution to the history of morals of our time; 1903) (pamphlet); '//Die Wüste. Gedichte 1898-1903//' (The Desert. Poems 1898-1903; 1904); '//Billy's Erdengang. Eine Elephantengeschichte für artige Kinder//' (Billy's Life. An Elephant Story for Kids; 1904), with Hanns Heinz Ewers; 'Die Hochstapler. Lustspiel in vier Aufzügen' (The Impostor. Comedy in four acts; 1906); 'Wüste - Krater - Wolken. Die Gedichte' (Desert - Crater - Clouds. The Poems; 1914); 'Die Freivermählten. Polemisches Schauspiel in drei Aufzügen' (The Free-weds. Polemical Drama in three Acts; 1914); '//1919. Dem Andenken Gustav Landauers//' (1919. In Memory of Gustav Landauer; 1919); '//Brennende Erde. Verse eines Kämpfers//' (Burning Earth. Verses of a Fighter; 1920); '//Judas. Arbeiter-Drama in fünf Akten//' (Judas. Workers drama in five acts; 1921); '//Revolution. Kampf, Marsch und Spottlieder//' (Revolution. Battle, March and Satirical Songs; 1925); '//Staatsräson. Ein Denkmal für Sacco und Vanzetti//' (Reason of state. A Monument to Sacco and Vanzetti; 1929).

Die Augen auf! Erwachen aus Druck und Zwang und Staat! Ihr Armen und ihr Schwachen, besinnt euch auf die Tat! Die ihr dem Herrn den Spaten führt, die Häuser baut, das Feuer schürt, - sehnt ihr euch nicht nach Brot und Land? Den eignen Spaten in die Hand! Fort mit der Fessel, die euch band!

In Reihen, Kameraden! Die ihr die Arbeit haßt, mit der man euch beladen, - werft von euch eure Last! Werft sie, wohin sie fallen mag! Schafft selbst euch euern Arbeitstag Pfeift auf des Herren Dienstgebot! Nicht ihm - euch selbst backt euer Brot! Nicht ihm - euch selbst helft aus der Not!

Ans Werk! Die Kinder schreien nach Brot und Bett und Kleid! Ans Werk, sie zu befreien aus ihrem Weh und Leid! Ans Werk, ihr Männer und ihr Frauen! Den Kindern gilt's die Welt zu bauen! Mensch, fühl dich Mensch und sei kein Hund! Freiheit auf freiem Ackergrund! Dem Volk den Boden! Schließt den Bund!

(The eyes! Awakening of pressure and coercion and state!  Her arms and her weak,  remembers you in the act!  Leading her to the Lord the spade,  builds the houses, stoking the fire, -  not long after ye bread and country?  Are the spade in his hand!  Continued with the ankle, the tape you!

In rows, comrades! You hate the work, with the one you loaded, - cast your burden from you! Throw them wherever they may fall!

You yourselves create your working day! Whistles of the gentlemen on service priority! Not him - yourselves bake your bread! Not him - you help yourself out of trouble!

To work! The children cry for bread and bed and dress! To work, to free them from their pain and suffering! To work, their men and their women! The children's is to build the world! Human, feel human and was not a dog! Freedom at large arable ground! The people of the ground! Makes the covenant!)

- '//Weckruf//' (Wake-up call; 1909)

[www.erich-muehsam.de/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mühsam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam libcom.org/history/muehsam-erich-1878-1934 fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrichten/erich-muhsam-zum-gedenken-in-der-nacht-vom-9-auf-den-10-juli-1934-wurde-erich-muhsam-von-den-faschisten-erschlagen]

1893 - Dyer Daniel Lum (b. 1839), American anarchist, labour activist and poet, dies. He was a prominent anarcho-syndicalist, leftist intellectual and the partner and mentor of early anarcha-feminist Voltairine de Cleyre. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyer_Lum www.katesharpleylibrary.net/h70t09]

[F] 1903 - __Spoorwegstaking [Railway Strike__]: A railway strike that is hoped will lead to a general strike in The Netherlands begins today. It is called by the Comité van Verweer (Defense Committee), set up by the Nationale Federatie van Transportarbeiders (National Federation of Transport Workers) on February 20 in preparation for "a general strike, proclaimed in violation of the compulsory laws" (een algemeene werkstaking, geproklameerd tot wering der dwangwetten) that the Kuyper's Cabinet planned to bring in punishing under the Criminal Code the withdrawal of labour by civil servants and railway personnel, in response to a wave of strikes earlier in the years. That same day, soldiers took up positions in the streets to prevent disorder. Disagreement within the labour movement prevented the strike from taking off. Within five days the anti-strike legislation became law. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorwegstakingen_van_1903 socialhistory.org/en/today/04-06 nl.marxisme.be/2003/03/de-nederlandse-spoorwegstaking-van-1903/ news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc/?a=d&d=kingstondaily19030408.2.14&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=---en-20--1-txt-txIN---#]

1905 - __Montgomery Ward / Chicago Teamsters' Strike__: Teamsters in Chicago begin a sympathy strike in support of locked out Montgomery Ward & Co. workers who were on strike to protest the company’s use of nonunion subcontractors. When other businesses rallied to the company’s defense, the dispute spread quickly. Workers battled strikebreakers, police, and scabs for 105 days; 21 people died. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Chicago_teamsters'_strike]

1912 - __National Coal Strike__: The strike is called off after 37 days. It ends uncertainly, and with continuing dissatisfaction among many miners. The minimum Wage Act, passed as the price of peace, conceded the principle for which the Federation had fought, although in insisting on district settlements, the owners successfully qualified their victory. [see: Mar. 1] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_coal_strike_of_1912 www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nostalgia-100th-anniversary-national-miners-4413682 www.petergill7.co.uk/pieces/lawrence/national_coal_strike.shtml www.marxists.org/archive/quelch/1912/03/coal-strike.htm www.marxist.com/1912-the-great-unrest.htm]

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet__]: The IRA attempt to liberate Robert Byrne, a local postal worker and member of the Irish Volunteers who had been arrested on January 13 and charged with possession of a revolver and ammunition, and who was under arrest by the Royal Irish Constabulary police in a hospital, being treated for the effects of a hunger strike. In the rescue attempt Constable Martin O'Brien is fatally wounded and another policeman seriously injured. Byrne is also wounded and dies later the same day. [libcom.org/book/export/html/49663 ireland.marxist.com/history/7572-the-limerick-soviet-of-1919]

1919 - __Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik__]: Bavarian Raterepublik declared in opposition to the provisional government. The Central Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Farmers' Councils includes Ernst Toller, anarchists Erich Mühsam, Gustav Landauer and one 'Richard Maurhut' — the man who became famous as the novelist B. Traven. [see: Apr. 7] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: In response to the Reichswehr presence in the Ruhr, which contravened the Treaty of Versailles, the French occupied towns like Frankfurt, Hanau and Darmstadt. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The seven 'taller 9' miners at the San Nicolás pit (Nicolasa) in Mieres, Asturias who had refused to load coal the previous day as part of an ongoing 'go-slow' are called in one by one to be informed by an engineer of their dismissal. They take the opportunity to reitterate their miners' demand for an increase in piecework rates, whilst threatening to go to the press about their sacking. [vientosur.info/spip.php?article6474 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/spanish-coal-miners-challenge-franco-dictatorship-1962 www.fundacionjuanmunizzapico.org/huelgas1962.htm ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_minaire_d'Astúries_de_1962 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_Asturias_de_1962 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_1962–63_en_Espagne www.notbored.org/asturian-strike.html workingmans-blues.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/the-asturian-miners.html]

1992 - __Nepalese General Strike__: A bandh or general strike called by the Joint People's Agitation Committee – made up of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre), Samyukta Jana Morcha, Communist Party of Nepal (Masal), the Nepal Communist League and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) – who were asking for a 30-minute 'lights out' in the capital, leads to violent clashes between police and left-wing demonstrators trying to enforce the 'lights out'. During protests outside the Nepal Telecommunications building, which was set on fire, police opened fire on the crowd, killing several people. The Human Rights Organisation of Nepal estimated that 14 people, including several on-lookers, had been killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1992_Nepalese_general_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nepalese-general-strike-protest-monarchic-rule-2006 www.bannedthought.net/Nepal/Worker/Worker-01/MassStruggleLedByParty-Review-W01.htm www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/02/maoist-general-strike-nepal] ||
 * = 7 || 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having been found guilty three weeks previously and transported in chains from Dorchester to the prison hulks, York and Leviathan, lying off Portsmouth, to await transportation to Australia, James Loveless, Thomas and John Stanfield, James Hammett and James Brine set sail on the Surry to Sydney, arriving on August 17, 1834. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

1870 - Gustav Landauer (d. 1919), anarchist revolutionist, theorist, editor, Munich Soviet leader and Commissioner of Enlightenment and Education in the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic, born. Member of the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagener circle of poets) naturalist writers circle. de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Landauer libcom.org/history/landauer-gustav-1870-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/landauer/landauerbioHorrox.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERlandauer.htm www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11828.html friedrichshagener-dichterkreis.de/2010/04/11/der-sozialist-organ-fur-sozialismus-anarchismus-1895-gustav-landauer-programm/]

1872 - Dr. Marie Diana Equi (d. 1952), American medical doctor, lesbian anarchist, labour organiser and anti-militarist, born. Found guilty of sedition during WWI (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Equi oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/equi_marie_1872_1952_/ www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_103.html theproviderproject.org/2012/10/17/marieequi/ www.glapn.org/6332equi.html www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/55pxm4zh9780252037641.html]

1882 - Armando Borghi (d. 1968). Italian anarchist, friend of Errico Malatesta's, secretary of the large Unione Anarchica Italiana (UAI) as well as the head of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) in Bologna, born. [NB Some sources give the date as Apr. 6] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/c5b0kp it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Borghi]

1883 - [N.S. Apr. 19] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: Women in the Spooling section of the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory), popularly known as the Hille and Dittrich factory in the 'Polish Capital of Linen', in Žyrardów, Poland are informed that their pay will be cut in two weeks time, part of a cost saving/profit maintaining act by the factory management. It led to te first mass strike of Polish workers, and one of the first ever mass strikes by female workers on April 23–28, 1883. [see: Apr. 19 & 23]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Most of the striking workers return to their jobs (if they still had them).

[D] 1919 - __Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik__]: Workers' Councils declare a Republic in Bavaria, in spite of the opposition of the Communists. The anarchists are the principal actors: Erich Mühsam, Gustav Landauer, Ret Marut (B. Traven), Ernst Toller, etc. But the troops sent in by the socialists will crush the revolutionaries between April 30 and May 2, 1919, killing over 700 victims. [see: Apr. 13] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1928 - Marcel Wullens (Marcel Maurice Julien Wullens; b. 1899) dies of tuberculosis. Militant anarchist and syndicalist who helped found '//La Révolution Prolétarienne//'. [see: May 9]

[F] 1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: Another 25 miners are dismissed at the San Nicolás pit (Nicolasa) in Mieres, Asturias. In response, miners walk off the job, some occupying the pit itself in order to prevent coal from being cut. It was the starting point of a strike that lasted from April to June in the Asturian mining region, extending to Mieres, Langreo, San Martín del Rey Aurelio, Gijón, etc. and later to 27 other Spanish provinces, with acts of solidarity even stretching abroad. At the same time, miners in France and Belgium were carring out similar actions, but these were legal unlike the strikes under the fascist regime. [vientosur.info/spip.php?article6474 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/spanish-coal-miners-challenge-franco-dictatorship-1962 www.fundacionjuanmunizzapico.org/huelgas1962.htm ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_minaire_d'Astúries_de_1962 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_Asturias_de_1962 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_1962–63_en_Espagne www.notbored.org/asturian-strike.html workingmans-blues.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/the-asturian-miners.html]

1981 - __Massacre of Monte Carmelo__: In El Salvador more than 20 workers and students are dragged from their homes by police and murdered.

2013 - Maria Àngels Rodríguez García aka 'La Rodri' (b. 1953), Spanish historian of the libertarian movement and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Feb. 11] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лябурб,_Жанна fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Labourbe www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article2951]
 * = 8 || 1877 - Jeanne Marie Labourbe (Жанна Мари Лябурб; d. 1919), French teacher and communist militant, who actively participated in the October Revolution and helped organise the 1919 mutiny of the French Black Sea fleet, for which she was shot by French counterintelligence, born. She went to Russia in 1896 in search of work, was a teacher in the city of Tomashov, and joined the revolutionary movement in 1903. In 1918 she worked in the Central Federation of Foreign Groups of the Central Committee of the RCP (Bolshevik), was secretary of the French Communist Group, and helped found the Third International Club, whose members conducted revolutionary work among foreign soldiers and sailors. A leader of the Foreign Collegium of the Odessa underground committee of the Ukrainian CP (Bolshevik) in February 1919, Labourb, she conducted agitation among French soldiers and sailors, helping organise the Black Sea fleet mutiny. She was shot by the French counterintelligence service (Deuxième Bureau) together with other members of the Foreign Collegium on the night of March 1-2, 1919.

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: The Reichswehr now controlled all of the northern Ruhr area. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

[F] 1932 - __ Ley de 8 de Abril de 1932 [ Law of April 8, 1932__]: A product of the new bourgeois republic and its new Minister of Labour, Largo Caballero, the Ley Sobre Asociaciones Profesionales de Obreros y Patronos (Law on Professional Associations of Workers and Employers) was designed to reassure the bourgeoise that nothing much would change with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, especially within industry and for employers. Couched in terms of establishing trade union freedom: "joining a trade union is voluntary and not compulsory, i.e. joining a union is a right and not a compulsion; that the intervention of the State must be reduced to guarantee the good order of the trade union and legitimacy in its aims and activities; the Spanish government grants professional associations representativity to their respective bodies, in the public boards which arbitrate labour conditions, and enforce the application of the social legislation". It was in fact designed to effectively end the right to strike, and epecially to outlaw the CNT and its direct action tactics, and maintain the status quo of widespread hunger and poverty amongst the country's proletariat. All workers' organisations had to submit to a certain state control: participation in the state labour courts of arbitration, to which all labour conflicts were to be submitted, was compulsory; and, the date of strikes had to be announced in advance. The socialist UGT submitted, of course, to those terms and put its members into the vacancies of the Jurados Mixtos (Labour Arbitration Courts). Not so the CNT. They did not recognise the law and did not submit to it. According to the letter of the law they should have been dissolved automatically, yet the government did not dare to take this step. However, the anarcho-syndicalist organisation was hampered in its activities; its militant members were arrested, and its headquarters closed wherever possible. The CNT and its great social revolutionary mass movements all over the country were slandered as never before. The militant workers of the Confederacióm and the Anarchist Federation of Iberia (FAI) were branded as "bandits with a membership card" by the Socialists. With the UGT firmly in the pocket of the government, the trades union movement was irrevocably split, something that would inevitably adversely effect the success of the 1936 revolution. Towards the end of the Azaña government, in the summer of 1933, a new attack was prepared against the revolutionary labor movement. News items in the press for which neither the police nor the ministry of the Interior wanted to assume responsibility announced the discovery of a far reaching "anarchist-monarchist plot". The government ordered new mass arrests. The example of an Andalusian town where the chief of police received orders from Madrid to arrest a certain number of leading monarchists and the same number of anarchists shows clearly how this "plot" was "discovered". Orders were carried out. One of the best known monarchists of the town, having been on a trip, reported voluntarily to the police upon his return. But they declined to arrest him, stating that they had already the desired number of monarchists! [www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/reunion/1932.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_bienio_de_la_Segunda_República_Española madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-cnt-en-la-segunda-republica/]

1940 - Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio (José Antonio Julio Onésimo Sánchez Ferlosio; d. 2003), Spanish singer, poet, songwriter, journalist, one-time communist but later an anarchist and CNT member, born. Author of numerous popular songs such as '//Gallo Rojo, Gallo Negro//' (Red Cockerel, Black Cockerel), '//La Hierba de los Caminos//' (The Grass of the Roads), '//La Quinta Brigada//' (The Fifth Brigade), '//A la Huelga//' (To Strike), '//Hoy No Me Levanto Yo//' (Today I Don't Get Up), '//Balada de las Prisiones//' (Ballad of the Prisons), '//La Paloma de la Paz//' (The Dove of Peace). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicho_Sánchez_Ferlosio fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicho_Sánchez_Ferlosio info.nodo50.org/Chicho-Sanchez-Ferlosio-a.html]

1942 - André Girard (known as Max Buhr) (b. 1860), French anarchist militant and trade unionist, dies. [see: Mar. 23]

1948 - Paul Delesalle (b. 1870), French anarchist and syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 29]

1978 - Gaston Leval (born Pierre Robert Piller; also used the pseudonyms Max Stephan, Silvio Agreste, José Benito, Felipe Montblanc, Josep Venutto and Robert Le Franc; b. 1895), dies. Son of a French Communard, anarchist syndicalist, combatant and historian of the Spanish Revolution of 1936. ||
 * = 9 || [D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Assault on the Horbury Mill of Joseph Foster near Wakefield. Armed crowd, of between 300 to 600, destroyed gig-mills, cropping shears and frames, and cloth. Damage amounted to about £700.

[A/DD] 1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: After the failure of the February strikes in Lyon, leaders are put on trial and new laws enacted against the workers' associations, the workers have reached the exploding point. The army occupies the city and bridges, and now troops fire into an unarmed crowd. The streets are immediately filled with barricades, with workers storming and taking the barracks of Bon-Pasteur, while others barricade themselves in the districts, some, like Croix Rousse, making fortified camps. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1891 - Lesbia Harford (Lesbia Venner Keogh; d. 1927), Australian poet, novelist, free love advocate, member of the I.W.W. and state vice-president of the Federated Clothing and Allied Trades Union, born. Afflicted with defective heart valves which restricted her mobility and caused her to tire easily, a chronic problem that was to increase with age, it did not prevent her form pursuing her political activism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbia_Harford adb.anu.edu.au/biography/harford-lesbia-venner-6562 www.takver.com/history/harford.htm www.iww.org.au/node/392]

[F] 1898 - __Welsh Coal Strike__: South Wales and Monmouthshire miners walk out of the pits //en masse// as negotiations with mine owners break down. The strike quickly turned into a disastrous lockout which would last for six months and result in a failure for the colliers as the sliding scale stayed in place. The strike was an attempt by the colliers to remove the sliding scale, which determined their wage based on the price of coal, making them volatile and unpredictable. In September 1897 the miners gave six months' notice for the scale to be terminate. The coalowners retaliated with what they described as, precautionary measures, to terminate contracts which would come into effect at the same time as the colliers' ultimatum. Before the deadline for both actions passed in March 1898, negotiations began to prevent any action. The negotiations were still underway with the deadline of March 31 looming, so both parties agreed to extend talks until April 9. The discussions broke down before the deadline as the colliers refused the options being presented to them, and they walked out of the pits on mass. The miners' demands had been a minimum price per coal of 10 shillings a ton, a sliding scale of 10% not the 8.75% in operation, plus an immediate advance of 10%. The coalowners' compromise had been below those requested on all three demands. In course of time, the miners shifted their position to the removal of the sliding scale completely but still demanded the 10% advance. Attempts at concilliation were a failure, in large part due to the lack of organisation of the niners as well as the mineowners' intransigence, and by August the miners decided to push on the single issue of retaining the sliding scale, but with a minimum level. In the end the colliers accepted an immediate advance of 5% and a guarantee from the coalowners that if wages fell below 12.5% above the 1879 standard, then the men could give 6 months notice to terminate the scale. The strike officially ended on September 1, 1898. Although the strike was defeated, it did result in the South Wales Miners’ Federation, known as The Fed, being formed in order to help unite the miners and oppose the strength of the local coal-owners and coal companies. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_coal_strike_of_1898 www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/Life/society/unions/south_wales_miners'_federation.asp]

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet__]: British Army Brigadier Griffin declares the city to be a Special Military Area, with Royal Irish Constabulary permits required for all wanting to enter and leave the city as of Monday April 14 following a failed attempt on April 6 by the IRA tried to liberate Robert Byrne, who was under arrest by the RIC police in a hospital, being treated for the effects of a hunger strike. In the rescue attempt Constable Martin O'Brien was fatally wounded and another policeman was seriously injured. Byrne was also wounded and died later on the same day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Soviet theirishrevolution.wordpress.com/2011/10/18/the-limerick-soviet-1919/ www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,3944,en.pdf libcom.org/book/export/html/49663 whistlinginthewind.org/2012/10/06/1919-limerick-soviet/ www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,3944,en.pdf homepage.eircom.net/~paddytheassessor/lim/]

1952 - __U.S. Steel Strike__: A strike by the United Steelworkers of America against U.S. Steel and nine other steelmakers, scheduled to begin on April 9, 1952, but President Harry S Truman illegally nationalised the American steel industry hours before the workers walked out. The steel companies sued to regain control of their facilities. On June 2, 1952, in a landmark decision, the United States Supreme Court ruled in 'Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer', 343 U.S. 579 (1952), that the president lacked the authority to seize the steel mills. The Steelworkers struck to win a wage increase. The strike lasted 53 days, and ended on July 24, 1952, with the union winning essentially the same terms they had proposed four months earlier [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_steel_strike www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Steel_Strike_1952.htm]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: Following the walkout on Saturday, April 7, the action by the Asturian miners has spread to the Baltasara mine, also owned by Fábrica de Mieres, and also the Polio, Centella and Barredo mines, marking the beginning of a regional general strike that would spread like wildfire, not only affect mining, but also involving solidarity actions in the steel and ther industries. [see: Apr. 7]

1970 - __Minneapolis Teachers Strike__: Public school teachers go on strike in Minneapolis, defying a law prohibiting them from striking and violating court orders not to walk out. The members of Local 59 of the Minneapolis Federation of Teachers sought pay raises and the right to collectively bargain. Local Union President Norm Moen said, "As an English teacher, I remember the example of Thoreau. We are taking a courageous action against an oppressive and repressive law." The strike lasted 14 days and, with support from AFL-CIO unions and despite the opposition of groups such as the American Legion (which evicted the union from its building), the teachers reached a reasonable settlement, including amnesty for the strikers. A year later, the Minnesota Legislature passed the Public Employment Labor Relations Act (PELRA) strengthening collective bargaining rights for public employees. [the1970minneapolisteachersstrike.weebly.com www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/83teachersstrike.php] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]
 * = 10 || 1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: The insurrection continues in Lyon with the seizing of the Telegram office. The black flag flies over Fourvière, l'Église Saint-Nizier and l'Hôpital de l'Antiquaille.

1871 - In Montereau, Seine-et-Marne, a demonstration inspired by the events of the Paris Commune is held, at which a tree of Liberty is planted, topped by a red flag. Protesters then loot a armoury and occupy the gendarmerie. Masters of the city, they sound the alarm throughout the night. The next day, the arrival of many police squads encourages the insurgents to return power to the préfectural authorities. [www.commune1871.org/?La-Seine-et-Marne-pendant-la www.commune-rougerie.fr/la-province-en-1871-chrono,fr,8,79.cfm]

[1871 - __Commune de Limoges__: the commune falls [www.commune1871.org/?4-avril-1871-la-breve-Commune-de]

[F] 1887 - The launch of the Sociedad de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú" (Workers' Union of Bakeries "Star of Peru") cooperative, an important and long-lived Peruvian workers' association set up under the aegis of mutualism or as ‘resistance societies’ in accordance with the International Working Men’s Association model. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/v41qc1 periodicohumanidad.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/historia-de-la-federacion-de-obreros-panaderos-estrella-del-peru/]

1906 - [O.S. Mar. 28] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Fr. Georgy Gapon (Гео́ргий Гапо́н), the former labour leader turned police informer, is lynched in an isolated Finnish cottage by order of SR terrorist leader/police agent Yevno Azef (Евгений Филиппович). Having returned to Russia and resumed his contacts with the Okhrana, he made the mistake of revealing to an SR member Pinhas Rutenberg (Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг) his contacts with the police when he tried to recruit him, reasoning to him that having a double loyalty is helpful to the workers' cause. However, Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders, Yevno Azef (who was himself a secret police spy) and Boris Savinkov (Бори́с Са́винков). Having made arrangements to meet Rutenberg in a rented cottage outside St. Petersburg on April 10 [O.S. Mar. 28], 1906, Gapon repeated his collaboration proposal, overheard by three S.R. party combatants in an adjoining room. Rutenberg called the comrades into the room and left. When he returned, Gapon was dead. Gapon's disappearence was something of a mystery until a month later he was found there hanged. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Убийство_Георгия_Гапона ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/savinkov.php en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Savinkov spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm]

1912 - Riots in Wigan require army intervention before they are put down. [expand]

1922 - Luisa Capetillo Perón (b. 1879), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist, dies of tuberculosis. [see: Oct. 28] [NB: the date of her death is frequently given as Oct. 10, 1922. This is erroneous as notice of her death appeared in the press in April 1922. c.f. '//El Imparcial//', Apr. 13, 1922 & '//Unión Obrera//', Apr. 15, 1922.]

1930 - Dolores Clara Fernández Huerta, US labour leader, feminist and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, was the co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association (later the United Farm Workers), born. Huerta helped organise the Delano grape strike in 1965 and was the lead negotiator in the workers’ contract that was created after the strike. On September 14, 1988, suffered a life-threatening assault while protesting against the policies of then presidential candidate George Bush outside a $1,000-a-plate fund-raiser in San Francisco. A baton-wielding officer broke four ribs and ruptured her spleen. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Huerta doloreshuerta.org/dolores-huerta/ www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/dolores-fernandez-huerta/ articles.latimes.com/1988-09-16/news/mn-2389_1_police-chief]

1967 - David Rovics, US singer and songwriter, anarchist and Wobbly, born.

1972 - Louis Laurent (b. 1883), French trade unionist, member of the Revolutionary Anarchist Union and the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc in the 30s, dies. Helped publish various libertarian journals, worked with the League of Conscientious Objectors and the CGT-SR (revolutionary trade union). Helped found '//Le Libertaire//' in 1968. [see: Oct. 2] ||
 * = 11 || [F] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Unsuccessful attack on the Rawfolds Mill of William Cartwright at Liversedge by around 150 Luddites mainly from Huddersfield and Halifax. Two Luddites, Samuel Hartley and John Booth later died of their wounds. A decisive setback for Luddism.

1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: Second insurrection (following the November 21-24, 1831 uprising) by silk workers in Lyon following the occupation of the city by troops, who fire on an unarmed crowd. The streets are immediately filled with barricades, with workers storming and taking the barracks of Bon-Pasteur, while others barricade themselves in the districts, some, like Croix Rousse, making fortified camps. There are attempted insurrections in Saint-Étienne and Vienna. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]

1859 - Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida (d. 1920), Sicilian socialist politician and journalist, he is considered to be one of the founders of the Fasci Siciliani, born. As the first socialist mayor of Catania in Sicily [1902-14] he became the protagonist of a kind of municipal socialism. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Felice_Giuffrida en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Felice_Giuffrida]

1891 - The first issue of the Belgian anarchist newspaper '//L'Homme Libre: Organe de Combat pour l'Émancipation des Travilleurs//' is published in Brussels. Intially a weekly, the following year it goes fortnightly and is then relaced by '//La Débacle//'.

1911 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: A motion of the Senate was passed to enforce the law to ensure the enforcement of fraud. It took no more to spark things off. The Marne producers take action, and in the night, ransacked the cellars and buildings of several fraudsters or supposed in the villages of Damery, Dizy, and Ay. [see: Nov. 4] [www.editionsfradet.com/1911-en-champagne-l-union-mag-10-avril-2011.htm www.lechatnoir51.fr/pages/Il_y_a_100_ans_la_revolte_des_vignerons_champenois-5691287.html www.cumieresenchampagne.com/historique/revolte-de-1911/]

1934 - __Krwawa Środa w Lublinie [Bloody Wednesday in Lublin__]: With over 8000 people were unemployed in this city, workers had held a series of rallies demanding a public works programme. Following the latest protest, the authorities had promised to respond within two days. On the morning of April 11, people had begun gathering from 08:00 outside the State Employment Agency Office (Państwowego Urzędu Pośrednictwa Pracy) at ul. Lubomelska waiting for a positive response. By 10:00 there were 3,000 people present. At midday, a junior official of the district general administration appeared to ask for an 8-member delegation, which included Communists and a member of the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Lewica (Polish Socialist Party - Left), to be selected. The authorities' response turned out to be negative, and the crowd began a spontaneous protest When their demand to speak to the Voivode or Governor of Lublin, Józef Rożniecki, they started pulling down fences and levering up cobblestone to attack the building with. The few cops on the spot ran away. An 80-man police detachment arrived and managed to free the besieged workers inside the PUPP building. Fighting broke out between the police and and the growing ranks of protestors as the former attack the crowd with rifle butts, bayonets and tear gas. When the police began to fire on them, the crowd, who contained many women and children, were taken by surprise and panic, and began fleeing towards the city centre with the cops in hot pursuit. 71 protesters were arrested, with two of their number killed and twelve others hospitalised with gunshot wounds (many others sought treatment elsewhere to avoid arrest). Fourteen policemen were injured. After the events, workers' self-help was organised to support the families of the injured workers and the unemployed. On April 18, 1934, a strike in protest at the police's actions on 'Bloody Wednesday' took place in Lublin, with about 1,500 people taking part. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krwawa_środa_w_Lublinie] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]
 * = 12 || 1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: Troops attack and take the insurgent district of Guillotière, after having destroyed numerous houses with artillery.

1885 - Léon Lacombe aka 'Léontou' & 'Le Chien' (d. 1913), French individualist anarchist and miner, who was involved in a series of illegaist actions including robberies and the killing of a police informer, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7386]

[B] 1900 - Florence Reece (née Patton; d. 1986), American social activist, poet and folk song writer, born. The wife of an union organiser for United Mine Workers which was engaged in industrial action in Harlan County, Kentucky in 1931. One night, they heard that men were coming to kill Sam Reece and he got out of the house just before they arrived. Deputies hired by the mining company entered and searched her home, terrorising Florence and her children in the process. After they’d gone, Florence was so outraged that she tore the calendar off the kitchen wall and wrote the lyrics to '//Which Side Are You On?//' on the back.

"Come all you poor workers Good news to you I’ll tell  How that good old union  Has come in here to dwell

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

We’re starting our good battle We know we’re sure to win Because we’ve got the gun thugs Are looking very thin

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

You go to Harlan County There is no neutral there You’ll either be a union man Or a thug for J.H. Blair

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

They say they have to guard us To educate their child Their children live in luxury Our children almost wild

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

Gentleman, can you stand it? Oh, tell me how you can Will you be a gun thug Or will you be a man?

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

My daddy was a miner He’s now in the Aran sun He’ll be with you fellow workers Till every battle’s won

Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

Now all of you know which side you’re on And they’ll never keep us down!"

[F] 1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing / Iron Workers' Bombing Campaign__: Iron Workers union member Ortie McManigal, who had allegedly (according to the National Erectors' Association's paid spy on the Iron Workers' executive board) had been handling the Iron Workers' bombing campaign on orders from union president Frank M. Ryan and secretary-treasurer John J. McNamara, and James J. McNamara, who had been overheard by an undercover private eye boasting of having committed the bombing, are arrested in a hotel in Detroit by William J. Burns, the private detective who had been investigating the iron works bombings for the past four years. Dynamite, blasting caps and alarm clocks are found in their suitcases. They are told they were being arrested for robbing a bank in Chicago and, since they had watertight alibis for that alleged crime, both men agreed to accompany Burns and the police officers back to Chicago. They end up in the private residence of Chicago Police Sergeant William Reed, where Burns persuades McManigal that he can save himself by cutting a deal with authorities. In return for the promise of a lighter sentence, McManigal signs a statement the following day (13th) claiming that he had not participated in the Times bombing, but that James McNamara had told him all about it, and that McNamara and two others, Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan (who both evaded arrest until 1915) had carried out the bombing and that other Iron Worker leaders, including Ryan, J. J. McNamara, and the spy Herbert Hockin had also been involved. [see: Oct. 1]

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet__]: Workers in the Condensed Milk Company’s Lansdowne factory, most of whom would be affected by the Royal Irish Constabulary permit order, strike in protest against it. [see: Apr. 9]

1920 - __Märzaufstand / Ruhraufstand__: General von Watter forbids his soldiers from engaging in "unlawful behaviour". The actions of both sides in the fighting have been described as showing "a maximum of cruelty". By the end of the fighting, the participants in the uprising had lost in excess of 1,000 lives, the Reichswehr 208 dead and 123 missing, and Freikorps about 273 lives. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhraufstand en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army www.ruhr1920.de/ www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html deu.anarchopedia.org/Ruhraufstand]

1927 - __Shanghai Commune [上海工人三次武装起义 ( Shanghai Workers March Armed Uprising )__]: The Shanghai Commune is betrayed by the Communist Party and falls into the hands of K.M.T. troops. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927 zh.wikipedia.org/zh/上海工人三次武装起义 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrew-flood-towards-an-anarchist-history-of-the-chinese-revolution www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2009-04-21/china-1925-1927 en.internationalism.org/icconline/2007/china-march-1927 dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/2356/D_Jiang_Hongsheng_a_201005.pdf?sequence=1]

1931 - Teresa Claramunt i Creus (b. 1862), Catalan textile worker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist pioneer, dies. [see: Jun. 4]

1942 - Henk Sneevliet aka 'Maring' (Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet; b. 1883), Dutch union leader, Communist, Trotskyist and founder of the the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front (MLL-Front) anti-fascist resistance group, is execution in the Amersfoort KZ (concentration camp) along with other members of the MLL-Front leadership. Reportedly they went to their deaths singing '//The Internationale//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet] || The strike had begun in the wake of protests against low wages and, in particular, the tyranny of two autocratic foremen in local porcelain factories. The industrial unrest had started amongst local locksmiths, and they and the workers at a footwear manufacturers, Maison Fougeras, a makers of shoes and clogs. were the first groups of workers to go out on strike. In March 1905, a number of felt manufactures (involved in the hat industry) also joined the growing strike movement. That same month the appointment of a new general, Marie Charles Tournier, a militant Catholic, at the head of the Limoges military region, was badly received in Limoges, 'la ville rouge' or 'la Rome du socialisme' as the town was popularly known. Subsequently, workers at the Haviland porcelain factories also went out on strike. Emboldened by the actions of their fellow workers, they too sought to challenged the conditions under which they were employed and, more expressly, the power of their supervisors – droit de seigneur – not only as to who was employed, but also how much they were paid on piecework rates and the sexual exploitation that the predominantly young and female workforce had to suffer at their hands. The main targets of the potiers-porcelainiers' ire were Penaud, the hated director of the painting workshops at Théodore Haviland's Place des Tabacs factory, who was accused of sexually exploiting and abusing young female workers subordinate to him, and Jean-Baptiste Sautour, chief engineer at Charles Haviland's Avenue Garibaldi works, accused of having sacked a worker who had buried her dead child without any religious ceremony, and who had also discriminated upon religious grounds and encouraged others to bully their fellow workers upon the same basis. By April 13, the strike had extended throughout the whole industry and in Limoges itself the atmosphere of unrest had grown with widespread picketing and protests. The red flag was now flying over the Théodore Haviland's factory in response the owner, who had American roots, having raised the flag of the United States there. The same day the bosses ordered a lockout. On April 14, 19 of 32 porcelain factories across France were idle and in Limoges the army now intervened, with General Tournier sending in the 12e Corps d'Armée. Fighting swiftly brakes out, barricades are erected in one of the popular suburbs, Ancienne Route d'Aixe, in response to the military killing a horse, a mare named Estacade, whose body became the centre of a new barricade (something recorded in a number of popular postcards produced illustration the strike and the unrest accompanying it. That same day Théodore Haviland was hanged in effigy by a group of youths and his car, something of an expensive rarity in those days, set on fire. The following day, Monday 15th, military reinforcement are dispatched to the town and all gatherings are banned by the préfecture. Increasingly angry, workers began invading and occupying their places of work, barricades were also being erected in the streets and armouries and gun shops looted. Elsewhere, protesters took to the streets with signs saying "Mort à Penaud, Mort à Sautour" ("Death to Penaud, Death to Sautour) and "Vous êtes tous priés d'assister à l'enterrement de Sautour et de Penaud" (You are all invited to attend the funeral of Sautour and Penaud). That night, a bomb exploded outside the house of the director of Théodore Haviland's factory, M. Chadal. Meanwhile, the police and soldiers had arrested an increasing number of people, not just in connection with the gun shop raids but also during the street protests, and on April 17, the workers' delegation attempted to gain the release of those arrest. Initially rebuffed by the préfet, they left the préfecture empty handed and, with the waiting crowd, they then went to the town hall to request the intervention of the socialist mayor, Emile Labussière. That attempt failed also. Instead the crowd proceeded to the county prison in the Place du Champ-de-Foire is a show of solidarity with those locked-up there. A large demonstration was then held in the Jardin d'Orsay opposite the prison to demand the release of protesters arrested on the previous days. A troop of horsemen (dragons) quickly arrived, provoking a violent confrontation during which the soldiers open fire without warning, mortally wounding a 20-year-old porcelain worker, Camille Vardelle, who had been a mere onlooker. Dozens of others were also injured by the troops. The day after the clashes outside the prison and Vardelle's death, the préfet was overwhelmed with demands for protection from Limoges' more prominent citizens, with a number of factory owners and their lieutenants complaining of having received threatening letters "de menaces de style anarchiste". News of the events of the previous days were also splashed across the pages of the world's press. Camille Vardelle's funeral on April 19 drew tens of thousands in a large demonstration of workers' solidarity. By the end of the week the town was much more quiet and the bosses finally lifted the lockout (Friday 21) following negotiations with union representatives, but there was no such respite for those, especially the anarchists, who had taken an active part in social unrest. They now became the target of repression: arrests, dismissals, expulsions from the city and the department, as was the case for Régis Meunier. On April 22, work resumed in the porcelain factories; but the workers had not obtained satisfaction on their main demands and the movement continued in other sectors, prominent amongst these was at the Beaulieu rabbit skin plant [rabbit skins were used at the time in the manufacture of felt hats], where the factory and the owner's house were blockaded. One year on from the Grèves de Limoges de 1905, the anniversary of the murder of Camille Vardelle in 1906 was marked by a clashes between protesting workers and police, and several libertarian militants ended up under arrest. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]
 * = 13 || [D] 1905 - __Grèves de Limoges de 1905__: In Limoges, 'la ville rouge' or 'la Rome du socialisme', the city undergoes significant social unrest following strikes by locksmiths, then shoe workers followed by the porcelain industry. The initial grievance that triggered the strike was a call for the removal of a tyrannical foreman which then extended throughout the whole profession. Today the bosses ordered a lockout.

1907 - Antonio Ortiz Ramirez (d. 1996), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-Franco and anti-fascist fighter, born. A member of the CNT at fourteen, he joined Los Solidarios in 1923 and was active in the Sindicato de la Madera, woodworkers section of the union. Following the declaration of the 1931 Republic, he was imprisoned following a strike and in 1934 joined the Nostros affinity group. During the Spanish Revolution he led the 800-strong Roja y Negra Colonna aka Ortiz Column, was made commander of the Republican 25th Division [Apr. 1937, but dismissed by the Communist authorities in the Sept.] and a volunteer French army officer during WWII, born. Following demobilisation, he was involved with José Pérez Ibáñez and Primitivo Pérez Gómez in the 1948 attempted assassination of Franco by bombing his boat from the air at a San Sebastian regatta. The subsequent exposure in the French press, and fearing for his safety, Ramirez went into exile in Latin America in 1951, first to Bolivia, then Peru and, in 1955, to Venezuela. In 1987 he returned to Barcelona, where he managed to recoup his salary as a Republican Army sergeant.

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing / Iron Workers' Bombing Campaign__: In return for a lighter sentence, Iron Workers union member Ortie McManigal signs a statement claiming that he had not participated in the '//Times//' bombing, but that James McNamara had told him all about it, and that McNamara and two others, Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan (who both evaded arrest until 1915) had carried out the bombing and that other Iron Worker leaders, including Ryan, J. J. McNamara, and the spy Herbert Hockin had also been involved. [see: Oct. 1]

1913 - General Strike in Belgium demanding universal suffrage.

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Within a month of Idaho having past a statute on criminal syndicalsim, the State of Minnesota passes its own statute entitled: "An act defining criminal syndicalism, prohibiting the advocacy thereof and the advocacy of crime, sabotage, violence, or other unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political ends, and assemblage for the purpose of such advocacy; declaring it unlawful to permit the use of any place, building or rooms for such assemblage in certain cases; and providing penalties for violations of the provisions thereof." Over the next three years, twenty-one states and two territories, most of which were in the West or Midwest, followed suit with their own criminal syndicalism laws. [scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/5046/853white.pdf?sequence=1 www.gutenberg.org/files/45758/45758.txt]

[FF] 1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet__]: A general strike is called by the city's United Trades and Labour Council, to which Robert Byrne (the local postal worker and member of the Irish Volunteers who was fatally wounded in the failed rescue attempt on April 6) had been a delegate. Running the strike was devolved to a committee that took to describing itself as a 'soviet' as of April 14. Delegates from the thirty five unions affiliated to Limerick United Trades and Labour Council meet to consider the situation. Their discussions last for almost twelve hours, ending at 23:30 that night. In the end, the decision was unanimous. The Council decides to call a general strike of all Limerick workers beginning at 05:00 the following morning as a protest against the proclamation of the city as a special military area. At a sympathetic printing works in Cornmarket Row, printers worked through the night on a strike proclamation. Within two hours, the city's walls are covered with this notice:

"Limerick United Trades and Labour Council Proclamation The workers of Limerick, assembled in Council, hereby declare cessation of all work from 5 am on Monday April 14, 1919, as a protest against the decision of the British Government in compelling them to procure permits in order to earn their bread. By order of the Strike Committee Mechanics' Institute. Any information with reference to the above can be had from the Strike Committee."

The Council elected a Strike Committee, chaired by the Council President, John Cronin, a delegate from the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters. Cronin was an unassuming person, but a great craftsman, having won a gold medal and certificate from the Worshipful Company of Carpenters for proficiency in his trade. Cronin's father had been also been President of the Trades Council and the son had followed diligently in his footsteps. The Trades Council Treasurer, the printer James Casey, was elected Treasurer of the strike committee. The third officer of the strike committee was an engineering worker named James Carr. The strikers also elected subcommittees to take charge of propaganda (including the publishing of newspapers), finance (incl. the printing of their own money), food (incl. control food prices) and vigilance - an early indication, perhaps, that they expected a long, rather than a short, strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Soviet theirishrevolution.wordpress.com/2011/10/18/the-limerick-soviet-1919/ www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,3944,en.pdf libcom.org/book/export/html/49663 whistlinginthewind.org/2012/10/06/1919-limerick-soviet/ www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,3944,en.pdf homepage.eircom.net/~paddytheassessor/lim/]

1919 - __Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik__]: An attempted counter-coup, known as the Palmsonntagsputsch (Palm Sunday Putsch), against the Münchner Räterepublik by the SPD-led Hoffmann Government in exile in Bamburg, as troops of the Republikanische Schutztruppe (Republican Protection Force) occupy Munich Central Station but are swiftly defeated by elements of the Roten Armee, under the command of the KPD military leader Rudolf Egelhofer. KPD factory delegates used the event to push for the transfer of power from the Assembly to a KPD-dominated Vollzugsrat (Executive Council), with Eugen Leviné and Max Levien at its head. Egelhofer becomes the Munich Stadtkommandanten, the city's military commander. Gustav Landauer and Ernst Toller acknowledge the Executive Council and initially also take part in the second phase of the Soviet Republic. A ten day general strike is proclaimed. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmsonntagsputsch de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: The Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias (Committee for the Lowering of Subsistence) publishes a manifesto demanding cheaper food and staples, transportation and rent. The committee had been launched ealier in April by Peru's anarcho-syndicalist unions to campaign for the reduction in the price of basic goods, which had been driven up by widespread specualtion in commodities. Given the post-WWI stagnation in salaries, the ordinary worker was struggling to get by, unlike the business class, who had seen a massive increase in their profits due to the availability of raw materials again. The government refused to listen to the workers' demands and on May 1 a general strike was declared. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1919 - Eugene Debs imprisoned for opposition to WWI. Socialist, pacifist and labour leader. While in prison he received over one million votes for President in 1920.

[F] 1933 - Pano Vassilev (b. 1901), Bulgarian militant anarcho-syndicalist, is assassinated in Sofia by the police whilst looking for a printer for May Day leaflets. [see: Oct. 17]

2005 - André Bösiger (b. 1913), Swiss anarchist and militant trades unionist, dies. A member of the Ligue d'Action du Bâtiment (L.A.B), and associated with Luigi Bertoni ('//Réveil Anarchiste//' - The Anarchist Alarmclock) and Lucien Tronchet. A founder of the CIRA (Centre International de Recherches sur l’Anarchisme). [see: Jul. 22] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]
 * = 14 || 1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: In Lyon, where the Insurrection of the Silk Workers began the 9th of April, the army gradually begins retaking the city, attacking, for the third time, the Croix Rousse district, and massacring many workers.

1881 - Jean Biso (d. 1966), French anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco and Vanzetti, and the Spanish Revolution of 1936, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7683]

[B] 1901 - Valeriano Orobón Fernánez (d. 1936), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theoretician, trade-union activist, translator and poet, who wrote the Spanish lyrics of the CNT anthem '//A Las Barricadas//', born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/cc2gs7 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4345 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Barricades en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawianka_%281831%29]

[F] 1905 - __Grèves de Limoges de 1905__: Today and tomorrow workers invade the factories, set up barricades in the streets and loot the armouries. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: A mob of vigilantes waits for Emma Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station and follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, and his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters I.W.W.. Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles. [www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/jul/04/unforgettable-big-noise/%0A]

1912 - Manuel Chiapuso Hualde (d. 1997), Basque anarcho-syndicalist writer, teacher, historian and activist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/avril14.html#chiapuso militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article865 ita.anarchopedia.org/Manuel_Chiapuso_Hualde]

1914 - José Palacios Rojas aka 'Piruli' (d. 2007), Spanish farm labourer, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Civil War combattant, born. Member of the CNT and FIJL from an early age, he received his education at the local CNT Ateneo. After the occupation of his village by Franco forces, when all of the local CNT committee and many militants were summilarily shot, he managed to escape to the Republican zone and join the militia, fighting on the Cordoba, Granada and Almeria fronts and in Madrid. Trapped in Alicante, he was taken prisoner at the end of the war and interned at the Albatera concentration camp and then in Malaga prison. Released after several years in prison without ever having been tried, Piruli continued to participate in the clandestine CNT. After the death of Franco he was involved in the reconstruction of the CNT in Seville, remaining a member until his death. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5964 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html archivo.cnt.es/noticia.php?id=3396 memoria-anarcosindicalista.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/ha-fallecido-jos-palacios-rojas-piruli.html]

1916 - Antonio Pellicer i Paraire (b. I85I), Spanish typesetter and anarchist, who settled in Argentina in 1891 who's article in '//La Protesta Humana//' and his book '//The Organisation of Labour//' (1900) were important in helping form the Federation Obrera Argentina (Workers' Federation of Argentian) in 1901, dies. [see: Feb. 23]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The strike end. Milans del Bosch and Martínez Anido, with support from the Federation of Employers and Military Defence Juntas, dismissed Governor Montañés and police chief Doval, considered too soft, and send them back to Madrid.

[D] 1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet] & General Strike__: A General Strike begins across the city at 05:00, which will remain in place until the ending of martial law. The committee set up by the city's United Trades and Labour Council runs the city as a 'soviet', maintaining utilities and transport, issuing their own newspaper and currency, and regulating food supply (food depots established and food sold at below market prices, profiteering prevented. The petty bourgeoisie, the small shop-keepers, participated readily enough in the strike, with a number of merchants and shopkeepers willing to give credit to the Trades Council and accept the new currency. The whole Limerick Chamber of Commerce sent to Andrew Bonar Law (the British Unionist leader and Acting Prime Minister), to Viscount French, the Lord Lieutenant, and to Griffin, a statement condemning the permit system. Sinn Féin backed the strike and Mayor O’Mara refused to leave the proclaimed area for his home, preferring to stay in an hotel through the stoppage. Outside Limerick there was some sympathy in Dublin, but not in the main Irish industrial area around Belfast. The National Union of Railwaymen did not help. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Soviet theirishrevolution.wordpress.com/2011/10/18/the-limerick-soviet-1919/ www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,3944,en.pdf libcom.org/book/export/html/49663 www.wsm.ie/c/limerick-soviet-1919-notes homepage.eircom.net/~paddytheassessor/lim/]

1920 - Today the strike and Councilist factory occupations in Italy, begun March 15, has spread, and is now general in Piedmont; in the following days it spreads through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers and railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts metiers.free.fr/dcanuts/canutsv.html www.lesinsurgesvoraces.fr/les-insurrections-des-voraces-1848-1849.php www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr/index.php/histoire_fr/content/download/2947/25784/file/thema_insurrections_canuts.pdf republiquedescanuts.free.fr/canuts.htm www.ainfos.ca/14/may/ainfos00047.html]
 * = 15 || 1834 - __Deuxième Révolte des Canuts / Sanglante Semaine__: The end of the 'Bloody Week' in Lyon. The second great insurrection of the Silk workers is subdued in a blood bath, with several hundred victims. Those insurrectionists captured, rather than killed, will appear in a "monster trial" in Paris in April 1835.

1836 - George Engel (d. 1887), German-American anarchist, labour union activist, IWA member and Haymarket martyr, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Engel libcom.org/library/engel-george-autobiography www.ephemanar.net/avril15.html#engel]

[F] 1906 - The Primeiro Congresso Operário Brasileiro (First Brazilian Workers' Congress) takes place [April 15-22] at various venues (Rua da Constituição 30/32, the Centro Galego, and the Teatro Lucinda) in Rio de Janeiro, during which the anarcho-syndicalist Confederação Operária Brasileira (Brazilian Workers Confederation) is founded under the auspices of the International. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederação_Operária_Brasileira es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederação_Operária_Brasileira www.diarioliberdade.org/opiniom/opiniom-propia/18336-a-criacao-da-confederacao-operaria-brasileira-1906.html ithanarquista.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/joc3a3o-g-f-mateus-o-sindicalismo-revolucionc3a1rio-como-estratc3a9gia-dos-congressos-operc3a1rios.pdf cpdoc.fgv.br/sites/default/files/verbetes/primeira-republica/CONFEDERAÇÃO OPERÁRIA BRASILEIRA (COB).pdf]

[AA] 1906 - Ricardo Mestre Ventura (d. 1997), Catalonian anarcho-syndicalist; construction worker; CNT and FAI member, born. One of the founders of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL); exiled in México City after the Revolution of 1936; cofounder of the Unión Distribuidora de Ediciones. “Anarchy is an art, a beautiful pink elephant; consequently, the anarchist is an artist, capable of taming his impatience, annihilating his fears and overcome his ambitions.”

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The Romanones government falls but the ex-prime minister helps cover up what was in effect a local military coup.

[1951 - Beginning of first strike wave in fascist Spain, starting in the Basque country and spreading to Catalonia. Workers from a number of different industries and cities participate, with over 100,000 defying the government's order to return to work] - **NB:** this is incorrect; see: libcom.org/history/1951-barcelona-general-strike [Mar. 12] ||
 * = 16 || [A] 1797 - The entire British naval Channel fleet mutinies off Portsmouth.

[D] 1871 - Demonstration in Hyde Park in London, in support of the Paris Commune.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The '//Real Decreto de 3 de abril de 1919: Jornada máxima legal en todos los trabajos//' on the 8-hour day is published in the '//Diario de Barcelona//'. [www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/trabajo/1919.htm]

1919 - __Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublik__]: Near Dachau (north of Munich), the Workers', Soldiers' and Farmers' Councils of the Republic of Bavaria led by Ernst Toller, rout the government troops sent to quell the revolution - a sadly short-lived victory. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html sppartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/ch07.htm]

1925 - Prominent anarchist activist Emma Goldman gives a lecture at the South Place Institute in London entitled '//An Exposure of the Trade Union Delegation's Report on Russia//'. The talk, which was repeated again in London on the 27th, had been organized by the British Committee for the Defence of Polish Prisoners in Russia. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/xerradagoldman1925/xerradagoldman1925.html]

[F] 1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: When employers refuse to recognise their union, members of the Minneapolis General Drivers and Helpers Union Local 574 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters go on strike, bringing trucking operations in the city to a halt. Despite a concerted and violent effort by employers, the police, and military, the strike ended successfully in August 1934, and was a turning point in Minneapolis labour history as well as being one of the important catalysts for the rise of industrial unionism in the 1930s. The Minneapolis general strike of 1934 grew out of a strike by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters against most of the trucking companies operating in Minneapolis, one of the major hauling centres of the United States, and the major distribution center in the Upper Midwest. Thousands of truck drivers were employed in the city's trucking industry, but many were unorganised and the General Drivers Local 574 of the Teamsters had been trying for several years – with little success – to organise drivers in Minneapolis. Since the turn of the century, the Citizens Alliance employers' organisation, a council of prominent local property owners and various right-wing elements active in local politics, had been the major force active during labour disputes in the city. The Alliance took a strongly anti-union line, and was often not averse to using violence to break up strikes. But Local 574 finally got a break. In February of 1934, the local won a difficult strike at a coal yard and the victory prompted thousands of workers to join the union en masse over the next few months. This gave Local 574 an unprecedented boost, both in terms of membership numbers and credibility among drivers and warehouse workers. By May, the number of organised drivers and warehouse workers in Minneapolis had grown from 75 to 5,000. However, many companies in the city refused to recognise the union. The only recourse left to the workers was to call a general drivers' strike. The strike began on May 16, 1934 in the Market District (the modern day Warehouse District) with the workers demanding recognition of the union, wage increases, shorter working hours and the right of the union to represent 'inside workers' – workers employed in distribution centres but who were not drivers, such as warehouse and loading bay workers. The strike brought all trucking inside the city to a standstill. It also used some techniques that were not at that time normally used in labour actions. Flying pickets were established and deployed from the union headquarters. They patrolled the streets in a vast fleet of cars and trucks to ensure that no scab trucks were on the move. They displayed a special union sign so as to prevent confusion. A committee of 100 strikers, which had broad representation from workers of most hauling companies in the city, was established to direct day-to-day issues and coordinate relief to strikers' families. The committee established a daily newspaper, '//The Organiser'//, which reported information and news about the strike to members and the community at large. A Women's Auxiliary group consisting of female supporters and the wives of strikers was set up to conduct solidarity work from the union headquarters, such as organise daily demonstrations at city hall, beef up picket lines, run a food commissary and help operate a small hospital for strikers injured on the picket lines and their families. Some of the women even took part in street fighting when workers clashed with police. The strikers committee also established an important link between the striking workers and organisations of the unemployed, who made up a third of Minneapolis' working population at the time. The support of the jobless towards the strike undermined the employer's ability to find scab drivers. The first major instance of violence was on May 19 when police attacked a group of strikers who were attempting to stop scabs unloading a truck in the city's market area. The market area became a central location for strike action and violence. Police attacks occurred again on May 21 and 22 when officers and members of the Citizens Alliance advanced on a group of 20,000 workers and supporters trying to stop the opening of the market area. By this time, many other workers in Minneapolis had followed the Teamsters on strike in solidarity. About 35,000 building workers had walked out in protest of the police violence and many more struck for union recognition. On May 25, employers in the city accepted many of the striker's demands and worked through other issues with the help of mediators appointed by the governor. The strikers returned to work, but in a matter of weeks it became apparent that the employers were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Many union members were fired. Between May and July workers filed more than 700 cases of discrimination. The companies also refused to recognise their agreement to let the union organise inside workers. The workers again took up the strike on July 17. Three days later, the most violent episode of the strike took place. A large group of unarmed workers were fired on by more than 100 police officers. They had been were lured to a street corner by deputies in a scab truck. The incident became known as 'Bloody Friday'. A public commission set up after the strike later testified that "Police took direct aim at the pickets and fired to kill. Physical safety of the police was at no time endangered. No weapons were in possession of the pickets". Two pickets, John Belor and Henry Ness, were killed and the hail of bullets. More than 65 other workers were injured. Many were shot in the back. The police violence left the working class of Minneapolis stunned, and offers of support and donations flooded in from other unions. Workers took part in strikes to protest the shootings, including a one-day strike of all of the city's transport workers. 'The Minneapolis Labour Review' reported that a crowd of 100,000 people attended Henry Ness' funeral. Governor Floyd B. Olson immediately declared martial law in Minneapolis, deploying 4,000 National Guardsmen at his disposal. Picketing was banned and scab driven trucks – issued military permits – began to move again. The union, seeing this as an attempt to break the strike, demanded that all permits be revoked and in defiance of the martial law, the workers vowed again to return to the picket lines on August 1. On the night of July 31, the union headquarters were surrounded and raided by the National Guard troops, who arrested many of the strike leaders. But rather than hide, the union rank and file called a mass rally demanding the release of the arrested union leaders. Nearly 40,000 people marched on the stockade. The leaders were released and the captured union headquarters was surrendered. The strike finally ended on August 21. Through mediation, the employers and Citizens Alliance accepted the union's major demands. Elections were held in workplaces and many more workers joined the union. Many workers also later won major pay increases through arbitration. The Citizens Alliance had been broken, and with it the backbone of resistance towards union organization in Minneapolis. Workers in many other industries began to organise themselves, and the city maintained a strong union presence throughout the 1930s. The strike was instrumental in building a strong union tradition in Minneapolis and across the Midwest, with a writer of the 'Minneapolis Labour Review 'later noting that, "The winning of this strike marks the greatest victory in the annals of the local trade union movement ... it has changed Minneapolis from being known as a scab's paradise to being a city of hope for those who toil." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934 libcom.org/history/1934-minneapolis-teamsters-strike libcom.org/history/minneapolis-teamsters-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher teamster.org/about/teamster-history/1934 www.laborstandard.org/MN_Teamster_Festival/Dave_R_on_1934.htm www.marxists.org/history/usa/date/1934/1934-mpls/index.htm]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The strike has spread as far as Turón and will soon involve workers in the Nalón Valley. At this point 60,000 workers are striking. The slogan taken up by the strikers is: "General salary raises and solidarity with our comrades". Franco responds with brutal repression, including detentions and beatings of workers and women picketing mines, coupled with deportations. Solidarity was important in sustaining what was an illegal strike. Shopkeepers and small famers provided food. In the neighbouring Basque Country fishermen worked extra hours so they could provide the strikers with fish. On Mondays throughout the strike, the women of the mining communities regualrly turned up to picked to prevent blacklegs entering mines and the management found that not enough works to run the pit so they usually declared a lock-out. The miners’ struggle also proved a spark for other workers for a general protest against the wage freeze. Over the coming weeks this involved 500,000 workers throughout Spain. [see: Apr. 7] || [www.ephemanar.net/avril17.html#17]
 * = 17 || 1833 - Arthur Arnould (d. 1895), French anarchist, journalist, novelist, member of First International and the Paris Commune, friend of Michael Bakunin, born. Collaborated on the '//Bulletin of the Jura Federation//'. Arnould wrote '//L'Etat et la Révolution//' (1877), a history of the Paris Commune, and a number of novels as A. Matthey - '//Le Roi des Mendiants//' (The King of Beggars; 1885), '//La Revanche de Clodion//' (Revenge of Clodion; 1882), '//Le Point Noir//' (The Black Dot; 1885) and '//Le Pendu de la Baumette//' (The Hanging of Baumette; 1881).

1870 - Robert Tressell (pen name of Robert Croker, latterly Robert Noonan; d. 1911), Irish writer best known his novel '//The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists//', born.

1905 - __Grèves de Limoges de 1905__: Pierre Bertrand and workers' delegates visit the Préfecture to ask the préfet to release strikers arrested for looting stores gunsmiths. [ postcard of red and black flags ouside the Prefecture ]. They leave empty handed and a large demonstration is held at the jardin d'Orsay to demand the release of protesters arrested on the previous days. Soldiers open fire without warning. 20-year-old porcelain worker Camille Vardelle is mortally wounded, and a dozen people are injured. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

1911 - José Luis Quintas Figueroa (aka 'El Quintas', 'Alfonso' & Clemente Cabaleiro Covelo; d. 1976), Spanish tinsmith, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of FIJL, MLE and CNT, and anti-Franco guerrilla, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6659]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Joseph Caruso is arrested in Lawrence as an 'accomplice' to the supposed shooter in the killing, 'Salvatore Scuito'. Having apparently been singled out by the police as a potential fall guy, he had been dismissed from various mills in Lawrence through the actions of the Callahan Detective Agency of Boston and Lawrence Police Inspector Vose had endeavored to persuade him to seek employment elsewhere with the intention no doubt to have the alleged principal disappear, a fugitive from justice. Instead, Caruso changed his name, secured employment and stayed in the city until his arrest. The mysterious 'Salvatore Scuito' was never found. [dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/strikers/caruso-ettor-and-giovannitti www.infoshop.org/pdfs/Our-Enemies-in-Blue.pdf]

[F] 1912 - [O.S. Apr. 4] __Lena Massacre [Ленский расстрел] / Lena Goldfields Strike [Приисках Ленского Забастовка__]: The arrival of the troops, sent for on March 22 [9] by the company in order to crush a strike by more than 6,000 gold miners, sees the swift arrest of the entire strike committee in the early hours of the morning in Bodaybo. A march had been organised the same day, and by mid afternoon about 2,500 workers march to the local prosecutor's office to demand the strike committee's immediate release. Met by a thick line of soldiers under the command of a gendarmerie officer, Captain Nikolai Viktorovich Treschenkov (Николай Викторович Трещенков), near the Naderzhdinsky* (Надеждинский) mine, the unarmed marchers are fired upon. When the shooting stops, an estimated 270 protesters lie dead, with another 250 wounded. [*aka the Nadezhda mine] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ленский_расстрел hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1912lena.php www.prlib.ru/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=1020 libcom.org/history/1912-lena-massacre www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/02/x01.htm]

1913 - __Congreso de Campesinos, Córdoba__: Held from April 17 to 24 on the initiative of Catalan peasants. Representations from Spain and Portugal came and it was decided to create the Federación Nacional de Agricultores (National Federation of Farmers) to protect and build the anarchist ideology in the peninsula. It was agreed to publish a newspaper entitled 'La Voz del Campesino' under the motto: "la tierra para los que la trabajan" (the land for those who work it). Their demands focused on the extension to the field of the Ley de Accidentes de Trabajo (Work Accidents Act) and the establishment of a maximum day and a minimum wage. It was recommended to extend the creation of rationalist schools. During the course of 1916-17 there were important strikes in the Andalusian agriculture, being of special importance those that began on May 1, 1917; The state would have to declare state of siege on May 28, 1918. [laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/federacion-nacional-de-obreros.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Nacional_de_Agricultores www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf elvia.uco.es/xmlui/handle/10396/6616]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Modesto Valentino is shot and killed by private detectives, hired gunmen imported from New York by the mill owners, murdered as he stood on his front porch. His only crime against the mill owners was that he was watching the strikers hoot at the scab-herders. He was not a striker, nor was he a member of the Industrial Workers of the World. The hooting so bothered the gunmen that they felt compelled to open fire on unarmed workers. Gurley Flynn described how he died: "[He] grabbed his child and started through the doorway, when he was shot in the back. His wife grabbed the child and her husband fell dead at her feet." Gurley Flynn went with a committee of strikers to visit the widow: "She was in bed, awaiting the birth of a second child. On the other side of a folding partition was the casket of her dead husband, parallel to the bed. The priest came in while we were there but he made no objection to our request [for the IWW to provide for the funeral.] She was a simple grief-stricken woman, who expressed her sympathy with the strikers, many of whom were her neighbors. She placed the blame where it belonged-on the company thugs who murdered her husband. It was a tragic example of force and violence by the employers in the class struggle-a worker dead, a woman widowed, two children, one unborn, left orphans-a story repeated all too often in my experience." [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1952 - The Central Obrera Boliviana (Bolivian Workers' Centre) is founded within the framework of the 1952 Revolution, replacing the Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Bolivia (Trade Union Confederation of Bolivian Workers), and has had difficult relations with all Bolivian governments since. It also supported the overthrow of President Carlos Mesa in 2005, calling for a general stike that January. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

1975 - Tonino Micciche aka the 'Mayor of Falchera', an Italian 23-year-old former FIAT factory worker, fired for his trade union activity, and long time anti-Fascist activist, is shot dead in Turin by a deranged right-wing security guard who owned a garage that was being occupied by Lotta Continua as part of a mass public housing project.

2014 - Conxa (Concha) Pérez (Concepció Pérez Collado; b. 1915), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana in the Columna Ortiz and anti-Franco resister, dies. [see: Oct. 17] ||
 * = 18 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Failed attempt to murder William Cartwright.

[D] 1812 - First Manchester food riot. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/18th-april-1812-first-manchester-food.html]

1850 - Charles Joseph Antoine 'Jo' Labadie (d. 1933), US labour activist, writer, poet, printer, non-violent individualist anarchist, born. His collection of radical pamphlets and ephemera became the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan. Around 1910 Labadie began to prepare for the preservation of the vast collection of pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, manuscripts, and ephemera he had acquired over his lifetime. The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor acquired the collection and continues to preserve and add to it. Today, the Joseph A. Labadie Collection is the oldest publicly-accessible collection of radical history in the world.

I shall speak out! Like the roar of the sea, I have a message. There is danger ahead and I would give warning. The greater the danger the louder the roar, And my foghorn voice is pitched deep and strong. I am the spirit of Discontent. I chafe under the galling collar of wrongful restraint, And Nature has conferred upon me the power of insight, of foresight. The things 1 see I shall tell, And the world shall judge be they true or false. I shall speak out! Who art thou that sayest me nay.? Whence come thy right and power to stopple my mouth And barricade the free flow of words to willing listeners? Who appointed thee guardian of speech? Who made thee custodian of ideas? Who commissioned thee jailor of progress? Thou art usurper and 1 flout thy authority! I shall speak out! My words shall sting thee, shall cut thy hide, shall drive thee to shame, shall whelm thee with remorse! Fool! thou standest in the light (»f thine own good,  Casting a blighting shadow on thine own soul!

I come with the blaze of the sun in my face. And thou canst not gaze with candor in mine eyes. I shall speak out! Thy criminal purpose would blow out the lights that guide the mariners to ports of safety; Would ruthlessly take the breast from hungry infants; Would blot out the signboards on the road to knowledge; Would fasten cords across the pathway to the spring of righteousness To trip the unwary and impede the watchful. I shall speak out!

'//Freedom of Speech//', in '//Doggerel for the Underdog//' (1910)

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Labadie theanarchistlibrary.org/library/anonymous-joseph-a-labadie fair-use.org/jo-labadie/ mises.org/library/joseph-labadie-american-original raforum.info/spip.php?article5679&lang=fr]

[F] 1872 - During the Toronto’s Printers' Strike for the nine-hour day, the Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald introduces the Trade Union Act into parliament. [expand] [www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/toronto-feature-printers-strike/ www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nine-hour-movement/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/toronto-workers-strike-nine-hour-work-day-printers-strike-canada-1872 rankandfile.ca/2013/08/14/the-nine-hour-movement-how-civil-disobedience-made-unions-legal/ www.une-sen.org/press/?p=1937 www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/viewFile/2659/3062]

[E] 1899 - Rosa Luxemburg writes and dates the introduction to her classic work, '//Reform or Revolution//' ( Sozialreform oder Revolution ; 1899). [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-April-18.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Reform_or_Revolution www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1900/reform-revolution/intro.htm]

1908 - The IWW poem '//We Have Fed You All For A Thousand Years//' is published in the '//Industrial Union Bulletin//'. "We have fed you all for a thousand years & you hail us still unfed  Though there's never a dollar of all your wealth  But marks the workers dead  We have yielded our best to give you rest  & you lie on crimson wool  But if blood be the price of all your wealth  Good God we have paid in full..."

[FF] 1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The U.S. National Guard is called out against striking West Virginia coal miners. Paint Creek-Cabin Creek coal miners on strike in Kanawha County, West Virginia are forced to defend themselves, beginning one of the most dramatic and bloody conflicts in the early 20th-century labour struggles in southern West Virginia known as the Mine Wars. The strike began on April 18, 1912, when the coal operators on Paint Creek near Charleston rejected the demand of their unionised workers for a wage increase. As the strike spread to nearby Cabin Creek and other non-union mining sections, the dispute focused increasingly on the larger issue of unionisation. While economics remained important, more of the strikers’ demands focused on recognition of the United Mine Workers of America as their bargaining agent and sought an end to the use of mine guards, black listing, and the denial of workers’ rights to free speech and assembly. The striking miners' demands were: 1. That the operators accept and recognize the union. 2. That the miners right to free speech and peaceable assembly be restored. 3. That black-listing discharged workers be stopped. 4. That compulsory trading at company stores be ended. 5. That cribbing be discontinued and that 2,000 pounds of mined coal constitute a ton. 6. That scales be installed at mines to weigh the tonnage of the miners. 7. That miners be allowed to employ their own check-weighmen to check against the weights found by company check-weighmen, as provided by law. 8. That the two check-weighmen determine all docking penalties. The Paint Creek miners very quickly decided to join the Cabin Creek miners and declared their own strike. The strike was one of the most violent strikes in the country's history and the ensuing guerrilla war between the strikers on one side and the mine oerators' hired thugs and strikebreakers on the other lasted from April 18, 1912 through July 1913. The confrontation directly caused perhaps fifty violent deaths, as well as many more deaths indirectly caused by starvation and malnutrition among the striking miners. In the number of casualties it counts among the worst conflicts in American labour history. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek–Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912 www.wvcoalmining.com/coal-news/looking-back-paint-creek–cabin-creek-strike-1912.html www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1798 www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/west-virginia-1912.htm www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/mother-jones-coal-west-virginia/ www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/motherjonesstrikingcoalminers1912.html]

1934 - __Krwawa Środa w Lublinie [Bloody Wednesday in Lublin__]: A week after the events of 'Bloody Wednesday', a strike is held in Lublin with about 1,500 people taking part in protest at the police action that day. [see: Apr. 11] || [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]
 * = 19 || 1883 - [O.S. Apr. 7] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The first mass strike of Polish workers, and one of the first ever mass strikes by female workers, took place at the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory), popularly known as the Hille and Dittrich factory in the 'Polish Capital of Linen', Žyrardów, [to be more accurate, in Osada Fabryczna, the Fabryczna workers settlement/village just outside of Žyrardów] on April 23–28, 1883. The immediate cause of the strike was the decision by the factory's owners to cut wages due to the financial crisis of 1882. Increases in costs had to be compensated for in some way so as not to diminish the profit of numerous highly-paid directors and department heads. After many discussions, they decided that the spooling section would be the first target - it did not make much money compared to other departments of the factory and the female spoolers, would be the least likely to fight back. On April 7, 1883, they were informed that according to the 1873 regulations, which only regulated the requirements and obligations of employees, without mentioning any obligations of manufacturers, that their next salary, paid every two weeks, would be reduced. According to workers' calculations, this would mean a reduction of more than 13%, which, given their already starvation wages, would require them working from 05:00 to 19:00 just to earn the same amount as previously, the equivalent of suicide. After many conversations, it was decided to hit, in the opinion of the manufacturers, into the weakest link, or women - the spikes, which were announced that their next salary, paid every two weeks, will be lower.

1889 - Juana Rouco Buela (d. 1969), Spanish-Argentinian dress maker, autodictat, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist pioneer, who helped create the Centro Femenino Anarquista (Women’s Anarchist Centre), with Virginia Bolten, Teresa Caporaletti, Marta Newelstein and Maria Collazo, and others, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/rouco/rouco.html libcom.org/history/buela-juana-rouco-1889-1969 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Rouco_Buela www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2694-juana-rouco-buela-feminista-y-anarcosindicalista-argentina.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/juana-rouco-buela.html]

1905 - __Grèves de Limoges de 1905__: Camille Vardelle's funeral draws a large workers' demonstration. The lockout is finally lifted, but the anarchists who took a very active part in social unrest become the target of repression: arrests, dismissals, expulsions of the city and the department, as was the case for Régis Meunier. The anniversary of the murder of Camille Vardelle in 1906, is still marked by a clash between police and several libertarian militants are arrested. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_Limoges_de_1905 www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=588&themeid= www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1905-Limoges-se-couvre-de www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos31251.html limogeslive.wordpress.com/tag/1905/]

[F] 1908 - The anarcho-syndicalist Confédération Syndicale Belge (Belgian Trade Union Confederation), the last of the various anarcho-syndicalist union movements formed in Belgium in the years prior to WWI, is founded in Liège. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_syndicale_belge fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail_(belge)]

[D] 1919 - __La Révolte de la Mer Noire__: Sailors Mutiny in the Black Sea, April 19-21. A French delegation, made up partly of anarchist sailors, demands suspension of the war against Russia, the return of the ships to France, and no disciplining for their rebellion. [expand] [libcom.org/history/black-sea-revolt-tico-jossifort libcom.org/history/black-sea-mutiny-marty-myth-role-anarchists fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutineries_de_la_mer_Noire matthieulepine.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/ils-ont-eu-le-courage-de-dire-non-les-mutins-de-la-mer-noire-1919/ www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no2/blacksea.html]

1945 - Julius Nolden, the former head of the Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD), is freed from Lüttringhausen prison by the arriving Allies. ||
 * = 20 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Colliers from Hollinwood and local mob attacked Mr Burton's manufactory in Middleton and again on April 22, 10 rioters killed. Food riots in Manchester, Bolton, Ashton, Oldham, and all through Cheshire north-east of Stockport.

[F] 1914 - __Ludlow Massacre__: State militia and company guards attack the tent city that striking coal miners set up in Ludlow, Colorado. Following a machine gun assault, they set fire to the camp. The exact number of men, women, and children who were killed that day remains unknown – the 'official' figure was 19, including two women and eleven children, asphyxiated and burned to death in pit dug under a tent that was meant to be safe in case of an attack by company goons. However, the true figure is more likely to have been around sixty six dead, many of whose bodies were abused by the thugs in uniform afterwards. In 2009, the site of the Ludlow Massacre was designated a National Historic Landmark. Ludlow was the deadliest single incident in the United Mine Workers of America-organised Southern Colorado Coalfield Strike (aka Southern Colorado Coalfield War), which lasted from September 1913 through December 1914 and formed part of the 40 years of the so-called Coal Wars in America as the mine owners sought to maximise the exploitation of the miners, using public law enforcement officers and hire goons to prevent the miners from organising at all costs – everything from harassment and intimidation to mass murder. Though heavily out-resourced and out-gunned, the miners and unions fought back resulting in an era of armed labour conflicts stretching from the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894, via the Colorado Labor Wars of 1903-04, the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912, the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, which included the Matewan Massacre on May 19, 1920, to the Harlan County War of 1931-31. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War libcom.org/history/1914-the-ludlow-massacre zinnedproject.org/materials/ludlow-massacre/ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/rockefellers-ludlow/ www.dailykos.com/story/2014/12/26/1354018/-Hellraisers-Journal-Mother-Jones-and-The-Red-Nurse-Helen-Schloss-Seek-Aid-for-Colorado-Strikers www.du.edu/ludlow/cfphoto.html upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/the-red-nurse-helen-schloss-at-ludlow.html l3d.cs.colorado.edu/systems/agentsheets/New-Vista/ludlow/ www.sangres.com/history/coalfieldwar01.htm www.du.edu/ludlow/cfphoto.html www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf]

[EE] 1915 - Maria Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' (d. 1936), Spanish anarchist and popular hero of the Casas Viejas Uprising in Andalusia, born. She earned her nickname from an incident when a guardia civil had ordered her to take off the red and black scarf that she habitually wore and she had refused, slapping the guard when her tried to take it off her. A participant in the Sucesos de Casas Viejas in January 1933, she was one of only two survivors (the other being a neighbour's child who she carried from the flames) of the conflagration of the hut of Francisco Cruz Gutierrez, nicknamed Seisdedos (Six Fingers), her grandfather, during the brutal suppression of the uprising. When the fascists took the city of Ronda in August 1936, the Guardia Civil sought her out and arrested her, snatching her son who was only a few months old violently from her arms. She was shot at dawn on August 23 1936 along side two others. She was later immortalised by Federica Montseny in her book 'María Silva: la libertaria' (1951). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Silva_Cruz www.historiamujeres.es/mujers.html#Silva www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1712-biografia-de-maria-silva-cruz-la-libertaria.html puertoreal.cnt.es/actividades-no-sindicales/1512-silva-cruz-maria-qla-libertariaq.html libcom.org/history/silva-cruz-maria www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/11/01/andalucia/1351775779.html]

1918 - On Memorial Day during a parade that included the Governor of Washington, the Mayor of Centralia, and other dignitaries, the IWW hall in Centralia is attacked by members of the Elks Club and the Red Cross(!). The IWW office is destroyed and the workers in it are beaten and told to leave town. Instead, they opened a new hall and continued their efforts toward improving the living standards of the working class. [NB. This is the date (a Saturday) given in Thompson & Murvin's 'The IWW: Its First Seventy Years' (1976). Other sources give the date as Tuesday 30th (wikipedia) and Monday 15th (editorsnotes.org). Memorial Day that year was on Tuesday May 27! Ralph Chaplin's original 'The Centralia Conspiracy' pamphlet only gives April 1918 as the date.] [www.iww.org/history/library/Chaplin/centralia-conspiracy/9 freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cainhome/remmen_album/emil_guard/centralia_tragedy.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_massacre_(Washington)]

1919 - __La Révolte de la Mer Noire__: Easter Sunday, almost all the sailors of the France and the Jean-Bart, instead of saluting the tricolour flag raised aft, stood facing the bow and sang the Internationale, while the red flag was raised on the bowsprit mast on both boats simultaneously. [libcom.org/history/black-sea-revolt-tico-jossifort libcom.org/history/black-sea-mutiny-marty-myth-role-anarchists fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutineries_de_la_mer_Noire matthieulepine.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/ils-ont-eu-le-courage-de-dire-non-les-mutins-de-la-mer-noire-1919/ www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no2/blacksea.html] ||
 * = 21 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Flogging of soldier who refused to fire on the Luddites during the siege of Rawfolds Mill. Cartwright himself intervenes to stop the punishment after 25 strokes. The full 300 strokes would probably have resulted in death. Food riot at Tintwistle and machinery destroyed at Rhodes' woollen cloth mill.

[F] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: A massive demonstration is held on Copenhagen Fields near King's Cross, London against the sentences of transportation imposed on the Tolpuddle Martyrs. Between 35,000 to 100,000 people attended the demonstration, which was organised by the Central Committee of the Metropolitan Trade Unions and marched through London to Kennington Common with a wagon carrying a petition with over 200,000 signatures for the remission of the Martyrs' sentences. Lord Melbourne at the Home Office refused to accept the petition although it was successfully delivered a week later. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900 www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/story/mounting-protest www.unionhistory.info/timeline/Tl_Display.php?Where=Dc1Title+contains+'Copenhagen+Fields+Demonstration'+]

1883 - [N.S. May 3] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On Saturday April 21, 1883, pay day, two weeks after having been told that their already starvation level wages were to be cut, the women from the 120 desperate women from the Spooling section headed to the director Tomasz Garva to ask him not to lower their wages. They explained that they could not live on this new salary rate but, despite their ardent pleas, they were thrown out the door. The women decided to reconvene tomorrow on their day off to decided what to do now. [see: May. 3]

[1894 - Workers storm the prison in La Salle, Illinois and liberate striking miners. **NO SOURCE**]

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 8] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Strikes break out in factories and at the docks in Odessa; the first of many in the city. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With the AFL now trying to muscle in on the strike after sending United Textile Workers organisers "with rosy promises of an easy settlement" [to quote Margaret Sanger] to try and take over the strike, they hold a meeting in the Armory where UTW leaders address the strikers. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24] [www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=302118.xml]

1951 - Giuseppe Pasotti (b. 1888), anarco-sindicalista and member of the Italian League of Human Rights, dies. [see: Feb. 10] || [www.ephemanar.net/octobre19.html#19]
 * = 22 || 1873 - Luigi Lucheni (d. 1910), Italian anarchist, born. Notably, on September 10, 1898, Luccheni stabs the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria 'Sissi', in Geneva, using a frayed file, as a symbolic blow against "the persecutors of the workers". The Swiss courts sentenced him to forced labour. He was found hung in prison in 1910.

1883 - [N.S. May 4] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The women Spooling Room workers from the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory) hold a series of meetings and conversations, finally deciding that they would not start work on Monday, which would result in the factory having to halt production due to lack of yarn. [see: May 4]

[F] 1906 - The anarcho-syndicalist dominated Federación Obrera Regional Paraguaya (Paraguayan Regional Workers' Federation) is founded by the Sociedad de Obreros Gráficos (Society of Graphical Workers), the Sindicato de Resistencia de Obreros Carpinteros (Union of Resistance of Carpenters) and the Sindicato de Cocheros (Union of Coal Miners). FORP's paper '//El Despertar//' appeared for the first time shortly after on May 1. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Paraguaya revistapolemica.wordpress.com/2013/01/05/origenes-del-movimiento-obrero-en-paraguay/ el-ambulante.blogspot.co.uk/2016/05/1-de-mayo-y-fundacion-de-la.html portalguarani.com/665_francisco_gaona/1662_introduccion_a_la_historia_gremial_y_social_del_paraguay_[ ]_tomo_ii_fra www.katesharpleylibrary.net/8932tm]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing / Iron Workers' Bombing Campaign__: Private detective William Burns and two local police burst into an executive board meeting of the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers in Indianapolis and arrest John McNamara. J. J. McNamara is taken before a local circuit court, where the judge refuses McNamara's request for an attorney and, without legal authority to do so, releases McNamara into the custody of Burns. From arrest to departure took 30 minutes. The same day, McManigal and J. B. McNamara are taken by Los Angeles police by train to California. All three men arrived in Los Angeles on April 26. [see: Oct. 1]

1912 - Wage Earners' League for Woman Suffrage holds first mass rally at New York's Cooper Union's Great Hall of the People. Rose Schneiderman and Leonora O'Reilly officially founded the Wage Earner’s League for Woman Suffrage on March 22, 1911 in New York City. [jwa.org/thisweek/apr/22/1912/welfws en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_Earner’s_Suffrage_League]

1916 - Oscar William Neebe I (b. 1850), US anarchist, labour activist and one of the defendants in the Haymarket bombing trial, dies. [see: Jul. 12]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: In the wake of the victimisation of strikers (despite the companies' agreement not to) and the ultimate provocation of paying non-strikers on the État, PLM and PO networks double, at the congress of the Fédération des Travailleurs du chemin de fer de France [Apr. 22-24], the revolutionaries in the Fédération Nationale become the majority. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 19] ||
 * = 23 || [F] 1883 - __La Bande Noire__: A bomb explodes at the home of a miner called Menénager in Mont-Saint-Vincent. This attack is the last of a series of six or seven actions over the past two months against informers providing information to the police. [see: Feb. 23]

1883 - [N.S. May 5] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the first day of the strike, 245 workers of the Żyrardów linen factory fail to turn up for work in protest at their pay cuts. [see: May 5]

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 10] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The government orders the establishment of local commissions to suppress peasant revolts but the harsh repression fails to stem rural unrest. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[D] 1918 - General Strike in Ireland ends conscription of Irishmen into British army during WWI.

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet] & General Strike__: The Chamber of Commerce discussed seriously whether its members should scab, as they were beginning to be hurt by the money shortage. They decided against for the time being.

1923 - Nair Lazarine Dall'Oca (d. 2010), Brazilian seemstress and anarchist, born. When Nair Lazarine married Virgilio Dall'Oca, she was joining a well-known Bralian anarchist family and they quickly became involved in the Centre de Cultura Social (CCS) after the couple moved to São Paulo to live with Aida and Nicola D'Albenzio, Virgilio's aunt and uncle. Both were active anarchist militants, with involved in the Federação Operária de São Paulo (Workers Federation of São Paulo; FOSP). Nair worked as a seamstress and Virgilio worked as a construction builder, collector bus, truck driver, and finally, a taxi driver. Despite financial difficulties, they contributed financial to many solidarity campaigns, especially those supporting the numerous Spanish anarchist refugees that arrived in Brazil at the end of the Spanish Civil War. The closure of the CCS by the State in November 1937 was a blow to the Brazilian anarchist movement but a group of mainly vegetarian and naturalist anarchists created a farm community in Itaim near São Paulo, buying the land and building the Chácara Nossa (our farm), where Nair and Virgilio went to live. The Societat Naturista Amics de la Nossa Chácara (Friends of the Naturist Society of Nossa Chácara) was established in November 1939 and went on to reopen the CCS in São Paulo on July 9, 1945. The Dall'Ocas were also financed and helped distributed the newspapers '//O Libertarian//', created in October 1960, and '//Dealbar//', started in September 1965. They were also involved in the Editora Mundo Livre in Rio de Janeiro, which published many anarchist classics as well as the works of prominent Brazilian intellectuals and libertarians. Following the establishment of the military dictatorship April 1, 1964, the Societat Naturista Amics de la Nossa Chácara decided to sell the farm and buy a new one at Mogi das Cruzes they thought better sited for their libertarian project. The Dall'Ocas and the daughter Clara were involved in raising the money for the Nosso Sítio (Our Place). In early 1969, the CCS was forced to close its door as it was no longer safe to operate there against the background of persecution by the military. After several years living in Itanhaem, the Dall'Oca family took up residence in the city of Santos and it was there that Nair died of a heart attack on August 20, 2010, after several years suffering from Alzheimer's disease. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7220 www.ccssp.org/ccs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233:a-familia-dalloca-e-o-anarquismo-em-sao-paulo&catid=41:padrao&Itemid=60]

1938 - The Poor Man’s Improvement and Land Settlement Association, representing over 800 farmworkers in Jamaica, petition the Governor for a minimum wage law: "We are the Sons of Slaves who have been paying rent to the Landlords for fully many decades. We want freedom in this the hundredth year of our Emancipation. We are still economic slaves, burdened in paying rent to Landlords who are sucking out our vitalities." [www.socialisthistorysociety.co.uk/labour-rebellions/ digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1500048119511~781]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: In less than fifteen days the strike has already affected many distant mines, including some of the large production mines such as La Camocha de Gijón and Minas de Riosa, flowing out of the central Asturian area and reaching smaller pits in Siero, Bimenes, Oviedo, Llanera, Carreño, Gozón, Quirós, Teverga, Tineo, Degaña, Cabranes, etc. [see: Apr. 7] || Of the 24 men arrested and sent for trial at Lancaster Assizes, four men [James Smith, Thomas Kerfoot, John (or Job) Fletcher and Abraham Charlston] were hanged for the burning of the mill and eleven others were sentenced to be transported to Australia for seven years for the act of taking or administering an illegal oath. Afterwards, the owners quit the town for good and power looms didn't return to Westhoughton for 30 years. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/24th-april-1812-westhoughton-mill.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhoughton_Mill]
 * = 24 || [FF] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: The steam powered Westhoughton Mill and its looms is destroyed by a large crowd of weavers and mechanics after a small force of Scots Greys that had been called from nearby Bolton by the mill manager earlier in the day had left. The crowd then ran across nearby fields and set fire to Westhoughton Hall, the home of R. J. Lockett, the previous owner of the Mill, before the troops and the mill manager, who had set out for Bolton to implore them to return and protect the looms, returned. The Riot Act was later read in the village square.

1878 - Marie Mayoux (nee Gouranchat) (d. 1969); known as Joséphine Bourgon, teacher, militant revolutionary, pacifist and libertarian trade unionist, born. Partner of François Mayoux and mother of Jehan Mayoux. Marie and François joined the socialist SFIO in 1915, earning places in the '//Carnet B//'. They were heavily fined and sentenced to 2 years in prison for the pacifist pamphlet '//Les Instituteurs Syndicalistes et la Guerre//' (The Teachers Union and War) in 1917 and were excluded from the French Communist party in 1922 during the purge of syndicalists. Both participated in the anarchist press including '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Voix Libertaire//', '//CQFD//', '//Défense de l'Homme//', '//Le Monde Libertaire//', etc. Excluded from the CGTU in 1929, they went on to support the Spanish Revolution and denounced the Stalinist repression. [www.ephemanar.net/juin16.html]

1883 - [N.S. May 6] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Tuesday, no more than three hundred employees now turn up work. [see: May 6]

1884 - Pierre Marie Le Meillour (d. 1954), French boilermaker, printworker, anarchist, anti-militarist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/avril24.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6862]

[D] 1916 - Start of the Easter Uprising in Dublin led by the Silk Weavers' Union and the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union.

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet] & General Strike__: Following discussions with the Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick, Dr. Hallinan, and the Mayor of Limerick, Alphonsus O'Mara, the workers' solidarity began to crumble. The strike committee, under strong pressure, shifted ground. After a long meeting, John Cronin addressed a big meeting outside the Mechanics' Institute, the headquarters of the strike committee in Lower Glentworth Street, and announced the terms of the decision taken. He called on all workers who could resume work without military permits to do so, and those who could not to continue "in their refusal to accept this sign of subjection and slavery". And the strike committee issued its final proclamation outlining the terms of the decision and ending on a hopeful if unrealistic note: "We... call upon our fellow-countrymen and lovers of freedom all over the world to provide the necessary funds to enable us to continue this struggle against military tyranny." The '//Irish Times//' reported: "This decision was made at the close of an anxious day of conferences and conversations'... After an exchange of views with a delegation from the conference, the Most Rev. Dr. Hallinan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick, and the Mayor called upon Brigadier-General Griffin and discussed the situation at length. Subsequently, his Lordship and the Mayor sent a joint communication to the conference, and it was as a result of this document that the decision was reached... This announcement, while giving intense relief to the citizens generally, had been received with mixed feelings by the strikers. Many of them are glad to get back to work, but others regard the result as a defeat, and feel that their sacrifices have gone for nothing. They were basing their hopes upon a national strike and, even when it became evident that this would not take place,they expressed their determination to continue the struggle. Their leaders, however, saw the futility of pursuing such a course and wisely decided to get out of an awkward situation as eracefullv as possible. When the decision was conveyed to the men this evening, they received it in silence, and the subsequent speeches of their leaders did not put them in better heart." [libcom.org/book/export/html/49663]

1920 - A General Strike in Piedmont, which spread on the 15th across northern Italy, raising the possibility of a victorious insurrection across the whole country, is today suppressed.

1989 - Tens of thousands of students strike in Beijing. On the 27th, 50,000 students march to Tiananmen Square in defiance of authorities. A prelude to anti-government protests in Tiananmen Square, where up to one million gather in May.

[A] 1999 - International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union halts West Coast shipping in solidarity with Mumia Abu-Jamal, a Philadelphia journalist whom many believed was on death row because he was an outspoken African-American. 20,000 demonstrators attended a rally and messages of support for their action came from around the world.

[F] 2006 - __Revolución Pingüina [Penguin Revolution__]: Following an announcement on April 24 of a new increase in fees for the Prueba de Selección Universitaria (University Selection Test - up to $28,000 Chilean Pesos or around £30 or US$50) and the rumoured introduction of a new restriction in the students's transport pass (Pase Escolar) that would limit reduced bus fares to only two travels per day, several schools in Santiago organised demonstrations in the Alameda Avenue (Santiago's main street) demanding free transport passes, bus fares and university admissions tests. These demonstrations by Chilean high school students, known as the Revolución Pingüina after the colour of their uniforms, regularly ended in some outbursts of violence and on the first large protest demonstration on April 26, the Carabineros (the uniformed police) arrested 47 secondary students. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movilización_estudiantil_en_Chile_de_2006 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile journals.library.ualberta.ca/jcie/index.php/jcie/article/viewFile/2227/2482 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/chilean-high-school-students-strike-win-education-reform-penguin-revolution-2006 www.americasquarterly.org/node/982 jovenesenmovimiento.celaju.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/CHI-16.pdf] || [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/festival/history-festival/1834-1900]
 * = 25 || 1838 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: The five returned Martyrs are the star guests at a Grand Dinner at White Conduit House, London.

1883 - [N.S. May 7] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: News of the dispute had reached Warsaw and as a consequence the Governor M. Medem and his assistant Martynow, arrived in Żyrardów on Apil 25. They were accompanied by troops from the tsarist army and Cossacks, to show the workers that if they did not return to work, the strike would be suppressed by force. [see: May 7]

1886 - '//The New York Times//' declares the struggle for an eight-hour workday to be "un-American" and calls public demonstrations for the shorter hours "labor disturbances brought about by foreigners".

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The St. Petersburg City Council meets with the 'Soviet of the Unemployed' (Петербурский Совет безработных), and pledges aid programs [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The new West Virginia governor, Dr. Henry D. Hatfield, issues what amounts to an ultimatum that the "strife and dissension must cease within thirty-six hours" under a set of terms for a settlement that he had drawn up.

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet] & General Strike__: There are the beginning of a return to work. [expand]

[F] 1947 - Workers at the nationalised Renault factory in Boulogne-Billancourt just outside of Paris go on strike over wage freezes. The day before, the Cabinet Ramadier had reduced the daily ration of bread from 300 to 250 grams. Within three days, wildcat strikes broke out throughout the factory, and nearly half of the company’s 30,000 workers were on strike. The government agreed to a 3 francs wage increases on May 8 and other economic benefits but, despite the CGT going back to work the following day, a third of the workers remained out paralysing factory operations until the government announced a 1,600 franc bonus and an immediate 900 franc advance on back wages.. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_1947_en_France]

1959 - Georges Alexandre Cochon (b. 1879), French tapestry maker, anarchist and very popular secretary of the 'Federation of Tenants' (ancestor of the DAL), dies. [see: Mar. 26]

1977 - Albert Perrier (or Perier), aka Germinal, (b. 1897), militant revolutionary syndicalist and resistance fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 7] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin26.html#meunier militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6955 revolutionnairesangevins.wordpress.com/dictionnaire/m/meunier-regis-dit-pieds-plats/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2604.html]
 * = 26 || 1864 - Régis Meunier (d. 1936), French militant syndicalist and anarchist propagandist, born. [expand]

1883 - [N.S. May 8] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The whole of the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory) workforce was now on strike, and crowds of workers from the plant (about 8,000 people) turned up the streets. [see: May 8]

1907 - __Belfast Lockout / Dockers & Carters’ Strike__: The series of strikes that eventually mutated into the 1907 Dock Strike begins at the Samuel Davidson's Sirocco Engineering Works in East Belfast with a walk-out by non-union workers demanding higher wages. The union members amongst Sirocco's employees were promptly sacked and the rest of the workers were each obliged to sign a document pledging not to join a trade union. The next strike occurred on Queen's Quay by employees of the coal merchant Samuel Kelly. This was after he had dismissed union members from his workforce and the Liverpool-born trade union leader James Larkin, who had successfully organised the dock workers to join the National Union of Dock Labourers, called for the rest of the coal workers to go on strike. On May 6, dockers working on the SS Optic owned by Belfast Steamship Company also went out on strike after refusing to work alongside non-union members. The strike unified both Protestant and Catholic in their battle for union recognition and the more than 5,000 striking dockers were soon joined by carters, shipyard workers, sailors, firemen, boilermakers, coal heavers, transport workers, and women from the city's largest tobacco factory. Most of the dock labourers were employed by powerful tobacco magnate Thomas Gallaher, chairman of the Belfast Steamship Company and owner of Gallaher's Tobacco Factory. Gallaher and Kelly were forewarned about the strike, and had sent to Dublin for 50 blackleg dockers and coal heavers to fill the strikers' places. Feeling that a strike was premature at this point in time, Larkin sent the dockers and coal heavers back to work. Upon their return, however, the men discovered that they were locked out with the imported blacklegs working in their stead. The locked-out NUDL dockers and coal heavers proceeded to force the blacklegs away from the Belfast Steamship Company's sheds and the coal merchant's quay. Although Kelly gave in and recognised his workers' rights to union membership, when Gallaher sacked seven women for attending a meeting held by Larkin, one thousand female employees of his tobacco factory walked out of their workplace in a display of solidarity on May 16. They marched to a strike meeting held that afternoon in Corporation Square. The women, however, were compelled to return to work the following day, in large part due to the fact that there were too many of them for any trade union in Belfast to take on and support financially through a strike. Following an incident on July 19 when an Royal Irish Constabulary constable refused to escort a blackleg driver of one of the traction engines used to replace the striking carters, 200-300 police officers attended an angry meeting at Musgrave Street police station. A week later, another illegal meeting attracted perhaps 800 officers, about two thirds of the Belfast force. Having prevaricated for a month, the military now rushed thousands of troops including cavalry into the city. Warships arrived in Belfast lough. This was effectively the imposition of martial law, and by early August some transport was moving in the city. A body blow to the unity of the strike, or at least the perception of working class unity, was the military reaction to rioting on the lower Falls. After responding to stone and bottle throwers with bayonet and cavalry charges, soldiers fired on the crowds on Monday, August 12. Although troops were withdrawn from the area on the following day, the damage had been done. A distinction had been drawn between nationalist and unionist sections of the working class, and opportunistic unionist and nationalist politicians, as well as the press, particularly the 'Belfast Telegraph', drummed home the sectarian message. By the end of August, the strikers were as good as defeated. Settling with non-unionised workers, retaining blacklegs, and locking out union members, the employers isolated Larkin and the dockers. Despite localised outbursts of unrest carrying on into the winter, the strike was effectively over and the employers’ reaction began. The Dock strike was ultimately ended on August 28 not by Larkin but by James Sexton, the overall head of the NUDL in Britain and Ireland. Although largely unsuccessful, the dock strike did led to the establishment of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Belfast_Dock_strike www.wsm.ie/c/belfast-police-mutiny-1907 www.socialistworld.net/doc/2741 www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/hadden/2007/05/belfast1907.htm www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/1907-dock-strike seamusdubhghaill.com/tag/1907-belfast-dock-strike/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin ulsternews.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/the-belfast-dockworkers-strike-and-james-larkin/]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing / Iron Workers' Bombing Campaign__: On the same day that J. J. and J. B. McNamara, and Ortie McManigal arrive in Los Angeles after their arrests, the private detective William J. Burns is arrested in Indianapolis for the kidnapping of John McNamara. [see: Oct. 1]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Passaic County Grand Jury indicts IWW leaders Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, Patrick Quinlan, and Adolph Lessig, one of the local silk workers' leaders and future IWW buisness agent, for unlawful assemblage and incitement to riot. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

[F] 1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: '//L'Humanité//' appeals to the "Mineurs, Marins et Dockers, à la rescousse des Cheminots" (Miners, Sailors & Dockers, to the rescue of the Railwayworkers". On May 3, the dockworkers come out on strike, followed on May 7 by metalworkers and builders, on May 11 by the gas and electricity workers... One after another, the major professional federations launch this "strike by waves". An unprecedented social conflict in France. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1922 - The Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacao Workers 'Tomás Briones') disaffiliates from the Confederación Obrera del Guayas, since "its organisational systems is embryonic and deficient and does not allow for protest action, nor does it meet the necessary conditions for the emancipation of the Proletariat - as stated In the Workers' Congress of 1920 - does not respond in any way to the futurist needs, demands and aspirations of the Proletariat, which, acting on a higher social plane, requires, consequently, institutions of higher principles, more compatible with the spirit of the century." [Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' manifesto, August 21, 1922] The ultimate outcome of this would be the country's first revolutionary trade union centre. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992]

1968 - Students at hundreds of colleges and high schools across the United States go on a one-day strike to protest the U.S. war against Vietnam. ||
 * = 27 || [D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Huddersfield. Assassination of William Horsfall, owner of shearing-frames and fervent, sworn enemy of the Luddites.

[B] 1878 - Victor Arendorff (d. 1958), Swedish writer, journalist, poet, lyricist, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Also wrote under the pseudonym Captivus. Began his journalistic career on the right wing 'Stockholms Dagblad' but resigned after 4 years there and began working for trade union, anarchist and socialist journals, including '//Brand//' (Fire). His books include '//Herr Husvills Visor och Andra Dikter//' (Mr Husvills Ballads and Other Poems; 1915) and '//De Valkiga Händernas Folk och Andra Dikter//' (The Calloused Hands People and Other Poems; 1928). [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Arendorff sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Arendorff www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-4904338]

1879 - Alberto Meschi (d. 1958), prominent Italian anarchist, syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Emigrated to Argentina in 1905 but was expelled in 1909 due to his libertarian and trades union activities. Active in Italy until forced to leave for France in 1922 with the rise of Fascism. In 1936 Meschi fought in Spain in the Rosselli Column until to the fall of the Republic. He returned to France, where he was interned in a concentration camp until the end of 1943 when he returned to Italy, joining the resistance movement and heading the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (National Liberation Committee) plus the Trade Union Headquarters of Carrara until 1947. For the next 20 years or so he worked on the anarchist trade union paper '//Il Cavatore//' (The Quarryman). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi libcom.org/history/meschi-alberto-1879-1958 www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/55-alberto-meschi- recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MeschiAlberto.htm]

1883 - [N.S. May 9] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The funeral of the dead strikers took place on Friday April 27 in the early hours of the morning in the Wiskitki cemetery. [see: May 9]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 14] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Premier Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) secretly resigns in disgust over the oppressive policies of conservative Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дурново,_Пётр_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Durnovo]

1911 - The first issue of the daily newspaper '//La Bataille Syndicaliste//', official organ of the CGT and its militant revolutionary syndiclaist members, is published in Paris. The newspaper quickly gains a widde circulation (45,500 copies in December 1912) but is discontinued in late October 1915 after 1638 issues.

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca and Patrick Quinlan, three out of the five IWW leaders are arrested at the train station following yesterday's indictment for unlawful assemblage and incitement to riot as they return from New York. This provokes a backlash from the strikers as they increace their picketing and other protests. Additionally, Haywood begins to take most of the lead. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1919 - __Sóivéid Luimnigh [Limerick Soviet] & General Strike__: Late on Sunday night, the Strike Committee issues another proclamation: "Whereas for the past fortnight the workers of Limerick have entered an emphatic and dignified protest against military tyranny, and have loyally obeyed the orders of the Strike Committee, we, at a special meeting assembled, after carefully considering the circumstances, have decided to call upon the workers to resume work on Monday morning. We take this opportunity of returning our thanks to every class of the community for the help tendered during the period of the strike." The Limerick Soviet had ended as suddenly as it began, exactly fourteen days previously. [libcom.org/book/export/html/49663]

[F] 1934 - The Federacion Obrera de Chile (FOCH) headquarters located at Calle San Francisco 608 in Santiago is assaulted by Carabineros and 'white guards' during a municipal workers' strike. Five workers die in the attack and 20 other left with bullet and sabre wounds. [www.archivochile.com/Historia_de_Chile/sta-ma2/2/stamatexrel000005.pdf] || An international day of remembrance and action for workers killed, disabled, injured or made unwell by their work. First declared by the AFL-CIO in 1970. "Remember the dead – Fight for the living." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Memorial_Day 28april.org www.tuc.org.uk/workplace-issues/health-and-safety/workers-memorial-day]
 * = 28 || [F] __April 28__ - International Workers Memorial Day.

1883 - [N.S. May 10] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Saturday, the strike came to an end and the workers returned to work in the factory. [see: May 10]

1883 - Etta Federn (Marietta Federn; d. 1951), Austrian writer (essays, biographies, novels, poems, etc.), translator, journalist, educator, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. She also published under her married names Etta Federn-Kohlhaas and Etta Kirmsse, and the pseudonym Esperanza. [expand] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120929 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Federn-Kohlhaas www.estelnegre.org/documents/federn/federn.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Etta_Federn libcom.org/history/federn-marietta-etta-1883-1951 buecher.hagalil.com/2009/06/etta-federn/ www.onb.ac.at/ariadne/vfb/bio_federnetta.htm]

1895 - Irmgard Enderle (Irmgard Rasch; d. 1985), German socialist politician, trade unionist and journalist, whose party codenames included Kleopatra and J. Reele, born. A student member of the Spartakusbund and later of the KPD, from mid 1919 she was a full-time worker for the party, including as the trade union editor of the KPD daily newspaper '//Klassenkampf//' in Halle and, in 1927, on '//Rote Fahne//' (Red Flag). A member of its right-wing, she was amongst those purged in early 1929, joining the newly formed Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Opposition) and in 1932 she joined the newly formed Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (SAPD)... [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Enderle de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Enderle]

1898 - In Ancône, Italy the show trial of the anarchists accused of criminal conspiracy against "the public safety and property" concludes. The trial began on the the 21st, following the failure of a General Strike in mid-January against price increases for bread. The defendants are represented by the anarchist lawyers Francisco Saviero Merlino, Pietro Gori and Errico Ferri. Errico Malatesta is sent to prison for seven months (but escapes in early 1899). Bread riots also break out in Bari and Foggia.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: With the strike movements in the transport sector running out of steam, the Fédération Nationale des Cheminots decides to call for a staggered unlimited strike (//grève illimitée//) from May 1. Those opposed to the strike in the different sectrs of the industry begin to assert themselves, and many railwaymen publicly declare their refusal to follow the militants, abandoning the strike. [see: Mar. 26] [www.chronorama.net/un_pays.php?pays=France&debut=10795]

1988 - Lucio Arroyo Fraile aka 'El Verdejo' and 'El tuerto Teruel' (b. 1904), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 22] ||
 * = 29 || [D] 1839 - Chartists riot and occupy Lanidloes in Mid Wales for five days.

1858 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes '//De la Justice dans la Révolution et dans l'Eglise//' (Of Justice in the Revolution and the Church, 1858).

[F] 1871 - In reaction to the Paris Commune, the civil governor of Barcelona decrees the prohibition of strikes and meetings and orders an assault on the local of the Las Tres Clases del Vapor, accompanies by the arrest of its president Climent Bové [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federació_de_les_Tres_Classes_de_Vapor]

1891 - Albert de Jong (d. 1970), militant Dutch anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, author and editor, born. [expand] [libcom.org/history/de-jong-albert-1891-1970 www.ephemanar.net/juillet28.html#adejong www.anarchisme.nl/RudolfdeJong.html]

[C] 1907 - Bolesław Stein (d. 1969), Polish doctor, anarcho-syndicalist and WWII freedom fighter, born. In November 1926, he was a co-founder of the Organizacja Młodzieży Radykalnej (Organisation of Radical Youth) in Krakow. From November 1929 chairperson of ZPMD in Krakow. Expelled from University for political reasons. Continued his studies in Wilnus [Vilna] (nowadays Lithuania). Worked in Liga Samopomocy Gospodarczej (League of Economic Mutual Aid). Since 1936 chairman of District Council of Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) in Wilnus. In April 1938 stood up court accused of libelling Stanislaw Mackiewicz, editor of the conservative paper '//Słowo//'. He was also penalized for publishing a leaflet and taking part in a strike. After his studies, worked in a military sanatorium in Rabka (southern Poland). On April 2, 1939, he became a member of Central Department of ZZZ. In 1939 mobilized in Vilna, but managed to get to Lviv (nowadays Ukraine) where he was co-initiator of anti-soviet conspiracy Rewolucyjny Zwiazek Niepodległosci i Wolnosci (Revolutionary Union of Independence and Freedom) which included syndicalists, socialists and peasant movement activists. The organisation was crushed in January 1940. At the same time Boleslaw Stein organized the evacuation of children from the TB hospital in Rabka. During WWII member of ZWZ-AK. From 1940 lived in Krakow. As director of St. John of God Hospital, he provided help to soldiers of Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army), Armia Ludowa (AL; People's Army), Jews, English pilots and others. After Warsaw Uprising he helped Warsaw fugitives. In 1945 he joined the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS; Polish Socialist Party) – after unification he stayed in Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR; Polish Unified Workers Party – communist regime party). Died 21st October 1969 in Krakow. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucyjny_Związek_Niepodległości_i_Wolności pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Związek_Polskiej_Młodzieży_Demokratycznej]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: The Fédération Nationale des Cheminots issues its public call for the various French trade union confederations to come out on strike in a staggered series of strikes in support of railway workers. [see: Mar. 26] In response, the Conseil des Ministres meets to dicuss and plan for the new strike announced by the Fédération Nationale des Cheminots and other public services across France. [www.chronorama.net/un_pays.php?pays=France&debut=10795]

1943 - __April-Meistakingen__: Workers in the Dutch town of Hengelo and the factories of Twente walk off their jobs in a protest strike following the German announcement that 300,000 Dutch army soldiers, who had been captured and released in 1940, were to be recaptured and sent to German labour camps, quickly spreads across rural northern and eastern Netherlands. The strike gradually spread to businesses in the north, east and south of the country. In the city of Eindhoven, every Philips factory shut down. In the province of Limburg, over 10,000 miners went on strike, followed by 40,000 total miners striking the next day. In Friesland, it was known as the Melkstaking because dairy farmers refused to deliver to dairies and gave their milk away free to the public instead. To combat these strikes, Nazi troops began shooting at the strikers throughout the country, and those strikers who were arrested were sentenced to death. This caused the strikes to be suppressed everywhere except in Limburg. To put down the strikes in Limburg, a German police force was sent to suppress the strikes with much violence. [see: May 5] [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/April-meistakingen nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/dutch-citizens-resist-nazi-occupation-1940-1945 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance]

1989 - __I Congreso Extraordinario de CNT-CGT__: The CNT-Congreso de Valencia aka CNT-U(nificación) changes its name to the Confederación General del Trabajo having lost the legal battle for the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo name. [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=8_de_diciembre valencia.cnt.es/que-es-la-cnt/historia/1979-1989-el-proceso-escisionista/ cgt.org.es/congresos -breve-introduccion-historica-0 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo es.wikisource.org/wiki/V_Congreso_de_la_CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CGT_(España) robertgraham.wordpress.com/2016/12/10/the-cnt-the-cgt-and-the-iwa-ait/] ||
 * = 30 || 1843 - Charles Keller (d. 1913), French poet, Paris Communard and Bakuninist, born. Companion of Mathilde Roederer, a militant in the A.I.T. and Jura Federation. Author of the song '//La Jurassienne//' which was put to music by James Guillaume.

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: The civil governor of Barcelona, Pascual Madoz, prohibited both factory closures by employers and the "collective abandonment of labour" by workers, and also introduced that requirement for workers' associations to get government authorisation in order to continue functioning. [see: Jul. 2]

1871 - __Commune de Lyon__: Following a call to boycott elections in La Guillotière, the Town Hall (Place du Pont) is occupied by the Guard Nationale to prohibit access to the polls with the complicity of the majority of the population. Barricades are erected on the Grand rue de la Guillotière and the Cours des Brosses. Under orders from the Préfet Valentin, the army arrives from Perrache to face a crowd of 20 000 to 25 000 people shouting "Do not shoot! [Rifle] Butts in the air! Don't go against the people!" The two columns of infantry take up positions by the Pont de la Guillotière and by the Rue de Marseille, and begin dispersing the demonstrators around 19:45 by shooting. The insurgents fight back from behind their barricades and the battle lasts until 23:00, when the military are getting artillery ready to break down the doors of the Town Hall. Thirty are killed in the fighting. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html]

1886 - On the eve of May 1, 50,000 workers in Chicago are on strike. 30,000 more swell their ranks tomorrow, bringing most of Chicago manufacturing to a standstill. Chicago cops kill four unionists on the 3rd. A demonstration will be held on the 4th in Haymarket Square; a cop is killed by a never identified assailant and eight anarchists (some not in attendance) are tried for murder and sentenced to death.

1894 - Raymond Lachèvre (d. 1976), French militant anti-militarist, anarchist and syndicalist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3025]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The Criminal Syndicalism Act of 1919 passes into law in California, making it a felony to encourage or provoke, in anyway, violence with a political motivation. It was used to outlaw speaking out against the government and to punish individuals who did so. The act’s main target was the IWW. The Act was not repealed until 1991. The act defined criminal syndicalism as "any doctrine or precept advocating, teaching or aiding and abetting the commission of crime, sabotage (which word is hereby defined as meaning willful and malicious physical damage or injury to physical property), or unlawful acts of force and violence or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing a change in industrial ownership or control, or effecting any political change." A person in violation of the act could be sentenced to prison. Whitney was tried, convicted, and sentenced to imprisonment. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: In the light of the railway workers' strike coming on top of the traditional workers' May Day demonstrations, the Conseil des Ministres orders the reinforcement of Paris' gendarmerie with cavalry regiments and infantry, who will collaborate with the forces of law and order service. The military will also occupy all train stations in the capital to try and prevent disruption and disorder. The Fédération Nationale reiterrates its call for a new 'débrayage général' (general strike/walkout). At the same time, a large number of unionised railway workers have begun resigning from the federation over the past few days since the announcement of the new strike. [see: Mar. 26] [www.chronorama.net/un_pays.php?pays=France&debut=10795]

[F] 1943 - __April-Meistakingen__: Countrywide strike. The Germans retaliate, executing over 200 strikers. The Dutch railways however keeps working. Radio Orange in London urges former Dutch POW's not to report again and advices the public to remain calm. [see: Apr. 29]

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: By the end of April, about 65,000 Asturian workers in mining and industry are on strike and the 'contagion' began to break out in the neighbouring province of Euzkadi, both in mining and in the iron and steel industry, effecting around 50,000 other workers. Demands to end a state-imposed wage freeze are also added to the strikers’ demands. The regime responds with mass arrests, beatings and torture. Strikers are forcibly sent to live hundreds of miles away. [see: Apr. 7] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)

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