May

"A Declaration of the grounds and Reasons why we the poor Inhabitants of the Parrish of Iver in Buckinghamshire, have begun to digge and mannure the common and wast Land belonging to the aforesaid Inhabitants, and there are many more that gives consent. The word of God hath witnessed unto us, that the Lord created the earth with all that is therein for whole Mankind, equall to one as to another, and for every one to live free upon to get an ample Livelihood therein, and therefore those who have by an unrighteous power made merchand­ise of the earth, giving all to some, and none to others, declares themselves tyranicall and usurping Lords over Gods heritage, and we affirm that they have no righteous power to sell or give away the earth, unlesse they could make the earth likewise, which none can do but God the eternall Spirit."
 * = MAY ||
 * = 1 || 1650 - The Diggers at Iver issue their declaration:

1654 - By Order of Parliament: "Under penalty of death, no Irish man, woman, or child, is to let himself, herself, itself be found east of the River Shannon."

1811 - Andreas Laskaratos (Ανδρέας Λασκαράτος, d. 1901) Greek radical satirical poet and writer, born. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ανδρέας_Λασκαράτος 1hellinas.blogspot.co.uk/2007_10_01_archive.html www.edessalibrary.gr/index.php?com=newsc&id=489]

1838 - Louis Champalle (d. unknown), French weaver and anarchist, who was involved in the //Procès des 66//, born.

1844 - Five days of beer riots [May 1-5] begin in Bavaria following King Ludwig I of Bavaria's decision to introduce a tax on beer. Crowds of urban workers beat up police while the Bavarian army showed reluctance to get involved. Civil order was restored only after the King decreed a ten percent reduction in the price of beer.

1849 - __Palatine Uprising__: A meeting of the democratic people's associations is held in Kaiserslautern. About 12,000 people gathered under the slogan, "If the government becomes rebellious, the citizens of the Palatinate will become the enforcers of the laws". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1884 - Eugène Camille Marie Dieudonné aka 'Aubertin' (d. 1944), French individualist, illegalist anarchist and member of the Bonnot Gang, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Dieudonné militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1275 anarchie23.centerblog.net/6582864-Eugene-DIEUDONNE spartacus-educational.com/ANA-Eugene_Dieudonne.htm]

1885 - André Gill (born Louis-Alexandre Gosset de Guînes; b. 1840), French republican and anti-clerical caricaturist, dies. [see: Oct. 17]

[B] 1885 - Clément Pansaers (d.1922), French language Belgian poet, artist (painting, engraving and sculpture), libertarian, internationalist and anti-militarist, born. The main proponent of the Dada movement in Belgium, he was a close friend of Carl Einstein. He was responsible for the '//Dada, sa naissance et sa mort//' issue of '//Ca Ira//' (no. 16) in 1921 and wrote the widely admired Dadaist works '//Pan-Pan au Cul du Nu Nègre//' (1920), '//Bar Nicanor//' (1921) and '//L'Apologie de la Paresse//' (The Apology for Laziness; 1922), and also published under the pseudonym Julius Krekel. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_Pansaers archives.aml-cfwb.be/ressources/public/MLA/22732/ELB-AML-MLA-22732.pdf]

[FF] 1886 - __General Strike for the 8-Hour Day__: First US countrywide General Strike for 8-hour day, commemorated in 1889 as the first International Labour Day. 340,000 workers in Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities strike. Four demonstrators are killed and over 200 wounded when police attack the Chicago rally. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair#May_Day_parade_and_strikes www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday denvergeneralstrike.noblogs.org/files/2012/02/consulta_handout_may1_genstrike.pdf h2g2.com/edited_entry/A627662]

[FF] 1886 - __Bay View Massacre or Bay View Tragedy__: About 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St. Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, angrily denouncing the ten-hour workday. The protesters marched through the city, calling on other workers to join them. All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills. Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields. On the morning of May 5, as protesters chanted for the eight-hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, some of whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene, including a child. The '//Milwaukee Journal//' reported that eight more would die within twenty-four hours, adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_View_massacre libcom.org/history/1886-bay-view-massacre www.theclio.com/web/entry?id=13666 www.linkstothepast.com/milwaukee/bayviewmassacre.php]

1886 - The Melbourne Anarchist Club is founded.

1890 - 30,000 march in Chicago May Day demonstration as the newly prominent American Federation of Labour throws its weight behind the 8-hour day campaign. May Day labour demonstrations spread to 13 other countries.

1890 - In Vienna, the working population responding to the call of anarchist Louise Michel, Eugène Thennevin and Peter Martin takes to the streets to encourage those working to strike. News of the planned protests and the workers' demands of a reduction in the working day to 8 hours, the introduction of universal suffrage, a pension and invalidity, widow's and orphan care and benefits, had spread fear amongst the city's bosses and bourgeoisie. The marches were banned, with the editorial of the May 1 edition of the '//Neue Freie Presse//' claiming: "The soldiers are on standby, the doors of the houses are closed, in the homes provisions are being prepared for a siege, the shops are deserted, women and children dare not venture on to the street." However, the working population was not intimidated and more than 100,000 took to the streets bearing red flags and black flags and singing '//La Carmagnole//' but it does not take long before the agents of law and order arrive. In response to their intervention, barricades were erected, a textile factory was ransacked and, inevitably, leaders amongst the workers were arrested. Spontaneous strikes broke out, which continued for a week. In August 1890, three anarchists were handed down long sentences by the Assize Court in Isere for their supposed part in these events. [see: Aug. 8]

1890 - The first May Day celebration in Poland gathers about 10,000 Warsaw workers. All nine organisers are arrested and sent to prisons in Russia (two of them die there) after the famous 'May Day Trial'.

1890 - 1st May Demonstrations in Italy and clashes in Livorno between workers and authorities occurs.

[DD] 1891 - __Fusillade de Fourmies__: In the industrial city of Fourmies in northern France workers had been campaigning for the 8-hour day and planned a general strike for May 1, encouraged by amongst others Paul Lafargue. On April 30th the local factory owners had put posters up on the walls of Fourmies stating their determination to make no concessions. Under their leadership, the mayor asked for two infantry companies of the 145th regiment of the line to be send in. At 05:00 200 protesters try to bring out the Sans-Pareille factory and the owner calls in the police. The protesters sing the '//Marseillaise//' and chant demands for the 8-hour day. 06:00 the first arrests are made. 09:00 with strikers trying to persuade those not on strike to come out and tension mounting as further arrests are made, five mounted police charge the crowd of 2000 people. Amazed and indignant, the crowd responds by throwing stones. Five demonstrators were arrested and locked up at City Hall. More troops arrive. 10:00: At the Town Hall Square a workers' delegations and a crowd of around 800 people, including women and children carrying flowers and palms. Attempts to clear the square by the police ended in failure. Two more workers are arrested. On the church steps Hippolyte Culine, a local labour leader, calls for calm and that the festivities continue. Troops shooting in the air clears the square. 11:30 - 13:30: A workers' delegation is received by the mayor, who postpones for a few hours the release of prisoners; this has the effect of increasing tension, and thus the cancellation of the festivities. The mayor, the sub-prefect and the deputy prosecutor then go to talk to Francois Boussus, the most influential textile boss in the region. At 16:30 protesters occupied the corner of Noizet where they are beaten and dispersed by mounted police. At 17:00 a crowd demanding the release of prisoners gain gathers, whilst the city officials return to the town hall. 18:30: The tension is extreme amongst the crowd of 150-200, who are faced by 300 soldiers equipped with the new Lebel rifle - it contains 9 bullets that can easily pass through 3 bodies when fired from less than 100 metres. As a few stones are thrown, the troops' commander, Chapus, orders them to fire in the air. The crowd do not flee, even when Chapus orders "Baïonnette! En avant!" The crowd and their flag bearer Kléber Giloteaux instead advance. Chapus responds by crying "Feu! feu! feu rapide! Visez le porte-drapeau!" (Fire! Fire! Rapid fire! Aim for the flag bearer!) Nine people are killed, including 4 young women shot in the head, Giloteaux and two children aged 11 and 14 years-old. At least 35 are also left injured. Culine and Lafargue both arrested later that month and sentenced to prison for incitement to murder, Culine receives 6 years imprisonment and Lafargue one. A lockout of 1,200 workers is pronounced by the three main employers in the city, which is enforced with the help of the army. The Chamber of Deputies eventually votes to amnesty the arrested protesters. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Fourmies alain.delfosse.pagesperso-orange.fr/fourmies.htm lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/2014/05/1891-massacre-de-fourmies.html]

1891 - __Affaire de Clichy__: In the Levallois-Perret district of Paris, a few dozen activists gather In the Place de la République. Unfurling an improvised red flag, they set off on a spontaneous march to nearby Clichy. As police officers try to seize the flag, a fight and shoot-out occurs. Most protesters escape but Henri Louis Decamps, Charles Auguste Dardare and Louis Leveillé, who has a bullet wound, are arrested. In the commissariat (police station) in Clichy they are severely beaten and are refused medical aid. At their trial on Aug. 28, 1891, the Advocate General Léon Bulot failed to secure a death sentence but the sentences passed were still severe: Henri Louis Decamps was sentenced to five years in prison and Charles Auguste Dardare to three years. Louis Leveillé was acquitted. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_de_Clichy lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/1891-l-affaire-de-clichy dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php]

1891 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: The Fascio di Catania, the first such truly effective organisation, is established. Its formation effectively kick-started the Fasci movement in Sicily. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1891 - The first issue of '//Le Pot à Colle//' (The Glue Pot), published by l'Union Syndicale de l'Ebénisterie et du Meuble Sculpté (syndicalist union of joiners and furniture carvers), appears in the Bagnolet district of Paris

1891 - In Rome, where the internationalist anarchist Amilcare Cipriani and Galileo Palla are speaking at a rally calling for the reduction of the working day to eight hours, the police attack the crowd of more than two hundred with their swords. The crowd retaliate with stones. A worker, Antonio Picistrelli, and a police officer are killed and more than a hundred injured. Over two hundred people are arrested in the following days, including Cipriani and Palla. [www.lazio.cgil.it/archiviostorico/item.asp?ar=1&liv1=1&sz=1&sz2=1&se=2&st=5&liv4=1&liv3=2&liv2=5 unionesindacaleitaliana.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/roma-1-maggio-1891.html]

1891 - __Australian Shearers' Strike / Great Shearers' Strike of 1891__: One of the first May Day marches in the world takes place during the 1891 strike in Barcaldine. The 'Sydney Morning Herald' reported that 1340 men took part of whom 618 were mounted on horse. Banners carried included those of the Australian Labor Federation, the Shearers' and Carriers' Unions, and one inscribed "Young Australia". The leaders wore blue sashes and the Eureka Flag was carried. The 'Labor Bulletin' reported that cheers were given for "the Union", "the Eight-hour day", "the Strike Committee" and "the boys in gaol". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Australian_shearers'_strike]

1892 - Anarchists disrupt the Central Labour Union's May Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In retaliation, the organisers of the celebration stop Emma Goldman's speaking by hitching a horse to the open wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.

1893 - André Veidaux produces a special anarchist edition of the Parisian fortnightly arts review '//La Plume//', which is illustrated by Camille and Lucien Pissarro, Adolphe Willette, Maximilien Luce, Duclos and Henri-Gabriel Ibels.

1894 - __May Day Riots in Cleveland__: A series of violent demonstrations and riots take place throughout Cleveland, Ohio in the wake of the city's soaring unemployment rate stemming from the Panic of 1893, ending rioting amongst the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894]

1896 - The first issue of the fortnightly anarchist newspaper '//L'Insurge//' is published in Brussels.

1896 - At a demonstration in Union Square, Emma Goldman helps to distribute a May Day anarchist manifesto written by her and a group of American-born comrades in New York.

1898 - Anna Olay (Chaia Edelstein; d. 1957), Lithuanian-American anarchist militant, born. She arrived in New York in April 1906 and became involved in the Free Society Group in Chicago. Along with her husband Maximiliano Olay, she ran the Spanish Labour Press Bureau, a news service for the anarchists during the Spanish revolution. A few years after her husband died she came to Los Angeles, living briefly with the anarchist Dora Stoller Keyser. Olay continued to live in the Los Angeles area until she committed suicide on February 25, 1957. It should be noted that Olay's son, Lionel Olay, was a hippie/beatnik anarchist and author. He was a close associated of Hunter S. Thompson before passing due to a stroke. [es-la.facebook.com/Black-Rose-Historical-and-Mutual-Aid-Society-259850690697064/]

1899 - [N.S. May 13] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 13] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1905 - In Poland, 60 workers found dead after fights with police on May Day.

1905 - [N.S. May 14] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: 200,000 workers go on strike in nearly 200 towns throughout Russia. [www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1905 - The Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú" (Workers' Union of Bakeries "Star of Peru"), which the previous year had been reconstituted from the remnants of the old union and the Sociedad Obrera de Panaderos, led by Manuel C. Lévano, which had disbanded from the craft-based Confederación de Artesanos "Unión Universal" (Confederation of Craftsmen "Universal Union"), adopts a new constitution. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/v41qc1 periodicohumanidad.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/historia-de-la-federacion-de-obreros-panaderos-estrella-del-peru/]

1907 - During a demonstration in Paris, Jacob Law, a Ukrainian anarchist (born in Balta in 1887), puts five bullets into a bus of cavalry officers returning to an Imperial battleship. He was sent to prison in Guyana, until released on May 10, 1924. A lifelong anarchist, his memoirs, '//Dix-huit Ans de Bagne//' (18 Years of Exile), appeared 1926.

1907 - The first issue of '//L'Exploitée: Organe des femmes travaillant dans les usines, les ateliers et les ménages//' (The Exploited: Paper of women working in factories, workshops and households) is published in Bern. It has considerable influence in the unionisation of workers, in particular needle makers and goes on to become their official newspaper in Oct. 1907.

1908 - The anarchist Alexander Berkman addresses a crowd in Union Square on May Day.

1908 - The first issue of '//La Palanca: publicación feminista de propaganda emancipadora//', "órgano de la Asociación de Costureras", is published in Santiago de Chile. [patagonialibertaria.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/la-palanca.pdf]

1908 - Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek aka Christine Granville (d. 1952), Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive, who fought in Poland and France, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek]

1908 - Izabela Horodecka (d. 2010), Polish nurse, canoeist, AK soldier and participant in the Warsaw Uprising, born. During the September Campaign (Kampania Wrześniowa) aka the Polish Defensive War (Wojna Obronna Polski) she worked as an operating theatre sister in the Ujazdowski Hospital i Warsaw, and then in the Field Hospital No. 104. In April 1942 she became involved in the activities of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) and, in 1943-44, the unit involved in the carrying out of death sentences for those convicted of collaboration. She also took part in the Warsaw Uprising, was captured by the Germans and, whilst injured, managed to escape to Drzewica, where she rejoined the AK. There she was seriously injured, spending two months in hospital. After the end of the war she returned to the ruins of Warsaw. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabela_Horodecka]

1909 - __Semana Roja__: In Argentina, Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists. [EXPAND] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Roja_(Argentina) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina) www.anred.org/spip.php?article2962 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/argentine-workers-campaign-human-rights-semana-roja-1909]

1913 - First May Day celebrations in Mexico. Also La Casa del Obrero (House of the Worker) changes it's name to Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World-wide Worker).

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Seventy seven children of Paterson strikers are sent to families in New York City to keep them safe and fed for the duration of the strike. Unlike the 1912 Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' textile strike, the police do not try and interfere. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_massacre libcom.org/history/everett-massacre-1916-walt-crowley www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0511.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/everett-massacre.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/ www.historylink.org/File/9981 www.newspapers.com/newspage/83612240/ depts.washington.edu/iww/everett_story.shtml depts.washington.edu/iww/faces_of_iww.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/emerson.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/weaversdoc.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_weaver guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341845&p=2299873]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The Paint Creek miners accept and sign a new settlement contract imposed on the striking miners by the new West Virginia governor, Dr. Henry D. Hatfield. The Cabin Creek miners continued to resist and held out until the end of July. The agreement provided for the same working conditions existing in the unionised Kanawha field, except that the Paint Creek miners had gone to work for two and a half cents per ton less than their former scale.

1914 - The first issue of the monthly '//Le Falot: Critique Populaire Valaisan//' is published in Vouvry, Switzerland. Created by Clovis Pignat and directed by a group of friends unionists, anarchists and free thinkers, the four page newspaper includes one in Italian.

1916 - Karl Liebknecht is arrested following a Spartacist organised demonstration in Berlin against the war.

1916 - Célestino Alfonso (d. 1944), Spanish carpenter, Communist, Republican fighter, volunteer in the French liberation army FTP-MOI, and member of the Groupe Manouchian, born. He participated in many FTP-MOI operations in Paris and in the Orléans region, notably the execution of General Ernst Von Schaumburg, commandant of Greater Paris, and on September 29, 1943, of SS Colonel Julius Ritter, responsible for the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO) in France. Alfonso was arrested in October 1943, and he was shot at the Fort Mont-Valérien on February 21, 1944, along with 21 other members of the FTP-MOI. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestino_Alfonso fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestino_Alfonso fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Ritter fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiche_rouge]

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: In spring of 1916 the shingle economy had recovered from a sharp recession, yet workers in Everett mills were not receiving scale pay. Their pay had been cut by 20% in 1915 in agreement with the union, but now the newly reorganised AFL-affiliated International Shingle Weavers' Union of America in Everett had called a strike in hopes of its members regaining their 1914 wage scale following a recovery in the price of cedar. The dispute was swiftly settled in favour of the mill owners, except at one mill, the Jamison Mill, which continued on strike. The IWW, who was not itself involved in the strike, saw this as an opportunity to organise and provide support to the striking workers. This inevitably drew them into conflict with the local business and commercial interests, their hired thugs, the police and local vigilantes. [see: Jul. 31]

1917 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Venustiano Carranza officially becomes president after election.

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: Following the rejection of the workers' demands as expressed in the April 13th manifesto published by the Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias (Committee for the Lowering of Subsistence), a general strike is called by the Comité. On May 4 a demonstration in Lima was violently suppressed. In El Callao, which suffered a total shut down of employers, there were serious clashes between the army and the workers, with a large number of deaths and looting. The main workers and anarchist leaders were arrested, including Gutarra, Fonkén and Barba. In Chosica there were also two dead and several wounded. The government imposed the Martial Law, and raided private homes, and local anarchist and trade union offices. A new anti-riot force, denominated Guardia Urbana, was created due to the reluctance of some troops to take part in the repression of the workers movement. But the popular movement did not withdraw and on July 4, the President of the Republic José Pardo y Barreda was deposed. On July 12 the detainees were released and there were popular demonstrations of celebration. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1919 - __May Day Riots Cleveland__: A series of violent demonstrations occur throughout Cleveland, Ohio on May Day in protest the jailing of Eugene V. Debs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1919]

1919 - May Day riots in Boston and throughout the US.

1920 - The first issue of '//Le Réveil de L'Esclave: Organe mensuel d'Éducation Individualiste et Libertaire//' is published in Pierrefitte, near Paris.

1920 - The first edition of '//Der Freie Arbeiter//', the Brazilian revolutionary anarchist twice weekly 'Journal of Socialist Workers and German Association, is published in Porto Alegre.

1920 - A rally at the Trades Union hall in Turin attended by over 100,000 is addressed by speakers including the anarchist Raffaele Schiavina. The meeting ends when the police attack the crowd, firing into it killing two and wounding thirty.

1920 - With the Fédération Nationale des Cheminots responding to the strike movements in the transport sector running out of steam by calling for a new staggered unlimited strike (//grève illimitée//), timed to coincide with the traditional workers' May Day demonstrations, the French government fearing the possibility of insurrectionary riots in Paris had sent the military in to support the gendarmerie. Troops now occupy Paris railway stations, whilst the city's avenues are patrolled as a preventive measure by police patrols, mounted dragoons and municipal guards, whilst tanks and armoured cars stand guard on street corners. However, the mobilisation fails to prevent demonstrations across the country turning violent. In fact, rather than preventing trouble, it ends up provoking trouble and leads to the death of at least two people in Paris. One, a 60-year-old woman, who had been standing at a first floor window in the Rue Beaurepaire was hit in the head by a police bullet, dying in an ambulance en route to hospital. In another incident, on the Boulevard de Magenta around 14:30, demonstrators whistled at a group of police officers passing by, to which the police responded with a sabre charge, setting of often bloody skirmishes in the district, in one of which the député Alexandre Blanc was wounded. The following day '//Le Gaulois//' spoke of a "fiasco anarchiste", during which "quelques agents ont suffi à mettre à la raison les apprentis bolchevistes" (a few agents have sufficed to put the Bolshevist apprentices to the test). The paper also reported tow dead and thirty injured. In '//Le Figaro//', the right-wing journalist Louis Latzarus hailed the victory of the "bourgeois" over the "//manuels//" (manual workers): "La volonté de nous défendre, la résolution ferme de ne pas subir le gouvernement des manuels, telle est notre arme, tel est notre salut." (The will to defend ourselves, the firm resolution not to undergo the government of the manual class, is our weapon, this is our salvation.) In Paris the general strike is largely a failure, with the syndicats 'jaunes' (yellow unions) and the mobilisation of the bourgeoisie and students from the grandes écoles stepping in to run Parisian transport services. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_en_1920 www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du clio-texte.clionautes.org/IMG/xbs_PDF/xbs_pdf_article_5423.pdf www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm www.chronorama.net/un_pays.php?pays=France&debut=10795]

1920 - In Japan, May Day rally is held outdoors for the first time. 5000 workers participate, with red and black flags a-flying.

1923 - Sakae Ōsugi, the Japanese anarchist, makes a speech at a May Day gathering in Paris. He is arrested and deported. Sakae returned to Japan, where he was, shortly thereafter, murdered by military police, along with anarcho-feminist writer Noe Itō and a 6-year old nephew.

[C] 1925 - The '//Manifesto degli Intellettuali Antifascisti//' (Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals), a response to the '//Manifesto degli Intellettuali Fascisti//' (Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals) by Giovanni Gentile, is published on the front page of '//Il Mondo//' on May 1st, Workers' Day, symbolically responding to the publication of the Fascist manifesto in the '//Natale di Roma//' (Birth of Rome), the founding of Rome, celebrated on April 21. Written by Benedetto Croce upon the suggestion of the well known anti-fascist and owner of '//Il Mondo//', Giovanni Amendola, who would later become a victim of Blackshirt violence, dying from his injuries. The paper also published three lists of prominent supporters of the manifesto, first on May 1 and then longer lists on May 10 and May 22, attracting more than 90 prominent signatories. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_degli_intellettuali_antifascisti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals]

1926 - In Switzerland, '//Le Réveil Communiste Anarchiste//' shortens its name, from today on simply called '//Le Reveil Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Alarm Clock). Luigi Bertoni founded the paper in Genève, in 1900, as '//Il Risveglio anarchico, Le Réveil Socialiste Anarchiste//'. Bilingual (Italian-French), it printed different articles depending on the language. Bertoni edited the paper until his death in 1947.

[E] 1928 - Xiang Jingyu (向警予; b. 1895), one of the earliest female members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), who is widely regarded as a pioneer of the women’s movement of China, is executed by the Guomindang. [see: Sep. 4]

1931 - In France, the pacifists, anarchists and néo-Malthusians Jeanne Humbert and Eugène Humbert begin publishing the newspaper '//La Grande Réforme//'.

1931 - In Barcelona, and against the background of rising social tensions, the CNT organise a demonstration. Amongst the delegates from the international anarchist movement are: Augustin Souchy (Germany), Ida Mett and Volin (Russia), Camillo Berneri (Italy), Helmut Rüdiger (Sweden), and Louis Lecoin and Pierre Odeon (France). A huge procession, estimated at more than 100,000 people, gathers to demand the radical reform of society by the new Republic. At 13 hours, the event is blocked by the Civil Guard. An officer advances, revolver drawn. Francisco Ascaso attempts to negotiate, but when the Guardia Civil demands the immediate dissolution of the event, Ascaso disarms him with a punch. The disarmed officer returns to his men. Durruti, brandishing a red and black flag, exclaims "Passage to the FAI!" The crowd then invades Plaza de la Constitución, but when delegates try to enter the Palace to present their resolutions, shooting from the building causes panic and the first victims in ranks of demonstrators. Some groups of armed workers then retaliated with gunfire despite an appeal for calm from Durruti (who is injured, as is Ascaso). A company of infantry, commanded by Captain Miranda, sides with the demonstrators, ending the confrontation. Result: 1 dead and 15 wounded on the protesters, side, two dead and several wounded amongst the civil guards and Carabinieri. [carlesquerol.wordpress.com/2015/04/22/el-discurs-del-primer-de-maig-de-1931-a-sant-sadurni-danoia/]

1931 - Olivier O. Olivier (Pierre Marie Olivier; d. 2011), French painter, Pataphysician and cultural anarchist, born. Member of the Mouvement Panique (Panic Movement), an anarchist avant-garde collective, with Fernando Arrabal, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Roland Topor, Christian Zeimert and Jacques Sternberg. Awarded the Ordre de La Grande Gidouille of the Collège de Pataphysique in 1957, later appointed the Régent d'Onirographie 2005 and a Transcendent Satrap posthumously in 2012. [www.olivier-o-olivier.com/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_O._Olivier laregledujeu.org/arrabal/2011/04/12/2060/elegie-darrabal-pour-loccultation-dolivier-o-olivier/]

1932 - Paul (Pol or Paulo) Chenard (d. 1993), French anarcho-individualist and anti-militarist, born. Activist in the Anarchist Federation, including the 14th group (Paris), he wrote a regular column in '//Le Monde Libertaire//' and broadcast on the Paris station Radio Libertaire using the pseudonym le Père Peinard. Son of Raoul Chenard. Creator of the free anti-militarist news sheet '//Fais Pas le Zouave!//' (1971). [ml.ficedl.info/spip.php?article4450 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/109608 www.increvables-anarchistes.org/articles/date/1970-1981/1971-fais-pas-le-zouave-journal-unique-et-antimiliratiste]

1933 - Christian anarchist '//Catholic Worker//' newspaper founded, New York City.

1934 - British Union of Fascists supporters arrive to confront an Independent Labour Party (ILP) May Day meeting outside Gateshead Labour Exchange. The Blackshirts, who had been singing an Italian Fascist song, began chanting "M-O-S-L-E-Y" as they charged towards the ILPers, only to be scattered as the dole queue join the fray. Many of the fascists run for their lives, others plead for mercy and, according to '//World Labour News//' [Vol. 3 no. 1, 1962]; "[I]t was all over in a few minutes and police reinforcements found only an alternative meeting, a re-formed queue and same unemployed men who looked a bit pinker than usual." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb]

1935 - The first issue of '//Tierra Libre//', weekly paper of the Federation of Anarchist groups in the Sueca region, is published in Valencia. Only four issues are printed, the last dated 25 May 1935.

1936 - At Victoria Park Square, Bethnal Green, Mosley addresses the first in a series of public meetings planned across the East End. His tirade, from on top of a loudspeaker van before 400-500 fascists, lasts over an hour. 3,000 anti-fascists jeered throughout and, despite a large police presence, fight break out. [PR]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: With May Day not yet a public holiday, workers across France celebrate the day with a strike, attending their union offices. In Le Havre, thousands of workers turn up with their union cards to take part in a meeting, many wearing red roses in their buttonholes.

1936 - __Grèves en Alsace__: Workers' demonstrations take across Alsace the day before the second round of parliamentary elections are due to take place. The workers chanted the demands: "Semaine de 40 heures! Congés payés pour tous!" (A forty hour week! Paid leave for all!) In the election the Front Populaire triumphs across Frence except in Alsace. These teo events would play a significant part in the outbreak of strikes the following month. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_mai-juin_1936_en_Alsace www.calixo.net/~knarf/fructus/greve/greve.htm]

1936 - The fourth congress of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is held in Zaragoza, Spain.

1937 - 60,000 people gather in Hyde park in London for a May Day demonstration, the first time in 30 years that an anarchist, Emma Goldman, under the auspices of the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, has appeared on the platform. EG speaks about the revolutionary experience and the collectivisation then being carried out on the Iberian Peninsula. The speech is the result of her experiences as a militant anarcho-syndicalist that she gained on her first trip to these lands. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0105.html]

1944 - British Squadron Leader Maurice Southgate, whose task it was to coordinate the various Marquis groups between the Loire River and the Pyrenees mountains, is arrested by the Gestapo in Paris, France. [www.afmd-allier.com/PBCPPlayer.asp?ID=1314398 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Southgate]

1945 - Probable date of the death of Pierre-Jules Ruff (b. 1877), Algerian anarchist and anti-militarist, in the Neuengamme concentration camp crematorium the day before the camp was liberated by Allied forces. [see: Aug. 19]

1946 - The first issue of the anarchist newspaper '//Germinal//' is published in Trieste.

1948 - A march by Oswald Mosley's Union Movement from Highbury Corner to Camden Town ends in fierce fighting outside Holloway prison as police curtail the march and Mosley gives the fascist salute to his 'troops' drawn up outside the prison where he was held during the war. However, the Labour Home Secretary, Chuter Ede, banned all political processions in east London for 3 months under the Public Order Act as Police feared potential public disorder. Instead he made his address at Hertford Road and told his followers to make their own way to Highbury Corner. With heavy rain falling, there were constant clashes between fascists and anti-fascists and when the former formed up at Highbury, mounted police and some of the 800 cops present pushed the anti-fascists into side streets. 32 people were arrested during the days events. The same day, Mosley publicly launches the Union Movement in the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street. The new organisation [see: Feb. 8] has now absorbed various groups led by ex-BUF members, including Jeffrey Hamm's British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Anthony Gannon's Imperial Defence League, Victor Burgess's Union of British Freedom and Horace Gowing and Tommy Moran's Sons of St George. [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1948/may/06/political-processions-london-prohibition southendpatriot.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/nationalism-needs-another-mosley-to.html]

1950 - General Strike against repression in South Africa.

1968 - In Paris, during the traditional May Day demonstrations fights break out around a black flag as Communists try to exclude the anarchists from the procession.

1971 - A bomb explodes in the Biba boutique in trendy Kensington. It was accompanied by Angry Brigade Communique 8.

1971 - May Day Protests Washington D.C.: The first of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1973 - Asger Oluf Jorn (b. 1914), Danish painter, sculptor, ceramic artist, printmaker, author, founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA and the Situationist International, dies. [see: Mar. 3]

[F] 1974 - __Imperial Typewriter Strike__: Asian workers at the Imperial Typewriter Copdale Road factory go out on strike against unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and union branch refused their support [the NF attempted to support the TGWU and intimidate the strikers], but the strikers, supported by other black workers and Race Today, stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks. This Transport and General Workers' Union enquiry into the dispute criticised local union officials and instituted changes to ensure that shop stewards and the branch committee were more representative of local membership.

[D] 1977 - __Taksim Square Massacre [Kanlı 1 Mayıs__]: State-sponsored paramilitary groups open fire on tens of thousands of May Day demonstrators in Istanbul, killing 37.

1978 - Sylvia Townsend Warner (b. 1893), English feminist and lesbian writer and poet, dies. Active in the CPGB and visited Spain during the Civil War as a Red Cross representative. [see: Dec. 6]

1979 - The first appearance of Action Directe, with its attack on the French employers organisation, the CNPF (French National Council of Employers), in Paris.

1979 - National Front election meeting is held in Caxton Hall, requiring 5,000 police to ensure that it can go ahead. The surrounding area is sealed off all day. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/]

1983 - Adriano Inácio Botelho (d. 1892), Portuguese anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist militant, dies. [see: Sep. 12]

1986 - South Africa experiences a general strike of 1.5 million workers.

1987 - __Erster Mai Krawalle__: During the traditional Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund organised May Day demonstration and street party in the Kreuzberg district, the centre for Berlin squatter and punk movements, riots break out. Against a backdrop of a controversial countrywide census, the repressive measures brought in by the CDU-led Senate in the run up to the 750th anniversary of Berlin celebrations, and the fact that the cops chose that day (at 04:45) to raid the Mehringhof alternative cultural centre, headquarters of the Volkszählungsboykott (VoBo) census boycott campaign, tensions were running high. So, when the police forced the Betroffenenblock (Affected block) or Revolutionärer Block (i.e. internal DGB critics) to leave the march under protest, they joined the Autonomen street party. The atmosphere at the street party, till then peaceful, quickly deteriorated around 16:00, when the cops reacted to the overturning of a police car and the dragging of two construction trailers into the street. Most visitors to the festival didn't know anything of this and were just having fun. The police reacted by breaking up the festival using batons and tear gas. A chain reaction followed, until the entire Oranienstraße was in chaos. Barricades defended by stone-throwing protesters were built on surrounding streets from construction vehicles and parked cars and set on fire. Corner shops were looted and set on fire, as was the Görlitzer Bahnhof subway station in the centre of the unrest. Fire engines sent to douse the fire were attacked. People also spent hours drumming on the iron rails in order to make noise.The police had to withdraw completely from SE 36, the BVG closed its bus services. When the police launched a counter-attack at 02:00-03:00 the following morning, fatigue and looted alcohol had already taken their toll, and police using water cannon and armoured cars were able to clear the area. More than 100 people were injured and 47 people were arrested, including one Norbert Kubat, who later committed suicide after 3 weeks in police custody. Riots broke out following news of his death and a discount department store on Kotti was set on fire. At the funeral march for Kubat on May 28, 1987, 1,500 people protest against the conditions in detention. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_in_Kreuzberg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Mai_in_Kreuzberg nellabeljan.de/2011/05/01/der-stille-sonntag-16/]

[AA] 1989 - Prisoners takeover most of D wing in protest again conditions at HMP 'Grisly Risley', a notorious remand prison, so named because of the high number of suicides there, and condemned the previous year by the Chief Inspector of Prisons Stephen Tumim as "barbarous and squalid". 54 prisoners stayed protesting on the roof for 3 days. 21 were eventually charged with criminal damage and riot, facing up to 10 years imprisonment. All were acquitted by the jury after hearing the prisoners describe the conditions they had to endure.

1990 - Parisian Metro's Stalingrad station is renamed Commune de Krondstad by the libertarian group Commune de Paris. "S'il ya faillite des idéologies, ce n'est pas le cas de nos idéaux reposant sur la liberté de chacun, l'égalité pour tous, l'entr'aide et le fédéralisme autogestionnaire." (If there is a bankruptcy of ideologies, it is not the case with our ideals which rest on the freedom of everyone, equality for all, mutual aid self-management and federalism.)

1992 - Two days of rioting in the aftermath of the Rodney King police brutality trial leaves 38 dead, 1500 injured and a half a billion dollars in property damage, in Los Angeles.

1995 - Artür Harfaux (born Arthur Julien René Harfaux; b. 1906), French designer, photographer, writer and screenwriter, dies. [see: May 29]

1996 - Riots with Berlin police erupt after two separate May Day marches, one of 20,000 workers protesting government social spending cuts and one of 10,000 'radical leftists' protesting anti-squatting raids. Ten police are injured.

1996 - Three killed and 69 injured when Turkish police attack banned leftist demonstrators in a 100,000 person May Day rally in Istanbul.

1998 - __Zapatista Uprising__: In a police and military operation the autonomous municipality of Tierra y Libertad, with its municipal seat in Amparo Agua Tinta, is dismantled. 53 people are detained. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

1998 - Leroy Eldridge Cleaver (b. 1935), US writer and Black Panther Party activist, including as Minister of Information, dies. [see: Aug. 31]

2000 - Churchill's statue gets a green mohican during the Millennium May Day protests.

[A] 2002 - The Long Man of Wilmington gets an overnight boner.

2006 - __Huelga de Maestros / Oaxaca Teachers' Strike & Protests__: On 1 May 2006, teachers in the Mexican city of Oaxaca handed in a document listing their grievances and demands as part of their annual protests against government wage cuts and diminishing resources for their students. While normally these protests ended after a few days or weeks with small wage concessions by the government, the teacher’s strike of 2006 lasted for five months and followed a very different action trajectory. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6102018.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_popular_de_los_pueblos_de_Oaxaca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Popular_de_los_Pueblos_de_Oaxaca www.tomzap.com/OAXgo.html biiacs-dspace.cide.edu/handle/10089/15841 www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/21/index.php?section=opinion&article=027a1pol]

2008 - Frédéric H. Fajardie (b. 1947), French libertarian writer of detective, adventure and 'neo-thriller' fiction, screenplays, film dialogue and radio plays, dies. [see: Aug. 28]

2010 - Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in central Athens and other Greek cities for May Day rallies fuelled by anger at expected harsh austerity measures needed to secure rescue loans for near-bankrupt Greece. [articles.latimes.com/2010/may/01/world/la-fg-mayday-protests-20100502]

2010 - The international media suddenly becomes obsessed with the spectacle of Kanelos the Riot Dog. [www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/may/06/greece-protest]

2011 - A 10-year-old American boy shoots his father, Jeffrey R. Hall, a leader of the National Socialist Movement, in the head, killing him. At his trial he claimed that he was "tired of his dad hitting him and his mom", and that he was afraid he'd have to choose between living with father or stepmother when they divorced. In October 2013, he was sentenced to serve at least seven years in state juvenile prison.

2011 - Anna Heilman, born Hana Wajcblum [poss. Hanka or Chana Weissman] (b. 1928), Polish Jew who took part in the Auschwitz Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, smuggling gunpowder out of the Union munitions factory with her sister Estusia, Roza Robota, Ala Gertner, Rose Grunapfel Meth and others, dies. [see: Dec. 1]

2012 - The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill 2012 receives Royal Assent.

2014 - Police arrest 10 anarchists, out of a group of approx. 100 who gathered at the central railway station in downtown Helsinki prior to the May Day rally, for alleged possession of weapons, sticks with supposedly sharpened ends which were disguised as flags. A couple of days later, the police are forced to apologise that the flagpoles were not confiscated from the anarchist protesters: "A closer examination of the matter has revealed that the flagpoles that were confiscated from cars were not connected to the anarchists’ demonstration," the police said in a statement. [yle.fi/uutiset/helsinki_police_apologise_for_may_day_confiscations/7218905] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid]
 * = 2 || 1808 - __Dos de Mayo Uprising__: Madrid rebelled against the French occupation during the Peninsual War, killing 150 French soldiers before the uprising was put down by Joachim Murat's elite Imperial Guard and Mamluk cavalry, which trampled many of the rioters.

1849 - __Palatine Uprising__: At the meeting of the democratic people's associations being held in Kaiserslautern it is decided to establish a ten-man 'State Committee for the Defence and Implementation of the Constitution' but those present fail to declare a republic. Within a short time, the committee takes over the province, forms people's militias and requires officials to swear an oath to the new constitution. The committee also formes a revolutionary army, which is joined by thousands of soldiers from the Royal Bavarian Army. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

[B] 1860 - Luigi Francesco Giovanni Parmeggiani aka Louis Marcy (d. 1945), Italian anarchist individualist expropriator, onetime apprentice typographer, shoemaker, and latterly a journalist, publisher, antiques dealer and forger of medieval and Renaissance caskets, jewellery and reliquaries, born. A notorious exiled anarchist individualist in London in the late 1880s and early 1890s, where Parmeggiani adopted the pseudonym Louis Marcy. Amongst the victims of his forgeries were, much to their embarrassment, was the Victorian and Albert and British Museums, the Louvre, the Musée du Grand Palais and the Metropolitan Museum. Published a book of poems, '//Versi//', in 1899. Co-founder of the Galleria Anna e Luigi Parmeggiani in Reggio Emilia. [other sources cite d.o.b. as July 24 1858] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20130402 eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/2586/1/Italian_Anarchists_in_London_1870-1914.pdf www.apollo-magazine.com/email/reviews/books/5355181/forging-the-middle-ages.thtml paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19051209.2.94.19 www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/louis-marcy-oggetti-d-arte-della-galleria-parmeggiani-di-reggio-emilia-5zNQGzhHnV it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Parmeggiani]

1869 - Giuseppe Fannelli founds the AIT section in Barcelona, ​​with a number of distinguished names amongst its members: Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antonio Marsal Anglora, appointed secretaries of the organization, Gaspar Sentiñón, Trinidad Soriano, José García Viñas, Juan Nuet, Jaime Balasch, Clement Bové and Juan Fargas. The Madrid section would not be officially recognised until December that year. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Internacional_en_España madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html]

1881 - Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna (Anna Teofilovna Pustovoytova [Анна Трофимовна Пустовойтова]; b. 1843), Polish nationalist and revolutionary, she actively participated in the January Uprising (Powstanie_styczniowe)[January 22, 1863 - October 1864] against the Russian Empire, for which she was arrested; and, whilst in self-imposed exile, took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune as a military nurse and, in the latter, fighting on the barricades, dies in her sleep. [see: Jul. 15]

1883 - Otto Weidt (d. 1947), German anarchist and pacifist, who ran a workshop in Berlin for the blind and deaf and fought to protect his Jewish workers against deportation during the Holocaust, born. As one of his customers was the Wehrmacht, Weidt managed to have his business classified as vital to the war effort. Up to 30 blind and deaf Jews were employed at his shop between the years of 1941 and 1943. When the Gestapo began to arrest and deport his Jewish employees, he fought to secure their safety by falsifying documents, bribing officers and hiding them in the back of his shop. Though Weidt, forewarned, kept his shop closed on the day of the Fabrikaktion in February 1943, many of his employees were still deported. After the war, Otto Weidt established an orphanage for survivors of the concentration camps. He died of heart failure only 2 years later, in 1947. On September 7, 1971, Yad Vashem recognised Weidt as a Righteous Man of the World's Nations. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weidt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weidt www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Weidt.html www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/widerstand1944.en.html www.ottoweidt.zeitzeugenagentur.de/index-eng.php]

1895 - In Florence, the trial of Oreste Lucchesi and Amerigo Franchi begins. They are on trial (May 22) for assassinating Giuseppe Bandi, editor of '//Il Telegrafo//', on July 1, 1894. His articles resulted in the repression and arrest of numerous anarchists.

1895 - Jacques-Mécislas Charrier (d. 1922), French anarchiste illégaliste, guillotined for an attempted train robbery in which a person was killed, born. Charrier was not the killer, but he defended his illegalist actions and defied the court to take his head. They obliged. [NB: not to be confused with Mécislas Golberg - see Dec 28] [www.ephemanar.net/aout02.html#charrier]

1897 - Romeo Frezzi (b. 1867), Italian anarchist, who was arrested on April 27,1897, in connection with the attempted assassination of King Umberto I five days earlier (he was found in possession of a photo of a group of people, including the putative assassin Pietro Acciarito), dies under interrogation in San Michele prison in Rome. Initially, the Rome police stated that the Frezzi had committed suicide by repeatedly beating her head against the wall. The second version instead spoke of a sudden aneurysm. According to the third version, however, he committed suicide by jumping from a prison window that overlooked the courtyard. The newspaper '//l'Avanti//' conducted a campaign to seek out the truth. An autopsy later revealed that Frezzi's death could not be due to a suicide, but was the result of an unprecedented beating: it spoke of a fractured skull, his spine being complete detached, as was his right shoulder, broken ribs and injuries to the spleen and pericardium. [see: Aug. 17]

1897 - Demonstration in Rome after anarchist Romeo Frezzi is found dead in a prison cell, believed murdered by his police guards.

[E] 1908 - Irene Bernard (Irene Altpeter; d. 2002), German socialist and anti-fascist fighter in the French Résistance, born. Member of Sozialistischen Arbeiterjugend with her partner Leander Bernard, and with whom she had three children, and from 1933 in International Red Aid and Rote Hilfe Deutschlands organising solidarity actions for Reichsemigranten (Empire emigrants), as refugees from Nazi Germany in Saarland were called. With the annexation of the Saarland by the German Reich in January 1935, the Bernards fled to France to escape persecution by the Gestapo. In Agen they continued their solidarity work in southern France as well as supporting the International Brigaders enroute to Spain. Following the occupation of the South of France in 1942 by the Wehrmacht, Irene Bernard was active in Travail Allemand aka Travail Antifasciste Allemand, supporting resistance fighters. In 1944 she went underground, fighting in Comité 'Allemagne libre' pour l'Ouest armed groups and collecting military intelligence. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Bernard www.saarland-biografien.de/Bernard-Irene-geb-Altpeter]

1915 - Following the repudiation at the IX Congreso on April 1 of the principles of anarcho-communism established at the V Congreso in 1905, at an emergency assembly the anarchist minority splits from the FORA del IX Congreso rump to form the FORA del V Congreso (anarquista) in order to maintain adherence to the declaration of the Fifth Congress. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_V_Congreso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_IX_Congreso es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORA]

1916 - __Revolución Mexicana__: At Carrancista Gen. Gonzales attacks Zapatists forces in Morelos, with air support. 30,000 man army occupies every major town in the state.

1918 - Amilcare Cipriani (b. 1844), Italian Garibaldian revolutionary, partisan internationalist, communard, anarchist and socialist, dies. [Oct. 18]

1918 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (Malla Rosell o Mariposilla; d. 1995), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0205.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3533-maria-malla-fabregas-poeta-escritora-y-militante-anarquista.html]

[F] 1919 - In São Paulo, a General Strike begins at the Matarazzo plant in Bras after workers walk out in support of a colleague who was being victimised for having made a May Day speech. The workers go from factory to factory persuading their fellow workers to come out on strike. '//A Plebe//' claimed that the strike eventually involved more than 50,000 workers of all trades and unions in São Paulo region. [libcom.org/history/organized-labor-brazil-1900-1937-anarchist-origins-government-control-colin-everett]

1919 - Gustav Landauer (b. 1870), German anarchist revolutionist and theorist, is murdered by soldiers. Called a 'mystical' anarchist, Landauer was involved in the Red Bavaria uprising. [see: Apr. 7]

1919 - Pierre Chardon (Maurice Charron) (b. 1892), French militant individualist anarchist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Nov. 3]

1921 - Paul Wulf (d. 1999), German anarchist and communist artist, and anti-fascist victim of the Nazi regime's sterilisation programmes, born. One-time member of the KPD and the Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes (Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime; VVN). Known for his John Heartfield and Ernst Friedrich-inspired political collages and anti-fascist exhibitions. Strongly influenced by the writing of Erich Mühsam. [www.uwz-archiv.de/Paul-Wulf.6.0.html?&L=1 www.graswurzel.net/353/wulf.shtml]

1921 - Roger Boussinot (d. 2001), French director, writer, screenwriter, critic, film historian and libertarian, who used the pseudonyms Emmanuel Le Lauraguais and Roger Mijema, born. Son of the anarchist teacher and Freinet member Jean Charles Boussinot. Author of the monumental '//Encyclopedia of Cinema//' (1967); '//Les Mots de l'Anarchie: Dictionnaire des Idées, des Faits, des Actes, de l'Histoire et des Hommes Anarchistes//' (Anarchist Words: Dictionary of Ideas, Facts, Actions, Histories and Anarchists; 1982); and of more than 20 novels, many of which have been dramatised, including: '//Le Sixième Sens//' (The Sixth Sense; 1959), '//Les Guichets du Louvre//' (The Louvre Ticket Offices; 1960 - adapted for the script to his 1974 anti-fascist film '//Les Guichets du Louvre//' aka '//Black Thursday//'), '//Le Treizième Caprice//' (The Thirteenth Caprice; 1962 - also a 1967 Boussinot-directed film) and '//Vie et Mort de Jean Chalosse//' (Life and Death of Jean Chalosse; 1976).

1926 - __General Strike (UK)__: A general strike "in defence of miners' wages and hours" officially begins at one minute to midnight.

[C] 1933 - The Nazis abolish all labour unions: police units occupy all trades union offices, union officials and leaders are arrested and union funds appropriated. [www.historylearningsite.co.uk/trade_unions_nazi_germany.htm]

1936 - The 'Sterilisers of Bordeaux' trial in France.

1943 - In the Vilnius (Vilna) Ghetto, the Polish poet Hirsh Glik (1922 - 1944) sings his famous song '//Zog Nit Keynmol//' for the first time to fellow poet Shmaryahu Kaczerginski. It quickly spread through the ghettos and camps, becoming a symbol of hope and defiance, and was adopted by Jewish partisans, sometimes being called the '//Song of the Partisans//'. Born into a poor family in 1922 in Vilnius, during the German occupation of Vilnius on June 26, 1941, Glik and his father were among those Jews arbitrarily seized and sent to work in the peat bogs at Biala-Waka and Rzesza. In early 1943 the Biala-Waka camp was liquidated and Glik was sent to the Vilnius Ghetto, where he joined the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO; United Partisan Organisation). On 1 September 1943, the FPO unit to which Glik belonged was captured and he was deported to Estonia, initially to the camp at Narva, subsequently to that at Goldfilz. In summer 1944, together with eight other FPO men, Glik escaped from Goldfilz. The advancing Soviet Army was in the region and the intention was to join the local partisans. But Glik and all of his companions disappeared, probably captured and executed by German soldiers in the area. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsh_Glick en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zog_Nit_Keynmol www.deathcamps.org/occupation/glik.html jewishpartisans.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/Hirsh Glick jewishpartisans.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/partisans-in-arts-hirsh-glik.html]

1944 - __Huelga de Brazos Caídos [Strike of Lowered Arms*__]: Led by El Salvador's students, the strike to depose the country's dictator Maximiliano Hernández Martínez began on May 2 in the universities and irresistibly spread to the country's factories. Their strategy was to avoid direct confrontation with the regime's soldiers by simply, passively, non-violently staying home. During this massive political action, Salvadoran society was completely paralysed until he was deposed. On May 5, sdoctors, lawyers, dentists, teachers, pharmacists, engineers, shopkeepers, market women, laborers, technicians, theater employees, and bank, railroad, and electric-utility employees enthusiastically participated, successfully turning it into a general strike. On May 7 police fired into a group of youths, and fatally struck a 17-year-old who happened to be a U.S. citizen. This increased the pressure on the regime. After attempting to negotiate a delayed departure date, Hernández Martínez resigned outright. By May 11 the strike was over, and he had fled to exile in Guatemala. [see: Apr. 2] [*or "strike with arms at our sides"] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/el-salvadorans-bring-down-dictator-1944 www.bloquepopularjuvenil.org/node/116 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximiliano_Hernández_Martínez]

1954 - __Gran Huelga Bananera [Great Banana Strike__]: On May 1, Luis García, who had been chosen by United Fruit Company dockworkers in Puerto Cortés as their spokesman, submitted the workers' request for double pay for work on Sunday. When UFCO officials said they would consider the request, the workers returned to their jobs, only to find that García had been fired for being an "agitator". On May 2, and with company officials ignoring the workers' demands that García be reinstated, the dockworkers went out on strike. All 25,000 UFCO laborers, along with 15,000 from Standard Fruit, soon joined them. Mine, textile, tobacco, and brewery employees soon followed suit. The 69-day general strike paralysed the whole north coast of Honduras but ended with the UFCO workers returning to work on July 9th with an agreement on terms well short of their original demands. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike_of_1954 lasa.international.pitt.edu/LASA98/Bowman.pdf nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/united-fruit-company-laborers-campaign-economic-justice-honduras-1954 hondurasresists.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/may-1-mayo-60-year-anniversary-of.html www.elsoca.org/index.php/america-central/movimiento-obrero-y-socialismo-en-centroamerica/2470-honduras-1-de-mayo-de-1954-a-58-anos-de-la-gran-huelga-bananera munielprogreso.hn/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=72 anarquismoenhonduras.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-del-54-en-honduras-una-lucha.html]

1967 - Armed Black Panther contingent marches into California State Assembly in Sacramento in protest against a bill that would ban the carrying of unconcealed weapons.

1967 - Ernst Friedrich (b. 1894), German anarchist pacifist founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, dies. [see: Feb. 25] "Without social revolution there can be no lasting peace....We must prepare systematically an uprising against war." - '//War Against War//' (1924).

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Part of the student union building at the Sorbonne is burned down. Occident, a far-right student movement, is blamed. Students at University of Paris at Nanterre prepare a face-down with the 'fafs' (fascists). Daniel Cohn-Bendit and seven other members of the movement are called in front of a disciplinary commission over events on March 22, when a group of around 100 students, mainly anarchists and Trotskyists, occupied administrative buildings at Nanterre University near Paris in protest at sanctions imposed on anti-Vietnam War activists. The occupation spawned the Mouvement du 22-Mars, which would play an important role in the politicisation of the student strikes that sparked Mai 68. Following months of conflict between the students and the University of Nanterre administration, the dean Pierre Grappin orders the university's closure, the first significant action in les événements de mai 1968. [www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_336.asp libcom.org/history/1968-chronology-events-France-%2526-internationally cas68acteurs2013.pbworks.com/w/page/61096750/Le%20mouvement%20%C3%A9tudiant]

1971 - __May Day Protests Washington D.C.__: The second of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1974 - Stefan Kozakiewicz aka ‘Marcinek’ (b. 1914), Polish professor, arts historian and syndicalist, dies. [see: Sep: 12]

1977 - '//Bloody Revolutions//' c/w '//Persons Unknown//', the joint Crass / Poison Girls single is released on Crass Records, "and sold 20,000 in the first week, with HMV destroying copies (which only helped)". The Crass side is the band's response to the anti-fascist action at the 'notorious' Conway Hall gig on September 8, 1979. The single raised £20,000 to fund the Wapping Autonomy Centre. [www.poisongirls.co.uk/1stversechorus.html www.poisongirls.co.uk/personsunknowna.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Girls en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crass]

1991 - Paul Lapeyre (b. 1910), French anarchist, dies following a car accident. [see: May 28]

1997 - Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (b. 1921), Brazilian educator, philosopher and leading advocate of critical pedagogy, who is best known for his influential work, '//Pedagogia do Oprimido//' (Pedagogy of the Oppressed; 1968), dies. [see: Sep. 19]

2011 - Osama bin Laden shot and killed by US troops whilst in the act of surrendering.

2016 - Afeni Shakur (Alice Faye Williams; b. 1947), African-American social activist, former Black Panther member and record company executive, who was best known as the mother of Tupac Shakur, dies of a suspected heart attack. [see: Jan. 10] ||
 * = 3 || 1606 - Gunpowder Plot member and Jesuit priest Henry Garnet executed.

[D] 1808 - French forces execute Spanish rebels who had risen up against Napoleon Bonaparte's occupying army in the Spanish capital the previous day. The Dos de Mayo Uprising was prompted by the fears that both the king Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII, who Charles had been forced to abdicate in favour of during the early stages of the French invasion, and were both then in the French city of Bayonne at the insistence of Napoleon, would be executed. The events inspires Francisco Goya's famous 1814 painting '//Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo//' (Executions of the 3rd of May), which is also known by a variety of other names, including '//El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid//' (The Third of May 1808 in Madrid) and '//Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío//' (The massacre of the Príncipe Pío mountain). The painting itself is a sequel to another painting, '//El 2 de mayo de 1808 en Madrid//' (The Second of May 1808 in Madrid', aka '//La lucha con los mamelucos//' (The battle with the Mamelukes) or '//La carga de los mamelucos//' (The charge of the Mamelukes). In 1937, and with Madrid under threat from the artillery of the advancing fascist army and the constant bombing raids from Franco's airforce, the two paintings were among a group of artworks being moved to Valencia, en route to Geneva, when the lorry they were in was involved in a crash and both painting were damaged, an echo of Goya's etching series 'Los desastres de la guerra' (The disasters of war; 1810-15), which also detail some of the cruelties committed during the War of Spanish Independence (Guerra de la Independencia Española).

1849 - __Dresdner Maiaufstand [May Uprising in Dresden__]: Popular rebellion (May 3-9) breaks out in Dresden and the militant Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_Maiaufstand www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/stichwort/maiaufstand.htm www.neumarkt-dresden.de/revolution_neumarkt.html]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 21] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On Saturday April 21, 1883, pay day, two weeks after having been told that their already starvation level wages were to be cut, 120 desperate women from the Spooling section headed to the director Tomasz Garvie to ask him not to lower their wages. They explained that they could not live on this new salary rate but, despite their ardent pleas, they were thrown out the door. The women decided to reconvene tomorrow on their day off to decided what to do now. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

1886 - Chicago police kill four and wound at least 200 after they attack a rally of striking workers outside the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant in the city. The workers had gone on strike to demand an 8-hour day and had been locked out since early February, with strikebreakers hired to replace them. Speaking to the rally August Spies advised the striking workers to "hold together, to stand by their union, or they would not succeed." When the end-of-the-workday bell sounded, however, a group of workers surged to the gates to confront the strikebreakers. Despite calls for calm by Spies, the police fired on the crowd. Outraged by this act of police violence, local anarchists quickly printed and distributed fliers calling for a rally the following day at Haymarket Square. Printed in German and English, the fliers claimed that the police had murdered the strikers on behalf of business interests and urged workers to seek justice. The first batch of fliers contain the words "Workingmen Arm Yourselves and Appear in Full Force!" When Spies saw the line, he said he would not speak at the rally unless the words were removed from the flier. All but a few hundred of the fliers were destroyed, and new fliers were printed without the offending words. More than 20,000 copies of the revised flier were distributed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair#May_Day_parade_and_strikes dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/haymarkethistory.html www.historybits.com/haymarket-riots.htm]

[B] 1886 - Robert Collino (d. 1975), wrote under the pseudonym Ixigrec; a science fiction author - '//Panurge au Pays des Machines//' (1940) and '//Essais Fantastiques du Dr Rob.//' (1966) - and anarchist, who wrote for many, many libertarian publications, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article929]

1890 - Alternative birth date [see: 23 February 1882] for enigmatic novelist, German anarchist revolutionary, B. Traven (d. 1969) aka Otto Feige, Albert Otto Max Wienecke, Berick Traven Torsvan, Hal Croves, Torsvan Croves, Ret Marut, Bent Traven. [libcom.org/history/ret-marut-early-b-traven-james-goldwasser libcom.org/history/art-weapon-frans-seiwert-cologne-progressives-martyn-everett latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-scrittori-libertari-pierre-afuzi-marut-traven-l-homme-de-l-ombre-etait-homme-de-lumiere-da-a-contretemps-n-23-gennaio-2006-47918762.html]

1892 - Hugo Gellert (Gellért Hugó; d. 1985), Hungarian-born American artist, radical illustrator, muralist, socialist and anti-fascist, born. A committed radical, taught art classes at the Ferrer school after it had moved from New York to the anarchist colony at Stelton. He would later join the Communist Party of America. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gellert www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTgellert.htm graphicwitness.org/contemp/gellert.htm]

1898 - Bread riots begin in Milano – put down May 8 with heavy loss of life.

1899 - [N.S. May 15] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 1]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 15] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

1906 - Vladimir Striga (Vladimir Lapidus; b. 1885), Russian Jewish anarchist illegalist, dies. Member of the anarchist Bialystok group of Chernoe Znamia (The Black Banner), the largest illegalist anarchist communist organisation in the Russian Empire, and then its dissident group, Kommunary (Communards), which called for a more populist form of anarchism and the need to proclaim a new Paris Commune in Bialystok. Tsarist police repression and the death and mass arrests of anarchists and their supporters forced him into exile in Paris. It was there that he met his fate as one of the bombs he and fellow Russian anrchist Alexander Sokolov were carrying exploded. Striga died in agony an hour later. A wounded Sokolov, his cousin Alexander and his companion Sofia Sperauski were arrested but only Sokolov was found guilty - he received 5 years and a 500 franc fine for possession of explosives. Striga's brother, Jacob Lepidus (or Joseph Lapidus) will be involved in the 'Tottenham Outrage' (Jan. 23 1909) and will take his own life rather than fall into police hands.

[E] 1908 - The first 'Woman’s Day' is held in the Garrick Theatre in Chicago, dedicated to the female workers’ causes, denouncing the exploitation and oppression of women, but defending, principally, the female vote, equality between men and women, and women’s autonomy. Presided over by labour activist Lorine S. Brown, it had been organised by a group of women, chaired by prominent socialists Corinne Brown and Gertrude Breslau-Hunt. The 1500 women that attended "applauded the demands for economical and political equality of women, on the day dedicated to the female workers’ causes." [www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1217.html]

[C] 1917 - María del Milagro Pérez Lacruz aka 'La Jabalina' (The Wild Sow)(d. 1942), Spanish anarchist and member of Juventudes Libertarias, who fought with the Iron Column, born. Following the defeat of the Revolution, and pregnant, she was arrested and eventually sentenced to death. On 9 January 1940 she gave birth, never to see her child again. She was shot by firing squad on August 8 1942 alongside 6 male comrades in Huerta Oeste, Valencia. Her life was the basis for the novel '//Si Me Llegas a Olvidar//' (If I Get to Forget; 2013) by Rosana Corral-Márquez. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0305.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_"La_Jabalina" www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0cgsn]

1919 - Traute Lafrenz, German-American physician and anthroposophist, who was a member of the White Rose anti-Nazi group during WWII, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traute_Lafrenz www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/biographies/lafrenz.html www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/lafrenz/]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The government instigates a wave of arrests against the stikers on the pretext of plotting against the security of the State. Those arrested include the leaders of the strike committee, including Pierre Monatte, one of the leaders of the Comités syndicalistes révolutionnaires, the revolutionary minority within the CGT, though not a railway worker. Meanwhile, a union delegation attemps to negotiate a return to work if the companies guarrentteno reprisals. Also, dockworkers come out on strike in support of the railworkers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1920 - Nazis officially change 'German Worker's Party' to 'National Socialist German Workers Party', recuperating both 'socialist' and 'worker' into an anti-workerist corporate ideology.

1920 - Sicilian Galleanist anarchist typographer Andrea Salsedo (b. 1881), who had been detained without a warrant or being arrested on March 8 1920, along with his '//Cronaca Sovversiva//' colleague Roberto Elia, is defenestrated from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice in NYC. Both men had been held for two months without charges for 'questioning' regarding a pamphlet called '//Plain Words//' found at the sites of several recent bombings and which had been printed on the '//Cronaca Sovversiva//' presses. They had been tortured and the police claim that they had agreed to inform on their fellow anarchists. [see: Sep. 21] [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10B12F93555157A93C6A9178ED85F448285F9]

[F] 1926 - __General Strike (UK)__: The United Kingdom's last General Strike begins [www.unionhistory.info/generalstrike/links.php]

1926 - __'Fiske v. Kansas'__: The appeal of the conviction of IWW organiser Harold B. Fiske under Kansas' 1920 Ciminal Syndicalism Act is first argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. During the appeal the state of Kansas could prove neither that Fiske had any actual or imminent intent to illegally change the economic structure of the United States nor that he intented to overthrow the US government. Fiske's words were thus protected by the First Amendment and so could not be barred. The court's decision was handed down on May 16, 1927. In it the Syndicalism Act was described as "an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power of the State" and its use to convicted Fiske was found to be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgement of the state court was reversed, and Fiske was found to be not in violation of any law. [see: Jul. 2] [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

1928 - In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which is being used to eliminate Italian antifascists in exile). Nine killed, 34 wounded.

1929 - René E. Mueller (Ernst René Müller; d. 1991), Swiss writer, poet, Lebenskünstler and anarchist, born. '//Poetische Aderlässe//' (Poetic Bloodletting; 1960), '//Geheul um Gabriela. Ein Lyrisches Pamphlet//' (Howl at Gabriela. A Lyrical Pamphlet; 1968), '//Engel der Strasse. Ein Anti-Roman//' (Angels of the Road. An Anti-Novel; 1976) and '//Geliebte Tödin. Poetische Aderlässe//' (Beloved Tödin. Poetic Bloodletting; 1986).

"Das Brot ist hart, das Wasser fade, Keine Cigaretten – schade,  Aus dem Kübel der Gestank  Macht mich krank,  Doch auf meinem Arsche tanzen  Quietschvergnügt zwei Dutzend Wanzen!"

(The bread is hard, the water stale, No cigarettes - shame  The smell from the bucket  Makes me sick,  But dancing on my ass  Happily are two dozen bugs!)

[de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_E._Mueller]

1937 - __Barcelona 'May Days' [Fets de maig del 1937 (Ca) or Jornadas de Mayo de 1937 (Sp)__]: Three truckloads (200 in number) of Communist Guardia de Asalto commanded by Rodriguez Salas attempt to seize the worker-run Telefónica telephone exchange in Barcelona. Armed resistance from the CNT workers on the upper floors thwarts this. Within a few hours, a host of armed bands has been formed and the first barricades erected. The mobilisation resolves into two sides: one made up of the CNT, FAI and the POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista / Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), the other of the Generalitat de Catalunya, the PSUC (Partido Socialista Unificado de Cataluña / Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia; affiliated to the 3rd International and therefore the Partido Comunista de España / Communist Party of Spain), the nationalist ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya / Republican Left of Catalonia) and the Catalan independence party, Estat Català. Fighting spread to all parts of the city, lasting for four days. Stalinists denounced the Trotskyite POUM as "Franco's Fifth Column" in preparation for its own liquidation (assassinations, etc) of all independent radicals and anarchists (similar to purges in Russia as well). This signalled the beginning of the Fets de maig del 1937, as it is known in Catalan, or the Jornadas de Mayo de 1937 (in Castillian) - the turning point of the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, when Stalinist counter-revolutionary forces moved against the anarchists and left-communists such as POUM, imposing greater control over the Spanish working class and reintroducing capitalist modes of production. [madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-revolucion-traicionada/ estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/33848 manuelaguilerapovedano.wordpress.com/2013/12/31/listado-de-victimas-de-los-hechos-de-mayo-de-1937-en-barcelona/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornadas_de_Mayo_de_1937 manuelaguilerapovedano.wordpress.com/2009/08/17/982-crimenes-sin-memoria-historica/ mayo1937barcelonasucesossangrientos.blogspot.co.uk/ historiasdelpoblenou.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/valerio-mas-y-los-hechos-de-mayo-del-37.html]

1955 - Rudolf Schlichter (b. 1890), German Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) artist, Dadaist, and member of the KPD, who helped for the Rote Gruppe alongside John Heartfield and George Grosz, dies. [see: Dec. 6]

1958 - Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers (b. 1876), French individualist anarchist, friend of the arts, pacifist intellectual and originator of the slogan "Make your life a work of art", dies. A prolific author of over 40 books and pamphlets dealing with the arts, literature and pacifism, he founded the magazine '//L'Action d'Art//' in 1913 with André Colomer and Manual Devaldès. [see: Jan. 26]

[AA] 1968 - __Mai 68__: With the Nanterre campus now closed down, students head to the Sorbonne to plan their protests against the closure and the threatened expulsion at Nanterre of the eight Mouvement du 22-Mars-linked students. The Dean of the Sorbonne authorises police to evacuate the premises and students clash violently with police in the Latin Quarter, which surrounds the university. The first paving-stone is thrown at police as the first barricades go up. The whole Latin Quarter becomes a battleground on a scale unseen in recent European history. By morning some 600 are arrested and hundreds were injured, including 83 policemen. The Sorbonne is closed. [www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_336.asp libcom.org/history/1968-chronology-events-France-%2526-internationally]

1971 - 7,000 protesters from the People's Coalition for Peace and Justice are arrested during an attempt to shut down the Pentagon. [www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1971 - __May Day Protests Washington D.C.__: The third of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1974 - Spanish banker Balthasar Suarez kidnapped by the Groupes d'Action Révolutionnaire Internationaliste (GARI) in Paris in an action aimed at securing the release of 100 political prisoners in Spain (under the Franco government's own laws).

1981 - The Tory Party's Monday Club calls for the abolition of the Commission for Racial Equality, the repeal of all race relations legislation and the repatriation of 50,000 immigrants each year. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/83/repatriation-demand.html]

1983 - "Over 1,000 people turned out to protest outside a National Front pre-election rally in Tottenham, North London, on Tuesday 3 May. An equal number of police in riot gear clashed with the crowds who jeered and stoned the nazis as they arrived, resulting in 34 arrests and a number of nazis suffering head wounds." ['//Searchlight//', June 1983] [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1984 - Albano Franchini (b. 1901), Italian anarchist-communist militant and resistance fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

1990 - Karl Ibach (b. 1915), German communist member of the resistance against the Third Reich and later, a writer and politician, dies. [see: Apr. 3]

[A] 2000 - The Vote Nobody election campaign proves successful today in the Bristol ward of Easton. An Autonomous Zone is declared after 145 people voted for Nobody and just five for the council. One staunch anarchist spoiled his ballot paper.

2002 - Mariana Yampolsky (b. 1925), Mexican printmaker, painter and monograph writer, who was one of the major figures in 20th-century Mexican photography, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

2008 - Hanon Reznikov (born Howard Reznick; b. 1950), American anarchist, theatre and film actor, writer and co-director of The Living Theatre in New York City (with Judith Malina) following Julian Beck's death in 1985, dies. [see: Sep. 23]

2009 - Marilyn French (b. 1929), American feminist author and academic, dies. [see: Nov. 21]

2013 - Russian performance artist and political activist Pyotr Pavlensky performs '//Carcass//', a political protest action against the repressive policies of the Putin government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Pavlensky] ||
 * = 4 || [B] 1867 - Dynam-Victor Fumet (d. 1949), French composer, organist, anarchist and bombmaker, born. Dynam (his adopted nickname that either came from his musical dynamism or his penchant for practising bomb-making) wrote anarchist verse (which earned him the cancellation of a scholarship), contributed articles to '//La Révolte//' and was a friend of Kropotkin and Louise Michel, as well as the likes of Satie and a number of other La Chat Noir regulars (Dynam was the cabaret's orchestra conductor).

1871 - Mynona aka Salomo Friedlaender (d. 1946), German philosopher, author and anarchist individualist, associated with Expressionism and Dada, born. Mynona is an anagram of "anonym" (i.e., anonymous). A Stirneite, he claimed his philosophy as a "synthesis between Immanuel Kant and Charlie Chaplin". Close to amongst others Martin Buber, Alfred Kubin, Gustav Landauer, Else Lasker-Schüler, Erich Mühsam and Ludwig Rubiner, he was also associated artistically with Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Höch, Ludwig Meidner and Paul Scheerbart. Mynona also wrote for '//Die Aktion//', '//Der Sturm//', '//Die Neue Jugend//' and '//Den Weißen Blättern//' (The White Sheets). In 1919 he co-founded the Stirner-Bund with Anselm Ruest (Ernst Samuel) and its magazine '//Der Einzige//'. His final work, '//Der Lachende Hiob//' (The Laughing Job; 1935), was published in France after he had fled to Paris in 1933 fearing the posiblity of being picked up by the Gestapo and transported to Auschwitz. The novel, which is narrated by Jusua Zander, a Jewish mine owner Jusua Zander, is a grotesque satire on the Nazi ideology (lampooned as "Organotechnik" by Mynona). Zander faces down the brutality of the Nazis with laughter and his superior rationality: "Wer der Vernunft gehorcht, wird zum Gott der Erde." (Whoever obeys reason, is God of the Earth.) [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo_Friedlaender sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/mynona.htm www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_14420.html]

1880 - Bruno Taut (Bruno Julius Florian Taut; d. 1938) German architect, urban planner and author of the Weimar period, born. He was also a social reformer, anarchist and anti-militarist, whose ideas, including his architectural work, were influenced by the ideas of Kropotkin and Landauer, especially the latter's '//Aufruf zum Sozialismus//' (Call to Socialism; 1911), born. His '//Die Auflösung der Städt//' (The Dissolution of the City; 1920) displays a clear affiliation with Kropotkinite communitarian ideas of community organisation. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_14420.html sudongyue.wordpress.com/2008/07/08/paper-for-architecture-class/ mcahitcan.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/being-prolific-german-architect-urban.html]

[A] 1886 - __Haymarket Massacre__: A bomb thrown at police by a provocateur during a labour demonstration protesting police brutality yesterday at McCormick Reaper Works kills 7 Chicago cops and ultimately results in the trial of eight anarchists, who are condemned to death. [ Costantini pic ]

1892 - Paulino Díez Martín (d. 1980), Spanish carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist and CNT militant, who spent frequent periods in jail because of his untiring activism, born. Following the Spanish Revolution he escaped to Panama, where he lived in exile until his death in 1980. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Díez_Martín www.estelnegre.org/documents/paulinodiez/paulinodiez.html manelaisa.com/articulo/articulo-18-paulino-diez-y-el-anarcosindicalismo/]

1895 - First appearance of Jean Grave's weekly magazine of '//Les Temps Nouveaux//', which, until August 8, 1914, is a formidable journal of anarchist ideas and propaganda.

1897 - Giovanna Caleffi Berneri (d. 1962), Italian anarchist, propagandist and teacher, born. The partner of Camillo Berneri and mother of Marie Louise and Giliana Berneri (anarchists all), she was involved in anti-fascist resistance during the Second World War and helped rebuild the Italian anarchist movement after it, publishing the underground anarchist paper '//La Rivoluzione Libertaria//' in 1944 and then the paper '//Volontà//' alongside Cesare Zaccaria. Giovannina Caleffi was born at Gualtieri near Reggio Emilia on May 4, 1897, to Giuseppe and Caterina Simonazzi, a poor farming family with four other children. Her father emigrated to Pittsburgh in the USA with the oldest son. Giovannina (usually called Giovanna) went to school at Gualtieri and from 1914, to Reggio Emilia where she completed her studies, thanks to the sacrifices of her older brothers. She started going to socialist meetings. At the age of fifteen, she lost her faith in Catholicism after discussions within her family. She had Adalgisa Fochi as a teacher, a well known writer and noted socialist active in women’s circles. Giovanna got her diploma in 1915 and began to teach in elementary school at Santa Vittoria di Gualtieri and the following year at Montecchio Emilia. In this period she got to know Camillo Berneri, son of her teacher Fochi, a high school student in the FGS (The Socialist Youth Federation, which from 1916 started moving in an anarchist direction). Camillo transferred to Arezzo, where his mother was teaching, and Giovanna joined him there after a year. They were married on November 4, 1917 at Gualtieri. On March 1, 1918, whilst Camillo was in prison for refusing to serve in the army, their first daughter Maria Luisa was born. The family subsequently moved to Florence. Their second daughter Giliana was born there on October 15, 1919. Their house became an important meeting place for anarchists and antifascists. Camillo was physically attacked twice. The family was forced to move into exile in France, Camillo leaving first, followed after a short interval by Giovanna and their daughters, managing to secretly get over the border into France in August 1926. The family lived on the outskirts of Paris in great poverty. Eventually Camillo, after being hounded by the French authorities at the instigation of the Italian regime, parted for Spain and Giovanna was left to look after the children on her own. Camillo Berneri was murdered by the Stalinists on May 5, 1937. Giovanna attended the funeral with her daughter Maria Luisa. She gave aid to the Italian comrades expelled from Spain and then interned in French concentration camps. She was an initiator of the C. Berneri Committee in Paris and from 1938 published a collection of Camillo’s writings under the title '//Pensieri e Battaglie//' (Thought and Struggle), with a preface by Emma Goldman. In this period she contributed to the underground Italian anarchist press. With the German occupation of France, she was arrested on October 28, 1940, and spent 3 months in the prison of La Santé in Paris. In February 1941 she was deported to Germany and stayed in prison there for 5 months. She was transferred from prison to prison, ending up in Austria where she was handed back to the Italian authorities. She was sentenced on August 25 to a year's imprisonment at Lacedonia in the province of Avellino, for subversive activities against the Italian state. After the completion of her sentence she went into hiding and took part in resistance activities. She began a relationship with Cesare Zaccaria, an old friend of the family, and moved in with him from February 1943. At the end of the war the new couple worked for the rebirth of the anarchist movement along with Armido Abbate, Pio Turroni and others. They published the underground anarchist paper '//La Rivoluzione Libertaria//' in 1944 and then the paper 'Volontà', which, following the anarchist conference in Carrara in 1945, became a magazine to which the writers Ignazio Silone, Albert Camus, Gaetano Salvemini etc contributed and which Giovanna played a key role in. In the immediate post-war period she was heavily involved in anarchist propaganda and activity. With Zaccaria she wrote the pamphlet '//Societa senza stato//' (The Stateless Society) in 1947. She believed in the dire need to relate anarchism to the masses. She was involved in intensive editorial and publishing activity, bringing out writings by Malatesta, Volin, Fabbri, Carlo Doglio and others. She was a leading light in the campaign in favour of birth control, and with Cesare Zaccaria wrote a pamphlet '//Il controllo delle nascite//' (Birth Control) in 1948, which collated a series of articles that had appeared from 1947 in Volontà. It was immediately seized by the authorities. She and Zaccaria were put on trial for "propaganda against procreation" ending with their acquittal in May 1950. She contributed articles to various anarchist papers including '//Umanità Nova//', '//L’Adunata dei Refrattari//', '//Controcorrente//' in Boston, '//Il Mondo//', '//Il Lavoro Nuovo//' in Genoa, etc. She was active within the correspondence committees of the Federazione Anarchica Italiana for several stretches. In the summer of 1948 she started the project of a summer holiday for children which she continued the following year. In April of the same year, 1949, she suffered the second great tragedy of her life, the death of Maria Luisa at 31. Giovanna decided to honour the memory of her daughter by setting up a libertarian colony for children, the Colonia Maria Luisa Berneri, open to the children of anarchists of all countries. This was first attempted at Cesenatico, but with poor results because of limited funds. On July 1, 1951, the colony became a reality, although on a modest level, thanks to Zaccaria, who put his country house at Piano di Sorrento at its disposal. It sheltered three groups of thirty children. This positive experience lasted 7 years, ending in the summer of 1957, with a large deficit and without the availability of the house at Piano di Sorrento because of the end of the relationship between Giovanna and Zaccaria, and his break with the anarchist movement. She did not give up the project and with other anarchists from various countries managed to acquire a house and land at Ronchi near Marina di Massa. Giovanna moved to Genova Nervi in 1956, where the administration of Volonta transferred in January 1959. She died of a heart attack on March 14, 1962, in the hospital of Genova Nervi where she was recovering from a serious illness. The anarchist Aurelio Chessa nursed her in her last hours. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/giovannaberneri/giovannaberneri.html it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Caleffi www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/01/giovanna-caleffi/ www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/caleffi.htm libcom.org/history/caleffi-giovanina-1897-1962]

1897 - __Procesos de Montjuic / Procés de Montjuïc__: "The five Anarchists sentenced to death for complicity in the dynamite outrages here during the Corpus Christi procession last year were shot at 5 o’clock this morning in the moat of Monjuich Castle. The troops entrusted with the carrying out of the sentence fired repeated volleys at the criminals, who all met their doom calmly, their eyes fixed on the public, who were kept at a distance by a large force of soldiers. The condemned men, who all had their hands tied behind them, bowed to the public as they arrived at the scene of execution. Mas asked the firing party to come nearer. Nogues, Molas, and Alsina exclaimed: – “We are innocent! This is murder!” Just before the first volley was fired all cried together: – “Long live Anarchy! Long live Revolution!” Molas then gave the word for the soldiers to fire. Four of the prisoners fell dead immediately, but Alsina remained on his knees not even wounded. At the second volley he fell, but was not killed outright, and it was not till a third volley had been fired that he was pronounced to be dead." ['//The Times//', London, May 5, 1897] The five men killed - Tomás Ascheri, Antoni Nogués, Josep Molas, Lluís Mas and Joan Alsina - were all anarchists who had been found to have directly carried out the attack on a Corpus Christi procession in the calle Cambios Nuevos in Barcelona on June 7, 1896, when a bomb thrown into the crowd killed twelve and wounded 35 others. All were innocent, probably even Joan Alsina who had implicated the other four whilst under torture. They were amongst the 400 arrested, not just Catalan anarchist workers but also liberals, freethinkers and federal republicans - including many of the biggest names of the movement, such as Josep Llunas y Pujals, José López Montenegro, Juan Montseny, Teresa Claramunt, Joan Alsina, Baldomer Oller, Anselmo Lorenzo, Tarrida del Mármol, Sebastián Sunyé, Juan Bautista Esteve, and the writer Pere Corominas, in a wave of mass arrests and repression that followed the attack. Many of those arrested were deported to African prisons, others ended up in the dungeons of the Montjuïc prison where the tools of the Inquisition still remained in use and were now deployed in full. Tomás Ascheri Fossatti, who many thought to be a police spy, confessed under torture, signing a written confession; as did Antoni Nogués and Lluís Mas, the later being driven insane by his experience. Between December 11 and 15, 1896, 87 people were tried in camera by drumhead military tribunals under emergency anti-terrorist legislation. Ascheri, Nogués, Molas, Mas and Alsina were sentenced to death; Francesc Callis, Antoni Ceperuelo, Rafael Cusidó, Jacint Melich, Baldomer Oller, Josep Pons, Joan Torrents, Josep Vila, Jaume Vilella and Sebastià Sunyé to 20 years in prison; Joan Casanovas, Epifani Caus and Joan Baptista Oller to 18 years; Antoni Costa, Francesc Lis, Josep Mesa Mateu Ripoll, Joan Sala, Llorenç Serra and Cristòfol Soler to ten years and a day. In addition José Toulouse Cento was fined 50 pesetas for concealing his name and Casimiro Balart two months for change of residence without authorisation. Sixty three other prisoners (including Josep Prats, Ramon Vidal, Salud Borràs, Ramón Confau, Manuel Barrera, Tomás Codina, Antonio Gurri, Antoni Borràs, Adbon Navarro, Roman Archs, Vidal, Rull, Magí Fenoll, Jaume Torrens, López Montenegro, Coromines, Francesca Saperas, Joan Montseny, Teresa Claramunt, etc.) were acquitted and, following the international outcry, the testimonies of torture from those detained and the doubts surrounding the guilt of the accused, the Captain General of Barcelona banished the 63 to the UK in July 1897, rather than to the prison in Africa that potentially awaited them. [www.xtec.cat/~jrovira6/restau11/montjuic.htm www.veuobrera.org/00fine-x/proces-m.htm]

1912 - More the 15,000 suffragettes and their supporters march through New York, beginning from the Washington Arch at 17:00 and ending in torchlight at Carnegie Hall. Four year previously 23 members of the Progressive Woman Suffrage Union had staged an illegal march down Broadway and the previous two years had seen 400 [1910] and 3,000 [1911]. [feminist.org/blog/index.php/2015/05/04/today-in-herstory-large-suffrage-parade-takes-new-york-city/]

[CC] 1912 - Elvi Aulikki Sinervo-Ryömä (d. 1986), Finnish working-class writer, novelist, poet, dramatist, translator, anti-fascist and post-war member of the Suomen Kommunistisessa Puolueessa (SKP; Communist Party of Finland), born. She joined the leftist cultural group Kiilaa (Wedge) in 1936, becoming its most important prose author, starting with her first work, '//Runo Söörnäisistä//' (A Poem about Söörnäinen, 1937), a collection of short stories about working-class life in Helsinki. She would later described herself during this period as having been a "professional revolutionary" and, in 1941 during the so-called Continuation War (Jatkosota Käytiin, June 1941 - September 1944, when Finish and German forces jointly took part in the invasion of Russia following the end of the Talvisota (Winter War), when Russia invaded Finland), she was sentenced to four years in prison for participating in illegal anti-fascist activities. All her work is expressly political in tone and content: '//Pilvet//' (Clouds; 1944), a collection of poems, was written in part during her time in prison and depicts her experiences there; '//Viljami Vaihdokas//' (Viljami the Changeling; 1946), which is considered Sinervo’s most significant work and the one most obviously in the anti-Fascist literary tradition, depicts the war between Finland and the Soviet Union as part of a worldwide struggle and the importance of collective action; the novel '//Toveri, älä Peta//' (Comrade, Don’t Betray Me; 1947) is about a prisoner who accidentally betrays a fellow inmate and suffers the fate of being ostracised because of it; and, '//Vuorelle Nousu//' (Climbing the Mountain, 1948), is a collection of short stories, about the experiences of those in the underground Communist movement in Finland. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvi_Sinervo www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sinervo.htm nordicwomensliterature.net/article/better-world]

1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Alvaro Obregon besieges Mazatlan.

[F] 1919 - __Fremantle Wharf Riot aka Battle of the Barricades__: A strike called by the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) over the use of National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers to unload the quarantined ship Dimboola escalates into fatal violence when WWF workers and supporters attempt to prevent NWWU members from carrying out the work. In 1917, the Fremantle Lumpers Union refused to load ships that they believed were destined to take supplies to Germany, then an enemy nation. This belief was denied by the government of the day (but was however later proven to be correct), and in response the shipowners and government brought in strike-breakers under the NWWU banner. This was intended to be only for the job at hand, but the NWWU labour continued to be employed after the immediate need, and despite their willingness the WWF workers were prevented from returning to work for some time. On May 4, 1919, the WWF were blockading the wharf to prevent the NWWU workers from reaching the Dimboola. The NWWU workers, however, arrived in boats down the river, accompanied by the recently appointed Western Australian Premier, Hal Colebatch. In the fracas, Tom Edwards, a union worker, was attempting to assist the WWF president William Renton when he was struck on the head by a police baton. He died three days later at Fremantle Hospital. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Fremantle_Wharf_riot en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fremantle_Wharf_Crisis_of_1919 freoworkers.org/1919.html www.policewahistory.org.au/html_pages/Dimboola_incident.html www.publicartaroundtheworld.com/Tom_Edwards_Memorial_Fountain.html pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/24883/20100515-0207/john.curtin.edu.au/education/tlf/R3292/00568005002_image/index.html trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/81397537 monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/humanitarian/display/60515-tom-edwards]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: A demonstration in Lima in support of the demands put forward by the Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias is violently suppressed. [see: May 1]

1919 - Roger Paon (d. 2011), French socialist, then an anarchist and pacifist, born. Paon joined the Socialist Youth for a brief period in 1933, before turning to the libertarians, particularly the group l'Union Anarchiste de Rouen. He was also a member of the Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la paix, which aided in the resistance to the occupation during WWII. Paon lived in Nice following the war, collaborating on libertarian publications, publishing his own newspaper, '//L'ordre Social//' (1950-1953). He was also active alongside Louis Lecoin in the campaign for the recognition of rights of conscientious objection. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4431]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: Henri Sirolle, deputy secretary of the fédération des cheminots and one of the leaders of the strike committe is arrested. [see: May 1 & 3]

1920 - Sacco and Vanzetti learn of their comrade Andrea Salsedo’s death [see: May 3]. Salseda plunged from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice offices while being secretly held and interrogated. Believing he was tossed to his death yesterday, Sacco and Vanzetti fear they will be implicated in a bomb plot. They are arrested tomorrow – accused instead of murder in a bank robbery.

1924 - Having shown extreme caution since the military coup by Primo de Rivera, on September 13, 1923, the CNT holds its last national convention before going underground.

1926 - __General Strike (UK)__:

1927 - On the 41st anniversary of the Haymarket affair, a streetcar (tram) jumped its tracks and crashed into the monument to the dead policemen. The motorman said he was "sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised".

[D] 1937 - __Barcelona 'May Days' [Fets de maig del 1937 or Jornadas de Mayo de 1937__]: Gun-battles throughout the night in Barcelona. Many barricades and violent clashes throughout the city.

[E] 1938 - Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; b. 1899), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU/NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", is shot by the NKVD in Minusinsk (Минусинске) for participating in "counter-revolutionary activities". [see: Dec. 28]

1953 - __Plovdiv Strike & Workers' Uprising [Забастовка и рабочее восстание в Пловдиве__]: In the spring of 1953, workers' protests in the Bulgarian city ​​of Plovdiv, a major centre of the tobacco industry, as well as nearby Khasskovo. What began as a strike by the tobacco industry under economic demands, quickly turned into a mass anti-Stalinist action against the communist government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. On April 20, 1953, the Plovdiv tobacco workers sent an appeal to the general secretary of the BKP Central Committee, Valko Chervenkov. They warned that in the absence of an agreement on their demands (guaranteed employment, a five-day working week and even to ensure the right to strike), submitted in response to the government's planned layoffs at tobacco enterprises announced in early April, they would refuse to leave work and hold a protest action in front of the office of the Derzhavnia Tyutyunov Monopol, the State Tobacco Monopoly. On the night of April 21, a 20-person strike committee was elected, headed by the anarchist Kiril Dzhavezov. The central and local authorities regarded these events as an unacceptable disobedience. In Plovdiv uniformed police were reinforced. In response, on May 3 the largely female striking workforce expelled the factory security and barricaded themselves in the warehouse. The room was immediately blockaded by the police. On the morning of May 4, 1953, a spontaneous expansion in the protests began, largely facilitated by female workers. The Stefan Kirajiev and Georgi Ivanov warehouses were seized by the strikers. The police began shooting into the air, but retreated under the pressure of the crowd. At a meeting of many thousands, Stanho Vutev, a veteran of the labour movement and participant in the underground anti-fascist struggle, called for a protest at the DTM building. A party and government delegation arrived in Plovdiv from Sofia, addressing the strikers on the Boulevard Ruski. A speech by the Minister of Industry Anton Yugov was met by boos, anti-communist slogans and eventually stones. The Minister of Agriculture Stanko Todorov was met by a similar reaction. The police again started shooting in the air. The bloodshed was initiated by the secretary of the Plovdiv committee of the BCP Ivan Primov, who gave the command "Fire!". The Sofia delegation retreated under police protection, whilst the police continued firing. Clashes continued for several hours and by midday the authorities were back in control. Nine people were killed, including three members of the strike committee, and dozens injured, whilst hundreds of others were beaten, arrested and sent to 'correctional centres'. [digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111324 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пловдивска_стачка_и_работнически_бунт_1953_г. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовка_и_рабочее_восстание_в_Пловдиве_(1953) bulgaria1944-1989.eu/tour/bg/istina/от-социални-искания-към-политически-б-2/ toross.blog.bg/politika/2010/05/22/plovdiv-mai-1953-pyrvata-stachka-sreshtu-komunizma-v-iztochn.549706 www.168chasa.bg/Article/2307824]

1959 - François Truffaut's '//Les Quatre Cents Coups//' (The 400 Blows), a French Nouvelle Vague (New Wave) classic influenced by Jean Vigo's '//Zéro de Conduite//' (1933), in fact it has one scene lifted wholesale from Vigo's film, premières in Paris.

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The government declares the state of siege in Asturias, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa provinces. However, the strike maintains its momentum despite increasing state repression. [see: Apr. 7]

1966 - Stefano Sollima, radical Italian filmmaker, screenwriter and son of the spaghetti western director Sergio Sollima, born. Known initially for his TV series: ' //Gomorra//' (2014), '//Romanzo Criminale//' (2008-12) and '//La Squadra//' (2003-07), his first feature film is '//ACAB - All Cops Are Bastards//' (2012). [www.imdb.com/name/nm1356588/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Sollima www.mymovies.it/film/2011/acab/ www.cinematraque.com/2012/07/acab-sec-et-violent/]

1969 - David Oluwale, a 38-year-old Nigerian with a long history of having suffered racial harassment at the hands of the police, is discovered face-down in the river Aire, close to Leeds' main sewage works. He was last seen alive at 3 a.m. on April 18 being beaten with truncheons by 2 cops in the shop doorway where he regularly slept rough. Both cops are subsequently imprisoned for assault but found not guilty of manslaughter. The first known incident of racist policing allegedly leading to the death of a Black person. It is also the only time in contemporary British history that police officers involved in brutality that allegedly led to the death of a suspect have received criminal sentences.

1970 - __Kent State Massacre__: The Ohio National Guard fire 67 rounds at unarmed college students protesting the American invasion of Cambodia, killing four and wounding nine others.

1970 - American Embassy in London is fire-bombed. [Angry Brigade / 1st May Group chronology]

[C] 1978 - Altab Ali, a 25-year-old Bangladeshi textile worker, is murdered next to St Mary's Churchyard (near the corner of Adler Street and Whitechapel Road) in Whitechapel, London by three teenage boys as he walked home from work, in a racially motivated attack. The murder mobilises the Bangladeshi community, who go on to hold demonstrations in the area of Brick Lane against the National Front paper sellers in the area of Brick Lane, as well as forming sell-defence groups such as the Bangladesh Youth Movement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altab_Ali_Park www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/71/altab-ali-murdered-in-whitechapel-london.html the-radical-truth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/altab-ali-day-and-history-of-bengali.html]

1986 - Celebrations held in Melbourne to mark the centenary of the anarchist movement in Australia.

1989 - 30,000 students – apparently unaware they live in a People's Democracy – march to Tiananmen Square in Beijing, for democracy.

1999 - Eva X Moberg (Eva Maria Moberg; b. 1962), Swedish journalist, anarchist, feminist and squatting activist, who somewhat controversially became editor of the long-running Swedish anarchist newspaper '//Brand//' (Fire) ['ownership' of the title and the right to use it was disputed], dies of cancer. [see: May 13]

2011 - Two prisoners, 19-year-old Samuel Carson and 23-year-old Frances McKeown, are found dead a few hours apart in Belfast's Hydebank Young Offenders Centre, both apparent self-inflicted deaths. ||
 * = 5 || 1818 - Shameless Bakunin plagiarist and bad-mouther (of the same) Karl Marx born.

[E] 1837 - Anna Maria 'Marianna' Mozzoni (d. 1920), Italian journalist, socialist and militant feminist, born. She was probably one of the most important and influential women of Italian and international political life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and is commonly held as the founder of the woman's movement in Italy. An early adherent of the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier, she called for universal suffrage, including woman suffrage upon which she drew up and submitted to the Italian parliament (via the deputy Salvatore Morelli) the first motion for the vote to women in 1877. It failed to be passed. In 1864, Mozzoni wrote a feminist critique of Italian family law, '//La donna in faccia al progetto del nuovo Codice civile italiano//' (Woman and her social relationships on the occasion of the revision of the Italian Civil Code), which contained a attack on Prouhdon's view that women were inferior beings mentally and morally, to the exclusion of any active participation in society. '//La donna in faccia al progetto...//' appeared five years before John Stuart Mill's '//The Subjection of Women//', which she herself later translated into Italian and published in 1879. In 1878, Mozzoni represented Italy at the International Congress on Women's Rights in Paris and the following year she founded the Lega promotrice degli interessi femminili (League for the Promotion of the Interests of Women) in Milan. Both a political and trade union body, it occupied a similar position in the struggle for women's rights in Italy as the various British suffragette organisations. In 1885, her intervention and article entitled '//Come muore Passannante//' (How Passannante died), published in the '//Italia del Popolo//' and '//Il Messaggero//', also played a significant role in saving the anarchist Giovanni Passannante from the inhuman conditions following the commuting of his death sentence for his attempted assassination of Umberto I, conditions that drove him insane. He was subsequently transferred to an asylum with much improved conditions. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marianna-mozzoni_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-maria-mozzoni/ www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/04/anna-maria-mozzoni/ www.wetheitalians.com/index.php/magazine/8313-great-italians-of-the-past-anna-maria-mozzoni?jjj=1462038725846]

[DD] 1860 - Spedizione dei Mille [Expedition of the Thousand]: [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_dei_Mille en.wikipedia.org/?title=Expedition_of_the_Thousand it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi]

1874 - Jean Marestan (born Gaston Havard) (d. 1951), Belgian anarchist, pacifist and militant néo-Malthusian, writer, born. [www.ephemanar.net/mai05.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8577]

[CC/EEE] 1882 - Sylvia Pankhurst (d. 1960), English painter, suffragette, prominent left communist and anti-fascist, who was the leader of East London Federation, which sought to unite British labour and woman's suffrage movement, born. [expand] [www.sylviapankhurst.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm radicalhistorynetwork.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/variously-radical-life-of-estelle.html rfcb.revues.org/275?lang=en libcom.org/history/dockers-boycott-ss-jolly-george-1920 libcom.org/library/you-are-called-war-sylvia-pankhurst armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/sylvia-pankhurst/ armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/hands-off-russia/ pasttenseblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/today-in-londons-radical-past-hands-off-russia-rally-in-the-albert-hall-1919/ libcom.org/history/corio-silvio¬¬-1875-1954-aka-crastinus-qualunque]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 23] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On (Monday) the first day of the strike, 245 workers of the Żyrardów linen factory fail to turn up for work in protest at their pay cuts. However, this failed to force the factory director into to making any concessions, although Karol August Dittrich, surprised by the events and worried about the losses that could come from it, proposed a settlement with the strikers, but he was over-ruled by the rest of the factory board, headed by Mikołaj Wątróbski. In order to intimidate the strikers, several women from the Spooling section and their fathers and husbands were identified, and they were threatened with expulsion from the factory and settlement and being forced to return to their home towns. This threat was serious and caused some of the Spoolers to waver, but it also prompted some of the young weavers to persuade women to maintain their stance. The lack of willingness to cooperate on the part of the management and the steadfastness of the women themselves led to the strike spreading to other parts of the factory and mass demonstrations in the city, demanding "chleba, pracy i godnych warunków życia" (bread, work and decent living conditions). [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

1886 - __Bay View Massacre__: Workers in Milwaukee agitating for an 8-hour day, having been on strike since May 1st, march to the last important factory that remained open was the North Chicago Railroad Rolling Mills Steel Foundry in Bay View. 14,000 workers are fired upon by 250 National Guardsmen, killing seven, including a thirteen-year-old boy.

1891 - The first issue of Zo d'Axa's weekly magazine '//L'Endehors//' (The Outside) is published in Paris. It follows an individualist anarchist agenda and is a showcase for the movement's literary talent. "Celui que rien n'enrôle et qu'une impulsive nature guide seule, ce passionnel tant complexe, ce hors la loi, ce hors d'école, cet isolé chercheur d'au delà ne se dessine-t-il pas dans ce mot: "//L'Endehors//"..." (That which nothing enlists and which an impulsive nature only guides, this passion so complex, it is outside the law, it is outside of school, this lone seeker of the beyond does not emerge from this word: "//Endehors//"…)

1897 - Giovanna Berneri (nee Giovannina Caleffi) (d. 1962), Italian teacher, anarchist propagandist, companion of Camillo Berneri (murdered by the Communists in Spain on this day in 1937; see below), born. Mother of Marie Louise Berneri (1918-1949) and Giliana Berneri (a.k.a. Giliane; 1919-1998) – like their parents, also anarchists.

1903 - Pierre Odéon (aka Pierre Perrin) (d. 1978), French anarchist, anti-militarist, aided the Spanish Revolution, member of the Résistance, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Odéon www.ephemanar.net/mai05.html]

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 22] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Second Zemstvo Congress meets in Moscow without government permission and issues demands for a legislature - the zemstvo movement splits: Shipov and a moderate-conservative minority break with the liberal majority. A Coalition Congress on June 6-7 [O.S. May 24-25] fails to repair the rift. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - __Huelga y Masacre de Cananea [Cananea Strike & Massacre__]: The Cananea Consolidated Copper Company based in Nogales had about 5,360 Mexican workers in its Cananea copper mines, receiving three and a half pesos per day while the 2,200 US workers received 5 pesos for the same work. The conditions in which Mexican labourers worked were deplorable. During Cinco de Mayo celebrations, Mexican employees made public their grievances while the local authority imposed martial law to prevent further conflicts. [see: Jun. 1]

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: John and James McNamaras are arraigned and pleed not guilty. McManigal, who had turned state's evidence, is not charged at that time. [see: Oct. 1]

1911 - Aristide Delannoy (b. 1874), French painter, cartoonist and libertarian, dies. [see: Jul. 30]

1913 - Belgrado Pedrini (d. 1979), Italian writer, poet, anarchist and partisan, born. One evening in 1942, in a bar, Pedrini, with his comrades Giovanni Zava and Gino Giorgi, disarmed and beat up five fascists. Searched for by the authorities, they went to Milan where in November 1942, they were surprised by a police patrol whilst sticking up posters calling on Italians to rise up against the war. After a long shoot out during which one of the police died, the three managed to escape and get to Genoa and then La Spezia. Now on the wanted list of Mussolini’s secret police, the OVRA, and described in the daily '//I'l Popolo d’Italia//' as dangerous "criminals and saboteurs of the armed resistance", Pedrini, Zava and Giorgi were surrounded by the police in a hotel there. Another shoot out began which lasted several hours and which ended with the arrest of the three anarchists, seriously wounded, and the death of a police officer. Taken to La Spezia jail, Belgrado was transferred in 1943 to the Massa prison, in preparation for a trial and a certain death by firing squad. In June 1944, partisans of the Elio detachment carried out a spectacular action and managed to free the prisoners of the Massa jail. Belgrado then joined in the guerrilla struggle against the fascists and the Germans. He took part in much combat and in various acts of sabotage carried out by the partisan detachment. In May 1945 shortly after the Liberation, Pedrini was again arrested for the incident at La Spezia, and for other acts from this period which included the expropriation of marble industrialists at Carrara, Milan and La Spezia. The magistrature turned a blind eye to the political and anti-fascist nature of these acts, preferring to see them as ordinary crimes and sentenced him in May 1949, to life imprisonment, which was then commuted to 30 years imprisonment. Continually transferred from one prison to another because of his escape attempts and the many prison revolts he had instigated, Pedrini avidly read all the classics of literature and philosophy. A brilliant autodidact, he wrote many poems in prison, among which '//Schiavi//' (Slaves) – written in 1967 at Fossombrone – which, put to music, became celebrated within the anarchist movement under the title of '//Il Galeone//'. He was finally let out of jail on the April 17, 1975, thanks to an intensive international campaign with a strong anarchist input.

'//Il Galeone//' (1967)

Siamo la ciurma anemica d’una galera infame su cui ratta la morte miete per lenta fame.

Mai orizzonti limpidi schiude la nostra aurora e sulla tolda squallida urla la scolta ognora.

I nostri dì si involano fra fetide carene siam magri smunti schiavi stretti in ferro catene.

Sorge sul mar la luna ruotan le stelle in cielo ma sulle nostre luci steso è un funereo velo.

Torme di schiavi adusti chini a gemer sul remo spezziam queste catene o chini a remar morremo!

Cos’è gementi schiavi questo remar remare? Meglio morir tra i flutti sul biancheggiar del mare.

Remiam finché la nave si schianti sui frangenti alte le rossonere fra il sibilar dei venti!

E sia pietosa coltrice l’onda spumosa e ria ma sorga un dì sui martiri il sol dell’anarchia.

Su schiavi all’armi all’armi! L’onda gorgoglia e sale tuoni baleni e fulmini sul galeon fatale.

Su schiavi all’armi all’armi! Pugnam col braccio forte! Giuriam giuriam giustizia! O libertà o morte!

Giuriam giuriam giustizia! O libertà o morte!

(We're the crew aenemic, of an infamous prison  on which the quick death  rages with slow hunger.

Never clear horizonts unclenchs our dawn and over the sleazy blanket screams the guide every hour.

Our days fly between stinky keels we're thin, pallid, slaves tied with iron chains.

The moon rises above the see revolve the stars in the sky but over our lights lied a funeral veil.

Crew of waterless slaves bent to suffer on the oar broke these chains or bent to row we'll die!

Suffering slaves what is this rowing? Better to die between the waves on the whitening see.

We row until the ship crashed the reefs highs the black and reds between winds hiss!

And be pitiful bed the scummy and wicked wave but rises a day over the martyrs the sun of the anarchy.

Come now slaves to arms, to arms! Fight with the strong arm! Swear, swear justice! Freedom or death!

Swear, swear justice! Freedom or death!)

[libcom.org/history/pedrini-belgrado-1913-1979 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrado_Pedrini ita.anarchopedia.org/Belgrado_Pedrini www.antiwarsongs.org/printpreview.php?id=5748&lang=en circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/belgrado-pedrini/]

1916 - At a mass meeting in Carnegie Hall to celebrate Emma Goldman's release from prison, where she had just served two weeks in the workhouse for violating Section 1142 of the New York State Criminal Code when she distributed information about birth control during a lecture in New York City in January, fellow campaigner Rose Pastor Stokes causes a sensation by passing out small slips of paper containing birth control information, which she had promised to distribute during her speech at the event. During part of her speech, Stokes spoke directly to those whose job it is to enforce these Victorian Era laws: "You, gentlemen, who earn your living by hunting down the victims of a maladjusted society, and you, gentlemen of the club, if you are here to interfere with, or arrest, or provide the authorities with evidence against anyone ignoring this unjust section of the law, I address myself to you. I should be truly sorry to place you under so mean an obligation, for I know your hearts well enough to know that you do not always relish the job your economic insecurity forces you to hold on to. But I cannot do other than again take the opportunity afforded me here of passing out information to wives and mothers in need." At the conclusion of the evening’s speeches, many audience members rushed forward and scrambled for the slips that Stokes had promised to distribute. She found herself quickly surrounded and besieged as private security officers tried unsuccessfully to maintain order. [feminist.org/blog/index.php/2015/05/05/today-in-herstory-rose-pastor-stokes-causes-sensation-by-distributing-birth-control-information/]

1917 - __Everett Massacre Trial__: After 21 hours of deliberation, a jury in Seattle, one of the county’s first juries to include women, finds Thomas H. Tracy not guilty after a two-month long trial. Shortly afterwards, all charges were dropped against the remaining 73 defendants and they were released from jail. [see: Nov. 5 & Mar. 5] [www.weneverforget.org/hellraisers-journal-victory-for-industrial-workers-of-the-world-tom-tracy-found-not-guilty-by-seattle-jury/ www.seattlestar.net/2014/03/march-5-1917-the-wobblies-on-trial/]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Syndicat des Métaux de Paris, which had come out on strike in support of the railworkers, is disowned by its own confederation. [see: May 1 & 3]

1920 - Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, are arrested for murder and payroll robbery. They will subsequently be executed for a crime they quite possibly did not commit.

1920 - Charles Ange Laisant (b. 1841), dies. French Conseiller Général in Nantes, and Député in Paris (18ème) who later became an anarchist under the influence of his son Albert (who also led his two sons, Maurice and Charles, down the errant path). [see: Nov. 1]

1921 - Fascists in Pisa attack and set fire to the printing works of the newspaper '//Avvenire Anarchico//'.

1921 - Riccardo Siliprandi (pseudonym, Ariè), Italian militant antifascist and anarcho-syndicalist, is assassinated by a fascist squad in Luzzara, Italy. [www.24emilia.com/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Zavattini+canta+Ariè&idSezione=43681 www.anarca-bolo.ch/a-rivista/?nr=380&pag=../373/95.htm www.anpi.it/media/uploads/patria/2009/6/35-36_BIGI.pdf]

[D] 1931 - __Battle of Evarts__: On strike since February, Kentucky coal miners fight back against heavily armed deputies and company men, called “gun thugs” by the miners. "(T)hree carloads of deputies armed with machine-guns, sawed off shotguns, and rifles drove into Everts" and are caught in an ambush that leaves 3 of the deputies dead (along with one miner). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County_War parallelnarratives.com/remembering-bloody-harlan/ theclio.com/web/entry?id=12137]

1934 - The first issue of the anarchist magazine '//Tiempos Nuevos//', a fortnightly journal of sociology, the arts and economics founded and directed by Diego Abad de Santillán, is published in Barcelona.

[A] 1937 - __Barcelona 'May Days' [Fets de maig del 1937 or Jornadas de Mayo de 1937__]: In Barcelona during the evening, the well known Italian anarchist militant and theorist Camillo Berneri and his friend and fellow anarchist Francesco Barbieri are seized by the Communists, presumably on Moscow's orders (Stalinist purges). Their bodies will be found the following day, riddled with machinegun bullets. Camillo's eldest daughter, Marie Louise Berneri, fighting on the front in Aragon, returns to Barcelona for her father's funeral. Newspapers on the 6th publish casualty figures: 500 dead and over 1500 wounded. The vast majority are anarchists, murdered in the streets of the Catalan capital. Yet the newspapers continue to promulgate the lie that the anarchists are the aggressors.

1937 - Camillo Berneri (b. 1877), Italian anarchist and outspoken anti-communist, is among those murdered in the Stalinist purge of anarchists in Barcelona following the attempted takeover of the city's telephone exchange.

1937 - Francesco Barbieri (b. 1895), Italian antifascist and anarchist militant, is killed alongside Camillo Berneri in Barcelona by Stalinist militia.

1943 - __April-Meistakingen__: Following days of violence from both sides, the Limburg miners agreed to return to work. After days of carnage, the strikes had resulted in over 180 deaths, 400 casualties, and 900 prisoners of war being sent to concentration camps. [see: Apr. 29]

[1950 - __Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion__]: armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) of peasants against forced collectivisation in the Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša in the Bosanska Krajina region, as well as in Slunj, Croatia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion]

1952 - Alberto Savinio (Andrea Francesco Alberto de Chirico; d. 1891), Italian writer, painter, musician, journalist, essayist, playwright, set designer, composer and Nietzchean-inspired "proto-anarchist" associated with Dada and Surrealism, dies. [see: Aug. 25]

[B] 1954 - Henri Laurens (b. 1885), French Cubist sculptor, painter, illustrator, theatre designer, engraver, stonemason and anarchist, who turned down the Légion d'honneur, dies. [see: Feb. 18]

1968 - __Mai '68__: In Paris, the courts convict thirteen Mai '68 student demonstrators; four are given prison terms. [expand]

1972 - Violent clashes between anti-fascist protesters and the police in Pisa. A young anarchist, Francesco Serantini, is beaten and arrested by police. He will succumb to his injuries on the morning of May 7.

1973 - At the second time of trying, negotiations between traditional chiefs and the U.S. government finalises an agreement to end the 70-day American Indian Movement (AIM) occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. [indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/40-years-later-wounded-knee-still-fresh-our-minds-147898]

1981 - IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands dies in Long Kesh prison.

1984 - Jacques Reclus (b. 1894), French anarchist nephew of Elisha and son of Paul Reclus, dies. [see: Feb. 3]

1991 - Last US cruise missile leaves Greenham Common Air Base, site of a decade of strident women's anti-nuclear protests.

2010 - Three people die following a fire in a Marfin-Egnatia bank close to Syntagma. The petrol-bombs that set the fire were identified as thrown from the black bloc. || "Nicht darauf kommt es an, daß die Macht in dieser oder jener Hand sich befinde: die Macht selbst muß vermindert werden, in welcher Hand sie sich auch befinde. Aber noch kein Herrscher hat die Macht, die er besaß, und wenn er sie auch noch so edel gebrauchte, freiwillig schwächen lassen. Die Herrschaft kann nur beschränkt werden, wenn sie herrenlos (ist) - Freiheit geht nur aus Anarchie hervor. Von dieser Notwendigkeit der Revolution dürfen wir das Gesicht nicht abwenden, weil sie so traurig ist. Wir müssen als Männer der Gefahr fest ins Auge blicken und dürfen nicht zittern vor dem Messer des Wundarztes. Freiheit geht nur aus Anarchie hervor - das ist unsere Meinung, so haben wir die Lehren der Geschichte verstanden." (It does not depend on that power is located in this or that hand power itself must be reduced, which hand she also finds it. But still no ruler has the power he possessed, and if he ever so classy cars leave voluntarily weaken. The rule can only be limited if it ownerless (is) - freedom is only apparent from anarchy. From this necessity of the revolution, we must not turn away his face, because she is so sad. We need to look than men of the danger straight in the eye and must not tremble before the knife of the surgeon. Freedom emerges only from anarchy - that is our opinion, we have understood the lessons of history.) [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Börne www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3577-borne-karl-ludwig www.anarchismus.de/allgemeines/positionen.htm]
 * = 6 || 1786 - Carl Ludwig Börne (d. 1837), German journalist, literary and theatre critic and political satirist, who was singled out by Gustav Landauer in '//Börne und der Anarchismus//' (1900) as an early German forerunner of anarchism, born.

1837 - Juan Serrano y Oteiza (d. 1886), Spanish anarchist intellectual, lawyer, journalist and writer, born. His most famous work is probably his utopian novel '//Pensativo//' (1885).

[1849 - Uprising in Elberfeld in the Rhineland: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1851 - Aristide Bruant (d. 1925), French cabaret singer, comedian, and owner of the Mirliton nightclub, born. Credited as the creator of the //chanson réaliste// musical genre. Although close friend to many anarchist and expressed anti-establishment radical sentiments in his songs, his affluence attracted disdain from many anarchists: Félix Fénénon, leaving the Mirliton one night, declared: "The money that fellow used to collect in one evening during his heyday would have guaranteed a year's work to one of our people."

[EE] 1854 - Charlotte Wilson (Charlotte Mary Martin; d. 1944), English Fabian, anarchist, feminist and co-founder of '//Freedom//' and Freedom Press, born. A leading member of the early Fabian Society and the Hampstead Historic Club, whose members included Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, and Olive Schreiner. With Schreiner, she founded the The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom. An active campaigner she spoke at socialist rallies, including that in Trafalgar Square on November 13, 1887, known as Bloody Sunday, which police broke up violently. In 1886, parliamentarians within the Fabian Society proposed that it organise as a political party; William Morris and Wilson opposed the motion, but were defeated. She subsequently resigned from the Society in April 1887, continuing her association with the anarchists from the Society. In 1886, she co-founded the '//Freedom//' newspaper with Peter Kropotkin, and edited, published, and largely financed it during its first decade, as well as becoming the principal spokesperson for the anarchist school of thought in the socialist revival of the 1880s. She remained editor of '//Freedom//' until 1895, when she left the anarchist movement and rejoined the Fabian Society in 1907, founding its Women's Group in 1908, and campaigned for female suffrage. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Wilson raforum.info/spip.php?article1191 ita.anarchopedia.org/Charlotte_Wilson www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/charlotte-wilson-the-woman-question-and-the-meanings-of-anarchist-socialism-in-late-victorian-radicalism/BD2F720B7A1123C6E51D659332F11C28/core-reader www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wilson-charlotte-1854-1944 www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/01/three-essays-on-anarchism-by-charlotte-wilson-with-an-introduction-by-nicolas-walter-kindle-edition-1-30/ nefac.net/node/166]

1854 - Giuseppe Scarlatti (d. 1916), Italian Bakuninist anarchist, born. Author of '//L'Internazionale dei lavoratori e l'agitatore Carlo Cafier//o' (The Workers International and the Agitator Carlo Cafiero; 1909).

[A] 1862 - Henry David Thoreaux, author of '//Civil Disobedience//' (1849) and '//Walden//' (1854), dies. [see: Jul. 12]

1875 - Ida Aalle-Teljo (Ida Sofia Ahlstedt; d. 1955), Finnish baker, seamstress, socialist, feminist and MP, born. In 1898 Aalle-Teljo was a founding member of Helsinki Workers' Association women's department and one of the founders of the Women Workers Union in 1900, as well as its first chair. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905. Between 1899-1903 and 1905-1906, she was the only female member of the party committee of the Suomen Työväenpuolueen (Finnish Labour Party), as well as a Social Democrat Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) speaker and lecturer, and a SSP MP (1907-17). During the Finnish Civil War (Suomen Sisällissota), she was a member of the Workers' General Council (Työväen Pääneuvosto), which was the Parliament of Red Finland (Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic / Suomen Sosialistinen Työväentasavalta). With defeat of the communists, she fled to Soviet Russia but returned to Finland in 1919, whereupon she was imprisoned from 1919 to 1922 because of her role in the administration of Red Finland. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Aalle-Teljo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_sisällissota en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers'_Republic fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Työväen_pääneuvosto]

1877 - Fernand Julian (d. 1927), French anarchist and syndicalist who help found the Cité Coopérative Paris-Jardin à Draveil, born.

1882 - The first issue of the '//Los Desheredados//' (The Wretched) is published in Sabadell, Barcelona. Subtitled "Órgano de todos los que aman la verdad y el bien", then from Sept. 6, 1883, "Periódico defensor de la Federación Española de Trabajadores" and changes to "Periódico anárquico colectivista" from Nov. 28, 1884. 235s issue are published up until Nov. 26, 1886.

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 24] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Tuesday, no more than three hundred employees now turn up work. The demands of strikers have also developed and they are now demanding pay increases, shortening of working hours, lowering of rents in company housing, the abolition of the factory penalties system, women to be treated respectfully by their superiors, a ban the hiring of children in the factory and the expulsion of German workers from the factory. The workers now also plan to take direct action against the factory by digging a dyke near the factory pond to drain it of water. The plan however failed to take effect because of an early denunciation. The factory bosses now surrounded the pond with the local fire crew and a number of police. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

1885 - Yaeko Nogami (野上 弥生子) (Yae Kotegawa [野上 ヤヱ]; d. 1985); Japanese novelist and feminist of the Shōwa period, who wrote for the anarchist-influenced feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Blue Stocking), and gained a substantial following with fans of the proletarian literature movement, born. An anti-imperialist, she witnessed the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeko_Nogami ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/野上弥生子]

1893 - Ludvik Buland (d. 1945), Norwegian trade unionist, who chaired the Norwegian Union of Railway Workers, and was imprisoned and died during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Buland no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Buland]

[1898 - __Moti di Milano__: Trades unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country are arrested. All but one of those arrested were eventually released following the intervention of a deputy, Filippo Turati. This was followed by a number of stone-throwing incidents where the police fired a few warning shots. The most serious incident occured around 18:30, when 1,000 demonstrators attacked police barracks, piling furniture and other materials at the front door, and trying to set fire to it. The protestors were eventually forced back and after further clashes, 2 demonstrators were left dead and another six injured. A Pubblica Sicurezza guard also had a gunshot wound, from which he died later. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]

1905 - Kurt Schumacher (d. 1942), German sculptor, committed Communist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter with the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Married to the painter and graphic designer, Elisabeth Schumacher, they were both arrested, during which the Gestapo wrecked his studio and much of his artworks, and on December 19, 1942 they were both was sentenced to death at the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal) for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Schumacher was hung on December 22, 1942 at Plötzensee Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher_(sculptor) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher_(Bildhauer) www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/schumacher-1/ www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 22] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Governor-General of Moscow Fyodor Dubasov (Фёдор Васильевич Дуба́сов) is seriously wounded by SR assassins, who fire 13 shots at him and try to blow him up with a nailbomb. At 21:00 the same day, the Governor-General of Ekaterinoslav (Генеральный), General Zholtanovsky (Жолтановский), is assassinated in Yekaterynoslav. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дубасов,_Фёдор_Васильевич]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 23] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Nicholas II promulgates (May 6-7) the conservative Basic Law of the Russian Empire (Основных государственных законов Российской империи), undercutting the Duma’s powers: ministers are responsible only to the Tsar, and the Tsar is able to rule by decree when Duma is not in session. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Основные_государственные_законы_Российской_империи]

[E] 1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: St Catherine's Church, Hatcham (New Cross) is engulfed in flames shortly after noon following a suffragette arson attack. Fire damage is estimated at £20,000. [transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/fire-at-st-catherine-hatcham-1913.html]

1913 - Alexandros (Alekos) Schinas (Ἀλέξανδρος Σχινάς; b. c. 1870), Macedonian anarchist, who assassinated King George I of Greece, shooting him through the heart, on March 18 1913 in Thessaloniki, dies. Arrested immediately and jailed, he refused to acknowledge his actions despite repeated torture. He allegedly commits suicide by jumping out of the window of the gendarmerie in Thessaloniki (the police had apparently suggested to him that it would be the only way to end his torture); but it is possible he was simply defenestrated by the gendarmes from a window of a police station.

1914 - Louis Mercier-Vega (or Luis) (born Charles Cortvrint; pseud., Charles Riedel, Santiago Parane, etc.; d. 1977), Belgian journalist, activist, propagandist and libertarian thinker, who joined the movement at age 16, born. Lifelong writer for the libertarian press and founder of several reviews, including '//Revision//' (1938), the trilingual '//Aporte//' (1966-1972), '//Interrogations//' (1974). [www.ephemanar.net/mai06.html#merciervega fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mercier-Vega anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_MercierVega.html vert-social-demo.over-blog.com/article-luis-mercier-vega-l-increvable-anarchisme-112206693.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/louis-mercier-vega-1914-1977.html raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=238]

1916 - Alexander Berkman starts the No Conscription League - the meetings attract crowds by the thousands.

1923 - Paul Zilsel (d. 2006), US theoretical physicist, militant activist, anarchist and co-founder of Left Bank Books in Seattle, Washington, born in Vienna. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/ZilselPaulMemorial.htm]

[C] 1923 - The British Fascisti (BF) is founded by Rotha Lintorn-Orman by placing a series of recruitment advertisements in the Duke of Northumberland's '//The Patriot//', an ultra-conservative, hyper-nationalist, xenophobic, and conspiracy theory-touting publication. They were also involved in strike-breaking during the 1926 General Strike, though nowhere near the extent that there propaganda would have the general public believe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascists www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SSfascists.htm www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=93720&back=&version=2005-05]

1933 - Nazis raid the Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin, which doubles as headquarters of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee, a 36-year-old gay-rights organisation. All the archives, including priceless books, scientific data, photographs and manuscripts, are destroyed. The organisation ceases to exist. Nazis intensify the persecution by interning gays in concentration camps and forcing them to wear a pink triangle as identification.

1934 - Alfred Marpaux (b. 1862), French militant federalist, syndicalist, cooperativist and typographer, dies. [see: Nov. 15]

[F] 1937 - 400 African-American women tobacco stemmers walk out at the I.N. Vaughan Company in Richmond. Within 48 hours, the strikers secured wage increases, a forty-hour week, and union recognition. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

[D] [1950 - __Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion__]: An armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) by peasants against the Yugoslav government's forced collectivisation takes place in the (modern-day) Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša and the Croatian town of Slunj. The previous year had seen a drought which had seriously affected agricultural production in a country that was already unable to feed itself, let alone meet the unrealistic quotas demanded of the peasant population by the Communist bureaucracy. The punishment for non-achievement was 'total confiscation' and the chance of a term in a work camp. The rebels, Serbs and Bosniaks who were under the illusion that they might be able to re-establish the Kingdom of Yugoslavia under King Peter II, began gathering their forces in mid-March, organising their army of hundreds of peasants from the villages, members of their extended families and friends under the leadership of partisans (prvoborci), such as Milan Božić, Ale Čović and Stojan Starčević, who had fought the Germans during the war. Set for May 6, Saint George's Day, the traditional day for the annual actions against their historic Ottoman rulers by the hajdúci (outlaw freedom fighters), the 720 fighters (the vast majority Bosniaks) managed to attack several agricultural cooperatives and disarmed a number of policemen on May 5 but when they came to attack the towns of Veliku Kladušu and Cazin the follwoing day, the rebellion was crushed by the army and police. Ten rebels were killed in the battles and, in the repression that followed, 714 people were arrested; 288 of them were tried by a military tribunal, which meted out stiff punishments, including 17 death sentences. 426 others were given administrative punishments. About 777 members of 115 families were sentenced to a "collective punishment of eviction" and relocated to the town Srbac in northern Bosnia, taken from a town where the population consisted of 90% Bosniaks, to a town with a population of over 90% Serbs. The severity of the sentences were not just meant as a signal to the Yugoslav population itself that the Communist government would not put up with any resistance to its collectivisation policies, but were also a reposit to Joseph Stalin's claims of revisionism on the part of Josip Broz Tito and the Yugoslav leadership that had resulted in the country's expulsion from the Cominform (the post-Comintern forum of the international communist movement). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion]

1955 - Guérilla Francisco Sabaté and 4 others rob a bank; he robbed many, using the funds to finance their activities and distribute propaganda for the activist groups in Barcelona and adjoining towns and villages.

1968 - __Mai '68__: Parisian Universities are closed and, following the conviction of 13 of the demonstrators arrested on May 3, four of whom were given jail terms, new demonstrations of solidarity with those rounded up so far end in violent confrontations with the forces of repression. Barricades appear in the streets. At Nanterre University the eight Mouvement du 22-Mars-linked students, who include Daniel Cohn-Bendit and René Riesel, threatened with expulsion are summoned by the Administrative Disciplinary Committee; Nanterre faculty members professors Henri Lefebvr, Guy Michaud, Alain Touraine and Paul Ricoeur accompany them in support. Nanterre students react by holding mass demonstrations in the centre of Paris and in the Latin Quarter. They are joined by other protesting against the police invasion of the Sorbonne after UNEF (Union nationale des étudiants de France) and SNESUP (the higher education teachers' union) had called a march. A complete ban on demonstrations was implemented and large sections of Paris closed down by the authorities. The police responded by subjecting the protests to constant harassment and mass arrests. In the face of increasing violence from the forces of law and order, more than 20,000 students, teachers and supporters marched on the Sorbonne, still sealed off by the police, who responded to their arrival with batons charges. Five hours of rioting ensued as barricades were erected by the protesters using whatever was at hand: "Literally thousands helped... women, workers, people in pyjamas, human chains to carry rocks, wood, iron." Cobblestones were prised up and thrown at the CRS, forcing the police to retreat for a time behind their own barricades. The police then responded with tear gas and charged the crowd again. By the end of the night, six hundred students and 345 police officers had been injured, and four hundred twenty-two people arrested. The rest of France began to take notice of what was taking place in the capital and the protest movement began to spread out into the provinces. It also spread beyond the universities, with high school student unions now speaking in support of the riots and increasing numbers of young workers planning to join in the protests against the ancien régime.

1986 - A general strike is held in Belgium to protest austerity measures.

1990 - Lotte Jacobi (Johanna Alexandra Jacobi; b. 1896), German photographer and unalingned socialist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

2008 - Mark Saunders, a well-known barrister and depressed alcoholic, who had been on a drinking binge, is shot dead by police who had surrounded his London house in an armed stand-off.

[B] 2012 - Pierre-Valentin Berthier (b. 1911), French individualist anarchist, peace activist, poet, novelist and journalist, dies. [see: Sep. 18]

2012 - Sarkozy loses his job! || Some time around 1770, she arrived in Paris with her son and, having taken the name of Olympe de Gouges and, financially supported by de Rozières, she began attending several notable salons and engaging in dialogue with famous thinkers of the period. An accepted member of the Parisian bourgeoisie, she even set up her own amateur theatre company, the ideal route to display her literary talents. De Gouges quickly established a reputation for her writings: essays, manifestos, literary treatises, political pamphlets, and initially her plays, in which she could communicate the political ideas that would later appear in her political manifestos and revolutionary era posters, ideas that would ultimately bring about her downfall. Her politics were somewhat mixed: a radical in her advocacy of women's rights and the abolition of slavery, and her championing of the rights of the disenfranchised and underprivileged (children, the poor, the unemployed; but was also a vocal critic of the Republic, despite her early support (seeing it as a route to fully establishing the right's of women). Disastrously for her, she had mixed in royalist circles before the Revolution, written in support of the monarchy, and even went as far as speaking out against the potential the execution of Louis XVI (her dedication of the 'Droits de la Femme' to Marie-Antoinette, whom de Gouges described as "the most detested" of women, did not help either). Even after the revolution, she ploughed a rather contradictory path, arguing both in favour of the new Republic and for the retention of the monarchy The first controversy surrounded her early anti-slavery play '//L'esclavage des noirs, ou l'heureux naufrage//' (The Slavery of the Blacks, or the Happy Shipwreck), which earned a great deal of fame, as well as numerous death threats, especially from slave owners. She also narrowly escaped a visit to the Bastille when attempts by various ministers to have her imprisoned for the play were thwarted by highly placed admirers. Finished in 1784 and published by the Comédie-Française in 1785 as part of its repertoire under the title '//Zamore et Mirza, ou L'heureux naufrage//' (Zamore and Mirza, or The Happy Shipwreck), the play was finally performed in an adapted form in December 1789 but closed down after three performances, having cause an uproar, with the mayor of Paris condemning it as an incendiary act, that would cause revolt in the French colonies. The play was eventually published under its original title in 1792. Other anti-slavery texts of hers included '//Réflexions sur les hommes nègres//' (Reflections on the negroes), which was published as an epilogue to the 1788 version of her play '//Zamore et Mirza//', and the play '//Le Marché des Noirs//' (The Black Market; 1790), which was rejected by the Comédie-Française and the text of which was burned after her death. 'Réflexions' led to contacts with the Société des Amis des Noirs (whose membership included Mirabeau, Nicolas de Condorcet and La Fayette), which became a powerful ally (though she herself was prevented from joining because of its exclusivity and high cost of membership subscription). Following the outbreak of the Revolution, Olympe de Gouges was filled with hope for the great potential in the way of women’s rights but quickly grew disenchanted when the National Assembly (and later the Legislative Assembly) repeatedly denied women the extension of égalité. In response, she wrote her famous '//Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne//', a critique of the failure as she saw it of the revolution, and as a direct response to the 'Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen' (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) of 1789. It opens with the lines: "Man, are you capable of being just? It is a woman who asks you this question… Tell me, what gives you sovereign empire over my sex?" and goes on to argue that "woman is born free and remains equal in rights to man", before concluding that "This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they have lost in society". The 'Droits de la Femme' also contained the famous phrase: "Woman has the right to mount the scaffold; she must equally have the right to go before the Tribune." [i.e. mount the speaker's rostrum and be heard before the Assemblée nationale.] The '//Declaration//' was published one year before Mary Wollstonecraft’s '//Vindication of the Rights of Woman//' and two years before she became the third female victim of France’s Reign of Terror and the only woman executed for her political writings during the Revolution. 1791 also saw her join the Société Patriotique et de Bienfaisance des Amis de la Vérité (Patriotic and charitable Society of the Friends of Truth), the all-female equivalent of the men's club the Amis de la Vérité (or Cercle Social), an association with the goals of equal political and legal rights for women., this club was seen as treasonous by the leaders of the Revolution, in no small part for its largely Girondist membership. This was another black mark against de Gouges, as was her open hostility to Maximilien Robespierre, whom she challenged to a duel! Following the mass arrest of her Girondin allies by the Jacobins in June 1793, de Gouges published an anonymous poster entitled '//Les trois urnes, ou le salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien//' (The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller), in which she expressly broke the law banning writings calling into question the republican principle by demanding a plebiscite on the choice of government between three options: a unitary republic, a federalist government, and a constitutional monarchy. She was promptly arrested and, during a search of her home, an unfinished play entitled '//La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné//' (France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned) was found. In it, de Gouges depicts Marie-Antoinette's attempts to protect the monarchy and shows herself amongst the revolutionary elements confronting her. The play would be used by both the prosecution (as an example of de Gouges' royalist sympathies) and de Gouges herself (showing her support for the revolution) during her trail for seditious behaviour and attempting to reinstate the monarchy. During the three months she spent in jail before her trial she managed to publish (via friends) her last tracts, '//Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire//' (Olympe de Gouges at the revolutionary tribunal) and 'Une patriote persécutée' (A female patriot persecuted), whilst preparing her own defence – she had been denied a lawyer, as the judge claimed her literary output made her more than capable of representing herself. On November 3, 1793, she was sentenced to death and executed the following day, despite claiming that she was pregnant (the doctors were unable to decided whether she was or not and Antoine Fouquier-Tinville, the Public Prosecutor for the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris, nicknamed the 'fournisseur attitré de la guillotine' [purveyor to the guillotine] ordered the execution to go ahead). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges www.olympedegouges.eu/ chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/ chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes2.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Déclaration_des_droits_de_la_femme_et_de_la_citoyenne fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_patriotique_et_de_bienfaisance_des_amies_de_la_vérité]
 * = 7 || 1748 - Olympe De Gouges (Marie Gouze (d. 1793), French feminist pioneer, pacifist, anti-slavery campaigner, agitator, and prolific author of pamphlets and posters, including the '//Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne//' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen; 1791), born. The daughter of a semi-literate butcher, thought she later claimed to be the illegitimate daughter of the Marquis de Pompignan, a well-known author and playwright, Marie was noted for her beauty and, at the age of 16, she was forced into an arranged marriage with Louis-Yves Aubry, a much older man. The following year in August 1766, she gave birth to a son, Pierre, but Marie was desperate to escape the loveless marriage, something she managed to do when Aubry died that winter. In 1767, she meets Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a wealthy senior naval officer who becomes her lover and companion, but whom she refused to marry.

1868 - Stanisław Feliks Przybyszewski (d. 1927), Polish individualist, novelist, Symbolist dramatist and poet of the decadent naturalistic school, who wrote both in German and in Polish, born. Fascinated with the philosophy of Nietzsche and a fervent apostle of industrialism and self-expression, he became increasingly involved in Satanism and anarchism. He was active in founding the journal '//Pan//', and contributed to Karl Kraus' '//Die Fackel//' (The Torch). His "poems in prose" include such sensational works as '//Totenmesse//' (1893), '//Vigilien//' (1894), '//De Profundis//' (1895), '//Epipsychidion//' (1900) and '//Androgyne//' (1906). He also wrote novels such as '//Satan's Kinder//' (Satan’s Children; 1897) and the '//Homo Sapiens//' trilogy (1895-1896). [stachu-przybyszewski.pl/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Przybyszewski mloda-polska.klp.pl/ser-619.html www.zdeutsch.com/index.php/german-literature/876-learn-german-przybyszewski-stanislaw]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 25] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: News of the strike had reached the authorities of the Warsaw governor who, in the person of Governor M. Medem and his assistant Martynow, arrived in Żyrardów on 25 April. They were accompanied by troops from the tsarist army and Cossacks, a clear indication to the workers that if they did not return to work, the strike would be suppressed by force. The presence of the troops did little to calm the situation down and even intensified it. There were clashes between workers and Cossack, the latter eager to disperse the assemblies of the already over 800 striking workers. During these riots, ten workers were detained and subsequently taken to the municipal detention centre. The strikers surrounded the detention centre, demanding that the troops stationed there release their colleagues. At that moment, the tsarist NCO Rybałko lost control of the situation. Having ordered a volley of warning shots to be fired over the crowd's heads, the second volley went directly into the crowd. Three workers died from their wounds, and four others were injured. Franciszek Klepacz (17 years old) and Franciszek Brodowski (19) were killed on the spot, whilst Jan Gradowski (15 years) died the follwoing day from his injuries. The enraged workers defeated the resistance of the army and freed their comrades. Despite the losses, this situation had shown the workers that if they act together and are unyielding, they can do a great deal even against the military. The workers now invaded the factory, demolishing and destroying everything they could lay their hands on, whether it was machinery or just bleached canvas. A dyke was dug to the pond, letting water flood part of the factory. Dittrich was also heavily wounded. All eight thousand workers now stood up for their rights, taking their protests into the city's streets. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_w_Żyrardowie_(1883) www.muzeumzyrardow.pl/index.php?p=ciekawostki&pack=3&id=13&pack=3 miastojednejfabryki.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/jak-to-z-tym-strajkiem-szpularek-byo-od.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zyrardow,+Strike+of+1883]

[D] [1898 - __Moti di Milano__: General strike is declared following the arrest of unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country and the death of 2 demonstrators following clashes with troops and police. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]

[B] 1905 - Helios Gómez Rodríguez [INCORRECT** see: May 27]

[F] 1907 - __Bloody Tuesday / San Francisco Streetcar Strike__: Two die and twenty are injured in San Francisco when United Railroad company strikebreakers open fire on striking streetcar operators. The Streetcarmen (tram drivers) were among the most militant of San Francisco workers, going out on strike in five of the six years from 1902 to 1907, with the 1907 strike being amongst the most violent of the streetcar strikes in the United States between 1895 and 1929. When the streetcar Carmen's Union struck on May 5 in support of demands an 8-hour day and $3 per day, four hundred armed strikebreaks organised by James A. Farley, nationally known "King of the Strikebreakers", took control of the entire system. The violence started two days later, when six trams driven by scabs appeared at 03:25 from the Turk and Fillmore carbarn and, as they crossed the picketline outside, they were greeted by a hail of sticks and stones from the strikers. Armed strikebreakers on board opened fire leaving two dead – 19-year-old James Walsh, a teamster who was shot through the head, and John Buchanan, 23, who died of a stomach wound – and about 20 injured. Clashes continued through out the strike as the strikes felled trees and power lines to block the rails to try and foil the scabs. Unfortunately for the people of San Francisco, the scabs weren’t ready for the steep hills they encountered on the job and they were directly responsible for the death of twenty five people killed in streetcar accidents on the system and an estimated 900 others injured over the course of the strike - this was out of a total of thirty-one people killed and another 1,100 injured over the six months of the dispute. The union strikers had one last big protest on Labor Day (Monday September 2, 1907), when five thousand strikers attacked the streetcar fleet. One of the strikers, J. J. Peterson, eventually died of the gunshot wound to his thigh sustained in the incident. On November 6, the striking United Railroads workers returned to the job. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_streetcar_strike_of_1907 www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Francisco-Bloody-Tuesday-1907-streetcar-strike-11122082.php 48hills.org/sfbgarchive/2014/06/10/streetcar-standoff-0/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070903.2.3]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Revolutionary outbreaks throughout Mexico, Porfirio Diaz offers to resign. Jose Luis Moya killed in heavy fighting at Zacatecas. Followers of the anarchist Flores Magón brothers begin their march from Mexicali to attack Tijuana.

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: Even though he’d never mounted a soapbox, Joseph Mikolasek was one of the first Wobblies arrested in the free-speech fight. He became the court’s test case for violating the ordinance. On March 9, Judge Puterbaugh gave him 30 days. Back on the street, Mikolasek became even more outspoken – for the cause and against the brutalities he’d witnessed in jail. Earlier in the day, police officers at Soapbox Row had beaten Mikolasek repeatedly with their nightsticks. At 20:30, as he stood in the doorway at 13th and K, two blue-coated policemen approached. He recognised their faces in the semi-darkness, until one turned a flashlight on his eyes and ordered him outside. The other shot him in the leg. Mikolasek grabbed an axe just inside the doorway and swung at the flashlight in self-defense. The downed officer fired in all directions. He hit Mikolasek in the stomach, and, spinning around, hit the second officer at least twice. Mikolasek crawled down to Tenth Street and begged Mrs. Frank Fuqua for help. She called the police. Mikolasek died 19 days later. On his deathbed, he swore that Stevens and Heddon had beaten him savagely at the IWW rally and followed him home for "more of the same". The six Wobblies arrested at the house said that Mikolasek had acted in self-defense. There were no assassins, and Heddon shot Stevens by mistake. They also mentioned a third policeman, who rode up on a motorcycle and fired the first shot. A later search revealed that the 'headquarters' was only one downstairs room, where six or eight men stayed. Most of the other residents were Latino families unaffiliated with the IWW. In the room, police found stacks of Wobbly literature, including documents that showed "an organised attempt to launch a civil war in this city." According to one report, they also found three revolvers, two rifles, ammunition, and a Maxim silencer that made no more noise than an air rifle. Word of the incident shot through the city. The 'riot call' blew at the firehouse: five steam-whistle blasts, a pause, then five more. Within minutes, between 200 and 400 'citizens' crowded around the police station. They collected nightsticks and formed patrols. Some carried rifles, and there was talk, two newspapers reported, "of lynching". By the next morning, police and citizen patrols had arrested over 80 suspects and locked them in the Mason Street School and the newly built stockade at Grape Street. Many of the "lawless nomads" had never heard of Soapbox Row. Unable to hold a funeral in San Diego, which was now under a virtual state of martial law, the IWW shipped Mikolasek’s body to Los Angeles, where a funeral procession drew over 10,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: A Suffragette plot to blow up the Bishop's throne in St Paul's is narrowly foiled, when a Cathedral Virger found a bomb at the east end of the Cathedral. [www.stpauls.co.uk/news-press/latest-news/today-in-history-1913-suffragettes-fail-in-st-pauls-bomb-plot]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Patrick Quinlan's trial began, with a large crowd assembling outside the Passaic County Courthouse in Paterson to cheer Quinlan and other IWW leaders and boo the police "in a manner not unlike a sports event" to quote Anne Huber Tripp. It would end in a mistrial, with the jury hopelessly deadlocked with 7 in favor of acquittal and 5 voting to convict. Just two days after the conclusion of the first trial a second trial against Quinlan began. The same exact case was presented by the prosecution, while the defense bolstered its case with a New York clergyman and prominent lawyer testifying to Quinlan's good character, as well as a local journalist who swore that Quinlan had not spoken at the February 25 meeting in question at Turn Hall. Nevertheless, in the retrial Quinlan was found guilty as charged by the speedily-picked jury after just two hours of deliberations. On Thursday, July 3, 1913, with cases against the other IWW defendants at last concluded, Quinlan went before Judge Abram Klenert for sentencing. Klenert sentenced Quinlan to 2 to 7 years in Trenton State Prison and fined him $500 on the basis of his conviction. No release pending appeal was allowed and the following Monday Quinlan was taken to Trenton to begin serving what would be two years behind bars. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_L._Quinlan www.dailykos.com/story/2013/7/4/1221183/-Hellraisers-Journal-Hotel-Workers-Win-Right-to-Union-Recognition-after-Fight-Four-Years-Long]

1920 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Venustiano Carranza flees to Veracruz, taking national treasury ( 5 million in gold and silver) and 10,000 followers.A dynamite laded train smashes into the lead train,killing 200. Carranza retreats with 100 followers. Meets guerrilla leader Rodolfo Herrero who professes loyalty, but murders him while he is sleeping.

1925 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper '//L'Insurge//', "Journal d'action révolutionnaire et de culture individualiste" is published in Paris by André Colomer. It ceases publication in June 1926 after 60 issues.

[C] 1929 - Nazi brownshirts throw stink bombs during a performance of Kurt Weill's '//Die Dreigroschenoper//' (The Three Penny Opera) in the Berlin State Opera.

1930 - Horst Bienek (d. 1990), dissident East German novelist and poet, born. A student of Bertolt Brecht, in 1951 he was arrested by the NKVD on charges of "anti-Soviet agitation", and allegedly spying for the United States, he was sentenced to 20 years hard labour in the Vorkuta gulag, an underground coal mine located above the Arctic Circle. Released as the result of an amnesty in 1955, he settled in West Germany. His books include: '//Traumbuch eines Gefangenen//' (Dreambook of a Prisoner; 1957); '//Die Zelle//' (The Cell; 1968), '//Bakunin: Eine Invention//' (Bakunin: An Invention; 1970) and the WWII tetrology '//Gleiwitz. Eine oberschlesische Chronik in vier Romanen//' (Gliwice. An Upper Silesian Chronicle in four novels): '//Die erste Polka//' (The first Polka; 1975); '//Septemberlicht//' (September Light; 1977); '//Zeit ohne Glocken//' (Time without bells; 1979); and '//Erde und Feuer//' (Earth and Fire; 1982). [horst-bienek-archiv.gwlb.de/index.php books.google.co.uk/books/about/Arena_2.html?id=36dYLX5PpIcC&redir_esc=y joelswagman.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/bakunin-invention-by-horst-bienek.html]

1936 - Cornelius Cardew (d. 1981), English experimental music composer, born. Initially a libertarian leaning avant-garde composer, whose greatest expression was '//The Great Learning//' (1969-1970). He was alos a member of the improvising group AMM and co-founding the Scratch Orchestra (1968-1972) co-operative free-for-all, but Maoism eventually bit him and he went overboard into socialist realist folk art, with membership og the CPE (ML) and the RCPB(ML).

1937 - __Barcelona 'May Days' [Fets de maig del 1937 or Jornadas de Mayo de 1937__]: Return to 'normalisation' in Barcelona. The Republican government had sent troops to take over the telephone exchange on May 3, pitting the anarchists and Poumists on one side against the Republican government and the Stalinist Communist Party on the other. Squads of Communist Party members took to the streets yesterday, to assassinate leading anarquistas, resulting in pitched street battles, leaving 500 anarchists killed.

[E] 1937 - Domitila Barrios de Chúngara (Domitila Barrios Cuenca; d. 2012), Bolivian labour leader and feminist, famed for her peaceful struggle against dictatorships of René Barrientos Ortuño and Hugo Banzer Suárez, born. She joined the Housewives’ Committee of the Siglo XX tin mine, wives of miners who had been imprisoned for demanding wage rises, in 1963 and quickly rose to become its General Secretary. [expand] On June 24, 1967, under orders from the de facto president, General René Barrientos, the army carried out the Masacre de San Juan at Siglo XX, killing about 400 miners and their families. Domitila denounced the massacre and, a few day's later, she was arrested and tortured, leading to her loosing the unborn chld that she was carrying.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Chúngara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_Barrios_de_Chungara es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_San_Juan www.heroinas.net/2014/07/habla-domitila.html]

1940 - Angela Carter (d. 1992), feminist novelist, who includes a number of anarchists amongst her characters e.g. Lizzie in '//Nights at the Circus//' (1984), born.

1942 - Nazis order the execution of all pregnant Jewish women in Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto.

1943 - __Procès des 42__: The last 3 résistants sentenced to death are executed. [see: Jan. 28]

1947 - Francesco Cucca (b. 1882), Sardinian anarchist writer and poet, dies. [see: Jan. 25]

1948 - Lluís Llach i Grande, Catalonian musician, composer and songwriter, born. Repeated banned in Spain through the Franco years for his revolutionary and pro-Catalan cultural songs, he spent a number of periods abroad in exile. Wrote the music for the Manuel Huerga film, '//Salvador (Puig Antich)//' (2006). He also wrote and dedicated the song '//I si Canto Trist//' to Salvador Puig Antich one month after his execution. "I am from an anarchist background and I find the idea of states difficult to swallow. I don’t see the state as solving problems; I see it as a problem in itself." [www.lluisllach.cat/ ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluís_Llach en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluís_Llach www.international-view.cat/PDF/civ 4/civ 4 Lluís Llach.pdf]

1956 - A jury finds Wilhelm Reich and Michael Silvert guilty of contempt of court for defying an injunction banning the promulgation of some of his writings and the interstate shipment of orgone accumulators. Reich is sentenced to 2 years imprisonment. The FDA end up burning his books and Reich is found dead in the Lewisburg federal penitentiary on November 3 1957.

1965 - 'Bloody Sunday' in Selma, Alabama, as state troopers attack civil rights marchers.

1968 - __Mai '68__: As clashes between protesters and the police continue in the narrow streets of the Latin Quarter (with the later deploying even greater brutality that had been seen over the previous days), during the evening (18:30) a march against police brutality called by the UNEF (Union nationale des étudiants de France) takes place from Denfert-Rochereau via Les Invalides, the quai d'Orsay and Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. Arriving at 21:30, the 10,000 who started out are now five times that number as the ranks of the students and teachers are swelled by the ever increasing numbers of young workers joing the protests and by high school students, with the Comités d'Action Lycéens (High School Students Action Committees) having come out in support of the protests the previous day. The protesters take possession of a vast circle round the Arc de Triomphe, with their red and black flags massed on either side of the unknown soldier's tomb, singing the 'International'. The flics prudently stay out of the way with the UNEF students having largely prevented the more radical elements from anything other than marching and chanting. Returning to the Sorbonne, many of the students melt away into the Latin Quarter, circumventing the police roadblocks set up to seal-off the //quartier//, to relieve those who have held the barricades there during the daylight hours. The day ends with 431 protesters in police cells. Earlier in the day, the students' leadership declare they are ready for a dialogue on three conditions: the withdrawal of police forces from the Latin Quarter; the release and immediate amnesty for imprisoned students; and, the reopening the Sorbonne and Nanterre. Nothing concrete came of this offer and confusion surrounding a false rumour that the government had agreed to reopen them would eventually add fuel to the fire that ended in the Night of the Barricades three days later. Meanwhile, with a total lack of irony, De Gaulle declares that he will not tolerate any further student violence. www.mondialisme.org/spip.php?article236 [www.mai-68.fr/dossiers/dossiers.php?val=20_chronologie/ michelbaron.com/photos/mai1968/index.htm?size=1&exif=&page=1]

1972 - Franco (Francesco) Serantini (b. 1951), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, is found in a coma in his cell and dies at 09:45 after being severly beaten by riot police 2 days earlier. [see: May 6]

1975 - The Vietnam War officially ends.

1976 - Ex-Klu Klux Klan and NSM member, and bodyguard to Colin Jordan, Robert Relf is imprisoned for denying a judge's order to remove a "For sale to a white family only" sign that he put up outside his house in Leamington Spa in 1973. He immediately goes on a what he claimed was a 'hunger strike' (though sympathetic prison guards fed him Complan) and was released after 45 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Relf news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19760621&id=SpspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6992,4893259 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19790313&id=be89AAAAIBAJ&sjid=zEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2847744]

[AA] 1996 - Albert Meltzer (b. 1920), militant anarchist, boxer, bit part actor, historian, author and publisher, dies. Co-founder, with Stuart Christie, of the Anarchist Black Cross, he helped found the Kate Sharpley Library. His best known works are his autobiography, '//I Couldn't Paint Golden Angels//' (1996), '//Anarchism: Arguments For and Against//' (1981) and '//The Floodgates of Anarchy//' (1970; co-written with Stuart Christie). [see: Jan. 7]

[A] 2005 - 136 prisoners die in Higüey, Dominican Republic, after prison fight in which inmates set beds on fire.

2009 - Robin Francis Blaser (b. 1925), US poet, essayist and anarchist, dies. [see: May 18] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism#People.27s_Charter_of_1838 www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/chartists1/historicalsources/source4/peoplescharter.html www.chartists.net/the-six-points.htm victoriancommons.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/the-peoples-charter-and-the-victorian-commons-2/ www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/peoples-charter.htm en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chartist_Movement/Chapter_1#]
 * = 8 || [A] 1838 - Publication of '//The People’s Charter//', the first manifesto of the Chartist movement in Britain. Chartism is a working-class movement that seeks political reform, including the removal of the property qualifications which deny the vote to the working class.

1863 - International Red Cross founded.

1874 - Inessa Fyodorovna Armand [Инесса Фёдоровна Арманд] (Elisabeth-Inès Stéphane d'Herbenville; d. 1920), French-Russian communist politician, member of the Bolsheviks and feminist who spent most of her life in Russia, born. Armand was an important figure in pre-Revolution Russian communist movement and early days of the communist era, as well as being Lenin's lover [ca. 1911-1918] and, as such, was largely written out of the history of Bolshevism by Stalinist orthodoxy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessa_Armand fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inès_Armand ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Арманд,_Инесса_Фёдоровна spartacus-educational.com/RUSarmand.htm womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/inessa-fyodorovna-armand europebetweeneastandwest.wordpress.com/2014/11/15/lenins-mistress-revolution-before-romance-inessa-armand/ www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?docid=1ygkAqyIp5HnQRR46Gdt_FOu4J1y6J9_9eHZVf5Wv#rows:id=1 www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article443]

1877 - Mary Marcy (Mary Edna Tobias; d. 1922), US author, poet, pamphleteer, socialist and Wobbly, who was a member of the Socialist Party of America, associate of the Dil Pickle Club and editor of the anarchist-friendly Chicago-based monthly magazine '//International Socialist Review//', born. Eugene Debs called her "one of the clearest minds and greatest souls in all our movement". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Marcy www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH6f72dff90486a83c33f27a]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 26] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The whole of the Zakłady Lniarskie Żyrardów (Żyrardów Linen Factory) workforce was now on strike, and crowds of workers from the plant (about 8,000 people) turned up the streets. There were acts of destruction of factory machinery. The police and the military did not intervene. Governor Medem now decided to take conrol of the situation, deciding not to exacerbate the situation until the previous day's victims had been buried. It was then that Karol August Dittrich appeared before the workers and announced that, in return for the end of the strike, the company undertook to: Shorten the working day, Restore the old wage rate for the spoolers, Organise factory grocery stores, with cheap food for the workers, Cover the medical care of those injured during the strike, Fund the solemn burial of those killed during the strike, Pay for strike days, Not to seek reprisals against the strikers, Not to employ children under the age of 15, Dismiss one of the directors and many other officials who had been brutal and vulgar towards the Polish workers. All theses promises were kept, apart from the repression of the strikers.

1891 - Miguel Arcángel Roscigno (or Roscigna; d. 1936?), Argentinian blacksmith and celebrated anarchist expropriator, born into a family of Italian immigrants. He became interested in anarchist ideas during 1909 following the Semana Sangrienta / Semana Roja (Bloody or Red Week) in Buenos Aires and the subsequent assassination of Colonel Ramon L. Falcon by the Ukrainian anarchist Simón Radowitzky. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Arcángel_Roscigna www.ephemanar.net/mars27.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2703.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3387-detencion-de-miguel-arcangel-roscigna.html viajes.elpais.com.uy/2013/03/24/1928-fuga-por-la-carboneria/]

1896 - The weekly '//Lucifer, The Light-Bearer//' begins publishing in Chicago. Created and published by anarchists and free love advocates Moses Harman, his daughter Lillian and the individualist Cox Edwin Walker in Valley Falls, Kansas, in 1883. In addition to publishing articles on anarchism and atheism, the paper particularly advocates for the rights of women, including birth control and free love. Its contributions of anarchists Kate Austin, Voltairine de Cleyre, Abe Isaak and Emma Goldman. In 1907, the newspaper will change its title to '//The American Journal of Eugenics//'.

[D] 1898 - __Protesta dello Stomaco / Massacro di Bava-Beccaris [Moti di Milano__]: In Milan the army opens fire on demonstrators protesting high bread prices, killing hundreds. Many are arrested, among them anarchists and socialists. King Humbert I decorates General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, the man responsible for the appalling butchery. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8485/maggio98.html www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/blog/articoli/330/ www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/4650-6-maggio-1898-le-quattro-giornate-di-milano www.identitainsorgenti.com/la-rivolta-dello-stomaco-ricordando-il-1898-e-la-rivolta-proletaria-che-attraverso-il-paese-da-milano-a-napoli/]

1898 - Ugo Fedeli (aka Hugo Treni, G. Renti, etc.; d. 1964), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist activist and propagandist, born. [see also: Mar. 10] [circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/ugo-fedeli/]

1900 - __St. Louis Streetcar Strike__: Employees of St. Louis Transit Co., controlling all but a few routes, vote at 02:00 to strike. The bosses immediately vowed to carrying on operating the cars with blackleg workers. Strikers and sympathisers quickly gathered along the routes leading downtown. At 15th Street and Washington Avenue, women from the Garment Workers Union stood across the tracks. A large crowd at Sixth and Locust streets pelted streetcars with rocks and cut overhead power lines. When a police sergeant arrested one rock thrower, his friends tossed the sergeant into a mud puddle. All over town, motormen and passengers abandoned streetcars with shattered windows. At 10:30, on Washington at 13th Street, a besieged motorman fired a pistol, wounding a teenage bystander. The boy survived and the motorman was arrested. But the next day, Spanish-American War veteran Frank Liebrecht, 21, was shot to death during a demonstration along the Hodiamont line at Taylor Avenue. A transit employee fired the shot, but Police Chief John Campbell blamed Liebrecht for being there. The strike blew open class resentments simmering since the brief general strike of 1877. Many blue-collar workers wore buttons saying, "I will walk until the streetcar companies settle." At the Merchants' Exchange, businessmen grumbled about sore feet. When the smaller St. Louis & Suburban line settled, everyone flocked to its cars. St. Louis city Sheriff John Pohlman create an armed posse of more than 2,000 volunteers from the professional and upper classes. Posse members armed with shotguns rode St. Louis Transit cars and harassed the horse-drawn buses operated by strikers. Many restaurants refused to serve strikebreakers. More than 8,000 members of 28 unions joined 3,300 strikers in parade on a rainy May 19, but Edwards Whitaker, St. Louis Transit president, refused to meet with the Railway Employees Union. On the evening of June 10 outside the posse headquarters at 510 Washington, vigilantees fatally shot three strikers returning from a picnic, leaving 14 others wounded. A dozen or more eyewitnesses disputed the sheriff's version of events – he claimed that as the strikers were marching down the street, a brick and bomb had been thrown at a street car and, as posse members ran toward the strikers, a pistol had gone off and posse members had responded by shooting into the crowd, killing three and injuring 14. Reform-minded lawyer Joseph W. Folk, a future governor, brokered a deal, with Whittaker signing an agreement on July 2 to take back the workers and let them unionise. However, Whitaker reneged on the deal. The strike eventually ground to a halt in September, with no advantage having been gained by the then exhausted workers. with a toll of 14 killed. It would take 18 years and another strike for streetcar workers to win union recognition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_streetcar_strike_of_1900 www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/look-back-bloody-streetcar-strike-in-wins-working-class-support/article_ca886618-1f12-5be6-bb04-aff64fa1130d.html www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/a-look-back-bloody-street-strike-in-rips-open-class/article_483cd720-0051-59a0-acda-630b34955262.html www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/metro/news/this-week-in-south-side-history-posse-killed-in-streetcar/article_45b20291-9ad2-50f3-8b64-88d73e215b22.html archives.chicagotribune.com/1900/06/17/page/6/article/strikers-lose-st-louis-fight www.urbanreviewstl.com/2012/06/breakthrough-on-transit-worker-strike-june-22-1900/ www.depauw.edu/files/resources/metinger-2005-history-senior-seminar-paper.pdf]

1912 - George Woodcock (d. 1995), Canadian anarchist thinker and historian, political biographer, essayist, poet and literary critic, author of '//Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements//' (1962), born. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/WoodcockGeorge.htm]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: A cricket pavilion at Fulham is destroyed by fire.

1916 - Dr. Ben Reitman is sentenced to 60 days in jail for advocating birth control.

1919 - Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич; b. 1849), Russian revolutionary, anarchist and then a Marxist and Menshevik, dies. [see: Aug. 8]

[E] 1920 - Celia Sánchez Manduley (Celia Esther de los Desamparados Sánchez Manduley; d. 1980), Cuban revolutionary fighter, politician, researcher and archivist of the Revolution, born. A member of the Movimiento 26 de Julio, she was the first woman to hold the position of combat soldier in the ranks of the Rebel Army and one of the first women to assemble a combat squad during the revolution. Under a series of pseudonyms, including Celia, Lilian, Carmen and Caridad, she also served as a messenger to the guerrillas using various and, as a member of the general staff of the Rebel Armya she supplied Che Guevara and other rebels with weapons, occasionally food and medical supplies. She archived many documents, letters and notes of the revolution, leading to the creation in 1964 of Oficina de Asuntos Históricos del Consejo de Estado in 1964, an institution for the preservation of historical documents. Celia Sánchez died of lung cancer in Havana on January 11, 1980. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Sánchez es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Sánchez www.heroinas.net/2015/10/celia-sanchez-manduley.html cubaninsider.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/fresh-evidence-of-celia-sanchez.html cubaninsider.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/celia-sanchez-fidel-castro-at-work.html?view=snapshot]

1921 - Nathalie Lemel (b. 1827), militant French anarchist, feminist and bookbinder, dies. [see: May 8]

1928 - Luisa Lallana (b. 1910), an Argentinian anarcho-syndicalist militant, is assassinated whilst handing out leaflets during an industrial dispute. Employed at the Mancini factory sewing burlap bags for bagging grain for export, she was affiliated to the Federación Obrera Local and a member of the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina. Whilst distributing leaflets by the Comitè de Dones de Portuaris (Women Port Committee) with her friend Rosa Valdez in support of striking dockers during a dispute organised by the Societat d'Estibadors (Dockers Society) in the port of Rosario, she is shot in the forehead by a blackleg, Juan Romero, a member of the extreme right-wing and paramilitary Liga Patriótica Argentina (Patriotic League of Argentina. He and other blacklegs had been recruited by Tiberio Podesta, manager of the Association of Labour (aS), in charge of recruiting 'treballadors lliures' (free labourers), also known as //crumiros// (rustlers) or //carneros// (or rams), also a Liga Patriótica Argentina member. Luisa Lallana dies later that evening. In reaction to the outrage, a general strike was called by FORA, the Partit Comunista and the Federació Obrera Local. Her funeral procession the following day was led by a thousand women to the La Piedad cemetery and, in a large demonstration of solidarity by the working class in Argentina – the estimated numbers varied between 3,000 and 20,000 demonstrators – which was severely repressed by the police. The climate of workers' agitation was so great that the torpedo boat Córdoba and the gunboat Independencia were sent to reinforce the navy and police in Rosario. Luisa Lallana became a symbol, but she was only one of 11 members of the working class who were killed during that strike May 1928. [anred.org/spip.php?article9807 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0805.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/10081-mujeres-y-luchadoras-sociales-louise-michel-y-luisa-lallana.html]

[B] 1930 - Gary Snyder, American poet, essayist, lecturer, Deep Ecology environmental activist, Buddhist anarchist and one-time Wobbly, born. "The Frontier-type Wobbly-Thoreau anarchism is in my blood, i.e. that's my own tradition, I was raised up in it. So put it with the Oriental historical depth, and I got a fulcrum to tip the whole damn civilization over with." Gary Snyder in a letter Philip Whalen [talking about his discussions with Kenneth Rexroth] [www.sf360.org/?pageid=12826]

1936 - In Tokyo, the Japanese anarchist movement is beheaded with heavy prison sentences of 19 of its major activists for "illegal activities". Toshio Futami, aged 34, is about to be sentenced to death (commuted). The anarchist stronghold, the Tôkyô Printworkers' Union, was crippled when nearly 100 of its members were arrested. During this month a further 300 anarchists are swept up in mass arrests.

1937 - __Barcelona 'May Days' [Fets de maig del 1937 or Jornadas de Mayo de 1937__]: After four days of heavy fighting that had ensued the Republican government had sent troops to take over the telephone exchange on May 3, pitting anarchists and Poumists on one side against the Republican government and the Stalinist Communist Party on the other, the situation in Barcelona is 'normalised'. Following the events on May 5, the CNT had called for a return to work on May 6 but this was largely ignored by the workers and that afternoon the fighting resumed as squads of PSUC members took to the streets to assassinate leading anarquistas, resulting in pitched street battles. May 6 also saw a force of about 5,000 troops, most of them guardias de asalto, dispatched from Madrid and Valencia bound for Barcelona to reinforce the government and Generalitat units there. That night two Republican destroyers, accompanied by the battleship Jaime I arrived at the port of Barcelona from Valencia loaded with armed men. When news of this had spread through the city, most of the striking workers abandon their resistance. At 08:20 on May 7, guardias de asalto began occupying key points in Barcelona whilst others sent from Valencia occupied the cities of Tarragona and Reus - the former had seen serious fighting the previous day as Estat Català, ERC and PSUC militiamen had attacked the local FIJL headquarters. In an attempt to prevent passage of the column from Valencia, local anarchists had blown up bridges, roads and railways.The CNT hierarchy against appeals to the rank and file to return to work, proclaiming over the radio: "¡Abajo las barricadas! ¡Que cada ciudadano se lleve su adoquín! ¡Volvamos a la normalidad!" (Down with the barricades! Let each citizen take down their cobblestone! Let's get back to normal!). Across Catalonia guardias de asalto set to disarming and arresting members of the CNT, FAI, FIJL and POUM and anyone else who might have participated in the resistance. By the following day, May 8, the streets had returned to something approaching normality as people began to dismantle the barricades, except for the PSUC barricades, which persisted into the following month. That same day, the Agrupación de los Amigos de Durruti (Friends of Durruti) distributed a manifesto reviewing the events of May. It was highly critical of the CNT leadership, effectively calling their behaviour over the crisis "treachery". [manuelaguilerapovedano.wordpress.com/2013/12/31/listado-de-victimas-de-los-hechos-de-mayo-de-1937-en-barcelona/ flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/trans/fod_fontenis.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornadas_de_Mayo_de_1937 www.red-libertaria.net/pdfs/amigos1.pdf www.marxists.org/catala/enciclopedia/people/p/documents-poum/cat051936.htm]

1937 - Creation of the International Antifascist Solidarity (S.I.A.) in Spain.

1938 - Higinio Carrocera Mortera (b. 1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who played a prominent role in both the 1934 Asturias uprising and the Civil War, earning the title the hero of Mazucu in the latter, is amongst 30 Republicans executed by firing squad against a cemetery wall in Oviedo that day. [see: Jan. 3]

1940 - Emma Goldman suffers a second stroke. [see: Feb. 17]

1943 - __Warsaw Ghetto Uprising__: The Germans discover a large dugout located at Miła 18 Street, which had served as ŻOB's main command post. Most of the organisation's remaining leadership and dozens of others had committed a mass suicide by ingesting cyanide. They included the chief commander of ŻOB, Mordechaj Anielewicz, Mira Fuchrer, and others. [expand] [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Fuchrer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Fuchrer pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Antyfaszystowski pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkier_Anielewicza_w_Warszawie en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miła_18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

1943 - Mordechai Anielewicz aka 'Aniołek' (Little Angel) (b. 1919), Polish Jew and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who set up the militant underground organization Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization), dies along with 120 fellow fighter, including his partner Mira Fuchrer, die in the ŻOB command post at 18 Miła Street. The fortified Anielewicza bunker had been surrounded by the Nazis after nearly 3 weeks of fighting in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who has started to pump poisonous gas into it and those that had not already managed to escape via the sewers were either killed by the gas or committed suicide rather than face capture. Anielewicz's body was never found and is generally believed that it was carried off to nearby crematoria along with those of all the other Jewish dead. Born into a poor Jewish family, he had joined the Zionist socialist youth group Hashomer Hatzair after high school. Following the German invasion of Poland, he fled east hoping to reach Palestine but ended up being arrested on the border to Romania by the Soviets. ended up in Vilnius, a popular meeting point for Eastern European Jews at the time. He joined Ha-Szomer Ha-Cair, another left-wing Zionist youth group, and returned to Warsaw to build up an underground organisation and publish the magazine Negeot Hazerem (Against the Current). He also began organising Blok Antyfaszystowski (Anti-Fascist Block) cells and soon joined the fledgling ŻOB, then weaponless. In November 1942, he was appointed the group's chief commander and ŻOB began recieving weapons from outside the Ghetto and on January 18, 1943, his group fought its first battle with German soldiers. It then started preparing for an armed uprising in the Ghetto and on April 19, Mordechai Anielewicz became the head of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechaj_Anielewicz pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Antyfaszystowski pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkier_Anielewicza_w_Warszawie en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miła_18 www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/anielewicz/ www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Anielevich.html spartacus-educational.com/2WWanielewicz.htm]

1943 - __Naliboki Massacre__: Soviet partisans, ignoring a previous non-aggression agreement, kill around 128 Poles from the pro-Western Armia Krajowa Polish resistance group at the village of Naliboki in Nazi-Germany-occupied Poland (now Belarus). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naliboki_massacre]

1945 - Whilst working in his garden, German anarcho-syndicalist Fritz Kater is injured attempting to defuse an incendiary bomb. It explodes, severely burning his face and chest. Kater dies twelve days later in hospital.

[C] 1950 - Manuel Ródenas Valero (b. 1919), Manuel Llovet Isidro (b. 1906), Jose Capdivela Ferrer (b. 1920), Alfredo Carvera Canizares (b. 1912) and Roger Ramos Rodriguez (b. 1920), five members of the group of ten guerrillas that entered Spain in mid-May 1949 and been involved in an attack in the city of Barbastro, before being chased by the Guardia Civil and, having split in two, were captured on June 6 at Mas del Castaño and senteced to death by a council of war on March 16, 1950, are executed in Zaragoza. [www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/grupo-rodenas-valero.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6942 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4188 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1299 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1634 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6740]

1962 - In Belgium, an estimated 9,000,000 people participate in a ten-minute work stoppage to protest nuclear weapons.

[F] 1970 - __Hard Hat Riot__: Whe about 200 construction workers mobilised by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent State shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot]

1973 - The last of the Native Americans who have been holding South Dakota hamlet of Wounded Knee for the last 10 weeks, surrender. "The Sioux National Anthem filled the air with a heart-filling swell of notes at sunrise on May 8 and around 125 Wounded Knee defenders surrendered to federal authorities in three predetermined groups." [indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/40-years-later-wounded-knee-still-fresh-our-minds-147898]

1979 - Police kill 23 people and wound 70 outside the municipal cathedral of San Salvador. The victims were members of the Popular Revolutionary Bloc, a coalition of anti-government students, teachers, peasants and workers.

1995 - Brian Douglas, a popular music and sports promoter and father of one, and a friend are stopped by two police constables in Clapham. Brian is struck with a recently introduced American-style long-handled baton and arrested. Despite vomiting in his cell, Brian was not taken to hospital until more than 14 hours after he was injured. It later emerged he had a fractured skull and damage to his brain stem. He died from haemorrhages and a fractured skull five days later.

1999 - Aguigui Mouna (aka André Dupont; b. 1911), French anarcho-prankster, agitator, pacifist propagandist, philosopher and anarchist individualist, dies. ​[see: Oct. 1]

2006 - Matilde 'Mati' Escuder Vicente (1913-2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Dec. 12] ||
 * = 9 || [A] 1671 - Confidence trickster supreme Colonel Thomas Blood steals the English Crown Jewels. He is apprehended and somehow granted a Royal Pardon after he persuades Charles II that his death would spark civil unrest on the eve of a potential war with Holland.

1849 - __Dresdner Maiaufstand [May Uprising in Dresden__]: In Germany, the popular rebellion crushed, Mikhail Bakunin, former Kapellmeister (and future Ringmeister) Richard Wagner and poet, lawyer and National Assembly member Otto Leonhard Heuber escaped to Chemnitz where Bakunin and Heuber are arrested while Wagner hides in his sister's house and escapes.

[BB] 1866 - David Edelstadt (d. 1892), American Yiddish anarchist and poet, born. One of the New York 'Sweatshop Poets' (who included Morris Rosenfeld, Morris Vinchevsky and Joseph Bovshover), poets who were themselves workers, slaving in horrible working conditions for twelve or more hours a day. Their most creative period was the 1890s and 1900s, writing poems based on their own experiences expressing working class solidarity and a desire for a revolutionary change in the workers' conditions. Born in Kaluga, Russia and educated in the Russian language and literature, he began publishing Russian poems aged 12. After escaping the Kiev pogrom of May 8, 1881, he emigrated to America in 1882, first living in Cincinnati, working in the garment industry and became active in the developing anarchist movement. In 1888 he moved to New York where he continued working in sweatshops and participated in the first Jewish anarchist group in the city, the Pionire der Frayhayt (Pioneers of Liberty). He also began to write his first poems in Yiddish and was chosen in 1891 to become the editor of the main Yiddish anarchist paper, '//Di Freie Areibeter Stimme//' (The Free Voice of Labour), which he edited until shortly before his death. He also collaborated on '//Die Wahrheit//', '//Tfileh Zakeh//', '//Varhayt//' and '//Der Morgenshtern//', often using the pseudonym Paskarel. Edelshtat's lyrics, sung in sweatshops and on picket lines, depict the world's imperfections and the wondrous life to come after a social revolution, with many being dedicated to the Chicago Martyrs. He died on October 17, 1892, in Denver, aged just 25, of tuberculosis contracted in the difficult labour conditions he and his fellow sweatshop workers had to endure. He was buried in the Workmen's Circle in the Golden Hill Cemetery City in Denver. After his death many Edelstadt cultural groups sprung up in cities across America (Chicago, Boston, etc.) as well as the Edelstadt Singing Society in New York and an Edelstadt Group in Buenos Aires.

Vi lang, oy vi lang vet ir blaybn nokh shklafn Un trogn di shendlekhe keyt? Vi lang vet ir glentsende raykhtimer shafn Far dem, vos baroybt ayer broyt? Vi lang vet ir shteyn, ayer rukns geboygn Derniderikt, heymloz, farshmakht? Es togt shoyn! Vakht oyf un tse-efnt di oygn! Derfilt ayer ayzerne makht! Klingt umetum in di frayhayts-glokn! Farzamlt di laydnde knekht! Un kemft bagaystert, un kemft undershrokn Far ayere heylikhe rekht! Un ales vet lebn, un libn un bli-en, In frayen, in goldenem may! Brider! Genug far tiranen tsu knien, Shvert, az ir must vern fray!

(How long, oh, how long will you suffer in bondage In slavery still to remain?  How long will you toil to create all the riches  For those who reward you with pain?  How long, oh, how long, will you carry the yoke  Of oppression and sorrow and fear?  Awaken! And see the new day that is dawning  A free song is ringing mighty clear!  Ring out, bells of freedom! Let’s gather together  The suffering slaves in all lands  Let’s struggle for life and for love and for beauty  Created by hard-toiling hands  Then all things will live and will love and will bloom  In a free and a golden-bright May.  No more will we suffer a miserable doom  Now swear that you’ll bring forth this day.) - '//Vakht Oyf//' (Wake Up).

[libcom.org/history/edelstadt-david-1866-1892 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EdelstadtDavid.htm www.estelnegre.org/documents/edelstadt/edelstadt.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/poetry/david_edelstadt/com.html www.poemhunter.com/poem/at-strife/ www.poemhunter.com/poem/my-will-11/]

1875 - Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús aka Aling Oriang & 'Lakambini' (d. 1943), Filipina revolutionary, who was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan secret revolutionary society, born. She married Gat Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan and President of the Katagalugan Revolutionary Government, fighting along side him and playing a number of important roles during the Philippine Revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jesús www.fgil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Gregoria_de_Jesus]

[B] 1878 - Neno Vasco (Gregório Nazianzeno Moreira de Queiroz e Vasconcelos; d. 1923), Portuguese lawyer, journalist, poet, playwright and militant anarcho-syndicalist writer, born. [expand] [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neno_Vasco anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120509]

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 27] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: The funeral of the dead strikers took place on Friday April 27 in the early hours of the morning in the Wiskitki cemetery. There were no incidents. Several thousand people attended, including the Dittrich family. Immediately after the funeral, the pacification campaign began. The city was divided into small areas, each patrolled by six policemen and four Cossacks. The patrols were banned from communicating with the locals. Shops and markets were also protected, as fire and sabotage were feared. A state of emergency was introduced in the city and arrests of the most active strike activists began: eight that afternoon and a further six during the night. Twenty nine others were also arrested for attempting to resist the authorities. Żyrardów was overwhelmed by a wave of terror. At the same time, the management was reportedly ready to fulfill most of their.

1898 - '//Agitazione//' is raided and, like all other anarchist papers in Italy, suppressed following a popular revolt in Milan earlier this month. Samaia, Lucchini, Vezzani and Lavattero leave the country; Enrico Malatesta and others are arrested.

1899 - Marcel Wullens (d. 1928), French anarcho-syndicalist who participated, with his brother Maurice, in the review '//Les Humbles//', the journal '//L'Insurgé//', and helped found '//La Révolution Prolétarienne//', born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6339]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana / First Battle of Tijuana__: Tijuana is captured by the anarchist Magónistes of the Mexican Liberal Party after a fierce battle that killed 32 and wounded 24. Lower California is now almost entirely in their hands. The Magónistes encouraged the people to take collective possession of the lands, to create co-operatives and refuse the establishment of any new government. The Magónistas were led by Jack Mosby, a deserter from the US Marines, and later by Caryl Ap Rys Price. The Magónistas were supported and joined by many American members of the IWW (Wobblies); they previously captured Mexicali (January 29) and Tecate (March 12, holding it for a few days). Tijuana is held by the Magónistes until routed by Mexican Federalists on June 22. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tijuana]

1912 - Tom Mann's trial in connection with the reading out of sections of '//Open Letter to British Soldiers//' at a meeting in Salford on March 14, takes place at the Manchester Assizes, during which he defended himself. He was found guilty and given the same (revised) sentence as Guy Bowman, six months without hard labour in Strangeways prison. He only served seven weeks. [see: Mar. 19]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Major act of arson as a arge empty house at Oak Lea, Barrow is burned down; est. value £6,000.

[F] 1918 - Workers from the Izhora (Ижорского) factory in Kolpino (Колпине) south-east of Petrograd protesting food shortages are shot and killed by Red Army troops, the first instance of the massacre of unarmed workers by the Bolsheviks. On the morning of May 9, women standing in line for bread outside the shop on Troitskaya Street (Троицкой улице) were told that all stocks were sold, and there would be no new deliveries in the next two days. The desperate and distressed women gathered near the fire station to try and call the city's residents for a rally. People began to gather in the city square and, fearing that the meeting could take a decidedly undesirable turn for the Soviet, two members of the Soviet's staff and a member of the investigative commission attached to the Soviets then in the square pressed seven Red Guards manning a nearby checkpoint to try and disperse the crowd. However, this use of force (rifle butts) only served to aggravate the situation. Pushing aside the sentry, one of the teenagers rushed to the whistle at the fire station and managed to give a signal. As the crowd grew, the situation became increasingly more heated. Attempts were made to take away the rifles from the Red Army soldier, and to prevent this, they fired a volley into the air. Stones and other objects flew into the Red Army. According to the testimony of one of the Izhora workers, M.V. Kostromitin (М. В. Костромитина), the shooting was started by G. Trofimov (Г. Трофимов), a member of the investigative commission under the Revolutionary Tribunal. Surrounded by some of the women, Trofimov had shouted: "Take off, or I'll shoot!", one of the women swung her bag at Trofimov's and called him a parasite. A volley followed, and someone in the crowd shouted: "You give us bullets instead of bread, which even the tsarist autocracy did not do." A second salvo followed. Trofimov then shot the teenager who had set off the siren, who again sounded the siren. Then several people attacked Trofimov and he defended himself with his revolver, wounded another crowd member. The crowd then scattered in all directions. Workers from the Izhorsky factory, hearing the siren and shot, stopped working and gathered at the factory chapel. Having heard what had happened, the workers held a rally at the plant. The two thousand people at the meeting decided to immediately re-elect the local soviet, demanded the dissolution of the Red Guard and the arrest of the perpetrators of the shooting of women and children. By this time, the Bolsheviks had sent two armoured cars to the plant, and had deployed armed Red Guards in the garden opposite the gates. When the workers came out of the gate, the soldiers opened fire. At least six workers were seriously injured and one was killed. That afternoon, additional armoured cars arrived in Kolpino, and machine guns appeared at the crossroads. The workers of the Izhora plant sent a delegation to Petrograd to inform factory workers there about the events in Kolpino. On the same day, rallies critical of the actions of the authorities were held at the Obukhov (Обуховском) and Putilov (Путиловском) factories. On May 11, rallies were held at the Russo-Baltic (Русско-Балтийском) plant, at the Simmens-Schuckert (Симменс-Шуккерт) plant, at the Arsenal (Арсенале), at the Rechkin (Речкина) plant and other enterprises in Petrograd and other industrial cities. The funeral of the murdered workers, which took place on May 14, turned into a mass political event, in which at least a thousand people took part. Representatives of many Petrograd factories arrived from Petrograd to Kolpino: Arsenal, Patron (Патронного), Putilov, Obukhov, Russko-Baltic, Siemens Shukkert, Nevsky (Невской) paper mill, Wagon Works (Вагоностроительного), etc. Many came with factory banners and sang revolutionary songs. On the grave were laid wreaths: "Victims of tyranny - defenders of the hungry" and "Victims of hunger - killed by the well-fed authorities." The day after the funeral, the Petrograd Soviet issued a notice 'To the attention of all', in which it was alleged that the riots were provoked by the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks. It further asserted that "the Soviet government will consider all such marches and speeches as direct assistance to an external enemy and will ruthlessly suppress them". [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Расстрел_рабочих_Ижорского_завода_в_1918_году]

[1919 - __Fremantle Wharf Riot aka Battle of the Barricades__: The funeral of Tom Edwards, who was struck on the head by a police baton after going to assist Fremantle Lumpers President, William Renton, in the Fremantle Wharf riot of May 4, 1919, and died three days later at Fremantle Hospital as a result of his wounds, takes place. and thousands attended his funeral at Fremantle A large crowd At the time of his funeral, industry workers throughout the state stopped for 3 minutes reflection. Bill Renton, the union president, with his head still bandaged, led the mile-long funeral procession on horseback from Fremantle Trades Hall to the Fremantle Cemetery past thousands gathered along the route. His wife and 3 children continued to live in Fremantle after his death and received donations of food from land farmed by the Industrial Workers Union.] [freoworkers.org/1919.html espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97293&local_base=ERA01JCPML trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/81392819 trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27604305]

1920 - The American Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee forms.

1920 - The US military mobilise as rebels take México City.

[E] 1921 - Sophia Magdalena Scholl (d. 1943), German student, kindergarten teacher, revolutionary and member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) resistance group in Nazi Germany, born. Co-author of six anti-Nazi Third Reich political resistance leaflets calling for passive resist against the Nazis. Sophie and her brother Hans were spotted throwing leaflets from the atrium at Ludwig Maximilians University on February 18, 1943. They were arrested by the Gestapo and, with Christopher Probst, tried for treason. Found guilty and condemned to death just days later on February 22, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison within hours of the court decision. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERschollS.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchollSophie/ whiterosemovementblog.wordpress.com/biographies-of-hans-and-sophie-scholl/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

1922 - The Milan trial of the anarchists held responsible for bombing the Teatro Diana begins. Giuseppe Mariani and Giuseppe Boldrini receive life sentences, and Ettore Aguggini dies in prison after many years. Others accused are Ugo Fedeli, Pietro Bruzzi, and Francesco Ghezzi (editors of '//L’Indivi-dualista//').

1922 - The Egyptian government issues decree making itself sole legal trader in opium, cocaine, hashish, morphine.

1933 - The Feuersprüche (Fire oaths) for tomorrow's ceremonlai burning of books are issued overnight by the Hauptamt für Aufklärung und Werbung der deutschen Studentenschaft (Main Office for the Enlightenment and Advertising of the German Students' Association).

1934 - The beginning of the West Coast Longshoremen's Strike that would ultimately lead to 'Bloody Thursday' (see: July 5) and the San Francisco General Strike (see: July 16).

1937 - '//Solidaridad Obrera//' dismisses the manifesto issued yesterday by the Friends of Durruti as demagoguery and the Group's members as provocateurs. Their manifesto had spoken of "treachery" by the CNT leadership.

1938 - Fábio Luz (Fábio Lopez dos Santos Luz; b. 1864), leading Brazilian anarchist, doctor, writer, novelist, critic, short story writer, essayist and teacher, dies. Involved in the anti-slavery movement as a youth, he discovered anarchism with the reading of Peter Kropotkin's '//Paroles d'un Révolté//'. Wrote '//D'Ideólogos//' (1903), '//D'os Emancipados//' (1906), and '//Virgem-Mãe//' (1908), the first novels in Brazil to tackle the social question. ​[see: Jul. 31]

1939 - The anarchist Miguel Garcia is arrested in Barcelona and put into a hemp warehouse which had been converted into a prison, since the city's Celular prison is brim-full. Garcia is released in March 1941, after 22 months, after being cleared of charges.

[C] 1942 - With the help of Judenrat member Shlomo Goldwasser, a majority of the Jews from Markuszow near Lublin escape from the town and into the forests They subsequently lived there, unarmed and without steady food rations, for many months. But in October of 1942, most of the escapees were tracked down by a German encirclement and subsequent armored and artillery attacks. [chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html]

1970 - Helen Hill (d. 2007), American animation filmmaker and social activist, born. Co-wrote (with her husband Paul Gailiunas) the song '//Emma Goldman//' on Piggy: The Calypso Orchestra of the Maritimes' 1999 album '//Don't Stop the Calypso: Songs of Love and Liberation//'.

1971 - Nguyen Thi Co immolates herself in protest of Vietnam War.

1971 - Resistance to militarisation of Larzac begins with march from Millau to La Cavalerie.

1990 - Robert Jospin (b. 1899), French militant socialist, pacifist and one-time anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 9]

[D] 1996 - Ulrike Meinhof (b. 1934), co-founder of the Rote Armee Fraktion, is found hanged by a rope, fashioned from a towel, in her cell in the Stammheim Prison.

1999 - Madeleine Lamberet (b. 1908), French anarchist, painter, designer, engraver, illustrator and primary-school teacher, dies. [see: Mar. 6]

2001 - In Panama riots over bus fares injure 20. Fourteen people are shot and six others injured as protesters and police clash during the worst night of rioting and looting since the 1989 United States invasion, police said. Thousands of stone-throwing students and workers battle with police and loot stores late into the night.

2012 - Vidal Sassoon (b. 1928), iconic English hairdresser, who had been one of the youngest members of the anti-fascist group, the 43 Group, dies. [see: Jan. 17] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Osborne salem.lib.virginia.edu/texts/tei/BoySal2R?div_id=n95 www.legendsofamerica.com/ma-witches-o-p.html]
 * = 10 || 1692 - Sarah Osborne (Sarah Warren; b. ca. 1643), one of the first of the women to be accused of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials of 1692, dies in prison.

[EE] 1793 - A declaration is made before the secrétariat de la municipalité of the intention to "form a society where single women are permissible" (former une société où les femmes seules pourront être admises). Three days later Pauline Léon and Claire Lacombe found the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires unsansculotte.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/societe-des-citoyennes-republicaines-revolutionnaires/]

1858 - Jules Regis (aka Siger) (d. 1900), Turkish-born revolutionary socialist and anarchist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1005.html www.ephemanar.net/juin12.html]

1872 - Women's rights advocate Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman to be nominated for the President of the United States, as the Equal Rights Party candidate. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull]

1872 - Madeline 'Madge' McDowell Breckinridge (d. 1920), prominent US members of the women's suffrage movement and one of Kentucky's leading progressive reformers, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_McDowell_Breckinridge]

1876 - Victor Meric (aka Flax; d. 1933), French journalist, anarchist and anti-militarist, born. Involved in the anarchist milieu, he worked on '//Le Libertaire//' and helped found the Association Internationale Antimilitariste. He also wrote for Gustave Hervé's '//La Guerre Sociale//' and co-founded '//Les Hommes du Jour//' with Henri Fabre. Despite his militant anti-militarism he was called up for WWI in 1914, serving on the front lines for 4 years. Initially enthusiastic about the Russian Revolution, he joined the Communist Party but became disillusioned with the Bolshevik's "cult of centralisation" and leaves/is ejected in 1923, joining Parti Communiste Unitaire / l'Union Socialiste Communiste. In 1931 he founded the Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la Paix (LICP) as well as the newspaper '//La Patrie Humaine//'.

1883 - [O.S. Apr. 28] __Strajk Szpularek [Spoolers' Strike] / Strajk w Żyrardowie [Żyrardów Strike__]: On the Saturday, the strike came to an end and the workers returned to work in the factory.

[F] 1887 - Albert 'Ginger' Goodwin (d. 1918), Anglo-Canadian coal miner, union militant, socialist and conscientious objector, whose murder by a bounty hunter hired to hunt down conscription evaders led to Canada's first general strike in Vancouver on August 2, 1918, born in Treeton, Yorkshire. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goodwin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Vancouver_general_strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_Smelter_dispute www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-myth-and-mystery-of-ginger-goodwin/article982238/ waughfamily.ca/Waugh/BigStrike1912-1914.PDF ww.timescolonist.com/the-life-and-death-of-ginger-goodwin-martyr-or-myth-1.2012002 vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150/canada-150-ginger-goodwin-labour-martyr]

1902 - General uprising against Portuguese rule in Angola.

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 27] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The First Duma meets (May 10-Jul. 22 [O.S. Apr. 27-Jul. 9]), dominated by the liberal Kadets, and on May 10 is given a cold reception in the Winter Palace by the Tsar and his court. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

1906 - Angelo Galli (b. unkown), an Italian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant is killed during a general strike in Milan. An active trade union agitator - the anarchist newspaper '//La Protesta Umana//' called him "un grande signore dell'ideale, un'anima pulsante col dolore del mondo [...] smanioso d'azione" (a great lord of the ideal, his soul pulsing with the pain of the world [...] eager for action) - he had been at the forefront of organising the strike in response to a serious incident of repression, when royal guards had fired on workers on May 6, 1906, killing one and injuring 8 others. On the morning on May 10, Galli and 2 comrades went to the Macchi e Pessoni factory to intercept some scabs but he was stabbed to death by guards at the factory. His funeral, led by 15 huge red and black flags and which resulted in heavy clashes between anarchist mourners and Italian police determined to stop any political displays, was immortalised in Carlo Carrà's 1911 work, '//The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli//'. However, Carra wrongly gave the date as January 19, 1904 in his autobiography. Carlo Carra - "I saw before me the bier, covered with red carnations, wavering dangerously on the shoulders of the pallbearers. I saw the horses becoming restive, and clubs and lances clashing, so that it seemed to me that at any moment the corpse would fall to the ground and be trampled by the horses." - '//La Mia Vita//' (1943). [raforum.info/spip.php?article893 ita.anarchopedia.org/Angelo_Galli smarthistory.khanacademy.org/carras-funeral-of-the-anarchist-galli.html]

[B] 1906 - Yoshiyuki Eisuke (吉行 エイスケ; d. 1940), Japanese Dadaist poet, novelist and anarchist, born. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/吉行エイスケ d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/吉行エイスケ www.aozora.gr.jp/index_pages/person43.html]

1910 - Tom Mann for six months for urging soldiers not to shoot striking workers.

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Federales in Ciudad Juarez surrender, Francisco Madero and Pancho Villa can now supply their forces with modern weapons.

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: The operators on Paint Creek and Cabin Creek mines hire the notorious Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to break the strike. Baldwin–Felts responded by sending more than 300 mine guards led by Albert Felts, Lee Felts, and Tony Gaujot. [see: Apr. 18]

1912 - [N.S. May 24] Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; d. 1944), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, born in Chişinău, Bessarabia. [see: May 24]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Every postal pillar box in Romford and Ilford drenched with acids.

1920 - British dock workers refuse to load armaments for use by Allies against Russia.

1922 - In Chicago 200 labour activists are arrested for complicity in the murder of two policemen and bombing of factories.

1933 - Following the abolition of the right to strike in Germany and the dissolution of the country's free trade unions, including the NS-Betriebszellenorganisation, which Hitler saw as being dominated by the Strasser wing of the NSDAP and out of control, the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front) is founded. It's role was outlined in a decree signed by Hitler on October 24, 1934, and issued by the Reichsleiter of the NSDAP and head of the DAF, Robert Ley: "The goal of the German Labor Front is the formation of a real Volks-(gemeinschaft - people's community) und Leistungsgemeinschaft (strong performance organisation) of all Germans. It has to ensure that each individual can take his place in the economic life of the nation in the mental and physical state, which enables him to achieve the highest achievement, thus ensuring the greatest benefit to the national community." [Adolf Hitler - '//Ordinance on the Nature and Goal of the DAF//', 1934] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Arbeitsfront en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/ns-regime/ns-organisationen/deutsche-arbeitsfront.html]

[C] 1933 - 25,000 books by Jewish and liberal authors are publicly burned by the Nazis in Berlin. Also today, Socialist parties are prohibited in Nazi Germany. In university towns across Germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations. Goebbels give a speech at the book-burning in the Opernplatz in Berlin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschland www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/timeline.htm www.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html]

1934 - In the wake of the May Day attack by the BUF in Gateshead, 200 men and women meet to form the Newcastle Anti-Fascist League aka the Greyshirts, an "almost exclusively working class and fifty per cent of that out of work" group of uniformed defence stewards approx. 200 strong aimed at wdefending left-wing meetings and attacking fascist gatherings. Their first outings would be the street battles in Newcastle and Gateshead on May 13 and 14. [www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076]

1934 - The General Strike in Aragon, which totally paralysed the Aragonese capital throughout April 1935, ends today.

1936 - Azaña is named President of the Spanish Republic. Wave of strikes. Land seizures in the west and the south of the country.

1943 - Régis Messac (1893-1945), French teacher, union organiser, résistance member, writer, novelist, poet, pacifist and anarchist, is arrested during the German occupation and sent to the Nazi concentration camps. [see: Aug. 2]

1944 - Victor Loquier (b. 1866), French hair dresser and ardent anarchist propagandist, dies. [see: Oct. 29]

1944 - The French Résistance claimed a membership of over 100,000 and requested more military aid from the Allies.

[E] 1944 - Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; b. 1912), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, is beheaded in the courtyard of Stuttgart prison on the (Julian calendar) date of her 32nd birthday. [see: May 24]

1962 - In three seats contested by the BNP in the Clifton and Hatcham wards of Deptford in the Borough Council elections, each candidate secures nearly 10% of the vote.

[A/D] 1968 - __'The Night of the Barricades' / Mai '68__: Students marching on the state broadcasting network ORTF HQ are surrounded by riot cops. The students respond by occupying the Latin Quarter and building barricades. Thousands of people join them. A passing builder demonstrates the use of a pneumatic-drill to students who are trying to dig up the cobblestones from the street to add to their arsenal. Many local residents provide support for students as the police attempt to storm the barricades, giving sanctuary to those escaping the police and medical aid to the injured. They too became caught up in the violence which rages until the morning of the next day, many falling under the batons of the police, who also fire tear-gas grenades into the apartment buildings they suspect of containing students. Three hundred sixty-seven people are seriously injured, including 251 police and 102 students. Four hundred sixty-eight people are arrested, 60 are cars burned. Shocked by the heavy-handed reaction of the police, the general public sides increasingly with the students. Elsewhere in France, demonstrations also take place in Bordeaux, Lyon, Strasbourg, Grenoble, Toulouse, Lille, etc. against the violence being meted out by les flics and in support of the students in Paris.

1970 - Incendiary device discovered on board an Iberian Airliner at Heathrow. Similar devices are found in other European capitals on planes belonging to Iberia. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group]

1984 - World Court rules US mining of Nicaraguan harbours violates international law, orders US to stop.

1988 - Stefan Julian Rosloniec aka 'Julek' (b. 1911), Polish anarchist, dies in Uppsala, Sweden. A very active member of the Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski (AFP: Anarchist Federation of Poland) before WWII, which caused him to be imprisoned on numerous occasions. During the Nazi occupation, he helped many people to hide and in particular a dozen Jews who had escaped the ghetto, which earned him the title 'Righteous Among the Nations' in 1974. After the war, he lived with his wife Bronislawa in Lodz where he was an Esperanto enthusiast and member of the leadership of the Polish Association of Esperanto. The couple then emigrated to Sweden. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5383]

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: First protests against high food prices take place in Rosario [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

1991 - Victor García (Tomás Germinal García Ibars) (b. 1919), militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, writer, translator and historian of the international anarchist movement, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

1992 - Two men take axes to the $50 million Navstar satellite in protest at the US Government's attempts to enslave the world through technology.

2007 - Tonight the remains of Giovanni Passannante (the Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy on Nov. 17, 1878) - his brain and skull having been preserved in formaldehyde in the Criminal Museum in Rome since his death - are taken to Savoia di Lucania and buried secretly. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Λασκαρίνα_Μπουμπουλίνα]
 * = 11 || [E] 1771 - Laskarina Bouboulina Pinotsis (Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα Πινότση; d. 1825), Greek naval commander, who led her own troops during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, until the fall of the fort of Nafplion to the Greeks on November 13, 1822, born. After her death, Tsar Alexander I of Russia granted Bouboulina the honorary rank of Admiral of the Russian Navy. WWII Greek resistance leader Lela Carayannis (Λέλα Καραγιάννη) would name her network after 'Bouboulina'.

[D] 1812 - Spencer Perceval, the British Tory Prime Minister, is assassinated at the House of Commons by bankrupt Liverpool businessman John Bellingham. As the news spread, a huge crowd gathered in Westminster. Some were in tears, but most had come to cheer Bellingham. As the mob became more unruly, the City Militia, Horse Guards and Life Guards were sent out to keep order across London. When officers prepared a Hackney coach to take their prisoner to Newgate, they were overwhelmed by people climbing aboard trying to free him. Life Guards beat back the crowd and the attempt at transporting him was abandoned. It was midnight before the crowd died down enough for Bellingham to be moved, escorted by the Dragoon Guards, to Newgate where another crowd had gathered to offer their support for the killer. The MP Sir Samuel Romilly recounted in his memoir that "the most savage expressions of joy and exultation were heard, accompanied with regret that others, and particularly the attorney-general, had not shared the same fate." In Wolverhampton, the news of the prime minister’s murder was greeted with celebratory gunfire, while in Nottingham bells pealed, bonfires blazed and crowds beat drums. The public's particular hatred of Perceval was down to a number of factors, not least his perceived lack of sympathy to the poor of Britain in a time of economic depression and mass unemployment amid the social tumult of the Industrial Revolution. With machines doing the work of twenty men in the cotton industry, Perceval's crackdown on the Luddite protests, making frame-breaking a capital offence and ordering the brutal suppression of the protests in the North and Midlands. At the same time his zealous pursuit of war against Napoleon had seriously effected an economy crippled by French naval blockades, with massive hikes in taxes to fund his military adventures and his refusal to trade with anyone dealing with the French, including America. On Bellingham's part, eight years earlier he had been arrested in Russia on charges of insurance fraud and had spent more than five years festering in rat-infested jails, surviving at times on just bread and water. The British ambassador and the foreign office ignored Bellingham’s repeated pleas to intercede on his behalf and the Russian authorities eventually dropped the charges. He returned to England bankrupt and broken and proceeded to lobby the British government for financial compensation for his suffering and the loss of his business, spending weeks inside the Houses of Parliament without any answer. In shooting Perceval, Bellingham had not only hoped to have his day in court as a platform to air his grievances but even the change of a favourable verdict. However, four days later at his trial it took the jury just fourteen minutes to convict him of murder despite attempts by his defence team, who had only met him fifteen minutes before the trial had begun, to get the trial postponed and to argue that Bellingham was insane. Bellingham was executed on May 18, 1812, just a week after Perceval's assassination. Heavy rain kept the crowds down and hundreds of special constables were sent to Newgate to ensure order.

1873 - Charles Achille Simon (aka Biscuit, aka Ravachol II) (d. 1894), French apprentice glassmaker and 'propaganda by deed' anarchist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5625 www.ephemanar.net/mai11.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Achille_Simon www.estelnegre.org/documents/charlessimon/charlessimon.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/actividades-no-sindicales/1969-charles-achille-simon.html libcom.org/history/the-prisoners-revolt-and-massacre-at-cayenne]

1878 - Emil Heinrich Maximilian H ö del, a 21-year-old anarchist and plumber, shoots Kaiser Wilhelm I to protest and publicise the misery of the workers. He fires twice and misses the Kaiser both times but fatally wounds someone trying to apprehend him. Sentenced to death and executed August 16, 1878, his last words are "Vive la commune!".

[F] 1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: A half mile long procession of gas workers, with brass band and silk banners, converged on Deptford Broadway calling for an eight hour day, in place of the then current 12 hour shift system. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1889 - Marie Vuillemin aka 'La Belge' (d. 1963), Belgian anarchist, who, after having left her abusive husband (a man named Schoofs), lived with the anarchist-individualist Octave Garnier, founder member of the illegalist group that became known as the Bonnot Gang, born. She was arrested on May 17, 1912, for conspiracy but was acquitted during the trial of the gang. ita.anarchopedia.org/Marie_Vuillemin www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_vuillemin.htm]

1898 - The first issue of the weekly '//Discontent//', "Mother of Progress", is published in Lakebay, Washington. It is the newspaper of the anarchist Home colony. After a haitus between 28 June 1899 and May 2 1900, is reappears in Home, Washington and ceases publication on April 23 1902 after 186 issues.

1904 - Salvador Dali (d. 1989), Spanish Surrealist painter and self-publicitist, monarchist and fascist supporter who in his early (falsely) claimed to be both an anarchist and communist, as well as remaining a life-long Catholic, born. A college friend of Luis Buñuel and Federico García Lorca, he was associated with the Dadaists, claiming anarchist and communist sympathies (though largely as part of his desire to shock a la Dada). He followed André Breton on the formation of the Surrealist group, though Breton constantly questioned Dali's politics, coining his derogatory anagramic nickname, Avida Dollars, and effectively forcing his excommunication for Dali's rampant self-aggrandisement and commercialism. Dali returned to Catholicism, even claiming to be both a Catholic and an anarchist (in a 1970 memoir, '//Dali on Dali//'), and, having returned to Calaonia during WWII, a prominent Franco apologist. He even sent telegrams to Franco, praising him for signing the death warrants for 5 Basque prisoners whilst he himself lay dying in bed in September 1975. [www.counterpunch.org/2003/12/06/salvador-dali-fascist/]

1907 - Eva Schulze-Knabe (d. 1976), German painter and graphic artist, and resistance fighter against the Third Reich, born. From 1929 she was a member of the artists' group ASSO, the Assoziation Revolutionärer Bildender Künstler Deutschlands (ARBKD; Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists of Germany), and from 1931 she was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). She was arrested in 1933 and 1934 and confined at Hohnstein concentration camp for 6 months. She returned to her resistance activities but was arrested again in January 1941 by the Gestapo. After months of interrogation at the police headquarters in Dresden, she was tried in 1942 before the Volksgerichtshof at Münchner Platz in Dresden, where she was sentenced to life in labour prison (Zuchthaus). She was freed from Waldheim labour prison in 1945 and worked as a freelance artist in Dresden. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Bomb exploded at the University football pavilion at Cambridge. The residence of Mr Henry O'Grady, a former Lord Provost was destroyed by fire; damage, £10,000.

1918 - Carmen Bueno Uribes (d. 2010), Spanish nurse and midwife, and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1105.html]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Conseil des Ministres take legal action against the CGT and plans to dissolve it. As a result, the trade union union of the North calls for the strike against what it considers to be a provocation. [see: May 1 & 3]

1929 - Albin Cantone aka 'Albin' (b. 1888), French anarchist propagandist, dies. Cantone published the review '//Les Glaneurs//' (1917-18), wrote for '//Les Vagabonds//' (1921-1922), '//La Brochure Mensuelle//', '//Semeur//', etc. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7010 www.ephemanar.net/mai11.html]

[B] 1932 - Date sometimes given for the death of Virgilia d'Andrea (b. 1890), Italian poet, teacher, writer, anarchist and anti-fascist. [see: May 12 & Feb. 11]

[FF] 1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: At the Breguet aviation factory in Le Havre workers, who had become tired of the bullying tactics carried out by the leaders of the Croix de Feu and the Chief of Personnel, Gazon, a notorious fascist, down tools and occupy the factory to protest against the sacking of Triboulet and Vachon, two workers who had taken part in the May 1 strike. This is the first strike to be accompanied with a factory occupation (grève sur le tas) to be carried out in France. Following arbitration involving the mayor of Le Havre, the workers win all their demands: reinstatement of the two dismissed workers, payment of wages for lost days, no retribution for strike action, and priority in the rehiring of personnel in the event of downsizing. The factory occupation tactic would now serve as the model for the ensuing waves of strikes and during the following week similar actions were carried out in Courbevoie and Villacoublay. These strikes received no media coverage in the workers' press. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

1942 - Georges Yvetot (b. 1868), French typesetter and corrector, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-patriot, pacifist, dies. [see: Jul. 20]

1947 - Linda Sue Evans, US radical member of Students for a Democratic Society, the Weather Underground and the May 19th Communist Movement, who was sentenced to 40 years in prison in connection with the Resistance Conspiracy case and various arms and explosivies charges, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans_(radical) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case]

1950 - Eugène Ionesco's one-act anti-play '//La Cantatrice Chauve//' (The Bald Soprano), which inspired the Theatre of the Absurd, premières at the Théâtre des Noctambules, Paris.

[C] 1960 - Adolf Eichmann is kidnapped in Argentina by Israeli agents.

1963 - Antonio 'El Gallego' Soto Canalejo (b. 1897), Spanish-Chilean militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

1968 - The aftermath of the 'Night of the Barricades': Following the police assault of more than 60 barricades, 367 people are hospitalised of which 251 are cops; 720 others are hurt and 468 arrested. An estimated 60 cars went up in flames and 188 others were damaged. The major mainstream unions (CGT, CFDT and FEN) call for a general strike on 13 May. “Be Realistic, Demand the Impossible!” “Beneath the paving stones – the beach!" “All Power to the Imagination!”

1972 - Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe place three pipe bombs near the entrance the the I.G. Farben building, which houses the headquarters of the US Army Corp. The bombs explode within minutes of each other from 18:59 to 19:02. The entrance to the officer’s mess is destroyed. A shard of molten metal flies from the bomb and lodges deeply into the throat of Lt. Colonel Paul Bloomquist. A decorated Vietnam veteran and father of two, Bloomquist bleeds to death at the entrance of the officer’s mess. Damages to the building are estimated to be DM 1,000,000. The Baader-Meinhof Gang, calling themselves the 'Petra Schelm Commando', claims responsibility in a communiqué, which demands the end to the American mining of North Vietnamese harbours. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

[A] 1972 - Preservation of the Rights of Prisoners (PROP) launched. Goes on to help organise over one hundred prison demonstrations, strikes and protests in the UK.

1972 - The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reverses most of the contempt convictions of the Chicago Seven and their two defence attorneys, Leonard Weinglass and William Kunstler. Jail time is voided for the remainder of the citations.

1983 - __Primer Protesta Contra la Dictadura [First Protest Against the Dictatorship__]: Originally planned as a national strike, but changed to a National Day of Protest, in this first action the people of Santiago slowed down all activities during the day and then let loose a barrage of noise at 8 o’clock in the evening. They banged on pots and pans, honked horns, and used other methods to express solidarity with one another and frustration with the regime. Police responded violently to this action, arresting 600 and killing several protestors. Nonetheless, the action had mobilized the Chileans who were fed up with the military dictatorship. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/chileans-overthrow-pinochet-regime-1983-1988 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornadas_de_Protesta_Nacional www.laizquierdadiario.com/11-de-mayo-de-1983-primer-paro-protesta-contra-la-dictadura]

1985 - May 19 Communist Organisation members Marilyn Buck, wanted for her role in the 1981 Brinks armored car robbery, and Linda Sue Evans are arrested in Dobbs Ferry, New York by FBI agents. Fellow member Laura Whitehorn is arrested later that day in the Baltimore apartment rented by Buck and Evans. On September 6, 1990, 'The New York Times' reported that Whitehorn, Evans and Buck had agreed to plead guilty to conspiracy and destruction of Government property. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Whitehorn en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Buck en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans_(U.S._radical) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization]

2011 - Police clash with demonstrators as thousands marched in protest through the Greek capital, Athens, as part of a one-day general strike against the government's austerity measures. At least 17 people were injured, one critically - 31-year-old Ioannis Kafkas, who suffered a life-threatening head injury - as police used tear gas and stun grenades to disperse youths hurling stones and petrol bombs. Police said there were several arrests and that two officers were hurt. According to police figures, at least 20,000 people marched through the capital, while another 8,000 protested in the northern city of Thessaloniki. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13356923] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-May-12.htm]
 * = 12 || 1870 - American abolitionist, social activist, suffragist, pacifist, poet, and the author of '//The Battle Hymn of the Republic//' (1861), Julia Ward Howe issues a call for women to rise up and oppose war in all its forms. She proposes the establishment of a 'Mother's Day for Peace' to be celebrated on June 2. Her appeal falls on deaf ears.

1876 - Louis Jakmin (aka Eugène Jacquemin) (d. 1930), French blacksmith, anarchist propagandist, anti-militarist and militant syndicalist, born. Secretary of la Fédération Communiste Anarchiste (1913), manager of '//Libertaire//', and participant in the newspaper '//Le Réveil Anarchiste Ouvrier//'. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/mai12.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2807 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1205.html]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: The first of three explosions [the other two are on June 5 and October 30, 1883] that target the engineer Michalovski. All three see his bedroom destroyed but he escapes unharmed each time. These actions appear to be part of a campaign of class struggle against the bourgeoisie. Unlike the Bande Noire action against the spies, the aim in this case appears to be the "murder of the bourgeois" in the context of a class struggle as opposed to mere "suppression of the bourgeoisie". Yet no victims are killed during these two years of attentats. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1890 - Renzo Novatore, pseudonym of Abele Ricieri Ferrari (d. 1922); Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, born. Best known for his posthumously published book '//Verso il Nulla Creatore//' (Toward the Creative Nothing). [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/novatore/novatore.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Novatore www.ephemanar.net/novembre29.html#novatore www.novatore.it/EngIndex.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Renzo_Novatore theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Renzo_Novatore.html]

1892 - Pietro Ferrero (d. 1922), Italian union activist and anarchist, born. Secretary of the metallurgists union (F.I.O.M.) and organiser of the Councilist movement in the factories, was murdered in December 1922 by fascist thugs. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ferrero_(sindacalista) libcom.org/history/pietro-ferrero-1892-1922]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Dr Nicola Barbato, who organised a Fascio in Piana dei Greci, who is amongst the Fasci leader who have been denonouced as agitators, is thrown into prison. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicolo-barbato_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1895 - Following his return to France from exile in London, Émile Pouget publishes the first issue of his new weekly newspaper '//La Sociale//', which is in effect the banned '//Le Père Peinard//' in all but name. Inevitably Pouget as editor ends up in jail for 4 months but the paper continues to be printed until Oct. 1896, 76 issues in all, and is replaced by a new '//Le Père Peinard//'.

1897 - Minna Canth (Ulrika Wilhelmina os Johnson; b. 1844), Finnish writer, journalist, feminist and social activist, dies of a heart attack. [see: Mar. 19]

1910 - Auguste André Delalé (b. 1864), French anarcho-syndicalist and founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam, dies. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal '//La Révolte//', with Émile Pouget on '//Père Peinard//', '//Libertaire//', etc. [see: May 16]

1912 - __Waihi Miners' Strike__: The Waihi Workers’ Union, which was affiliated to the New Zealand Federation of Labour, nicknamed the 'Red Feds' due to its links with the NZ Socialist Party, and many of whose leading member were strongly influended by the syndicalist ideas expounded by the IWW, had deregistered itself from the Compulsory Arbitration System. It was therefore now legally able to use the threat of strikes to improve its members' conditions and a number of disputes between it and the Waihi Goldmining Company had already achieved a number of concessions from the mining company, particularly relating to the long-disputed contracting system. However, with the conivance of the company, desperate to establish a separate officially recognised union (fifteen new members were required to officially recognise a new union) and render the Arbitration Court’s decisions as binding on all 1,200 Waihi miners, the company helped register the 'moderate' Engine Drivers' Union on May 11, 1912. The following day the WWU executive took the decision to send an ultimatum to the mining companies demanding that they disband the new and divisive union, an organisation that was an anathema to their syndicalist principles. They also called their members out on strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihi_miners'_strike www.waihimuseum.co.nz/museum-and-research/waihi-history/the-waihi-strike-1912/ nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/black-tuesday/the-1912-waihi-strike iso.org.nz/2012/10/09/review-the-significance-of-the-1912-waihi-strike/]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Sheds of Nottingham Boat Club were destroyed by fire; est. value £1,600.

[A] 1916 - Execution by firing squad of James Connolly, IWW organiser and Irish nationalist, for his role in the Easter Rising of 1916.

1917 - Private Dada soirée '//Alte und Neue Kunst//' (Old and New Art) at the Gallerie Dada. "A. Spa. from Jacopone da Todi to Francesco Meriano and Maria d'Arezzo; Music from Heusser, performed by the componist; Arp: Verses. Böhme: Of Cold and Calcinations. 'Negropoems', translated and read by Tzara/Aranda, Ewe, Basoutos, Kinga, Loritja, Baronga/Hennings, Janco, Ball etc. Aegidius Albertinus, Narrenhatz' frogsinging.  The public demand after the mix of natural recovery with wild Bamboula, which we presented successfull, forced us to a REPETITION OF THE OLD AND NEW ART-NIGHT at the 19. Mai." ['//Chronique Zurichoise 1915-19//' (1922) - Tristan Tzara]

1921 - Joseph Beuys (d. 1986), German Fluxus sculptor, performance artist, printmaker, theorist, teacher, theosophist, shaman, charlatan and provocateur, born. A contradictory character that many characterised as anarchist but who flew Stukas in the Luftwaffe; associated with former Nazis in the postwar period; “obsessed with Steiner’s occultism and his racial theories – and with the abstruse ideas of a Germanic soul, a German spirit and a special mission for the German people" [Hans Peter Riegel - '//Beuys. The Biography//' (2013)]; who proclaimed "Kunst=Kapital"; whose artworks ("social sculptures") were largely shamanistic performance pieces; and who later in life became a pacifist, a vocal opponent of nuclear weapons and campaigned strenuously for environmental causes, joining Die Grünen and being elected to the European Parliament as a Green Party candidate. "To make people free is the aim of art, therefore art for me is the science of freedom." [www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-joseph-beuys-biography-discloses-ties-to-nazis-a-900509.html umintermediai501.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/i-am-searching-for-field-character.html www.anarchist-studies.org/node/413 www.safran-arts.com/42day/art/art4may/art0512.html#beuys joachimpissarro.com/cat/writing/joseph-beuys-set-between-one-and-all/]

1922 - Alexandru Bogdan-Piteşti (also known as Ion Doican, Ion Duican and Al Dodan; b. 1870), Romanian Symbolist poet, essayist, art and literary critic, journalist and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 13]

[F] 1926 - __General Strike (UK)__: The British general strike is called off by the Trades Union Congress after nine days, though the coal miners remain out through the summer. Representatives of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) go to Downing Street and inform the PM Stanley Baldwin that the strike is over. The Miners Union rejected the new terms and they were the only ones not to return to work. They were locked out of the pits which led to communities suffering great hardship with many families becoming dependent on public soup kitchens. There was violence between those on strike and those who had returned to work, and during the last few weeks of the strike, between the miners and the police. On November 19 the Strike came to an end in Wales when the workers had a choice between striking and starving. By this time the miners had to accept the terms and conditions of the owners and these were much less favourable than those offered the previous May. The number of miners in South Wales fell from 218,000 in 1926 to 194,000 the following year.

1926 - Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds the death sentences of "those anarchistic bastards" Sacco and Vanzetti and denies their motion for a new trial.

[D] 1927 - In Nicaragua, Sandino guerrillas decide to continue their fight until they defeat the invading US Marines. A Sandino manifesto asserts, "//it is better to be killed as a rebel than to live on as a slave//".

[B] 1933 - Oskar Maria Graf makes his famous appeal '//Verbrennt Mich!//' (Burn Me Too!) in the Vienna Arbeiter Zeitung: "Verbrennt Mich!' [...] Nach meinem ganzen Leben und nach meinem ganzen Schreiben habe ich das Recht, zu verlangen, dass meine Bücher der reinen Flamme des Scheiterhaufens überantwortet werden und nicht in die blutigen Hände und die verdorbenen Hirne der braunen Mordbande gelangen. Verbrennt die Werke des deutschen Geistes! Er selber wird unauslöschlich sein wie eure Schmach!" ("Burn me too! [...] After all my life and after all my writings I have the right to demand that my books of the pure flame be delivered up to the pyre and not get into the bloody hands and the corrupt minds of the gang of brown murderers. Burn the works of the German spirit! It will be as indelible as your shame!")

[B] 1932 - Virgilia d'Andrea (b. 1890), Italian poet, teacher, writer, anarchist and anti-fascist, dies sometime during the night of May11-12. [see: Feb. 11]

1933 - The '//12 Thesen wider den undeutschen Geist//' (12 Theses against the Un-German Spirit) campaign is launched denouncing the Jewish, socialist, communist and liberal ideas and their representatives.

1940 - Michal Kácha (b. 1874), Czech shoemaker, anarchist, journalist, editor, translator, and publisher, who had a great influence on young writers of his time, dies. [see: Jan. 6]

1946 - Founding Congress of the Nihon Anarkisuto Renmei (Japanese Anarchist Federation) held in Tokyo.

1947 - Georg von Rauch (d. 1971), German anarchist and founder of the Anarchist Black Cross in Germany and June 2nd Movement, born. A member of the left-radical Blues-Scene in West-Berlin at the end of the 1960s having started studying philosophy at Kiel University but moved to Berlin at the height of the German student movement protests. He joined the Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund, participating in protests for a better education policy and against the Vietnam War. He was also a member of the Zentralrats der umherschweifenden Haschrebellen (Central Council of the roving Hash Rebels) and of the Wieland-Kommune, which financed itself by clandestine printing and 'proletarian shopping'. In the wake of the attempted murder of student leader Rudi Dutschke on April 11, 1968 and the May revolts in France, some of the Wieland-Kommune, together with Kommune 1 members, formed the West Berlin Tupamaros in order to take the fight to the West German state. The Tupamaros would mutate in 1971 into the Bewegung 2. Juni) (Movement 2 June), named after German university student Benno Ohnesorg who had been killed by police in 1967. After having beaten up a journalist from the hated Springer Press together with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann and Thomas Weissbecker, von Rauch was arrested on 2 February 1970. He was held imprisoned as a suspect until his court trial started in summer 1971. At the trial hearing on 8 July, 1971, a week-long adjournment was announced and, as Baumann and Weissbecker had been granted bail, they were free to leave. However, von Rauch was able to flee the court in Berlin-Moabit by changing roles with Weisbecker (they looked quiet similar, especially when Tommy put on Geeorg's glasses) and when Weissbecker announces that he was the one who should have been released. He was held for a further 4 days but later released. Just before half past six in the afternoon on December 4, 1971, after five months on the run, Georg von Rauch was in Berlin-Schöneberg in the Eisenacher Straße, close to Martin-Luther-Straße, together with 3 others (Michael 'Bommi' Baumann, Hans Peter Knoll and Heinz Brockmann) when they were ambushed by plainclothes armed police as they try to park a stolen Ford Transit van. A total of 25 shots are fired and von Rauch is hit in the eye, killing him instantly. The others escaped. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Rauch de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Rauch_(Anarchist) www.in-berlin-brandenburg.com/Berliner/Georg-von-Rauch.html www.haschrebellen.de blues.nostate.net]

1954 - Carmen Blanco García, Galician and Spanish language writer, illustrator, professor and anarcha-feminist, who has used the pseudonym Emma Luaces in tribute to Emma Goldman, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1205.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Blanco_García gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Blanco_García]

1963 - YSM members break into UM headquarters and assault the secretary, Robert Row.

1965 - An inter-union pact between miners, restaurants, factory and construction workers, urban and rural teachers, etc. is signed in the city of La Paz to fight for the defence of labour organisations and for achieving social gains, this was despite the fact that the Central Obrera Boliviana was still a functional organisation. In response, the military junta arrest and exile FSTMB and COB Executive Secretary Juan Lechín Oquendo on May 15 and, when COB calls a general strike, the junta goes on to decree the dismantling of existing union structures two days later, whilst declaring a state of emergency at the same time. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

1965 - Roger Vailland (b. 1907), French novelist, essayist, screenwriter, youthful anarchist and, having fought alongside Communists in the Résistance, a Communist Party member dies. [see: Oct. 16]

1968 - __Aftermath of 'The Night of the Barricades' / Mai '68__: Following the police assault of more than 60 barricades, 367 people are hospitalised of which 251 are cops; 720 others are hurt and 468 arrested. An estimated 60 cars went up in flames and 188 others were damaged. In an attempt to co-opt (and control) the movement, the major mainstream unions (CGT, CFDT and FEN) call for a general strike on May 13. "Soyez réalistes, demandez l'impossible" (Be Realistic, Demand the Impossible!) "Sous les pavés – la plage!" (Beneath the paving stones – the beach!) "L'imagination prend le pouvoir" (All Power to the Imagination!)

1968 - António Pedro Ribeiro (António Pedro de Basto e Vasconcelos Ribeiro da Silva), Portuguese poet "of anarchist tendencies", who stood for the Portuguese presidency in 2011, born. Performer of poetry, both as a member of the rock bands such as Os Ébrios (The Drunkards) and solo; creator of numerous poetry and arts magazines; and writer of books including '//Declaração de Amor ao Primeiro-Ministro e Outras Pérolas – Manifestos do Partido Surrealista Situacionista Libertário//' (Declaration of love to the Prime Minister and other pearls: Manifestos of the Libertarian Surrealist Situationist Party; 2006), '//Queimai o Dinheiro//' (Burn the Money; 2009) and '//Fora da Lei//' (Outlaws; 2012). [apedroribeiro.blogspot.co.uk/p/biografia.html partido-surrealista.blogspot.co.uk/ aventar.eu/2010/01/19/antonio-pedro-ribeiro-candidato-a-presidente-da-republica/ colectivolibertarioevora.wordpress.com/2013/01/06/antonio-pedro-ribeiro-um-poeta-de-tendencias-anarquistas/]

[E] 1972 - Irmgard Möller and Angela Luther carry out a pipebomb attack on the Augsburg police headquarters. They carry suitcases and place pipe bombs in empty offices on the 3rd and 4th floors before walking out. The subsequent explosions (around 12:15) injured five policemen and collapsed the fourth floor ceiling. Later in the day, Gudrun Ensslin together with Andreas Baader and Holger Meins leaves a car bomb to explode in the parking lot of the Bavarian Landeskriminalamt (State Criminal Police Office) in Munich, destroying 60 cars. The 'Tommy Weissbecker Commando', claims responsibility for both bombings stating that they were in revenge for the killing of Tommy Weisbecker, a member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2nd Movement), who had been shot dead in Ausberg by a Landeskriminalamt police officer on March 2, 1972, during an attempt to arrest him. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1973 - Monika Ertl (b. 1937), German member of the armed political underground movement in Germany and Bolivia, is ambushed and killed by Bolivian security forces in El Alto, La Paz. Her body was never recovered.

[C] 1975 - Oxford Anti-Fascist Committee organise a protest outside Oxford Town Hall where John Tyndall and Martin Webster are due to speak. A cordon of 250 police struggle to hold back around 600 anti-fascists, who repeatedly charge the police lines, waylay fascists trying to enter and attack the NF's Honour Guard. [PR]

1985 - Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet (b. 1901), French Art Brut painter, sculptor, lithographer, writer, anarchist, atheist, anti-militarist and anti-patriot, dies. [see: Jul. 31]

1986 - Alicia Moreau de Justo (Alicia Moreau; b. 1885), Argentine physician, writer, editor, socialist, feminist, pacifist and human rights activist, dies in her sleep following a prolonged period of ill health. [see: Oct. 11]

2013 - Swedish police shoot dead Lenine Relvas-Martins, a 69-year-old Portuguese man, after breaking into his apartment in the largely immigrant suburb of Husby, in northern Stockholm. The cops claim he had been waving a machete at them. A blog post by the social justice youth group Megafonen the following day claims that the shot man was "non-white", something the group later corrected when they called for a demonstration against police brutality to be held on May 15. Relvas-Martins' death was followed by six nights of anti-police rioting (May 19-25) during which up to 200 cars were torched, along with schools, police stations and restaurants, and about a dozen police officers injured. Thirty youths were also arrested and a number of fascist groups tried to exploit the situation to target 'foreigners' during the disturbances. [www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/25/sweden-europe-news]

2014 - 200th anniversary celebrations of Mikhail Bakunin marked at the annual Pryamukhino Readings conference in Pryamukhino (Tver’ region), Russia.

2014 - Keith Luke (b. 1986), US white supremacist, who, in 2009 at the age of 22, shot to death two Cape Verdean immigrants and attempted to murder a third, whom he also raped, is pronounced dead after spending 2 days on a life support machine following a suicide attempt. He had planned to "kill as many nonwhites as possible" and finish off his killing spree at a synagogue's bingo night. In May 2013 he was convicted and sentenced to two life sentences without parole. His death reportedly followed at least three suicide attempts while he was behind bars. In the run up to his trial, the Nazi had carved a large swastika into his forehead with a metal staple. [www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/01/23/da_says_racism_drove_brockton_killings_rape/ www.heraldnews.com/article/20140513/NEWS/140519009/1994 www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/05/30/self-described-white-supremacist-keith-luke-convicted-first-degree-murder-for-rampage/a1WxJnobIMipl5T1yVp8hI/story.html www.nydailynews.com/news/national/neo-nazi-commits-suicide-behind-bars-murder-report-article-1.1789718 www.wcvb.com/news/neonaziconvicted-killer-keith-luke-commits-suicide-in-prison/25940408 dedham.wickedlocal.com/article/20140512/NEWS/140519379] ||
 * = 13 || [A] 1787 - The first convicts (504 men and 192 women) sentenced to transportation to Australia leave Portsmouth.

1793 - Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe found the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women) aka the Société des républicaines révolutionnaires in the Bibliothèque des Jacobins, rue Saint Honoré in Paris. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires unsansculotte.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/societe-des-citoyennes-republicaines-revolutionnaires/]

[AA/DD] 1839 - __Rebecca Riots__: The 'Daughters of Rebecca' (as the farmers and workers in the poverty-hit agricultural communities of south Wales who took part in the Rebecca Riots against the tolls being imposed on the movement of animals, goods and vehicles on the numerous ‘private roads’ of the period styled themselves – the tool-gates being a concrete example of the high taxes being levied against them) make their first appearance in Pembrokeshire when a group of men disguised in women's clothing demolished the tollgate at Efail Wen near Narberth and attacks took place again in June and July. The owner of the tollgate was one Thomas Bullin, an Englishman who owned Turnpike Trusts all over southern Britain, from as far afield as east London, Portsmouth, Bristol and west Wales. Bullin was persuaded to pull the Efail Wen gate down and 'Rebecca' disappeared for a while before reappearing in November 1842 when a gate near St Clear's was destroyed. [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]

1840 - Pierre 'Ernest' Teulière (d. unknown), French journalist, member of the International and Communard, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8388]

1840 - Alphonse Daudet (d. 1897), French novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet and anarchist sympathiser, whose texts appeared in '//Le Révolté//', born. He was the father of writers Léon Daudet and Lucien Daudet, and grandfather of anarchist and poet Philippe Daudet.

1875 - Josep (José) Negre i Oliveras (d. 1939), Valencian typographer, journalist, orator and anarcho-syndicalist militant, who participated in the foundation of Solidaridad Obrera in 1907 and was the organisation's last general secretary as well as being elected in 1910 to be the first general secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, which replaced S.O. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Negre es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Negre www.estelnegre.org/documents/josepnegre/josepnegre.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3577-jose-negre-militante-anarquista-muerto-en-el-campo-de-concentracion.html]

1881 - Lima Barreto (Alfonso Henriques de Lima Barreto; d. 1922), Brazilian novelist, short story writer, columnist, journalist and libertarian, born. Lima Barreto was a major figure on the Brazilian Pre-Modernism, best known for his novel and classic of South American literature, '//Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma//' (The Tragic Fate of Policarpo Quaresma; 1911), a satire of the first years of the República Velha in Brazil. In 1907 he published with some friends and libertarian intellectuals (Fábio Luz, Domigos Ribeiro and Elísio de Carvalho) the short-lived magazine '//Floreal//'. In 1917, during the period of social unrest, he began to collaborate in the anarchist press - '//A Plebe//', '//A Voz do Trabalhador//' and '//A Lanterna//' - a defending labourers and anarchists victims of repression, as Brazil was hit by major social unrest, labour strikes and repression. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/114906 www.estelnegre.org/documents/santamarialegaria/santamarialegaria.html expressaoliberta.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/o-libertario-lima-barreto.html www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_lit/index.cfm?fuseaction=biografias_texto&cd_verbete=4956 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Barreto clubedeleituraicarai.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/o-libertario-lima-barreto.html www.nodo50.org/insurgentes/textos/brasil/07escritoreslibert.htm www.sinprosp.org.br/reportagens_entrevistas.asp?especial=296]

1885 - Clovis Poirier (stage name Clovys; d. 1955), French singer (author, composer, performer) anarchist and pacifist, born. Director of La Muse Rouge, revolutionary poets and songwriters society.

1890 - Pietro Gori, Italian lawyer and anarchist, is arrested today for "inciting" the clashes during May Day demonstrations in Livorno, charged with fomenting rebellion and class hatred, and organising strikes towards these ends.

1899 - [O.S. May 1] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 1] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Pascual Orzoco and Pancho Villa demand some federal officers be executed. Francisco Madero refuses, soon Orzoco and Villa leave Madero.

1911 - Emma Goldman is accused of being an agent provocateur by the editors of '//Justice//', a publication of the Social-Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers to rally to Goldman's defense, and a statement protesting charges made by '//Justice//' is circulated.

1912 - The opening of the École Moderne in São Paulo.

1913 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Alvaro Obregon stops federal advance at Santa Rosa.

[B] 1915 - Virgili Batlle Vallmajó, better known as simply Virgilio (d. 1947), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, and self-taught Neo-Cubist painter, who later developed into a geometric abstactionist, born. At the outbreak of the fascist coup, he joined the Comitè Antifeixista de Sant Joan les Fonts (Antifascist Committee of Sant Joan les Fonts), which was dominated by the CNT and FAI, doing propaganda work. Soon after, he volunteered for the Aragon front as a sapper and fought in the Battle of Belchite in Zaragoza (August 24, 1937). Tuberculosis forced him into the Montseny sanatorium in February 1938 and the following month to the hospital in Girona, where a Medical Tribunal declared him unfit for military service. In February 1939, he fled to France and was interned in the Argelès concentration camp, which he later escaped, making his way to Paris. There he worked with Picasso and established a close friendship with the poet Jaume Sabartés i Gual. There he discovered Malevich and Russian Suprematicism, which strongly influenced his analtyical cubist paintings. At the outbreak of WWII the tuberculosis he had contracted fighting in Spain flared up and he moved south to the Vichy zone, settling in Toulouse, setting up a carpentry workshop manufacturing toys and participated in the activities of the Resistance and Liberation. When he died he was almost totally unknown in Spain until the Madrid gallery of José de la Mano put on an exhibition, 'V//irgilio Mallmajó (1914-1947). Del neocubismo a la abstracción geométrica//' (From neo-cubism to geometric abstraction) in 2005. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1305.html www.albayalderestauracion.com/?p=116 www.josedelamano.com/pages/virgiliopage.html]

1921 - Dada manifestation in the Salle des Sociétés Savantes, rue Danton, Paris, where the Dadaists sit publicly in judgement on Maurice Barrès. In protest against this management, Picabia withdraws from the Dada movement and attacks it.

1928 - Première of '//L'Etoile de Mer//' (The Star of the Sea), a film by Man Ray based on a poem by Robert Desnos, at the Studio des Ursulines. It continues to be shown in the same program as '//The Blue Angel//' at least until December.

1933 - '//Wider den undeutschen Geist!//' (Against the un-German Spirit) posters appear across Germany. [see: Apr. 12]

1934 - With the fascists planning to hold a major rally with Mosley at Newcastle's Town Moor during Race Week, a series of meetings in the area had been arranged to promote the rally. At the first on Cowan's Monument on Westgate Road where former Gateshead Labour MP and BUF member John Beckett is due to speak, several thousand anti-fascists, led by the Anti-Fascist League in 'plainclothes', turn up and stop the meeting. The platform is smashed to pieces and some of the fascist are seriously injured. The battered and bruised BUF contingent is escorted back to the BUH HQ on Clayton Street by foot and mounted police. The anti-fascist follow and lay siege to the building, smashing its windows with a hail of stones. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076 www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1765 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/may/16/fascists-meeting-newcastle-disturbance]

[C] 1934 - Communists battle with British Union of Fascists Blackshirts trying to hold a rally in Finsbury Park, North London, forcing the fascists to flee. [PR]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: A strike and occupation takes place at the Latécoère aviation factory in Toulouse to protest, as in Le Havre two days earlier, against the dismissal of workers who had taken art in the May Day strike. The demands were acceded to after the factory had been occupied over night. The following week similar actions were carried out in Courbevoie and Villacoublay. These actions are not covered by media coverage in the worker press [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - Alfredo Bagaglino (b. unknown), Italian anarchist, deported back to Italy by the US government in 1920 because of his anarchist activism and then arrested by the Fascist regime, dies in internal exile (//confino//).

1939 - __Voyage of the Damned__: The MS St. Louis, carrying 937 refugees seeking asylum from Nazi persecution in Germany, sets sail from Hamburg to Cuba. Only 22 non Jewish passengers were allowed to disembark on Cuban shores, with the remaining 915 forced to return to Europe after being refused asylum the the USA on June 4th. 288 of the passengers were eventually taken in by Britain but, of the 619 accepted by France, Belgium and the Netherlands, only 365 are believed to have survived the war with 254 dying in various Nazi death camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_St._Louis www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html]

[E] 1945 - Kathleen Neal Cleaver, African-American professor of law and prominent former member of the Black Panther Party, born. After graduating from college in 1966, she took a secretarial job with the New York office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and joined the party in November 1967, shortly after moving to California to live with her new fiancée, BPP minister of information Eldridge Cleaver. She became the BPP's National Communications Secretary and was instrumental in the Free Huey campaign, as well as serving as assistant editor of the party’s newspaper. In 1968 she ran for the US Congress in San Francisco as a candidate of the Peace and Freedom party. Cleaver also went on to become the first woman to sit on the organisation’s central committee. On April 6, 1968, eight BPP members, including Eldridge Cleaver, Bobby Hutton and David Hilliard, were travelling in two cars when they were ambushed by the Oakland police. Cleaver was wounded and fellow Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed in a shootout following the initial exchange of gunfire. Cleaver was charged with attempted murder, jumped bail and fled to Cuba. Kathleen was later reunited with Eldridge in Algeria in 1969 after his seven months in Cuba. Kathleen gave birth to their first son, Maceo, soon after arriving in Algeria and,a year later, to their daughter Joju Younghi Cleaver, while the family was in North Korea. The Cleavers were expelled from BPP in 1971 as a result of a conflict between Huey Newton, who called for an end to the group's use of armed violence, and Eldridge Cleaver, who advocated urban guerrilla warfare. At that point, the Cleavers (still in Algeria) formed a new, short-lived organisation called the Revolutionary People’s Communication Network. They subsequently lived in Paris from 1973 until late 1975, at which time they returned to the United States. When Eldridge Cleaver was tried for his 1968 shootout with police and was convicted of assault, Kathleen Cleaver organised a defence fund for her husband. After working for the Eldridge Cleaver Defense Fund, Kathleen studied law at Yale (1981-83) and, after various legal jobs, is now Senior Lecturer in Law at Emory University. In 1987, she divorced Eldridge Cleaver. University. In 1987, she divorced Eldridge Cleaver. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Neal_Cleaver spartacus-educational.com/USACcleaverK.htm spartacus-educational.com/USApantherB.htm www.discoverthenetworks.org/individualProfile.asp?indid=2250 www.nathanielturner.com/exilesmadelinemurphy.htm law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/cleaver-profile.html www.aavw.org/served/gipubs_voice_lumpen_abstract01.html www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/kcleaver.html www.pbs.org/pov/apantherinafrica/interview-black-panthers-today/2/]

1947 - Irmgard Möller, former German militant and member of the Rote Armee Fraktion, born. She survived the so-called 'Death Night', having supposedly attempted suicide by stabbing herself four times in the chest with a sharpened bread knife [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Möller www.baader-meinhof.com/death-night/ germanguerilla.com/1992/05/18/der-spiegel-interview-with-irmgard-moller/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/8pk18x]

[D] 1958 - Venezuelans riot when Richard Nixon visits and he cuts short his trip to Caracas.

1958 - __Putsch d'Alger__: An attempted coup takes place in Algiers led by Algiers deputy and reserve airborne officer Pierre Lagaillarde, French Generals Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Jean Gracieux, and Jacques Massu, and by Admiral Philippe Auboyneau, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. Its aim is to oppose the new French government of Pierre Pflimlin, to impose a pro-Pied Noirs administration in French Algeria and to ultimately bring about a return of De Gaulle to power in France, pricipitating the Crise de Mai 1958 [May 1958 Crisis]. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'État_du_13_mai_1958 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_mai_1958 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1958_crisis]

1962 -Eva X Moberg (Eva Maria Moberg; d. 1999), Swedish journalist, anarchist, feminist and squatting activist, who somewhat controversially became editor of the long-running Swedish anarchist newspaper '//Brand//' (Fire) ['ownership' of the title and the right to use it was disputed], born. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_X_Moberg wwwc.aftonbladet.se/kultur/7.94/moberg.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_(magazine) www.anarchy.no/brand.html]

1967 - In The Netherlands, Provo, founded in May 1965, officially disband.

1968 - The Sorbonne is occupied by students and others. The general strike puts hundreds of thousands of students and workers on the streets of Paris.

[F] 1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo] + Córdobazo__: The beginning of a series of popular protests, which included demonstrations and strikes as well as open confrontations with the security forces, breaks out in the Argentinian city of Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe. The protests took place between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorship of the de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía. The first spark is a protest in Tucumán, where former workers of a sugar mill take over the factory and hold its manager as hostage, demand overdue payments. The Primer Rosariazo protests would continue until the end of the month (May 30). May 14 - In Córdoba, car industry workers protest against the elimination of the Saturday rest day. May 15 - The University of Corrientes increases the price of food tickets in its cafeteria fivefold, and the ensuing protest end up with one student, Juan José Cabral, killed by the police. May 16 - Students at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario protest yesterday's killing; other faculties joined them. The rector suspended university activities until the following Monday (19th). May 17 - A protest begins at the cafeteria of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario over food price rises. The police suppress the demonstration, killing a student, Adolfo Bello. The CGT labour union called for a "status of alert", and Bello's murder is denounced by the public. May 20 - Students in Rosario announce a national strike (similar protests took place in other provinces). May 21 - University student groups and secondary school students, along with the CGT, organise a silent march (marcha de silencio), which gathers 4,000 people. The police sent to put down the protest are forced to retreat, but kill a 15-year-old student, Luis Blanco. This was later known as the first Rosariazo. That evening the city is declared an emergency zone under military jurisdiction. May 23 - A massive strike takes place in Rosario and the nearby Industrial Corridor. Blanco's funeral is attended by more than 7,000 people. May 29 - Córdobazo: A wildcat General Strike breaks out in the city of Córdoba, which brings police repression provoking two days of massive rioting throughout the Córdoba province, involving students and workers in the car and heavy industries, an episode of civil uprising later termed the Córdobazo. The following day the CGT called for national strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.elortiba.org/rsriazo.html www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1971 - E. L. T. Mesens (Edouard Léon Théodore Mesens; b. 1903), Belgian Surrealist artist, collagist, writer, poet, curator, publisher and editor, who was more of a Dadaist Joker in the Surrealist pack, dies. [see: Nov. 27]

1985 - In the City of Philadelphia (The City of Brotherly Love), and following an armed siege, the house of the radical black group MOVE at 6221 Osage Avenue has a four-pound bomb made of C-4 plastic explosive and Tovex, a dynamite substitute, onto the roof of the house from a police helicopter. Eleven people, including group leader John Africa, five other adults and five children are killed, a number shot as they tried to surrender. The resulting fire destroys 62 others homes in neighbourhood. Surviving MOVE members are still imprisoned.

1989 - Ahead of a visit by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, hundreds of students begin an indefinite hunger strike in Tiananmen Square, pressing for political reforms.

2009 - Ivan Ivanov Ratchev (aka Bai Ivan; b. 1926), Bulgarian-born anarchist, dies. Exiled in Switzerland, he took part in the founding of CIRA, edited the revue '//Balkanska Duma//' and published '//La Confédération et le "Parti" Marx//' (1976). He returned to Bulgaria following the fall of the Iron Curtain to assist the fledgling Bulgarian anarchist movement.

2014 - 200th anniversary celebrations of Mikhail Bakunin marked at the annual Pryamukhino Readings conference in Pryamukhino (Tver’ region), Russia.

2014 - Close to 1,000 anti-fascist protesters mass in Gothenburg's Götaplatsen to protest an appearance by Jimmie Åkesson, leader to the ultra-nationalist Swedish Democrats. Police forcefully clear the unruly crowd and cancel the rally. [www.demotix.com/news/4736088/ultra-nationalist-rally-stopped-left-wing-www.expressen.se/gt/akesson-tvingades-stalla-in-tal--buades-ut/ www.gp.se/nyheter/goteborg/1.2368935-akesson-tvingades-stalla-in] ||
 * = 14 || 1771 - Robert Owen (d. 1858), English industrialist and utopianist-socialist, born.

[D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Local Militia take part in Loughborough Market food riot. [Luddites] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/14th-may-1812-local-militia-take-part.html]

[B] 1845 - Louisa Sarah Bevington (d. 1895), English poet, journalist, essayist, Darwinist and anarchist communist, born. The occupation of her father was described as a "gentleman". She was the oldest of eight children, seven of whom were girls. She started writing verse at an early age and her first published poems were two sonnets appeared in the Quaker periodical the '//Friends' Quarterly Examiner//' in October 1871. Herbert Spencer read some of these early poems and reprinted a number in the American journal, '//Popular Science Monthly//'. Her first poetry collection, '//Key-Notes//', was published under the pseudonym 'Arbor Leigh' and many showed a distinct Darwinist and scientific basis. As a result, Herbert Spencer also asked Bevington to write articles on evolutionary theory. Her first two articles, '//The Personal Aspects of Responsibility//' and, her best-known essay, '//Modern Atheism and Mr. Mallock//'. Not long after she published her second volume of poems ('//Poems, Lyrics, and Sonnets//') in 1882, she went to Germany and in 1883 married a Munich artist Ignatz Felix Guggenberger. The marriage lasted less than 8 years and she returned to London in 1890. She began to frequent anarchist circles, restarting her career under her maiden name. By the mid-1890s, Bevington knew many London anarchists and was recognised as an anarchist poet. She probably became acquainted with anarchism through meeting Charlotte Wilson, who had jointly founded the anarchist paper '//Freedom//' in 1886. Rejecting the tactics of the bomb and dynamite being espoused by some anarchists in Britain, she associated with the anarchist paper '//Liberty//' (subtitled: "A Journal of Anarchist Communism"), edited by the tailor James Tochatti from January 1894. She wrote many articles and poems for it, as well as for other anarchist papers, like the '//Torch//', edited by the two young nieces, Helen and Olivia, of the artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. She was involved in efforts to set up an organisation, the Anarchist Communist Alliance and wrote an Anarchist Manifesto for it, which was distributed on May 1st 1895 (the Alliance appears not to have survived long). At the age of 50 in 1895, Bevington was still active but was suffering from bad health, namely heart disease that had been afflicting her for years. She managed to write some articles for '//Liberty//' in that year and her last collection of poems for Liberty Press. She died on November 28, 1895 in Lechmere, as the result of dropsy and mitral disease of the heart. Whilst her poems, very much a product of late Victorian times, have not aged all that well, the articles and pamphlets she wrote in which she strongly argued for anarchism, still bear a look. [libcom.org/history/bevington-louisa-sarah-1845-1895 www.bartleby.com/293/293.html www.mantex.co.uk/2009/12/03/victorian-women-writers-07/ eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/33979/1/101_PL131-149.pdf]

1887 - Lysander Spooner (b. 1808), American utopian individualist anarchist, dies. [see: Jan. 19]

1891 - Learning from comrades that Baroness Rochetaillee had been buried with her jewellery, one stormy night François Ravachol scaled the cemetery wall, raised the tombstone, which weighed 120 kilos, tore off the oak lid of the coffin which was held in place by three iron bands, broke the lead casing to find only a wooden cross with the corpse. [ Costantini pic ] [www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html]

1892 - Arthur-Vincent Lourié (born Naum Izrailevich Luria [Наум Израилевич Лурья], later changed his name to Artur Sergeyevich Luriye [Артур Сергеевич Лурье]; d.1966), Russian experimentalist composer associated with Russian Futurism, born. Involved with the circle around the newspaper ' // Anarkhiia // ', in which he contributed articles. Co-authored, with Benedikt Livshits and Georgy Yakulov, the Futurist manifesto '//We and the West//' in opposition to the 1914 visit to St Petersburg of Italian Futurist leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Wrote music to Vladimir Mayakovsky’s '//Our March//' and the poetry of Anna Akhmatova. Lourié played an important role in the earliest stages of the organization of Soviet music after the 1917 Revolution but later went into exile in America. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Louri%C3%A9 www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-composers/arthur-lourie]

[C] 1894 - Jindřich Honzl (d. 1953), Czech theatre and film director, theatrical theorist, translator, educator, communist and anti-fascist, born. Member of Devětsil and the Liberated Theatre, later joining the Czech Surrealist Group. He joined the KSČ in 1921 and illegally directed the anti-fascist Theatricum for 99 in Prague during the fascist occupation (1940–41 and 1943).

1910 - In Buenos Aires, the printing plant for the anarchist journal '//La Protesta//' is again attacked and destroyed.

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Torre ó n is taken by revolutionaries. 303 unarmed Chinese massacred.

1912 - Johan August Strindberg (b. 1849), Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist, and painter, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: A mob of vigilantes waits for Emma Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station and follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, and his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters I.W.W.. Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles. [www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/jul/04/unforgettable-big-noise/%0A]

[BB] 1912 - Mary Stanley Low (d. 2007), Anglo-Australian Trotskyist and later anarchist, poet, Surrealist, linguist and classics teacher, born. In 1933 she met the Cuban Trotskyist poet Juan Breá (1905-1941) in Paris. They joined the Surrealist group there, working alongside André Breton, Paul Eluard, René Magritte and Yves Tanguy. The poet and Surrealist ELT Mesens and the poet Benjamin Peret also become close friends. With the outbreak of the Revolution, she and Breá (rejecting the Breton-inspired Stalinist orthodoxy) went to Spain and joined POUM, where she helped organised the Women's Militia, edited the English-language paper '//Spanish Revolution//'. Her sympathy for the anarchists was aroused by the organisation by the CNT of the shoeshine boys and the prostitutes into their own unions, and by her attendance of Durruti's funeral. In December that year, they had to flee the country after Breá narrowly avoided an assassination attempt (presumably by Stalinists, who tried to run him over as he left a POUM meeting). In London, she and Breá married and co-authored '//Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution and the Civil War//' (1937), with a preface by C. L. R. James, the first book on the Revolution. Following stays in Cuba and Paris, from early 1938 the couple lived in Prague with fellow Surrealists Toyen and Jindřich Štyrský, until they were forced to flee the Nazi invasion in July 1939. Ending up in Cuba in 1940, where Breá dies the following year and Low was to marry Trotskyist Cuban journalist trade-unionist Armando Machado in 1944, and giving birth to 3 daughters. With the Cuban Revolution, Machado was arrested and only released thanks to the protection of Guevara. Eventually they won asylum in the US in 1965, where she was involved with the Cuban anarchist exile review '//Guangara Liberteria//'. Her works include '//La Saison des Flutes//' (1939); '//Alquimia del recuerdo//' (Alchemy of memory; 1946); the trilingual book of poetry, '//Three Voices, Voces, Voix//' (1957); '//In Caesar’s Shadow//' (1975); '//Alive in Spite Of//' (1981); '//A Voice in Three Mirrors//' (1984); and '//Where the Wolf Sings//' (1994). [The last two were illustrated by her own collages and drawings, and printed by AK Press.] [www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-low-434250.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Low www.benjamin-peret.org/documents/96-mary-low-1912-2007.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol9/no4/plant3.html www.marxists.org/history/spain/writers/low-brea/red_spanish_notebook.html www.fundanin.org/marylow.htm bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/mary-low-poeta-trotskista-y-revolucionaria/]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Numerous windows in Norwich, valued at £600, destroyed; several houses at Folkestone destroyed in arson attacks including The Highlands, Folkestone; est. value £500. An historic parish church is also damaged by fire.

1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The movie '//The Life of General Vila//', starring Pancho Villa himself (now believed to be lost) opens in New York. Villa became a folk hero in the U.S, through such writers as John Reed,sent to Mexico by Metropolitan Magazine.

1919 - Émile de Antonio (d. 1989), American anarchist film director, producer, academic and author, who was the only filmmaker on Richard Nixon's enemies list, born. Largely a director of documentaries, including '//Point of Order//' (1964); '//In the Year of the Pig//' (1968); '//McCarthy: Death of a Witch Hunter//' (1975) and '//Mr. Hoover and I//' (1989); his only drama was the Plowshares 8 film '//In the King of Prussia//' (1983). He also co-directed, with Haskell Wexler and Mary Lampson, the Weather Underground documentary '//Underground//' (1976). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_de_Antonio www.imdb.com/name/nm0207108/ www.jonathanrosenbaum.com/?p=7438]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Syndicat du Gaz officially declares its support for the rail workers' strike. [see: May 1 & 3]

1931 - Viktor Dyk (b. 1877), Czech poet, novelist, playwright, journalist, youthful member of the generation of the Czech Anarchističtí Buřiči, "básníci života a vzdoru" (Anarchist Rebels, "the poets of life and defiance") and later a right-wing nationalist, dies. [see: Dec. 31]

1934 - A second BUF meeting [see: May 13] at Gateshead Town Hall is surrounded by thousands of anti-fascists and a small number of fascists smuggled in by the police. The meeting is forced to close down early due to Beckett's speech being drowned out by cries of "Traitor", and only a large police presence prevented the thousands who followed them back over the Tyne from getting hold of the fascists. As the Blackshirts cross the Tyne Bridge into Newcastle anti-fascists are prevented by large numvbers of cops from reaching them. Once again the BUF HQ in Newcastle is put under heavy siege and, as one fascist later wrote: "The large branch room, with its floor covered in blood and groaning men, was a gruesome sight." Anti-fascists had now gained the upper hand on Tyne and Wear and the fascists were never again to be a significant force in the North east again. Mosley is forced by the police to cancel his promised Race Week rally. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076 www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1765 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/may/16/fascists-meeting-newcastle-disturbance]

1940 - Six days after suffering her second debilitating stroke, Emma Goldman (b. 1869) seminal anarchist rebel, feminist, anti-militarist, world citizen and force of nature, dies in Toronto aged 70, whilst on tour raising money for anti-Franco forces in Spain. Author of '//My Disillusionment in Russia//', '//Living My Life//', '//Anarchism & Other Essays//' and '//The Place of the Individual in Society//' amongst other works. [see: Jun. 27] "Anarchism is the only philosophy which brings to man the consciousness of himself; which maintains that God, the State, and society are non-existent, that their promises are null and void, since they can be fullfilled only through man's subordination." - '//Anarchism, What it Really Stands For//' (1910) "Love, the strongest and deepest element in all life, the harbinger of hope, of joy, of ecstasy; love, the defier of all laws, of all conventions; love, the freest, the most powerful moulder of human destiny; how can such an all-compelling force be synonymous with that poor little State and Church-begotten weed, marriage? Free love? As if love is anything but free!" - '//Marriage and Love//' in '//Anarchism and Other Essays//' (1911).

1941 - Maurice Bavaud (b. 1916), a Swiss Catholic theology student who made a number of ill-fated attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler in late 1938, is executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison in the early hours of the morning. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bavaud]

1943 - Martin Guy Alan Webster, British nationalist, racialist and neo-Nazi, born. Expelled from the Young Conservatives, later associated with the League of Empire Loyalists, joining the National Socialist Movement in 1962 and later following John Tyndall into the Greater Britain Movement and the National Front, being appointed National Activities Organiser in 1969. Eventually he was kicked out of the NF - the rumours surrounding his alleged homosexuality didn't help his standing within the NF - and he re-emerged in 1999 to claim that he had a four-year homosexual affair with newly-elected British National Party leader Nick Griffin beginning in the mid-1970s, when Griffin was a teenager. "We are busy setting up a well-oiled Nazi machine in this country." ('//The Listener//', BBC, December 1972)

1950 - Valerie Powles (Valerie Gay Powles; d. 2011), English teacher, vocational historian, local activist and anarcho-individualist, born [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1405.html elpais.com/diario/2011/07/09/catalunya/1310173651_850215.html manelaisa.com/articulo/valerie-powles/]

1966 - Ludwig Meidner (b. 1884), German painter, graphic artist and poet, dies. [see: Apr. 18]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Sorbonne students occupy and open the University to the population, inviting "the workers to come and discuss with them the problems of the University". All demonstrators who were arrested have been released.

[F] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Workplace occupations start. A significant aspect of the May Upheaval. By the end of this month over 10,000,000 workers are involved in occupations. In Nantes, the workmen of South-Aviation, begin the first occupations of factories.

1968 - Students occupy the University of Milan.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: In Córdoba, automobile industry workers protest against the elimination of the Saturday rest day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

[E] 1970 - Having come up with a plan to free Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin persuades Ulrike Meinhof to cooperate by claiming to prison officials that she has been contracted to write a book with Baader, allowing him to be escorted to a library outside prison for research purposes where a 'commando unit' would free him. The plan is set for the Dahlem Institute for Social Research, where a handcuffed Andreas Baader is escorted by two guards, meeting Meinhof in the building's library. Irene Goergens and Ingrid Schubert are then let in to wait in the hall, secretly letting in a masked and armed Ensslin and an unknown man. The elderly Institute employee in charge is shot and critically wounded as he tries to escape and, having stormed the library, Baader and Meinhof jump out of the window. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1970-timeline/]

1978 - Following his murder on the 4th, 7,000 march behind Altab Ali's coffin as it is carried from Brick Lane to Hyde Park in an Action Committee Against Racist Attacks-organised protest to demand an end to racist violence. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altab_Ali]

1981 - Maurice Ludmer (b. 1926), British Communist, anti-fascist activist and journalist, dies. With Birmingham activists of the Indian Workers Association such as Jagmohan Joshi, he helped set up the Co-ordinating Committee Against Racial Discrimination (CCARD), which opposed both state racism and far right activism. In February 1975, he launched Searchlight, with the aim of 'turning the searchlight on the extremists', and was a member of the steering group of the first Anti-Nazi League in 1977-78. [see: Aug. 7]

1988 - José Xena Torrent (b. 1907), militant Catalan anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 19]

1991 - Jiang Qing [江青] aka Madame Mao (Lǐ Shūméng [李淑蒙]; b. 1914), Chinese actress and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), as a member of the Gang of Four (四人幫), commit suicide, hanging herself in a bathroom of her hospital. [see: Mar. 19]

[A] 1995 - First London RTS street party gathered at the Rainbow Centre (a squatted church at Kentish Town) and partied in Camden.

1999 - Adelita del Campo (nickname of Adela Carreras Taurà; d. 1999), Spanish dancer, actress, anarchist and later a communist, dies. [see: Aug. 3]

2000 - Karl Shapiro (b. 1913), American poet, Pulitzer Prize-winner in 1945 and Gandhian anarchist, dies. [see: Nov. 10]

2001 - Roger Boussinot (b. 1921), French director, writer, screenwriter, critic, film historian and libertarian, who used the pseudonyms Emmanuel Le Lauraguais and Roger Mijema, dies. [see: May 2]

2009 - Edgar Rodrigues (Antônio Francisco Correia; b. 1921), Portuguese militant anti-fascist and anarchist historian of the Portuguese and Brazilian anarchist movement, who authored more than fifty books, dies. [see: Mar. 12] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3560 www.ephemanar.net/mai15.html en.anarchopedia.org/François_Malicet]
 * = 15 || 1843 - François Malicet (d. 1927), French barber, lifelong anarchist and member of 'Les Déshérités' group in Nouzon, born.

1848 - __La Manifestation Populaire Parisienne__: Against the backdrop of the largely unfavourable results of the elections of April 23, 1848 to the Constituent Assembly for the progressive Republicans, and the cancellation of the flag presentation ceremony on May 14th because of the refusal of the delegation of workers sitting in the Luxembourg Palace to participate in the ceremony, a demonstration is held by progressives in support of a debate on 'the Polish question' scheduled in the Assembly for that day. The crowd is whipped up by the likes of Aloysius Huber, a fiery old revolutionary, and it proceeds to the Palais Bourbon, where it forces its way into the Assembly chamber. Someone read the petition in favour of Poland, then Aloysius Huber exclaims: "The National Assembly is dissolved." The crowd then marched to the City Hall of Paris, where it proclaimed an 'insurrectionary government' with Blanqui, Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Martin, Louis Blanc, Aloysius Huber, Thoré, Pierre Leroux, and Raspail to serve as ministers. However, elements of the National Guard, joined by Lamartine, Ledru-Rollin, and members of the five-day-old Executive Committee, besiege the city hall and dislodge the protesters. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestation_du_15_mai_1848 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_demonstration_of_15_May_1848]

1852 - [N.S. May 27] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (d. 1898), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], born. [see: May 27]

1859 - Pierre Fauvet (d. 1901), French gunsmith, peddler, militant member of various anarchist groups in Saint-Étienne, born. Convicted numerous times in both Switzerland and France for his activities. [www.ephemanar.net/mai15.html]

1884 - The first issue of fortnightly newspaper '//L'Affamé: Organe communiste-anarchiste paraissant tous les quinze jours//' (The Hungry) is published in Marseille.

1885 - Jacob Law (Jacob Lew), Ukranian individualist anarchist, born. Author of the May 1, 1907, attentat in Paris where he fired upon a bus full of cavalry officers. Sentenced to 15 years hard labour in Guyana. A lifelong anarchist, he published a book of memoirs, '//Dix-huit Ans de Bagne//' (18 Years of Exile; 1926).

1887 - Against a backdrop of increased repression of the anarchist movement and social conflict, the fifth and final meeting of the Federación de Trabajadores de la Region Española takes place [May 15-17]. Only 16 delegates attend. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html]

1890 - Dora Thewlis (d. 1976), English working class suffragette and Yorkshire mill worker, who became the youngest member of the Women's Social and Political Union when she joined in 1907, aged just sixteen, born. On March 20, 1907, she travelled to London by train to join several hundred suffragettes who planned to try and break into the Houses of Parliament. But the women, dressed in clogs and shawls, were met by 500 police standing shoulder to shoulder. With Big Ben striking four, groups of women began rushing repeatedly at the doors but police lines held. A second attempt was made again 90 minutes later, and at this point Dora was arrested and sent to Holloway Prison. Her arrest was captured in a soon to become iconic photograph, which appeared in the '//Daily Mirror//' the following day, with a story of the "little mill hand" who they had nicknamed "the Baby Suffragette". At her trial the judge suggested that her parents might take her in hand and sort her out, ordering her to go home. In a defiant reply to the judge, she said: "I don't wish to go back, sir. I shall remain here as long as the WSPU women want me." She was thrown back into Holloway for a week. When told of the judge's remarks, her family is said to have replied that was she was her own person and they fully supported her, as they were socialists. Her mother Eliza, also a Suffragette, proudly said of her: "Ever since she was seven, she has been a diligent reader of newspapers and can hold her own in politics." Her arrest picture was turned into a postcard wrongly entitled 'A Lancashire Lass'. Shortly before the outbreak of WWI, she emigrated to Australia to work as a blanket weaver and married, having two children. She died in 1976. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Thewlis www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-baby-suffragette-628607 www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-news/dora-thewlis-teenage-suffragette-4978209]

1891 - Halfdan Jønsson (d. 1945), Norwegian trade unionist, vice chair of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions and resistance member, born. Arrested on January 7, 1944, he died in Dachau shortly before liberation. [nbl.snl.no/Halfdan_Jönsson]

1891* - William Sidney 'Sid' Hatfield (d. 1921), a staunch supporter of the United Mine Workers of America, was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan [see: May 19], born. He and his deputy refused to accept bribes from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to allow them to station machine guns in the town during a dispute between miners and the Stone Mountain Coal Corporation. The clash led to the deaths of seven Baldwin-Felts Detectives, including Albert and Lee Felts. Hatfield and 22 other people were charged with the murder of the former but the chatges were later dropped. Tom Felts, the last remaining Felts brother swore revenge, and on August 1, 1921, Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse located in Welch, West Virginia. [* some sources give the year as 1893] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Hatfield en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matewan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain]

1893 - [N.S. May 27] Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, is born in Kiev, Ukraine. Just nine months old, her parents moved with her to London. In June 1912, as a eighteen-year-old Nellie set up a Modern School, based on the values and ideas of Francisco Ferrer, in Whitechapel in the East End of London. Within a year the school had one hundred children aged five to fifteen. The school, which was run by the children, supported the Suffragists during their public protests, protecting the women from violence, invited guest speakers to teach them and took an active part in the politics of their community. Nellie went to America in January 1917 with her husband Jim, who she had met at a May Day demonstration in 1913 and had previously set up the Liverpool Anarchist Communist Sunday School, and became involved in the Stelton libertarian colony and the Modern School, which had moved there in 1915. Nelly Dick took over the kindergarten and, in 1923, when another libertarian community started in Mohegan, New York State, founding and running the Modern School there. In June 1928 they returned to Stelton. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dick/dick.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6113 friendsofthemodernschool.org/history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States) www.talkinghistory.org/stelton/steltonhistory.html]

1893 - Fusae Ichikawa (市川 房枝; d. 1981), Japanese teacher, journalist, feminist, politician and women's suffrage leader, born. In 1920, she co-founded the Shin-fujin kyokai (新婦人協会 / New Women's Association) together with pioneering Japanese feminist and anarchist Raichō Hiratsuka and, in 1924, the Nippon Fujin Sanseiken Kakutokukisei Domeikai (日本婦人有権者同盟 / Women's Suffrage League of Japan). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusae_Ichikawa www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/506.html?cat=164]

1894 - The first issue of '//L'Idée//', a fortnightly Belgian anarchist newspaper, is published in St. Josse-Ten-Node.

1897 - Max Spohr founds Gay Liberation Society in Munich.

1899 - [O.S. May 3] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 13]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 3] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

[E] 1900 - Cai Chang (蔡畅; d. 1990), prominent Chinese communist and women's rights activist, born. One of the first women (winter 1917-18) to join the Changsha (長沙), New People's Study Society, a work study program put in place by Mao Zedong and Cai's brother, Cai Hesen (蔡和森; 1895 - 1931), in 1919 she and Xiang Jingyu (向警予) organised the Zhounan Women's Society of Work-Study in France and Hunan Women's Society of Work-Study in France. That same year she went to Paris, where her brother was working, to study and work, studying anarchism, Marxism, and Leninism alongside other Chinese socialist feminist scholars and, in 1922, joined the Socialist Youth League of China (European Branch), and the Communist Party of China the following year. In 1924, she was sent to University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow to study. In 1931 she helped write the Provisional Constitution and joined the Long March (長征; Oct. 1934 - Oct. 1935) alongside her husband Li Fuchun (Li Fuchun), a future Vice Premier of the People's Republic. Elected the first female member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1945, and in 1949 became head of the All-China Federation of Women. [www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/15/2505-1.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Chang zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/蔡畅]

[F] 1911 - __Grand Rapids Furniture Workers Strike__: Factory owner Harry Widdicomb attempts to personally drive scabs through a crowd of 1,200 striking furniture workers and supporters gathered outside his factory in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A battle broke out and the fighting drew more people to help the strikers, swelling the crowd to 2,000. When it ended at midnight, every window in the factory had been smashed. [expand] [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/http/en.wikipedia.org/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=367x31565 www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/index.ssf/2011/04/grand_rapids_furniture_strike.html www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/index.ssf/2011/04/labor_strife_in_wisconsin_remi.html grpeopleshistory.org/2017/04/04/celebrating-the-grand-rapids-furniture-workers-strike-of-1911-lessons-for-contemporary-organizing-and-resistance/ grpeopleshistory.org/2016/08/15/a-working-class-and-capitalist-perspective-revisiting-the-1911-grand-rapids-furniture-workers-strike-part-two/]

1912 - André René Valet (b. 1890) and Octave Garnier (b. 1889) die in a shootout. Illegalist members of the Bonnot Gang, both are killed in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne. [ Costantini pic ]

1919 - __Winnipeg General Strike__: The general strike called by the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council begins today and by 11:00 virtually the entire working population of Winnipeg is out on strike after somewhere around 30,000 workers in the public and private sectors have walked off their jobs – half of whom were not even union members – in support of the city’s building and metal trade workers, on strike over wages and working conditions. The strike lasts until June 26th, when the Winnipeg Labour Council "officially" declares the strike over. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/canadian-workers-wage-general-strike-winnipeg-canada-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-winnipeg-general-strike www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Winnipeg_General_Strike.htm www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike/ www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/canada/index.html]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The Railway Companies issue a final warning to strikers: "pour la dernière fois ses agents à reprendre le travail. Avis est donné que les révocations, ou radiations de cadres, ou suppressions d'emploi, déjà prononcées, sont maintenues ; il en est de même de celles qui pourront encore intervenir. Quant aux autres mesures disciplinaires qui seront prononcées contre les agents grévistes non révoqués, elles seront d'autant plus graves que l'absence aura été plus longue." (Roughly: "for the final time to resume work. Notice is hereby given that the dismissals, or removals of managerial staff, or cancellations of employment, already pronounced, are still in force; It is the same with those who continue to intervene [i.e. picket]. As for the other disciplinary measures to be taken against strikers not yet facing sanctions, they will be all the more serious the longer your absence goes on.") [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

[D] 1921 - Irish Republican volunteers raid and burn the homes of Auxiliaries and Black and Tans in the London, St. Alban‘s, and Liverpool.

1921 - An IRA unit ambushed a party of police and military officers at Ballyturin, Co. Galway. The officers were returning from a tennis match with their wives. Volunteer Martin Dolan later wrote that District Inspector Cecil Blake was killed in the opening salvo, but his wife picked up his revolver and fired at the ambushers. The Volunteers shot her dead during the fight, as well as three other military officers and a constable.

1923 - Simon Watson Taylor (d. 2005), English anarchist, actor and translator, closely associated with the Surrealist movement, born. Secretary for the British Surrealist Group he edited the English language surrealist review Free Union but later became a key player in the “science” of Pataphysics. Close friend of Marie-Louise Berneri, Veron Richrads, Philip Sansom, John Olday, George Melly, etc., becoming involved in '//War Commentary//' and '//Freedom//'. Founded the anarcho-surrealist review '//Free Unios/Unions Libres//' (its single issue published in1946, two years after first planned due to the '//War Commentary//' arrests), through which he came to know André Breton, now moving back towards anarchism in 1954 joined the recently created Collège de Pataphysique after breaking with Breton and the Surrealists. Translated many surrealist-associated works from the French including: André Breton's '//Surrealism and Painting//' (1972), Jarry's '//Ubu Plays//' (1968), Boris Vian's plays such as '//The Empire Builders//', '//The Generals’ Tea Party//' and '//The Knackers’ ABC//', plus his much reprinted translation of 'Paris Peasant' by Louis Aragon (1971). [www.christiebooks.com/PDFs/simons_obit.pdf]

[B] 1935 - Kazimir (or Kasimir) Malevich (b. 1879), Soviet anarchist artist and founder of the Suprematist movement, dies, neglected and in poverty following longterm persecution from the Stalinist regime. He wrote regularly for the weekly 'Anarkhiia' (Anarchy) newspaper, contributing to more than twenty issues and supported the paper financially. “The banner of anarchism is the banner of our ego and like a free wind our spirit will billow our creative work through the vast spaces of our soul.” "We are revealing new pages of art in anarchy’s new dawns … We are the first to come to the new limit of creation, and we shall uncover a new alarm in the field of the lacquered arts …  The powerful storm of revolution has borne off the garret, and we, like clouds in the firmament, have sailed to our freedom.  The ensign of anarchy is the ensign of our ‘ego,’ and our spirit like a free wind will make our creative work flutter in the broad spaces of the soul.  You who are bold and young, make haste to remove the fragments of the disintegrating rudder. Wash off the touch of the dominating authorities.  And, clean, meet and build the world in awareness of your day." Malevich - '//To The New Limit//' (originally published as '//K novoi grani//'), '//Anarkhiia//' 31 (1918) (p220-1). [see: Feb. 23]

1937 - The first issue of Léo Campion's fortnightly newspaper '//Rebellion//' is published in Brussels. Much of the news focuses on the revolution in Spain.

1942 - T-Bone Slim (Matti Valentinpoika Huhta; b. 1880), Finnish-born American IWW songwriter, dies. "Wherever you find injustice, the proper form of politeness is attack."

[C] 1942 - Henryk Ehrlich (b. 1882), Polish Jewish lawyer, editor of the Yiddish daily '//Folks-Zeitung//', activist in the Bund, member of the Petrograd Soviet, Warsaw City Council, member of the executive committee of the Second International and of the International Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), dies in a Soviet prison. He had been arrested along with Wiktor Alter [see: Feb. 17] on trumped-up charges of being a spy for Nazi Germany and sentenced to death. It is believed that he managed to commit suicide by hanging himself from the bars of his prison window. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Ehrlich en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Erlich]

1946 - __Rochester General Strike__: By midnight on Wednesday, May 15, l946, special messengers had delivered to the homes of 489 Rochester municipal workers copies of a letter from Public Works Commissioner August H. Wagener: "This is to advise you that the position held by you in the Department of Public Works has been abolished by the City Manager and your services with the City of Rochester are terminated as of midnight, this date. This action is the result of a change of policy deemed necessary to protect public interest..." This sudden action, ratified by a caucus of the Republican-dominated City Council, was explained to the public in a statement released by City Manager Louis B. Cartwright: "It has become apparent that a number of city employees are determined to persist in tactics that... would lead not only to an exorbitant increase in the cost of important municipal services but to a dangerous crippling of services vital to public health, safety and welfare..." What were the worker tactics which Cartwright claimed threatened Rochester's very existence? They had formed a union! [www.rochesterlabor.org/strike/ www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2016/05/17/memmott-70-years-ago-general-strike-brought-rochester-halt/84459490/ www.bls.gov/wsp/1946_work_stoppages.pdf]

1948 - The three day conference of European anarchists that sees the founding of the Comité de Relations Internationales Anarchistes (CRIA) opens in Paris.

1948 - Brian Peter George St. John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, English (non-)musician, composer, ambient music pioneer, record producer, visual artist, 'evangelical atheist', human rights activist, Basic Income advocate, and one-time anarchist, born. "[W]hen I was young I thought of myself as an anarchist; gradually that position moved to something you might call minarchism – minimum constraint." "When I was at art school I used to go out on the streets and sell this anarchist magazine, Freedom. It was a very good magazine: all text, not a single picture in the whole thing. It was really tough, rigorous arguments – some of the best political writing I’ve read. And people were trying to grapple with this fundamental problem: how much freedom is productive and what size groups does it work in…" ['//Guardian//' Nov. 28, 2015]

1964 - Digna Ochoa y Plácido (d. 2001), Mexican human rights lawyer, representing dissidents and those bringing cases against the government including torture by the police and army, born. Politically active with opposition groups, and on a known "black list" of union and political activists, she was abducted in Jalapa, Veracruz on August 16, 1988 by state police officers and raped. There was no investigation of her allegations. She was kidnapped again in both August and October 1999. In August 2000, she went into exile in Washington, DC, but returned to Mexico City in March 2001 with court-ordered protection, which was withdrawn five months later. Digna Ochoa was shot and killed on October 19, 2001 in Mexico City and her body left in the law office where she worked. A note was left by her body warning the members of the human rights law centre where she had recently worked that the same thing could happen to them. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digna_Ochoa www.democracynow.org/2006/4/27/the_assassination_of_digna_ochoa_a]

1965 - Juan Lechín Oquendo, Executive Secretary of the Central Obrera Boliviana and the Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia, and head of Partido Revolucionario de la Izquierda Nacionalista, is arrested by the Dirección de Investigación Crimina at his home on Avenid 6 de Agosto (building belonging to COMIBOL) at 12:15 and exiled to Paraguay at 14:05 the same day. A statement from the Ministerio de Gobierno gave a number of reasons justifying this lightning operation: "If to govern is to prevent, we have avoided days of bloodshe and chaos in the country, anticipating the disruptive action of the left-wing coup leaders led by Mr. Lechin, who with resources, money and plans sent from abroad, intended to turn Bolivia into a new focus of violence and extremism in the Southern Hemisphere." [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

[A] 1968 - __Mai '68__: The French Prime Minister appeals to the population to resist "anarchy". Occupation of the théâtre de l'Odéon by 2,500 students and the Renault factory at Cléon is occupied by workers.

1969 - __Battle for People's Park, Berkeley aka 'Bloody Thursday'__: Following a 3 week occupation of University of california land by students and local residents, Governor Ronald Reagan orders 300 California Highway Patrol and Berkeley police officers into People's Park. They destroy plantings and erect an 8-foot chain-link fence. The people fight back and the cops open fire with shotguns, killing a bystander, James Rector, and wounding 60, including Alan Blanchard, blinded for life. 17 days of street fighting ensue, capped by a march of 30,000, where another 150 demonstrators are shot and wounded.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: The University of Corrientes increases the price of food tickets in its cafeteria fivefold, and the ensuing protest end up with one student, Juan José Cabral, killed by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1972 - Alabama Governor George Wallace shot and seriously wounded. Arthur Bremer was sentenced 63 years (later reduced to 10) for shooting Wallace and three bystanders. According to the FBI, Bremer had previously stalked Dick m Nixon and Hubert Humphrey.

1972 - Andreas Baader, Jean-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins put a car bomb in the Volkswagen of Judge Wolfgang Buddenberg, who had signed most of the Baader-Meinhof arrest warrants. Buddenberg’s wife, Gerta, is in the car when it explodes, severely injuring her. A communiqué is released claiming responsibility for the the bomb on behalf of 'The Manfred Grashof Commando'. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1976 - Following a number of smaller demos outside Winston Green prison in Birmingham in support of self-styled 'race martyr' Robert Relf, the National Front hold a march to and rally outside the prison. Less than 100 turn up. In contrast, over 1,500 anti-fascists turn up for march and counter-demonstration organised by the Birmingham Anti-Fascist Committee. 500 cops were deployed to create a cordon to prevent clashes between the 2 sets of demonstrators but when the anti-fascist march arrived at the prison, after having passed the iconic satley gate coking depot on its way across Birmingham, a large contingent of 200+ anti-fascists broke away from the counter-demo and made a concerted attempt to reach the NF rally. The police had to use metal dustbuin lids to protect themselves from a hail of bricks gather from nearby derelict and waste ground. According to West Midlands police, as a result of that attack, they suffered: 69 police officers injured, 16 of whom subsequently reported sick unable to continue with their duties [despite only nine cops actually being taken to hospital], two police horses were injured, damage was caused to three police vans, three motorcycles and two panda cars, and there were 13 cases of assorted damage to police equipment and uniform. There were 28 arrests for a variety of offences, the majority being under section 5 of the Public Order Act 1936. Other offences included the possession of an offensive weapon, assault on police, damage and causing grievous bodily harm to police officers. Ironically, prison authorities had had Relf moved to HMP Stafford the night before, so the NF's attempts at solidarity were in vain. Relf, who had been on partial hunger strike, was eventually freed from prison after 45 days, despite failing to purge his contempt. However, the ultimate irony of the whole 'race-martyr' case is that in 1985 Relf was reported to have sold his house to an Asian family, saying: "I am still against mass immigration and mixed marriages, but I've nothing against [them as] individuals." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Relf news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19760517&id=OOdUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VpIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3503,4324761 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19760511&id=uJJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G6UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5964,1971693 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19760621&id=SpspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6992,4893259 hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/jun/28/mr-robert-relf hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/jul/05/immigration hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/jul/08/rights-of-persons-named-in-terms-of hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/jul/20/race-relations-bill archive.spectator.co.uk/article/10th-july-1976/6/another-voice hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/sep/27/race-relations-bill hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/oct/12/community-relations-bill hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/oct/27/racial-discrimination www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/41/race-rebel-freed-after-hunger-strike.html hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/feb/06/west-midlands-county-council-bill-lords hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/mar/12/orders-of-the-day mar79 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19790313&id=be89AAAAIBAJ&sjid=zEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2847744 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1841092.stm]

1981 - Maria Girolimetti aka 'Sdazarina' (b. 1895), Italian maid/houseworker, peddler and anarchist, dies. [see:Nov. 28]

1988 - Spanish Embassy in Rome occupied by USI and CNT-AIT anarchist militants.

1995 - Georges Charensol (b. 1899), French journalist, arts, literary and film critic, film extra and individualist anarchist, dies. [see: Dec. 26]

2004 - Kebba ‘Dobo’ Jobe, 42, dies shortly after undercover police attempt to detain him for suspected drugs offences. Pinned face down on a concrete path, police ignored protests from those around as he becomes unconscious and calls to summon medical assistance. Kebba was cousin of Ibrahima Sey who also died in police custody in 1996 after being sprayed in the face with CS gas and then restrained face down on the floor.

2008 - Pauline Campbell (d. 1948), vociferous campaigner against self-inflicted deaths in women's prisons following her daughter Sarah's death in HMP Styal in 2003, dies.

2010 - A Detroit Police Special Response Team executing a no-knock search warrant fire shots and a flash grenade into a flat in Detroit. 7-year-old Aiyana Jones, asleep on her living room sofa is shot once in the neck and dies. The incident is captured on film by the reality TV show camera crew accompanying the cops.

2011 - 'Los Indignados' movement born in Spain under the slogan "we are not goods in the hands of politicians and bankers". ||
 * = 16 || 1717 - Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) suspected of writing subversive satire, is imprisoned for the first time in the Bastille.

1848 - An unsuccessful communist coup is attempted, Paris.

1864 - Auguste André Delalé (d. 1910), French anarcho-syndicalist, born. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal '//La Révolte//', with Émile Pouget on '//Père Peinard//', '//Libertaire//', etc. Delale was a founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam. [www.ephemanar.net/mai16.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1127 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1605.html]

1870 - Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante] arrested by cops while surreptitiously plastering subversive manifestoes on the walls in Salerno.

[D] 1871 - __Paris Commune__: Following the decree of April 12, the Paris Commune destroys the much hated Vendôme Column ("un monument de barbarie") with its statue of Napoléon I as Mars the Peacemaker on top. Dedicated to imperial glory, this symbol of militarism and barbarism, forged from the cannons captured from the Russian and Austrian armies of Napoléon, had no place in the insurgents' city. Originally scheduled for May 5, the anniversary of Napoleon's death, but the military situation at that time prevented the ceremonial demolition from taking place. Postponed on numerous occasions, the ceremony was finally announced for May 16, 1871. By early afternoon, a crowd had already gathered at the barricades blocking the entrances to the Place Vendôme, as Parisians jostled for the best view or appeared at windows or watched from rooftops. At 15.30, the ceremony begins. A brass band strikes up and the 172ème and 190ème battalions of the Garde Nationale began the Marseillaise and the Chant du Départ. Between the songs, the crowds chanted a little ditty aimed at Napoleon's statute above their heads: "Tireur juché sur cette échasse, Si le sang que tu fis verser, Pouvait tenir sur cette place, Tu le boirais sans te baisser." When the last workman had descended from the scaffolding, the ropes attached to the column take the strain and at 17.15 it crashed down into a bed of horse dung, to the cheers of the battalions of the Garde nationale and the many Parisians gathered in the square.

La Commune de Paris, Considérant que la colonne impériale de la place Vendome est un monument de barbarie, un symbole de force brute et de fausse gloire, une af?rmation du militarisme, une negation du droit international, une insulte permanente des vainqueurs aux vaincus, un attentat perpétuel a l’un des trois grands principes de la République franoaise, la Fraternité, DECRETE: Article unique—La colonne de la place Vendome sera démolie. Paris, le 12 avril 1871. La Commune de Paris. (Bulletin 22)

[The Paris Commune, Considering that the imperial column of the place Vendome is a monument to barbarism, a symbol of brute force and of false glory, an affirmation of militarism, a negation of international law, a permanent insult from the victors to the defeated, a perpetual attack on one of the three great principles of the French Republic, Fraternity, DECREES: One Article—The column ofthe place Vendome will be demolished. Paris, 12 April 1871]

[E] 1882 - Elin Matilda Elisabet Wägner (d. 1949), prolific Swedish writer, journalist, novelist, feminist pioneer, teacher, ecologist and pacifist, who in 1935 issued a call for a "women's unarmed insurrection against war" in '//Tidevarvet//', the Swedish weekly newspaper published by the Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund (Liberal Women's Federation), born. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Wägner en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Wägner www.popularhistoria.se/artiklar/elin-wagner/ nordicwomensliterature.net/writer/wägner-elin sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidevarvet]

1885 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Droit Social//', "//Organe Anarchiste//", is published in Marseille as a replacement for the Lyon-based '//Droit Social//'.

1887 - Maria Lacerda de Moura (d. 1945), Brazilian teacher, lecturer, journalist, writer, poet, anti-fascist, individualist anarchist and anarcha-feminist revolutionary, who founded the Liga para a Emancipação Intelectual da Mulher (League for the Intellectual Emancipation of Women), born. Maria Lacerda de Moura (d. 1945), Brazilian teacher, lecturer, journalist, writer, poet, anti-fascist, individualist anarchist and anarcha-feminist revolutionary, who founded the Liga para a Emancipação Intelectual da Mulher (League for the Intellectual Emancipation of Women), born. The daughter of Modesto de Araújo Lacerda and Amélia de Araújo Lacerda, freethinkers and educated folk from whom she certainly inherited her strong anticlerical outlook. Five years after she was born they moved to Barbacena, the town where she started her schooling and by the age of 16 she was training as a primary teacher, the profession to which she was deeply committed. One year later she married Carlos Ferreira de Moura, the companion who always supported her – even after their relationship had ended. In 1915 the couple adopted two orphans, a girl and one of Maria’s own nephews. At that point, she was so committed to her profession as an educator that she set up the League Against Illiteracy and gave free classes. From that valuable experience she came to the conclusion that the purpose of the educational system was to shape people’s personalities, forcing them to abdicate their own individual identities in order to tailor their behaviour to what suited the interests of the established order. Furthermore she realised that it was not enough just to fight illiteracy if they were to achieve a fairer world. That would require a more profound change, a real social revolution! So she embarked upon her study and investigation of libertarian education as well as delving into the social question. In 1918 she began her career as a writer, issuing her first book '//Em torno da Educação//' (On Education). Such was the impact it made that the following year she published two follow-ups '//Porque vence o porvir?//' (Why Does the Future Triumph?) and '//Renovação//' (Renewal). In 1921 she and the family moved to the city of São Paulo where she started work as a private tutor. At that time of great social upheaval she started to give lectures (some in the city of Santos) to trade unions, cultural centres, anarchist theatre groups and labour associations and the likes of the Printing Workers’ Union, the Anticlerical League and the Union of Footwear Crafts. She also started to write for the anarchist press, among it the newspaper '//A Plebe//' where she wrote about "the underlying and ancillary sciences of education and educational psychology" carrying on and adding to the work done in that field by Neno Vasco with the weekly newspaper '//A Terra Livre//' in 1906. At around the same time she helped to found the International Women’s Federation and the Women’s Anti-war Committee, based in São Paulo. The object of both organisations was to organise the women of Santos and São Paulo into a movement for human emancipation that would look beyond simple electoral goals, since in those days many women saw the most important goal as winning female suffrage. In February 1923 she launched the monthly review '//Renascença//' which made no bones about spreading libertarian feminist ideas and dealing with other social issues. This review was circulated in nine states of Brazil as well as in Argentina and Portugal. The following year she issued her most famous book '//A mulher é uma degenerada?//' (Is Woman Degenerate?) by way of an outraged retort to the thesis ‘//Epilepsy and pseudo-epilepsy//’ written by the psychiatrist Miguel Bombarda in which he tried to show through pseudo-scientific case studies that woman was man’s biological inferior. In 1926 she issued another class work: '//Religião do amor e da beleza//' (The Religion of Love and Beauty). In 1927 she parted from her husband Carlos once and for all, although they remained on very amicable terms. Due to her great popularity in countries such as Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Mexico she was invited to give talks in Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Santiago. On her return she carried on with her activities as a libertarian propagandist in São Paulo until she moved in 1928 to Guararema in the interior of São Paulo state where she lived on a farm belonging to a commune that included the Italian anarchist Artur Campagnoli. The commune was made up of Italian, Spanish and French conscientious objectors to the Great War who intended to live together in harmony in an egalitarian libertarian arrangement whilst offering peaceful resistance to all forms of violence. During Maria’s time on the farm, she set up a school for the commune’s peasants and after that bought some land nearby where she built a modest home and schoolroom. All without giving up on her writing activity: in 1931 she issued two more books, '//Clero e Estado//' (Clergy and State) and '//Civilização, tronco de escravos//' (Civilisation, Body of Slaves). In 1932 she published yet another outstanding book, '//Amai-vos e não vos multipliqueis//' (Love … and Do Not Multiply). In 1934 suffering from severe rheumatism she was forced to quit her home in Guararema to move into Rio de Janeiro where, although greatly weakened, she carried on writing for the local press and giving talks to labour circles. In 1935, under pressure from the repression emanating from the dictatorial Getúlio Vargas government she returned to Barbacena with the intention of ending her days there with her mother. But she was barred from teaching in the public school system by the authorities who regarded her as a "dangerous communist". So, in 1937, she returned to Rio de Janeiro where she was obliged to work hard just to survive. In 1938 she moved to the Ilha do Governador meaning to give more lectures on education and libertarian subjects. In 1940 she published her last book, a handbook entitled '//Português para os cursos comerciais//' (Portuguese for Commercial Courses), in which, among other things, she included an essay by José Oiticica on '//Style//'. In September 1944 her mother died and in December she moved back to Rio de Janeiro once and for all. Maria Lacerda de Moura died on 20 March 1944, aged not quite 58. Her funeral was a modest affair with no wreaths and only a few flowers. Among the labour papers she wrote for were '//O Culinário Paulista//', '//A Patrulha Operária//', '//A Plebe//', '//A Lanterna//' and 'O Trabalhador Gráfico'. Among her closest friends were the anarchists Rodolfo Felipe, Angelo Guido, José Oiticica, Osvaldo José Salgueiro and Diamantino Augusto. Maria Lacerda de Moura led an intense life questing after genuine social equality: she was the first Brazilian feminist to express her thoughts in newspaper, review and book form. In Brazil she pioneered the spread of a stand against fascism and campaigned against experiments on animals. Her work reached out to the continents of America and Europe and yet her output and her story are glossed over and maliciously ignored by contemporary historians. All because in her life pride of place was given to honesty in that she had no interest in the party political game. Maria Lacerda de Moura was a real revolutionary in the full sense of the word. An exemplary woman whom today’s reformist feminists would rather forget. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/gf1w8f www.estelnegre.org/documents/lacerda/lacerda.html libcom.org/history/maria-lacerda-de-moura-1887-1944 www.nodo50.org/insurgentes/textos/mulher/09marialacerda.htmen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura thefreeonline.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/maria-lacerda-de-moura/ www.anpuh.org/arquivo/download?ID_ARQUIVO=3822 lugardemulher.com.br/mulheres-maravilhosas-maria-lacerda-de-moura/ averdade.org.br/2012/06/maria-lacerda-de-moura-e-o-feminismo-classista/]

1901 - Gustave Lefrancais (b. 1826), French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, and a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation, dies.

1909 - Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio I. Villarreal and Librado Rivera imprisoned for 18 months for alleged "violation" of the neutrality laws.

1910 - Henri Edmond Cross (Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix; b. 1856), French Néo-Impressionist painter, illustrator, printmaker and anarchist, dies. [see: May 20]

1914 - Hans Schmitz (d. 2007), German anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, militant anti-fascist and conscript to the Wehrmacht, born. Member of Freie Jugend Morgenröte (Free Youth Dawn), der SAJD Syndikalistisch-Anarchistische Jugend Deutschlands (SAJD; Anarcho-Syndicalist Youth of Germany) - the youth organisation of FAUD, the Freien Arbeiter Union Deutschland (FAUD; Free Workers Union of Germany) and in the Schwarzen Scharen (Black Bands) militant anarchsit anti-Nazi organisation. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0ch0t libcom.org/history/schmitz-hans-1914-2007 www.fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrufe/hans-schmitz-16-mai-1914-2020-22-marz-2007 www.estelnegre.org/documents/schmitz/schmitz.html]

[A] 1917 - [N.S. May 29] The Kronstadt Soviet declares independence from the Provisional Government. [see: May 29] [libcom.org/files/Israel_Getzler_Kronstadt_1917-1921_The_Fate_of_a_Soviet_Democracy_Cambridge_Russian,_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Studies_ _1983.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1989/trotsky1/12-return.html]

1925 - Anna Krasteva Maymunkova [Ана Кръстева Маймункова] aka Anna May [Ана Май] (June 26/ Jul 7 1878), Bulgarian teacher, journalist and prominent communist activist and the Bulgarian female revolutionary movement, is brutally murdered in the Police Directorate in Sofia during the crackdown on the communist opposition that followed the April 16 bombing the Sveta Nedelya church. [see: Jul. 7]

[F] 1927 - __'Fiske v. Kansas'__: The Supreme Court of the United States hands down its decision. In it the Syndicalism Act was described as "an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power of the State" and its use to convicted Fiske was found to be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgement of the state court was reversed, and Fiske was found to be not in violation of any law. [see: May 3] [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

1933 - John Henry Mackay (b. 1864), Swiss-German individualist anarchist and gay writer, dies. Author of '//Die Anarchisten//' (The Anarchists) (1891) and '//Der Freiheitsucher//' (The Searcher for Freedom) (1921). [see: Feb. 6]

1933 - The 'Prinzipelles zur Säuberung der öffentlichen Bücherein' (Principles for the Cleansing of Public Libraries), drawn up by Wolfgang Herrmann on behalf of the German National Socialists of the Berlin Librarian Commission, is published in the weekly '//Börsenblatt für den deutschen Büchhandel//' (Financial Newspaper for the German Book Trade). Among the titles banned by the Nazis are the anarchist novelist B. Traven's '//The Carreta//' & '//Government//'. [www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htm www.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschland]

1933 - Filareto Kavernido (b. 1880), German gynaecologist, philosophical Nietzschean, communist-anarchist, pacifist, idiste and passionate advocate of Esperanto (Ido), is arrested and murdered by authorities. [see: Jul. 24] [www.filareto.info/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filareto_Kavernido blogs.taz.de/latinorama/2012/05/16/der-tod-eines-anarchisten-in-der-dominikanischen-republik/]

1935 - As a precursor to the events that led up to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier, 50 casual dockers at the port at Powell River who had organised themselves, and demanded wage increases and better working conditions, are locked out. Refusal to handle scab cargo by longshoremen at Ballantyne Pier on June 4 leads to the whole of Vacouver waterfront being locked out and the collective agreement is unilaterally terminated by the employer. [see: Jun. 18]

1938 - The U.S. Supreme Court issues its decision in the case of NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., permitting employers to permanently replace striking workers. The court said that management could not fire strikers, but could "permanently replace" them. The United States remains one of the few countries in the world where it is legal for strikers to lose their jobs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRB_v._Mackay_Radio_%26_Telegraph_Co.]

[B] 1943 - Jon Jost, American anarchist and independent filmmaker, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Jost www.jon-jost.com/work.html www.imdb.com/name/nm0430927/]

1943 - __Warsaw Ghetto Uprising__: The suppression of the uprising officially ends when SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop pushes the detonator button that demolishes the Great Synagogue of Tlomacki Street to mark his victory. The death toll of the Uprising: 13,000 Jews killed, around 6,000 of whom were burnt alive or died from smoke inhalation. The official German casualties, including Polish police and ex-Soviet prisoner volunteers, were 17 dead (of whom 16 were killed in action) and 93 injured. These figures do not include Jewish collaborators killed and the real numbers of German casualties are believed to be around 300. Other estimates give the figure of 56,000 dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

1945 - The Czechoslovak Revoluční Odborové Hnutí (Revolutionary Trade Union Movement) is formed by the Trade Union Department of the KSČ to consolidate power and sideline the syndicalist tendencies prevalent in the factory councils. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluční_odborové_hnutí en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluční_odborové_hnutí]

1954 - The Kengir Uprising, in what is now Kazakhstan, begins as social and political prisoners seize control of the gulag.

[C] 1960 - Nesta Helen Webster (neé Bevan; b. 1876), British historian, fascist and conspiracy theorist, who believed that the French Revolution, the First World War and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 were a product of the Illuminati, a secret Judeo-Masonic conspiracy, dies never having found the 'proof' she spent her whole life seeking. [see: Aug. 24]

1963 - A FLQ bomb destroys an oil tank at the Golden Eagle Refinery.

1965 - The leaders of the Central Obrera Boliviana, under the presidency of Daniel Saravia, unanimously agreed to call a general strike from midnight on the 17th, "until the return of Juan Lechín and the obtaining of respect for trade union immunity and full guarantees for the workers' movement". Some of the most important mines were already in the hands of the workers' militias, this without waiting for any decision at the national level by the FSTMB or COB. [see: May 12]

1967 - __Hong Kong Leftist Riots__: Hong Kong and Kowloon Committee for Anti-Hong Kong British Persecution Struggle (港九各界同胞反對港英迫害鬥爭委員會) or the Anti-British Struggle Committee (港英迫害鬥爭委員會) formed. [see: Jul. 8] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_riots www.tofu-magazine.net/newVersion/pages/riots.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Committee_for_Anti-Hong_Kong_British_Persecution_Struggle]

1968 - __Mai '68__: Strikes hit other factories throughout France, plus air transport, the RATP and the SNCF. Newspapers fail to be distributed.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: Students at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario protest yesterday's killing; other faculties joined them. The rector suspended university activities until the following Monday (19th). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

2010 - Noam Chomsky barred from entering the West Bank by the Israeli state.

2012 - Three Occupy activists are arrested on the eve of the NATO summit in Chicago and charged under terrorist legislation with planning a molotov attack on Obama's campaign headquarters. ||
 * = 17 || 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having spent six weeks on the York prison hulk lying off Portsmouth, George Loveless sails aboard the William Metcalfe for Van Diemen's Land, reaching Hobart Town on September 4. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

1849 - __Palatine Uprising__: A people's assembly in Kaiserslautern decides to establish a five-man provisional government, which votes in favour of the constitution and prepares for separation from Bavaria. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1866 - Erik (Éric Alfred Leslie) Satie (d. 1925), French composer and pianist, born. A //habituée// of artist and anarchist café-cabaret Le Chat Noir, and associate of the Dadaists. At his first meeting with Man Ray, the two fabricated the artist's first readymade: '//The Gift//' (1921). Satie also contributed texts to Francis Picabia's publication '//391//', composed an 'instantaneist' ballet, '//Relâche//' (1924), in collaboration with Picabia, and contributed music to the surrealist film '//Entr'acte//' by René Clair, which was given as an intermezzo for '//Relâche//'.

1897 - At the Erste Kongreß der lokalorganisierten oder auf des Grund des Vertrauensmännersystems zentralisierten Gewerkschaften Deutschlands (First Congress of Localist Trade Unions, Germany, and Centralised Trade Unions of Germany) on May 17-19, 1897, the Vertrauensmänner-Zentralization Deutschlands (German Confederation of Centralisation), an independent organisation of Lokalisten (Localist) unions across Germany is formed. The localists rejected the centralisation of the trade unions and following the expiry of the Sozialistengesetze (Socialist laws) in 1890, which prohibited socialist, social-democratic, communist associations, assemblies, and writings whose purpose was the overthrow of the existing state and social order, it was proposed that the organisation change its basic democratic structures. Thus, in 1901 it changed its name to the Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions) as it continued to develope towards a syndicalist trade union structure and practice. This culminated at the FVdG's 12th Congress, held in December 27-30, 1919, in the creation of the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschland (Free Workers Union Germany). [deu.anarchopedia.org/Freie_Vereinigung_deutscher_Gewerkschaftenwww.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/die-historische-faud/6234-muemken-vom-lokalismus-zum-revolutionaeren-syndikalismus de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Vereinigung_deutscher_Gewerkschaften de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistengesetze]

[C] 1903 - Francisco Pérez Mateo (d. 1936), Spanish sculptor, communist and anti-Francoist fighter, born. Working in the direct carving method, he was one of the first Spaniards to engage in the styles of New Realism and the New Objectivity, and having attended the famous 1916 boxing match between Jack Johnson and Arthur Cravan, much of his work featured sporting themes. He also joined the Communist Party and the Sociedad de Artistas Ibéricos (Alliance of Antifascist Intellectuals), taking part in the Primera Exposición de Arte Revolucionario (First Revolutionary Art Exhibition) in December 1933 and exhibiting in the Spanish Pavilion of the Paris World Exhibition of 1937. He was killed during the defence of Madrid. [manuelblasdos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/francisco-perez-mateo-escultor.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_P%C3%A9rez_Mateo libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/visfront/tanto.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_de_Intelectuales_Antifascistas]

1911 - Ilse Frieda Gertrud Stöbe (d. 1942), German journalist and anti-Nazi resistance member of the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) Soviet espionage ring, born. Between 1931 and 1933 she worked as a secretary for the journalist Theodor Wolff on the 'Berliner Tageblatt'. Through Wolff, she met the journalist Rudolf Herrnstadt, a noted communist politician and anti-fascist activist, who was also a GRU agent. In 1929, Stöbe joined the Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands and the pair began setting up an intelligence group in Berlin. In early 1934 she and Herrnstadt moved to Warsaw, where Stöbe began working as a foreign correspondent for the '//Neue Zürcher Zeitung//'. Stöbe also joined the NSADP as cover for her activities and in mid-1934 she was appointed Cultural Attaché of the Nazi party's foreign office in Poland. Shortly before the German invasion of Poland, she returned from Warsaw to Berlin and worked in the Information Department of the Foreign Office. [Herrnstadt went into exile in Russia upon the invasion of Poland.] With her brother Kurt, Ilse soon resumed contact with a number of resistance groups and continued her work, passing information on to the Soviets. She was arrested on September 12 1942 by the Gestapo, for allegedly spying for the Soviet Union and for membership of the Rote Kapelle Soviet espionage ring. On December 14, 1942 the Reich Military Court sentenced to her death alongside Rudolf von Scheliha. She was executed by guillotine on December 22 in Plötzensee. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Kapelle]

1916 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (d. 2002), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1705.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article454 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2909-jose-borras-cascarosa-anarquista-aragones.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.com/2009/10/biografia-jose-borras-cascarosa.html]

1923 - While the Spainsh city of León celebrates the Fiesta Mayor, anarchists Gregorio Suberviela and Antonio del Toto (Garzon Martinez) of the group Los Solidarios shoot the former governor Faustino González Regueral (he is responsible employer pistolerosism and fierce repression against the working class in the early 20s) as he comes out of a theatre. The two activists manage to escape despite the presence of security guards and police.

1929 - Ana María, nom de guerre of Mélida Anaya Montes (d. 1983), El Salvadorean professor, co-founder of the FLP, and second in command of the FMLN, born. One of the main leaders of ANDES Veintiuno de Junio (Asociación Nacional de Educadores Salvadoreños) at the end of the 1960s. In 1970, Anaya Montes, together with Salvador Cayetano Carpio aka Comandante Marcial, ex-Secretary General of the Partido Comunista Salvadoreño, and a number of workers leaders and academics, including Clara Elizabeth Ramirez and Felipe Peña, founded the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación 'Farabundo Marti' (Popular Liberation Front), El Salvador's first guerrilla organisation. Anaya Montes took the nom de guerre Comandante Ana María and came to represent a less radical trend within the group, in opposition to Comandante Marcial's strict Marxist-Leninist worker-peasant alliance/guerrilla war position. In 1980. the FLP was one of five groups that merged to form the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (with the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, Resistencia Nacional, the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos and the Partido Comunista Salvadoreño). She and other members of the FLP hierarchy moved to Nicaragua and it was in Managua that she was assassinated – stabbed eighty six times with an ice pick (to make it look like a right wing death squad had carried it out) – by members of a faction in the FMLN around Rogelio Bazzaglia following deep ideAlogical divisions breaking out in the organisation. Cayetano Carpio was wrongly identified as the mastermind behind the crime and he committed suicide six days later, on April 12, 1983. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mélida_Anaya_Montes]

1937 - Juan Negrin forms a communist government which excludes the anarchists and begins repressing those elements it cannot control (including assassinations and summary executions). Some earlier revolutionary reforms are rescinded. Republican attacks on Segovia and Huesca fail. The UGT Regional Committee for Catalonia demands that all POUM militants be expelled from its ranks and presses the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo] to mete out the same treatment to the Friends of Durruti.

1940 - Emma Goldman is buried in Waldheim Cemetery, Chicago, close to the Haymarket Martyrs, her casket covered by an SIA-FAI flag and bouquets of flowers sent by friends and organisations across the USA.

1947 - The dissident Revolutionary Surrealist Group is founded in Brussels by Paul Bourgignie, Achille Chavóe, Christian Dotremont, Marcel Havrenne, René Magritte, Marcel Mariën, Paul Nougé and Louis Scutenaire as a countercurrent against the Breton-led denunciation of Stalinism and the Communist Party. They renew their total faith in the Communist Party.

1950 - Patricia Monique Soltysik aka 'Mizmoon' and 'Zoya' (d. 1974), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Soltysik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout]

1959 - Less than a year after the Notting Hill race riots, Kelso Cochrane (b. 1926), an Antiguan carpenter, is stabbed to death by a gang of white youths. He had been attacked close to midnight whilst walking towards his home in Notting Hill following a visit to Paddington General Hospital after breaking his thumb in a fall at work. Two men were arrested in connection with his death, due to a single stab wound to the heart with a stiletto knife. In a 2011 book by Mark Olden, 'Murder in Notting Hill', the perpetrator was named as Patrick Digby, at the time a 20-year-old catering boy in the Merchant Navy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso_Cochrane www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/death-kelso-cochrane news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/4871898.stm www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8748233/Profile-Kelso-Cochrane-carpenter-whose-murder-helped-change-the-face-of-race-relations.html www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8747963/After-50-years-Kelso-Cochranes-killer-is-named-in-book-on-notorious-Notting-Hill-race-murder.html]

1961 - Fidel Castro offers to exchange 1,167 prisoners captured during the Bay of Pigs invasion for 500 tractors! The United States refuses.

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: José Solís Ruiz, national delegate of the Sindicato Vertical (the Organización Sindical Española, the Falangists' hierachical trade union organisation set up in direct opposition to the anarcho-syndicalist CNT) and minister-secretary general of 'Movimiento' (the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista [Traditionalist Spanish Phalange and Board of the National Trade Union Offensive]), who was widely known as 'la sonrisa del Régimen' (the smiling face of the Regime), addresses the strikers over the airwaves on Radio Asturias, Radio Oviedo, Radio Langreo and Radio Gijón, telling them that the "strike had frustrated wage improvements already underway", and that only with a return to work ("the restoration of normality") would the price of hard coal rise and detainees be released. The strikers understood that much remained to be done and the strike continued. [vientosur.info/spip.php?article6474 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Solís_Ruiz es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato_Vertical es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministro-Secretario_general_del_Movimiento es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Española_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional_Sindicalista]

1963 - In the affluent English-speaking section of Westmount, fifteen bombs are placed by the FLQ in street-corner mailboxes on the same day. Ten of them explode, and Sergeant Major Walter Lejay of the Engineers is seriously wounded while attempting to disarm one.

[F] 1965 - In reaction to the declaration of a general strike by the Central Obrera Boliviana, the Bolivian military junta launch an all-out attack on the organised working class, passing a series of decrees: Decreto Ley No 7169, which declares state of siege throughout the territory of the Republic; Decreto Ley No 7170, which calls up all Bolivian aged 19-50; and Decreto Leys Nos. 7171 and 7172, which dismantle the existing trade union structure, whilst 'depoliticising' and severely limiting the scope of the newly established structures. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7169-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7170-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7171-del-17-mayo-1965/ www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7172-del-17-mayo-1965/]

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Today the Occupations Committee, including members of the Situationist International (SI) and the enragés from Nanterre University, send their famous telegrams to the Czech Marxist humanist philosopher Ivan Sviták, the Zengakuren Japanese revolutionary student movement, and the Politburos of the USSR and Chinese Communist Parties in Moscow and Beijing respectively.

PROFESSOR IVAN SVITAK PRAGUE CZECHOSLOVAKIA THE OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE SENDS FRATERNAL GREETINGS TO COMRADE SVITAK AND OTHER CZECHOSLOVAKIAN REVOLUTIONARIES STOP LONG LIVE THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST CAPITALIST IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST BUREAUCRAT STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM

ZENGAKUREN TOKYO JAPAN LONG LIVE THE STRUGGLE OF THE JAPANESE COMRADES WHO HAVE OPENED COMBAT SIMULTANEOUSLY ON THE FRONTS OF ANTI-STALINISM AND ANTI-IMPERIALISM STOP LONG LIVE FACTORY OCCUPATIONS STOP LONG LIVE THE GENERAL STRIKE STOP LONG LIVE THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

POLITBURO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE USSR THE KREMLIN MOSCOW SHAKE IN YOUR SHOES BUREAUCRATS STOP THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS WILL SOON WIPE YOU OUT STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP LONG LIVE THE STRUGGLE OF THE KRONSTADT SAILORS AND OF THE MAKHNOVSHCHINA AGAINST TROTSKY AND LENIN STOP LONG LIVE THE 1956 COUNCILIST INSURRECTION OF BUDAPEST STOP DOWN WITH THE STATE STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

POLITBURO OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY GATE OF CELESTIAL PEACE BEIJING SHAKE IN YOUR SHOES BUREAUCRATS STOP THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS WILL SOON WIPE YOU OUT STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP LONG LIVE FACTORY OCCUPATIONS STOP LONG LIVE THE GREAT CHINESE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION OF 1927 BETRAYED BY THE STALINIST BUREAUCRATS STOP LONG LIVE THE PROLETARIANS OF CANTON AND ELSEWHERE WHO HAVE TAKEN UP ARMS AGAINST THE SO-CALLED PEOPLE’S ARMY STOP LONG LIVE THE CHINESE WORKERS AND STUDENTS WHO HAVE ATTACKED THE SO-CALLED CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND THE MAOIST BUREAUCRATIC ORDER STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM STOP DOWN WITH THE STATE STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

[www.bopsecrets.org/SI/May68docs.htm]

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: A protest begins at the cafeteria of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario over food price rises. The police supress the demonstration, killing a student, Adolfo Bello. The CGT labour union called for a "status of alert", and Bello's murder is denounced by the public. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

[A] 1972 - Milan police chief Luigi Calabresi, in charge at the time police 'suicided' the anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli on December 15, 1969, is assassinated. Three militants of the extreme left, Adriano Sofri, Giorgio Pietrostefani and Ovidio Bompressi, get 22-year sentences.

1974 - During a fierce gun battle between members of the Symbionese Liberation Army and the LA police, the house at 1466 East 54th Street, Los Angeles burns down and six SLA members die. Amongst those to die are Patricia Monique Soltysik aka 'Mizmoon' and 'Zoya' (b. 1950), killed on her twenty-fourth birthday; Angela DeAngelis Atwood aka 'General Gelina' (b. 1949), who played a prominent role in the kidnapping of Patty Hearst, both of whom were founding member of the SLA; Camilla Christine Hall aka 'Gabi' (b. 1945), an artist, social worker, and early member of the SLA, who took part in a number of bank robberies and the kidnap of Patty Hearst; and Nancy Ling Perry aka Nancy Devoto, Lynn Ledworth, and Fahizah (b. 1947), the latter two being shot dead as they exited the rear of the burning building. SLA members Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), and Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque') also died in the fire.

[E] 1974 - Patricia Monique Soltysik aka 'Mizmoon' and 'Zoya' (b. 1950), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, along with fellow SLA members Nancy Ling Perry ('Fahizah), Camilla Christine Hall ('Gabi'), Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), and Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'). [see: May 17]

[E] 1974 - Angela DeAngelis Atwood aka 'General Gelina' (b. 1949), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who played a prominent role in the kidnapping of Patty Hearst, is killed during the 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, along with fellow SLA members Nancy Ling Perry ('Fahizah), Camilla Christine Hall ('Gabi'), Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), and Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'). [see: Feb. 6]

[E] 1974 - Nancy Ling Perry aka Nancy Devoto, Lynn Ledworth, and Fahizah (b. 1947), US member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is shot dead during a shootout with the LA Police at 1466 East 54th Street, as she left the rear of the burning building with fellow SLA member Camilla Hall aka 'Gabi'. Fellow SLA members Angela Atwood ('General Gelina'), Willie Wolfe ('Cujo'), Donald DeFreeze ('Cinque'), and Patricia Soltysik ('Mizmoon' or 'Zoya') all burnt to death inside the house. [see: Sep. 19]

[E] 1974 - Camilla Christine Hall aka 'Gabi' (b. 1945), US artist, social worker, and an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who took part in a number of bank robberies and the kidnap of Patty Hearst, is shot dead during a shootout with the LA Police at 1466 East 54th Street, as she left the rear of the burning building with fellow SLA member Nancy Ling Perry aka 'Fahizah'. [see: Mar. 24]

[CC] 1975 - Today's issue of the '//Sun//' newspaper carries a report on page three: PANTIE THIEF JORDAN: I ACCUSE RACISTS "Mr [Colin] Jordan of Tudor Avenue, Coventry, was said to have been fined £30 with £29.42 costs for stealing three pairs of red frilly knickers and a box of chocolates from Tesco in Leamington. He was said to have quite deliberately thrust the knickers into his pocket and the chocolates into his shopping bag. He was quoted thus: "I believe this is a malicious allegation, brought by a Jewish-owned store against someone who in the past has been known for his opposition to Jewish power in this country."" [www.infotextmanuscripts.org/searchliar_10.html]

[B] 1993 - Robert Lapoujade (b. 1921), French painter, radical experimental filmmaker, cinematographer, writer and libertarian Marxist, dies. Signatory of '//Manifeste des 121//', who is best known for his portraits of French literary figures including Jean-Paul Sartre and Andre Breton. [see: Jan. 3]

1995 - Police raid the London headquarters of Greenpeace.

2004 - 104 prisoners die in an dilapidated and overcrowded prison in San Pedro Sula, Honduras following a fire started by a short circuit.

2007 - Dolores Vimes Domínguez (b. 1911), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Mar. 7]

2009 - Mario Benedetti (Mario Orlando Hardy Hamlet Brenno Benedetti; b. 1920), Uruguayan journalist, novelist, and radical poet of the Uraguayan peasant revolt, dies. [see: Sep. 14]

2012 - Laura Gómez, secretary of the CGT-Barcelona, is released from prison. Laura had been in jail since April 25, charged with arson and fire damage to the Barcelona Stock Exchange for having burned a cardboard box filled with false trading tickets in front of the Barcelona Stock Exchange, a symbolic action organised as part of the general strike protests in Spain on March 29. [www.anarkismo.net/article/22628] || [* The exact date is disputed and the years 1742 and 1745 are also commonly cited.] es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas_Puyucahua historiaperuana.com/biografia/micaela-bastidas-puyacahua/]
 * = 18 || [EE] 1781 - Micaela Bastidas y Puyucava (b. 1744*), Peruvian revolutionary and indigenous freedom fighter, and wife of Túpac Amaru II (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera), who was the chief political and military strategist of the uprising against the Spanish colonialists, is executed in the Plaza de Armas del Cuzco - having watched her eldest son Hipólito (and various relations and allies) executed, having his tongue cut out before being hung, she too has her tongue cut out after the executioners had managed to subdue her. She was then slowly strangled with the two ends of the rope around her neck being pulled in opposite directions, whilst she was beaten on the body with cudgels and kicked in the stomach and breasts. All this in front of her son Fernando and husband, who they then tried to dismember whilst alive - being pulled in four directions by horses. Bother were then dismembered and their body parts sent out across the country as a warning.

[EE] 1781 - Tomasa Tito Condemayta (b. ca. 1750), queen of Acomayo province of Quispicanchi in Peru and descended from the kings of the Inca, she lead a large force under Túpac Amaru II in the indigenous uprising against the Spanish colonialists, is put to death by the Spaniards and dismembered, her body parts displayed as a warning to others. Her most famous victory was at the head of a battalion of women at the batalla del puente de Pillpinto (Battle of Pillpinto Bridge), over the Apurimac River in the Cusco region. She also took part in the batalla de Sangarará on November 18, where Túpac Amaru II defeated 1,200 Spanish soldiers. Capture with Micaela Bastidas y Puyucava and others by the Spanish she was put to death (her neck was too thin for the garrote to work properly) and dismembered. es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas www.amautacunadehistoria.com/2009_10_01_archive.html]

1810 - __Revolución de Mayo__: The fall of the Junta Suprema Central in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, marks the beginning of the Semana de Mayo [May 18-25] and the Revolución de Mayo. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Mayo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution]

1827 - Josiah Warren (1798-1874), considered the first American individualist anarchist, puts into practice his ideas on the economic value of work as he opens his first Time Store in Cincinnati, Ohio - the first commercial cooperative.

1849 - __Palatine Uprising__: The Rhenish Palatinate agrees to an alliance with the Baden Republic. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1855 - George Speed (d. unknown), US anarchist agitator, active in the Haymarket defense of the falsely accused anarchists, Coxey's Army, the Pullman Strike, and as a labour organiser for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), born. [expand] [griid.org/2011/05/18/this-day-in-resistance-history-honoring-george-speed/]

1872 - Bertrand Russell (d. 1970), English libertarian philospher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic, author of the book '//Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism//', born.

[E] 1874 - Madeleine Pelletier (d. 1939), French doctor, franc-maçonne, feminist, member of the Socialist Party, briefly a Communist, then a libertarian, born. Founded the review '//La Suffragiste//' and collaborated on other néo-Malthusian and anarchist publications. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Pelletier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Pelletier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1805.html anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Pelletier.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre29.html www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2591307427/pelletier-madeleine-18741939.html www.marievictoirelouis.net/document.php?id=496]

[B] 1876 - Luigi 'Gigi' Damiani aka 'Ausinio Acrate' & 'Simplicio' (d. 1953), Italian journalist, poet, jobbing painter, anarchist activist and propagandist, who emigrated to Brazil and directs various publications ('//La Battaglia//', '//A Plebe//', '//Guerra Sociale//', etc.), born. Editor, with Errico Malatesta, of '//Umanita Nova//' (the anarchist daily paper published by Malatesta in Milan, along with Damiani, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacomelli, Armando Borghi, Luigi Fabbri, etc), born. Under attack by fascists, Damiani was exiled in Tunisia. Active there with Giuseppe Pasotti, then returned to Rome in 1946 and involved again with '//Umanita Nova//' until his death. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Gigi_Damiani militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1061 www.ephemanar.net/novembre16.html#16 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121116 mosca-servidor.xdi.uevora.pt/arquivo/?p=digitallibrary/digitalcontent&id=229]

1888 - __Congrés de Constitució del Pacte d'Unió i Solidaritat [Constitution Pact of Union and Solidarity Congress__]: Also known as the Federación Española de Resistencia al Capital (Spanish Federation of Resistance against Capital). With further decline in the activities of the Federació de Treballadors de la Regió Espanyola, a congress [May 18-20] is announced by the organisations working in and around Barcelona. It was attended by representatives of 24 trade sections, two covering various trades and six local federations. Almost all the delegates were from Barcelona and its area of influence plus representatives from Alcoy, Grazalema (Cádiz), Valencia and Valladolid. The PACTE held two congresses: Valencia in October 1888 and Madrid in March 1891. The Valencia Congress approved forming a parallel anarchist organisation and the Madrid event was held with the idea of extend it to other workers', especially in Andalusia. However, PACTE was only really ever a propaganda organisation and had little impact on the labour movement. [www.veuobrera.org/00finest/888pacte.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html]

1890 - The first issue of the anarchist newspaper '//El Perseguido//' (The Persecuted) is published in Buenos Aires by a group of Spanish and French anarchists.

1897 - Bram Stoker's play '//Dracula, or the Undead//' premières in London.

[1907 - [O.S. May 5] A revolutionary soldiers’ group secretly pledges to back the RSDRP against the government - the government is quickly informed, and raids the apartment of Menshevik Deputy Ozol in search of evidence [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus05.htm]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With the Paterson police taking every opportunity to jail picketing workers and those attending strike meeting, every Sunday from the beginning of March until July 20, the IWW had held regular rallies in the nearby town of Haledon, New Jersey, outside Paterson's city limits. The town's Socialist mayor William Brueckmann was a strike sympathiser and allowed the strikers to organise without fear of police intervention. The regular venue for the meetings was outside the 12-room house of the Botto family, the head of the family being Pietro Botto, an Italian silk weaver at the Cedar Cliffs Mills in the town, with speakers able to use the balcony above the front door to address the gathered crowds from. The size of the crowds at Botto's house ranged from 5,000 to 6,000 up to 15,000 to 20,000 and the meeting held on May 18, 1913, was one of the largest. Patrick Quinlan had just been convicted of inciting a riot because of his speech at the funeral of a man killed by a security guard hired to protect one of the mills. The strikers cheered for fifteen minutes when he took his place on the Botto balcony. Other speakers that day included Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, Bill Haywood, Fred S. Mowell, a socialist from New York, Upton Sinclair, the famed author of the 1906 novel 'The Jungle', and Frederick S. Boyd, a leading socialist. One speaker rallied the strikers with the words "the Paterson silk mills are slaughter houses, where your blood is used to decorate the backs of the aristocratic women of the United States." [www.thehistorygirl.com/2013/03/gathering-for-cause-botto-house-and.html njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/striking-out/]

1925 - Robin Francis Blaser (d. 2009), US poet, essayist and anarchist, born. Associated with Jack Spicer and Robert Duncan, and was a key figure in the San Francisco Renaissance of the 1950s and early 1960s. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Blaser www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/robin-blaser www.granarybooks.com/books/clay/clay4.html www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rexroth/hamalian.htm]

1928 - William Dudley 'Big Bill' Haywood ( b. 1869), US labour activist, founding member of the IWW, and member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America, dies in exile in Moscow. [see: Feb. 4]

1929 - The Confederación Sindical Latinoamericana, the Latin American branch of the Red International of Labour Unions aka Profintern, is officially founded at a congress [May 18-26] in Montevideo, Uruguay. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Sindical_Latinoamericana es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Sindical_Latinoamericana www.lahaine.org/b2-img10/pelaez_csum.pdf]

1935 - Poss. date [see also: May 21] of the death of François Segond Casteu (b. 1876), French anarchist who attended Sebastien Faure's 'Ruche' and a collaborator on 'Libertaire' and 'Germinal', a weekly magazine of the Somme. [see: Feb. 27]

1935 - The first issue of the anarchist weekly of "doctrine, criticism and combat", '//Proa//' (Bow), is published in Elda (Alicante).

[CC] 1942 - Herbert and Marianne Baum, Hans Joachim, Gerd Meyer, Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse and Irene Walter from the anti-Nazi Baum Group sets fire to the anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition '//Das Sowjetparadies//' (The Soviet Paradise) at the Berlin Lustgarten, having planted miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition [they had tried to carry out the action the day before but too many people had been at the event]. Unfortunately, the damage is limited and within a few days the majority of the group is arrested; probably after having been denounced. About 20 members of the group were later sentenced to death and a total of 28 members of the group were killed in 1942 and 1943. About 50 other members of the group were also given long prison sentences. On May 28-29, 1942, in a "retaliatory action" 500 Berlin Jewish men were arrested; one half were killed immediately and the other half were sent to concentration camps. [see: Mar. 4/Jun. 11/Aug. 18] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Sowjetparadies herbertbaumgroup.blogspot.co.uk/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baum-gruppe-jewish-women jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/loewy-hildegard jewishcurrents.org/may-18-the-herbert-baum-group-10197 research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/paradise.htm]

[C] 1945 - Pierre Kaan (b. 1903), French professor of philosophy, Marxist essayist, and prominent member of the Résistance during WWII, using the pseudonyms Biran, Brulard, Cantal and Dupin, dies of a combination of typhus and tuberculosis a few days after being liberated by Czech anti-fascist fighters from Buchenwald's Gleina subcamp. [see: Jan. 10]

1949 - Raymond Espinose, French poet, writer, lecturer, anarchist and Patapysician, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Espinose editionsorizons.fr/index.php/raymond_espinose]

1951 - Gabriele 'Gabi' Kröcher-Tiedemann aka 'Nada' (1951–1995), German urban guerrilla, who was a member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) and the second generation Rote Armee Fraktion, born. Involved in leftist student circles at the Universität Bochum and the Freie Universität Berlin, including the West-Berliner Haschrebellen and possibly the Roten Ruhr-Armee, she went underground sometine in 1971-72. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gabriele-krocher-tiedemann/ zlobone.com/g/gabriele-tiedemann-krocher.php www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13527119.html]

1960 - The Hungerford Massacre.

1968 - __Mai '68__: In France, de Gaulle arrives back from Romania, 12 hours earlier than expected. Cinema professionals occupy the Cannes Film Festival. Major French directors withdraw their films from competition and the jury resigns, closing the festival.

[D] 1968 - 10,000 march in Madrid, Spain, erect barricades and clash with police, in solidarity with the May revolt in France, whilst other solidarity actions, including a concert by the Nova Cançó singer and anti-fascist Raimon (Ramón Pelegero Sanchis) take place at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, all adding to the daily student protests (strikes, boycott of examinations and daily demonstrations) that had already been taking place through out 1967 and 1968 against the Franco regime. The government responded to the latest 'provocation' by declaring a state of emergency throughout the University. [aplomez.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/raimon-en-economicas-mayo-1968.html]

1980 - __Gwangju (or Kwangju) Uprising (May 18-27) / May 18 Democratic Uprising [5·18 민중항쟁__]: Following the extension of martial law to the whole of South Korea yesterday (it had previously not applied to Jeju Province), students gather at the gate of Chonnam National University, in defiance of its closing. By 09:30, around 200 students had arrived and they were opposed by 30 paratroopers. At around 10:00, clashes broke out as the soldiers charged the students. The students responded by throwing stones and the protest moved then to the down-town, Geumnamno area, and snowballed as paratroopers used bayonets to brutally suppress the growing protests. The first casualty of the 10 days of the Uprising occurred that afternoon as a 29-year-old deaf man named Kim Gyeong-cheol was clubbed to death while passing by the scene. In the initial stages an ad hoc citizens militia sprung up using what ever weapons came to hand, but it was largely disarmed by when a large force of paratroops entered the city on the following day. However, the defiance of the Gwangju was maintained and the street protests continued, despite the brutal behaviour of the police and army up until troops retook the last remaining pockets of resistance in the down-town area of the city on May 27. The indiscriminate massacring of the largely unarmed civilian population that was perpetrated during the period of martial law is believed to have resulted in up to 2,000 deaths [the exact figure will probably never be known]. The 'official' figures put the death toll at 144 civilians, 22 troops and 4 police killed, with 127 civilians, 109 troops and 144 police wounded; but, according to the May 18 Bereaved Family Association, t least 165 people died between May 18 and 27. Another 76 are still missing and presumed dead. 23 soldiers and 4 policemen were killed during the uprising, including 13 soldiers killed a the friendly-fire incident. 1,394 people were arrested for some involvement in the Gwangju incident and 427 were charged. Among them, 7 received death sentences and 12 received life sentences. [ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5·18_광주_민주화_운동 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising eng.518.org/ease/menu.es?mid=a50203000000 m.blog.daum.net/joon1357614/7569980]

1981 - Satnam Singh Gill, a 21-year-old Asian student, is murdered in Coventry city centre. The following day a meeting is held and the Coventry Committee Against Racism is formed. The incident also prompted The Specials to organise the 'Peaceful Protest Against Racism' concert at the Butts athletic stadium in Coventry on June 20, 1981, to raise funds for Gill's family.

1989 - Demonstrations in Tiananmen (Tian'anmen) Square during USSR-China talks.

1989 - Louis Dorlet (aka Samuel Vergine, Louis Dey, Serge and Louis Dorival; b. 1905), militant French individualist anarchist and pacifist, dies. [see: Jan. 2]

1991 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 27]

1995 - Henri Laborit (b. 1914), French physician, libertarian writer and philosopher, dies. He appeared in the 1980 Alain Resnais film '//Mon Oncle d'Amérique//', which is built around his ideas on evolutionary psychology.

2009 - Paul Parin (b. 1916), Austrian-Swiss psychoanalyst, anthropologist, writer and "moral anarchist" whose personal motto was "Ni Dieu, ni Roi", dies. He and his future wife, Goldy Parin-Matthey, were involved in the anarchist-socialist anti-fascist medical organisation Brüdergemeinde (Brethren). [see: Sep. 20]

2009 - Débora Céspedes (b. 1922), Uraguayan poet, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jun. 8] ||
 * = 19 || 1649 - Cromwell and the Rump Parliament declare England a Commonwealth.

1888 - The first issue of the weekly '//Fair Play//' is published by Edwin Cox Walker and Lillian Harmon in Valley Falls, Kansas. This publication discusses in particular the right of women, secularism, love, and free education. Free love activists Harmon and Cox Walker had publicly announced their 1886 "free-love marriage" (marriage law), concluded without the sanction of Kansas State. They were arrested the day after the ceremony and sentenced to prison.

1895 - José Julián Martí Pérez (b. 1853), Cuban Revolutionary, poet, essayist, journalist, revolutionary philosopher, professor, and political theorist, dies. [see: Jan. 28]

1897 - Oscar Wilde, occupant of cell C33, is released from Reading Gaol.

1904 - Daniel Guérin (d. 1988), one of France's best known revolutionary activists and thinkers, libertarian communist, anti-colonialist, Gay Rights activist, anti-militarist and anti-fascist, born. Author of numerous books, including '//Fascism and Big Business//' (1936), '//Anarchism; From Theory to Practice//' (1965) and '//No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism//' (1965). [expand] [www.danielguerin.info/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Guérin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Guérin dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/guerin/index.html]

1907 - The final issue of the newspaper '//La Alborada//', which had been relaunched in Santiago in 1906 after an interruption caused by an earthquake in Valparaiso (and repositioned as a "publicación feminista"), is published. The paper ceases publication after it editor Carmela Jeria suffered a brutal assault. The following year, the newspaper of the Asociación de Costureras, '//La Palanca//', carried a story in its first edition, which explained that: "Carmela suffered the destruction of home and an uninterrupted series of misfortunes".. It is not known what happened to Carmela after this. [www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-75380.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Alborada es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Jeria virginia-vidal.com/anaquel/article_556.shtml www.observatoriogeneroyliderazgo.cl/blog/wp-content/uploads/jeria.pdf mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/siglo-xix-carmela-jeria.html]

[C] 1912 - Kati Horna (Kati Deutsch; d. 2000), Hungarian photographer and anarchist sympathiser, born into a wealthy Jewish family. Durig her early years Hungary was to suffer many political upheavals including the persecution of Jews and Communists following the defeat of the Hungarian Soviet republic in 1919 and the seizing of power by Miklós Horthy. Sometime in the 1920s, she met the Hungarian anarchist poet, painter and thinker Lajos Kassák, who became a profound influence on her political and artistic thought, especially on her desire to take up photography. Aged 18, she moved to Berlin where she came into contact with the Bauhaus group and absorbed the influences of Dada, Surrealism, the Neue Sachlichkeit and the developing discipline of photojournalism. The latter was helped when she got a job as an assistant at the experimental Agencia Dephot photo studio run by Felix H. Man, a pioneer of modern photojournalism. However, her 3 year stay was cut short by the the Nazis gaining power and being forced to witness the burning of books, and in 1933 she returned to Budapest. Urged by her parents to get a job, she enrolled at the prestigious school of the renowned Hungarian photographer József Pécsi. There she learned the techniques of photography and re-encountered Endre Friedmann, a childhood friend who would later change his name to Robert Capa, and with whom she began a relationship. She also received her first Rolleiflex, a present from her parents. Later that year, she moved to Paris to escape the Nazis and to continue her training, working for the French news agency Agence Photo, and began assembling the first of her photo series including '//Marché aux Puces//' (Flea market; 1933), '//Les Cafés de Paris//' (The Cafes of Paris; 1934), '//L'Histoire d'amour dans la cuisine//' (The History of Love in the Kitchen; 1935) and '//Hitlerei//' (Hitler eye; 1937). With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, she began travelling to Spain along with Capa, who she had met up with in Paris, and spent 2 years working in the country (1937-39). A member of various anarchist groups, including Mujeres Libres and Tierra y Libertad, she worked on numerous anarchist publications, amongst them '//Libre Studio//', '//Mujeres Libres//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' and '//Umbral//'. Like Capa, she covered the war at the front, but she also recorded the everyday of the people right up til Franco's victory. Amongst those she got to know during this period were her fellow photographers Tina Modetti and Gerda Taro. In July 1937 she also met her future husband, the Andalusian artist José Horna, who she married the following year and who would become her partner in the making of collages as well. In February 1939, they both left the country for Paris but, with the expansion of Nazism in Europe, they fled Europe, embark on the De Grasse in October for exile in Mexico. There, she became on of the important figures in the exiled Surrealist circles that included Leonora Carrington, Benjamin Peret and Edward James, and befriended a fellow anarchist in Remedios Varo. Her circle also included many in the artistic, literary and architectural avant-garde in Mexico, such as Alejandro Jodorowsky, Mathias Goeritz, Germán Cueto, Pedro Friedeberg, Salvador Elizondo, Alfonso Reyes and Ricardo Legorreta. During the last 20 years of her life, she also taught photography at the Nacional de Artes Plásticas school and at the Universidad Iberoamericana. She died in October 2000, largely unknown though her work has progressively been rediscovered since then. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati_Horna sac.usal.es/index.php/archivo/ano-2012/274-kati-horna-abril-junio-2012 www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/the-woman-who-captured-robert-capas-heart-1999038.html pallant.org.uk/join-support/become-a-friend/about-the-friends/gallery-magazine/previous-issues/issue-21--surreal-friends/kati-horna-by-dawn-ades www.michaelhoppengallery.com/artist,bio,2,245,0,0,0,0,0,0,biography_kati_horna.html moussemagazine.it/kati-horna-museo-amparo/ debbyemadian.blogspot.sk/2010/08/surreal-friends-kati-horna.html imugarra.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/kati-horna-10-anos-despues-de-su-muerte.html lo-bueno-si-breve.blogspot.co.uk/2009/09/kati-horna.html moussemagazine.it/kati-horna-museo-amparo/ jaquealarte.com/2014/02/11/ www.fotosmilitares.org/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=2651 www.ahoramismo.com.mx/noticia.aspx?id=36356 antona.wordpress.com/2009/09/03/kati-horna/ eu.www.mcu.es/novedades/2009/novedades_KatiaHorna.html]

1914 - Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; d. 1999), Portuguese anarchist and nurse, born. Daughter of the anarchist Francisco Franco and life-long partner of militant anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2606.html www.ephemanar.net/novembre09.html]

1919 - __Broken Hill Miners' Strike__: Thousands of miners are on strike in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Cooperative depots were established to supply struggling miners’ families with the basic food stuffs, such as bread, margarine, potatoes and onions that the mine workers and their families who struggled to survive on during the eighteen month-long strike, which ended in November 1920 with improved safety conditions, better health monitoring, and a 35-hours work week. [www.brokenhill.nsw.gov.au/broken-hill-history/great-strike redflag.org.au/article/broken-hill-radical-history www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4102b.htm www.marxists.org/history/australia/1945/18201920.htm www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/no-29/jack-cogan/ philgriffiths.id.au/writings/gregson/i%20Chapter%206%20Broken%20Hill%20context.pdf]

[FF] 1920 - __Matewan Massacre / Battle of Matewan__: The spring of 1920 was a troubled time in the West Virginia coalfields. A nationwide coal strike settled during the winter of 1919 had won United Mine Workers miners a 27% wage increase. Unfortunately, the settlement didn't help most miners in southern West Virginia, the largest non-unionised coal region in the country. When the UMW stepped up its campaign to organise Logan, Mingo, and McDowell counties, coal operators retaliated by hiring private detectives to quash all union activity. Miners who joined the UMW were fired and thrown out of their company-owned houses. Despite the risks, thousands defied the coal operators and joined the UMW. Tensions between the two sides exploded into violence on May 19, when 13 Baldwin-Felts detectives arrived in Matewan to evict union miners from houses owned by the Stone Mountain Coal Company. Matewan chief of police Sid Hatfield intervened on behalf of the evicted families. A native of the Tug River Valley, Sid Hatfield supported the miners' attempts to organise. He was also known throughout Mingo County as a man who was not afraid of a fight. After carrying out several evictions, the detectives ate dinner at the Urias Hotel then walked to the depot to catch the five o'clock train back to Bluefield, Virginia. They were intercepted by Hatfield, who claimed to have arrest warrants from the county sheriff. Detective Albert Felts produced a warrant for Hatfield's arrest, which Matewan mayor C. C. Testerman claimed to be a fake. The detectives didn't know they had been surrounded by armed miners, who watched intently from windows and doorways along Mate Street and, while Felts, Hatfield, and Testerman, faced off, a shot rang out. The ensuing gun battle left 7 detectives and 4 townspeople dead, including Felts and Testerman. Hatfield became a local hero and was eventually acquitted of murder charges for his part in the "Matewan Massacre." But in the summer of 1921, Hatfield and an associate, Ed Chambers, were shot dead by Baldwin-Felts detectives on the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse, where they were to stand trial for a shooting in a nearby coal camp. Their murders galvanized thousands of union miners, who planned to march on Logan County. The march ended with the Battle of Blair Mountain, in which state and federal troops defeated the miners and halted the UMW's campaign in southern West Virginia. Most of the southern coalfields remained non-union until 1933. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matewan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers www.wvculture.org/history/labor/matewan04.html www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/1576 www.historicmatewan.com/history www.iup.edu/archives/coal/unions-and-mining/the-coal-strike-of-1919-in-indiana-county-and-its-aftermath/ libcom.org/history/us-miners-strikes-1919-1922-jeremy-brecher]

1925 - Viking Eggeling (b. 1880), Swedish avant-garde artist and filmmaker connected to Dadaism, Constructivism and Abstract art, who was one of the pioneers in absolute film and visual music alongside his longterm collaborator Hans Richter, dies. [see: Oct. 21]

1926 - Robert Brentano (d. 2002), US anarchist and longtime history professor, born.

[F] 1928 - In Geneva, Lucien Tronchet, anarchist and trade unionist, the anarcho-syndicalist militant Clovis-Abel Pignat and trade union organiser Augusto Vuattolo instigate a 15-day wildcat strike (widely referred to as a "//grève sauvage//") in the building sector, which results in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc. [www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=cmo-001:2010:26::59 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=798&PHPSESSID=b65d8634ca0fae0454be9f203ce47026 www.storiastoriepn.it/nuovissimo-liruti-1-augusto-vuattolo-organizzatore-friulano-degli-operaio-edili-svizzeri/]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: The first major instance of violence takes place, as Minneapolis Police and private guards attack a group of strikers who are attempting to stop scabs unloading a truck in the city's market area, which would become a central location for strike action and violence. Several strikers who had responded to a report that scab drivers were unloading newsprint at the two major dailies' loading docks were also beaten by the cops. When those injured strikers were brought back to the strike headquarters the police followed; the strikers, however, not only refused to let the police into the headquarters, but left two of them unconscious on the sidewalk outside. [see: May 16] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934 libcom.org/history/1934-minneapolis-teamsters-strike libcom.org/history/minneapolis-teamsters-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher teamster.org/about/teamster-history/1934 www.laborstandard.org/MN_Teamster_Festival/Dave_R_on_1934.htm www.marxists.org/history/usa/date/1934/1934-mpls/index.htm]

1937 - In Spain, issue No. 1 of '//El Amigo del Pueblo//', newspaper of the Agrupación de los Amigos de Durruti, appears. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Amigo_del_Pueblo puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/1998-periodico-amigo-del-pueblo.html]

[B] 1941 - Lola Ridge (b. 1873), Irish-American anarchist poet, artist's model, illustrator and organiser for the Francisco Ferrer Association's Modern School, dies. An influential editor of avant-garde, feminist and Marxist publications best remembered for her long poems and poetic sequences, first published in Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth//'. [see: Dec. 12] [www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/ridge/ridge.htm]

[E] 1943 - Kathy Boudin, US academic and former member of the Weather Underground, who survived the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion and was convicted of felony murder for her role in the Brink's robbery of 1981, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Boudin www.democracynow.org/2003/8/21/ex_weather_underground_member_kathy_boudin heymancenter.org/people/kathy-boudin/]

1944 - Following the capture of Monte Cassino by the Allies the previous day, thousands of Moroccan Goumiers (Goums Marocains) and other colonial troops of the French Expeditionary Corps, commanded by General Alphonse Juin, scour the slopes of the hills surrounding the town and the villages of Ciociaria during the night, committing mass rapes and killings. Over 60,000 women, ranging in age from 11 to 86, become victims, when village after village come under control of the Goumiers. Civilian men who tried to protect their wives and daughters are murdered. The number of men killed has been estimated at 800. The collective term given to the event/act is Marocchinate, from the Italian for "those given the Moroccan treatment" i.e. "women raped by Moroccans". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocchinate it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocchinate www.morasta.it/le-marocchinate-la-parte-censurata-della-nostra-liberazione/]

1957 - Otto van Rees (b. 1884), Dutch painter and Tolstoyian anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 20]

[D] 1970 - Wembley Conservative Association firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - Ulrike Meinhof, Siegfried Hausner, Klause Jünschke and Ilse Stachowiak place six bombs in the Hamburg offices of the Springer Press. Three fail to explode, but the other three bombs blow up around 15:15, injuring 17 people. 'The 2 July Commando' claims responsibility. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

[A] 1985 - A riot wrecks Montpellier prison. As inmates fight the CRS, a sympathetic crowd attacks the police from behind.

1991 - Auro Bruni (b. 1972), Italian activist from the Centro Sociale Corto Circuito in Rome, is murdered by fascists. On the night of his death, fascists from the Disoccupati Italiani Nazionalisti broke into the Corto. Finding Auro asleep, they knocked him out and covered him and the room in the petrol. The fire killed Auro and completely destroyed the Corto. The next day the fascist group claimed responsibility but the police tried to blame it on someone within the centre, citing an internal power struggle. [www.reti-invisibili.net/aurobruni/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auro_Bruni]

1994 - Jacques Ellul (b. 1912), French philosopher, law professor, sociologist, lay theologian, and Christian anarchist, dies. [see: Jan. 6]

[CCC] 2012 - __Tinley Park 5__: A group of 30 anti-fascists descended upon a restaurant in the Chicago suburb of Tinley Park where the 5th annual White Nationalist Economic Summit and Illinois White Nationalist Meet-and-Greet was taking place. The White Nationalists were targeted inside the restaurant and physically attacked, causing several injuries and completely shutting down their meeting. Five members of Hoosier Anti-Racist Movement, which is part of the Anti-Racist Action Network, were subsequently charged with felony counts of mob action, aggravated battery and criminal damage to property. All are currently being held in Cook County Jail pending the raising and posting of bail. The cops also arrested white nationalist Steven Eugene Speers who was at the meeting on a warrant for child pornography and Francis John Gilroy Jr. for unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon. Of the five anti-fascists charged in connection with the incident- Cody Sutherlin, Dylan Sutherlin, Jason Sutherlin, John Tucker and Alex Stuck - all pleaded guilty, against the advice of their lawyers, on January 4, 2013, to three felony counts of armed violence each. Fearing that their pre-trial detention could drag on for years and, if found guilty, they could have received a maximum sentence of seven years, they decided to go ahead and "just get it over with today" according to one of their attorneys. Cody and Dylan Sutherlin both got five years. Jason Sutherlin six years, and John Tucker and Alex Stuck were both sentenced to 42 months in the Illinois Department of Corrections.

2013 - Following the shooting dead of Lenine Relvas-Martins, a 69-year-old Portuguese man, in the largely immigrant suburb of Husby, in northern Stockholm on May 12, riots breakout during the night, leaving at least 100 vehicles burnt out. The riots would continue over the following days and nights (May 19-25), spreading across Sweden. [see: May 12] || [cira.marseille.free.fr/includes/textes/bios.php?ordre=27]
 * = 20 || 1856 - Henri Edmond Cross (Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix; d. 1910), French Neo-Impressionist painter, illustrator, printmaker and anarchist, born. Influenced Henri Matisse and his work was an instrumental influence in the development of Fauvism. Co-founded the Société des Artistes Indépendants in 1884 alongside Albert Dubois-Pillet, Odilon Redon, and the anarchist Georges Seurat and Paul Signac. Immerese in to anarchist and artistic milieu, he added Felix Feneon and Theo Van Rysselberghe to his circle and provided illustrations for Jean Grave's ' '//Les Temps Nouveaux//', usually of an idealised future anarchist utopia. "Je veux peindre le bonheur, les êtres heureux que seront devenus les hommes dans quelques siècles quand la plus pure anarchie sera réalisée." (I want to paint happiness, the happy beings who will become the people in a few centuries when the purest anarchy will be realised.)

1889 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Two National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers South Metropolitan Gas Co. branch representatives attended an all-London meeting of the GWU, where it is decided to petition management for 72 retorts per shift (the 8-hour-day). This petition was agreed to by a mass meeting at Deptford and sent to the South Met. Board. The Manager at Rotherhithe told Mr Rowbottom, the union representative, ‘if the men acted straightforward’ they would be treated similarly. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

[F] 1891 - __Australian Shearers' Strike / Great Shearers' Strike of 1891__: Thirteen union leaders arrested during the strike and charged with sedition and conspiracy, are convicted following a protracted trial in Rockhampton. They are sentenced to three years hard labour on St. Helena Island in Moreton Bay.

[C] 1897 - Luigi Camillo Berneri (d. 1937), Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist, born. A WWI veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, he was active in the anti-fascist resistance in Italy until 1926, when he was forced to take refuge in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands - spending time in prison before being expelled in most of these. Helped organsie the first Italian volunteers in Spain in 1936 and fought himself on the Aragonese front. Critical of the Madrid government, he was a victim of the Stalinist attacks that began in Barcelona on May 4th, dying in a hail of bullets as he left Radio Barcelona where he had been commemorating the death of Gramsci. [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Berneri ita.anarchopedia.org/Camillo_Berneri libcom.org/history/berneri-luigi-camillo-1897-1937 www.estelnegre.org/documents/berneri/berneri.html bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/331 flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/BerneriCamilloSW.pdf www.katesharpleylibrary.net/c5b0kp]

1897 - Diego Abad de Santillán (born Sinesio Vaudilio García Fernández; d. 1983), Spanish author, economist, historian and leading figure in the Spanish and Argentine anarchist movements, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre18.html#santillan libcom.org/history/after-revolution-economic-reconstruction-spain-diego-abad-de-santill%C3%A1n tierranarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/diego-abad-de-santillan-profeta-de-la.html]

1899 - The first issue of a weekly supplement to '//La Revista Blanca//' [first published July 1898] appears in Madrid. It will become independent from January 25, 1902, under the final name of '//Tierra y Libertad//'.

1900 - André Léo (Victoire Léodile Béra; b. 1824), French novelist, journalist, militant feminist and member of the First International, who was involved in the Revolution and the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

1903 - Gertrude Guillaume-Schack (b. 1845), German anarchist, socialist, theosophist and women's rights activist, who was prominent in the fight against state-regulated prostitution in Germany, dies from breast cancer that had gone untreated due to her theosophist beliefs. [see: Nov. 9]

1906 - [O.S. May 7] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In the Duma, the Kadet faction puts forward a bill signed by 42 deputies that provided for the allocation state, monastery, church and crown-owned lands to the peasants, as well as a partial compulsory acquisition of the landed estates. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

1908 - Marguerite Liégeois (Marguerite Drach; d. 1989), French sociologist and anarchist, who was the companion of Gaston Leval, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2005.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3365]

[AA] 1910 - The High Treason Incident (Taigyaku Jiken), also known as the Kōtoku Incident (Kōtoku Jiken): Japanese police uncover what they claim is a socialist-anarchist plot to assassinate Emperor Meiji. Mass arrests of leftists take place across the country and 12 alleged conspirators are executed the following year.

[D] 1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The Partido Liberal Mexicano publish a proclamation calling for the peasants to take collective possession of the land in the territories of Lower California where they have driven out the government, for "a free and happy life, without Masters or Tyrant."

1913 - Emma Goldman and Dr. Ben Reitman arrested on arrival in that bastion of 'free speech', San Diego, California; vigilantes surround the police station. Police order Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon train back to Los Angeles.

1916 - At an open air rally in Union Square in New York, anarchist Emma Goldman speaks from a car in front of a large crowd of workers to protest the incarceration of Dr. Ben Reitman for distributing information about birth control. Rauh Eastman, Jessie Ashley and Bolton Hall are be arrested at the event and also charged with the illegal distribution of anti-control propaganda. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/goldman/goldmannovayork1916.html]

1918 - Luigi Bertoni, editor of the anarchist bilingual '//Le Réveil-Il Risveglio//', is arrested in Geneva for an alleged conspiracy in Zurich, where a bomb was allegedly found by the police - it turns out to be a fabrication, an attempt to silence the anti-war Bertoni and other Italian anarchists. Protests sweep Switzerland calling for the release of Bertoni and the Italian anarchists interned in labour camps under a Nov. 17, 1917 decree. [see: Jun. 2, 1919]

1921 - __Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike__: Workers in the Spinning Department of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Madras (Chennai), India, refuse to work until the management agree to discuss their wage rise demands. [see: Jun. 20]

[E] 1936 - The first issue of the magazine '//Mujeres Libres: cultura y documentación social//', organ of the militant anarcha-feminist group Mujeres Libres, is published. The magazine was born two months before the outbreak of the Revolution, and was quickly established by the quality of its texts – written exclusively by women (articles by Domenech Hernandez, Morales Guzman and Mariano Gallardo, were rejected) and directed exclusively at women – and the revolutionary spirit that it encouraged during the 13 issues that were published up til October 1938. The editors were Mercedes Comaposada Guillen, Amparo Poch y Gascón and Lucía Sánchez Saornil and those who contributed articles included Emma Goldman, Nita Nahuel, Frederica Montseny, Ada Martí, Pilar Grangel, Carmen Conde, Suceso Portales, Etta Federn, Mary Giménez, Carmen Gómez, Áurea Cuadrado, Ilse, among others. The magazine received little support from certain parts of the libertarian movement, such as Solidaritad Obrera', which even published propaganda agaisnt it, or Frederica Montseny, who branded it a "separatist project". The archive of the magazine 'Mujeres Libres' is the Civil War Section of the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Salamanca. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/mujereslibres/mujereslibres.html www.diagonalperiodico.net/la-publicacion-pionera-para-mujeres-libres.html www.nodo50.org/mujerescreativas/mujereslibres.htm www.nodo50.org/despage/Nuestra Historia/75Aniversario/Mujeres_Libres/mujereslibres.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujeres_Libres mujereslibres.cgtvalencia.org/2011/11/historia-de-la-agrupacion-mujeres.html libcom.org/history/separate-equal-mujeres-libres-anarchist-strategy-womens-emancipation www.mediaisland.org/mujeres-libres-anarcha-feminist-organizing-spanish-civil-war www.portaloaca.com/historia/historia-libertaria/11872-revista-mujeres-libres-n-1-mayo-de-1936.html]

[A] 1937 - In Spain, author and one-time used book seller, George Orwell, is shot on the front lines whilst fighting for the Republic. His '//Homage to Catalonia//' is based on his experiences during the Spanish Revolution.

1938 - Unemployed members of the Relief Project Workers’ Union of Vancouver, BC, occupy the Hotel George, the Vancouver Art Gallery, and the central post office and begin a sit-down strike at the latter two buildings that would last until they were forcibly evicted on June 19, 'Bloody Sunday'. Within hours, thousands of Canadians rallied to protest the police action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1938)]

1945 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Kater (b. 1861), German trade unionist, publisher, socialist and then anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist in the FVdG and its successor FAUD, and editor of '//Die Einigkeit//' (The Unity) and later '//Der Syndikalist//', dies after having spent the past 12 days in hospital with burns to his face and chest after an incendiary bomb that had fallen into the garden of his house had exploded whilst he was trying to defuse it. [see: Dec. 19]

1947 - Jane Lauren Alpert, US feminist and radical associated with the Weather Underground (she was never a member), who wrote the manifesto '//Mother Right: A New Feminist Theory//' (1974) and was jailed in 1974 for her part in a conspiracy to bomb Federal office buildings in 1969, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Alpert en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Right_and_the_WUO]

1948 - Marie Pitt (Marie Elizabeth Josephine Pitt; b. 1869), Australian poet, socialist, feminist, ecologist and anarchist, dies. [see: Aug. 6]

1951 - __Vaga de Tramvies / Huelga de Tranvías [Barcelona Tram Strike / General Strike__]: A National Day of Protest called for May 20 result in failure. [expand][see: Mar. 1&12]

1958 - Varvara Stepanova (Варва́ра Фёдоровна Степа́нова; b. 1894), Russian-Lithuanian painter and designer initially associated with the Cubo-Futurists and zaum poets, but later a Constructivist, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

1968 - __Mai '68__: An estimated 10 million workers are on strike; France is practically paralysed.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: Students in Rosario announce a national strike (similar protests took place in other provinces). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1974 - Pat Arrowsmith jailed for 11/2 years for leafleting soldiers about Northern Ireland.

1998 - Jaime Cubero (b. 1926), Brazilian intellectual, anarchist activist, journalist, educator and brother of Francisco 'Chico' Cuberos Neto, dies. [see: Apr. 5]

2003 - Domingo Trama (b. 1910), Argentine shipyard worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Sep. 2]

2003 - Augusta Farvo (b. 1912), Italian anarchist militant and propagandist, and anti-fascist, who was a member of the Bruzzi-Malatesta anarchist partisan brigade, dies. [see: Mar. 24]

2006 - __Dhaka Garment Workers' Strike__: A series of wildcat strikes amongst Bangladesh garment workers with nearly 4000 factories at its May 20-24 peak. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dhaka_strikes]

2012 - Prisoners sieze control of Adams County Correctional Facility, a 2,500-bed immigration detention prison in Mississippi, for nine hours, taking more than 20 guards prisoner in retaliation to brutalisation by guards and in protest against the conditions, including poor food and medical care. One guard dies and 16 others are injured. The immigration prison, which is owned and operated by Corrections Corporation of America, holds clandestine migrants convicted of crimes, mostly on charges of re-entering the United States after being deported. [thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/08/14/686361/fbi-agent-deadly-riot-in-corporate-run-prison-due-to-complaints-of-inadequate-food-and-health-care/ edition.cnn.com/2012/05/20/us/mississippi-prison-disturbance/ www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/mississippi-prison-on-lockdown-after-guard-dies.html?_r=0]

[B] 2013 - Flavio Costantini (b. 1926), Italian anarchist and graphic artist who chronicled the movement's history in a series of striking images, dies. [see: Sep. 21] ||
 * = 21 || 1639 - Tommaso Campanella (b. 1568), Italian philosopher, theologian, astrologer, precursor of egalitarian utopian communism and poet, dies.

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: A Royal Order on "freedom of contract" nullifies all the gains that had been achieved by the workers in the agreements of the previous summer. Around this time, workers discover that the Madrid government 'secret' revocation on August 9, 1854, of the order banning 'selfactines' following approached by the cotton manufacturers. [see: Jul. 2]

1869 - Hutchins Hapgood (d. 1944), US journalist, author, novelist, free love advocate and anarchist, born. He and his wife, the novelist, playwright and journalist Neith Boyce, collaborated on a novel, '//Enemies//' (1916) which they later published as a one-act play in 1921. His other books include: '//The Spirit of the Ghetto//' (1902), illustrated by Jacob Epstein; '//Autobiography of a Thief//' (1903); '//The Spirit of Labor//' (1907); '//An Anarchist Woman//' (1909), a fictionalised account of his relationship with his lover 'Marie'; and the anonymously published '//The Story of a Lover//' (1919), a frank account of his open marriage. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/HapgoodHutchins.htm dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/anarwoman/ www.one-act-plays.com/dramas/enemies.html]

[A/D] 1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The beginning of 'Semaine Sanglante' as the horrendous repression and butchery during the suppression of the Paris Commune begins, with government massacres and summary executions leave 20,000-35,000 dead.

1880 - Tudor Arghezi, or simply Arghezi (Ion N. Theodorescu; d. 1967), Romanian writer, best known for his contribution to poetry and children's literature, born. Despite his failing health, he published virulent satires of the Romanian government, its military leader - Ion Antonescu, and Romania's allegiance to Nazi Germany in the newspaper '//Informaţia Zilei//' (Daily Information) in a column named after his former magazine, '//Bilete de Papagal//' (Cheap Parrot). On September 30, 1943, Arghezi caused outrage and a minor political scandal, after getting the paper to publish his most radical attack, one aimed at the German ambassador Manfred Freiherr von Killinger - 'Baroane' ('Baron!' or 'Thou Baron'). The newspaper is immediately confiscated and Arghezi imprisoned for a year without trial in a penitentiary camp near Târgu Jiu. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilete_de_Papagal ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilete_de_papagal www.romanianvoice.com/poezii/poeti/arghezi.php]

1881 - The first issue of the newspaper '//I Malfattori//' (The Perpetrators) - printed by Emilio Covelli and covering anarchist theoretical debates - is published in Geneva.

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1894 - Émile Henry (b. 1872), French anarchist proponent of propaganda by deed, who on February 12 detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty, is guillotined at dawn aged 21. His last words are: "Courage camarades, vive l'anarchie". [see: Sep. 26] [griid.org/2011/04/27/this-date-in-resistance-history-the-trial-of-emile-henry/]

1894 - José Codina and Mariano Cerezuela are executed alongside four other Spanish anarchists. Codina and Cerezuela were believed responsible for the 1891 bombing of the Teatre Liceu, later determined to be the handiwork of Santiago Salvador Franch (executed on July 11th).

1899 - Louis-Émile Harel (d. unknown), French anarchist involved in the Stérilisés de Bordeaux case, born. Arrested in April 1935 for providing vasectomies. All those involved were found guilty on May 2, 1936 of 'premeditated violence' and Harel was sentenced to six months in prison with five months of banishment, later reduced on appeal.

1901 - Arvid Harnack (b. 1901), German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, who was executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Founder of ARPLAN (Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft or )[Scientific Working Community for the Study of the Soviet Planned Economy], he had travelled to the Soveit Union to study their ecomony but, with Hitler's rise to power ARPLAN was dissolved and Harnack gained a post as a scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry and was recruited as an agent by the NKVD. He also came into contact in 1939 with the Harro Schulze-Boysen group, and in 1940 with the Communists Hilde Rake and Hans Coppi. He also published the resistance magazine '//Die Innere Front//' (The Inner Front) in 1941 but interception of the group's radio messages led to the arrest of Harnack and his wife Mildred on September 7, 1942. Arvid Harnack was sentenced to death on December 19 and executed 3 days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. His wife was originally given six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial, which pronounced the desired death sentence. [see: Dec. 22]

1905 - __Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905__]: After three months of a state of emergency and the crushing of the rebellion, the regime takes to opportunity to simultaneously crack down on the labour and socialist movements as well as the rebels. Hundreds of unionised workers were detained as well as the most active militants, the socialist and anarchist press was banned, the premises of the newspapers '//La Vanguardia//' and '//La Protesta//' among others were raided, and union locals were closed down. In protest at the repression, the Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) and labour organisations, including the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers) and the anarchist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Regional Workers Federation of Argentina), organised a demonstration in Constitution Square in Buenos Aires. Forty thousand workers gathered at the Plaza Constitución and marched from there to the Plaza Lavalle, where the demonstration ended tragically as the protest is attacked with bullets and sabers, leaving three dead and about twenty wounded, victims of police fire and baton charges. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905 edant.clarin.com/diario/especiales/yrigoyen/social/represion.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 08] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Union of Unions is organised at a meeting in Moscow (May 21-22) as a federation of the left-liberal professional unions, dominated by Pavel Milyukov (Па́вел Милюко́в), liberal politician and future leader of Kadet Party, the Constitutional Democratic Party (Конституционно-демократическая партия). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Милюков,_Павел_Николаевич]

1907 - At a cycle of lectures organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of '//Mother Earth//', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles, she presents her first lecture, '//Misconceptions of Anarchism//', at Burbank Hall. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Cuernavaca is taken by Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Madero signs Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Porfirio Diaz. Díaz agrees to abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero.

[E] 1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: A suffragette bomb (a simple device of a jar and gunpowder) explodes at 01:00 at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, shattering windows, damaging wooden floors and cracking stonework on the observatory's tower. Nobody was injured, though blood was on the ladies' handbag found at the scene, along with a note with the phrase: "How beggarly appears argument before defiant deed. Votes for women."

1914 - Romain Gary (born Roman Kacew; d. 1980), French-Litvaks diplomat, novelist, film director and World War II aviator, born. Largely self-invented, he created a mythos around himself. Amongst his many fictions, he claimed to have, like Malraux, to have fought in the Spanish Civil War and to have been imprisoned there for his efforts. However, he did fight against the Nazis, escaping to London after the German invasion of France, where he becoming a real life "war hero", serving as a bomber pilot for the Free French Forces and flying missions even when recuperating from battle wounds. Gary also described himself as "testicularly anti-racist" at the time. He also wrote under a number of pseudonyms Émile Ajar, Shatan Bogat, Rene Deville and Fosco Sinibaldi. In his most famous novel, '//Lady L//' (1958), also made into a 1965 comedy film directed by Peter Ustinov and starring Sophia Loren, Paul Newman and David Niven, the main character anarchist Armand Denis. He is also the only person to win the Prix Goncourt twice [French language literature is awarded only once to an author], firstly in 1956 for '//Les Racines du Ciel//' (The Roots of Heaven) and then for his novel, published under the pseudonym Émile Ajar, '//La Vie Devant Soi//' (The Life Before Us; 1975), which about an orphaned Arab boy’s devotion to a terminally ill Auschwitz survivor and ex-prostitute. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Gary muse.jhu.edu/books/9780812203202 www.babelio.com/livres/Gary-Lady-L/8204 www.tcm.com/this-month/article/64121|0/Lady-L.html]

1916 - Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magón go on trial. Arrested at their Community Farm near Los Angeles, California, Enrique was beaten by police and hospitalised. The Mexican anarquista Magon brothers are charged with mailing articles inciting "murder, arson and treason."

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: Against the backdrop of an increasingly confused and trouble picture, with violence between pickets and non-strikers increasing, tensions within the ranks of the Fédération Nationale is high. A meeting of the confederal committee holds a number of heated debates, that concludes with a call for the resumption of work.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

[B] 1930 - Dieter Roth (d. 1998), German-Swiss anarchist and artist-poet associated with the Fluxus movement, best known for his artist's books, editioned prints, sculptures, video installations and found materials assemblages, born. Also known as Dieter Rot and Diter Rot. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Roth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Roth www.dieter-roth-foundation.com/biography www.dieter-roth-academy.de/ www.dieter-roth-academy.de/dieter-_i_ll_get_through.pdf www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/dieter-roth-1870]

1931 - __Lossmen-Ekträsk-Konflikten [Lossmen-Ekträsk Conflict__]: The longest lockout in Swedish labour history, which had begun in 1924 when the Holmsund, Sandvik and Mo & Domsjö forestry companies delivered an ultimatumn to the Lossmen-Sävsjöns and Ekträsks Lokal Samorganisation (Local Co-operation) syndicates, local syndicalist workers organisations, to either dissolve their organisations or to become unemployed i.e. to order a lockout, enters the endgame. The syndicalist workers, whose local organisations were part of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden), had refused and begun a blockade of their own that had effectively ended all logging in the Spring of 1925. Now, Sandvik make the first move aimed at ending the strike when company officials at the works in Kalvträsk contact the striking syndicalists to tell them that they would recognise their union and accept their salary demands. Shortly afterwards, the other companies agreed terms with the syndicalists and the conflict was over. [see also: Jan. 15] [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossmen-Ekträsk-konflikten www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Arkiv/Textarkiv/Texter-om-SAC/Lossmenkonflikten-1924-1930/(language)/swe-SE sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Arbetares_Centralorganisation]

1935 - Poss. date [see also: May 18] of the death of François Segond Casteu (b. 1876), French anarchist who attended Sebastien Faure's 'Ruche' and a collaborator on 'Libertaire' and 'Germinal', a weekly magazine of the Somme. [see: Feb. 27]

1935 - Jane Addams (Laura Jane Addams; b. 1860), American social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and prominent advocate of women's suffrage and world peace, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

1940 - Cayetano Redondo Aceña (b. 1888), Spanish politician, journalist, mayor of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War and a leading proponent of Esperanto in Spain, is executed by a firing squad in the Cementerio de la Almudena and buried in a mass grave following conviction for "assistance to the rebellion". [see: May 21]

1941 - __Teaterstreiken [Norwegian Theatre Strike__]: Staff at theatres in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim mount a five-week strike in protest against the Nazi occupying force's revocation of working permits for six actors, after they had refused to perform in the Nazified radio. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_theatre_strike_in_Norway no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_teaterdirektorat www.nrk.no/programmer/tv_arkiv/drommen_om_norge/4629228.html]

1942 - First deportation from Chelm to Sobibor. Until May 23, about 4,300 Jews are deported. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1944 - René Daumal (b. 1908) French poet, critic, essayist, Indologist, French writer and playwright, dies. [see: Mar. 16]

1952 - Daniel Barret (Rafael Spósito Balzarini; d. 2009), Uruguayan sociologist, journalist, university professor and prominent anarchist, born in Villa del Cerro, one of the traditional libertarian working-class districts of Montevideo. A dedicated militant anarchist since his adolescence, he engaged in diverse organisations and actions as a member of the student movement and later as a trade unionist. He joined the Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU), but due to the abandonment of the anarchist tradition by this organization, he quit the group. Repression against leftist and anarchist groups forced him to leave Uruguay to live in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He returned to Uruguay in 1976 to rejoin the the FAU as part in the struggle to oust the dictatorship, but again quit because of strong ideological differences with it and left again for Argentina. He went on to participate independently on multiple libertarian projects, dedicating much of his energies to libertarian journalism and sociology, and contributing to various anarchist publications including '//¡Libertad!//' in Buenos Aires, '//El Libertario//' (Venezuela) and '//Tierra y Tempestad//' in Montevideo. He published hundreds of articles, pamphlets and books under various pseudonyms, and left three unpublished books: '//Los sediciosos despertares de la Anarquía//' (The seditious awakenings of Anarchy; published in 2011), '//Cuba: el dolor de ya no ser. El dilema del socialismo y la libertad//' (Cuba: the pain to no longer exist. The dilemma of the Socialism and Freedom) and '//La arquitectura del encierro//' (The architecture of the bullring). He donated his libertarian library to the Ateneu Anarquista of El Cerro. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barret www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol6/vol6_no1_in_memoriam_rafael_sposito.htm laturbaediciones.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/reflexiones-libertariaspdf.pdf]

1964 - Tudor Vianu (b. 1898), Romanian literary critic, art critic, poet, philosopher, academic, and translator, known for his left-wing and anti-fascist convictions, dies. [see: Jan. 8]

1968 - At a protest demonstration in Peking the group Sheng Wu Lian calls for the people to govern themselves directly, as in the the Paris Commune. The Red Guards, good Marxists they, accuse them of being anarchists!

1968 - __Mai '68__: The 'Workers-Students Action Committee-Citroen', forms.

1968 - Beginning of the Occupations of the University of West Berlin, demanding university reform, and in sympathy with the student occupations and demands in France.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: University student groups and secondary school students, along with the CGT, organise a silent march, which gathers 4,000 people. The police sent to put down the protest are forced to retreat, but kill a 15-year-old student, Luis Blanco. This was later known as the first Rosariazo. That evening the city is declared an emergency zone under military jurisdiction. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1989 - Martial law is declared in several districts in Beijing and troops move towards the city centre. A huge number of civilians block their convoys, setting up barricades on streets. The soldiers have been ordered not to fire on civilians.

1997 - In East Berlin Niederbarnimstrasse 23 is evicted.

2001 - Center for Urban Horticulture at the University of Washington in Seattle is burned by Earth Liberation Front (ELF).

2003 - The formation of the Frente de Estudiantes Libertarios (Libertarian Students' Front; FEL) in Valparaíso, Chile.

[C] 2013 - French fascist historian Dominique Venner (b. 1935) theatrically commits suicide by shooting himself in the head beside the altar of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris in protest against the Masonic-inspired legislation legalising the "abomination" of gay marriage. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Venner#Suicide www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/23/the-fascist-history-behind-dominique-venner-s-suicide-at-notre-dame.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toypurina articles.latimes.com/2001/jun/10/local/me-8853]
 * = 22 || [E] 1799 - Toypurina (b. 1760), Tongva-Gabrieliño Native American shaman, who led an unsuccessful rebellion against colonisation by Spanish missionaries in California, dies. [expand]

[A] 1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: The Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot' begins in Littleport in Cambridgeshire. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]

1825 - Laskarina 'Bouboulina' Pinotsis (Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα Πινότση; b. 1771), Greek naval commander who led her own troops during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, until the fall of the fort of Nafplion to the Greeks on November 13, 1822, is killed in 1825 as the result of a family feud. [see: May 11]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: Bells ring out across the city that has been caught largely unprepared for the invasion by government troops and, with no one expecteing the army to enter the city, there are only a handful of large barricades as yet in place. Already, the Versaillais occupy significant areas of the south-west of Paris, the 15th and 16th arrondissements and by evening will have advanced as far as the Place de l'Étoile and the Gare Saint-Lazaire. During the morning Louis Charles Delescluze, the Commune's military commander, issues a proclamation which appears on walls all over Paris: "Aux armes! citoyens aux armes! il s’agit, vous le savez de vaincre ou de tomber dans les mains impitoyables des réactionnaires et des cléricaux de Versailles, de ces misérables qui ont, de parti pris, livré la France aux Prussiens et qui nous font payer la rançon de leurs trahisons!" ("It is a question, as you know, of conquering or falling into the merciless hands of the reactionaries and clerics of Versailles, of those miserable ones who have, by their actions, delivered France to the Prussians, and who want to make us pay the ransom for their treason!") However, the Communards are outnumbered five to one, and what little military organisation that existed breaks down as people return to their own neighbourhoods to build barricades there, abandoning any coordinated struggle. Barricades now appear in the square Saint-Jacques, in rues Auber, Châteaudun, Faubourg Montmartre, Notre-Dame de Lorette, in la Trinité, in La Chapelle, at the Bastille, the Buttes Chaumont, in the boulevard Saint-Michel, the Panthéon, etc. Later in the day an artillery duel breaks out between regular army batteries on the Quai d'Orsay, and the Madeleine, and Garde National batteries on the terrace of the Tuileries Palace. The Germans have also allowed Versailles troops to cross the neutral zone north of Paris and take the 17th arrondissement from the rear. By the evening much of the west of Paris is under the control of the Versailles government and the number of summary executions were on the increase, largely focused on the barracks on the Rue de Babylone.

1881 - Anarchists split with the Parti des Travailleurs Socialistes de France, aka Parti Ouvrier, at the 2ème congrès régional du Centre in Paris, resulting in the birth in France of an autonomous anarchist movement divided into communist and individualist strands. [anarchiv.wordpress.com/2017/08/14/congres-de-la-federation-du-centre-en-1883-les-socialistes-expulsent-les-anarchistes-a-coups-de-couteaux/ biosoc.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article185 www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Fédération_des_Travailleurs_Socialistes_de_France_(FTSF) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_des_travailleurs_socialistes_de_France]

1885 - Giacomo Matteotti (d. 1924), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, who was murdered by fascist thugs, born. His killing precipitated a parliamentary crisis that Mussolini overcame by disavowing the murder and tightening police control. The crushing of the opposition aroused by Matteotti’s assassination effectively marks the beginning of Mussolini’s dictatorship. The murderers and their accomplices received only nominal sentences. [see: Jun. 10] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmatteotti.htm libcom.org/news/10-may-1924-10062011 cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/matteot.htm www.treccani.it/scuola/maturita/terza_prova/storia_contemporanea_in_immagini/3_1924_delitto_matteotti.html www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/politica/14_giugno_10/10-giugno-1924-l-omicidio-giacomo-matteotti-365b2620-f0a2-11e3-b5f1-b439b2d37585.shtml www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/sette.html]

[BB] 1887 - Arthur Cravan (born Fabian Avenarius Lloyd; d. 1918), Swiss-born pugilist, poet, lecturer, dancer, adventurer, a larger-than-life character, critic-provocateur, anarchist and an idol of the Dada and Surrealism movements, who claimed to be a nephew of Oscar Wilde (he was actually the son of Wilde’s brother-in-law), born. [expand] With his pregnant wife Mina Loy watching from the shore, Cravan sailed from the coast of Mexico in November 1918 heading for Argentina and was never seen again. "Every great artist has a sense of provocation." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cravan fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cravan hilobrow.com/2010/05/22/arthur-cravan/ strangeflowers.wordpress.com/2011/09/16/arthur-cravan-est-vivant/ livesofthedandies.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/arthur-cravan-and-oscar-wilde-hoax.html tribes.tribe.net/boxingtonight/thread/050a9cb7-5d7d-45c3-ba0b-5ec12eefa630 www.contextxxi.at/context/content/view/205/84/ www.elmalpensante.com/index.php?doc=display_contenido&id=1436 www.brooklynrail.org/2004/06/books/the-provocations-of-arthur-cravan www.newyorker.com/archive/1997/08/25/1997_08_25_102_TNY_CARDS_000378675]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1893 - Ezra Heywood (b. 1829), 19th century North American individualist anarchist, slavery abolitionist, free love advocate and feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 29]

1895 - Orestes Lucchesi, an anarchist who killed the director of the newspaper '//Il Telegrafo//', Giuseppe Bandi, on July 1, 1894, in revenge for his anti-anarchist articles, is found guilty of murder along with his associates. He and Amerigo Franchi are sentneced to 30 years imprisonment.

1900 - Georgi Simeonov Popov (Георги Симеонов Попов; d. 1924), Bulgarian anarchist, poet, orator, anarchist organiser and insurrectionist guerrilla, born. His teacher father died of cholera when he was just 12 years old, and he went on to teach after his graduation but was sacked due to his participation in a railway strike in Gorna Oryahovitsa. He then became a bank clerk but was again sacked after just 3 months, becoming a labour constructing roads and working in vineyards. A member of the Bulgarian Communist Anarchist Federation (FACB), in 1920 he created the anarchist newspaper 'Бунт' (Rebellion) with Georgi Sheitanov (Георги Шейтанов). Following the announcement of a military coup against the Stamboliyski government on June 9, 1923, at a meeting the following day he was elected as a member of the Revolutionary Action Committee (Въстанически военен съвет) which organised the insurrectionary movement [June Uprising] against the coup. He helped organise armed peasant militias in Kilifarevo (Килифарево) and Debelec (Дебелец), took part in the capture of nearby Dryanovo (Дряново), and the battles at Ganchovets (Килифарево) and Sokolov (Дебелец). On June 13, 1923, a militia was formed in Kilifarevo and 4 days later Popov, togther with Totyu Saraliev (Тотю Саралиев) was involved in the assassination of the mayor of Dzhurovtsi (Джуровци ). He also took part in the capture of Sokolov (Соколово) and the disruption of the main railway line. During this period the Bulgarian Communist Party, which had a strong militia organisation, maintained a pointed neutrality (viewing the uprising and the coup as a "struggle for power between the urban and rural bourgeoisie") - a position eventually condemned by the Comitern - which effectively allowed the new government to crush the rebels and consolidate its power. On January 30, 1924, Popov's detachment was surrounded by the army and his lieutenant Hristo Kisyov (Христо Кисьов) was wounded and captured. To prevent his own capture he takes his own life. [ikonomov.a-bg.net/gpopov.html /www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3101.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html]

1901 - Ricardo and Jesús Flores Magón are arrested and sentenced to 12 months in Belén prison [archivomagon.net/lugares/carcel-de-belen/]

1901 - Gaetano Bresci (b. 1869), Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Umberto I, King of Italy in revenge for the army's crushing of the 1898 worker's insurrection in Milan, is found hanging in his prison cell at Santo Stefano, believed 'suicided' by his guards. [see: Nov. 10]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. May 9] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A meeting of RSDLP members including representatives of Party cells in almost all the factories and enterprises in the Bolshevik stronghold of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) is held in the forest just outside the city. Amongst the key players is 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), newly arrived from Moscow. The meeting produces a list of 26 economic and political demands of the city's employers. A second meeting is held two days later under the leadership of a Bolshevik group, headed by 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), and attended by representatives of more than 50 factories. It decides to begin a general strike the following day (May 25 [12]) that goes on to last 72 days and at its peak involved 70,000 workers. The strikers demand an eight-hour day, higher wages, abolition of fines, the elimination of the factory police, freedom of speech, of association, of the press, of strikes, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительного собрания ), and others. These events resulted in the creation of the the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов), the first workers Soviet in Russian history on May 28 [15], when the last of the 151 delegates, including 25 women, had been elected. It would go on to create a workers' militia (рабочую милицию) to protect the city, prevent blacklegs from entering factory premises and to expel the existing police from working-class neighbourhoods. During the strike, the workers were engaged in a constant struggle with the lieutenant-governor Sazonov (Сазонова) and the city council. Workers were banned from holding meetings in the city's building and when they started holding open-air meetings by the River Talka (Реки Талка), they too were banned. On June 16 [3] one such meeting of 3,000 people was fired upon by soldiers and Cossacks, who beat and arrested 20 participants. This provoked further clashes with the police and workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burnt down a mill and the police chief's house. 80 people were arrested and many were injured, some fatally (some sources claim 28 women and children are killed during this and further clashes). Attempts by the authorities and factory owners to placate the workers by releasing some of those arrested, sacking the police chief, and making concessions (reducing the working day and increasing pay) failed. On July 7 [Jun. 24] the factory owners reiterated their refusal to make any concessions and the workers responded by burning manufacturers' houses, smashing shops and stalls, and renewing their attacks on telegraph links. Police arrested 64 people. Some of the industrialist break ranks and offer further concessions (9-hour day, wage increases of 7%, a rent subsidy and the promise not to dismiss any strikers). In response the the unrest, more troops were sent to Ivanovo-Voznesensk and martial law was introduced on July 10 [Jun. 27]. Facing the inevitable use of force to restore order ordered, the Workers' Council adopted a resolution ending the strike on July 14 [1]. The bosses quickly reneged on their promises and, having attempted a lockout, the Workers' Council was reactivated on July 19 [6] and, despite the lack of funds to support the striking workers and their families, they decide that only hunger will manage to force them to accept the partial concessions offered by the entrepreneurs and resume work. A week later only 3 mills and 4 factories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) were operating, the rest of them still stood idle. On August 1 [July 19], with the majority of the workers facing poverty and starvation, not to mention the ever-increasing levels of repression, the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies holds its final meeting, during which the deputies decided to resume work. Hunger had indeed forced the workers to be satisfied with only partial concessions and return to work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1909 - Agustí Centelles i Ossó (d. 1985), Spanish photojournalist noted for his iconic pictures of Republican Spain and especially Catalonia, born. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustí_Centelles agusticentellesosso.blogspot.co.uk/ centellesosso.blogspot.co.uk www.foto3.es/web/historia/biografias/centell.htm]

1909 - Germinal de Sousa (d. 1968), Portuguese anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Son of the famous anarchist Manuel Joaquin de Sousa. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5687 lacntenelexilio.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/germinal-de-sousa.html]

1918 - Dolores Jiménez Álvarez aka 'Blanca', Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and militant in the Spanish and French anti-fascist resistance movements, born in Abejuela, Aragón. The eldest in a large family which migrated to Catalonia in the mid 1920s, she stared work aged 11 and quickly became involved in the libertarian movement. At the age of 16, along with her father and sister, she joined the Peña Abisinia theatre group, where she met he lifelong companion Teofilo Navarro Fadrique. In August 1936, she joined the Durruti Column on the Aragon front and throughout the attacks by the Stalinists against the anarchist movement, and the Franco offensive, she refused to leave the front. Based in Lanaja, in the Huesca province, she participated in cultural activities and theatrical performances, she was later arrested in Mollerusa by communist troops of Valentín González González (El Campesino) but escaped to Lleida where she rejoined the confederales forces and her partner Navarro. Following the defeat of the Republic, they crossed into France via Puigcerda and Le Perthus, where she was interned in the Couvent Saugues, a religious asylum run by nuns in Saugus. In 1940, she was reunited with Teofilo Navarro and both settled in Cordes, where she particiapted in the reorganisation of the Spanish anarchist movement, as well as the anti-Nazi Résistance and struggle against Franco as part of groups Sabaté and Facerías. She also had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca, with Navarro. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3865 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2011-dolores-jimenez-alvarez-miliciana-de-aragon.html]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The first arrest under California's criminal syndicalism law take place in San Francisco, only a few weeks after the statute went into effect and amid considerable but unfounded hysteria about impending IWW terror campaigns and other outrages. Initial scattered arrests in the Bay Area were followed by a raid on an IWW hall in Stockton on June 29, in which nineteen Wobblies were arrested for criminal syndicalism. This was followed a few days later by a raid in Oakland, in which several men and a woman were arrested, and another in San Francisco, which netted several more people. Most of those arrested were released after a short time and never charged. And yet, before the summer was over, authorities in the Bay Area charged more than sixty people, all but two of whom were Wobblies or alleged Wobblies. In Fresno in June, the union's secretary for the state was arrested. Later that fall and winter, authorities in Los Angeles followed suit, launching their own campaign against the IWW. By February 1, 1920, the California police had arrested ninety IWW members. [scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles]

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: With none of the railway companies making any concessions to the unions, the Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand, orders the army in to run the trains, as well as pupils of the grandes écoles and "citoyens de bonne volonté" (citizens of good will) to volunteer to run the trains. At the same time it orders the CGT to resume work. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

[B] 1925 - Jean Tinguely (d. 1991), Swiss painter, sculptor and anarchist, born. Best known for metamechanics: his kinetic sculptural machines, created in both the Dada tradition and as an anarchist critique of capitalism and the consumer society. In 1947 he joined the circle of the Basel anarchist Heiner Koechlin, read all the anarchist classics and would go on to dedicate his art to the anarchist cause. [www.tinguely.ch/en.html] www.emerald000.com/tom/designcms/tpm/jean-tinguely/]

1930 - Agustín 'Gringo' Tosco (d. 1975), Argentine union leader, member of the CGT de los Argentinos and an important participant in the historic local uprising known as the Cordobazo, born [expand]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustín_Tosco]

1936 - Following the British Union meeting in Pontypridd Town Hall on April 26 and general fascist activity in Aberdare, Mardy and Ebbw Vale, anti-fascists hold an All-In Conference at the Lewis Merthyr Workmen's Institute, Porth. It is attended by representatives from 22 working class organisations inlcuding all ten Rhondda miners' lodges. The conference makes thorough preparations for mobilising mass street demonstrations against future BU and fascist provocations. [heartofanation.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/fighting-fascism-is-great-welsh.html]

[F] 1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: 15,000 coal miners congregating in Brussels to protest their "famine wages" are tear-gassed by the police. The following day, the same number of protesters are joined by their wives, children and the press. The strikers held up signs saying "Nous voulons du pain pour nos enfants, pas des bombes lacrymogènes" (We want bread for our children, not teargas bombs), and called the five Socialist members of the Van Zeeland cabinet traitors. That same day, fifteen miners quit a hunger strike at the suggestion of their colleagues. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1937 - A plenary session of the C.N.T.'s Local and Comarcal Federations hears a proposal that the Friends of Durruti be expelled.

[C] 1939 - Ernst Toller (b. 1893), German Expressionist playwright, poet, pacifist, anarchist and Munich Soviet leader, dies. Driven out of Germany by the Nazis, destitute from his efforts caring for the children of refugees in Spain, and suffering from deep depression having witnessed the defeat of the Republic and seen his sister and brother arrested and sent to concentration camps, Toller commits suicide in a New York hotel room. [see: Dec. 1] [www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol05/no08/fischer.htm]

1939 - Jiří Mahen (real name Antonín Vančura; b. 1882), Czech poet, novelist, journalist, dramaturge, librarian, director, theatre critic, anarchist and anti-militarist, depressed following the Nazi invasion, commits suicide in Brno. [see: Dec. 12]

1942 - Stjepan Filipović (b. 1916), Yugoslavian communist and anti-fascist partisan, is hanged in the city of Valjevo by the collaborationist Serbian State Guard. [see: Jan. 27]

1955 - Babar (Roger Noël), Belgian anarchist, typographer, publisher and printer of the '//Alternative Libertaire//', the French language monthly Belgian critical magazine, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_(Roger_Noël)]

1957 - Franz Borkenau (b. 1900), Austrian philosopher of history, cultural historian, sociologist, communist, anti-Stalinist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Dec. 15]

1963 - Grigoris Lambrakis (Greek: Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; b. 1912), Greek resistance fighter, leftist politician, physician, and track and field athlete, received life-treatening injured in a government-sanctioned assassination attempt by 2 hapless hired thugs, far-right extremists Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyro Gotzamani. Left with severe brain injuries, he dies in the hospital five days later, on May 27. [see: Apr. 3] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoris_Lambrakis theodorakisfriends.com/2013/05/22/grigoris-lambrakis-memorial-day/l]

1968 - __Mai '68__: In the Latin Quarter of Paris the police and the students clash following the withdrawal of Daniel Cohn-Bendit's residence permit for France.

1970 - High explosive device discovered at a new police station in Paddington. This was later claimed by the prosecution in the trial of the Stoke Newington Eight to be the first action undertaken by 'The Angry Brigade'.

[D] 1971 - Bomb attack on Scotland Yard Computer Room at Tintagel House, London. This is accompanied by simultaneous attacks by the Angry Brigade, the International Solidarity Movement, and the Marius Jacob group against British Rail, Rolls Royce and Rover offices in Paris.

1979 - Jairus Khan, Canadian anarchist and frontman for the industrial band Ad·ver·sary, born.

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: First 'cacerolazo' (pot-banging) demonstration in Córdoba calling for price and taxes freezes [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2006 - __Huelga de Maestros / Oaxaca Teachers' Strike & Protests__: On May 22, having had no response from the government, the teachers of Section 22 of the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (National Union of Education Workers) struck for the 25th consecutive year. This year however, they set up encampments in the Zócalo, the city centre of Oaxaca, and urged students and their families to join them in occupying the streets. Up to 80,000 teachers and their supporters laid siege to the city centre and, in order to further their message and document their actions, the teachers created a radio station, Radio Plantón. While the Oaxacan government asked the teachers to remove themselves from the streets and return to work, the strikers refused to do so. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6102018.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_popular_de_los_pueblos_de_Oaxaca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Popular_de_los_Pueblos_de_Oaxaca www.tomzap.com/OAXgo.html biiacs-dspace.cide.edu/handle/10089/15841 www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/21/index.php?section=opinion&article=027a1pol]

2009 - Over 100 FEMEN activists, supported by DJ HELL participate in a '//Ukraine is not a Brothel!//' protest in Kiev's Independence Square against sex tourism and prostitution.

2009 - 27-year-old Chilean anarchist Mauricio Morales is killed early this morning as the bomb he was transporting in a planned attack on the Prison Guards' School in downtown Santiago prematurely explodes. [news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20090523013528979] || The date marks the anniversary of the widespread strikes and protests that shut down Kingston on May 23, 1938, after police attacked workers on strike over wages and working conditions at the Frome sugar factory, killing four people and arresting 109 others. [jis.gov.jm/features/labour-day-dignity-community-solidarity/ www.javavillas.org/index.php/about-us/news/item/374-the-origin-of-labour-day-in-jamaica]
 * = 23 || [F] __May 23__ - Labour Day in Jamaica.

[A] 1701 - Captain William Kidd is hanged for piracy and murder.

1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: The Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot' spreads to the nearby city of Ely in Cambridgeshire. [see: May 22] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]

1855 - Isabella Ormston Ford (d. 1924), British author, lecturer, suffragist and social reformer, member of the national administrative council of the Independent Labour Party and anti-war campaigner, born. After becoming concerned with the rights of female mill workers at an early age, Ford became involved with trade union organisation in the 1880s. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Ford spartacus-educational.com/Wford.htm fwsablog.org.uk/2013/08/12/isabella-ormston-ford/]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The 'Bloody Week' continues, the citizens of the Paris Commune are bathed in blood by the troops of Thiers. The Comité de Salut Public and the Comité central de la Garde Nationale put out calls to the Versailles troops to fraternise with the Communards. These fall on deaf ears. Montmartre falls with little resistance and, according to Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray's '//Histoire de la Commune de 1871//' (1896), forty-two men, three women and four children are randomly chosen from the citizens and taken to the wall in the Rue des Rosiers at which the generals Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas and Claude Lecomte were executed on March 18, forced to kneel bareheaded and shot. At the barricade on Chaussée Clignancourt, defended in part by a battalion of about thirty women, including Louise Michel, the later is seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. She survived and surrendered the following day to the army, fearing that her mother would be arrested in her stead. Elsewhere, the resistance to the government invasion continued in the Panthéon, in the rues de l'Université, Saint-Dominique, Vavin, de Rennes and at the Gare de l'Est. Versailles troops now occupy l'Opéra, the faubourg Montmartre and the Concorde, they reach the Observatoire and carry out mass executions in Montmartre, the Parc Monceau and at the Madeleine. Major fires break out at several Parisian monuments, including the Tuileries Palace which had been doused with oil and tar and ordered set on fire by the commander of the garrison, Jules Bergeret. The fire lasted 48 hours and gutted the palace, except for the southernmost part, the Pavillon de Flore. Some public buildings including those near the Rue Royale, the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, on the Rue Saint-Florentin, Rue de Rivoli, Rue de Bac and Rue de Lille, were targetted by the Garde Nationale but many others were set on fire by the French army artillery fire. In the evening, the Pantheon quarter falls into the hands of Versailles. One significant casualty is Gustave Chaudey, a lawyer and member of the International, who had defended Pierre-Joseph Proudhon at his trial in 1858 following the publication of '//De la justice dans la Révolution et dans l'Église//'. As deputy mayor of Paris' 9th arrondissement, he had ordered troops to suppress the riots on January 22, 1871, at the Hôtel de Ville following the capitulation of the city to the Prussians, is taken from Sainte-Pelagie prison and executed by communards. Another was Jaroslaw Dombrowski, one of the military leaders of the Commune, is shot at the the foot of the barricade on the Rue Myrrha (Rue des Poissonniers), to the east of Montmartre as he prepares to lead a counter-offensive. Carried unconscious to the Hôtel de Ville, he dies several hours later. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaine_sanglante www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article3601 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Chaudey library.libertarian-labyrinth.org/items/show/2678 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslaw_Dombrowski http://passé-présent-futur-de-stéphane.com/documents-images-photos-sige-de-paris-la-commune.html]

1871 - Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra y Periz (b. 1798), Spanish anarchist, politician, economist, writer and botanist, dies. [see: Apr. 8]

[B] 1876 - Sanshiro Ishikawa (石川 三四郎; d. 1956), Japanese anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist theorist, historian, translator and novelist, born. Founded and became editor-in-chief of the magazine '//Shin Kigen//' (New Era; 1905-1906). The following year he became the director of both '//Sekai Fujin//' (Women in the World) and of the newspaper '//Heimin Shinbun//' (Newspaper of the Man of the People Society [Heimin Sha]). Arrested a number of times for his writings, he fled the government repression of radicals in 1911, arriving in Europe in 1913. Spending his time in Belgium and France he comes to know Edward Carpenter and Paul Reclus, spending time with them in England and Brussels respectively. He finally returns to Japan in 1920 and founds an anarchist group and a newspaper, '//Kokusen//'. His anarcho-syndicalism however divides Japanese anarchist and in 1927 he co-founds the Society of Mutual Education and the magazine '//Dinamikku//' (Dynamic), translating and publishing the works of Kropotkin and penning countless articles. In 1946 he takes part in the founding of the Japanese Anarchist League and its official organ, '//Heimin Shinbun//'. Author of the anarchist utopia '//Go-ju Nen ato no Nihon//' (Japan Fifty Years Later; c. 1946): "He imagined Japanese society organised on a co-operative basis (with Proudhonist mutual exchange banks) to enable each individual to live a life of artistic creation. His celebration of nudity reflected Carpenter's influence, but the idea of retaining the Japanese emperor as the symbol of communal affection was his very own." [Peter Marshall - '//Demanding the Impossible. A History of Anarchism//' (1992/2008)] [militants-anarchistes.info/?article2772 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/石川三四郎 wikipedia.qwika.com/ja2en/石川三四郎 www.ne.jp/asahi/kaze/kaze/isikawa.html hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8479/1/HJsoc0060100010.pdf buggstories.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/2-anarchists-gold-book-sanshiro-ishikawa-saitama-giappone-23051876-28111956/]

1885 - The first issue of the fortnightly newspaper '//Ni Dieu Ni Maitre//', "organe communiste anarchiste", is published in Brussels. Banned in France, the newspaper is published until May 1886, and is then replaced by '//La Guerre Sociale//'.

1887 - Felipe Alaiz de Pablo (d. 1959), Spanish individualist anarchist and journalist, born. Director of Revista de Aragon, writer for '//El Sol de Madrid//', '//Heraldo de Aragon//' and '//La Revista Blanca//'. Published novels, translations and works on anarchism. Died in exile in France. [www.elpasajero.com/alaiz.htm puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3435-felipe-alaiz-de-pablo-periodista-escritor-y-militante-anarquista.html]

1906 - [O.S. May 7] __Project 104 [проект 104-х__]: In the Duma, the Trudoviks faction (Трудова́я гру́ппа), 104 people, proposed a bill providing for the formation of "public land fund" from which land is to be allocate land for use by the landless and land-hungry peasants, as well as the confiscation of land from the landowners. [www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/chrest/x6_5_18.html www.ngpedia.ru/id651258p3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

1908 - Annemarie 'Miro' Schwarzenbach (Annemarie Minna Renée Schwarzenbach; d. 1942), bisexual Swiss-German writer, journalist, photographer, traveller, anti-fascist and androgynous style icon, born. Fiercely anti-fascist, she helped Klaus Mann finance an anti-Fascist literary review, '//Die Sammlung//', after coming under pressure from her family, many of whom were Nazi sympathisers, to drop her Jewish friends. This resulted in a suicide attempt, which caused a scandal among her family and their conservative circle in Switzerland. In 1937 and 1938 her photographs documented the rise of Fascism in Europe. She visited Austria and Czechoslovakia. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schwarzenbach nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schwarzenbach www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/annemarie-schwarzenbach/ www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-writer-s-life-was-stranger-than-fiction/1015688]

1909 - NY Police break up Emma Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming she did not follow the subject of her lecture on '//Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama//'; two arrests made.

[E] 1914 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Militant suffragette and Head of Operations for the WSPU in London Grace Roe is arrested during a police raid of the union's Lincoln's Inn House headquarters in Kingsway, London, and charged with conspiracy. She immediately goes on hunger strike and is force-fed. [spartacus-educational.com/Wroe.htm womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?tag=grace-roe womanandhersphere.com/2012/12/17/christmas-list-for-suffragettes/grace-roe-3/]

[C] 1928 - To protest the Italian dictatorship, the anarchists Severino Di Giovanni and the Scarfó brothers explode a bomb at the Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires, killing 9 fascists and wounding 34.

1934 - In the Battle of Toledo, 10,000 strikers at Ohio's Auto-Lite plant drive away police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Lite_strike]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Following yesterday's teargassing by police, the 15,000 protesting coal miners are now joined by their wives, children and the press. The strikers hold up signs saying "Nous voulons du pain pour nos enfants, pas des bombes lacrymogènes" (We want bread for our children, not teargas bombs), and denounce the five Socialist members of the Van Zeeland cabinet as traitors. That same day, fifteen miners quit a hunger strike at the suggestion of their colleagues. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: Against a backdrop of the widespread electoral success of fascist parties across Europe, in Belgium trade unions and socialist organisations had been carrying out popagnda tours ahead of the May 24th election, which would eventually see the far right VNV (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond / Flemish National Alliance) receive 7.1% of the votes under the name Vlaamsch Nationale Blok. At the end of one such meeting on the night of May 22-23 in Antwerp, a group of socialist militants had been told that fascists from the fascist groupuscule De Realisten were attacking the Union Belge des Ouvriers du Transport / Belgische Transportarbeidersbond local in the Paardenmarkt and had set fire to a union banner. Four of the fascists were intercepted in the Italiëlei sticking up poster and when Albert Pot, the head of propaganda for the Jeunesse Syndicale, challenged one of the fascists, he drew a revolver and shot Pol twice. Pol died en route to hospital. The remaining anti-fascists gave chase and, close to the Opera, Theophiel Grijp, a member of the Conseil de la Ligue des Travailleurs in the city's port, was shot in the neck by the same gunman. He too died en route to hospital. A passing customs officer challenged and disarmed the gunman, holding the four fascists until the police arrived. The killer Jean Awouters, a leader and candidate for De Realisten, was later sentenced to twelve years in prison, reduced to eight years on appeal. May 26, 1936, the day of the funeral of Albert Pot and Theophiel Grijp, became a general protest day against fascism. A week later, a general strike began in the port of Antwerp, which went on to become the largest general strike the country had known. The strike would eventually end with a number historical social gains for the workers, such as wage increases of 7 to 8%, the introduction of a statutory minimum wage, a minimum 6 days of paid leave per year, and a forty-hour week was introduced in the country's port and mines. [www.grafzerkje.be/nieuwsbrief/63/artikel/26 aff.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/30/75-ja.html solidaire.org/articles/la-greve-de-1936-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fonde-la-securite-sociale nl.marxisme.be/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/mv16belgie.pdf]

[F] 1938 - During widespread strikes and protests that shut down Kingston, police attack workers on strike over wages and working conditions at the Frome sugar factory, killing four people and arresting 109 others. [jis.gov.jm/features/labour-day-dignity-community-solidarity/ www.javavillas.org/index.php/about-us/news/item/374-the-origin-of-labour-day-in-jamaica]

1940 - Mexicans led by David Siqueiros attack Trotsky's villa with machine guns. Trotsky is not injured.

1940 - Oswald Mosley, along with his wife Diana and 747 other BU members, is arrested and interned without charge. A number of Fascists were eventually moved to camps on the Isle of Man where they were housed in segregated camps, separate from those interned as "enemy aliens", but Mosley remained in Brixton prison, as the authorities were concerned that his oratory might whip up disaffection on the Isle of Man. [ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=714 www.oswaldmosley.net/internment.php www.oswaldmosley.com/downloads/18b Detainees List.pdf]

1947 - Yasumochi Yoshi(ko) (やすもちよしこ) (Ono Yoshi [小野ヨシ]; b. 1885), Japanese haiku poet, feminist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜 ebisu.revues.org/569?lang=en#bodyftn33]

1956 - Anti-fascist //guerrillero// Francisco Sabaté (//El Quico//) and a companion rob the Central Bank in the Calle Fusina.

1961 - Adela Pankhurst (Adela Constantia Mary Pankhurst; b. 1885), British-Australian suffragette, political organiser, and co-founder of both the Communist Party of Australia and the proto-fascist Australia First Movement, dies. [see: Jun. 19]

1965 - Following the declaration of a general strike by the Central Obrera Boliviana on the 16th and the siezure of the mines by the workers, the military junta declares (in Decree Law No. 7181 of May 23, 1965) all Corporación Minera de Bolivia establishments to be military zones under the provisions of the Military Penal Code, thereby legitimising the use of armed force in the seizing back control of the mines from the occupying workers and the crushing of the general strike. [www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-ley-7181-del-23-mayo-1965/ www.masas.nu/historia del movimiento obrero boliviano/tomo 6/cap 2 los acontecimientos de mayo.pdf www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2898957,es www.laizquierdadiario.com/spip.php?page=gacetilla-articulo&id_article=42716 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lechín_Oquendo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Sindical_de_Trabajadores_Mineros_de_Bolivia es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana]

1968 - __Mai '68__: New confrontations with the Latin Quarter, between students and CRS with government attempts to shut down or muzzle radio stations.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo__]: A massive strike takes place in Rosario and the nearby Industrial Corridor. Blanco's funeral is attended by more than 7,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1974 - Maria Soledad Rosas (d. 1998), Argentinian anarchist militant and member of the Italian squatter movement, took her own life in the wake of the self-inflicted death of her partner Edoardo Massari aka 'Baleno' whilst they awaited trial (along with their comrade Silvano Pelissero) on absurd charges of "terrorist association" in connection with the NO TAV campaign, born. Arrested, along with Silvano Pelissero and Edoardo Massari, on March 5, 1974 by Italian police on serious charges of subversive association for the purpose of constituting an armed gang, they are accused of various cases of direct action linked to the popular struggle against the construction of the High Speed Train Project (TAV) through the Val Di Susa in Piemonte. Edoardo Massari, a 38-year-old anarchist from Ivrea, died in the Vallette prison in Turin on March 28, 1998. The authorities claim that he had hanged himself with a bed sheet. Maria Soledad Rosas, would go on to hang herself, choosing the same weekday and time to die as her partner and comrade Eduardo. The surviving prisoner, Silvano Pelissero, undertook a month long hungerstrike until on July 22, 1998 he was finally transferred from the maximum security prison of Novara to house arrest. On January 31, 2000, he was sentenced to six years and 10 months. On appeal in Jan. 2001 his sentence was reduced by 9 months but on in Nov. 2001 the Court of Cassation in Rome invalidate the main charge (of terrorist activity with subversive purposes). Released in Mar. 2002, the Court of Cassation in Rome in the end reduces Silvano's penalty to 3 years and 10 months. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0503.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Rosas ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Soledad_Rosas ita.anarchopedia.org/Edoardo_Massari ita.anarchopedia.org/Silvano_Pelissero www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2014/06/17/soledad-rosas-una-flor-anarquista/ www.prenser.com/3407/Amor_y_AnarquiaLa_historia_de_Soledad.html insumiseria.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/amor-y-anarqua-la-vida-de-soledad-rosas.html]

1976 - 1,000 anti-fascist demonstrators are greeted with abuse by large numbers of Blackburn people, while a smaller National Party demonstration which follows is applauded and cheered. As Bill Ward, North-West Organiser of the Communist Party, expressed it: "The atmosphere in the town is terrifying. Blackburn is fast-becoming the Alabama of this country". ['//Morning Star//', May 24th. ,1976; p.3] [ml-review.ca/aml/CommunistLeague/All4-fascism93.htm]

1981 - 10,000 protesters in Coventry take part in a march against racist attacks, and in particualr the murder of Satnam Singh Gill the week before, from the Foleshill area of the city to the Cathedral in a demonstration organised by the Coventry Committee Against Racism. The NF and BM hold a much smaller counter-demonstration resulting in a series of clashes between anti-fascists and assorted skinheads and racists reslting in 74 arrests. [www.connectinghistories.org.uk/Downloads (pdfs etc)/MS2142.pdf www.leeds.ac.uk/sociology/people/pbdocs/Bradfordriot.doc]

1982 - In London 10,000 march against the Falklands War.

[D] 1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Looting of supermarkets breaks out in Córdoba [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2006 - Iordan Chimet (b. 1924), Romanian poet, children's writer and essayist, critic and historian of art, cinema, screenwriter and translator, whose work was inspired by Surrealism and Onirism, dies. [see: Nov. 18]

2008 - Utah Phillips (b. 1935), US anarchist, labour organiser, Wobbly, protest poet and folk singer, dies. “//The state can't give you freedom, and the state can't take it away. You're born with it, like your eyes, like your ears. Freedom is something you assume, then you wait for someone to try to take it away. The degree to which you resist is the degree to which you are free...//” || [mskgent.be/upload/pdf/gericault/Les_femmes_et_revolutions_defv1_fr.pdf fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmes_sous_la_Révolution_française]
 * = 24 || [E] 1795 - During the French Revolution, the Convention passes a decrees prohibiting public gatherings of more than five women on pain of arrest as part of the wider attempt to crush the popular movement. Women were seen to be too radical, too confrontational and they were now effectively banned from the streets and largely from political engagement, a situation that would soon be enshrined in the Code Napoléon.

1816 - __Ely and Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot'__: Troops of the 1st The Royal Dragoons and the Royston troop of volunteer yeomanry cavalry restore order in Ely and Littleport. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816]

1864 - Zo D'Axa aka Alphonse Gallaud de la Pérouse (d. 1930), French lampoonist, publisher, writer, adventurer and anarchist propagandist, born. Published '//La Feuille//' and '//L'EnDehors//' magazines, and ran as an ass called Nul in the 1898 elections, causing mass street brawls. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/charles-jacquier-zo-d-axa-pamphleteer-and-libertarian-journalist artetanarchie.com/auteurs.htm]

[B] 1869 - Ivan Aguéli (John Gustaf Agelii; d. 1917), Swedish anarchist, animal rights activist, painter and Sufi, born. Travelled to Paris in 1890 to study art and becomes the student of the Symbolist painter Émile Bernard. Before returning to Sweden in 1890 he made a detour to London, where he met the Russian anarchist scholar Prince Kropotkin. Returning to Paris in 1892, where he met Marie Huot (1846-1930), the French poet, writer, feminist and animal rights activist, and became involved in anarchist circles and is arrested and involved in the Procès des Trente in 1984. Acquitted, he left France for Egypt and, upon returning to Paris in 1898, he converts to Islam, taking the name Abd al-Hadi. Following a trip to Ceylon, he returns to France and is active in Anarchist and Dreyfusard circles of Paris. At a bullfight outside of Paris, Aguéli shoots and wounds a bullfighter. A Symbolist and Neo-Impressionist influenced artist, he was also an art critic who was an early champion of Picasso's Cubism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aguéli fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aguéli www.ivanagueli.com/ aguelimuseet.se/om-agueli/?lang=en www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/klee-agueli/biografi-ivan-agueli/]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: Many of yesterday's fires, which had been set by guardsmen led by Paul Brunel, one of the original leaders of the Commune, continue to burn. At two in the morning, Brunel and his men make their way to the Hôtel de Ville, headquarters of the Conseil de la Commune and then full of the wounded from the defence of the city, with orders from Jean-Louis Pindy [a member of the anarchist minority faction on the Commune Council that had signed the May 15 déclaration de la minorité denouncing the dictatorship of the Comité de Salut Public (Public Saferty Committee): "La Commune de Paris a abdiqué son pouvoir entre les mains d'une dictature à laquelle elle a donné le nom de Salut public" (The Paris Commune has abdicated its power in the hands of a dictatorship to which she gave the name of public safety)] to evacuate the building and torch it. The final order for evacuation was given by the Council's chief executive, Louis Charles Delescluze, a journalist with no military experience, who had been made the Commune's military commander (délégué à la Guerre) on May 11, and Brunel's men set it on fire. At the same time, the Blanquist Théophile Ferré, a member of the Comité de Salut Public and the Commune's newly appointed prosecutor, ordered the same fate for the Préfecture de police and Palais de Justice, thereby destroying one of France's major archives of the period. At dawn the battle recommenced. Much of the Gardes Nationaux had disintigrated and are now fleeing the city, leaving between 10,000 and 15,000 Communards to defend the barricades. Government forces now occupy the Banque de France, the Palais-Royal, the Louvre, the Rue d’Assas and Notre-Dame des Champs. The Latin Quarter comes under attack and is taken that night, with around 700 of its defenders being executed in the Rue Saint-Jacques. The Luxembourg arms depot is hit by French Army artillery and blows up. At the end of the day, the Communards had also lost control of the 9th, 12th, 19th and 20th arrondissements, plus some sections of the 3rd, 5th and 13th (the Butte-aux-Cailles). The government side continues its repression, as informal military courts are established at the École Polytechnique, Chatelet, the Luxembourg Palace, Parc Monceau, and other locations around Paris. The hands of captured prisoners, both suspected Communards and Gardes Nationales, are examined to see if they have fired weapons. So identified, their names are taken and the sentence is pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers. The prisoners are then taken out and immediately shot. In a desperate and futile attempt at mounting some sort of retaliation against the government atrocities, Gardes Nationaux and some Communards carried out their own executions. A delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Comité de Salut Public, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the hôtel de ville of the 11th arrondissment and demanded the immediate execution of the "hostages of the people of Paris", arrested at the beginning of April in the hope of using as hostages in an exchange for Louis-Auguste Blanqui, the honourary President of the Commune, who had been arrested by the French government on March 15, and was currently being held at La Roquette prison. Théophile Ferré wrote out the orders ['Order to the Citizen Director of La Roquette to execute six hostages'] and Genton and his firing squad went to La Roquette. There he choose six names, including Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris, and three Jesuit priests. However, the director of the prison refused to release Darboy with a specific order from the Commune. Genton was forced to send back to Ferré for this 'official permission', with Ferré adding "and especially the archbishop" at the bottom of the original order. The six hostages were then taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot. Both Ferré and Genton would themselves would later be executed for their roles in the killing of the hostages.

[D] 1885 - [ERROR]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Strikers seize the Strong mine on Battle Mountain, which overlooked the town of Victor. The next day, at about 09:00, 125 deputies arrived in Altman and set up camp at the base of Bull Hill. As they started to march toward the strikers' camp, miners at the Strong mine blew up the shafthouse, hurling the structure more than 300 feet into the air. A few moments later, the steam boiler was also dynamited, showering the deputies with timber, iron and cable. The deputies fled to the rail station and left town. [see: Feb. 7] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1895 - Marcel Janco (d. 1984), anarchist-influenced Romanian and Israeli visual artist, architect and art theorist, born. Known originally for his time with Dada but whose work embraced a wide range of artistic schools including post-Impressionism, Expressionisn, Constructivism and Futurism, he was also instrumental for forming other arts collectives including Das Neue Leben and the Romanian political and arts magazine '//Contimporanul//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Janco sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/janco.htm jancodada.co.il/pages.asp?id=175&lan=100 www.ein-hod.org/en/museum.asp]

1901 - Arvid Harnack (d. 1942), German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, who was executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. [see: Dec. 22]

1905 - [O.S. May 11] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: About 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives hold three meetings in Moscow (May 24-25), which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level.

1905 - [O.S. May 11] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A second meeting of RSDLP members is held in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), attended by representatives of more than 50 factories. It decides to begin a general strike tomorrow. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1907 - The second lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of '//Mother Earth//', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles, '//The Building of True Character//', takes place at Burbank Hall. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1912 - [O.S. May 10] Olga Bancic (Golda Bancic; also known by her French nom de guerre 'Pierrette'; d. 1944), Romanian communist activist, anti-fascist militant and heroine of the French Résistance during the Nazi occupation of France, born in Chişinău, Bessarabia. At the age of 12 she was already working in a mattress factory and, in 1926, she joined the local labour movement, participating in a strike during which she was arrested and beaten. In 1932 she joined the youth organisation of the Partidul Comunist Român and, during this period, she was arrested so many times that she started to consider arrest as an occupational hazard. In 1933, she was arrested for participating in an unauthorised demonstration in Bucharest, where she now lived, and spent a couple of months in Mislea women's prison. In 1938, she went to France, where she helped French leftists smuggling weapons to the Republican brigades in Spain fighting against fascism. Shortly before the outbreak of WWII, Bancic gave birth to Dolores (named in honour of Dolores Ibárruri, La Pasionaria), her daughter with Alexandru Jar. She left her child in the care of a French family following the start of German occupation and, adopting the nom de guerre 'Pierrette', joined the Paris-based Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée, first in the group led by Boris Golban (Bureh Bruhman) and then in that of Missak Manouchian. There she took part in about 100 sabotage acts against the Wehrmacht, and was personally involved in the manufacture and transport of explosives. On November 6, 1943, she was arrested in Paris by the Brigades Spéciales (BS2) as 68 FTP-MOI members were swept up. Horribly tortured, she refused to give up her comrades. After the arrest of the Manouchian Group, the Gestapo published their notorious l'Affiche Rouge' propaganda posters, depicting its members, Bancic included, as "terrorists". On February 21, 1944, she, Manouchian, and 21 others were sentenced to death. All the male defendants were executed later that day at Fort Mont-Valérien. However, since a law prevented women from being executed on French soil,Bancic, the only female in the Group, was deported to Stuttgart and decapitated with an axe in the local prison's courtyard on the (Julian calendar) date of her 32nd birthday. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bancic ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Банчик,_Ольга]

1915 - Ramón Garrido Vidal, aka León Carrero Mestre (d. 1995), Galician anti-fascist guerrilla interned at Argeles and Dachau, born.

1920 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Adolfo de la Huerta, Gov. of Sonora is made interim president.

1920 - Amadeo Ramón Valledor (aka 'El Asturiano' and 'Ramón'; d. 1963), Spanish miner militant anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian anti-fascist fighter, born. Member of the CNT, as were his brothers and father, Amadeo Ramón Chachón. Following the fascist coup of July 1936, he managed to escape and arrived in Asturias. Following the deafeat on the Gijón Front, he and a number of comrades were captured whilst trying to escape by boat. Tried, he received a harsh prison sentence. On the night of 25-26 December 1942, he and others members of the 'Minas de Moro' Society managed to escape from the prison mines at Fabero (Lleó), joining the guerrilla group organised by his cousín Serafín Fernández Ramón (O Santeiro). [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ramonvalledor/ramonvalledor.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6719 landeramemoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/18-de-julio-de-1936-comienza-la.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/biografia.html]

1921 - Beginning of the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti.

1922 - Juan Portales Casamar (d. 1973), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born into a libertarian family. From an early age, he particiapted, like his brothers and his sister Suceso, in the clandestine struggle with the Andalusian Juventuedes Libertarias (JJLL). In February 1944, during a regional plenum held by the CNT in Seville, he was appointed to the Andalusian Regional Committee of the CNT. From January 1947, he was, with his brother Luis, a member of the Fédération Ibérique des Jeunesses Libertaires (FIJL) and was especially responsible for the distribution of the underground newspapers '//Juventud Libr//e' (FIJL) and '//Tierra y Libertad//' (FAI) - getting paper to the clandestine printing press in the Madrid house of Juan Gomez Casas and then preparing shipments to various regional organisation. He was also defence secretary of the Comitè Peninsular. At the end of 1947, he was arrested in Madrid along with Liberto Sarrau, as was Gómez Casas together with his printing press. The arrest of Gómez Casas was considered by some to be the result of an act of betrayal and that he was 'allowed' to escape in return for information on the printing press. In France he maintained his links with the Peninsular Committee of FIJL and was one of the founders of the Regional Federation of the CNT in Cachan. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6514]

[F] 1925 - The Nihon Rōdō Kumiai Hyōgikai (日本労働組合評議会 / Council of Labour Unions of Japan), a communist-dominated trade union centre, is founded at a conference [May 24-27, 1925] in Kobe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyōgikai ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本労働組合評議会]

1926 - The founding conference of the Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Jiyû Rengôkaii (the All~]apan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions - Zenkoku Jiren for short) takes place in Tokyo. Attended by some 400 delegates, representing 8,372 workers from 25 unions, Zenkoku Jiren was the anarchist answer to the social-democratic Sôdômei and the Communist Party’s Hyôgikai union federations. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenjiren libcom.org/library/anarchist-movement-japan-2 libcom.org/history/anarcho-syndicalism-japan-1911-1934-philippe-pelletier flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/texts/war/japan.html]

1928 - Louis Ségeral (d. 1988), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, engineer, Résistance fighter, poet, painter and novelist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5111 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2405.html]

1936 - __Accords Matignon__: With a total lack of press coverage, including in the workers' press, of the strikes earlier in the month, page five of the day's issue of '//L'Humanité//' that was handed out to some of the 600,000 demonstrators at the annual 'mur des Fédérés' march to the cimetière du Père-Lachaise carries an evocation of "une belle série de victoires dans les usines d'aviation" (a beautiful series of victories in the aviation factories). The following week, a first wave of strikes affects the aviation and automobile factories in the Paris region. The strikes wave would force the Front Populaire government of Léon Blum, formed on June 4, to immediately seek an accord with the unions. [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm communication-ccas.fr/journal/manifestation-du-24-mai-1936-vers-la-greve-generale/ www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: In Belgium, the result of the elections clearly shows the rise in popularity of the fascist parties. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-minimum-wage-paid-vacations-40-hour-work-week-and-union-rights-1936]

1937 - "On May 24 of this year two persons, accompanied by the Communist mayor, appeared at the home of [Francisco] González Moreno, secretary of the C.N.T. of Mascaraque, and told Moreno that they were messengers from the Lister Brigade and were under orders to arrest him and take him to the city of Mora de Toledo. Moreno at first refused to obey the order, until the Communist mayor of Mascaraque promised to accompany him. But when Moreno had climbed into the waiting auto, the mayor calmly walked off. Next day Moreno was shot behind the Christ Church in Mora de Toledo. In this case there was involved just an ordinary act of revenge, for Moreno, who had formerly been a member of the Communist Party, had left it to join the C.N.T. '//Solidaridad Obrera//', from which we take this account, commented: "Including this new victim there have now been sixty people murdered in Mora de Toledo. Among them were men and women who had done nothing except to belong to the C.N.T. and to condemn the criminal acts of the Communists which kept the neighborhood in terror. Such horrors are not to be explained by the antagonism of different political convictions, nor even by the lust for power of certain advocates of revolution. The perpetrators of crimes so base are simply provocateurs in the service of Fascism. We demand the punishment of the guilty persons. Those in responsible positions in our organization have always admonished the comrades to dignity and self-control. Now, however, we feel ourselves obliged to bring the horrible crimes which threaten to plunge anti-Fascist Spain into a fraternal war to the knowledge of the public, so that the Spanish people may know who are the real provocateurs among the working class." ('//Solidaridad Obrera//', July 1, 1937.)" [Rudolf Rocker - '//The Tragedy of Spain//' (1937)] [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy.html angelmanuel-gonzalezfernandez.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/los-asesinatos-de-enrique-lister-jesus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Líster [haigography] www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1938/revolution-spain/ch14.htm insurgentnotes.com/2013/10/the-spanish-revolution-past-and-future/ navioanarquico.org/index.php/sangre/represion/all/0]

[C] 1943 - In Bulgaria a march against anti-Semitism leads to stop in Jewish deportations.

1943 - A group of sixteen Jewish teenagers organised by Judith Nowogrodzka, 35, a Communist partisan whose husband Moses had been killed in a Nazi massacre in 1941, escaped from the Bialystok Ghetto. Unable to leave herself, the group, led by Szymon Datner, a teacher, is forced to return to the ghetto the very night they escaped, but succeeded in leaving again and reaching the forests on June 3. They went on to fight as partisans, at first alone and then with units from the Red Army, until the war’s conclusion. Datner survived the war to become an historian specialising in Nazi war crimes in eastern Poland; he died in Warsaw in 1989. Judith Nowogrodzka, who stayed in the ghetto to continue to organise escapes, died in the uprising that was launched in Bialystok on August 16, 1943.

1959 - A week after the murder of Kelso Cochrane in Notting Hill, the White Defense League and the National Labour Party hold a joint rally called 'Stop the Coloured Invasion' in Trafalgar Square.

1962 - __Vaga Minaire d'Astúries / Huelga Minera de Asturias [Asturian Miners' Strike__]: The Boletín Oficial del Estado in Spain announces that the demands of striking coal miners had been acceded to by the Franco regime. [see: Apr. 7 & Jun. 5]

[FF] 1965 - A strike (May 24 to June 12) at Courtaulds Red Scar Mill in Ribbleton, Preston beaks out at the rayon spinning mill. Led by the Indian Workers Association (IWA) and involving Indian, Pakistani and African-Caribbean workers. It would be the first significant postwar strike by black workers in Britian as action was taken over the management's decision to force Asian workers (who were concentrated with a few West Indians in one area of the labour process) to work more machines for less pay. The strike was not successful but exposed the active collaboration of white workers, local (TGWU) union officials and management against the black workers. [libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ www.marxists.org/archive/foot-paul/1973/xx/racism.html www.k-solutionsgroup.org.uk/downloads/connect-connects-project/cotton-connects-booklet.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/publications/pdfs/Policy Papers in Ethnic Relations/PolicyP No.5.pdf]

1968 - __Mai '68__: By today – barely two weeks after the great demonstration of May 13 – approximately 10 million workers are on strike. Immense demonstrations continue to occur, while the government plans to call out the army. In the evening battles break out in the streets and on the barricades near the Lyon Station in the Latin Quarter. In the provincial towns street fights break out. De Gaulle goes on TV to announce a referendum. Overnight rioting in Paris sees 795 arrests, and 456 injured. An attempt to torch the Bourse is made. Other incidents throughout France; a Commissaire de Police is killed in Lyon by a truck. Committees for the Defense of the Republic (CDR) are launched.

1971 - Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいちょう) (Hiratsuka Haru [平塚 明]; b. 1886), Japanese writer, journalist, political activist, anarchist and pioneer of feminism in Japan, who founded the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [see: Feb. 10]

1972 - Irmgard Möller and Angela Luther drive two cars full of explosives into the United States Military Intelligence Headquarters (G-2), (HQ USAREUR), at Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg. [expand] [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1975 - A peaceful picket of around 300 anti-fascists trying to stop the NF holding a meeting in Glasgow's Kingston Hall is attacked by 100 truncheon-wielding cops sing 'Flower of Scotland' as they waded into the crowd trying to clear a path for a fascist saluting John Kinsgsley Read, chair of the NF. Sixty-five anti-fascists are arrested, and many were subsequently acquitted when their cases came to court. The police claimed that 18 officers had been treated for injuries but hospital records show not a single admittance. {PR] [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1975/jul/09/national-front-meeting-glasgow]

[A] 1978 - Iris Mills and Ronan Bennett are arrested in Bayswater. They, together with Vince Stevenson, Trevor Dawton, Dafydd Ladd and Stewart Carr are collectively charged with conspiracy in what becomes known as the 'Persons Unknown' case.

1981 - First International Women's Day for Disarmament.

1982 - Over 200,000 people participate in massive anti-nuclear demonstration in Tokyo.

1986 - Cinta Blanch (b. 1905), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was one of the pillars of the Aldover agricultural community during the Spanish Revolution along with her partner Agustí Pons, her brother Joan Blanc and other comrades, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2405.html]

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Supermarket looting spreads to Rosario [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2007 - Pura López Mingorance (Purificación López Mingorance; b. 1920), Catalan anarchist, dies. Following the fascist uprising of July 1936, her father, Manuel López López, and brother, Miguel López Mingorance, were shot by the Francoists and she herself was imprisoned. Her other brother, Germinal López Mingorance, was shot in 1945 in Grenada. In December 1946, she was arrested in Barcelona in a raid against the clandestine press of '//Ruta//', run by her comrade Francisco López Ibáñez. She later had a relationship with the prominent underground militant Manuel Fernández Rodríguez. In 2004, she applied to various institutions about possible exhumation and reburial of her brother and father, who were executed and buried in a mass grave in the ravine of El Carrizal, in the Granadan town of Granadan Órgiva, but received no responses. In 2010, her testimony was included in Eulàlia Vega's book '//Pioneras y revolucionarias. Mujeres libertarias durante la República, la Guerra Civil y el Franquismo//' (Pioneras and revolutionaries. Libertarias Women during the Republic, Civil War and Franchoism). [www.estelnegre.org/documents/lopezmingorance/lopezmingorance.html]

2013 - The last resident of the Ubica squated social centre in Utrecht, which had been in existence for 21 years, is removed by riot cops at 23:00, 2 days before the court-ordered deadline of May 27. [en.squat.net/2013/05/26/utrecht-netherlands-eviction-ubica/ en.contrainfo.espiv.net/2013/05/27/netherlands-a-report-on-the-eviction-of-ubica-squat/] || Master shoemakers took the matter to court, and on November 1, 1805, a Philadelphia grand jury indicted eight journeymen on charges of combination and criminal conspiracy to violate English Common Law that banned schemes to force wage increases. The trial, officially known as Commonwealth v. Pullis, began March 2, 1806, in the Mayor’s Court and became a political contest between Federalist aristocracy and Jeffersonian democracy. In a prosecution paid for by the employers (rather than the government), the eight were found guilty and fined eight dollars each. The law established in this case, that labour unions are illegal conspiracies, would remain until another case in 1842, Commonwealth v. Hunt – also involving a strike by shoemakers – overturned the precedent set by Commonwealth v. Pullis. [philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cordwainers-trial-of-1806/ patrickmurfin.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/philadelphia-court-snuffed-one-of-first.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Pullis journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/30723/30478 socialistaction.org/2016/06/30/200-years-ago-journeymen-shoemakers-strike-in-philadelphia/]
 * = 25 || 1805 - In 1794 Philadelphia shoemakers had organised the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers in an effort to secure stable wages as shoemaking moved away from a craft indusrty to an industrialised one. Over the following decade, the union had managed to secure some wage increases, despite the employers' frequent use of scab workers. On May 25, 1805, officers of a local union of shoemakers were arrested in Philadelphia for leading a 'turn-out' (strike) for higher wages, one of the first such organised work stoppages in American history (they had organised one such 'turn-out' in 1799 that had failed and had in fact led to a general wage cut).

1809 - __Revolución de Chuquisaca [Chuquisaca Revolution__]: In the wake of the invasion of Spain by Napoleonic forces, the capture of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and the political machinations that followed, a popular uprising against the governor and intendant of Chuquisaca (today Sucre), Ramón García León de Pizarro, breaks out. The Real Audiencia of Charcas [Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas], an appellate court or chancellery, with support from the faculty of University of Saint Francis Xavier, deposed the governor and formed a governing junta. The revolution is known in Bolivia as the 'Primer grito libertario' (First libertarian scream), the first step in the Spanish American wars of independence (a description disputed by many historians). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuquisaca_Revolution es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Chuquisaca]

1810 - __Revolución de Mayo__: The resignation of the Spanish Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros as head of the newly formed government, the Primera Junta, marks the end of the Semana de Mayo and the beginning of the establishment of the republic of Argentina. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Mayo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution]

1858 - Paul Reclus (aka Georges Guyou) (d. 1941), French anarchist, engineer, professor, born.

[E] 1862 - Juana Azurduy de Padilla (Juana Azurduy Bermudez; b. 1780*), South American Mestizo guerrilla leader, who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence for emancipation the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, dies destitute and is buried in a mass grave. She was born on July 12, 1781 in the town of Toroca near Chuquisaca in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (now Sucre, Bolivia) to an Indian mother and a Spanish father. At the age of 12 she joined a convent to become a nun but proved to rebellious for the Sister and was expelled at the age of 17. In 1802 she married Manuel Ascencio Padilla and together they had five children. When the Revolución de Chuquisaca, now known as the Primer Grito Libertario de América (First Cry of Liberty in America), broke out in 1809 both Azurduy and Padilla immediately joined the revolutionary forces, fighting side by side in a guerrilla style war against the Spanish colonial authorities, up to 1825, when she was awarded a pension by Simón Bolívar. Along the way, she lost her husband during the Battle of La Laguna and assumed the command of the 6,000 or so guerrillas who formed the self-declared Republiqueta of La Laguna. Later, she was appointed to the position of commander of patriotic Northern Army of the Revolutionary Government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. With this army she was able to establish an insurrection zone, until the Spanish forces withdrew from the area. [NB Some sources give the year as 1781.]

1864 - The Loi Ollivier is passed, repealing the Loi Le Chapelier of June 14, 1791, thereby abolishing the 'Délit de Coalition' (the Offence of Coalition), which forbid workers' organisations, most notably trade guilds of the period, but also peasant and worker assemblies. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Ollivier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Le_Chapelier fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Délit_de_coalition]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: On the fifth day of the fighting inside Paris the Versailles government troops now hold 60% of the capital, with the Communards still holding out in the 11th, 12th, 19th and 20th arrondissements, and parts of the 3rd, 5th, and 13th. In the latter, fierce fighting is focused on the Butte-aux-Cailles where 1,500 gardes nationaux from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district under Walery Wroblewski, a Polish national exiled to France following the Polish uprising of 1863 and the Commune's commander of the fortifications between Ivry and Arcueil. Heavily outnumbered by the three divisions facing them, and already having been ordered during the morning to withdraw to the 11th arrondissement, Wroblewski and the national guardsmen are finally forced to abandon their positions mid afternoon despite their brave resistance. They withdraw to the barricade on Place Jeanne-d'Arc, where later in the day 700 of their number are taken prisoner. Visiting the new headquarters of the Commune at the hôtel de ville in the 11th arrondissment Wroblewski is offered command of the remaining Commune forces by Louis Charles Delescluze, the Commune's military commander (délégué à la Guerre). Wroblewski declines the offer, saying that he prefers to fight on as a private soldier. Which he did, surviving the fall of the Commune and escaping to London, where he joined the General Council of the International Workingmen's Association. Another focus of fierce fighting was the Place du Chateau d'Eau, where at about 19:00 an exhausted and dejected Delescluze, who refuses to be taken alive, in a final act of defiance climbs the barricade wearing his red sash of office and, showing himself to the besieging troops, is shot down. The repression being carried out by the invading forces continues unabated, with government troops now picking up the wounded in ambulances to feed the ever multiplying number of summary executions. Knowing their inevitable fate, the majority of the fédérés who had not fled the city and chose to remain defending the barricades, refused to surrender. In one such inciden at around 10:00 that morning the barricade on the Faubourg-Saint-Denis is outflanked and the seventeen remaining fédérés ordered to surrender. The gardes nationaux refuse and, barely having time to shout "Vive la Commune", are shot. In one notorious incident, five Dominicans monks from the college in Arcueil and nine of their employees who had been arrested on May 19, suspected of working for Versailles, are shot under confused circumstances in the Avenue d'Italie. Anti-Commune propagandists quickly seized on the event to blame the Communards with having deliberately executing them in an act of revenge. However, those historians more sympathetic to the Commune argue that they died as a result of the 'fog of war', caught up in the fighting around the Butte-aux-Cailles during their transfer to a safer prison. At the end of the day, the Bastille and the Chateau d'Eau still remain in the hands of the fédérés.

1871 - Ramón de la Sagra y Periz (b. 1798), Spanish anarchist, politician, writer and botanist, who founded the world's first anarchist journal, '//El Porvenir//' (The Future), dies (some sources say the 23rd).

1879 - Varban Kilifarski (d. 1923), Bulgarian anarchist, anti-militarist and libertarian teacher, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2923]

1885 - __La Bande Noire__: The second trial of the Bandes Noire opens at Chalon with around 30 in the dock. Eleven are eventually convicted with Gueslaff and Hériot being sentenced to 10 and 20 years of forced labour respectively. Brenin, abandoned by Thévénin and now insane, is sentenced to 5 years forced labour, commuted to 5 years imprisonment. The others get between 2 and 12 years. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71 raforum.info/dissertations/IMG/pdf/Annexes_de_GERMAIN-_Le_mouvement_anarchiste_en_Sao_ne-et-Loire_-_GERMAIN_Emmanuel-Marie.pdf]

1885 - At Père-Lachaise police bayonet charge an anniversary commemoration of the Commune inside the cemetry, whilst outside cavalry disperse demonstrators. 40 people are injured and 60 arrests are made.

1885 - The first of only two issues of the newspaper '//La Boje!: Grido dei Lavatori//' (Uprising!: Cry of the Workers) is published in in Vercelli (Piedmont, Italy).

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: At about 09:00, 125 deputies, thugs from Bowers' private army, arrived in Altman and set up camp at the base of Bull Hill. As they started to march toward the strikers' camp, miners at the Strong mine blew up the shafthouse, hurling the structure more than 300 feet into the air. A few moments later, the steam boiler was also dynamited, showering the deputies with timber, iron and cable. The deputies fled to the rail station and left town. A celebration broke out among the miners, who broke into liquor warehouses and saloons. That night, some of the miners loaded a flatcar with dynamite and attempted to roll it toward the deputies' camp. It overturned short of its goal and killed a cow. The following day, mine owners met again with Sheriff Bowers in Colorado City. The owners agreed to provide more funding to allow the sheriff to raise 1,200 additional deputies. Bowers quickly recruited men from all over the state, and established a camp for them in the town of Divide, about 12 miles away from Cripple Creek. Meanwhile, groups of armed men were forming in mining towns throughout Colorado, planning to march to Cripple Creek to support the strikers. At Rico, for instance, a hundred fully armed men seized a train and rode 100 miles toward Cripple Creek before they were stopped. In Colorado Springs, the mine-owners' citadel, rumors were widely believed that the city was about to be attacked. [see: Feb. 7] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1895 - Oscar Wilde sentenced to two years hard labour for "gross indecency".

1897 - Bram Stoker published the novel '//Dracula//'.

1900 - Francesco Carmagnola (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and labour organiser, born. Forced in 1922 into exile in Australia for his radical ideas and political record. Pivotal anarchist/anti-fascist in the Italian community in Australia, Carmagnola led the 1934 Canecutters' strike.

1901 - Founding congress of the Federación Obrera Argentine (FOA) is held in Buenos Aires. [today and tomorrow]

1905 - [O.S. May 12] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A strike breaks out amongst the textile workers in the Bolshevik stronghold of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), marking the start of a general strike that lasted 72 days and at its peak involved 70,000 workers. Only hunger forced the workers to be satisfied partial concessions entrepreneurs and resume work. Under the leadership of a Bolshevik group, headed by 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), that had taken the decision to strike yesterday, the strikers demand an eight-hour day, higher wages, abolition of fines, the elimination of the factory police, freedom of speech, of association, of the press, of strikes, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительного собрания ), and others. These events have resulted in the creation of the the first workers Soviet in Russian history. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1907 - The third lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of '//Mother Earth//', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles,'//Crimes of Parents and Educators//', takes place at the Naturopathic Hall. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Rioting in Mexico City. Porfirio Diaz resigns and boards the German liner Ypiranga. Foreign Minister Francisco Leon de la Barra becomes interim president. Diaz: "Madero has unleashed a tiger; let’s see if he can ride it." Diaz dies in Paris four years later.

1911 - André Renard (d. 1962), Belgian socialist, anti-fascist résistant, syndicalist and Wallonian activist, who was prominent in the 1960-61 Grève Générale de l'Hiver and founded the political ideology Renardisme, which combined elements of syndicalism with Walloon nationalism, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Renard_(syndicaliste) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Renard fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renardisme connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/merite/renard-andre]

1913 - Meeting Casa del Obrero Mundial in Mexico results in the arrests of Luis Méndez, Pioquinto Roldán, Jacinto Huitrón and deportation of José Santos Chocano, Eloy Armenta and José Collado.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railway Strike__]: The strike on the Réseau de l'État (State Network), and the federation finally calls for a country-wide resumption of work on May 28, 1920. The railwaymen would pay dearly for this failure: 400 militants were charged with conspiracy against the security of the State, and 20,000 workers sacked. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) lduvaux.free.fr/famille/gallerie/Le_Fur/greve1920.htm www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.marxists.org/francais/just/greve_ge/sjgg2.htm]

1923 - Karl Hess (d. 1994), US political philosopher, journalist, editor, tax resister, gun smuggler, atheist and libertarian activist, who was often described as the “most beloved libertarian" and vacilated between right-wing and leftist politics before embracing oxymoronic 'Free-market anarchism', born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hess www.theadvocates.org/libertarianism-101/libertarian-celebrities/karl-hess-2/ www.panarchy.org/hess/anarchism.html mises.org/daily/author/1350/]

1923 - Following the events surrounding the Plateau killing, an unemployed anarchist metalworker Georges-Lucien Taupin enters the offices of '//L'Action Française//' and fires a shot into the ceiling of the waiting room after trying to see the nationalist Charles Maurras. "This is a warning from the anarchists," he shouts, "We are always ready for the Action Française!"

[C] 1926 - Samuel Schwartzbard, a young Jewish anarchist poet and watchmaker, assassinates Simon Petliura (Petlyura) in Paris in revenge for the Ukraine pogroms of 1919-1920 against Jews (directed by Petliura, a rightwing nationalist and former Hetman of Ukrainian armies) and the murder of his own family members.

1932 - Anna Nikolayevna Shabanova (Анна Николаевна Шабанова; b. 1842), Russian doctor, radical, feminist and writer, dies. [see: Mar. 18]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: Employers in the city accepted many of the striker's demands and go on to worked through other issues with the help of mediators appointed by the governor. The strikers returned to work on May 25, but in a matter of weeks it became apparent that the employers were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Many union members were fired. Between May and July workers filed more than 700 cases of discrimination. The companies also refused to recognise their agreement to let the union organise inside workers. [see: May 16]

1937 - Francisco González Moreno (b. unknow), Secretary of the Sindicato Único de Oficios Varios of the CNT in Mascaraque (Toledo) and an ex-communist, is shot by members of the Lister Brigade (XLVI Brigada Mixta) behind the Christus Church in Mora de Toledo, the 60th CNT member to be executed by the Stalinist hatchetman Enrique Líster Forján and his troops. González Moreno had made a number of unsuccessful attempts at escape since his 'arrest' the previous day. [see: May 24] NB: Lister would go on to lead the attacks on the anarchist rural collectives in Aragon in August 1937, part of the Communist-dominated Generalitat's plans of erradicating all, especially anarchist, opposition to the PCE's domination of the Revolution. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy.html angelmanuel-gonzalezfernandez.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/los-asesinatos-de-enrique-lister-jesus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Líster [haigography] www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1938/revolution-spain/ch14.htm insurgentnotes.com/2013/10/the-spanish-revolution-past-and-future/ navioanarquico.org/index.php/sangre/represion/all/0]

1945 - Yanase Masamu (柳瀬正梦; b. 1900), Japanese manga artist and cartoonist, dies. [see: Jan. 12]

1948 - Concepción (Concha) Michel (b. 1899), Cuban pharmacist and revolutionary, who was the only woman to reach the rank of comandante in the Ejército Libertador Cubano during the 1895 Cuban Independence War, dies. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Sirvén_Pérez]

1954 - Robert Capa (Endre Friedmann; b. 1913), Hungarian combat photographer, photojournalist and anti-fascist, who covered five different wars, including the Spanish Revolution, dies. [see: Oct. 22]

[A] 1956 - Wilhelm Reich is sentenced to two years in prison and the Wilhelm Reich Foundation is fined $10,000 for contempt of court. Dr. Michael Silvert, is given a sentence of a year and a day for the same offense. Both appealed to the U.S.Circuit Court.

[D] 1968 - __Mai '68__: Fearing the soldiers will fight side-by-side with the workers and students, and fearing radicalisation of the military, the French government had called up reservists and kept the soldiers in isolation. The government, employers' federation and unions met to negotiate a country-wide pact called the Grenelle accords. France's state radio and television goes on strike: no TV-news at 20:00.

1975 - Alberto Brasili and his partner Lucia Corna are attacked outside the HQ of the Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI - anti-fascist partisan organisation) on the via Mascagni in Milan by five fascists MSI members after he had ripped down a fascist (Partito di Giorgio Almirante) poster in Piazza San Babila. Alberto was stabbed five times and died shortly after his arrival at the hospital. Lucia, stabbed twice, survived only because the blade missed his heart by a few centimeters. The film '//San Babila ore 20: un delitto inutile//' (1976) directed by Carlo Lizzani is based on this tragedy. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Brasili it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Babila_ore_20:_un_delitto_inutile]

1977 - José Ledo Limia (b. 1900), Galician anarchist agitator and Civil War fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 30]

[B] 2000 - Alfred Levitt (b. 1894), Belarus-born American anarchist, humanist, renowned artist, storyteller, spelunker and adventurer, dies. [see: Sep. 15]

2013 - The third annual celebration of the street resistance party Tanz Dich Frei (Dance Yourself Free) in the Swiss city of Bern ends with large-scale clashes among hooded street fighters and police forces. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 26 || [D] 1848 - Today and tomorrow, the citizens of Vienna take to the streets, erecting barricades to prepare for a potential army offensive after the draft consitution had been rejected as it failed to include provisions for universal male sufferage.

1864 - Francis Vielé-Griffin (d. 1937), US-born French symbolist poet and anarchist, born. He founded the highly influential journal '//Entretiens Politiques et Littéraires//' (1890–92) and turned it into an organ of literary anarchism, whose contributors included Paul Valéry, Henri de Régnier, Remy de Gourmont, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Following his first poetry collection, '//Cueille d'Avril//' (1885), he became a prodigious writer, publishing at least one new collection of poems ever year between 1893 and 1900, with many also appearing in the French press. [www.arllfb.be/composition/membres/vielegriffin.html]

[A] 1868 - Michael Barrett is the last person to be publicly hanged in Britain.

1870 - Mimmi Kanervo (Tuticorin Grönlund; d. 1922), Finnish servant, trades unionist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP and lecturer, who cooperated with the communists later in her political life, born. She was a member of the General Strike Committee (Kansallinen Keskuslakkokomitea) during the week-long strike in 1905. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimmi_Kanervo links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1905_suurlakko]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The fighting now is concentrated in the east of the city. The Gardes Nationaux still hold parts of the 3rd arrondissment, from the Carreau du Temple to the Arts-et-Metiers, and still have artillery at their strong points at the Buttes-Chaumont and Père-Lachaise, from which they continued to bombard the regular army forces along the Canal Saint-Martin. The Bastille also still holds out but is now is surrounded and, after six hours of heavy fighting, eventually falls to the army in the early afternnoon. The remaining defenders are summarily shot. Massacres of Communards are now taking place in the Lobau barracks, at the École Militaire, the Jardin des Plantes, the Square Montholon, at the Gares de l'Est et du Nord and the Luxembourg Gardens. Many are shot using shot by mitrailleuses, hand-cranked machineguns firing grapeshot. At the Panthéon, 700 Communards are massacred. Amongst them the journalist and editor of the '//La Marseillaise//' newspaper, Jean-Baptiste Millière. During the siege of Paris by Prussian troops, he commanded the 108th battalion of the Garde Nationale and participated in the uprising of October 31, 1870, against the government. He was elected to the Assemblée Nationale in February 1871 and supported the Paris Commune when it was declared, but did not take part in the hostilities. He was visiting his stepfather in the Rue d'Ulm, close to the Panthéon, when the Versailles forces invaded Paris. Recognised amongst those arrested, he was taken there by order of General Cissey and forced to kneel at the foot of the monument, to 'atone for his sins'. Openning his coat, Millière shouted "Long live humanity!", before being shot. Mortally wounded, he was finished off with a coup de grâce in what amounted to an unlawful summary execution due to his parliamentary immunity. The exact numbers of those killed in summary executions during the Semaine Sanglante is unknown but, given that the accepted estimate of those Parians and Communards killed during the bloody week is 20,000, it certainly numbers in the thousands. On the other side, a total of 63 people were executed by the Commune during the same period. Amongst those were those of the so-called 'otages de la rue Haxo' episode, when 50 people detained in the La Roquette prison – 11 priests, 36 Versailles prisoners soldiers and 4 civilians working for or acting as agent for the police – were taken initially to the hôtel de ville in the 20th arrondissement. However, the Commune leader of that district refused to allow his city hall to be used as a place of execution and, followed by a large boisterous crowd, who insulted, spat upon, and struck the hostages, they then to the edge of the fortifications on the Rue Haxo, where the hostages were shot from all sides by the gardes nationaux in the crowd, despite the desperate pleadings of Eugène Varlin (anarchist bookbinder, member of the Paris section of the International Workers' Association and commander of the Garde Nationale Parisienne, who was elected a member of the Commune) and the Communard Colonel Hippolyte Parent, who stood on the ramparts waving their red sashes of office as they tried to prevent the killings. Another incident rendered infamous by the post-Commune propaganda effort, the Église Notre-Dame-des-Otages was later built on the site as a monument to the brutality of those who choose to defend their rights to live free from the overweening power of the State. Another notorious event in the history of the Semaine Sanglante also took place on May 25, when the Polish exiles Adolf Rozwadowski and Michał Szeweycer were executed by the invading side for supposedly harbouring Communards. Described as "one of the most horrific" incidents of the bloody week by the Polish exile and writer Władysław Mickiewicz, the proof of their 'crimes' being that they had left the light on where they were living, a sign attributed to the Communard side. Executed, their bodies were left lying in the street for two days afterwards. By evening, the Communards now only held an area in the east of the city bound by the canal de l’Ourcq, bassin de la Villette, canal Saint-Martin, boulevard Richard-Lenoir, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine and the porte de Vincennes. At seven o'clock that evening, the Versailles forces entered the Faubourg Saint-Antoine itself as the last refuges of the Commune threatened to fall within the next few days. [www.commune1871.org/?L-assassinat-infame-de-Jean plateauhassard.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/la-semaine-sanglante-de-la-commune-de.html]

1878 - Chris Lebeau (Joris Johannes Christiaan Lebeau; d. 1945), Dutch artist, designer, painter, art teacher, theosophist and anarchist, born. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, Lebeau entered into a sham marriage with a Jewish refugee who had fled Nazi Germany and later during the occupation, he used his artistic knowledge for forging documents. On November 3, 1943 he and his wife were arrested for helping Dutch Jews. He was offered his freedom if he promised to refrain from illegal work, but he refused. He was transferred from Kamp Vught to Dachau concentration camp on May 25, 1944, where he died of exhaustion April 2, 1945. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lebeau de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lebeau lexikon.freenet.de/Chris_Lebeau socialhistory.org/bwsa/biografie/lebeau]

1895 - Dorothea Lange (d. 1965), influential US documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her photographs documenting the effects of the Depression and poverty on displaced farm families, sharecroppers, and migrant labourers, born. Her photographs were widely published in newspapers, and help to prod the government to act to prevent outright starvation. In 1941, she documented the forced evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans. Her photographs were considered so dangerous that the Army seized them to prevent them from being published. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange]

[B] 1900 - Vítězslav Nezval (d. 1958), Czech poet, writer, dramatist, translator, Dadaist, co-founder of Poetism and a leading personality of Czech Surrealism, born. Like many of his //milieu//, an anarchist in early life was perhaps the most prolific writer in Prague during the 1920s and 30s. An original member of the anarchist-influenced avant-garde group of artists Devětsil (Nine Forces), he was a founding figure of the Poetist movement. His output consists of a number of poetry collections, experimental plays and novels, memoirs, essays, and translations. His best work is from the inter-war period. Along with Karel Teige, Jindrich Styrsky, and Toyen, Nezval frequently travelled to Paris, engaging with the French surrealists. Forging a friendship with André Breton and Paul Eluard, he was instrumental in founding The Surrealist Group of Czechoslovakia in 1934 (the first such group outside of France), serving as editor of the group's journal '//Surrealismus//'. In 1922 he joined the Devětsil (along with Karel Teige), becoming a dramtaurge for the Osvobozeného Divadla (Liberated Theatre) and of the (anarchist) Union of Communist Groups in 1924. With the demise of Devětsil, and the formation of an official Moscow-leaning Czeck Communist Party (ČSK), he joined that and helped form the communist arts group Levá Fronta (Left Front) in 1929. Nezval also wrote for many leftist papers e.g. '//Rudém Právu//' (Red Truth), '//Tvorbě//' (Creation), '//Odeonu//' (Odeaon), '//Nové Scéně//' (New Stage), '//Lidových Novinách//' (The People's Newspaper), etc. Post-WWII, he was active within the ČSK, becoming head of the film department of the Ministry of Information and ending up as its Stalinist laureate, named National Artist of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1953. Amongst his poetry collections, '//Pantomima//' (Pantomime; 1924), which is considered to be the pinnacle of poetic creation, and more erotic and ultimately Surrealist verse such as '//Menší Rùžová Zahrada//' (A Small Rose Garden; 1926) and '//Dobrodružství Noci a Vìjíøe//' (Romantic Nights and Fans; 1927), the more militant collections '//Sklenìný Havelok//' (The Glass Cloak; 1932) and '//52 Hoøkých Balad Vìèeného Studenta Roberta Davida//' (52 Bitter Ballads of the Eternal Student Robert David; 1936). Nezval also wrote everything from children stories such as '//Anička Skřítek a Slaměný Klobouk//' (Elf Anna and the Straw Hat; 1936) and '//Slamìný Hubert//' (Hubert the Straw Man, 1936) reminiscent of Lewis Carrol's 'Alice in Wonderland'; dramas and 'poetic scenes' (for the Liberated Theatre) including the Surrealist '//Strach//' (Fear; 1930) and the allegorical anti-nuclear war '//Dnes Ještě Zapadá Slunce Nad Atlantidou//' (Today, the Sun Still Sets Over Atlantis; 1956); and even a series of screen plays for films that were never made (although Gustav Machatý directed the film '//Erotikon//' which was based on an uncredited Nezval story).

I heard the secrets in a kiss the words around it circling like a line of coloured butterflies saw thousands of bacteria in a sick man's body & every one of them looked like a spiky chestnut like a cosmos making war with a skin of scaly armour

I saw a human break free from his dying comrades in the pit of history that has no bottom.

'//The Seventh Chant//' (1924)

[www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Nezval.html cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nezval cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaz_modern%C3%AD_kultury_Dev%C4%9Btsil cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_surrealist%C5%AF_v_%C4%8CSR jazyky.mluvmespolu.eu/print.aspx?id=189 lojzojago.eu/text-nedena-chvika-poezie-vitezslav-nezval/ www.sorela.cz/web/articles.aspx?id=44 www.vanilka.cz/clanek/pred-110-lety-se-narodil-nejvetsi-cesky-basnik-xx-stoleti svjet.sweb.cz/basne5.html www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1331_modernism/highlights_24.html#Image25 www.praguewelcome.cz/cs/pamatky/o-praze/slavne-osobnosti/17-nezval-vitezslav.shtml www.radio.cz/en/section/books/the-verbal-acrobatics-of-vitezslav-nezval]

1901 - The first issue of the Lyon workers daily '//Le Quotidien//' is published by Sébastien Faure. It ends publication in March 1902 after 294 issues.

1905 - [O.S. May 13] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: 30,000-40,000 workers gather in front of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building (now Revolution Square ), at which thier list of demands is read. It is decided to hold a fundraiser in support of the strikers as well as to begin electing a Board of Workers' Deputies to carry out negotiations with the employers. In the evening a second meeting is held on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка) at which the norm for representation is established: one deputy per 500 workers. Voting began and by the end of the meeting 50 representatives had been chosen. The elections would continue over the following three days and result in 151 delegates. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Pierre Prévert (d. 1988), French filmmaker, actor, director, writer and libertarian, born. Younger brother of Jacques Prévert, he learned his trade under the likes of Buñuel, Jean Renoir and Jean Vigo, and co-directed his first film, '//Souvenir de Paris//' in 1928, with Marcel Duhamel and his brother Jacques. His own films never proved that successful and he ended up working on other people's projects, as well as being the artistic director for the Left Bank cabaret La Fontaine des Quatre Saisons, before working in TV during the '60s.

1907 - The fourth and final lecture in a series organised by the prominent anarcha-feminist militant Emma Goldman and editor of 'Mother Earth', together with the Social Science Club in Los Angeles,'//The Revolutionary Spirit of Modern Drama//', takes place during the afternoon at Burbank Hall. It is followed that evening by discussion with the doctor and Socialist Claude Riddle on '//Direct Action versus Political Action//'. After several discussions between Goldman and Riddle, the latter abandoned socialism and declared himself an anarchist. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2105.html]

1908 - President Theodore Roosevelt signs a decree law to try to silence the anarchist press. Postal services are obliged to block any printed matter whose content meets the new criteria of state censorship.

1910 - Against a background of on-going social unrest, the government pass new repressive legislation to complement the clauses of the Residence Act. Clearly displaying its intentions, the Social Defence Law: "denied entry into the country are any alien who has been convicted for common crimes, as well as anarchists and all those who profess attacks against officials, government or institutions (...) Any association or meeting of persons for the purpose of anarchist propagnand or the preparation of acts condemned by the law shall be prohibited."

[F] 1913 - 112 theatrical performers gather at the Pabst Grand Circle Hotel in New York City to found the Actors’ Equity Association, adopting a constitution and electing comedian Francis Wilson as the association’s first president. Composer, director, and producer George M. Cohan said, "I will drive an elevator for a living before I will do business with any actors’ union." Later a sign appeared in Times Square reading, "Elevator Operator Wanted. George M. Cohan Need Not Apply". [www.americantheatre.org/2013/03/01/when-actors-equity-staged-its-first-strike/]

1914 - alternative date for the birth of the Portuguese anarchist and nurse Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; d. 1999). [see: Jun. 19]

1920 - Great Dada festival in the Salle Gaveau. Dermée, Eluard, Picabia, Tzara, Breton, Soupault, Ribemont-Dessaignes and Aragon are active participators. This event represents the culmination of the Paris dada group.

1926 - A motion is filed for a new trial for the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti case based upon Medeiros’ confession and information about the Morelli gang, an Italian gang that robbed freight cars in Providence, R.I. and New Bedford, Mass.

[E] 1927 - Nguyễn Thị Bình (Nguyễn Châu Sa), Vietnamese teacher and communist revolutionary, who negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference as a member of the Central Committee of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng), born. She was also the vice-chairperson of the South Vietnamese Women's Liberation Association. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Bình vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Thị_Bình]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: The general strike initiated in Le Havre on May 11 has spread widely. Nearly 100,000 metal workers are now on strike in the Paris region, including at the Nieuport, Lavalette, Hotchkiss, Sautter-Harlé, Lioré-Ollivier, Farman and other factoires. Three-quarters of these strikes are accompanied by factory occupations to prevent lock outs, with strike committees taking on the responsibility of organising security, supplies and maintenance disipline. the Le Havre tactic of factory occupation having quickly spread to all of France. These occupations are a measure of protection both against the risk of employer lockouts and fascist attacks. The unions accept negotiations in most cases, usually with the securing of significant salary increases. But the strike quickly began again elsewhere, sometimes even in factories that had already returned to work, spreading to all professions, such as department stores in Paris and in the provinces. The economy was now largely paralysed [www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2002-3-page-33.htm www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article525 gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greves-mai-juin-1936 npa2009.org/idees/histoire/la-greve-generale-de-mai-juin-1936 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02006/les-greves-de-mai-juin-1936-en-region-parisienne-et-dans-le-nord.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_Matignon_(1936) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The day of the funeral of the two dockers, Albert Pot and Theofiel Grijp, shot dead yesterday in a clash with fascists, sees a tide of tens of thousands of ordinary Antwerpers carrying red flags bordered by black accompany the duo on their last journey from the Breydelstraat to the Brederodestraat. The port of Antwerp itself, is paralysed by a general strike called on the initiative of the Communists in solidarity with the victims and against the fascists who, the day before, as they feared, had won seats in the election. A few weeks later the whole country is on strike in a campaign that will eventually end with a number historical social gains, such as the forty-hour week, the seven-hour day, and paid holidays. [www.grafzerkje.be/nieuwsbrief/63/artikel/26 solidaire.org/articles/la-greve-de-1936-comment-les-travailleurs-belges-ont-fonde-la-securite-sociale nl.marxisme.be/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/mv16belgie.pdf]

1937 - __Little Steel Strike__: On March 13, 1937, the US Steel Corporation had signed a historic collective bargaining agreement with the CIO's Steel Workers Organizing Committe, providing for a standard pay scale, an 8-hour work day, and time and a half for overtime. On March 30, 1937, SWOC proposed an agreement similar to the one with US Steel to 'Little Steel', US Steel's four smaller competitors, Republic Steel Corporation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, and Inland Steel Company. The companies dragged their heels during the negotiations, whilst preparing for a long dispute wit the SWOC - bringing in poison gas and other weapons, hiring private police, donating weapons to official law enforcement, encouraging law enforcement to hire more deputies, stocking their plants with food and bedding, installing search lights and barbed wire, and firing hundreds of union workers. With 'Little Steel' refusing to recognise the CIO and SWOC and engage in negotiations over the workers' demands for better wages, benefits, and working conditions, the Little Steel Strike started on May 26, 1937. Within days of SWOC authorising the strike, 67,000 workers were off the job and the scattered violence that began to erupt was a harbinger of more dire things to come - with it going on to become one of the most violent strikes of the 1930s, with thousands of strikers arrested, three hundred injured and eighteen dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steel_strike www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Little_Steel_Strike_of_1937 libcom.org/history/memorial-day-massacre case.edu/ech/articles/l/little-steel-strike/]

1943 - Tosia (Taube) Altman (b. 1919), Polish Jewish member of the underground resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto and fighterin the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization) during the ghetto uprising, dies from burns she suffered during her escape from the Warsaw Ghetto and the effects of torture inflicted by her German captors. [see: Aug. 24]

[C] 1944 - Insurrectional General Strike against the Nazis is called in Marseille; A US bombing raid on Marseille kills 6,000 in the workers' districts.

1944 - Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (b. 1880), Irish revolutionary, labour activist and radical feminist, who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 and was a member of the radical nationalist women's organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), as well as a prominent member of the Dublin lesbian network of the period, dies. [see: Dec. 30]

1952 - Winston Smith, anarchist, "Punk Art Surrealist and master of 'hand-carved' collage" in his own words, born. Probably best known for the artwork he has produced for the American punk rock group Dead Kennedys.

1954 - Franz Pfemfert (b. 1879), German anarchist, publisher, editor of the mass-circulation anti-war paper '//Die Aktion//', poet, literary critic and portrait photographer, dies. [see: Nov. 20]

1956 - __Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers__]: At midnight on the night of May 26-27 the Casbah is surrounded preventing anyone from entering or leaving. The operation operation involves 1,500 plainclothes and uniformed police and elements of the army and navy representing more than 6,000 men. At 04:00 the encirclement is complete and speaker cars tour the streets, telling residents to stay home, not to oppose the police, to avoid incidents. Checks and searches begin, conducted by police, the CRS and gendarmes with every street and alley and numerous houses destined to be searched' a hge undertaking when one consider that the Kasbah was then home to over 80,000 Muslims. At dawn, a helicopter starts to turn over the Arab town, watching the terraces and monitoring any suspicious gatherings. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-rafle monstre.html]

1962 - René Darsouze (b. 1876), French typographer and anarchist, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1968 - __Mai '68__: The May Days continue. A General Strike has essentially paralysed the government which is on the verge of collapse.

1972 - First Watergate break-in fails. E. Howard Hunt and Virgilio Gonzales spend the night hiding in a staircase in the Watergate complex, unable to open a door leading to the offices of the Democratic National Committee.

1989 - __Argentinian Food Riots__: Looting spreads across Argentina and continues sporadicaly over the following 2 months, with the main peak between May 29-31. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2009 - Jean Préposiet (b. 1926), French anarchist and historian of its ideas and of individuals such as Spinoza, dies. See: '//Spinoza et la Liberté des Hommes//' (1967); '//Histoire de l'Anarchisme//' (1993); and '//La Profanation du Monde: Destin de l'Occident//' (2000). || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 27 || 1848 - The citizens of Vienna continue to take to the streets, erecting barricades to prepare for a potential army offensive after the draft consitution had been rejected as it failed to include provisions for universal male sufferage. [see: May 26]

1852 - [O.S. May 15] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (b. 1898), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], born. In 1878, she joined Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), trying to advocate the founding of a settlement for revolutionaries among the peasants of the Voronezh province. The following year she joined the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) in St. Petersburg and in the Spring of 1880, following a move to Moscow, she joined the local group there, quickly becoming one of its leaders and an important influence on the rest of the movement. In 1882 she emigrated to France where she participated in Narodnaya Volya group around Lev Tikhomirov (Львом Тихомировым), working on the '//Herald of the People's Will//' (Вестник Народной воли) magazine. In exile she was known as Marina Nikanorovna Polonskaya [Марина Никаноровна Полонская] and went on to participate in the Paris-based 'old group' of Narodnaya Volya (Группы старых народовольцев). In 1896, her physical heath began to deteriorate and, deeply concerned about so many of her comrades now being in prison, her mental heatlh suffered too. She ended up being admitted to a psychicatric hospital, where she died on October 2, 1898 of acute pneumonia. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оловенникова,_Мария_Николаевна www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_o/oshanina.html www.school.edu.ru/collections/collectionitem/11990]

1857 - Heinrich Emil Maximilian (Max) Hödel (d. 1878), German anarchist who tried to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I on May 11 1878, born.

1866 - [N.S. Jun. 8] Lidia Ezerskaya [Лидия Езерская] (Lidia Pavlovna Kazanovich [Лидия Павловна Казанович]; d. 1915), Russian dentist and Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) member, born. [see: Jun. 8]

1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]. Fogs envelops the city as the Versailles forces launch their offensive at dawn. The Montreuil and Bagnolet Gates are taken with little resistance; Charonne is occupied and, at 07:00, the army reachrs the Place du Trône, which the gardes nationaux are now forced to abandon. The hôtel de ville in the 11th arrondissment, the final headquarters of the Commune, now comes under artillery fire. An attack on the National Guard artillery on the heights of the Buttes-Chaumont is also launched and the heights are capture in the late afternoon, the Commune gunners having run out of ammunition and left to fight elsewhere. The last remaining position of strength of the gardes nationaux is the Père-Lachaise cemetery, which is defended by about 200 men. This too comes under sustained attack and, at 18:00, the main gates are destroyed by cannon-fire. Savage hand-to-hand amongst the graves and tombstones ensues and around nightfall, the last 150 guardsmen, many of them wounded and left with only knives and bayonets with which to defend themselves, are surrounded and surrender. They are then lined up against the cemetery wall – now know as the Mur des Fédérés in honour to their memory – and shot. During the night the Versailles artillery fires on the Belleville district, trying to set it on fire. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Varlin www.commune1871.org/?Eugene-Varlin-Aux-origines-du www.raspouteam.org/1871/?page_id=1585]

1879 - Alberto Meschi (d. 1958), Italian anarchist, trade union organiser, writer, and anti-fascist, who fought in Spain with the Rosselli Column from 1936 up to the fall of the Republic, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/55-alberto-meschi- militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7192 libcom.org/history/meschi-alberto-1879-1958]

1884 - Max Brod (d. 1968), Czech author, composer, journalist and one-time anarchist fellow traveller who was the friend, literary executor and biographer of Franz Kafka, born. Both Brod and Kafka frequented the Karolinenthal public house, Zum Kanonenkreuz, a well-known anarchist meeting place and took part to in meetings of the anarchist Club of the Young, which were disguised as a mandolin club to escape police surveillance. Though less than sympathetic to Kafka's anarchism, he later wrote a novel, '//Stefan Rott oder Das Jahr der Entscheidung//' (Stefan Rott or the Decisive Year; 1931), which depicted the radical atmosphere in the Zum Kanonenkreuz, retaining the real names of many of those present. Despite his prodigious literary output and occasional success - his first novel '//Schloß Nornepygge//' (Nornepygge Castle; 1908) was hailed as a masterpiece of Expressionism - he is mainly remembered for his promotion of others such as Jaroslav Hašek's '//The Good Soldier Svejk//' and Leoš Janáček's operas, in addition to Kafka. In later life, Brod became a pronounced Zionist.

1890 - André René Valet (d. 1912), French illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang, born. Met the circle of anarchistes involved in the paper '//L'Anarchie//', edited by Victor Serge and Rirette Maitrejean, some of whom were also future Gang members. Valet was killed in a shootout with the police and the army, 15 May 1912 in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne.

[EE] 1893 - [O.S. May 15] Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, is born in Kiev, Ukraine. When she was just nine months old, her parents moved with her to London. In June 1912, as a eighteen-year-old Nellie set up a Modern School, based on the values and ideas of Francisco Ferrer, in Whitechapel in the East End of London. Within a year the school had one hundred children aged five to fifteen. The school, which was run by the children, supported the Suffragists during their public protests, protecting the women from violence, invited guest speakers to teach them and took an active part in the politics of their community. Nellie went to America in January 1917 with her husband Jim, who she had met at a May Day demonstration in 1913 and had previously set up the Liverpool Anarchist Communist Sunday School, and became involved in the Stelton libertarian colony and the Modern School, which had moved there in 1915. Nelly Dick took over the kindergarten and, in 1923, when another libertarian community started in Mohegan, New York State, founding and running the Modern School there. In June 1928 they returned to Stelton. In these years she made two trips to the USSR to see her family, where her father Salomon Ploschansky had returned in 1917 to join the revolution, becoming communist; but two of her sisters spent a total of 15 years in Stalin's concentration camps between the 1930s and 1960s. In 1933 she and Jim founded their own modern school in Lakewood, New Jersey, which was active until 1958, the year in which the couple settled in Miami, Florida, where in 1965 Jim died. In 1973 Nellie sold her house, moved to an apartment and began to carry out activities related to the elderly. Her testimony was collected by Pau Avrich in books '//The Modern School Movement. Anarchism and Education in the United States//' (1980) and '//Anarchist Voices. An Oral History of Anarchism in America//' (1995). In 1989 Jerry Mintz premiered the documentary interview '//Nellie Dick and the Modern School Movement//'. In 1990n Nellie left Miami and moved to Oyster Bay to live with her only son James 'Jimmy' Dick (1919-2006), a Long Island pediatrician. Nellie Dick died on October 31, 1995 in Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dick/dick.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6113 friendsofthemodernschool.org/history/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States) www.talkinghistory.org/stelton/steltonhistory.html]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: The conflict escalated, as the mine owners recruited 1,200 additional deputies, ex-police and ex-firefighters, to form a private army, and miners resorted to dynamite and armed conflict. In a development unparalleled in American labour history, Colorado Governor Davis H. Waite declared the mine owners' force of 1,200 deputies to be illegal and ordered the group disbanded. However, this army of deputies, organised by Sheriff Bowers, eventually got out of control, and state militia was again called in – this time to protect the miners and civilians of the town, and threatening to declare martial law. The deputies finally disbanded on June 11. The Waite agreement, providing for the resumption of the $3.00-per-day wage and the eight-hour day, became operative the same day, and the miners returned to work. Union president Calderwood and 300 other miners were arrested and charged with a variety of crimes. Only four miners were convicted of any charges, and they were quickly pardoned by the sympathetic populist governor. [see: Feb. 7]

1894 - Dashiell Hammett (d. 1961), author and creator of Sam Spade ('//The Maltese Falcon//') and Nick and Nora Charles ('//The Thin Man//'), born. A Stalinist who worked as a Pinkerton strike-breaker. [www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/sep/29/crime.fiction]

1905 - [O.S. May 14] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A meeting is held in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building, which is attended by the Governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев), newly arrived from Vladimir (Владимира), accompanied by a battalion of infantry. At the meeting the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) states that the employers refuse to discuss the workers demands in a general meeting and propose to discuss them separately, with elected representatives at each enterprise and who will be immune from prosecution according to the governor. The workers reject this proposal. Svirsky is informed that the strike will continue until all the demands are fully satisfied and that the workers have nominated their representatives for the collective negotiations. In the evening a meeting of industrialists decide not to give in to the strikers, and appealed to the governor not to use force in order not to stir up the crowd and aggravate the situation. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 14] __Battle of Tsushima [Цусимское сражение / 日本海海戦__]: During today and tomorrow, the Russian Baltic Fleet is annihilated off Japan; the entire Russian Baltic Fleet being destroyed or taken captive by the Japanese. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - Helios Gómez Rodríguez (d. 1956), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, painter, poster artist, poet and militant activist, known as the 'artista de corbata roja' (artist with the red tie), born. Representative of the Spanish avant-garde movement of the early twentieth century alongside the likes of Luis Buñuel, Salvador Dalí and Federico García Lorca, and who joined the Aliança d'Intellectuals Antifeixistes de Catalunya. [expand] [www.heliosgomez.org/enprincipal.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2705.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_Gómez ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_Gómez en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_Gómez losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3234 sevillanosilustres.wikispaces.com/Helios+Gómez+Rodríguez humoristan.org/es/autores/helios-gomez/ www.tebeosfera.com/1/Documento/Articulo/Recuperados/Helios/Galeria.htm]

[B] 1907 - Nicolas Calas (Νικόλαος Κάλας), pseudonym of Nikos Kalamaris (Νίκος Καλαμάρης; d. 1988), Greek-American poet, art critic, surrealist and anarchist, who also used the pseudonyms Nikitas Randos (Νικήτας Ράντος) and M. Spieros (Μ. Σπιέρος), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Calas www.greekworks.com/content/index.php/weblog/extended/nicolas_calas_a_life_in_the_avant_garde/]

1908 - Teresa Torrelles Espina [also known as Teresina Torrelles & Teresa Torrella] (1908-1991), Catalan anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/torrelles/torrelles.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Inés_Ajuria_de_la_Torre]

1911 - Jerzy Zbigniew Złotowski aka 'Poręba' (d. 1944), Polish architectural engineer, syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. He part in the defence of Poland during the Nazi invasion as a member of Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army)[Grupa 'Północ' (Group 'North')]. From November 1939, he was a member of Central Committee of the Związek Syndykalistów Polskich (ZSP; Union of Polish Syndicalists). Lieutenant and then commanding officer of the ZSP Headquarters Combat Units. During Warsaw Uprising, he was an officer in 104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich (Company 104 of the Union of Polish Syndicalists) in the Old Town and of the Syndicalist Brigade (PAL) in Śródmieście. On September 30, 1944, he fell in combat on the corner of Krucza St. and Wspolna St. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/brygada-syndykalistyczna-w-powstaniu-warszawskim/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ zsp.net.pl/syndykalisci-w-powstaniu-warszawskim pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Związek_Syndykalistów_Polskich www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Jerzy_Zlotowski]

[E] 1918 - Gràcia 'Gracieta' Ventura Fortea (Maria Gràcia Ventura Fortea), Spanish seamstress and anarchist, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison for "joining the rebellion, desecration of tombs and participating in the funeral Buenaventura Durruti in a military uniform", born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2705.html]

1934 - Heimrad Prem (d. 1978), German painter and one-time Situationist, born. Formed the Gruppe SPUR with Lothar Fischer, Helmut Sturm, and Hans-Peter Zimmer. After meeting Asger Jorn, SPUR joined the Situationist International but the group were expelled in 1962. From 1960-62 he co-edited the magazine '//SPUR//'. [www.heimrad-prem.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimrad_Prem]

1935 - __Battle of Ballantyne Pier__: The lock-out of Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association (VDWWA) members that led to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier begins. [see: Jun. 18] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier libcom.org/history/1935-battle-ballantyne-pier]

1936 - Just a month before his death, Alexander Berkman is released from a hospital in France.

1939 - __Voyage of the Damned__: Cuba refuses entry to the Jews amongst the 937 refugees onboard the MS St. Louis seeking asylum from Nazi persecution in Germany. Only 22 non Jewish passengers were allowed to disembark on Cuban shores. After long negotiations, the remaining 915 passengers (mostly Jewish) are forced to return to Europe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_St._Louis www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html]

[F] 1941 - __Nord-Pas-de-Calais Miners' Strike__: A strike breaks out in the coal-rich Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, then under occupation by German troops – one of the first acts of collective resistance to the Nazi occupation in France. A 'zone interdite' (forbidden zone) under direct military administration from Brussels, the strike followed on from the Belgian Grève des 100 000 earlier on in the month (May 10-18). It too was a Communist-organised act of passive resistance to the German occupation that had begun as a strike to protest against the deterioration of their living and working conditions – in particular the decision by the occupiers to increase the length of the working day by half an hour from January 1, 1941, with no increase in wages. On top of the longer days, wage freezes and insufficient rations, the mining companies decided on May 27 to impose payments by team, rather than individual, which would have meant lower wages for some miners. This was the final straw which broke the camel's back. The strike began at the Compagnie des mines de Dourges' Pit No. 7 and over the following five days it had spread across the Nord-Pas-de-Calais to become a general strike, peaking between June 4-6 to involved over 100,000 striking from a workforce of 143,000. Related industries including coking plants and power stations were affected, which then had a knock-on effect on the textile industry. The movement was widely supported by women, who helped spread the strike. Everywhere they formed pickets, barring the entry of tanks and urging miners to strike. They demonstrated outside oil company offices in Lievin, in Hénin-Liétard and Billy-Montigny to name but a few, and in some cases could only be dispersed by German troops using live ammunition. Émilienne Mopty was one such woman. The wife of a miner, during the strike she became the key organiser of the women's demonstrations in Hénin-Liétard on May 29 and Billy-Montigny on June 4. Forced into hiding, she was later arrested by the Gestapo and beheaded in Cologne on January 18, 1943. Faced with this dire situation, the occupation authorities began to ramp up the repression. The first arrests were made on May 28 from lists provided by the mining companies from reports made by engineers and mine guards. However this was insufficient to halt the spread of the strike, so army reinforcements were brought in. On June 3, General Niehoff ordered the putting up posters containing two notices: the first requiring miners to return to work, the second announcing the sentencing of eleven strikers to five years of forced labour and two women and two to three years of hard labour. Still, the strike continued, so German troops occupied the pits. Public places, cafes and cinemas were all closed and gatherings of people banned. Payment of wages was suspended and ration cards were no longer distributed. Arrests multiplied. Men and women were taken to the prisons of Loos, Bethune, Douai and Arras. The Kleber barracks in Lille and Valenciennes Vincent barracks were transformed into internment camps. The toll was heavy: hundreds of people were arrested. 270 minus were deported in July in Germany; 130 died. Others were shot later in the year. Many of those who avoid arrest chose to go underground. The wave of terror and hunger took its toll on the miners, and they were forced to return to work on June 10, having cost the German war machine 500,000 tonnes of coal in lost production. However the authorities were forced to grant concessions: German authorities introduced a special service to bring additional food and workloads to the miners, and the Vichy government granted a general increase in wages on June 17. [libcom.org/history/nord-pas-de-calais-miners-strike-1941 www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/miners-strike-nord-pas-de-calais-region-may-27-june-9-1941 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_des_mineurs_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais_(1941)]

1942 - Pierre Ramus (aka Rudolf Grossman) (b. 1882) Austrian writer, pacifist and propagandist of anarchist ideas, dies fleeing from Nazi-occupied Europe. Wrote for Johann Most's newspaper and organised the German FKAD (Federation of Anarchist Communists of Germany) parallel to Rudolf Rocker's FAUD. Fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe, he had boarded a ship on the 20th, enroute to Veracruz, Mexico.

1942 - __Operation Anthropoid__: A joint operation between the Special Operations Executive and Czechoslovak Resistance to ambush and kill SS-Obergruppenführer and General der Polizei Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office, RSHA), the combined security services of Nazi Germany, and acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, is almost botched. A sunny morning, First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka (b. 1915), Sergeants Josef Valčík (b. 1914), Jozef Gabčík (b. 1912) and Jan Kubiš (b. 1913) waited on a street corner in the Praha suburb of Kobilisi for the approach of the car carrying Heydrich on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Having been signal by Valčík that the open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B was approaching, Gabčík armed with a Sten sub-machine gun, jumped out in front of the car as it slowed down to take the corner and pulled the trigger. The gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver to stop the car and, as stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade concealed in a briefcase at the vehicle. It exploded near the car, injuring Heydrich and Kubiš with shrapnel and Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but missed. Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Heydrich ordered his driver to chase Gabčík but ended up getting shot and seriously wounded. Seperated, Gabčík and Kubiš made it to a safe house, convinced that the attack had failed. Meanwhile, Heydrich was taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. He was operated on to reinflate the collapsed left lung, remove the tip of the fractured rib, suture the torn diaphragm, insert several catheters and remove the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material. He went on to develop septicemia, lapsed into a coma and eventually died at 4:30 on the morning of June 4. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. On June 9, 1942, the village of Lidice was destroyed, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled. According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals. The investigation continued, but the Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of 's 'Out Distance' sabotage group was arrested and questioned by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda's betrayal of several safe houses ultimately led to Gabčík, Kubiš, Opálka and Valčík, together with fellow combattants Josef Bublík, Jan Hrubý and Jaroslav Švarc, being tracked to the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague on June 18, 1942. At 16:15, the church was besieged by 800 soldiers of the Wehrmacht Heer and Waffen-SS. After a seven-hours fight, the outnumbered group of paratroopers fell. All died, with Adolf Opálka committing suicide after having being injured by shrapnel. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18183099 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Gabčík en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kubiš en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Opálka en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Valčík en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no1/html/v04i1a01p_0001.htm www.usmbooks.com/heydrich_reward_poster.html]

1943 - The first unified meeting of French Résistance groups took place, chaired by Jean Moulin; it recognised de Gaulle as the leader of the movement. Moulin would be betrayed to the Gestapo a month later, dying en route to a concentration camp.

1947 - Anarchist //guerrillero// Enrique Marco Nadal arrested. Condemned to death in 1949, his sentence is commuted to 30 years imprisonment.

1956 - __Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers__]: At midnight on the night of May 26-27 the Casbah is surrounded preventing anyone from entering or leaving. The operation operation involves 1,500 plainclothes and uniformed police and elements of the army and navy representing more than 6,000 men. At 04:00 the encirclement is complete and speaker cars tour the streets, telling residents to stay home, not to oppose the police, to avoid incidents. Checks and searches begin, conducted by police, the CRS and gendarmes with every street and alley and numerous houses destined to be searched' a huge undertaking when one consider that the Kasbah was then home to over 80,000 Muslims. At dawn, a helicopter starts to turn over the Arab town, watching the terraces and monitoring any suspicious gatherings.

1957 - Maria Paulina Orsetti (b. 1880), Polish educator, Doctor of Social Sciences, pioneer of the cooperative movement, theorist of cooperativism, socialist and anarchist sympathiser, who co-founded the Cooperatives League (Ligi Kooperatystek) in Poland, dies in Warsaw. [see: Jun. 22]

1960 - Emilia Pérez Pazos aka 'Manchada' (b. 1894), Galician libertarian anti-Francoist militant, dies. [see: Jan. 10]

1963 - Aquilino Gomes Ribeiro (b. 1885), Portuguese novelist, writer and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 13]

1963 - Grigoris Lambrakis (Greek: Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; b. 1912), Greek resistance fighter, leftist politician, physician, and track and field athlete, dies from the injuries he received in a rather hapless assassination attempt on May 22. [see: Apr. 3]

1968 - __Mai '68__: The Upheavals of May '68 continue. The agreements of Grenelle (signed between employers and the trade unions), ratifies a wage increase, but is rejected by the workers who heap abuse on the trade-union representatives.

1972 - Second Watergate break-in attempt by agents fail when bungling Virgilio Gonzales is unable to pick a lock on the door of the Democratic National Committee headquarters.

1976 - Leonor Silvestri, Argentine poet, performer, essayist, philosopher, anarchist and gender activist, who is prominent in Latin American queer politics, born. She is a member of the editorial board of the magazine '//Anarquista Antimilitarista Periférica//', which is published in Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and is the founder of the collective Ludditas Sexxxuales, whose agenda is the "deconstrucción o la destrucción de los mandatos sexuales, del statu quo sobre el amor sentimentaloide y romanticón almibarado, de los estereotipos sexuales y de género" (deconstruction or destruction of sexual mandates, of the status quo of mushy love and syrupy romanticism, of sexual and gender stereotypes). [blogs.lanacion.com.ar/boquitas-pintadas/arte-y-cultura/leonor-silvestri-una-maquina-de-guerra-contra-el-aparato-heteronormal/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_Silvestri]

1977 - '//God Save The Queen//' by the Sex Pistols released.

1980 - __Gwangju (or Kwangju) Uprising (May 18-27) / May 18 Democratic Uprising [5·18 민중항쟁__]: In Gwangju, South Korea, martial law forces (25,000 troops from 5 divisions) move into the downtown area, overcoming the limited resistance of the people's militia (armed with looted police weapons), who mostly surrender. Official civilain casualties during the Gwangju Uprising (May 18-27): 165 killed, 76 missing, 3,515 injured. Whilst 23 soldiers and 4 policemen were killed, including 13 soldiers killed in a 'friendly-fire' incident. However, many claim that up to 2,000 South Koreans dead as the army massacre hundreds of unarmed civilians. [expand] [ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5·18_광주_민주화_운동 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising]

[C] 1989 - Around 100 anti-fascists from AFA and Red Action amongst others, occupy the announced rally point at Marble Arch for a secret gig, aka '//The Main Event//' [//sic//], "somewhere in London" organised by the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour group [protests had already forced the not-so-secret' original venue at Camden Town Hall to cancel]. The anti-fascists spend all afternoon picking off the fash as they arrive in ones and two, groups and via coaches. [libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/11-marble-arch-blood-and-honour-gig-london-1989 libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/appendix-5-text-of-anti-fascist-action-leaflet-1999]

1992 - Massacre of bread queue, Sarajevo.

[D] 1997 - __Masakra e Cërrikut [Cërrik Massacre__]: Six army officers from the Garda e Republikës are killed and 20 injured by rebels as they ambush 3 armoured vehicles in Cërrik during the 1997 rebellion in Albania. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Cërrik sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_e_Cërrikut]

2006 - Paul Zilsel (b. 1923), US theoretical physicist, militant activist, anarchist and co-founder of Left Bank Books in Seattle, Washington, dies. [see: May 6] ||
 * = 28 || 1797 - Gracchus (François-Noël) Babeuf (b. 1760), French political agitator and journalist of the French Revolutionary period, dies. [see: Nov. 23]

1853 - José Julián Martí Pérez (d. 1895), Cuban Revolutionary, born.

[A/D] 1871 - __Semaine Sanglante [Bloody Week__]: The Communards are allowed no respite by the Versailles side and from 05:00 the army resume its assault. Moving along the city walls to the Romainville gate, they occupy the barricade on the Rue Rebeval and, outflanking the positions on the Rue de Paris, attack from the rear and, heroically, five or six fédérés managed to hold the barricade for several hours. At 08:00, the army occupies the hôtel de ville in the 20th arrondissement and, an hour, later the now evacuated La Roquette prison, freeing the remaining 150 prisoners held there – sergents de ville, gendarmes, priests and other "ennemis de la Commune". In the 20th and 21st arrondissements, small groups of insurgents also still hold out, at the Rue Ramponeau in the 20th and around the Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple, Rue de la Fontaine-aux-Rois, and the Boulevard de Belleville. A small battalion of Communards, led by the the few elected members of the Commune still remain active in the fight – the anarchist bookbinder, member of the Paris section of the International Workers' Association and commander of the Garde Nationale Parisienne Eugène Varlin (and who was probably, along with Louise Miche,l one of the central figures of the Commune), and the Comité de Salut Public members Théophile Ferré and Charles Ferdinand Gambon – girded with their red sashes of office, holding positions on barricades in the 11th arrondissements. Many of the defenders soon run out of ammunition and are forced to surrender; only to be shot on the spot. On the Rue Ramponeau, the last barricade of the Commune stands, defended by a single fédéré, holding the line so that the last few Communards can safely make their escape. Varlin, who had managed to escape, was subsequently recognised on the Place Cadet by a priest, who alerted a nearby Versailles officer, Lieutenant Sicre. Arrested, Varlin's hands were tied behind his back and and he is dragged for an hour through the streets of Montmartre. The crowd of jeering soldiers, gardes nationaux de l'ordre, Versailles supporters and other reactionaries attempted to lynch this courageous man who had risked his life to try and save the Rue Haxo hostages. Badly beaten with one eye hanging out of its orbit, he is virtually unrecognisable when her arrived at the execution ground in the Rue des Rosiers and has to be carried as he is no longer able to stand unaided. In fact, in order to be shot, they have to sit him down. After his execution, the surrounding infantrymen attack his dead body, beating it with their rifle-butts. Sicre grabs Varlin's watch, which he goes on to ostentatiously wear as a trophy, a medal of his lack of valour. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Varlin www.commune1871.org/?Eugene-Varlin-Aux-origines-du www.raspouteam.org/1871/?page_id=1585]

1875 - Fernand Elosu (d. 1941), French anarchist, neo-Malthusian, MD and social pioneer (contraception, free love, etc), born. Active in the defence of des Stérilisés de Bordeaux in 1935. A pacifist, he was condemned as a communist in 1940 and died in prison in 1941 of pneumonia. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1444]

1882 - Fortuné Henry (b. 1821), French libertarian journalist and poet, who was one of the most influential figures in the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Jul. 20]

1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Having declared the mine owners' force of 1,200 deputies to be illegal and ordered the group disbanded the previous day, Colorado Governor Davis H. Waite visits the miners, who authorise Waite to negotiate on their behalf. [see: Feb. 7]

1894 - [N.S.Jun. 9] Nina Aleksandrovna Nikitina (Нина Александровна Никитина; 1894-1942), Russian officer worker [Second Moscow State Secretary of Finance and Accounting Department] and anarcho-mystic, born. [see: Jun. 9]

1897 - Carl Nold and Henry Bauer are convicted and imprisoned for aiding in Alexander Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Frick, are released from the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh. Berkman remained in prison for many years and his book '//Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist//' is now considered one of the masterpieces of prison literature.

1897 - Camillo Berneri (d. 1937), Italian professor of philosophy, propagandist and anarchist militant and theorist, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Camillo_Berneri it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Berneri libcom.org/history/berneri-luigi-camillo-1897-1937 flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/bio.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/spancivwar/BerneriCamilloSW.pdf www.cenerentola.info/index.php/english/1253-camillo-berneri-and-the-racist-delirium]

1897 - The Rome Assize Court sentences the young anarchist Pietro Acciarito to life with hard labour for his failed attempt to stab King Umberto I on April 22, 1897.

1905 - [O.S. May 15] __Battle of Tsushima [Цусимское сражение / 日本海海戦__]: The battle ends with the decimation of the Russian Baltic Fleet off Japan; the entire Russian Baltic Fleet being destroyed or taken captive by the Japanese. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 15] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Meetings are held across the city to elect the final delegates. The Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов), which consists of 151 delegates, including 25 women, gathers at 18:00 in the city council building. More than half of the deputies in Russia's first city-wide Soviet are members of the RSDLP (according to the Bolsheviks themselves), and at least 2 (and possibly 3) are spies for the secret police. The engraver and poet Nozdrin Abner Yevstigneyevich (Ноздрин Авенир Евстигнеевич) is elected to the chair. Guarded by workers in the square, they send their demands directly to the individual factory owners. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1910 - Paul Lapeyre (d. 1991), French anarchist, along with his brothers Aristide Lapeyre and Laurent, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lapeyre militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8678]

1916 - Karl Liebknecht is sentenced at secret trial to thirty months' penal servitude at a secret trial following his arrest during the Spartacists' anti-war demonstration on May 1 in Belin. Following the public prosecutor request for secrecy, Liebknecht exclaimed: "It is cowardice on your part, gentlemen. Yes, I repeat, that you are cowards if you close these doors." Nevertheless, the court decided to exclude the public, upon which Liebknecht cried to his wife and Rosa Luxemburg, in the audience, "Leave this comedy, where everything, including even the decision, has been prepared beforehand." Following the announcement of the sentence on Liebknecht, the Potsdamerplatz in Berlin was the scene of a serious outbreak of rioting. The Revolutionary Steward organise mass protest strikes against Liebknecht's sentence for the following day. tIn Berlin, at least 55,000 people are involved and protest strikes and demonstrations also take place in other cities. [www.gutenberg.org/files/39023/39023.txt]

1924 - The 'Torturer of Barcelona', Rogelio Pérez, is killed by anarquistas, during uprisings sparked by the revolt in Vera de Bidassoa. José Llacer and Juan Montejo, members of the anarcho-syndicalist union CNT, are accused of the assassination, along with attacking the Atarazanas barracks on November 6th, and executed on November 10th.

1925 - Mariola Milkova Sirakov (Мариола Милкова Сиракова; b. 1904), Bulgarian actor and anarcho-communist revolutionary, is shot at Belovo railway station along side her partner Gueorgui Cheitanov and 12 other anti-fascist prisoners. [see: Aug. 28]

1926 - A military coup today forces Portuguese anarchists to move their planned congress and relocate it to Valencia, Spain, where it proceeds surreptitiously on July 25, 1927.

1931 - Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist Michele Schirru (b. 1899), having acknowledged his intention to kill Mussolini, is quickly found guilty and sentenced to death. He is shot early tomorrow morning at Fort Braschi. [www.socialismolibertario.it/schirru.htm]

[E] 1934 - Betty Shabazz, aka Betty X (Betty Dean Sanders; d. 1997), African-American nurse, educator and civil rights advocate, who was the wife of Malcolm X, born. She and Malcolm joined the Nation of Islam in 1956 but left in 1964. She witnessed his assassination the February 21, 1965, which left her to raise six daughters as a single mother She later became associate professor of health sciences at New York's Medgar Evers College and a university administrator, whilst continuing her social and political activism. In 1995, Shabazz’s daughter Qubilah was prosecuted for hiring an assassin to kill Farrakhan, who the family suspected of organising the killing of Malcolm. Farrakhan reached out to the family to defend Qubilah, prompting a public reconciliation between Shabazz and Farrakhan. While Qubilah attended a rehabilitation program, she sent her 10-year-old son, Malcolm, to stay with her mother in New York. On June 1, 1997, Malcolm set a fire in Shabazz’s apartment. Shabazz suffered severe burns and died on June 23, 1997. Malcolm Shabazz was sent to a juvenile detention for manslaughter and arson. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Shabazz theshabazzcenter.net/page/dr_betty_shabazz.html]

1936 - __Grève Générale en France__: At 09:30, 35,000 workers at the Renault plant in Boulogne-Billancourt go out on strike after the Communist section demand that the factory is occupied following a derisory wage offer from management.. They are joined by workers from Fiat, Chausson, Gnome et Rhône, Talbot, Citroën, Brandt, Salmon, as well as Le Matériel Téléphonique and the Crété printing house. The Minister of Labour, Frossard, swiftly organises a meeting between the Union of Metallurgical and Mechanical Industries of the Paris Region (GIM) and trade unions. Discussion continue on til May 30, with strike numbers across France steadily dwindling.

1937 - In Spain POUM's newspaper '//La Batalla//' is shut down by the Republic's government, as is the POUM's radio station. The Friends of Durruti's social premises in the Ramblas are also ordered to be shut down.

1945 - Urania Mella (María Urania Mella Serrano; b. 1899), Spanish anarchist, anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies from the abuse she suffered from her long period of imprisonment after the Civil War. [see: Nov. 15] [* some sources give the date as May 26]

[F] 1946 - __Rochester General Strike__: At least 30,000 workers in Rochester, NY, participate in a general strike in support of the 489 municipal workers who had been fired on May 15 for forming a union. The following day, the city agreed to reinstate all of the discharged workers, drop the illegal charges against arrested pickets, and recognise the workers’ right to organise and bargain collectively. [www.rochesterlabor.org/strike/ www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2016/05/17/memmott-70-years-ago-general-strike-brought-rochester-halt/84459490/ www.bls.gov/wsp/1946_work_stoppages.pdf]

1957 - __Melouza Massacre__: FLN guerrillas massacre 303 Muslim villagers of Melouza (Mechta - Kasbah) under the pretext that they were Messali Hadj's Mouvement National Algérian (MNA, Algerian National Movement), a FLN rival. The FLN then drop leaflets blaming French 'pacification' for the massacre. [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/terreur-massacres-melouza.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Melouza]

1961 - Amnesty International is founded in England by lawyer Peter Benenson and friends, with notice in the '//London Observer//' and the //'Paris Le Monde//'.

1968 - Students occupy the University of Madrid. Cops raid all the buildings and dislodge the occupiers. The state forcibly closes the University.

1968 - Daniel Cohn-Bendit makes a clandestine return to France. Mitterrand proposed a transitional government headed by Mendès France.

1968 - Kees van Dongen (Cornelis Theodorus Maria van Dongen; b. 1877), Dutch painter, cartoonist on the anarchist magazine '//La Revue Blanche//' and one of the founders of Fauvism, dies. [see: Jan. 26]

1972 - Third Watergate break-in attempt is successful but the phone tap fails to work.

[C] 1974 - __Piazza della Loggia Bombing__: Livia Bottardi Milani, 32, and Clementina Calzari Trebeschi, 31, both teachers, are amongst the eight Italian anti-Fascists are killed and over ninety injured in a bomb attack on an anti-Fascist demo in Brescia, Italy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing]

1999 - Inés Güida de Impemba aka 'la Negra' (b. 1914), Argeninian teacher, feminist and anarchist of Italian origin, who at various times taught at the Universidade Popular, Universidade do Trabalho and the Seção Feminina de Ensino Secundário (Female Secondary Education Section), dies. [anarquismopiracicabaeregiao.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/mulheres-anarquistas-o-resgate-de-uma-historia-pouco-contada-mabel-dias.pdf www.anarquista.net/ines-guida-de-impemba/]

2000 - __Anarchist History Tour__: In drizzling rain, several van loads of London and Metropolitan police officers, a couple of motorcycle cops and a group of our flat footed friends trail behind (as usual!) 30-40 people through the streets of London's East End.

[B] 2004 - Étienne Roda-Gil (Esteve Roda Gil; b. 1941), French-born poet, songwriter, screenwriter, libertarian and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 1]

2009 - Julien Coupat (alleged author of '//The Coming Insurrection//') released on bail by French police.

2013 - __Gezi Park Protests__: During the morning around 50 environmentalists begin camping out in Gezi Park in order to prevent its demolition. [The protesters initially halt attempts to bulldoze the park by refusing to leave. The occupation and defence of the square would last until May 15 when the police managed to clear it despite stiff opposition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gezi_Park_protests tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Gezi_Parkı_protestoları tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Taksim_Gezi_Parkı_protestoları_zaman_çizelgesi]

2013 - Stockholm police report that the situation was "back to normal" with no rioting, only a few torched cars, and no reports of unrest in other Swedish towns after more than a weeks worth of rioting following the May 13 shooting dead of a man in Husby by cops. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/29th-may-1812-trials-of-thomas-brookes.html]
 * = 29 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: The trials of Thomas Brookes, Hannah Smith and other Middleton rioters at Lancaster Special Commission.

[E] 1830 - Louise Michel (Clémence-Louise Michel; d. 1905), French anarchist, Paris Communard and revolutionary hero, born at the Chateau of Vroncourt, where her mother, Marianne Michel, was a maidservant. Her father was reputed to have been Laurent Demahis, the owner's son, but her father may have been the owner himself, Etienne-Charles Demahis. Anyway, her grandparents raised her as a Demahis, and she received a liberal education from them. Her grandfather had her read Voltaire, Rousseau, and the Encyclopédistes, and her grandmother taught her to sing and play piano. Louise Michel's '//Mémoirs//' describe her early years as idyllic. In 1850, following her grandparents' and father's deaths, her stepmother drove her from the castle. She was forced to look for a way to earn her own living. She chose to become an elementary teacher and so attended a teacher's training academy in Chaumont. In 1852, after obtaining her diploma, she opened a private school in Audeloncourt, not far from Vroncourt. But many parents didn't like her methods: she took her pupils outdoors so they could discover nature and she also taught them to sing the Marseillaise. These actions led to her repeatedly being called to the Préfet's office for a reprimand. Later, together with her friend Julie Longchamp, whom she had met in Chaumont, she opened a girl's school in Millières, where she taught for two years. In 1856 she went to Paris, which always attracted her, to teach in a pension. Nine years later, she bought a private day-school in Montmartre. In this period she attended political meetings, where she met Théophile Ferré and his sister Marie, and became violently anticlerical. She also opposed the Second Empire. On July 12, 1870, along with 100,000 others, she went to the funeral of the journalist Victor Noir, who was killed by Pierre Bonaparte. Afterwards, in July, Napoleon III declared the war on Prussia. His troops were quickly overcome and he became a prisoner. The Third Republic was proclaimed on September 4, and soon thereafter the Prussians lay siege to Paris. She tried to keep her school open and find food for her students. Her friend Georges Clemenceau, Mayor of Montmartre, helped her. Louise Michel was very politically engaged in this period; she even created with friends Le Comité de Vigilance des Citoyennes du XVIIIème arrondissement [the Vigilance Committee of the eighteenth arrondissement]. When the bourgeois republic tried to forcibly disarm Parisians, it led to the proclamation of the Paris Commune on March 28, 1871. Louise Michel became an ambulance nurse and soldier, belonging to the Montmartre sixty-first battalion. She was everywhere where she could feel the danger. Finally, she surrendered on May 24 because the Versaillais - current name of the authorities who were refugees in Versailles - arrested her mother and threatened to kill her. Her mother was then released, and Louise Michel was incarcerated in Satory prison. On December 16, 1871, at the age of 41, she was brought to trial by the Versailles Government, accused of: 1. Trying to overthrow the government. 2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves. 3. Possession and use of weapons, and wearing a military uniform. 4. Forgery of a document. 5. Using a false document. 6. Planning to assassinate hostages. 7. Illegal arrests, torturing and killing. When she was asked if she had anything to say in her defence, she replied: "I do not wish to defend myself, I do not wish to be defended. I belong completely to the social responsibility for all my actions. I accept it completely and without reservations. I wished to oppose the invader from Versailles with a barrier of flames. I had no accomplices in this action. I acted on my own initiative. I am told that I am an accomplice of the Commune. Certainly, yes, since the Commune wanted more than anything else the social revolution, and since the social revolution is the dearest of my desires . . . the Commune, which by the way had nothing to do with murders and arson.  . . . since it seems that any heart which beats for freedom has the right only to a lump of lead, I too claim my share. If you let me live, I shall never stop crying for revenge and l shall avenge my brothers. I have finished. If you are not cowards, kill me!" Louise Michel was sentenced to lifetime deportation. While awaiting deportation to New Caledonia, Louise Michel and other prisoners from the Commune were imprisoned in Auberive (Haute-Marne). These included Beatrix Excoffon and Nathalie Lemel. On August 28, 1873, she embarked on the Virginie, arriving four months later at the fortress of Numbo, in the Ducos peninsula. Although life was difficult there, especially with respect to hygiene and food, she enjoyed it. When she was moved to West Bay, in May 1875, she came in contact with the native people and taught them to read and write. She even helped them withstand the French authorities. But she also assisted to their defeat. Later, in 1879, she left West Bay for Nouméa to become a teacher. In the years in exile she became more receptive to anarchist thoughts. Following the general amnesty for Commune prisoners, she returned to France. At that time, her mother just had a paralysis attack. Louise Michel was triumphantly welcomed by 10 000 persons on November 9, 1880, at St Lazare station in Paris. In this period she attended many meetings in France and abroad, where she spoke about her struggle for Social Revolution and anarchism. While such meetings were expensive, Louise Michel viewed them as a way for the middle-classes to contribute to the workers. On March 9, 1883, she and Emile Pouget led a demonstration of unemployed workers. She was arrested a month later and imprisoned in St Lazare. Again she defended herself at the trial, but was sentenced to six years in prison. She was transferred to the Clermont detention centre (in Oise), which was strictly directed by Versaillais. However, in December 1884, she was authorised to join her mother's bedside thanks to her friends Clemenceau, Rochefort and Vaughan. Her mother died on January 3, 1885. Louise Michel was released a year later, when she was 56. The next five years were spent alternating between attending meetings or in prison. There was even an attempt on her life during a meeting in Le Havre, in 1888, when the extremist Pierre Lucas shot her (hit behind the left ear (the bullet was never removed) as she was giving a speech, but she quickly recovered. In 1890, tired of the gossip and calumny against her, she moved to London. Five years later, her friend Charlotte Vauvelle, who came from the anarchist circle of London, joined her and became a very precious help in her travels. She began to teach again and to lecture. She also gave free lessons of French. As an anarchist, she agreed with the anarchists' attempts in France. In the last ten years of her life, she travelled between London and Paris, participating in many political meetings and conferences. She also visited comrades in the Netherlands and Belgium. She died on January 9, 1905, having fallen seriously ill in Marseilles, partly due to the bullet remaining lodged in her skull, while on a lecture tour in the south of France. As well as the numerous theoretical texts and essays that she wrote, she also published a number of books of poems, including '//À Travers la Vie//' (Through Life; 1894), '//La Fille du Peuple//' (1883) and '//L'Ère Nouvelle, Pensée Dernière, Souvenirs de Calédonie//' (The New Era, Final Thought, Memories of Caledonia; 1887) [prisoners' songs and poems]. But, probably the most surprising of all her oeuvre are her science fiction novels. '//Les Microbes Humains//' (The Human Microbes; 1886), '//Le Monde Nouveau//' (The New World; 1888) and '//Le Claque-dents//' (1890)[a rather untranslatable phrase, referring to the clacking or chattering of teeth, and metaphorically to beggars, or the sort of poorly heated spaces where the poor might congregate, including brothels or workers' cafés, and as an evocation of teeth snapping after flesh] are Jules Verne-style tales, and it is known that she sold Verne a number of outlines for stories that he later went on to publish. In fact, it has been claimed that she was wholly or in partly author of his novel ‘//Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea//’. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel centralworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/RedVirgin.pdf www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html www.ac-creteil.fr/lycees/93/lmichelbobigny/louise/chrono/chrono.htm libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes3.html www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article465 www.iisg.nl/collections/louisemichel/biography.php]

1851 - Louis Rodolphe Salis (d. 1897), French creator, host and owner of Le Chat Noir, the first modern cabaret and a meeting place for Paris' radical artists and anarchist alike, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphe_Salis www.dutempsdescerisesauxfeuillesmortes.net/fiches_bio/salis_rodolphe/salis_rodolphe.htm]

1869 - Émile Armand 'Gabat' Bidault (d. 1938), French anarchist activist, propagandist, anti-militarist and pacifist, born. [autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/bidault-emile-armand-gabat.html]

1881 - Li Shizeng (d. 1973), Chinese anarchist and edicator, born. Headed the anarchist Jinde Hui group (Society for Progress and Virtue), along with Wu Zhihui, and Zhang Ji. Also a key figure in the attempt to turn the Guomindang (Kuomintang) on an anarchist course.

1883 - Eugène Bizeau (d. 1989), French vine-grower, pacifist, anarchist poet and songwriter, born. Member of the 'Muse Rouge' who fought for his ideals until his death at 105. The subject of a Bernard Baissat film: '//Ecoutez Eugène Bizeau//' (1981). [www.crcrosnier.fr/preb03/bizeaue-preb3.htm fraternitelibertaire.free.fr/th_les_eglises_eugene_bizeaud.htm]

1896 - Giuseppe Faravelli (d. 1974), Italian socialist and anti-fascist, who was involved in the Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom) movement, born. [www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-faravelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/giuseppe-faravelli/]

1896 - Hermila Galindo Acosta aka Hermila Galindo de Topete (d. 1954), Mexican feminist and writer, who was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce, born. She was one of the first feminists to state that Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts, and she was also the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. [NB: Her d.o.b. is sometimes given as June 2, 1886] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermila_Galindo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermila_Galindo]

1900 - René Michaud (d. 1979), French anarchist and author of the Parisian working class memoir of 'J//'avais Vingt Ans: Un Jeune Ouvrier Au Debut Du Siecle//' (1967), born.

1900 - Émilie Carles (Émile Allais; d. 1979), French teacher, militant anarchist and pacifist, born. Companion of Jean Carles, together they converted a mansion into a hôtel (les Arcades), housing many anarchists. Emilie recounted her life and activities in '//Une Soupe aux Herbes Sauvages//' (A Soup with Wild Herbs; 1977). [www.ephemanar.net/juillet29.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilie_Carles rebellyon.info/Le-29-juillet-1979-Emilie-Carles]

1905 - [O.S. May 16] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council calls manufacturers to a meeting with the governor and the Factory Inspectorate. At a strike meeting in the main square, the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) announces the rejection of the workers demands. A meeting of the Workers' Council vows to carry on with the strike. Two battalions of the 10th Little Russian Grenadier Regiment (10-го гренадёрского Малороссийского полка) have arrived from Vladimir (Владимира). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Artür Harfaux (born Arthur Julien René Harfaux; d. 1995), French designer, photographer, writer and screenwriter, born. Initially a member of Les Phrères Simplistes and involved with the anarchist-influenced 'Le Grand Jeu' group, which operated in opposition to the André Breton-dominated Communist Party-supporting Paris Surrealist group, he later quit Le Grand Jeu for Breton's group in 1932. He also followed Breton's move towards anarchism after WWII. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artür_Harfaux www.liberation.fr/culture/0101142708-mort-d-arthur-harfaux]

1913 - The //première// of Igor Stravinsky's ballet '//The Rite of Spring//' (with choreography was by Vaslav Nijinsky plus stage designs and costumes by Nicholas Roerich), at Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes season in the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées causes a sensation and almost a riot as the audience react to the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography.

1917 - [O.S. May 16] The Kronstadt Soviet declares independence from the Provisional Government. [expand] [libcom.org/files/Israel_Getzler_Kronstadt_1917-1921_The_Fate_of_a_Soviet_Democracy_Cambridge_Russian,_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Studies_ _1983.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1989/trotsky1/12-return.html]

1917 - Antònia Fontanillas Borràs (d. 2014), Catalan militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist fighter, born. The daughter of militants and granddaughter of prominent libertarians Francesca Saperas Miró and Martín Borrás Jover, she emigrated to Mexico with her mother and siblings at the age of eight. She received six years of schooling and became a voracious reader, especially of socially-themed libertarian literature. After her father was expelled from Mexico in 1933 the whole family returned to Catalonia. Antonia found work in a lithography studio and joined the CNT and the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias and was elected as the FIJL delegate from the Printing Trades sector. When the civil war broke out she tried to sign on as a militia on the expedition to Majorca and finished up as administrator with Barcelona’s 'Solidaridad Obrera' newspaper. After Franco’s victory she stayed behind in Barcelona, taking part in FIJL activities in her home where a number of editions of the underground 'Solidaridad Obrera' were put together – at least 14 of them between January and November 1945. The copy came from Joan Doménech, Josep Lamesa and Arturo Benedicto, all members of the Printing Trades Union; it was typeset by FIJL members (José Nieto, Meana, Marina Herreros, and Antonia Fontanillas) and then printed off on a small press belonging to comrade Armengol in the Gracia barrio. Later she worked with the underground (1946-1948) and was in charge of liaising between prisoners and their lawyers. It was during those underground years that she became the partner of Diego Camacho Escámez (aka Abel Paz). When the latter was released from prison and went into exile in France in 1953, Antonia too crossed the border a few months later and the couple settled in Brezolles and then in Clermont d’Auvergne, where they were active in the CNT, in the MLE and in the local arts group. At that time she was in touch with Quico Sabaté’s guerrilla group. In 1957 she was one of the people in charge of the FIJL Regional Bulletin ['//Boletín Ródano-Alpes//' (Bulletin Rhone-Alpes)], taking an active part in the annual camps organised by the French and Spanish Libertarian Youth. In 1958 she and Diego Camacho split up and Antonia settled in Dreux with their son, Ariel (Ariel later produced the documentary, '//Ortiz, General sin Dios ni Amo//', about Los Solidarios member Antonio Ortiz). In 1960 she took up with Antonio Cañete Rodríguez and carried on with her multi-faceted organisational and cultural pursuits. In addition to taking part in a drama group, she edited the review '//Surco//' (1966-1967) which was published in French, Spanish and Esperanto. And she was active in the Dreux local CNT federation right up until it was wound up. Cañete was jailed from 1966 to 1969 in Spain and they were to stay together right up until his death in 1979. Antonia was active with the Agrupaciones Confederales, the umbrella for those comrades who published the Frente Libertario newspaper. Following Franco’s death, she took part in all of the CNT’s congresses between 1979 and 1983, then in the congresses of the escindidos (breakaways) and in those held by the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) between 1983 and 1997. She also took part in countless talks, exhibitions, libertarian festivals and book launches in Spain and across Europe (France, Italy, Luxembourg, etc,). And did a variety of jobs with the International Centre for Research into Anarchism (CIRA), of which she was a member and in numerous historical investigations into the libertarian movement. In keeping with her anarchist beliefs, she remained independent and critical and lobbied for a rapprochement between all of the different libertarian factions, stressing what united rather than what divided them. Under a range of aliases (including Tona, A F Borras, etc.) she contributed to many publications including '//Action Libertaire//', '//Anthropos//', '//Boletín Amicale//', '//Boletín Ródano-Alpes//', '//CIRA//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//Confrontaciones//', '//Espoir//', '//Mujeres Libertarias//', '//El Chico//', '//Nueva Senda//', '//Rojo y Negro//', '//Ruta//', '//Surco//', '//Volontá//', '//CNT//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//', etc. She penned lots of books such as '//Testimonio sobre Germinal Gracia//' (1992, unpublished), '//Desde uno y otro lados de los Pirineos//' (1993, unpublished), '//Francisca Saperas//' (1995, unpublished), '//De lo aprendido y vividos//' (1996, unpublished in Spanish but published in Italian by Volontá), '//Mujeres Libres. Luchadoras libertarias//' (jointly authored, 1998), '//Lola Iturbe: vida e ideal de una luchadora anarquista//' (2006, with Sonya Torres), and she also wrote an introduction for Victor Garcia’s book '//Contribución a una biografia de Raúl Carballeira//' (1961) and her testimony is included in the book '//Clandestinité libertaire en Espagne: la presse//' (1994) and she had a hand in the Luce Fabbri anthology, '//La libertad entre la Historia y la utopia//' (1998). She also contributed to the '//Solidaridad Obrera//' special edition (No 344, May 2007) produced by the CNT and took part in CGT-organised symposia on the history of the Mujeres Libres in October 2007. Antonia has died at the age of 97 in Dreux on September 23, 2014. Spanish historian José Luis Gutiérrez Molina has said of her that "between her own activities and her family line, she encapsulates the history of anarchism in Spain." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/547f75 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antònia_Fontanillas_Borràs www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2616 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/9429-antonia-fontanillas-borras-in-memoria-23-de-septiembre.html] ita.anarchopedia.org/Antonia_Fontanillas_Borras]

[D] 1919 - The Republic of Prekmurje (Vendvidéki Köztársaság/Murska Republika) declares independence from the Hungarian Soviet Republic, remaining in existence just 8 days before being reoccupied. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendvidéki_Köztársaság]

1922 - Following a long period of simmering discontent by the Macau population against their colonial masters, the Portuguese army and police open fire on 10,000 protesters outside the police station demanding the release of three Chinese barbers who beat up soldiers for sexually harassing a Chinese woman. Seventy people are shot dead and over 100 people beaten. A general strike is declared and a state of siege is proclaimed by the authorities throughout the territory. On May 30, a call is put out for all Portuguese citizens to present themselves at the Santa Clara Headquarters of the Corps, in order to be mobilised for government service in the police and military reserves. The state of siege lasted until the end of June but the unrest would continue for much of the rest of the year. [nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/2012/10/23/os-tumultos-de-macau-em-1922i/]

1923 - Bernard Clavel (d. 2010), French novelist, poet, essayist, anarchist and pacifist, born. Author of over 100 books, he was closely associated with Louis Lecoin and the Union pacifiste de France, writing the anti-war novel '//Le Silence des Armes//' (1974) and denouncing the Algerian war in '//Lettre à un Képi Blanc//' (1975). [www.bernard-clavel.com/]

1927 - Georges Eekhoud (b. 1854), Belgian novelist and anarchist, dies. [see: Mar. 27]

[C] 1931 - Michele Schirru (b. 1899), 32-year-old Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist, is executed by a fascist firing squad in Rome having admitted his intention to assassinate Mussolini. [see: Oct. 19]

1937 - Maximino Nardo Imbernón Cano (d. 2008), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. The son of Jesus Imbernón, he remained in Barcelona with his mother at the end of the Civil War (and taking the Catholic saint's name Maximino for safety sake), they were unable to join his father in Paris until the border reopened in 1948. Attracted to libertarian ideas, by the early 1950s he was a member of the FIJL. With the reunification of the CNT in exile in 1960, which had followed the creation of Defensa Interior (DI) 2 years earlier, his Parisian home became a focus for the clandestine activities of DI. On 21 September 1963, following the execution of Joaquín Delgado and Francisco Granado in Madrid and collaboration between the French and Spanish police, he was arrested along with a dozen other FIJL militants. On October 19, he and Cipriano Mera were released and he rejoined the solidarity campaigns for those comrades imprisoned in Spain and France. In the late 1960s, he was one of the groups and activists who, having been excluded from the CNT following the split occurred at the 1965 Congress in Montpellier, began publishing the newspaper '//Frente Libertario//' then formed at a conference in Narbonne the Grupos de Presencia Confederal y Libertaria (GPCL). Following the death of Franco, he was involved in the reintergration of the CNT in Spain. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4247 www.cgtmurcia.org/index.php/ensenanza1/23-cultural/memorialibertaria/117-homenaje-a-nardo-imbernon www.cedall.org/Documentacio/Castella/cedall203140601_Freddy Gomez Frente Libertario FIJL.htm]

1937 - Irmin Schmidt, German keyboardist, composer and founding member of the band Can, born. Has identified himself as an anarchist and said of Can, "We were never a normal rock group. Can was an anarchist community", jokingly adding that the band's name stood for "Communism, Anarchism, and Nihilism". [NB: Comment also attributed to the band's drummer Jaki Liebezeit.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmin_Schmidt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band) www.czukay.de/can/publications/2.html]

[B] 1938 - Alberto Grifi (d. 2007), Italian film director, painter and anarchist, born. One of the foremost exponents of underground cinema and pioneer of video film in Italy, films were hailed by John Cage, Man Ray and Max Ernst in the mid 1960s. The documentary '//Anna//' (1975), co-directed with Massimo Sarchielli, is probably his best known film. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Grifi english.albertogrifi.com/home]

[F] 1941 - __Disney Animators' Strike__: With Walt Disney refusing to recognise the Screen Cartoonists Guild, whilst maintaining that the Disney animators were represented by the 'Federation of Screen Cartoonists' (a sham union that had been set up by the studios and declared illegal by the National Board of Labor Relations), Disney fires the prominent animator Art Babbitt along with 16 other cartoonists belonging to the SCG, with Disney citing Babbitt's "union activities" in his termination notice. Two days later, a mass meeting was held by the Disney employees where the motion to strike was put forward by an assistant to Babbitt and the Screen Cartoonists Guild brings out Disney's 200 animators on strike starting the next day, May 29, 1941. Incidentally, Babbitt was one of the most highly paid animators in Disney's employ, but had a strong union ethos and was instrumental in keeping the strike going over the coming weeks. The strike occurred during the making of the animated feature Dumbo, and a number of strikers are caricatured in the feature as clowns who go to "hit the big boss for a raise". During the strike, animators from other studios offered support for the strikers. Animators from Warner Bros., including Chuck Jones, volunteered their cars to form a motorcade around the Disney studio. The strike lasted five weeks. Toward the end, Disney accepted a suggestion by Nelson Rockefeller, that he make a tour of Latin America as a goodwill ambassador, and his removal from the scene enabled passions to cool, and in his absence the strike was settled with the help of a federal mediator, who found in the Guild's favor on every issue. The Disney studio signed a contract and has been a union shop ever since. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_animators'_strike libcom.org/history/1941-disney-cartoonists-strike www.awn.com/animationworld/disney-strike-1941-how-it-changed-animation-comics animationguild.org/about-the-guild/disney-strike-1941/]

1942 - Akiko Yosano (与謝野 晶子), the pen-name of Shō Hō (鳳 志よう; b. 1878), Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer of the late Meiji, Taisho and early Showa periods in Japan, dies of a stroke aged 63. [see: Dec. 7]

1955 - Ekaterina 'Katina' Alekseyevna Boronina (b. 1907), Russian writer, anarchist and anti-Soviet resister, who was active in the anarchist underground and Anarchist Black Cross in the inter-war years, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2905.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боронина,_Екатерина_Алексеевна pkk.memo.ru/letters_pdf/001915.pdf libcom.org/history/anarchist-underground-leningrad?quicktabs_1=0]

1968 - In the midst of the Upheavals of 1968, de Gaulle, having cancelled a weekly ministerial meeting disappears with his wife and aides to widespread public consternation. He holds a secret meeting with General Massu, who leads 20,000 French troops stationed in West Germany, to use the military to defeat the protests.

1969 - __Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo] / Córdobazo__: A wildcat General Strike breaks out in the city of Córdoba, which brings police repression provoking two days of massive rioting throughout the Córdoba province, involving students and workers in the car and heavy industries, an episode of civil uprising later termed the Córdobazo. The following day the CGT called for national strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1995 - Margaret Chase Smith (b. 1897), first woman elected to both houses of Congress (R-ME), serving 8 years in the House of Representatives and 24 in the Senate, first in Senate to challenge Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist crusade, dies having suffered a stroke. [see: Dec. 14]

[A] 2010 - Bradley Manning arrested by US Army after betrayal by ex-hacker Adrian Lamo.

2011 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (b. 1918), Catalan anti-fascist militant, //cenetista//, secretary of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), National Committee member and Treasurer of SIA, dies. [see: Jan 14 or 19]

2013 - Franca Rame (b. 1929), Italian theatre actress, playwright and radical activist, who at one-time was a member of the PCI as well as the prisoners support group Soccorso Rosso (Red Aid) and, later, the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Re-foundation Party), dies. [see: Jul. 18] || The events in Fobbing mark the beginning of a peasant insurrection that raged across England throughout the first half of June, and into July as the rebels are hunted down by the King's men seeking revenge. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 30 || [AA/DD] 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Peasants chase Thomas Bampton, a member of Parliament, a Justice of the Peace and the king's tax collector, who had come to Essex to investigate the non-payment of the poll tax, out of the village of Fobbing in Essex. Bampton and two sergeants had attempted to arrest Thomas Baker, the village's representative, when he had declared that his village had already paid their taxes, and that no more money would be forthcoming. The well-organised villagers, armed with old bows and sticks, attacked them and Bampton fled back to London.

1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: The trials of Barton and Worsley food rioters and Bolton illegal oath giver/takers at Lancaster Special Commission [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/30th-may-1812-trials-of-barton-worsley.html]

1814 - Mikhail Bakunin (d. 1876), anarchist theorist and assassin of God, born in the village of Pryamukhino near Moscow. [expand] [ Costantini pic ]

1831 - Large Reform Rally at Twyn y Waun led by dissident radicals including Cyfartha coal miner Thomas Llywelyn. Issues raised at this rally are reformist and relating to trade union rights under banners which declare ‘Reform in Parliament' but also ‘God Save William IV’. The event takes place just 2 days before the Merthyr Rising broke out. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

1838 - Léon Metchnikoff (Lev Mechnikov; d. 1888), Russian geographer, anarchist and secretary to Élisée Reclus, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9663]

[D] 1842 - 19-year-old out-of-work carpenter John Francis attempts to assassinate Queen Victoria as she drives down Constitution Hill in a horse-drawn carriage with Prince Albert. [www.bjc.me.uk/2012/07/john-francis.html www.queenvictoriaonline.com/Assassination-Attempts-on-Queen-Victoria.html]

[B] 1862 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; d. 1908), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, born. Married to the textile worker and anarchist Alice Stolzenberg and father of four, including John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde. Accused of blasphemy in 1895, he fled the country with his wife and 3 children to Switzerland where they lived in poverty. Expelled from Switzerland, they lived in a mountain hut near Salzburg. In the summer of 1899, both disappeared, abandoning their children. His works include: '//Ein Fest auf der Bastilla. Vorspiel zu der Revolutions-Trilogie "Massen"//' (A Feast on the Bastilla. Prelude to the Revolution Trilogy "Masses"; 1891), '//Manometer auf 99!: Soziales Drama in 5 Akten//' (1893), and '//Groß-Natur. Ausgewählte Gedichte//' (Wholesale Natural. Selected Poems; 1893).

1878 - William Batchelder Greene (b. 1819), US individualist anarchist, Unitarian minister, soldier and promotor of free banking, dies. [see: Apr. 4]

1885 - The first issue of the anarchist communist fortnightly '//L'Égalitaire//' is published in Geneva.

1886 - Randolph Silliman Bourne (d. 1918), American literary radical, essayist and anarchist, born. Wrote on literary subjects for '//The Dial//', '//The Seven Arts//' and the '//New Repu//blic'. Eulogised by John Dos Passos in the chapter '//Randolph Bourne//' in the novel '//1919//' which drew heavily on the ideas presented in Bourne's '//War Is The Health of the State//', part of the unfinished essay '//The State//'. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BourneRandolph.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Bourne randolphbourne.org/ randolphbourne.org/rb-bio.html www.randolphbourne.columbia.edu/about.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAbourne.htm fair-use.org/randolph-bourne/]

1887 - Benjamin J. Legere (d. 1972), US actor and IWW organiser, born in Tauton, Massachusetts. Legere was active in both the American and Canadian Labor movements as an IWW organiser and as a member of the General Executive Board of the Canadian One Big Union. In 1912 he helped lead the Little Falls, New York, textile strike and, following his arrest on October 30, spent six months on remand til he was sentenced to "not less than one year nor more than one year and three months in Auburn prison" for allegedly stabbing a cop in the buttocks. During 1919 Legere was a participant in the New York actor's strike and in 1922 he was one of the leaders of the Lawrence, Massachusetts textile strike. Moving to the West Coast in the mid-1920's Legere was active in San Francisco Bay Area theater and radio as a playwright, actor, director and critic. Several of his plays, which dealt with labor movement themes, were financial successes. In addition to his work in the theatre and labour movement Legere held positions in a number of reformist political organisations and causes: First Secretary of the San Francisco Council of the Democratic Party, Chairman of the California Production for Use Congress, Chairman of the Joint Bay Area Strike Committee of the W.P.A. and the San Francisco Bay Area Sobell Committee. Ben Legere died on January 29, 1972 [reuther.wayne.edu/files/LP000709.pdf bportlibrary.org/hc/labor/a-labor-of-love/ cjm.nonprofitsoapbox.com/storage/documents/Exhibitions/2015/chasing_justice/2_ChasingJustice_CompleteWallText.pdf]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: At the trial of the fasci leaders, the sentences were handed down: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail. The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and in the United States. In Palermo a group of students went to the Teatro Bellini and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of Garibaldi. The theatre audience applauded loudly. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani salvatoreloleggio.blogspot.com/2010/03/il-processo-ai-fasci-siciliani-1894.html ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2009/02/05/il-tribunale-militare-fu-un-abuso-di.html sellerio.it/it/catalogo/Processo-Imperfetto-1894-Fasci-Siciliani-Sbarra/Messina/1806 cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1893c.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Petrina en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Felice_Giuffrida it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Felice_Giuffrida]

1901 - Maxim Gorky, arrested on charges of printing revolutionary literature, is released from prison after the anarchist/novelist Count Leo Tolstoy intercedes on his behalf. Gorky later served a similar role by interceding on the behalf of many writers victimised by Stalin's regime. "When work is a pleasure, life is a joy! When work is a duty, life is slavery."

1902 - Hem Day (Marcel Camille Dieu / Henri Day; d. 1969), Belgian scholar, secondhand bookseller, pacifist, anarchist and writer, born. [www.ephemanar.net/aout14.html#hemday www.estelnegre.org/documents/hemday/hemday.html www.hemday.net/ recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DayHem.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 17] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев) returns to Vladimir (Владимира), where he issues a decree banning meetings in the city from May 30 onwards. In response, meetings are moved outside the city to the left bank of the River Talka (Реки Талка). Meanwhile, the bosses attempt to resume production using blacklegs (штрекбрехеров) and further military, police and Cossack reinforcements arrive. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Pio Turroni (d. 1982), Italian anarchist and long-time anti-fascist militant, born. Fled to Belgium in 1923, to escape the repression of the Italian fascist government, then to France in 1925. He also fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, and long-time publisher of '//Volontà//'. [www.nestormakhno.info/italian/turroni.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Pio_Turroni]

[E] 1907 - Germaine Tillion (d. 2008), French ethnologist and member of the French résistance, who spent time in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, born. Having spent time in Algeria between 1934 and 1940 carrying out field work for the International Society and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (NRS), she returned to Paris from the field five days before the Germans entered the city. As her first act of resistance, she helped a Jewish family by giving them her family's papers. She became one of the leading commanders in the French Resistance in the network of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris. Her missions included helping prisoners to escape and organising intelligence for the allied forces from 1940 to 1942. Betrayed by the priest Robert Alesch, who had joined her resistance network and gained her confidence, she was arrested on August 13, 1942. On October 21, 1943 she was sent to the infamous women's concentration camp of Ravensbrück, near Berlin, as part of the Nacht und Nebel (Night and Fog) programme designed to eliminate without trace political opponents of Nazism. Against incredible odds, she survived Ravensbrück, where possibly 90,000 women and children, including her mother, the writer and fellow resistante Emilie Tillion, were murdered. "If I survived, I owe the fact first to chance, then to anger - the desire one day to reveal these crimes - and finally to a set of friendships." One of her acts of resistance were the notebooks that she kept of her time there, which she managed to hide from the guards and in which she recorded humorous observations of daily events, which she read to her fellow prisoners and which she turned into an operetta, '//Le Verfügbar aux Enfers//' (The Campworker Goes to Hell), Verfügbar being the lowest class of prisoners. She later wrote about her experiences in Ravensbrück in '//Ravensbrück//' (1973), subtitled '//An eyewitness account of a women's concentration camp//' in the English edition, reporting the presence of a gas chamber at the camp when other scholars had claimed that none existed in the Western camps. Germaine Tillion also had the good fortune to escape a transport to Mauthausen and certain death at the beginning of 1945. On April 24, 1945, she was amongst a group of French women prisoners evacuated by the Swedish Red Cross to Gothenburg. Amongst the items that they managed to smuggle out with them were camp documents, including photographs of medical experiments, and Tillion's notebooks and operetta text. The former would act as the starting point for the research project on the Ravensbrück camp that she began almost immediately and would continue for many more years. Upon her return to France, she rejoined the CNRS but quit the Ethnology section to work in Contemporary History where she devoted herself to work on the history of WWII, the investigation of Nazi war crimes and the study of the Résistance. A human rights advocate, she also campaigned against racism; the pauperisation of the Algerian population; the French use of torture in Algeria, and later in Iraq; and for the emancipation of women in the Mediterranean. She remained active well into her 90s and to celebrate her 100th birthday, her operetta '//Le Verfügbar aux Enfers//' finally received its first performance in 2007 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. Germaine Tillion died at her home in Saint-Mande, near the Bois de Vincennes, Paris on April 19, 2008, at the age of 101. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tillion fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tillion www.germaine-tillion.org/a-la-rencontre-de-germaine-tillion/ gradhiva.revues.org/801 www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/germaine-tillion-resistance-fighter-and-ethnologist-815382.html]

1911 - Goldy Parin-Matthèy (d. 1997), Swiss psychoanalyst and anarchist, born. "Ich glaube, daß die anarchistische Utopie die menschlichen kreativen Möglichkeiten und den Respekt vor dem Menschen am besten gewährleistet, besser als das kommunistische Modell, an dessen Gerechtigkeit ich früher geglaubt habe." (I believe that the anarchist utopia of human creative potential and respect for the people on the best way to ensure better than the communist model, to the justice I had believed before.) [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldy_Parin-Matth%C3%A8y www.univie.ac.at/biografiA/daten/text/bio/Parin-Mathey_Goldy.htm www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/schweiz_biografien.html#Parin www.paul-parin.info/nachruf/62-nachruf www.journal21.ch/ich-bin-weltbuerger nichtidentisches.wordpress.com/tag/pds/ www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchismus/anarchismus-allgemein/6315-hug-ein-guerillakampf-mit-anderen-mitteln]

1913 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Emiliano Zapata declares war on Victoriano Huerta. Pancho Villa defeats federal force at San Andres.

1915 - [N.S. Jun. 12] A crowd of local women from Orekhovo (Оре́хово), mostly soldatki (soldiers' wives), wrecked the stalls in the trading rows in protest against the high price of eggs and other products; one of numerous women's food riots across Eastern Europe during WWI. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1924 - Giacomo Matteotti (b. 1885), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, speaks out in the Italian Parliament alleging the Fascists committed fraud in the recently held elections, and denouncee the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later he is kidnapped and killed by Fascists. [see: May 22 & Jun. 10]

1925 - __May Thirtieth Incident [五卅惨案] / Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工__]: Sikh police under British command opened fire on a crowd of Chinese demonstrators at the Shanghai International Settlement in what became known as the May Thirtieth Incident (五卅惨案). At least 9 demonstrators are killed, and many others wounded and led to the formation of the May Thirtieth Movement (五卅运动) and the 16 month-long Hong Kong General Strike (省港大罷工). [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

1933 - Sergio Citti (d. 2005), Italian actor, film director, screenwriter and libertarian, who was closely linked artistically to Pier Paolo Pasolini, born. Citti directed '//Ostia//' (1970), with a screenplay co-written with Pier Paolo Pasolini, featuring Bandiera and Rabbino, two anarchist brothers trying to recover from their Catholic upbringing. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Citti fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Citti www.guardian.co.uk/news/2005/oct/13/guardianobituaries.film www.imdb.com/name/nm0162952/ www.imdb.com/title/tt0210209/]

1937 - __Memorial Day Massacre / Little Steel Strike__: Chicago Police Department shoot and kill ten unarmed demonstrators at the Republic Steel plant in south Chicago as the crowd tries to flee. Following a Memorial Day Sunday meeting at the CIO headquarters, workers from the Republic Steel Plant in Chicago, Illinois protesting the company officials’ refusal to sign a union contract, had begun marching to the nearby Republic Steel plant in South Chicago with their families and supporters to set up a picket line (or, according to the police, "capture" the plant and stage a sitdown). When the picketers refuse to disperse, members of the Chicago Police Department attacked the marchers, deploying tear gas, nightsticks and firing their pistols. The crowd responded by throwing missiles but, as soon as they saw people fall under the hail of bullets or those in the rear heard gunfire, they turned en masse and ran. Stragglers and those too slow to catch on to what was happening, are ganged-up on by the cops and beaten mercilessly. Those fleeing are chased by the police, who continue to club those within reach and fire on those not. Ten of the protesters were left dead or dying from police bullets or, in one case, from a fractured skull. Thirty others suffered non-life-threatening bullet wounds. They were amongst the more than a hundred taken to hospital, 28 with serious head injuries from the police clubbings. Another nine people were left permanently disabled. Of the total of forty injured by gun shots union physician Dr. Lawrence Jacques, who was present during the massacre and its immediate aftermath, estimated that "10% received front wounds, 22.5% received side wounds, and 67.5% received back wounds". The police claimed that they suffered twenty six injured on their side during the 'riot' and the press were quick to accept their version of events, despite their having reporters present who contradicted those claims. The 'Chicago Daily Tribune' the following morning had a front page headline of 'Riots Blamed On Red Chiefs' and other newspapers carried stories of 'red' infiltrators or union agitators having deliberately started the riot. A coroner's jury would later declare the killings to have been "justifiable homicide" and no policemen were ever prosecuted for the slaughter meted out that day. Years later, one of the protesters, Mollie West, recalled a policeman yelling to her that day, "Get off the field or I'll put a bullet in your back." [www.trussel.com/hf/memorial.htm libcom.org/history/memorial-day-massacre en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steel_strike chicagology.com/notorious-chicago/1937steelriot/]

1948 - Salvador Puig Antich (b. 1974), Spanish anarchist militant and member of the Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), who was executed by garrote vil despite worldwide protests after being found guilty of the death of a Guardia Civil policeman, born. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich salvadorpuigantich.info/?sec=biografia estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/118095 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2103-biografia-de-salvador-puig-antich-anarquista-ejecutado-por-el-regimen-franquista.html iberianature.com/spain_culture/culture-and-history-of-spain-e/the-execution-of-salvador-puig-antic/ www.altresbarcelones.com/2009/09/l-ultim-beure-d-en-salvador.html www.solfed.org.uk/salvador-puig-antich-the-movimiento-ibérico-de-liberación www.katesharpleylibrary.net/05qg6g www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?mot12 www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=181422 www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20140302/54401716600/salvador-puig-antich-ejecucion-garrote-vil-anarquismo-mil-franquismo-espana.html elpais.com/tag/salvador_puig_antich/a/]

[CC] 1961 - Dominican Republic dicator Rafael Trujillo (b. 1891), nicknamed El Jefe, is assassinated. His 31 years in power is considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas. More than 50,000 people, including 20,000 to 30,000 in the infamous Parsley Massacre, died under his tyrannical rule. Trujillo's son, Ramfis (Rafael Leónidas Trujillo) Martínez, returned from Paris to assume control, directing the security forces to hunt down all known participants in the assassination plot. Hundreds of suspects were detained, many tortured and the wives of the ten conspirators were imprisoned in the La Victoria Penitentiary while their husbands were tracked down. The hiding place of Antonio de la Maza and General Juan Tomás Díaz was betrayed, and they were surrounded and killed by the forces of the Servicio de Inteligencia Militar. Lieutenant Amado García Guerrero, wounded in the foot, was tracked down to his aunt's house and killed. The house was later destroyed by shelling. Miguel Ángel Báez Díaz and brothers la Maza (Ernesto, Bolívar, Mario and Pablo) were tortured and killed in prison. General Antonio Imbert Barreras and Luis Amiama Tió managed to avoid capture, as did Manuel de Ovín Filpo. However, Modesto Díaz Quezada, Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera, Huascar Antonio Tejada Pimentel, Roberto Pastoriza Neret, Salvador Estrella Sadhalá a.k.a. 'El Turco' and Luis Manuel Cáceres Michel were captured and, on November 18, 1961, they were taken from La Victoria to the notorious Hacienda Maria, where they were shot one by one, placed as targets for shooting practice on a concrete platform over the pool. It is presumed that their bodies were thrown into the sea. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13560512 www.noticiasdelpais.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7812:biografia-de-la-semana-ajusticiamiento-del-tirano-trujillo&catid=25:biografia-de-la-semana&Itemid=80]

1968 - __Mai '68__: In France, the trains don't run, airports closed; millions of workers have barricaded themselves within their factories and offices; football players have occupied their stadiums; there is no mail and it is almost impossible to make a phone call; Universities are closed; France is in the middle of a massive General Strike. By radio, de Gaulle announces the dissolution of the National Assembly and says the elections will take place within the normal timetable. Georges Pompidou remain Prime Minister. An allusion is made that force will be used to maintain order, if necessary. Tens of thousands of government supporters march from Concorde to the Etoile.

1970 - Georges Thomas (b. 1883), French teacher, anarchist, syndicalist and the socialist politician, dies. [see: Dec. 8]

[A] 1972 - Trial of `Stoke Newington Eight' - Hilary Creek, Anna Mendleson, Kate McLean, Angela Weir [now known as Angela Mason], Jim Greenfield, John Barker, Stuart Christie and Chris Bott - accused of conspiracy to cause Angry Brigade bombings, begins in No 1 Court at the Old Bailey in London. This was to be the longest trial in the history of the British legal system. [hackneyhistory.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/angry-brigade/ www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/feb/03/features.magazine27]

[C] 1977 - __Lewisham 21__: As part of 'Operation PNH' (Police Nigger Hunt), dawn raids are carried out at 30 homes in New Cross and Lewisham and 21 young black people are arrested, accused of being involved in street robberies. Following the arrests, police claim that they were the "gang" were responsible "for 90 per cent of the street crime in south London over the past six months." They were to appear at Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court the following day, charged with various offences of 'conspiracy to rob'. During the hearings, some of the defendants fought with the police while spectators in the public gallery attempted to invade the court. [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/27/the-battle-of-lewisham/ socialistworker.co.uk/art/11584/Stop+and+search+-+racist,+then+and+now vagrantsinthecasualwardofaworkhouse.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/harassment-of-generation.html]

1977- Claire Goll (Klara Liliane Aischmann; b. 1890), German-French poet, writer, journalist and translator, who was married to the poet and anarchist Yvan Goll, dies. [see: Oct. 29]

2006 - Militant anti-fascists attack a BNP meeting in Starbeck, North Yorkshire throwing half bricks through the windows, showering the speakers, including Nick Griffin, with glass and debris. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/06/342131.html]

2007 - Mathilde Carré aka 'La Chatte' (Mathilde Lucie Bélard; b. 1908), French nurse and Résistance agent, who was turned, first by the Abwehr and later by SOE/MI5, becoming a double agent for both the Nazis and the Allies, dies. [see: Jun. 30] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 31 || 1381 - __Peasants' Revolt__: Following yesterday's events in Fobbing, a local bailiff, John Geoffrey, attempted to rally support in the area to take on the rebels.

1786 - __Philadelphia Journeymen Printers Strike__: At a meeting of Philadelphia journeymen printers is held at the house of Henry Myers on the evening of Wednesday May 31 following a decision by employers to cut the weekly salaries of employees from 45 shillings ($6.00) a week to 35 shilling (about $4.33) a week. Two resolutions are passed unanimously: Resolved, That we, the subscribers, will not engage to work for any printing establishment in this city or county under the sum of 45 shillings ($6) per week. Resolved, That we will support such of our brethren as shall be thrown out of employment on account of their refusing to work for less than 45 shillings ($6) per week. The document is signed by twenty-six printers, probably comprising a majority of the competent men in the city at that time. The strike began on June 2 and ended on June 10, with the printers having successfully earned back their $6 a week wage.

[1793 - __Journées Révolutionnaires du 31 Mai et du 2 Juin 1793 [Insurrection of May 31 – June 2 1793__]: One of the key insuurections of the French Revolution results in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Club des Jacobins, and Montagnards in the National Convention. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_–_2_June_1793 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_du_31_mai_et_du_2_juin_1793]

1819 - Walt Whitman (d. 1862), American Transcendentalist poet and proto-libertarian, born.

1826 - The Parisian Criminal Court of the Seine, ordered the destruction of Denis Diderot's novel '//Jacques le Fataliste et son Maître//' (1796) and condemns the editor to one month in prison. Other works of Diderot experience for state censorship outrage to public morals, including '//La Religieuse//' (in 1824 and 1826), where even '//Bijoux Indiscrets//' (in 1835).

1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: An attempt by bailiffs from the Court of Requests to seize goods from the home of Lewis Lewis, known as Lewsyn yr Heliwr (Lewis the Huntsman) provides the spark that ignites the Rising. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx]

1831 - __Merthyr Rising__: Thomas Llywelyn attempts to hold another reform rally at Hirwaun Common [see: May 30]. Here however his 'Reformism' platform runs into the more militant men of Hirwaun, who seemed intent on more radical measures. Their purpose is to put right more immediate wrongs and has more to do with a long tradition of struggle for natural justice. Thomas Llywelyn then leads his trade unionists off on a march to Aberdare to seek workers' justice in term of labour rights; improved conditions and wages. Back on Hirwaun Common other more militant matters are being considered, which would come to an head tomorrow. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

[B] 1836 - Jean-Baptiste Clement (d. 1903), French communard and author of the famous song '//The Time of Cherries//', born. Clement was several times sent to prison for his writings and lampoons.

[E] 1875 - Rosa May Billinghurst (d. 1953), English suffragette and women's rights activist, born. She contracted polio and suffered a total paralysis as a child, which left her disabled throughout her adult life. However, she recovered the use of her upper body and was able to propel her adapted tricycle and become independantly mobile. Beyond her Christian social work at the Greenwich workhouse, she became an active and militant member of the Women's Social and Political Union, taking part in the 'Black Friday' demonstrations, smashing windows (using the rug over her knees to hide stones) and destroying the contents of pillar-boxes as her particular special form of protest, for which she was eventually caught and sentenced to eight months in prison. She immediately went on hunger-strike and was eventually released two weeks later after failed attempts at forcefeeding and protests by MPs in Parliament. On May 21, 1914, May Billinghurst took part in a WSPU demonstration outside Buckingham Palace that eventually turned into a battle between the suffragettes and 1,500 policemen. Billinghurst drove her tricycle into the police lines. Her tricycle was picked up by two policemen and she was thrown to the ground and had to be rescued by her fellow protesters. With outbreak of WWI, she took part in these various suffragette-organised pro-war demonstrations and later supported Christabel Pankhurst's campaign to be elected in Smethwick in 1918. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_May_Billinghurst spartacus-educational.com/Wbillinghurst.htm dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/08/30/rosa-may-billinghurst/ www.sheilahanlon.com/?page_id=1314]

1897 - Rudolf von Scheliha (d. 1942), German diplomat and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who was hanged in Plötzensee Prison as a members of the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. The son of a Prussian squire. He served as an army officer in World War I, studied law in Breslau where he joined pro-republic and anti-totalitarian circles, was elected to the student council and campaigned against the anti-Semetic excess of some of the student bodies. He joined the German Foreign Service in 1922 and as a member of the German Embassy in Warsaw he became aware of the atrocities committed in the name of the Third Reich under the Nazi regime. After the outbreak of World War II, he was appointed head of an information department in the Foreign Office, which enabled him to check the veracity of the reports and surveys carried out by Nazi officials abroad. In this position, he often protested to Nazi crimes against German departments in Poland. He also used his contacts to help his Polish and Jewish friends to escape abroad and secretly put together a collection of documents about the atrocities of the Gestapo, and in particular the murder of Jews in Poland, that contained photographs of the newly established extermination camps, in an attempt to make the world aware of the impending systematic murder of the Jewish people. In June 1941, he showed the dossier to the Polish Countess Klementyna Mankowska who visited him in Berlin, to make these details known to the Polish resistance movement and the Allies. Long suspected by the Gestapo for his critical attitude, he was arrested on October 29, 1942 Scheliha was arrested by the Gestapo as one of the first alleged members of the Rote Kapelle [the Soviet authorities had tried to get their agents to contact him in the autumn of 1942 but von Scheliha never had any direct contact with the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack circle]. Accused of being a paid Soviet agent, he was charged with treason and confessed under torture. At his tried he retracted his confession and was sentenced on December 14 to death by hanging. He was executed in Plötzensee Prison on December 22 alongside members of the Rote Kapelle group. Amongst his last recorded words during the trial were: "I'm not to blame for what I'm being accused, I have accepted no cash amounts, I die a pure heart." [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Scheliha]

1905 - In Paris a bomb is tossed into a procession headed by French President Loubet and the King of Spain, Alphonse XIII at the corner of the Rue de Rohan and the Rue de Rivoli. They were not hurt, but several people were wounded and a horse killed. A Spanish anarchist living in France under the false name of Alejandro Farras (who police subsequently thought might be one Eduardo Avino) is responsible, but never caught. Four of the five anarchists arrested in connection with the attentat, including Charles Malato, were tried on November 27 and acquitted of complicity in the attack. On the same day the following year, Alphonso XIII was again targeted - the third of five known attempts on his life. This time a young Catalan anarchist named Mateo Morral tosses a bomb (hidden in a bunch of flowers) at the king's royal wedding party on the Calle Mayor in Madrid, killing or injuring several bystanders and members of the procession. Alphonso escaped yet again. Morral too managed to evade capture, loosing himself in the crowd. José Nakens, editor of the satirical anti-clerical republican magazine '//El Motín//', helped him escape Madrid but he was recognised by several people in a tavern next to the station in Torrejón de Ardoz en route to Barcelona. The official version of what happened next was that he surrendered peacefully but, as he was being led away to the Guardia Civil barracks, he shot the guard using a concealed pistol and then committed suicide. However, a forensic study of the four photographs taken of his body indicates that the hole in his chest was incompatible with a self-inflicted wound. At a subsequent trial (in the absence of a jury) on June 3, 1907, José Nakens and two other anarchists (Isidro Ibarra and Bernardo Mata) were sentenced to nine years in prison for facilitating Morral's escape, while Francisco Ferrer (a perpetual target of the Spanish state at the time when any anarchist complicity in a crime was suspected) and three other defendants were acquitted. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article12636 www.abc.es/cultura/20150331/abci-asesinato-mateo-morral-trama-201503291736.html]

1905 - Blanca Luz Brum Elizalde (d. 1985), Uraguayan poet, writer and one-time communist fellow traveller, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Luz_Brum www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/485106/sociedad/amores-militancia-blanca-luz.html elpibeperonista.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/blanca-luz-supuesta-amante-de-peron-y.html]

1906 - In Madrid the young anarchist Mateo Morral tosses a bomb (hidden in a bunch of flowers) at King Alphonso XIII's royal wedding party.

[F] 1911 - __Great Transport Workers' Strike / Liverpool General Transport Strike__: In Liverpool a massive demo organised by the Transport Workers Federation in support of the two seamn's unions then on strike. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Liverpool_general_transport_strike www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mrlhp/students/transportstrike/transportstrike.htm libcom.org/history/1911-liverpool-general-transport-strike www.liverpoolpicturebook.com/2013/12/transport-strke-1911.html 1911gunboatsonthemersey.blogspot.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-14529243 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/transport-strike-1911/4554644764]

1914 - American anarchist Rebecca 'Becky' Edelsohn (ca. 1892 - 1973) is arrested, along with Arthur Caron, Charles Plunkett, and twelve other anarchist and IWW members during an anti-Rockefeller demonstration in Tarrytown, New York, that she had help organise. Charged with 'disorderly conduct', "the time-worn cloak to cover suppression of unpopular ideas" [Alexander Berkman in '//Mother Earth//', August 1914], at their trial before a police magistrate, she and the other arrestees rejected legal counsel and carried out their own defence, with Becky labelling John D. Rockefeller, Jr. a "multi-murderer". The Court sentenced her to give a bond of $300 "to keep the peace" for three months. Refusing to pay the bond, she was sent to prison "for a period not to exceed 90 days". [ibid] There she immediately went on hunger strike, adopting the tactic then in use by British suffragettes, becoming the first American woman to use the hunger strike as a political campaign tool. She continued to refuse both food and to put up a bond for good behaviour. In a letter smuggled to Alexander Berkman, she wrote, "I am still sticking to my programme, having fasted over twenty-seven days. I am very weak." This letter prompted her friends to raise the $300 needed to post a bond for her release. Released on August 20, 1914, a 'New York Times' article the following day reported that plans for her funeral were finally called off when she was released, weakened and very thin, after serving a month of her sentence. Born in Odessa, Ukraine but whose parents had move to the US when she was one or two years old. She had ended up living in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York and, after her discharge from the orphanage in 1902, live in Emma Goldman's home, becoming active in unemployment protests, anti-militarism, and solidarity actions with both the Mexican Revolution and the Colorado miners strike at the time of Rockerfeller's notorious Ludlow Massacre. Edelsohn married fellow anarchist Charles Plunkett after WWI, with whom she had a son, and died of emphysema in 1973. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Edelsohn www.katesharpleylibrary.net/k98t9w ramblingdigitalhumanist.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/becky-edelsohn-early-hunger-striker.html query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=950DE3DA113FE633A25752C0A9609C946596D6CF query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9504E7D7113FE633A25752C2A96E9C946596D6CF www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=119924478]

1916 - Hugo Ball's '//Simultan Krippenspiel (Concert bruitiste)//' is performed at Cabaret Voltaire featuring Marietta di Monaco, Hans Arp Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara. [gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/4677/1]

1921 - Beginning of the 'trial' of Sacco and Vanzetti, anarchist labour organisers, in Massachusetts.

1922 - The first issue of a relaunched '//L'En Dehors//', "Organe de pratique, de réalisation, de camaraderie individualiste anarchiste" reappears in Orleans, published by E. Armand as a fortnightly journal of individualist anarchism. It is published until Oct. 1939 and succeeeded in 1945 by '//L'Unique//'.

[BB] 1925 - Julian Beck (d. 1985), US actor, director, poet and Abstract Expressionist painter, born. Founded The Living Theatre with Judith Malina in 1947. Published several volumes of poetry reflecting his anarchist principals: '//Songs of the Revolution 1-35//' (1963), '//21 Songs of the Revolution//' (1969) and '//Songs of the Revolution 36-89//' (1974); two non-fiction books: '//The Life of the Theatre//' (1972) and '//Theandric: Julian Beck's Last Notebooks//' (1992) and had several film appearances, including the role of Kane the evil preacher in the 1986 film '//Poltergeist II: The Other Side//'.

"the breasts of all the women crumpled like gas bags when neruda wrote his hymn celebrating the explosion of a  hydrogen bomb by soviet authorities  children died of the blistrs of ignorance for a century when  siqueiros tried to assassinate trotsky himself a killer  with gun and ice  pound shimmering his incantations to adams benito and  kung prolonging the state with great translation  cut in crystal  claudel slaying tupi guarani as he flourished cultured  documents and pearls in rio de janeiro when he  served france as ambassador to brazil  melville served by looking for contraband as he worked  in the customs house how many taxes did he requite  how many pillars of the state did he cement in  place tell me tell me tell me stone  spenser serving the faerie queene as a colonial secretary  in ireland sinking the irish back for ten times  forty years no less under the beau monde's brack seneca served by advising nero on how to strengthen the state with philosophy's accomplishments aeschylus served slaying persians at marathon and salamis aristotle served as tutor putting visions of trigonometrics in alexander's head dali and eliot served crowning monarchs with their gold wallace stevens served as insurance company executive making poems out of profits euclides da cunha served as army captain baritoning troops and d h lawrence served praising the unique potential of a king

these are the epics of western culture these are the flutes of china and the east

everything must be rewritten then

goethe served as a member of the weimar council of state and condemned even to death

this is the saga of the state which is served

even to death"

'//the state will be served / even by poets//' - Julian Beck.

[recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BeckMalinaLT/aboutkane.html www.humphreyking.com/2013/01/15/julian-beck-the-state-will-be-served-even-by-poets/julian_beck_the_state_will_be_served_even_by_poets/]

1930 - Juan Genovés, Spanish painter and graphic artist, born. Greatly influenced by his cousin Ramon a militant anarchist who takes shelter in their home following the defeat of the Republic and who recounts stirring stories of war and solidarity, and instills in Juan the importance of culture for the workers.

1940 - A Memorial Meeting to honour "the outstanding woman of our time" Emma Goldman, "anarchist, author, speaker, journalist", who had died on May 14 in Toronto, is held at the Town Hall in New York. The event, chaired by Leonard D. Abbott, included tributes by John Haynes Holmes, Roger Baldwin, Norman Thomas, Harry Weinberger Pesotta Rose, Harry Kelly, Martin Gudell Petrowsky (Goldman's guide and translator during her visit to revolutionary Spain), Rudolf Rocker (who made his speech in Yiddish), and Dorothy Rogers Eliot White.

1951 - Jean Marestan (aka Gaston Havard) (b. 1874), Belgian pacifist, author, anarchist and militant néo-Malthusian, dies. [see: May 5]

1953 - Vladimir Yevgraphovich Tatlin (Влади́мир Евгра́фович Та́тлин; b. 1885); Russian, and later Soviet, painter and architect, dies. [see: Jan. 10]

[C] 1962 - Otto Adolf Eichmann (b. 1906), German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, is hanged at a prison in Ramla. Eichmann had been captured by Mossad and Shin Bet agents in Buenos Aires on May 11, 1960 and smuggled out to Israel. In Argentina, his arrest was greeted with a wave of violent anti-Semetism. Eichmann's trial in the Jerusalem District Court began on April 11, 1961 and was adjourned on August 14 pending sentence. On December 12 he was declared guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentenced to death 3 days later. Israel's Supreme Court rejected Eichmann's appeal on May 29, 1962 and he was handed 2 days later. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/eichmann.html]

1968 - __Mai '68__: In France, the cabinet is reshuffled and elections are announced for June 23 & 30. Exchange controls are re-established and demonstrations of support for the government are held throughout France.

1978 - Hannah Höch (Anna Therese Johanne Höch; b. 1889), German artist, photomontagist, Dadaist and feminist, dies. [see: Nov. 1]

1982 - Canadian anarchists Direct Action blow up a BC Hydro power substation.

1984 - Six Death Row prisoners overpower guards and escape in stolen uniforms from Mecklenberg Correctional Centre, Virginia.

2000 - __Mexico Teachers' Protests__: Protesting teachers burn pamphlets at a fence around the Los Pinos presidential residence in Mexico City as riot police attempt to protect the building. Teachers from various Mexican states have been protesting for better wages and education reform since May 15.

[D] 2003 - Hundreds of people occupied a train from Annemasse to Geneva, getting across the border for free before joining protests outside the headquarters of the World Trade Organisation prior to the Evian G8 Summit.

[A] 2010 - Israeli naval commandos attack a peace flotilla of six boats taking aid to Gaza, murdering nine activists.

2010 - Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (b. 1911), French-American autobigraphical artist, sculptor and feminist icon, dies. [see: Dec. 25]

2010 - Steef Davidson (aka Steve Davidson; b. 1943), Dutch Provo activist, anarchist propagandist, documentary filmmaker, historian of social movements, collector of posters and comics and poster designer and printer, dies. [see: Sep. 16]

2010 - Kostya Lunkin (b. 1985), Russian anti-fascist, who had been brutally attacked by neo-Nazis in his home city of Ryazan on 23 May, the day of his 25th birthday, dies in hospital. Attacked near his home, his skull was fractured with a rock. He lapsed into a coma and never regained consciousness. Kostya's neighbour, having witnessed the attack, identified the murders and they were detained the same day. However, they were never convicted as their parents testified that their children "were at home at the time". [antifa-action.org.ua/en/node/839]

2011 - Demetre Fraser, a 21-year old black man from Peckhan in south London who was on bail under the condition that he must live outside London, falls to his death from a Birmingham tower block during a visit from two West Midlands Police officers to the flat Demetre was staying in. The police claimed that he committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the high-rise block where he was staying temporarily. However, his family claimed that neighbours had reported hearing a struggle and commotion on the night he died, and that his body shows no obvious signs of having dropped 11 floors. In May 2014 the IPCC ruled that officers who attempted to apprehend Demetre Fraser on suspicion of breaching bail conditions from an address in Moor House, Druids Heath, were not to blame for his death. Police claims that he jumped or fell whilst trying to escape, this despite the flat being protected by a locked steel gate that the police were unable to get through, were believed. [4wardeveruk.org/cases/youth-cases-uk/police-restraint/demetre-fraser/ www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/demetre-fraser-outrage-new-death-police-custody www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/demetre-fraser-police-cleared-over-7164875]

2012 - Country-wide 'cacerolazo' involving approximately one million people in the capital alone takes place in Argentina against the Kirchnerite government, specifically against the introduction of controls on the foreign currency exchange market, the rampant crime rates, a sense of disruption and infringement of civil rights due to increasingly interventionist policies by the tax agencies and the numerous corruption allegations levelled against the government and policymakers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)

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