Women+Nov-Dec


 * = NOVEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1851 - [N.S. Nov. 13] Élisabeth Dmitrieff [Елизавета Дмитриева] (Elizaveta Loukinitcha Koucheleva [Елизавета Лукинична Кушелева] d. 1910 or 1918*), Russian actress and feminist activist and Pétroleuse, who fought during the 1871 Commune de Paris, born. [see: Nov. 13]

[BB] 1889 - Hannah Höch (Anna Therese Johanne Höch; d. 1978), German artist, photomontagist, Dadaist and feminist, born. The lone woman among the Berlin Dada group, she was largely treated with contempt (except as Hausmann's partner) and her importance as an innovator of photomontage and collage forgotten. She also worked at Ullstein Verlag, Berlin's major publisher of magazines and newspapers, in women's magazines and handicraft department, a source of images that fuelled her highly political anti-bourgeois art and whose obvious misogyny both drove her androgynous imagery. Bisexual, she had a nine-year relationship with the Dutch writer Til Brugman in her years living in Holland. During the National Socialist regime, Höch was forbidden to exhibit but continued to live in Germany. "None of these men were satisfied with just an ordinary woman. In protest against the older generation they all desired this 'New Woman' and her ground-breaking will to freedom. But - they more or less brutally rejected the notion that they, too, had to adopt new attitudes. This led to these truly Strindbergian dramas that typified the private lives of these men". [humanities.uchicago.edu/classes/readcult/ www.dadadandy.com/DADADANDY-HannahHoch.html www.frieze.com/issue/review/hannah_hoech/ weimarart.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/hannah-hoch-brushflurlets-and-beer.html sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/hoech.htm venetianred.net/2010/01/16/hannah-hoch-the-good-girl-with-big-scissors-part-i/ venetianred.net/2010/01/23/hannah-hoch-the-quiet-girl-with-a-big-voice-part-ii/ www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=2675 courses.washington.edu/femart/final_project/wordpress/test-taylor-k/]

1898 - Rose Antonia Maria Valland (d. 1980), French art historian, member of the French Résistance, captain in the French military, and one of the most decorated women in French history, born. Four four years she worked undercover in Jeu de Paume Museum, which the Germans had converted into the headquarters of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (the Nazi organisation that systematically looted art from across wartime Europe), spying on the operation and eavesdropping on conversations (the Nazis were unaware that she understood German, keeping meticulous notes on the destinations of train shipments of looted art destined for Germany and Austria. After the war she helped with the recovery of much of the looted artworks and artefacts. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Valland www.monumentsmenfoundation.org/the-heroes/the-monuments-men/valland-capt.-rose rosevalland.eu/]

1922 - Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin, who had earlier help set up the Society to Help Anarchist Prisoners, are arrested on charges of aiding criminal elements in Russia and maintaining ties with anarchists abroad (they had been corresponding with Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, then in Berlin). Sentenced to two years’ exile in Siberia, they declared a hunger strike on November 17 in their Petrograd jail, and were released the next day. They were forbidden, however, to leave the city and were ordered to report to the authorities every forty-eight hours. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-avrich-mollie-steimer forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/category/mollie-steimer/ www.waste.org/~roadrunner/ScarletLetterArchives/BlackRose/BR7/AnAnarchistLife.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senya_Fleshin spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm]

[E] 1943 - Suzanne Masson (b. 1901), French industrial designer, trade unionist and communist activist, is guillotined by the Nazis in Hamburg, having been given two death sentences for her Résistance activities. [see: Jul. 10]

2011 - Fanny Edelman (Fanny Jabcovsky; b. 1911), Argentine textile worker, music teacher, Communist and feminist, who was active in International Red Aid and a member of the International Brigades in defence of the Second Spanish Republic, as well as honorary president of the Communist Party of Argentina, dies just four months short of her 101st birthday. [see: Feb. 27] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa_Martinson sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa_Martinson www.moamartinson.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=29]
 * = 2 || 1890 - Moa Martinson (Helga Maria Swarts; d. 1964), Swedish kitchen maid, pantry chef, journalist, novelist, syndicalist and feminist, who was one of Sweden's most noted authors of proletarian literature, born.

1906 - Following her October 30 arrest, Emma Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy charges before the New York City magistrate.

1907 - Lorenza Sarsa Hernández (d. 1982), Spanish libertarian schoolteacher and member of the Résistance, is born into a well-to-do family in Huesca, Aragon. She studied medicine in Madrid but serious fever attacks had made it impossible for her to continue her education far from the family home. Back in Huesca she entered the Teacher Training School there, where she too came under the direct sway of Ramón Acín and became acquainted with the rest of his disciples, including Ponzán and Viñuales Larroy Evaristo (1912-1939), her future partner. Having decided not to continue an attachment to a young count that she had met in Madrid, she told her father of her plans to make Evaristo her life partner. By then Evaristo was well known in Huesca as an anarchist activist. Lorenza’s father’s reaction was quite simply against her having anything to do with him. Lorenza returned to Berbegal and Evaristo, setting up home together. Along side working as a schoolteacher, she set up a people’s kitchen to help those most in need. Every pupil would bring along a handful of beans and she would add the bacon and see to it that the dish of the day was prepared on the school stove while she got on with her teaching. In December 1933 she had had to flee Berbegal and moved to Barcelona. There she became head of the Rationalist School in the Bonanova barrio up until 1939: and it was there that she gave birth to their daughter, Zeika Sonia Viñuales Sarsa, born on November 11, 1938. Two months after surviving the heavy air raids inflicted on the city, they crossed the border into France along with several hundred thousand other refugees. Interned in the Vigan concentration camp, they spent nearly a year there with the rest of the female prisoners, many of whom were Barcelona workers and prostitutes from the Barrio Chino. Meanwhile, ith the war lost on the battlefield, it fell to Evaristo to serve on the National Committee of the Spanish Libertarian Movement (MLE) set in Valencia on 7 March 1939. Defeat inevitable and trapped along with thousands of republican fighters, Evaristo committed suicide in a left-handed handshake with his friend Máximo Franco, in the rat-trap that the port of Alicante had become. The promised fleet of ships due to ferry them all into exile failed to arrive at the port. His tragic end (not without its grandeur) has often been remembered by lots of surviving eye-witnesses and writers: the double suicide of Evarisato and Máximo came on 1 April 1939 by way of one last protest against fascism from Upper Aragon’s Máximo Franco and Evaristo Viñuales. Soon the living, incarcerated and tortured in Francoist concentration camps, would come to envy their dead comrades. Alone and in confinement, Lorenza took the news of Evaristo’s death badly: after reading the news she became hysterical: his cousin Mariano Viñuales Farina confirmed the deadly news in a letter. She and Zeika were rescued from the camp by Francisco Ponzán and taken to Toulouse and from there on to Varilhes, half way to Andorra. She was reunited with the libertarian teacher Pilar Ponzán (sister of Francisco Ponzán) and like many other women, together Pilar and Lorenza joined the anti-Nazi resistance and both were issued with the papers and back-up they needed to survive thanks to the underground resistance network formed by Paco Ponzán, whose internal security practice was to produce a baby picture of Zeika Viñuales as the recognition code between all the members of the Ponzán underground network. As a result of her activities, Lorenza was arrested by the Gestapo but was freed en route whilst being taken to the St Michel prison in Toulouse under an escort of Vichy gendarmes. Paco Ponzán himself was to be murdered shortly after that. It was August 17, 1944, the Second World War was drawing to an end but in their retreat from Toulouse the Nazis executed him and a sizeable group of captured resisters. Like the rest of the refugees who had risked their lives fighting the Nazis she had another tough blow coming, as hard as or harder than the loss of Evaristo: The Allied armies of the USA, Britain and France reneged on promises they had made to the Spanish people and dropped any thoughts of wiping out General Franco’s fascist regime. Lorenza was to build herself a new life at the side of the anarchist writer and journalist Felipe Alaiz de Pablo (1887-1959) who became a father figure to Zeika. So she shared her time in exile with Alaiz and other leading Aragonese libertarians like Ramón Liarte and Amparo Poch from whom she was to learn so much. Lorenza died in exile in 1982. Her daughter Zeika also died in exile, in Toulouse on August 1, 2009. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/w6mbgz]

[A/E] 1979 - Members of the Black Liberation Army free black radical Assata Shakur from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey. Shakur lives on the run for several years. In 1984, she is granted political asylum in Cuba.

1980 - Kikue Yamakawa (山川菊栄) (Kikuei Morita [森田菊栄]; b. 1890), Japanese writer, and socialist and feminist activist, dies on the eve of her 90th birthday. [see: Nov. 3] ||
 * = 3 || [E] 1793 - Olympe De Gouges (Marie Gouze; b. 1748), French feminist pioneer, pacifist, anti-slavery campaigner, and prolific author of pamphlets and posters, including the 'Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen; 1791), is executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her close relation with the Girondists. [see: May 7]

1852 - [N.S. Nov. 15] Praskovya Semyonovna Ivanovskaya [Прасковья Семёновна Ивановская] (Praskovya Semenovna Voloshenko [Прасковья Семеновна Волошенко]; d. 1935), Russian revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty), Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and the S-R's Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. Member of the post-Revolution Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Общества бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев). [see: Nov. 15]

1889 - Amelia 'Amelio' Robles Ávila (d. 1984), Mexican revolutionary, who from 1924 onwards took the name Coronel Amelio Robles Ávila and lived as a man, born. From an early ages she learned not only to ride, but to tame horses and roping, and then to handle weapons, particularly unfeminine pursuits earning the nickname 'la Güera Amelia'. She became involved in the anti-Carrancista movement around 1911 in the Maderista cause. In 1912, he joined the armed struggle when General Juan Andrew Almazán went through Xochipala, being present at the taking of Iguala, on May 14, 1911. Between August and November 1911, Amelio was sent to the Gulf of Mexico on a commission to extort money from oil companies for the revolutionary cause. From 1913 until November 1918, when she delivered weapons, Amelio Robles participated in the Zapatista ranks under the command of the main revolutionary leaders of the state, as Jesús H. Salgado, Heliodoro Castillo and Encarnación Díaz. In 1923, she retired from the ranks of the army but rejoined in 1924 in support of Gen. Álvaro Obregón against the Huerta rebellion and, whilst under the command of General Adrián Castrejón, she took part in the Batalla de la Hacienda de Pozuelos, where the Huertista Gen. Marcial Cavazos was killed and Amelio injured. That same year she took the name Coronel Amelio Robles Ávila or simply Señor Robles, and adopted a masculine demeanour, wearing men's clothes and openly having relationships with women, forming a 10 year relationship with Ángela Torres and raising an adopted daughter daughter, Regula Robles Torres. In August 1970 she was officially recognised as a Veterano de la Revolución and the Legionario de Honor del Ejército Mexicano, and awarded a medal for services rendered between February 20, 1913 and August 15, 1914. Amelia Robles died on December 9, 1984, when she was 95 years old. She was buried according to her last two requests: that she be buried in accordance to the honours that she earned and that she be dressed as a woman to "commend her soul to God". [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelio_Robles_Ávila www.bibliotecas.tv/zapata/zapatistas/amelia_robles.html www.enciclopediagro.org/index.php/indices/indice-de-biografias/1351-robles-avila-amelia culturacolectiva.com/amelia-robles-avila-el-coronel-de-la-revolucion/]

1890 - Kikue Yamakawa (山川菊栄) (Kikuei Morita [森田菊栄]; d. 1980), Japanese writer, and socialist and feminist activist, born. She attended a lecture by the anarchist Sakae Ōsugi (大杉 栄) in 1915, which put her on the path to socialism, and, three years later, met Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいちょう), which led to her writing articles for the monthly feminist arts and culture magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Blue Stocking) and joining the anarchist-influenced feminist group Seitō-sha (青鞜社 / Bluestocking Society). However, she is probably best known for being one of the founding members of the socialist group Sekirankai (赤らん会 / Red Wave Society) in 1921. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/山川菊栄 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekirankai ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/赤瀾会]

1898 - Concha Monrás Casas (María de la Concepción Monrás y Casas; 1898 - 1936), Catalan Esperantist, life-long partner of Ramón Acín and mother of the artist Katia Acín Monràs, born. [www.fundacionacin.org/index.php/ramon/detalle_personaje/25/ www.rolde.org/content/files/magazine_27_05_Rolde%20114.26-37.pdf autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/concha-monras.html www.unizar.es/cce/vjuan/homenaje_acin_monras.htm ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Acín_Aquilué ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia_Acín_Monrás]

1983 - May (Marie-Jeanne) Picqueray (b. 1898), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, feminist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

1984 - May 19th Communist Organisation members Susan Lisa Rosenberg and Timothy Blunk are apprehended by police as they were hiding 740 pounds of high explosive, 14 guns (including semiautomatic weapons), and hundreds of phony IDs in a storage facility in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Rosenberg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization www.nytimes.com/1984/12/01/nyregion/radical-fugitive-in-brink-s-robbery-arrested.html www.ruthfullyyours.com/2011/05/26/george-russell-on-susan-lisa-rosenberga-terrorist-and-her-autobiography/ www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1989vol13/rosenberg.php] || She wrote essays, short stories, poems, translations, newspaper articles, short stories and novels she under her birth name Katinka Halein and various pseudonyms such as Zianitzka; Theophile Christlieb; Emeline; Eugénie; Auguste Emilie; Doktor Schmid; Rosalba Stephanie; Johann Golder; Tina Halein; etc. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathinka_Zitz-Halein de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathinka_Zitz-Halein www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/zitz.htm www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/kathinka-zitz-halein/]
 * = 4 || 1801 - Kathinka Zitz-Halein (Kathinka Therese Pauline Modesta Halein; d. 1877), German poet, short story writer, journalist, translator, novelist and feminist, who has been called "the poet laureate of the German Revolution" (of 1848-49), born. During the German revolutions of 1848-49 she founded and was first president of the Humania Association, the largest revolutionary women's organisation.

1921 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy aka Victorine B (Victorine Malenfant; 1838-1921), French member of the International, Communard, militant anarchist and and socialist educator, dies. [see: Sep. 4]

[E] 1951 - Cosey Fanni Tutti (Christine Newby), English sex-positive feminist performance artist and musician, best known for being a member of COUM Transmissions, Throbbing Gristle and Chris & Cosey, born. [www.coseyfannitutti.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosey_Fanni_Tutti]

1954 - Natalia Yakovlevna Magnat (Наталья Яковлевна Магнат; d. 1997), Soviet and Russian translator of English, author of works on literary criticism and aesthetics, who founded the 'new left' underground radical organisations Left School (Ле́вая шко́ла) [December 1972 - January 1973] and the Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Неокоммунистическая партия Советского Союза) [September 1974 - January 1985], dies as the result of Crohn's disease. [see: Nov. 5] ||
 * = 5 || 1862 - [N.S. Nov. 17] Olga Nikolaevna Figner (Ольга Николаевна Фигнер; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, narodnitsa and one of the organisers of the Socialist-Federalist (Cоциалистов-федералистов) group (1887-89) in St. Petersburg following the crushing of Narodnaya Volya (Наро́дная во́ля / People's Will), born. [see: Nov. 17]

[E] 1921 - Jeanne Humbert and Eugène Humbert, militant anarchists, pacifists, néo-Malthusians and naturists are sentenced to prison. Under the terms of the new laws (voted in 1920) to repress anti-natalist propaganda, Jeanne and Eugene are each sentenced to one to two years in prison and fined 3000 francs.

1974 - Angela Nathalie Gossow, German lead vocalist for the Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, born. A vegan, she also considers herself to be an anarchist. [www.angelagossow.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Gossow]

1980 - Ida Pilat Isca (b. 1896), Ukrainian-American anarchist writer, translator and activist, who was prominent in the Sacco and Vanzetti campaign in New York and later joined the Socialist Party, dies. [see: Apr. 28] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre06.html#bruguera www.estelnegre.org/documents/mariabruguera/mariabruguera.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4111-maria-bruguera-perez-anarquista-y-del-grupo-de-teatro-qni-dios-ni-amoq.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.com/2012/11/maria-bruguera-perez.html]
 * = 6 || [B] 1915 - María Bruguera Pérez (d. 1992), Spanish member of Mujeres Libres, anarchist, anti-fascist fighter, born. Daughter and sister of anarchists, she joined the Juventudes Libertarias (Libertarian Youth) since its foundation in 1932 and is particularly involved in the activities of the artistic and theatrical group called Ni Dios Ni Amo (Neither God Nor Master).

[E] 1919 - Consuelo Rodriguez Lopez, aka 'Chelo' (d. 2012), Galician miliciana and anti-Francoist guerrilla, born. [expand] Fighter in the 1ª Agrupación de la Federación de Guerrillas León-Galicia (1st Group of the Federation of Leon-Galicia Guerillas) who, unlike her sister Antonia who was also a member of the group, she actively participated in the fighting. [* NB: November 18 and 19 also given as her d.o.b.] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Rodríguez_López www.lelag.fr/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/IleDeChelo.pdf losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7040]

1960 - Olivia Rossetti Agresti (b. 1875), British author, editor and interpreter, dies. [see: Sep. 30]

1993 - Virginia Gervasini aka 'Sonia' and 'Marta' (b. 1915), Italian Trotskyist revolutionary, anti-fascist, miliciana and Résistance fighter, dies in Varese after a long illness. [see: Jan. 16]

2011 - Pussy Riot's '//Osvobodi Bruschatku//' [Освободи брусчатку](Release the Cobblestones) video is released. The song calls on Russians to protest upcoming parliamentary elections, by throwing cobblestones during street clashes. On their blog, Pussy Riot worn that: "Your ballots will be used as toilet paper by the Presidential Administration". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4160 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0711.html]
 * = 7 || 1876 - Marie Murjas (Marie-Yvonne Kamoal; d. unknown), French Trapist nun and later a free-thinker, anarchist and co-founder of the Ligue des droits de l’homme, born.

1891 - [O.S. Oct. 26] Sophia Mikhaylovna Ginsberg (Софья Михайловна Гинсбург; b. 1863), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya, commits suicide by cutting her neck with scissors after being sentenced to perpetual servitude (internal exile plus hard labour). [see: Mar. 20]

1938 - Ethel Mannin, Irish novelist and anarchist, successfully assumes Emma Goldman's role as SIA representative in London.

1944 - Ingrid Schubert (d. 1977), German doctor and one of the founding members of the Rote Armee Fraktion, born. Ingrid Schubert participated in the freeing of Andreas Baader from the Dahlem Institute for Social Research in May 1970. Schubert was arrested in October of that year with Horst Mahler, Irene Goergens, and Brigitte Asdonk. She was later given 13 years in prison for her participation the Baader breakout. In 1976 she was transferred to Stammheim prison, supposedly to comfort Gudrun Ensslin after the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof. After the Stammheim suicides of Ensslin, Baader, and Jan-Carl Raspe, Schubert was transferred to Munich’s Stadelheim prison. Two weeks later, on November 12 1977, Schubert supposedly committed 'suicide' in prison, despite the fact that the Thursday before her death she had assured her lawyer that she had no intention of committing suicide. As in the case of Meinhof and Ensslin the autopsy did not indicate the usual signs of death by hanging. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Schubert_(RAF-Mitglied) www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/ingrid-schubert/ germanguerilla.com?s=Ingrid+Schubert]

1949 - Judi Bari (d. 1997), US environmentalist and labour activist, feminist, musician and the principal organiser of Earth First! campaigns against logging in the ancient redwood forests of Northern California in the 1980s and '90s. She also organised efforts through the EF!-IWW Local 1 to bring timber workers and environmentalists together in common cause, born. On May 24, 1990, in Oakland, California, the vehicle used by Bari and her partner, fellow musician and environmentalist Darryl Cherney, with whom she wrote 'Spike a Tree for Jesus' and 'Will This Fetus Be Aborted', was blown up by a powerful pipe bomb, seriously injuring Bari. She was arrested by the FBI whilst still in critical condition in hospital with a fractured pelvis and other major injuries, as the Bureau tried to pin eco-terrorism charges on the pair, accusing them of knowingly carrying a bomb for use in an act of terrorism. However, despite a full-blown FBI investigation, no evidence aginst the pair of non-violent activists was ever found or charges filed. Eventually, the charges against Bari and Cherney were dropped, the FBI having discovered that the bomb was placed directly under Bari's seat and after someone signing themselves 'The Lord's Avenger' had claimed the attack, having targetted Bari followig her defence of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Ukiah, California. In May, 1991, a year after the bomb blast, Bari and Cherney filed a federal civil rights lawsuit against the "illegal, politically-motivated instigation of the FBI." Judi Bari died of breast cancer on March 2, 1997. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Bari www.judibari.info/ www.iww.org/history/biography/JudiBari/1 www.judibari.org whobombedjudibari.com/]

[E] 1989 - Nadezhda Andreyevna Tolokonnikova [Наде́жда Андре́евна Толоко́нникова] aka 'Nadya Tolokno' [Надя Толокно], Russian conceptual artist, political activist, and ex-member of the anti-Putinist punk rock group Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] and the street art group Voina [Война](War), born. She is also the cofounder (along with Maria Alyokhina [Марией Алёхиной]) organisation to protect the rights of prisoners Zona Prava [Зона Права](Zone of Rights) and the media network MediaZona [Медиазона]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Толоконникова,_Надежда_Андреевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Rioten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Война_(арт-группа) zonaprava.com/ voiceproject.org/campaign/zona-prava/ zona.media] || [www.executedtoday.com/2014/11/08/1793-madame-manon-roland-french-revolution/]
 * = 8 || 1793 - Madame Roland aka Jeanne Manon Roland (Marie-Jeanne Phlippon; b. 1754), French salonnière, prominent supporter of the French Revolution and an influential member of the Girondist faction, dies under the blade of the guillotine. Before placing her head on the block, she bowed before the clay statue of Liberty in the Place de la Révolution, uttering the famous remark for which she is remembered: "O Liberté, que de crimes on commet en ton nom!" (Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!) [see: Mar. 17]

[E] 1875 - Qiu Jin (秋瑾; d. 1907), Chinese revolutionary, feminist, writer and poet, who was executed after a failed uprising against the Qing dynasty, and is now considered a national heroine in China, born. Her sobriquet (artist/pen) name is Jianhu Nüxia (鉴湖女侠), roughly 'Woman Knight of Mirror Lake'. [expand] '//Chinese Women's News//' (中國女報館; 1907). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Jin zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/秋瑾 www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/qiu-jin-chinese-feminist-revolutionary/ www.china.org.cn/china/xinhairevolution/2011-09/18/content_23441451.htm www.onthisdeity.com/15th-july-1907-–-the-martyrdom-of-qiu-jin/ www.executedtoday.com/2011/07/15/1907-qiu-jin-chinese-feminist-and-revolutionary/]

1918 - Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova (Ольга Владимировна Розанова; b. 1886), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist painter, graphic artist, illustrator, designer, art theorist and poet, associated with early C20th Moscow anarchist circles, dies of diphtheria. [see: Jul. 4]

1918 - Rosa Luxemburg is released from prison in Breslau.

[EE] 1937 - Austrian communist Katia Landau goes on hunger strike in order to demand news of the fate of her 'disappeared' husband, Kurt, a victim of the then Stalinist police state that Republican Spain had swiftly become. All other forms of appeal for news had been met with no response. 500 other women, mostly Germans, in Barcelona's Carcel de Mujeres with her, mount hunger strike in solidarity. A visit to the prison by an international commission of enquiry into the situation in the state prisons and the circumstances in which several foreign representatives of worker’s organisations, who included Erwin Wolf, Marc Rhein and Kurt Landau, had disappeared, in addition to that of Andrés Nin, was greeted by the singing of the '//Internationale//' by hundreds of women prisoners – all "Fascist agents" according to the Stalinists. [see: Jun. 17] [www.nodo50.org/despage/not_prensa/opinion/pepe_gutierrez/Katia Landau/katia_landau.htm old.kaosenlared.net/noticia/kurt-katia-landau-historia-para-no-olvidar de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landau_(Politiker) www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain08.htm www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain09.htm theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-political-persecution-in-republican-spain www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1988/xx/landau.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol4/no1-2/schafra.htm]

1991 - Bronislawa Rosloniec (Bronislawa Frydman; b. 1912), Polish anarchist activist of Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski (AFP: Anarchist Federation of Poland), dies in Uppsala, Sweden. Before WWII, she worked as a clerk. During the occupation, evicted to ghetto from where she fled and was hidden by her husband (Stefan Rosloniec). After WWII lived in Lodz (central Poland). [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5382]

2004 - Marie-Christine Mikhaïlo (Marie-Christine Söderhjelm; b. 1916), Finish-Swiss polyglot librarian and archivist with the Geneva Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme, dies. [see: Oct. 22]

[B] 2012 - The kids book '//A Rule Is To Break: A Child's Guide To Anarchy//' by writer John Seven and illustrator Jana Christy is published by Manic D Press, to the consternation of the Tea Party. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Mink fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Minck www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr/Femmes-de-la-Commune-et.html www.ephemanar.net/novembre9.html#minck libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article587 www.estelnegre.org/documents/mink/mink.html chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=1421]
 * = 9 || [E] 1839 - Paule Mink (or Minck) (Adèle Paulina Mekarski; d. 1901), French writer (stories, poems and plays), journalist, seamstress, franc-maçonne (female Freemason), prominent feminist, revolutionary socialist Pétroleuse of Polish descent, who participated in the Paris Commune and in the First International, born. Daughter of Polish nobles and friend of Louise Michel and Marie Ferre, she joined the First International and founded, with her friend André Léo, the Société Fraternelle de l'Ouvrière (Female Workers' Fraternal Society), an organisation based on Proudhon's mutualist principles.

1845 - Gertrude Guillaume-Schack (d. 1903), German anarchist, socialist, theosophist and women's rights activist, who was prominent in the fight against state-regulated prostitution in Germany, born. Sometimes referred to as the 'anarchist countess', her father Graf Alexander Schack von Wittenau's family belonged to the old nobility of Lower Silesia and her mother was Elizabeth Countess of Königsdorf. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Guillaume-Schack de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Guillaume-Schack libcom.org/history/guillaume-schack-gertrud-1845-1903 alchetron.com/Gertrude-Guillaume-Schack-1178393-W www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885/letters/85_07_05.htm]

1849 - [N.S. Nov. 21] Anna Korba [Анна Корба] (Anna Pavlovna Mengart [Анна Павловна Мейнгардт]; d. 1939), Russian nurse, historian, editor, revolutionary, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, born. Member of the post-Revolution Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Общества бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прибылёва-Корба,_Анна_Павловна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Anna_Korba.htm]

1872 - Raissa Adler (Raissa Timofevna Epstein [Раиса Тимофеевна Эпштейн]; d. 1962), Russian-Austrian feminist and Trotskyist, who co-founded the Internationalen Arbeiterhilfe (Workers International Relief) in Austria and was a member of Roten Hilfe and the Kommunistischen Partei Österreichs, born in Moscow. Married to the Austrian psychotherapist Alfred Adler, together they had four children, Valentine, Alexandra, Kurt and Cornelia, but largely led separate lives due to her political activities and his frequent lecture tours and work. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raissa_Adler ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Адлер,_Раиса_Тимофеевна www.fraueninbewegung.onb.ac.at/Pages/PersonDetail.aspx?p_iPersonenID=8675066]

1880 - Louise Michel is freed by amnesty after nine years in prison, is met in Gare Saint-Lazare by an enormous crowd cheering her with cries of: "Vive Louise Michel, vive la Commune, A bas les assassins!" [www.estelnegre.org/documents/arribadamichel/arribadamichel.html]

1894 - Varvara Fyodorovna Stepanova (Варва́ра Фёдоровна Степа́нова; d. 1958), Russian-Lithuanian painter and designer initially associated with the Cubo-Futurists and zaum poets, but later a Constructivist, born. Like her partner Aleksandr Rodchenko, she was involved in the newspaper 'Anarkhiia' but, unlike him, appears to not have been an active anarchist. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varvara_Stepanova www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=5643 www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=8476]

1907* - [O.S. Oct. 27] Dora Brilliant [Дора Бриллиант] (Dora Vladimirovna Vulfovna [Дора Владимировна Вульфовна] b. 1879), Russian revolutionist, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), dies in Peter and Paul Fortress having gone insane. She helped build the bombs used and organise the assassinations of the Minister of Interior Vyacheslav Plehve (Вячеслава Плеве) on July 28 [15] 1904 and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (Сергея Александровича) on February 17 [4], 1905. [expand] At the end of 1905, she was arrested in a secret S-R chemical laboratory/bomb factory in St. Petersburg. Tried for her part in the assassinations, she was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where she went insane, tormented with remourse over the deaths of Plehve and Sergei Alexandrovich, dying in October 1907 - some sources give the year as 1906 or 1909 [c.f. Boris Savinkov in 'Memoirs of a Terrorist]. [NB. Some sources give the years as 1906 or 1909.] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бриллиант,_Дора_Владимировна fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Brilliant www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/11/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1914 - Zivia Luibetkin (Cywia Lubetkin) aka 'Celina' (d. 1976), Polish Jewish activist in the Warsaw ghetto underground, who was a member of the leadership of the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organisation) and participant of the Warsaw ghetto uprising, born. In her late teens she joined the Zionist youth movement Dror, and in 1938 became a member of its Executive Council. After Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland in September 1939, she made a perilous journey from the Soviet occupied part of the country to Warsaw to join the underground there. In March 1942, Lubetkin helped found the left-wing Zionist Bloku Antyfaszystowskiego (Anti-Fascist Bloc) and in July that year she was also one of the founders of ŽOB. She was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and one of only 34 fighters to survive the war. After leading her group of surviving fighters through the sewers of Warsaw with the aid of Simcha 'Kazik' Rotem in the final days of the ghetto uprising (on May 10, 1943), she continued her resistance activities in the rest of Warsaw outside the ghetto. She took part in the Polish Warsaw Uprising in 1944, fought in the units of the Armia Ludowa (People's Army). After the war, she and her husband went to Israel, where she was one of the founders of the Ghetto Fighters' House. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivia_Lubetkin pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywia_Lubetkin jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lubetkin-zivia]

1980 - Toyen (Marie Cermínová; b. 1902), Czech-born Surrealist painter, printmaker, and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 21] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufina_Alfaro es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufina_Alfaro]
 * = 10 || [E] 1821 - Grito de independencia de La Villa de Los Santos: Rufina Alfaro, a legendary figure in the Panamanian independence movement, leads an uprising against the Spanish rulers by local people who, armed only with stones and sticks, seize the local police fortress without any resistance from its soldiers. At a town meeting Rufina declares Los Santos a 'Ciudad Libre'.

1875 - [O.S. Oct. 29] Anastasia Alekseevna Bitsenko (Анастасии Алексеевна Биценко; d. 1938), prominent Russian revolutionary, born. Joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) in 1902 and, in 1905, the S-R's Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция). On December 5 [Nov. 22], 1905, at the home Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столыпин), she shot Adjutant General Viktor Sakharov (Ви́ктор Са́харов), who had pacified the agrarian unrest in the Saratov province. She was sentenced to death on March 15 [3], 1906, later commuted perpetual servitude. Released in March 1917 following the February Revolution. [expand] On February 8, 1938, she was arrested on charges of belonging to a S-R terrorist organisation and on June 16 1938 sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. She was shot at the NKVD's Kommunarka (Коммунарке) execution grounds. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Биценко,_Анастасия_Алексеевна www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=50&tek=729&issue=20 www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/bicenko_aa.php ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1896 - Gregoria Montoya y Patricio, aka 'Henerala Gregoria' (b. 1863), Filipina revolutionary and military leader, is killed during the Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican, hit by a cannonball fired from a Spanish navy boat off Dalahican beach, but not before her efforts leading a thirty-man unit bought the Filipino forces enough time for reinforcements to arrive and pave the way for a decisive victory against the Spanish. [see: Nov. 28]

1917 - 41 suffragettes are arrested for protesting in favour of women’s rights outside the White House. They are imprisoned and subjected to violent abuse while in jail.

1928 - Anita Berber (b. 1899), German dancer, actress, writer and icon of the Weimar era, who was the subject of a famous Otto Dix painting, dies of tuberculosis. [see: Jun. 10]

1939 - Charlotte Despard (Charlotte French; b. 1844), Anglo-Irish novelist, suffragist, Sinn Féin activist, communist, vegetarian and anti-vivisection advocate, who quit the NUWSS for the WSPU because of the former's "votes for ladies" stance and later quit the WSPU to help form the Women's Freedom League because of Emmeline Pankhurst' dictatorial manner, dies. [see: Jun. 15]

2007 - Milja Marin (Milja Toroman; b. 1926), the young Yugoslav partisan nurse made famous for the photograph '//Kozarčanka//' (Woman from Kozara) taken by Yugoslav photographer Žorž Skrigin in northern Bosnia during the winter of 1943-44, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozarčanka]

2010 - María Martínez Sorroche (b. 1914), Adalusian textile worker, baker, maid, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Sep. 9] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Brik vladimirmayakovsky.wikidot.com/lili-and-osip-brik www.eyemagazine.com/review/article/the-futurists-muse]
 * = 11 || 1891 - Lilya Yuryevna Brik (born Lilya Kagan; d. 1978), Russian writer, film director and Futurist muse, born. Older sister of Elsa Triolet, wife of Osip Brik and later lover and muse of Futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.

1894 - Emma Goldman speaks at a poorly attended commemoration of the Haymarket martyrs in New York; other speakers include Charles Mowbray, German anarchist and barkeeper Justus Schwab, Voltairine de Cleyre, Max Baginski, and John Edelmann, editor of the anarchist journal '//Solidarity//'.

[E] 1902 - Miquelina Sardinha (Miquelina Maria Possante Sardinha; d. 1966), Portuguese educationalist and militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2710.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10530]

1943 - Gusta 'Tova' Dawidson Draenger aka 'Justyna' (1917), Polish Jewish member of the anti-Nazi rsistance in the Kraków ghetto and author of the posthumously published 'Justina’s Diary' (1945), is executed alongside her husband Shimshon 'Marek' Draenger (b. 1917) by the Germans in the Wiśnicz forest outside of Kraków, signalling the end of ŽOB activities in the city. A member of the Akiva youth movement, its younger members chose to remain behind in Krakow to fight the Nazis, and in the ghetto would join with the Dror group to form the He-Haluz ha-Lohem (Fighting Organisation of the Pioneering Jewish Youth) under the mantle of Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŽOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) Gusta died in a skirmish with the Germans in the Wisnicz forest outside of Kraków. She was involved in organising a network of outside of Krakow so that they could be used by fighters after each action taken against the Nazis. She was also adept at forging identity documents for members of the movement, enabling them to move freely among the various ghettos. Sale of these papers to those who wished to leave the ghetto constituted a source of income for the underground. On January 18, 1943 Marek was arrested in the wake of the Cyganeria operation on December 22, 1942, and Gusta set out to find him, only for the Gestapo to arrest her too. On April 29, 1943, she took part in the escape staged by prisoners at Montelupich prison as they were being taken to the 'Hill of Death' [Hujowa Górka (Prick Hill)] at the nearby Płaszow concentration camp for execution. She was one of only two women to escape (Mire Golą being the other). Marek was also luck enough escape and the couple were reunited at Bochnia before moving on to a group bunker in the forest at Nowy Wiśnicz, from where they produced their underground newspaper, 'He-Haluz ha-Lohem' (The Fighting Pioneer). On November 8, 1943, Shimshon Draenger was captured as he attempted to collect forged documents that the couple planned to use to cross into Hungary. When Justyna learnt that he had been arrested, in accordance with the pair's pact, she decided to give herself up. However, on November 11, 1943, the Gestapo arrived and arrested her and it is assumed that she died later that day or soon afterwards. [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/draenger-gusta-dawidson jewishcurrents.org/in-the-krakow-ghetto-code-name-justyna-20326 www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_stories_draenger.html]

1946 - Selina Cooper (b. 1864), English mill worker, trade union activist, Suffragist, anti-fascist and the first woman to represent the Independent Labour Party in 1901, when she was elected as a Poor Law Guardian, dies. [see: Dec. 4]

1971 - Haverstock Street, Islington, raided. Angie Weir arrested, taken to Albany Street and charged with conspiracy to cause explosions. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1981 - Greta Kuckhoff (b. 1902), member of the German Resistance group, the Red Orchestra during the Nazi era, dies. [see: Dec. 14]

1989 - Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist, member of the IWW and life companion of Sam Dolgoff, dies. [see: Jan. 7 / Dec. 25]

2000 - Julia Miravé Barrau [sometimes rendered as Miravet, Mirabé Vallejo, Mirabé Barreau, etc.] (b. 1911), Spainish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, dies. [see: Jan. 20] || "Let us love dogs, let us love only dogs! Men and cats are unworthy creatures."
 * = 12 || 1858 - [N.S. Nov. 24] Marie Bashkirtseff (Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva [Мари́я Константи́новна Башки́рцева]; d. 1884), Ukrainian-French painter, sculptor, diarist and feminist, who wrote a number of mysandrist articles for Hubertine Auclert's newspaper 'La Citoyenne' under the pseudonym Pauline Orrel, born. [see: Nov. 24]

1878 - [O.S. Oct. 31] Vera Vladimirovna Vannovsky (Вера Владимировна Ванновская; d. 1961), Russian revolutionary, member of Lenin's St. League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса) group in St. Petersburg and later of the RSDLP group 'Will' (Воля), born. Her father V.I. Yakovenko (В. И. Яковенко) was a member of Black Partition (Чёрный_передел).

1946 - Elisa Acuña y Rossetti (María Elisa Brígida Lucía Acuña Rosete; b. 1872), Mexican professor, journalist, revolutionary and anarcha-feminist, dies of cancer. [see: Oct. 8]

[E] 1977 - Ingrid Schubert (b. 1944), German doctor and one of the founding members of the Rote Armee Fraktion, is found hanging in her cell, a supposed Stadelheim 'suicide'. On the Thursday before her death she had assured her lawyer that she had no intention of committing suicide. As in the case of Meinhof and Ensslin the autopsy did not indicate the usual signs of death by hanging. [see: Nov. 7] [germanguerilla.com/1977/10/13/sawio-ultimatum/]

[A] 1984 - US Plowshares protesters, including Helen Woodson, a mother of eleven children and founder of the Gaudete Peace and Justice Center from Madison, Wisconsin, target a Minuteman II nuclear-missile silo in Missouri, taking a pneumatic drill to the silo cap. Four activists are arrested and, in March 1985, they are convicted of conspiracy, destruction of government property, and intent to damage the national defence. Their prison sentences range from eight to 18 years. [www.plowshares.se/aktioner/plowcronology80-84.shtml]

1989 - Dolores Ibárruri aka 'La Pasionaria' (the Passionflower) (Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez; b. 1895), Basque, seamstress, maid and Marxist, who gained fame as a Spanish Communist political leader during the Second Spanish Republic and, in particular, the Civil War, gaining her legendary reputation as an impassioned orator, coining the Republican battle cry, "No pasarán!" (They shall not pass!), dies of pneumonia, aged 93. [see: Dec. 9]

2010 - Carmen Bueno Uribes (b. 1918), Spanish nurse and midwife, and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: May 11] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Plater pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Plater ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Плятер,_Эмилия lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilija_Pliaterytė]
 * = 13 || [E] 1806 - Countess Emilia Plater (Emilija Pliaterytė / Emilia Platerówna; d. 1831), Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary, who fought in the November 1830 Uprising against the Russians as a captain in the Polish insurgent forces (the highest rank awarded to a woman at that time), born. She would later become a national heroine Polish, Belarus and Lithuania.

[EE] 1851 - [O.S. Nov. 1] Élisabeth Dmitrieff [Елизавета Дмитриева] (Elizaveta Loukinitcha Koucheleva [Елизавета Лукинична Кушелева]; d. 1910 or 1918*), Russian actress and feminist activist and Pétroleuse, who fought during the 1871 Commune de Paris, born. The illegitimate daughter of German nurse and a Tsarist officer and land owner, from a young age she was invloved in socialist circles in St. Petersburg. In 1868, Elizaveta contracted a marriage to a retired Colonel M.N. Tomanovski (М.Н. Томановским), who was already terminally ill with tuberculosis (and who died soon after, in order to go abroad. Soon after, she moved to Switzerland where she participated in the creation of the Russian Section of the International (AIT). In late June 1870 Elisabeth moved to London, where she became friends with Karl Marx and his daughter Jenny and was active in the AIT there. Following the proclamation of the Paris Commune, Élisabeth Dmitrieff, then still only 20 years old, was sent to the French capital in March 1871 by Karl Marx on a fact-finding missions. There she participated in the unionisation of workers and was one of the most active leaders, along with the likes of Nathalie Lemel, with whom she was the main facilitator, of the Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins des blessés (Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and the care of the wounded), dealing with policy issues and especially with the organisation of cooperative workshops. She later took part in the street fighting during the Semaine Sanglante, after which she managed to escape and return to Russia, possibly via Geneva. She later married Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovsky (Ивана Михайловича Давыдовского), who was eventually deported to Siberia in 1877 for his criminal activities, despite the intervention of Marx. Élisabeth followed him there and in 1905, when Davydov was pardoned, the family returned to Moscow. Nothing is know of Élisabeth Dmitrieff after that date, and she is presumed to have died in either 1910 or 1918. [*sources vary] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Dmitrieff www.esperanto.mv.ru/wiki/Марксизм/Дмитриева www.toropets.net/modules.php?name=History&pa=showpage&pid=52 chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4-2.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.commune-rougerie.fr/les-femmes-de-1871,fr,8,58.cfm www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article326 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=552 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Клуб_червонных_валетов]

1938 - Jean Dorothy Seberg (d. 1979), US actress, who was effectively blacklisted and became a major target for the FBI's COINTELPRO program for her support of the Black Panther Party, and ultimately drove her to suicide, born. A regular provider of financial support to the NAACP and Native American school groups, she also gave a number of large donations to the Panthers' various projects, such as their Free Breakfast for School Children program. Deciding to 'neutraliser' her, and having discovered via a phone tap that she was pregnant, the FBI planted a story in the press that Seberg's child had not been fathered by her husband, French writer and diplomat Romain Gary, but by Raymond 'Masai' Hewittt, the party's minister of information, who had (with Elaine Brown) been Seberg's Panther contact. [At the time, both Elaine Brown and Masai's wife, Ester Soriano, were pregnant with children by Masai, something that may also have been discovered by phone taps.] The story was reported in May 1970 by gossip columnist Joyce Haber of the '//Los Angeles Times//', and was also reprinted by '//Newsweek//' magazine: "Let us call her Miss A… She is beautiful and she’s blond… … According to those really “in” international sources, Topic A is the baby Miss A is expecting, and its father. Papa’s said to be a rather prominent Black Panther." Seberg went into premature labour and, on August 23, 1970, gave birth to a 4 lb (1.8 kg) baby girl, Nina Hart Gary. The child died two days later. Seberg and Gary later sued 'Newsweek' for libel and defamation, winning damages. Seberg never fully recovered from the trauma and on September 8, 1979, nine days after she had mysteriously disappeared from her Paris home, her decomposing body was found wrapped in a blanket in the back seat of her Renault, parked close to her Paris apartment in the 16th arrondissement. Next to her was a bottle of barbiturates, an empty mineral water bottle and a suicide note. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Seberg libcom.org/library/jean-seberg-screen-icon-black-panther-supporter libcom.orghistory/reflections-jean-seberg-black-panther-party-elaine-brown www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/04/24/1019441262517.html latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/03/the-jean-seberg.html www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/077.html www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC28folder/Seberg.html]

1969 - Lori Helene Berenson, US journalist and political activist convicted in Peru in 1996 for working with the Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement), born. Pulled off a public bus on November 30, 1995 after leaving the Peruvian Congress building together with awoman who Berenson said she’d hired as a photographer for assignments for two American publications that she was working on, she was arrested when the other woman turned out to be the wife of Nestor Cerpa, a leader of the MRTA. Tried in a closed courtroom by a military tribunal on a charge of treason against the fatherland (sic) for leadership of a terrorist organisation, she was convicted on all charges and sentenced to life in prison on January 11, 1996, just six weeks after her arrest. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Berenson www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/magazine/06berenson-t.html tech.mit.edu/V130/N26/berenson.html]

1984 - Valentina Sáez Izquierdo aka Valentina del Olmo (d. 1984), Spanish anarchist militant, dies. [see: Feb. 14]

1991 - Catina Ciullo (Caterina D'Amico Willman; d. 1991), Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist activist, dies. [see: Apr. 26]

2014 - Tanisha Anderson, a 37-year-old schizophrenic black woman, dies after being restrained face down on the ground by Cleveland police after her family had requested that they escort her to a hospital to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. Her death was ruled a homicide by the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's Office on January 2, 2015. [www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/11/cleveland_woman_with_mental_il_1.html www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/01/tanisha_anderson_was_restraine.html] 2014 - Tanisha Anderson, a 37-year-old schizophrenic black woman, dies after being restrained face down on the ground by Cleveland police after her family had requested that they escort her to a hospital to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. Her death was ruled a homicide by the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's Office on January 2, 2015. [www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/11/cleveland_woman_with_mental_il_1.html www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/01/tanisha_anderson_was_restraine.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarpa_Salavarrieta es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarpa_Salavarrieta www.onthisdeity.com/14th-november-1817-–-the-death-of-policarpa-salaverreita/ www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/salavarrieta.htm]
 * = 14 || 1817 - Policarpa Salavarrieta aka 'La Pola' (María Policarpa Salavarrieta Ríos; b. 1795), Colombian (Neogranadine) seamstress and revolutionary, is executed by a Spanish royalist firing squad for spying for the for high treason during the Revolutionary Forces during the Spanish Reconquista of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. She and her brother Bibiano had managed to enter the capital and Reconquista stronghold Bogotá on forged doucuments (La Pola under the name Gregoria Apolinaria, which may in fact have been her real name), where La Pola used her skills as a seamstress to gain entry to the houses of royalists and officers and spy on them, listening to conversations, collecting maps and intelligence on their plans and activities, identifying who the major royalists were, and finding out who were suspected of being revolutionaries. She also secretly recruited young men to the Revolutionary cause.

1844 - Flora Tristán (Flora Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso (b. 1844), Franco-Spanish woman of letters, militant socialist and early feminist theorist, dies of typhus in Bordeaux whilst on her 'tour de France' to publicise her book '//Union Ouvrière//' (The Workers' Union). [see: Apr. 7 & Jun. 1]

1878 - [N.S. Nov. 26] Zinaida Vasilevna Konoplyannikova (Зинаида Васильевна Конопля́нникова; d. 1906), rural school teacher, member of the revolutionary movement in Russia, born. [see: Nov. 26]

[E] 1909 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Theresa Garnett (1888-1966) attacks Winston Churchill with a horsewhip on a Bristol railway station platform, but fails to cause him any injury. She was later sentenced to a month in HMP Bristol for disturbing the peace (Churchill didn't press charges for the assault itself), where she went on hunger strike, was force-fed, tried to set her cell on fire, and finish her sentence in hospital. For her actions, she received a brooch from the WSPU for her imprisonment, and a medal of honour for the hunger strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Garnett]

1920 - Cato Bontjes van Beek (d. 1943), German artist and member of the anti-Nazi resistance, who was a member of the so-called Rote Kapelle network, born. She was arrested by Gestapo agents on September 20, 1942, during the rounding-up of the network and, on January 18, 1943, she was found guilty at the Reichskriegsgericht military court of "abetting a conspiracy to commit high treason" and sentenced to death. An appeal for clemency was personally denied by Hitler, despite a recommendation from the court, and she was guillotined on August 5, 1943, at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin, together with a fellow Red October member, 19-year-old Liane Berkowitz, who had given birth to a daughter, Irina, in custody in April. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Bontjes_van_Beek de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Bontjes_van_Beek www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/bontjes-van-beek/ www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/cato-bontjes-van-beek/]

1920 - Audrey Goodfriend (d. 2013), American lifelong anarchist militant, radical educator and "black diaper baby" (her parents were anarchists, and she was raised in that culture), who was was instrumental in the formation of the Walden Center and School in Berkeley, California, born. She grew up speaking Yiddish as a first language, and when she started school, could not yet speak a word of English. [expand] [www.moesbooks.com/pages/Audrey-Goodfriend.html www.fifthestate.org/archive/389-summer-2013/audrey-goodfriend-1920-2013/]

1988 - Augusta Deyanira la Torre Carrasco, aka 'Comrade Norah' (b. 1946), Peruvian Maoist and feminist, who was number two in command of Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) guerrilla organisation, dies in mysterious circumstance, a possible suicide. [see: Aug. 29] || Rackham and his crew were arrested and taken to what is now Spanish Town in Jamaica for trial, where they were convicted and sentenced by the Governor Nicholas Lawes to hang for acts of piracy. Read and Bonny however both 'pleaded their bellies', revealing that they were both "quick with child", thereby escaping the noose. Both women received a temporary stay of execution until they gave birth. Read died in prison, most likely from a fever from childbirth, whilst there is no historical record of Bonny's release or of her execution. Bonny's last words to the imprisoned Rackham were said to have been: "Had you fought like a man, you need not have been hang'd like a dog." [Captain Charles Johnson - 'A history of the robberies and murders of the most notorious pyrates from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence to the present year', 1724] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bonny en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Read www.smithsonianmag.com/history/if-theres-a-man-among-ye-the-tale-of-pirate-queens-anne-bonny-and-mary-read-45576461/?no-ist]
 * = 15 || [E] 1720 - Famed female pirates Anne Bonny (Anne McCormac; ca. 1700 - ca. 1782) and Mary Read (ca. 1690 - 1721) are taken prisoner when pirate hunter Captain Jonathan Barnet takes the crew of John 'Calico Jack' Rackham (Bonny partner) by surprise as they are hosting a rum party with another crew of Englishmen at Negril Point off the west coast of Jamaica.

1852 - [O.S. Nov. 3] Praskovya Semyonovna Ivanovskaya [Прасковья Семёновна Ивановская] (Praskovya Semenovna Voloshenko [Прасковья Семеновна Волошенко]; d. 1935), Russian revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty), Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and the S-R's Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. Joined Narodnaya Volya in spring of 1880, running safe houses and clandestine printing presses. Arrested and tried in the 'Process of 17' (Процесс 17-ти), sentenced to death, later commuted to perpetual servitude. Escape from Chita (Читу) in 1903. Arriving in St. Petersburg, she joined the Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция) of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров). [expand] Member of the post-Revolution Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Общества бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ивановская,_Прасковья_Семёновна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praskovya_Ivanovskaya spartacus-educational.com/RUSivanovskia.htm historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?cat_ob_no=16787&ob_no=16781 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1899 - Urania Mella (María Urania Mella Serrano; d. 1945), Spanish anarchist, anarcha-feminist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1511.html]

1942 - Annemarie 'Miro' Schwarzenbach (Annemarie Minna Renée Schwarzenbach; b. 1908), bisexual Swiss-German writer, journalist, photographer, traveler, anti-fascist and androgenous style icon, dies from the effects of a misdiagnosed serious head injury that she sustained when she fell from her bicycle on September 7, 1942 in the Engadin (Swiss Alps). [see: May 23]

1978 - Margaret Mead (b. 1901), American radical anthropologist, dies. [see: Dec. 16]

1984 - Teodora Badell (b. 1893), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [expand] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/112474]

2009 - Anna Mendleson (or Mendelssohn; b. 1948), English poet, painter, musician, actor, anarchist, activist in the Claimants Union, etc., and Stoke Newington Eight’ defendant, dies after a long battle with a brain tumour. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Mendelssohn www.katesharpleylibrary.net/9w0wq9 archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb181-sxms109 issuu.com/skateraw/docs/annamandelssohn www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/dec/15/anna-mendelssohn-obituary] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1611.html]
 * = 16 || 1913 - Tosca Tantini (d. 1940), Italian ice cream maker, anarchist and miliciana, who fought in the Columna Ascaso, born. [expand]

1918 - Rosa Luxemburg’s article '//A Duty of Honour: Against Capital Punishment//', is published. She writes: "The existing penal system, which is permeated through and through with the brutal class spirit and barbarism of capitalism, must be extirpated root and branch."

1928 - Radclyffe Hall's novel 'The Well of Loneliness' is declared obscene and ordered destroyed.

1981 - Felisa de Castro Sampedro (d. 1981), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and femnist militant, who was involved in the founding of the Grupo Cultural Femenino and of Mujeres Libres, dies in Caracas, Venezuela. [see: Feb. 21]

[E] 1991 - Aliaa Magda Elmahdy (علياء ماجدة المهدى‎‎), Egyptian "secular, liberal, feminist, vegetarian, individualist" internet activist and FEMEN associate, who became notorious for publishing a nude photo ("screams against a society of violence, racism, sexism, sexual harassment and hypocrisy") on her Blogspot page, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliaa_Magda_Elmahdy]

2010 - To mark the Centennial of the Mexican Revolution, the remains of the Mexican revolutionary and anarcha-feminist Elisa Acuña Rossetti (1872-1946) are transferred from the 'Pateón Civil de Dolores' in Mexico City, where she had been buried, to the 'Rotonda de los Hidalguenses Ilustres' in Pachuca de Soto in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фигнер,_Ольга_Николаевна dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/278166]
 * = 17 || 1862 - [O.S. Nov. 5] Olga Nikolaevna Figner (Ольга Николаевна Фигнер; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, narodnitsa and one of the organisers of the Socialist-Federalist (Cоциалистов-федералистов) group (1887-89) in St. Petersburg following the crushing of Narodnaya Volya (Наро́дная во́ля / People's Will), born. [expand]

[E] 1866 - Voltairine de Cleyre (d. 1912), American anarchist, feminist, teacher and poet, born. [expand] [www.voltairine.org/ www.ephemanar.net/novembre17.html#17 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/voltairine-de-cleyre-collected-poems en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre librivox.org/selected-works-poems-by-voltairine-de-cleyre/]

1986 - In Paris, two female members of Accion Directe shoot Renault chairman George Besse.

1989 - Kornelia 'Conny' Wessmann (b. 1965), German student and active anti-Fascist, is knocked down and killed by a car as she fled from a police charge. Conny, who was responding to a call out by comrades in Göttingen after a group of neo-Nazis had gone on a rampage in the city. By the time she and her Antifa group had arrived at the scene, the neo-Nazi skinheads had already fled. The police then followed her group, which planned to dissolve near the university campus. Close to the busy Weender Landstrasse they were attacked by the police. Trying to escape across a street, she was knocked down by a car and killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Wessmann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Wessmann killedbycops.blogsport.de/1989/11/17/17-november-1989-conny-wessmann/ www.goest.de/conny.htm]

1992 - Audre Lorde (Audrey Geraldine Lorde; b. 1934), African-American poet, writer, radical feminist, lesbian, and civil rights activist, or "black feminist lesbian poet warrior mother" as she described herself, dies of liver cancer, having taken the name Gamba Adisa, which means "Warrior: She Who Makes Her Meaning Known" in an African naming ceremony shortly before her death. [see: Feb. 18]

2013 - Doris Lessing (Doris May Tayler; d. 1919), British author [novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer], radical, one-time communist, anti-colonialist and anti-racist, and Nobel Laureate, who was adopted as a feminist icon by the women's movement in the 1960's following the publication of '//The Golden Notebook//' (1962), dies. [see: Oct. 22] ||
 * = 18 || [A/E] 1910 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign/ Black Friday: The Conciliation Bill (which would have given the vote to women who occupied premises for which they were responsible) was shelved by Prime Minister Herbert Asquith. On learning of this, the Women's Social and Political Union marched on the House of Commons. A riot followed and the women were assaulted – some severely beaten – by police and others. The newspaper '//Votes for Women//' reported that 115 women and four men were arrested. The WSPU quickly learned the lessons of that day, and a policy decision was made to pursue their campaign using different tactics. Large deputations were considered to be too dangerous. From this moment, the suffragettes went underground and waged "guerrilla warfare" (their phrase) against the Liberal government.

1912 - América Scarfò aka 'Fina' (América Josefina Scarfó; d. 2006), Argentinian teacher, anarchist and pioneer of the anarcha-feminist movement, who used the pseudonym of Josefina Rinaldi de Dionisi, born. Sister of Paulino Orlando Scarfò and companion of the revolutionary anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, both executed, after enduring torture, by the Uriburu regime in Argentina in February 1931. América was only 17 when she left home to live with Di Giovanni, who was then in his 30s. Within months, Di Giovanni had been tracked down by police after a spree of bomb attacks on US and fascist targets. As Osvaldo Bayer, Di Giovanni’s biographer has put it: "Severino was an antifascist and he was convinced that the only counter to violence from above was violence from below." Love letters exchanged between Severino and América were confiscated by the police. For years they formed a prize exhibit in the Police Museum in Buenos Aires. Many years later, América later went into partnership with a like-minded comrade to run the Americalee publishing house specialising in anarchist and libertarian materials. Thanks to lobbying by Osvaldo Bayer, during the Menem government (1989-1999) the love letters from Di Giovanni were returned to América Scarfó by the police authorities. She died in Buenos Aires on August 19, 2006, [not Aug. 26 as many sources erroneously cite] and her remains were cremated and her ashes buried in the small garden adjoining the HQ of the Federación Libertaria Argentina in the southern part of Buenos Aires. [www.elortiba.org/severino.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/sj3vzg it.wikipedia.org/wiki/América_Scarfò www.estelnegre.org/documents/scarfo/scarfo.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/mcvfg5 www.tropeamagazine.it/americascarfo/ www.revistasudestada.com.ar/articulo/880/los-ojos-de-america-scarfo/ kaosenlared.net/un-amor-anarquista-la-historia-de-america-scarfo-y-severino-di-giovanni/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/america-scarfo-emile-armand-letter-of-america-scarfo-to-emile-armand]

1919 - Alternative date for the birth of Consuelo Rodriguez Lopez, aka 'Chelo' (d. 2012), Galician miliciana and anti-Francoist guerrilla. [see: Nov. 6 + 19]

1920 - The Bolshevik 'Decree on Women’s Healthcare' effectively makes abortion on demand (with certain restrictions: "abortion must not be performed for the first pregnancy unless childbirth would seriously endanger the woman's life"; "abortion must not be performed if the pregnancy has been continued for more than two and one-half months") legal in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1936 Stalin reversed most of the 1920 provisions with the 'Decree on the Prohibition of Abortions, the Improvement of Material Aid to Women in Childbirth, the Establishment of State Assistance to Parents of Large Families, and the Extension of the Network of Lying-in Homes, Nursery schools and Kindergartens, the Tightening-up of Criminal Punishment for the Non-payment of Alimony, and on Certain Modifications in Divorce Legislation' in order to increase population growth (the population had fallen sharply due to the famine that his policies had created) and to place a stronger emphasis on the importance of the family unit to communism. After Stalin’s death in 1953, the Soviet government revoked the 1936 laws and issued a new law on abortion, 'Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 23.11.1955 on the abolition of the prohibition of abortion'. [www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/cpl-abortion/section5.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/field-alice/protect/ch04.html www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/abort.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia]

1983 - Nakano Hatsuko (中野初子; b. 1886), Japanese editor and haiku poet of the Meiji and Showa eras, feminist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [see: Jul. 14]

2002 - Britta Gröndahl (b. 1914), Swedish writer, French language teacher, editor, translator, feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation, dies. [see: Mar. 8] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi www.onthisdeity.com/18th-june-1858-–C2%A0the-death-of-the-rani-of-jhansi/]
 * = 19 || 1828 - Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi (Manikarnika; d. 1858), queen of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State in north-central India and military leader during India’s First War of Independence, whose death in battle is the subject of many heroic legends, born.

1899 - Emma Goldman, 'The Anarchist Orator' as she is billed, delivers a lecture at the Athenaeum Hall in London on the subject of '//The Aim of Humanity//'. She follows this up with a second lecture entitled '//Woman//' the following Sunday (26th) at the same venue. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1911.html]

1900 - Anna Seghers (Anna Reiling; d. 1983), German novelist, Communist and anti-fascist, whose novel '//Die Gefährten//' (The Fellowship; 1932), a prophetic warning of the dangers of Fascism, led to her being arrested by the Gestapo, born. The daughter of Jewish family, she formally left the Jewish community in 1932 and, in 1934, emigrated via Zurich to Paris. With the Nazi invasion of France, she left for Mexico in 1941, where she founded the anti-fascist Heinrich-Heine-Klub. Her 1939 novel '//The Seventh Cross//', set in 1936 and describes the escape of seven prisoners from a concentration camp, was made into a 1944 MGM film starring Spencer Tracy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Seghers de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Seghers mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Anna_Seghers.htm]

[C] 1908 - Gisèle Freund (Gisela Freund; d. 2000), German-born French photographer and photojournalist, socialist and anti-fascist, best known for her documentary photography and portraits of writers and artists and her book 'Photographie et Société' (1974), about the uses and abuses of the photographic medium in the age of technological reproduction, born. From a wealthy Jewish family, she took up photography initially as a hobby in 1925 and, whilst studying at the Institute for Social, Sciences, University of Frankfurt under Theodor W. Adorno, Karl Mannheim and Norbert Elias, she became an active member of a student socialist group and determined to use photography as an integral part of her socialist practice. One of her first first stories, shot on May 1, 1932, shows "a recent march of anti-fascist students" who had been "regularly attacked by Nazi groups." The photos also show Walter Benjamin, a good friend of Freund, and Bertolt Brecht. Being Jewish and a fervent opponent of National Socialism, Freund was also an active member of an anti-Fascist group. When one of her friends was imprisoned and murdered, Freund was told she must leave the country. On May 30, 1933, with little more than her camera, and with photographic negatives taped around her body to get past the border guards, Freund fled Germany in the footsteps of her friend Benjamin. She did not set foot on German soil again until 1957. In 1935 she began a relationship with Adrienne Monnier, poet, feminist writer, publisher, and a central figure in the contemporary avant-garde scene in France. Monnier went on to arrange a marriage of convenience for her lover with Pierre Blum so that Freund could obtain a visa to remain in France legally and the following year published Freund’s ground-breaking doctoral dissertation on photography in nineteenth-century France. On June 10, 1940, with the Nazi invasion of Paris looming, Freund escaped Paris to Free France in the Dordogne. Her husband by convenience, Pierre, had been captured by the Nazis and sent to a prison camp. He was able to escape and met with Freund before going back to Paris to fight in the Résistance. As the wife of an escaped prisoner, a Jew, a lesbian and a Socialist, Freund "feared for her life". Finally, in 1942, through the intervention of her friend André Malraux (1901-1976), arrangements were made for her to find refuge in Argentina, becoming cultural attaché for the Ministry of Information of Free France while in South America, and founding Ediciones Victoria to publish books about France. Focusing on producing documentary reportage and films on remote areas such as Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia in 1944, she travelled through Chile, Peru and Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador. In all these countries she wrote stories published by European and American magazines. She also visited Mexico, falling in love with the country and befriending Frida Kahlo. In 1947, Freund signed a contract with Magnum Photos as a Latin America contributor, but by 1954 she was declared persona non grata by the U. S. Government at the height of the Red Scare for her Socialist views, and Robert Capa forced her to break ties with Magnum. The same year she was also thrown out of Argentina for taking a set of photographs of Eva Peron wearing lavish jewellery that were published in 'Life' magazine, causing an international incident. Freund had returned to Paris in 1953, spending the rest of her life in France. [www.gisele-freund.com www.kirjasto.sci.fi/freund.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisèle_Freund jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-gisele blogs.rue89.nouvelobs.com/oelpv/2011/11/29/gisele-freund-et-walter-benjamin-les-amis-retrouves-225828]

1919 - Alternative date for the birth of Consuelo Rodriguez Lopez, aka 'Chelo' (d. 2012), Galician miliciana and anti-Francoist guerrilla. [see: Nov. 6 + 18]

1931 - Yevgenia Nikolaevna Figner (Евгения Николаевна Фигнер) (b. 1858), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Наро́дная во́ля / People's Will) and sister of Vera, Lydia and Olga., born. [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фигнер,_Евгения_Николаевна]

[E] 1937 - Tamara Bunke aka 'Tania' (Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider; d. 1967), East German communist revolutionary and spy [in Bolivia under the name Laura Gutiérrez Bauer], who played a prominent role in the Cuban government after the Cuban Revolution and in various Latin American revolutionary movements, born in Buenos Aires to German communist parents. She was the only woman to fight alongside Marxist guerrillas under Che Guevara during the Bolivian Insurgency (1966-1967), where she was killed in an ambush by CIA-assisted Bolivian Army Rangers as the guerrilla column she was leading was crossing the Río Grande at Vado del Yeso. Inspired by Tamara Bunke, Patti Hearst took the nom de guerre Tania during her time with the SLA. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Bunke de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Bunke mujeres-riot.webcindario.com/Tamara_Bunke.htm]

1976 - No longer known as Tania, Patty Hearst is freed on $1.5 million bail. She returned to her family’s home at the William Randolph Hearst-built Beaux-Arts 1001 California St. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pesotta www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html#pesotta libcom.org/history/pesotta-rose-1896-1965 jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pesotta-rose]
 * = 20 || 1896 - Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; d. 1965), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, born. The only woman on the General Executive Board of the International Ladies' Garment Workers, despite the union having 85% female members, she returned to shopfloor organising in disgust.

1906 - Lucile Pelletier (Lucile Louise Simone Pelletier; d. 1991), French public service worker, anarchist an revolutionary syndicalist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4529 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html]

1913 - Libertas Schulze-Boysen (Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye; (d. 1942), German former press officer in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Berlin branch office and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who also gathered pictorial evidence of Nazi war crimes whilst working in the Reich Propaganda Ministry and was executed alongside her husband Harro Schulze-Boysen for her part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Part of the same circle of left-leaning anti-fascists as her husband, artists, pacifists, and Communists who published anti-fascist writings amongst other activities, she was also involved in the resistance group known as the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra).. In July 1942, the group's radio messages were intercepted and decoded, and on August 31, she and Harro Schulze-Boysen were arrested by the Gestapo. They were sentenced to death on December 19 and executed three days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_Schulze-Boysen www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1962 - Mary Horgan Mowbray-Clarke (b. 1874), American art critic, writer, publisher, instructor, landscape architect, anarchist and the proprietor of the famous NY bookshop Sunwise Turn, dies.

[E] 1970 - A BBC van outside the Albert Hall in London covering the Miss World contest is bombed at 2:30 am. The prosecution claimed that Jake Prescott was responsible for this explosion, but also brought a witness who vouched that Jake was in fact in Edinburgh at the time. They were forced to drop this charge. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[E] 1970 - Women protesters disrupt the Miss World contest during live TV transmission. Flour bombs are hurled at Bob Hope.

[D] 1980 - In China the Gang of Four (四人帮), scapegoats for the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, are put on trial in nationally televised court proceedings. Jiang Hua led the special tribunal that was set up to try Jiang Qing and her 3 Politburo allies, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen. Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later commuted to life imprisonment, while Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively. Jiang Qing committ suicide in 1991 in a prison hospital, Wang Hongwen died in 1992, and Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao both died in 2005, having been released from prison in 1996 and 1998 respectively. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four#Trial digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=mscas chineseposters.net/themes/gang-of-four.php] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прибылёва-Корба,_Анна_Павловна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Anna_Korba.htm]
 * = 21 || [E] 1849 - [O.S. Nov. 9] Anna Korba [Анна Корба] (Anna Pavlovna Mengart [Анна Павловна Мейнгардт]; d. 1939), Russian nurse, historian, editor, revolutionary, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, born. Member of the post-Revolution Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Общества бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев).

1853 - [N.S. Dec. 3] - Lydia Nikolayevna Figner (Лидия Николаевна Фигнер; d. 1920), Russian revolutionary member of Narodnaya Volya and the younger sister of Vera Figner, born. [see: Dec. 3]

1872 - [N.S. Dec. 3] Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; d. 1956), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, born. [see: Dec. 3]

1897 - [N.S. Dec. 3] Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; d. 1980), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist labour activist, born. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), and by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp and fled to Mexico with long-time companion Senya Fleshin. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre21.html#steimer www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2111.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/steimer-mollie libcom.org/history/mollie-steimer-1897-1980-paul-avrich www.infoshop.org/library/mollie-steimer-profile]

1927 - Marilyn French (d. 2009), American feminist author, novelist and academic, born.

2012 - Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel, b. 1921), Polish member of the Jewish resistance, who famously smuggled dynamite into, and also helped children escape out of, the Warsaw Ghetto, dies. [see: Dec. 29] ||
 * = 22 || 1882 - [N.S. Dec. 4] Zofia Dzierżyńska aka Sofia Sigizmundovna Dzerzhinskaya [Софья Сигизмундовна Дзержинская (ru)] (Zofia Julia Muszkat; d. 1968), Polish teacher and communist activist, born. [see: Dec. 4]

1905 - Jo Ann Wheeler Burbank (d. 2000), US anarchist educator, born. She taught at Stelton and Mohegan Modern schools; she wrote for the anarchist journal '//Discussion//' and co-edited a new '//Mother Earth//' in 1930s.

1909 - Members of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union go on strike in New York City against sweatshop conditions. The strikers win the support of other workers and the women’s suffrage movement for their persistence and unity in the face of police brutality and the capitalist courts. A judge tells arrested pickets: "You are on strike against God." [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-11-November.htm]

1917 - Bridget Bate Tichenor (born Bridget Pamela Arkwright Bate; d. 1990), also known as Bridget Tichenor or B.B.T., Mexican surrealist and magic realist painter, model and fashion editor, born. A close firend of Man Ray, Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo and Anaïs Nin, who was infatuated with her and wrote at length about her fantasies in her journals, she frequented artistic and radical circles around the world before settling permanently in Mexico in 1953. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Bate_Tichenor www.bridgetbatetichenor.com/ www.spokeo.com/Bridget+Bate+Tichenor+1 tetworld.tripod.com/go.html]

[E] 1937 - In Barcelona's Carcel de Mujeres Katia Landau is persuaded to give up her hunger strike (which she had begun in protest against the Republican authorities to give her any information about her husband Kurt, who had been 'disappeared' by the Stalinist secret police) and a week later is set free following numerous representations made by French socialists, especially Marceau Pivert. On December 8 she is again arrested and is quizzed upon, amongst other things, whether she is Jewish. She will eventually be released (apparently secured in exchange for French aircraft) at two o’clock in the morning of December 30 and told that if she refused deportation, none of her friends would be allowed to leave the country. She is later expelled to France and, like so many of the other exiled Spanish left-wingers, she went into exile in Mexico in 1940 along with her new partner, the former Spanish naval officer Benjamin Balboa (1901-1976), who had enabled the crews of the Spanish fleet to forestall the officers’ rising in 1936. [see: Jun. 17 & Nov. 8] [www.nodo50.org/despage/not_prensa/opinion/pepe_gutierrez/Katia Landau/katia_landau.htm old.kaosenlared.net/noticia/kurt-katia-landau-historia-para-no-olvidar de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landau_(Politiker) www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain08.htm www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain09.htm theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-political-persecution-in-republican-spain www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1988/xx/landau.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol4/no1-2/schafra.htm]

1980 - Mary Jane 'Mae' West (b. 1893), American actress, singer, playwright and screenwriter, the Queen of Sex, dies. [see: Aug. 17] ||
 * = 23 || [E] 1941 - Elizaveta 'Liza' Chaikina (Елизаве́та Ча́йкина; b. 1918), wartime Soviet partisan and guerilla unit organiser, is shot by the Germans having failed to reveal the location of her unit. [see: Aug. 28]

1949 - Judy Clark (Judith Alice Clark), US radical political activist in the 1960s and '70s, who was a prominent member of the Weather Underground and is a prison AIDS awareness activist currently serving 75-years-to-life for the 1981 Brink's armoured car robbery, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Alice_Clark en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization www.huffingtonpost.com/joan-gelman/judy-clark-inmate-friend_b_1247327.html pjmedia.com/ronradosh/2012/1/13/the-sad-story-of-judith-clark/ www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/magazine/judith-clarks-radical-transformation.html]

1955 - Milly Witkop Rocker (b. 1877), Ukrainian-born Jewish anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, dies from a heart attack. [see: Mar. 15] || "Let us love dogs, let us love only dogs! Men and cats are unworthy creatures." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bashkirtseff fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bashkirtseff ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Башкирцева,_Мария_Константиновна www.bashkirtseff.com.ar/marie_bashkirtseff_1_english.htm]
 * = 24 || 1858 - [O.S. Nov. 12] Marie Bashkirtseff (Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva [Мари́я Константи́новна Башки́рцева]; d. 1884), Ukrainian-French painter, sculptor, diarist and feminist, who wrote a number of mysandrist articles for Hubertine Auclert's newspaper 'La Citoyenne' under the pseudonym Pauline Orrel, born.

1866 - Malvina Tavares (Júlia Malvina Hailliot Tavares; d. 1939), one of the most active of Brazil's anarchist militants, as well as being a poet and pioneer of modern education in southern Brazil, born. She was responsible for the creation of a secular Escola Moderna de Francisco Ferrer in the municipality of São Gabriel do Lajeado, in which subsequent generations of Brazil's libertarians received their education. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvina_Tavares pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvina_Tavares libertariosufpel.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/educadoras-libertarias2-julia-malvina.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp]

1886 - Margaret Caroline Anderson (d. 1973), American anarchist and lesbian, who was founder, editor and publisher of the anarchist art and literary magazine 'The Little Review', born. Margaret Anderson and 'The Little Review' are renown for having published the first thirteen chapters of James Joyce's then-unpublished novel, 'Ulysses', beginning in 1918. The U.S. Post Office seized and burned four issues of the magazine, and Anderson and her lover and associate editor, Jane Heap, were later convicted of obscenity charges. "Life is just one ecstasy after another." "I felt a resentment against God or man for having imposed an incredible stupidity upon the world. And the world had accepted it..." "Laws haven’t the slightest interest for me — except in the world of being in which they are, for the most part, unknown." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Caroline_Anderson www.littlereview.com/mca/ dl.lib.brown.edu/mjp/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=LittleReviewCollection old.library.jhu.edu/friends/programs/murray.pdf archive.org/stream/littlereview04mcke/littlereview04mcke_djvu.txt pinterest.com/littlereview/the-little-review/]

1897 - María Remedios Beruat (d. 1979), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who fought in the in guerrilla battalion Agustín Remiro Manero during the Civil War, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article12123 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2411.html]

[E] 1913 - Margarita Ortega (b. unknown), Mexican anarchist member of the Partido Liberal Mexicano in Baja California who participated in the armed revolt against Porfirio Diaz as guerrilla, propagandist, smuggler and nurse, is shot by Victoriano Huerta's federales after four days of torture, during which she refused to betray her comrades who were then preparing a revolt north of Sonora. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Ortega_(México) ita.anarchopedia.org/Margarita_Ortega libcom.org/history/ortega-margarita-1914 www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/politica/ap1914/21.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp www.anarkismo.net/article/7828?userlanguage=de&save_prefs=true mexiconuevaera.com/opinion/arturo-rios/gota-de-historia/2015/11/18/margarita-ortega-valiente-apoyo-los-flores-magon]

1916 - Concha Liaño (Concepción Liaño Gil; d. 2014), Spanish anarcha-feminist militant, who was one of the founders of the Agrupación Cultural Femenina (Women’s Cultural Association) and the magazine 'Mujeres Libres' (Free Women), born [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1904.html libcom.org/history/liaño-concha-1916-2014]

1921 - Mollie Steimer, after serving 18 months of a 15-year sentence for handing out leaflets opposing US intervention in Soviet Russia, is deported to Soviet Russia alongside three other radicals (Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman Lachowsky).

[EE] 1943 - Reina Princen Geerligs aka Leentjes Vandendriesch (b. 1922), Dutch writer (prose & poetry) and core member of the CS-6 anti-fascist resistance group, is executed by firing squad, along with fellow CS-6 members Truus van Lier and Nel Hissink-van den Brink (Cornelia Kossen), at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Prinsen_Geerligs resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Prinsen_Geerligs nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 utrechtschnieuwsblad.nl/post/22384125708/utrecht-was-in-de-tweede-wereldoorlog-de-stad-van www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/04/29/wie-herkent-deze-verzetshelden www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.tekstidee.nl/v-Reina.htm www.weggum.com/netwerk_CS-6.html forum.fok.nl/topic/660751]

[EE] 1943 - Geertruida (Truus) van Lier (b. 1921), Dutch student and resistance fighter member of the CS-6 group, is executed by firing squad, along with fellow CS-6 members Reina Princen Geerligs and Nel Hissink-van den Brink (Cornelia Kossen), at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truus_van_Lier nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 utrechtschnieuwsblad.nl/post/22384125708/utrecht-was-in-de-tweede-wereldoorlog-de-stad-van www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/04/29/wie-herkent-deze-verzetshelden www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.tekstidee.nl/v-Reina.htm www.weggum.com/netwerk_CS-6.html forum.fok.nl/topic/660751]

2006 - Antonia Ugeda Fuentes (b. 1917), Spanish furniture worker, nurse and anarchist activist, dies. [see: Aug. 21] ||
 * = 25 || 1920 - Madeline 'Madge' McDowell Breckinridge (b. 1872), prominent US members of the women's suffrage movement and one of Kentucky's leading progressive reformers, dies of a stroke. [see: May 20]

[E] 1940 - Elizabeth Anna Duke, US former teacher and member of the May 19th Communist Movement, who was indicted on conspiracy and weapons charges in connection with the Resistance Conspiracy case (involving the bombing of the United States Capitol Building and seven other sites in 1983-85) and is still on the run, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Duke en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink's_robbery_(1981) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case www.fbi.gov/wanted/dt/elizabeth-anna-duke/view]

[EEE] 1960 - Three of the four Mirabal Sisters (Hermanas Mirabal) aka 'Las Mariposas' – Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (b. February 27, 1924), Minerva Mirabal Reyes (María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes; b. March 12 1926) and Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (b. October 15 1935) – members of the clandestine opposition to the Dominican dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, are assassinated. The four had started a group called the Agrupación Política 14 de Junio (Movement of the Fourteenth of June), named after the date of a massacre Patria witnessed. Within the group, the three were known as Las Mariposas (The Butterflies), after Minerva's underground name. Two of the sisters, Minerva and Maria Teresa, were imprisoned, raped and tortured on several occasions and their husbands arrested and tortured too. However, they persisted in their resistance and Trujillo decided to put an end to them once and for all. On May 18, 1960, Minerva and Maria Teresa, along with their husbands, were convicted and were sentenced to three years in prison for undermining the security of the Dominican state. In a strange gesture, on August 9, Minerva and Maria Teresa Mirabal were released by express provision of Trujillo. Their husbands, however, remained in prison. Purportedly a show of generosity, it was however part of a plan by whuich they would be assassinated by the Servicio de Inteligencia Militar secret police. On November 25, 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Teresa, and their driver, Rufino de la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa's and Minerva's incarcerated husbands. On the way home, they were stopped by Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters and de la Cruz were separated and clubbed to death. The bodies were then gathered and put in their Jeep, which was run off the mountain road in an attempt to make their deaths look like an accident. The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into symbols of both popular and feminist resistance. In 1999, in the sisters' honour, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. A fourth sister, Dedé Mirabal Reyes (Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes; March 1 1925 - February 1 2014), was not part of the group, but after her sisters' deaths she worked to keep their memory alive through the Museo Hermanas Mirabal. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabal_sisters es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanas_Mirabal redlatinoamericanadesitiosdememoria.wordpress.com/2015/11/25/republica-dominicana-el-caso-de-las-hermanas-mirabal/]

1965 - Angelica Balabanoff (or Balabanova)(Анжелика Балабанова; b. ca. 1878), Ukrainian-Jewish socialist and Italian labour organiser, who later joined the Bolshevik Party, becoming secretary of the Communist Third International in 1919, and later, disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, a social democratic (PSDI) activist, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Balabanoff www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01917.html] || Hung in Schlisselburg fortress during the night of September 10-11 [Aug. 28-29], 1906, becoming the first woman to be hanged in Russia in the 20th century. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Коноплянникова,_Зинаида_Васильевна socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/34-people/71-2015-05-16-20-54-46 www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/106/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Северный_боевой_летучий_отряд ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]
 * = 26 || 1878 - [O.S. Nov. 14] Zinaida Vasilevna Konoplyannikova (Зинаида Васильевна Конопля́нникова; d. 1906), rural school teacher, member of the revolutionary movement in Russia, born. Placed under surveillance for her atheist views and possession of books claiming that there is no god and therefore no "earthly king". Arrested the following year for "revolutionary propaganda among the peasants". In 1904 she joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and after 1905 became a member of the S-R Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР). On August 26 [13], 1906), she assassinated Major General Georgy Aleksándrovich Min (Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Мин), one of the leaders of the brutal suppression of the December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow.

[E] 1883 - Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree; b. ca. 1797), African-American ex-slave abolitionist and women's rights activist, dies. Born into slavery, she spoke only low Dutch and, like most slaves, never learned to read or write and escaped to freedom in 1826 with her daughter, the youngest of five children. She went on to become a powerful figure in several national social movements, speaking forcefully for the abolition of slavery, women’s rights and suffrage, the rights of freedmen, temperance, prison reform and the termination of capital punishment. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojourner_Truth www.sojournertruth.org/Library/Archive/LegacyOfFaith.htm libcom.org/history/truth-sojourner-c1797-1883-mary-g-butler]

1899 - Emma Goldman, 'The Anarchist Orator' as she is billed, delivers a second lecture at the Athenaeum Hall in London on the subject of '//Woman//'. The previous Sunday (19th) she gave a talk entitled '//The Aim of Humanity//'. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1911.html]

1934 - Sophia Nikolaevna Chernosvitova (Софья Николаевна Черносвитова; b. 1872), Russian revolutionary and feminist, who was a member of the RSDLP and with Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, founded Zhenotdel (Женотдел), the Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Working Women, dies thereby avoiding the Stalinist purges that followed and in which would she would certainly have featured. [see: Mar. 8]

1966 - Germaine Violette Nozière (b. 1915), notorious French parricide of a father who had raped her throughout her teenage years, dies of cancer. [see: Jan. 11]

1971 - Pauline Conroy arrested in her flat in Powis Square and charged. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2009 - Vicky Starr aka Stella Nowicki (b. 1916), US maid, cook, feminist, working class activist and labour union organiser, dies. She was one of the 'union maids' whose testimonies were included in the oral history 'Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers' (1973) by Staughton and Alice Lynd. [libcom.org/library/november-we-remember-vicky-starr www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/starrbackyards.html archive.org/details/pacifica_radio_archives-WZ0123] ||
 * = 27 || 1852 - Ada Lovelace aka Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron; b. 1815), English mathematician and writer, dies from uterine cancer probably exacerbated by bloodletting by her physicians. The only legitimate child of the poet George Lord Byron, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. [see: Dec. 10]

[EE] 1898 - Maria Vetulani de Nisau, aka 'Maryna', (d. 1944), Polish socialist participant of the Warsaw Uprising, who was murdered by the Germans during the liquidation of an insurgent hospital, born. As a medical student, she was a member of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa and participant in the defence of Lwów (Nov. 1, 1918 - May 22, 1919; aka Battle of Lemberg), dressed in a man's uniform as women were banned from the military. She served as a radiotelegraphist and was promotted to corporal. She returned to her studies at the end of the Polish-Ukrainian War and joined the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna. In 1923 she married communist activist Bohdan de Nisau and, in 1924, their son Witold was born. Having moved to Warsaw in 1925, they came under surveillance by the Polish police and Bohdan fled to the Soviet Union in 1927. Maria and Witold managed to join him using forged documents but in 1934 Bohdan was arrested by the Soviets so she fled the USSR, believing her husband had been killed (he in fact survived in the Soviet prison system until 1943). During the occupation she was liaison soldier of the Armia Krajowa, using her Warsaw apartment as a contact point and a hiding place for Jewish people. In August 1944 she took part in the Warsaw Uprising, fighting in the 'Leśnik' unit and was wounded in the defence of the Polskiej Wytwórni Papierów Wartościowych (Polish Security Printing Works) building on August 23 or 26. She was treated in the Centralnym Szpitalu Chirurgicznym Nr. 1 (Central Surgical Hospital) on Długa Street but she was, along with other patients and hospital staff, murdered by the Germans on September 2, 1944. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vetulani_de_Nisau pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vetulani_de_Nisau]

1937 - Frida Davydovna Glagolovskaya (Фрида Давыдовна Глаголовская (1894-1937), Russian anarchist-communist, who had been an active participant in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Moscow and other Russian cities since the Revolution of 1917, and has suffered repeated arrests, is shot in Yaroslavl (Ярославле). [s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1065-anarchist-chronograph-november-part-2.html]

[E] 1962 - Edith Lagos Saez (d. 1982), Peruvian guerrilla fighter and commander in the Ejército Guerrillero Popular (Sendero Luminoso) and member of the Partido Comunista del Perú, who was just 19-years-old when she was bayoneted to death by members of the Guardia Republicana del Perú when she and her unit attempted to blow a hole in the wall of the Ayacucho jail in order to free a prisoner and steal arms, born. The government declared her funeral an illegal gathering. But 30,000 people came to her funeral in Ayacucho – a town of only 70,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Lagos es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Lagos elpolvorin.over-blog.es/article-hecho-sin-precedentes-honras-funebres-de-la-guerrillera-senderista-edith-lagos-51729107.html] ||
 * = 28 || 1852 - The probable date for the birth of Silvia Pisacane (d. 1888), daughter of the famous Italian revolutionary Carlo Pisacane, she was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877. [see: Sep. 16]

1863 - Gregoria Montoya y Patricio, aka 'Henerala Gregoria' (d. 1896), Filipina revolutionary and military leader, born. She was dubbed the 'Joan of Arc of Cavite' for leading a thirty-man unit, "with one hand holding a Katipunan flag and another hand clasping firmly the handle of a long, sharp-bladed bolo", against Spanish troops in Dalahican Beach, Cavite City. In the ensuing battle, she was hit right in her midsection by a cannonball fired from a Spanish navy boat off Dalahican beach, killing her. The Spanish were forced to retreat and reinforcements arrived soon afterwards and they were decisively defeated the following day, thereby preventing most of Cavite province from being recaptured by the Spaniards and allowing Filipino revolutionaries to liberate nearby provinces from Spanish control. [www.geocities.ws/kabitenyo1/montoya.htm wn.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Gregoria_P._Montoya en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binakayan-Dalahican]

1895 - Maria Girolimetti aka 'Sdazarina' (d. 1981), Italian maid/houseworker, peddler and anarchist, born. Three of her four children (Carlo, Mario and Ferrucio) were also militant anarchists. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1505.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2257 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2255 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2258 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2256]

1895 - Louisa Sarah Bevington (b. 1845), English poet, journalist, essayist, Darwinist and anarchist communist, dies. [see: May 14]

[E] 1912 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes carry out simultaneous attacks on post boxes across the entire country.

1921 - Marie Laffranque (d. 2006), French linguist, philological scholar, anti-militarist and libertarian, who was an expert on the life and works of Federico García Lorca, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2811.html www.refractairesnonviolentsalgerie1959a63.org/spip.php?article122 elpais.com/diario/2006/07/19/agenda/1153260004_850215.html]

1972 - Claudia López Benaiges (d. 1998), Chilean anarchist militant and dance student at the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano in Santiago, who was notoriously shot dead by Carabineros during protests on the 25th anniversary of the Pinochet coup, born. She became a symbol for the young of the Chilean anarchist movement,for the student and youth movements and social organisations in Chile, and proof that the Chilean regime remained very much under the control of those who ran the dictatorship. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_López_Benaiges www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Claudia_López www.lahaine.org/mm_ss_mundo.php/11_de_septiembre_de_1998_asesinan_a_la_a]

2000 - Carol Bolt (b. 1941), Canadian playwright, author of the Emma Goldmann play 'Red Emma, Queen of the Anarchists' (1974), dies. [see: Aug. 25] || [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Mañé_i_Miravet es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Gustavo www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2911.html www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/eje-violeta/teresa-mane-i-miravet www.ephemanar.net/novembre29.html#mane anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121129 www.fundanin.org/gutierrez65.htm puertoreal.cnt.es/es/actividades-no-sindicales/1622-teresa-mane-la-abuela-de-las-qmujeres-libresq.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4442-teresa-mane-i-miravet-mas-conocida-por-soledad-gustavo.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/teresa-mane-soledad-gustavo-otra.html www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=1214 www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=manne-teresa]
 * = 29 || 1865 - Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé i Miravet; d. 1939), Catalan anarchist militant, freethinker, educator, translator, journalist, born. One of the first lay teachers in Spain, she and her future partner Joan Montseny aka Federico Urales founded a school in Reus but it was forced to close following Montseny's arrest during the June 1896 anti-anarchist repression [he spent a year in prison and was expelled from Spain, living in London]. Following Joan's clandestine return in 1898 (using the pseudonym Federico Urales), the pair started the celebrated 'Revista Blanca'. On February 12, 1905, she gave birth to a daughter, Federica, who would become famed as an anarchist poet, novelist, essayist, children's writer, promoter of anarcha-feminism and anarcho-naturism, and Minister of Health in the Republican government.

1886 - Nadezhda Andreeva Udaltsova (Наде́жда Андре́евна Удальцо́ва; d. 1961), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist artist and painter associated with the anarchist movement during the 1917 Revolution, born. Member of the pre-Revolution Soyuz Molodyozhi (Union of the Youth) and later of Malevich's Supremus. Associated with the ' Tvorchestvo' (Creativity or Creative Work) section specialising in art and literature in 'Anarkhiia'. Partner of Latvian artist Aleksandr Drevin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Udaltsova]

[E] 1897 - Germaine Luise Krull (d. 1985), German-Dutch photographer, political activist, and hotel owner, born. In 1918, she joined the Independent Socialist Party of Bavaria, switching a year later to the Communist Party of Germany, and was later arrested and imprisoned for assisting a Bolshevik emissary's attempted escape to Austria. During the Bavarian Soviet Republic she came to know many leading communist revolutionaries, photographing the likes of Kurt Eisner. She was expelled from Bavaria in 1920 for her Communist activities, and traveled to Russia with lover Samuel Levit. After Levit abandoned her in 1921, Krull was arrested and imprisoned on two separate occasions by the secret police, accused of being an "anti-Bolshevik" enemy of Leninism, and, at one point, subjected to a fake execution that left her traumatised for the rest of her life. She was expelled from Russia in 1922, by which point she was so ill that her hair had fallen out. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Krull de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Krull www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/04/germaine-krull-man-ray-named-equal]

[C] 1941 - Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya (Зо́я Анато́льевна Космодемья́нская; b. 1923), Russian student and partisan fighter, is executed by the Nazis. She was captured on November 28, 1941, whilst setting fire to the village of Petrischevo, where a German cavalry regiment was stationed, and brutally tortured through the night (including having her right breast cut off) but she refused to give up any information. The following day she was marched through town with a board around her neck bearing the inscription 'Arsonist of buildings' and hanged. Her final words were purported to be "Comrades! Why are you so gloomy? I am not afraid to die! I am happy to die for my people!" and to the Germans, "You'll hang me now, but I am not alone. There are two hundred million of us. You can't hang us all." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/history-and-mythology/zoya-kosmodemyanskaya/]

1974 - Ulrike Meinhof is sentenced to eight years imprisonment for her part in the 1970 freeing of Andreas Baader. Horst Mahler is given an additional 4 years (for a total of 12 years), and Hans- Jürgen Bäcker is found not guilty. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1973-timeline/]

1980 - Dorothy Day (d. 1897), American journalist, social activist, pacifist anarchist and Catholic Worker founder, dies. [see: Nov. 8] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre30.html libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963]
 * = 30 || 1917 - Louise Olivereau (1884-1963), US teacher, stenographer, poet, militant anarchist and anti-conscription activist, goes on trial for the circulars she sent out in August 1917 during the first world war, sent for $40, encouraging young men to resist military service and become conscientious objectors. She was sentenced on December 3, 1917 to ten years in prison at Canyon City, Colorado. However she only served 28 months.

1930 - Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones (b. 1837), Irish-American schoolteacher, dressmaker, founder of the Industrial Workers of the World and a militant leader of miners and other union workers, dies at the age of 93. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones libcom.org/library/autobiography-mother-jones www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/mary-harris-mother-jones/ www.motherjones.com/about/what-mother-jones/our-history www.socialwelfarehistory.com/organizations/labor/jones-mary-harris-mother/ www.iww.org/history/library/MotherJones www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Mother-Jones-1837-1930]

1983 - Anastasia Eduardovna Baburova (Анастасия Эдуардовна Бабурова; d. 2009), Russian journalist, anarchist and ecological activist, who was shot dead, together with Russian lawyer and human rights activist Stanislav Markelov, by a neo-Nazi militant outside press conference in Moscow, born. [see: Jan. 19]

1997 - Kathy Acker (Karen Lehmann; b. 1947), American novelist, punk poet, playwright, essayist, postmodernist and feminist writer, dies. [see: Apr. 18]

2003 - Renée Losq (Renée Baudic; b. 1910), French communist and anti-fascist member of the Résistance, dies. [see: Jul. 4] ||


 * = DECEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1870 - In France Victor Hugo obtains the release of Louise Michel.

1914 - Silvia Mistral (Hortensia Blanc(h) Pita; d. 2004), Cuban film critic, writer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who lived in Spain and Cuba, born. Best known by her penname Silvia Mistral, she also published under the names Silvia M. Robledo, Ana María Muriá and María Luisa Algarra. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_Blanch_Pita es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_Blanch_Pita www.estelnegre.org/documents/silviamistral/silviamistral.html]

1928 - Anna Heilman, born Hana Wajcblum [poss. Hanka or Chana Weissman] (d. 2011), Polish Jew who took part in the Auschwitz Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, smuggling gunpowder out of the Union munitions factory with her sister Estusia, Roza Robota, Ala Gertner, Rose Grunapfel Meth and others, born. She published a memoir, '//Never Far Away: The Auschwitz Chronicles of Anna Heilman//', in 2001. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Heilman www.annaheilman.net/About Anna Heilman.htm www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/AnnaHeilman.html]

[E] 1955 - African American civil rights activist and NAACP member Rosa Parks refuses to obey a bus driver's order to give up her seat in the 'coloured section' to a white passenger, after all seats in the 'white section' had filled up. [see: Feb. 4]

[EEE] 1960 - Ethel MacDonald (b.1909), Glasgow-based anarchist activist, labelled the '//Scots Scarlet Pimpernel//' by the British press, dies. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [see: Feb. 24]

1960 - Ada Martí (Maria de la Concepció Martí Fuster; d. 1960), Catalan writer, journalist and anarchist intellectual, dies from an overdose of sleeping pills, after a horrific night of insomnia, delusions and anxiety. [see: Jul. 1]

1997 - A silent march by women in Khartoum protesting conscription is attacked by police and 37 women are arrested.

1999 - Carme Millà i Tersol (b. 1911*), Catalan artist (line drawing), designer, publicist and anarcho-syndicalist poster artist, dies. [see: Jan. 25] [* many sources cite 1907]

2009 - Josefa 'Pepita' Martín Luengo (Maria Josefa Martín Luengo; b. 1944), Spanish libertarian education activist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 19] || [blog.nyhistory.org/the-suff-bird-women-and-woodrow-wilson/]
 * = 2 || [E] 1916 - In a publicity stunt, US suffragists fly over President Wilson's yacht and drop suffrage amendment petitions.

[C] 1924 - Else Marie Pade, Danish electronic composer, who was active in the resistance during the Second World War, and was interned at the Frøslev prison camp from 1944 till the end of the war, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Marie_Pade]

1951 - Neith Boyce Hapgood (b. 1872), U.S. novelist, playwright and journalist, dies. [see: Mar. 21]

1959 - Silvia Secchiari (b. 1900), Italian anarchist militant and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Jun. 6]

1980 - In El Salvador four female Catholic missionaries are raped and murdered by 5 members of the National Guard under the direct orders of their commander. || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фигнер,_Лидия_Николаевна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Lydia_Figner.htm]
 * = 3 || 1853 - [O.S. Nov. 21] - Lydia Nikolayevna Figner (Лидия Николаевна Фигнер; d. 1920), Russian revolutionary member of Narodnaya Volya and the younger sister of Vera Figner, born. In 1872, she and her sister Vera went to Zurich where she studied at the Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich, as well as typesetting for the journal '//Вперёд//' (Forward). She was also part of the Fritsche circle, a group of young Russian radical women, including her sister Vera, Sophia Bardina, Olga Liubatovich, Anna Toporkova, Berta Kaminskaya, Alexandra Khorzhevskaya, Anna and Vera Lyubatovich, and the Subbotina sisters Evgeniya, Maria and Nadezhda, some of whom would become important members of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation. With their activities coming under the scrutiny of the Russian government, coupled with Mikhail Bakunin's urging of them to return home to carry out propaganda work, most returned to Russia. Vera stayed behind in Zurich to complete her degree and Lydia went to Paris and continued her medical studies. Returning to Russia in January 1874, she entered the midwifery course at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. [expand]

1872 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; d. 1956), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, born. In the revolutionary movement since the early 1890s, member of the St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса). Head in 1898 of the Ekaterinburg Urals' Social-Democratic group (Уральскую группу социал-демократов), the successor to the Ural Workers' Union (Уральского рабочего союза). Member of the Soviet Writers' Union (Союза писателей СССР) from 1939. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эссен,_Мария_Моисеевна]

[E] 1897 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; d. 1980), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist labour activist, born. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), and by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp and fled to Mexico with long-time companion Senya Fleshin. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre21.html#steimer www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2111.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/steimer-mollie libcom.org/history/mollie-steimer-1897-1980-paul-avrich www.infoshop.org/library/mollie-steimer-profile]

1946 - Oakland General Strike begins after attempts to break a long strike by clerks (mostly women) at two major department stores in the city. Workers across Oakland were outraged and spotaneously organised the strike, which was to last 54 hours, ending on the basis of the Oakland City Manager's promise to union officials that police would not again be used to bring in scabs. However, the clerks were ultimately left to fend for themselves.

1951 - Fredrika Newton, African-American community activist, she joined the Black Panther Party as a youth member in 1969, joining fulltime shortly after she had first met Huey P. Newton in late 1970 and working in the BPP school. Later, she worked to open the George Jackson People’s Free Health Clinic in Oakland, the first of the many free health clinics in the United States that would screen over 500,000 children nationally for Sickle Cell Anaemia. Fredrika and Huey married in 1981 and worked side by side through years of struggle and state repression until Newton's death in 1989. In 1993 Fredrika and fellow ex-Panther David Hilliard established the Huey P. Newton Foundation, a non-profit educational organisation and she serves as the Foundation's President, running the community-based programs, which include literacy, voter outreach and health-related components. [spartacus-educational.com/USACnewtonF.htm 00629ce.netsolhost.com/blackpanther/FredrikaNewton.html raise-the-pen.blogspot.co.uk/2016/01/radical-women-fredrika-newton.html designermagazine.tripod.com/BlackPanthersINT1.html www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_other.html]

2009 - Madeleine Briselance (b. 1922), French bookbinder, feminist, anti-miltarist and libertarian activist, dies. [see: Jun. 5] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Cooper spartacus-educational.com/Wcooper.htm]
 * = 4 || [E] 1864 - Selina Cooper (d. 1946), English mill worker, trade union activist, suffragist, anti-fascist and the first woman to represent the Independent Labour Party in 1901, when she was elected as a Poor Law Guardian, born.

1868 - Clara Gilbert Cole (d. 1956), English anti-militarist, anarchist and active suffragist in the Women’s Social and Political Union, alongside her husband the artist Herbert Cole, born. A passionate opponent of WWI; pre-empting the State call for conscription she founded a League Against War and Conscription in early 1915 which published an 8 page pamphlet written by her, '//War Won’t Pay//', in 1916. She also produced a book of poems, Prison Impressions, based on her own experiences and those of others, in 1918. She later gravitated to anarchism and was active in the support of the Spanish Revolution and in anti-war agitation, and wrote anti-war articles in '//War Commentary//' and Guy Aldred's '//The Word//'. [libcom.org/history/cole-clara-gilbert-1868-1956]

1882 - [O.S. Nov. 22] Zofia Dzierżyńska aka Sofia Sigizmundovna Dzerzhinskaya [Софья Сигизмундовна Дзержинская (ru)] (Zofia Julia Muszkat; d. 1968), Polish teacher and communist activist, who was a leading member of the Social Democract Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy) and later Communist politician in the Polish Office of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)[Польского бюро агитпропотдела ЦК РКП(б)] and the Executive Committee of Comintern, born. Member of the RSDLP (b) in 1905. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Dzierżyńska ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дзержинская,_Софья_Сигизмундовна]

1912 - María Mañas Zubero (d. 1991), Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0412.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/salas/salas.html]

[EE] 1912 - Irma Götze (d. 1980), German pediatric nurse, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. The daughter of Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany) members Anna Götze and Karl Brauner, she too was a FAUD member and was active in the Leipziger Meuten, a working class opposition group of mainly young people. She acted as an underground courier, taking messages to and from Czechoslovakia, and helped produce illegal flyers and leaflets. In 1935, Irma Götze fled Germany for Spain, taking part in the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia in 1936. She was particularly involved in the political work of the German anarcho-syndicalists in Barcelona, and providing supplies for the militia. She was arrested by the Soviet GPU secret police in May 1937, taken to the notorious secret prison at Puerta del Angel, and later transferred to a women’s prison. After her release, Irma Götze emigrated to France in 1938. She was interned in the Gurs, Argelès-sur-Mer, and Rivesaltes camps as an “enemy alien” in 1940 and 1941, eventually ending up in the hands of the Gestapo. In 1942 the Dresden Higher Regional Court sentenced her to two years and six months in prison for her illegal work for the FAUD. After serving this term at Waldheim penitentiary, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp. There, Irma Götze met her mother Anna for the first time in nine years, after the older woman had spent eight years in imprisonment. Both mother and daughter survived the war. [www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/goetze-2/ digitalresist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rebellische-orte-sigismundstr6-anna_19.html]

1969 - 19 years old and eight and a half months pregnant, Black Panther Party member Deborah Johnson (Akua Njeri) survives the 04:00 Chicago PD raid on the Black Panther headquarters on West Monroe and witnesses the assassination of her partner, the Chicago Panther leader Fred Hampton, as they lay in bed asleep together. [www.hrcr.org/ccr/njeri.html spartacus-educational.com/USApantherB.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hampton www.jasmyneacannick.com/blog/41st-central-the-untold-story-of-the-l-a-black-panthers-featured-in-l-a-times-magazine/ www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Chapter_History/pdf/Chicago/Murder_of_Fred_Hampton_1969.pdf]

[C] 1975 - Hannah (Johanna) Arendt (b.1906), German American political theorist on the nature of power, politics, authority and totalitarianism, dies. Best known works include: '//The Origins of Totalitarianism//' (1951); '//The Human Condition//' (1958); '//On Revolution//' (1963); '//Men In Dark Times//' (1968); '//On Violence//' (1970) and '//Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution//' (1972).

1988 - Teresa Pons Tomàs (d. 1988), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 10] ||
 * = 5 || 1885 - Louise Bryant (d. 1936), US journalist and writer, born. An anarchist and Marxist, she contributed articles and essays to Berkman's '//The Blast//' and other radical journals on a number of radical political and feminist themes.

1885 - Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; d. 1953), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist, born. One-time editor at the socialist newspaper '//Il Popolo d'Italia//', founded by Benito Mussolini in 1914. Later an anti-fascist exile in France and wrote '//Rivelazioni sul Fuoruscitismo Italiano in Francia'// (Revelations about Antifascist Exiles in France; 1946). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier]

1913 - A warrant is issued for the arrest of Clara Giveen for failing to return to Pentonville Prison following her release under the 'Cat and Mouse' Act. [www.lastchancetoread.com/docs/1914-01-02-police-gazette-1.aspx]

1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are detained on Ellis Island in NYC.

[E] 1930 - Zhang Zhixin (張志新; d. 1975), Chinese dissident during the Cultural Revolution, who took on the Gang of Four, publicly criticising them and the deification of Mao Zedong, for which she was imprisoned for six years (1969 - 1975) and tortured, before being executed, born. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhixin zh.wikipedia.org/zh/张志新 blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_bf6958280102xsza.html english.caixin.com/2015-11-28/100879233.html]

1984 - Ethel Mannin (b. 1900), Irish anarchist, novelist and author, dies. Her writing career began in copy-writing and journalism but she later became a prolific author and novelist (100 plus books published in her lifetime), encompassing many aspects of anarchism and feminism as well as her travel writing. [see: Oct. 6] || When the Civil War breaks out, Tubman works for the Union Army, first as a nurse and cook, and then as an armed scout and spy. She becomes the first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war, the Combahee River Raid, which frees more than 700 slaves. After the Civil War she is active in the women’s suffrage movement. [see: Mar. 10] [* Poss. date of HT's birth, 1820 and 1821 also given as her year of birth.]
 * = 6 || [E] 1848* - Harriet Tubman (ca. 1822 - 1913), an African-American slave, escapes her owners in Maryland and goes to Philadelphia. After escaping, she immediately returns to Maryland to rescue her family. She makes repeated trips to help other slaves escape to the northern U.S. and then to Canada, using the network of activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

1855 - [N.S. Dec. 18] Natalia Nikolaevna Olovennikova (Наталья Николаевна Оловенникова; d. 1924), Russian revolutionary, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who was the sister of fellow Narodistas Maria [Мария] and Elizaveta [Наталья], born. [see: Dec. 18]

1874 - [N.S. Dec. 18] Anna Rasputin [Анна Распутина](Anna Mikhaylovna Shulyatikov [Анна Михайловна Шулятикова]; Mar. 2 [Feb. 17] 1908), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), born. [see: Dec. 18]

[C] 1893 - Sylvia Townsend Warner (d. 1978), English feminist and lesbian writer and poet, born. Books include '//Lolly Willows//' (1926) and '//Mr Fortune's Maggot//' (1927). Active in the CPGB and visited Spain during the Civil War as a Red Cross representative. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Townsend_Warner www.townsendwarner.com/]

1916 - Katya Budanova (Катя Буданова) (Yekaterina Vasylievna Budanova [Екатерина Васильевна Буданова]; d. 1943), WWII Soviet Air Force pilot and, along with Lydia Litvyak, one of the world's only two recognised fighter aces, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Budanova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Буданова,_Екатерина_Васильевна]

1965 - Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; b. 1896), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, dies. [see: Nov. 20] [libcom.org/history/pesotta-rose-1896-1965 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pesotta jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pesotta-rose]

1989 - Fourteen women are murdered at the L’École Polytechnique in Montreal. December 6 is now commemorated in Canada as the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Yosano ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/与謝野晶子 zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/與謝野晶子]
 * = 7 || 1878 - Akiko Yosano (与謝野 晶子), the pen-name of Shō Hō (鳳 志よう; d. 1942), Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer of the late Meiji, Taisho and early Showa periods in Japan, born. She is one of the most famous, and most controversial, post-classical woman poets of Japan.

1896 - Yoshiko Yuasa (湯浅 芳子; d. 1990), Japanese Russian language scholar and translator of Russian literature in the Shōwa period, socialist, feminist and lesbian, who travelled in the Soveit Union (1927-30) with her lover Yuriko Miyamoto (宮本 百合子), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuasa_Yoshiko ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/湯浅芳子]

1970 - Édith Thomas (b. 1909), Fench novelist and journalist, palaeographical archivist and historian, who was a pioneer of women's history in France, and reputedly inspired the character of Anne-Marie in the famous erotic novel '//Histoire d'O.//', written by her lover Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, dies. [see: Jan. 23]

[E] 1994 - Amina Sboui (أمينة السبوعي) aka Amina Tyler (أمينة تيلر‎), Tunisian student, women's rights activist, and one-time member of FEMEN, born. Having posted a photo of herself topless with the slogan "My body is mine and not the source of anybody's honour" on Facebook, Imam Adel Almi issued a fatwa for her to be punished with 100 lashes and stoned to death. Arrested for painting "FEMEN" on a cemetery wall in Kairouan on May 19, 2013, to protest against the annual congress of Salafi party Ansar al-Sharia, she was acquitted for contempt and defamation on July 29, but remained in jail pending trial on a separate charge of desecrating a cemetery. Upon her release in August 2103, she announced she was leaving FEMEN following the group's protests in support of her in front of the Grand Mosque in Paris, where they burned a Tawhid flag. Tyler claimed that FEMEN's actions in Paris were disrespectful to the Muslim world. She later moved to Paris to continue her education and co-authored an autobiography, '//My Body Belongs to Me//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Tyler] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Qunying zh.wikipedia.org/zh/唐群英]
 * = 8 || [E] 1871 - Tang Qunying (唐群英; d. 1937), Chinese revolutionary, who was the first female member of the Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance), a secret society and underground resistance movement founded in Tokyo by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in 1905, born. Often cited as one of the "best-known women activists in modern Chinese history". She was chairwoman of the Women's Suffrage Alliance, an organisation created by the merger of the Nanjing Women's Alliance, the Women's Backup Society, the Women's Martial Spirit Society, and the Women's Suffrage Comrades' Alliance in 1912. The following year she founded the 'Women’s Rights Daily', Hunan's first newspaper for women. Tang died in her hometown of Hunan, China, on June 3, 1937, aged 66.

1891 - [N.S. Dec. 20] Maria Skobtsova [Мария Скобцова] (Elizaveta Yurievna Pilenko [Елизавета Юрьевна Пиленко]; d. 1945), Russian noblewoman, revolutionary, poet, nun, and member of the French Résistance during World War II, who was executed in a gas chamber in Ravensbrück concentration camp, a week before the camp was liberated by the Red Army, born. [see: Dec. 20]

1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island.

1922 - Mary Marcy (Mary Edna Tobias; b. 1877), US author, poet, pamphleteer, socialist and Wobbly, who was a member of the Socialist Party of America and editor of the Chicago-based monthly magazine 'International Socialist Review', suffering from depression and the loss of her home, commits suicide by taking poison. [see: May 8]

1949 - Helen Archdale (Helen Alexander Russel; b. 1876), English journalist, feminist and suffragette, who with her lover Margaret Haig Thomas, Lady Rhondda, together with whom she founded the Six Point Group of Great Britain, dies. [see: Aug. 25]

1961 - Adelaida Bou Cañalda (b. 1905), Catalan knitting machinst and anarcho-syndicalist, who was the partner of her fellow anarcho-syndicalist, Jaume Rosquillas Magrinyà (1901-1975), dies in Mexico. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0812.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/rosquillas/rosquillas.html]

1977 - Troops from Grupo de tareas 3.3.2 (Task Force 3.3.2), under the command of Alfredo Astiz, kidnapped nine people linked to the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, including two founders, Esther Ballestrino de Careaga (b. 1918) and Maria Eugenia Ponce de Bianco (b. 1924), and two French nuns, from the Iglesia de la Santa Cruz in the San Cristobal district of Buenos Aires. They are all taken to the Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (School of Naval Mechanics), where they are tortured for the next ten days, along with Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti and two others linked to the Madres. On either December 17 or 18, they are taken to the military zone of the capital's Aeroparque and loaded on board a naval aircraft for one of the Dirty War's numerous vuelos de la muerte (death flights). Drugged and stripped naked, they are thrown alive into the sea off the coast of Santa Teresita, dying as they hit the water. On Dec. 20, they corpses began to wash ashore, their multiple fractures consistent with hitting a solid object from a great height. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Ballestrino es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_Ponce_de_Bianco en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo] || [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp storicamente.org/emigrazione-femminile-in-brasile#nt-1 www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Libertarias_en_America_del_sur.pdf]
 * = 9 || 1867 - Emma Ballerini (Maria Gemma Mennocchi; d. unknown), Italian dressmaker and anarcha-feminist, who became Gigi Damiani's long-time partner, emigrating to Brazil together in 1897, born.

[E] 1895 - Dolores Ibárruri aka 'La Pasionaria' (the Passionflower) (Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez; d. 1989), Basque seamstress, housemaid and Marxist, who gained fame as a Spanish Communist political leader during the Second Spanish Republic and, in particular, the Civil War, gaining her legendary reputation as an impassioned orator, coining the Republican battle cry, "No pasarán!" (They shall not pass!), born. Compelled by poverty to quit school at age 15 to work as a seamstress and later as a housemaid/cook, instead of studying to be a teacher as she had originally planned. She quickly became radicalised, joining the Partido Socialista Obrero Español with her husband Julián Ruiz Gabiña, who she married in 1915 and with whom she had six children – five girls, four of whom died very young [this included a set of triplets, of whom one, Anya, was her only daughter to survive into adulthood], and a son, Rubén, an officer in the Red Army, died in the Battle of Stalingrad. She participated in the general strike of 1917 and in 1918 Ibárruri published an article in the 'El Minero Vizcaino' newspaper under the pseudonym La Pasionaria. Following the split in the PSOE, she joined the Partido Comunista Español at its founding in 1921, going on to become a writer on the party newspaper 'Mundo Obrero' in 1931. She was also imprisoned a number of times for her PCE activities. In 1933 she became the president of the newly founded Unión de Mujeres Antifascistas and was elected to the Cortes Generales as a PCE deputy for Asturias in February 1936. Following the fascist victory, she went into exile in the Soviet Union, later becoming General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain (1942-60) in exile. Following Frnaco's death, she returned to Spain on May 13, 1977. She died of pneumonia on November 12, 1989, aged 93. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Ibárruri es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Ibárruri spartacus-educational.com/SPibarruri.htm www.marxists.org/archive/ibarruri/ badreputation.org.uk/2011/09/19/revolting-women-la-pasionaria-or-the-woman-who-fought-franco/]

1897 - The first issue of the French feminist daily newspaper '//La Fronde//', founded by the prominent French journalist and feminist Marguerite Durand to defend the campaign for women's rights, is published. It is not only aimed at women, it is also wholely written, administered, manufactured and distributed exclusively by women journalists, editors, collaborators, typesetters, printers, etc. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fronde_(journal) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Durand_(féministe)]

1899 - Emma Goldman appears in London among a cast of international speakers, including Louise Michel and Kropotkin, at a '//Grand Meeting and Concert for the Benefit of the Agitation in Favour of the Political Victims in Italy//'.

1914 - Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira (d. 1933), Spanish socialist (in the Partido Socialista Obrero Español) and activist for the sexual revolution, she was concieved by her mother in a eugenics experiment and brought up by her as a model for women of the future, only to be murdered by her at the age of eighteen, born. A child prodigy, she was writing by the age of three, spoke 6 languages when eight years old and had finished law school whilst still a teenager. Hildegart was one of the most active people in the Spanish movement for sex reformation, corresponding with Havelock Ellis, whom she translated, and Margaret Sanger, and participated in the foundation of the Liga Española por la Reforma Sexual. In the end it appears that her mother's paranoia and jealousy of her daughter's new found relationships, sexual as well as social, drove her to kill Hildegart, shooting her three times in the head, and once in the heart. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegart_Rodríguez_Carballeira es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegart_Rodríguez_Carballeira www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20140526/54406528632/hiildegart-rodriguez-aurora-rodriguez-parricidios-espana-ii-republica-ninos-prodigio-eugenesis.html]

1939 - Anna Korba [Анна Корба] (Anna Pavlovna Mengart [Анна Павловна Мейнгардт]; b. 1849), Russian nurse, historian, editor, revolutionary, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1976 - Sentences on Marie and Noel Murray commuted to life in prison.

1984 - Amelia 'Amelio' Robles Ávila (b. 1889), Mexican revolutionary, who in 1924 took the name Coronel Amelio Robles Ávila or simply Señor Robles, dies aged 95 years old. She was buried according to her last two requests: that she be buried in accordance to the honours that she earned and that she be dressed as a woman to commend his soul to God. [see: Nov. 3] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace findingada.com/about/who-was-ada/ www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html]
 * = 10 || 1815 - Ada Lovelace aka Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron; d. 1852), English mathematician and writer, born. The only legitimate child of the poet George Lord Byron, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.

1910 - Amèlia Jover Velasco (d. 1997), Spanish secretary, chef, home schooler and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ameliajover/ameliajover.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amèlia_Jover_Velasco]

1948 - Na Hye-sok (나혜석; b. 1896), pioneering Korean feminist, poet, novelist, painter, educator, journalist. independence and feminist activist, and all-round rebel, whose pen name was Jeongwol (정월 / the bright moon), dies alone int a hospital for vagrants, having had no one to care for her in the later days. [see: Apr. 28]

[CC] 1976 - Blues singer Carol Grimes tops the bill at the first RAR gig at the Princess Alice pub in East London, on. On the door were a group of dockers organised by Mickey Fenn, Eddie Prevost and Bob Light from the Royal Group of Docks Shop Stewards Committee. Fenn and Prevost had left the Communist Party in 1972 and later joined Light in the International Socialists. Stewarding RAR events was to become an important activity for anti-fascists. Hundreds of gigs followed the one at the Princess Alice." ['//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)] [thequietus.com/articles/11246-physical-resistance-hundred-years-anti-fascism-extract www.dkrenton.co.uk/rock_against_racism.html www.rebelfrequencies.net/2008/04/rebel-music-thirty-years-of-rock.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism]

[E] 1977 - Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti (b. 1924), Argentine social activist and one of the founders of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, is abducted and 'disappeared' by the military on International Human Rights Day. Her son Néstor had been abducted by the military, together with his partner Raquel Mangin, during the Jorge Rafael Videla dictatorship's 'Dirty War', and Azucena Villaflor had sent six months searching for them through the Ministry of Interior and had sought support from the military chaplain Adolfo Tortolo (though they could only speak with his secretary, Emilio Grasselli). During this search, she met other women also looking for missing relatives and together they decided to begin the Movimiento de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo. Possibly with the knowledge that the Mothers had planned to publishe a newspaper advertisment on International Human Rights Day, the military had decided to begin abducting members of the group on December 8, when nine activists including founders Esther Ballestrino de Careaga (b. 1918) and Maria Eugenia Ponce de Bianco (b. 1924) were kidnapped by troops from Grupo de tareas 3.3.2 (Task Force 3.3.2), under the command of Alfredo Astiz. The following day the dicision was taken to go ahead with the advert listing the names of the disappeared, despite objections from some of the families. On the night that the advert appeared, Azucena Villaflor was also kidnapped amd she too was taken to the Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (School of Naval Mechanics), tortured and killed during a vuelos de la muerte, probably along side the other Madres desaparecidos. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo]

1998 - Luisa Arnau Capaces (b. 1920), Spanish anarchist, who was active in the CNT in exile, dies in Montpellier. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1012.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2540] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Key]
 * = 11 || 1849 - Ellen Key (Ellen Karolina Sofia Key; d. 1926), Swedish suffragist and feminist writer of the 'difference' persuasion, who was known as the 'Pallas of Sweden', born. She wrote on many subjects in the fields of family life, ethics and education and was an important figure in the maturalist Modern Breakthrough (Det moderna genombrottet) movement, born. She was also an early advocate of a child-centered approach to education and parenting.

1922 - Grace Paley (d. 2007), American short story writer, poet, teacher, feminist and "somewhat combative pacifist and cooperative anarchist", born. Her works include three collections of fiction: '//The Little Disturbances of Man//' (1959), '//Enormous Changes at the Last Minute//' (1974), '//Later the Same Day//' (1985) as well as '//The Collected Stories of Grace Paley//' (1994); her collection of essays, '//Just As I Thought//' (1998); and her poems appear in several collections, including '//Long Walks and Intimate Talks//' (1991) and '//Begin Again: Collected Poems//' (2002).

1979 - Maria Mestre Gibert (b. ca. 1915), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies after along fight against cancer. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1112.html]

[A] 1984 - 20,000 women turn out for anti-nuclear demonstration at Greenham Common.

[E] 1994 - Anna Mikhailovna Garaseva (Анна Михайловна Гарасёва; b. 1902), Russian geologist, anarcho-syndicalist and later secretary to AIexander Solzhenitsyn whilst he was compiling '//The Gulag Archipelago//' (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ; 1873), dies. [see: Dec. 20] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1012.html] ||
 * = 12 || 1873 - Lola Ridge (d. 1941), Irish-American anarcha-feminist poet, artist's model, illustrator and organiser for the Francisco Ferrer Association's Modern School, born. An influential editor of avant-garde, feminist and Marxist publications best remembered for her long poems and poetic sequences. She was particularly active in the campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti in 1927, for which she was arrested, and in support of Tom Mooney, and Warren Billings, who had been framed for a bombing at the Preparedness Day Parade in San Francisco in 1916. Much of her political poetry is collected in '//Red Flag//' (1927). Her other writings include '//The Ghetto, and Other Poems//' (1918); '//Sun-Up: and Other Poems//' (1920); '//Firehead//' (1929); and '//Dance of Fire//' (1935).

'//The Ghetto//'

Section I

Cool, inaccessible air Is floating in velvety blackness shot with steel-blue lights, But no breath stirs the heat Leaning its ponderous bulk upon the Ghetto And most on Hester street…

The heat… Nosing in the body’s overflow, Like a beast pressing its great steaming belly close, Covering all avenues of air…

The heat in Hester street, Heaped like a dray With the garbage of the world.

Bodies dangle from the fire escapes Or sprawl over the stoops… Upturned faces glimmer pallidly– Herring-yellow faces, spotted as with a mold, And moist faces of girls Like dank white lilies, And infants’ faces with open parched mouths that suck at the air as at empty teats.

Young women pass in groups, Converging to the forums and meeting halls, Surging indomitable, slow Through the gross underbrush of heat. Their heads are uncovered to the stars, And they call to the young men and to one another With a free camaraderie. Only their eyes are ancient and alone…

The street crawls undulant, Like a river addled With its hot tide of flesh That ever thickens. Heavy surges of flesh Break over the pavements, Clavering like a surf– Flesh of this abiding Brood of those ancient mothers who saw the dawn break over Egypt… And turned their cakes upon the dry hot stones And went on Till the gold of the Egyptians fell down off their arms… Fasting and athirst… And yet on…

Did they vision–with those eyes darkly clear, That looked the sun in the face and were not blinded– Across the centuries The march of their enduring flesh? Did they hear– Under the molten silence Of the desert like a stopped wheel– (And the scorpions tick-ticking on the sand…) The infinite procession of those feet?

[www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1212.html libcom.org/history/lola-ridge-anarchist-poet en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Ridge www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/yaddo/lola1.html www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/ghetto.html]

[E] 1909 - Emma Goldman speaks in Lyric Hall on Sixth Avenue in New York on '//Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage//' to an audience of three hundred women, many of whom are suffragists. She characterises it as "a wild goose chase". A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

1913 - Matilde 'Mati' Escuder Vicente (1913-2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/matildeescuder/matildeescuder.html]

1937 - Mae West causes a scandal on NBC radio by performing a typically risque skit on the subject of Adama and Eve, which will eventually lead to her being banned from NBC airwaves for 15 years.

1973 - Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) member Gabi Kröcher-Tiedemann is sentenced to 8 years imprisonment for the attempted murder of a policeman on July 7, 1973. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1973-timeline/]

1977 - Virginia Tabarroni aka 'Danda' (1888-1977), Italian typographer and anarchist, who was the aunt of Anteo Zamboni, the 15-year-old who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926, dies. [see: Mar. 11] [NB. some sources give the date of her death as Dec. 29]

1982 - 30,000 women join hands around the RAF Greenham Common Cruise Missile base. ||
 * = 13 || 1852 - Frances (Fanny) Wright (b. 1795), Scotish-American lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, abolitionist, founder of Nashoba co-operative community (a utopian community in Tennessee established to prepare slaves for emancipation), anti-authoritarian socialist and a central figure in the workingmen's movement, dies of injuries sustained in a fall.

1895 - Lucía Sánchez Saornil (d. 1970), Spanish poet, painter, anarchist and feminist, born. Her early highly erotic paeans to female beauty, which were written under the male psuedonym of Luciano de San-Saor, first appeared in the literary magazine '//Los Quijotes//' in 1918. She was considered one of the foremost Ultraïsmo poets, an avant-garde literary movement of the era, and certainly the only female one. Becoming a convinced anarchist in the '20s, she was appointed editorial secretary of the CNT in Madrid and began having articles regularly published in '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//La Revista Blanca//' and '//Solidaridad Obrera//', expounding on the centrality of the feminist cause to the class struggle. As a result of the resistance to these ideas amongst her male colleagues, she co-founded Mujeres Libres, along with Mercedes Comaposada and Amparo Poch y Gascon, in 1936. During the was some of her poems, now much less lyrical and more directed towards expressing her political views, were collected in '//Romancero de Mujeres Libres//' (Ballads of Free Women; 1937), as were several of her articles in '//Horas de Revolución//' (Hours of Revolution; 1938). In May 1938, she became general secretary of Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA) and later editor of the weekly '//Umbral//' (Threshold), were she met her companion América Barroso. Following Franco's victory, they fled to Paris but were forced to return clandestinely to Spain after the Nazi invasion of France.

'//Romance de Durruti//'

¿Qué bala te cortó el paso -¡Maldición de aquella hora!- atardecer de noviembre camino de la victoria?

Las sierras del Guadarrama cortan la luz y sombra un horizonte mojado de agua turbia y sangre heroica. Y a tus espaldas Madrid, con el ojo atento a tu bota, mordido por los incendios, con jadeos de leona, tus pasos iba midiendo prietos el puño y la boca.

¡Atardecer de noviembre, borrón negro de la historia!

Buenaventura Durruti, ¿Quién conoció otra congoja más amarga que tu muerte sobre tierra española?

Acaso estabas soñando las calles de Zaragoza y el agua espesa del Ebro caminos de laurel rosa cuando el grito de Madrid cortó tu sueño en mal hora...

Gigante de las montañas donde tallabas tu gloria, hasta Castilla desnuda bajaste como una tromba para raer de las tierras pardas la negra carroña, y detrás de ti, en alud, tu gente, como tu sombra.

Hasta los cielos de Iberia te dispararon las bocas. El aire agito tu nombre entre banderas de gloria -canto sonoro de guerra y dura función de forja-

Y una tarde de noviembre mojada de sangre heroica, en cenizas de crepúsculo caía tu vida rota.

Sólo hablaste estas palabras al filo ya de tu hora: Unidad y firmeza, amigos; ¡para vencer hais de sobra!

Durruti, hermano Durruti, jamás se vió otra congoja más amarga que tu muerte sobre la tierra española.

Rostros curtidos del cierzo quiebran su durez de roca; como tallos quebradizos hasta la tierra se doblan hercules del mismo acero ¡Hombres de hierro, sollozan!

Fúnebres tambores baten apisonando la fosa.

¡Durruti es muerto, soldados, que nadie mengüe su obra!

Sen buscan manos tendidas, los odios se desmoronan, y en las trincheras profundas cuajan realidades hondas porque a la faz de la muerte los imposibles se agotan.

-Aquí está mi diestra, hermano, calma tu sed en mi boca, mezcla tu sangre a la mía y tu aliento a mi voz ronca. Parte conmigo tu pan y tus lágrimas si lloras. Durruti bajo la tierra en esto espera su honra.

Rugen los pechos hermanos. Las armas al aire chocan. Sobre las rudas cabezas sólo una enseña tremola.

Durruti es muerto. ¡Malhaya aquel que mengüe su obra!

[www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1312.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/SanchezSaornil.htm issuu.com/starm1919/docs/sanchezsaornil-poemas]

[EEE] 1910 - Queen Silver (d. 1998), US office worker, court reporter, "girl scientist", feminist, freethinker, and social activist and orator, born. Her mother was the labour activist and soapbox radical Grace Verne Silver (1889 - 1972), a woman who listed her occupation as "Socialist Lecturer", and Queen attended her first political meeting at six days of age. A veteran public speaker by the age of eight, she delivered a series of six lectures in Los Angeles sponsored by the London Society of Science on subjects ranging from Darwinian evolution to Einstein's then new theory of relativity. She started reading Darwin at seven and became involved in the Scopes Monkey Trial, where her pamphlet 'Evolution, From Monkey to Bryan' - William Jennings Bryan being the prosecutor in the trial - was distributed [the family was unable to afford her fare to travel to Tennessee], and she even challenged Bryan to a public debate. He declined to reply, but her well-publicised taunts resulted in national notoriety. [www.queensilver.org/ articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/01/news/cl-44988 ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14705-queen-silver www.iww.org/history/biography/others/QueenSilver]

[E] 1913 - Matilde Escuder Vicente (d. 2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and follower of Francisco Ferrer, born. Member of the Durruti Column and participated in the Aragon collectist movement. Imprisoned after the war, she later participated in the anti-Franco underground.

[C] 1945 - Three notorious female Nazi war criminals - Irma Grese, Elizabeth Volkenrath and Juana Bormann - are hung in Hameln (Hamelin) jail in Wesfalia.

1947 - Marilyn Jean Buck (d. 2010), US Marxist revolutionary and feminist poet, who was sentence to 80 years in prison for her participation in the 1979 prison escape of Assata Shakur [Nov. 2], the 1981 Brink's robbery [Oct. 20] and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing [Nov. 7], born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Buck marilynbuck.com/about.html 4strugglemag.org/2010/10/26/marilyn-buck-1947-2010/ www.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/nyregion/06buck.html]

1960 - Dora Marsden (b. 1882), British individualist anarchist, militant suffragette and literary publisher, dies. [see: Mar. 5]

1974 - Betty Van Patter (b. ca. 1932), Black Panther Party bookkeeper and aide to Panther chair Elaine Brown, is murdered. No one was ever charged in connection with her death. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Van_Patter www.salon.com/1999/12/13/betty/ www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/society.politics] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith]
 * = 14 || 1897 - Margaret Chase Smith (d. 1995), first woman elected to both houses of Congress (R-ME), serving 8 years in the House of Representatives and 24 in the Senate, first in Senate to challenge Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist crusade, born.

1902 - Greta Kuckhoff (d. 1981), member of the German Resistance group, the Red Orchestra during the Nazi era, born. She was married to Adam Kuckhoff, who was executed by the Third Reich. In 1935, she joined the KPD and, in 1939, worked on the English translation of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf', hoping the translation would educate the British public about Hitler. After the war, she lived in the German Democratic Republic, where she was president of Deutsche Notenbank from 1950 to 1958. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Kuckhoff de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Kuckhoff]

[E] 1917 - American socialist and women’s rights advocate Kate Richards O’Hare is sentenced to five years’ imprisonment for a speech denouncing World War I.

1985 - Wilma Mankiller is sworn in as principal chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma – the first woman in modern history to lead a major Native American tribe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller]

2011 - Pussy Riot perform '//Smert tyurme, svobodu protestu//' [Смерть тюрьме, свободу протесту](Death to Prison, Freedom to Protests) from top a garage beside the Moscow Detention Center No. 1 prison [Cпецприёмника № 1 Москвы], where opposition activists from the December 5 rally against the State duma election results were among the prisoners being held. The prisoners loved it, applauding from the prison's windows. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fania_Mindell sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2012/06/12/whos-who-at-the-brownsville-birth-control-clinic-trial/]
 * = 15 || [E] 1894 - Fania Esiah Mindell (d. 1969), American theatre set and costume designer, feminist and activist, who together with Margaret Sanger and her sister Ethel Byrne opened the Brownsville Clinic in Brooklyn, the first birth control clinic in the United States, born in Minsk.

1913 - Muriel Rukeyser (d. 1980), US feminist poet, radical political activist, anti-fascist and anarchist sympathiser, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/bio.htm www.thefreelibrary.com/%22Meeting+Places%22%3A+on+Muriel+Rukeyser.-a018784160 www.cstone.net/~poems/essahack.htm www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/muriel-rukeyser www.poemhunter.com/muriel-rukeyser/ recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MagonBros/bleed2Test.htm www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-297040315/book-dead-gauley-bridge.html]

1916 - Dr. Ben Reitman is again arrested for distributing illegal birth control literature at one of Emma Goldman's lectures in Rochester, NY.

1921 - Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman and Hyman Lachowsky arrive in Moscow after being deported from the US as victims of the Red Scare in America. They find that Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman have already departed for the West, disillusioned by the turn the revolution has taken.

1927 - Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (born Else Hildegard Plötz; b. 1874), German self-proclaimed anarchist, walking Dadaist art work, artist model and poet, dies. [see: Jul. 12]

1934 - Iza Zielińska (Iza Gąsowska; b. 1863), Polish journalist, educator, social activist and participant in the Polish and International anarchist and socialist movements, dies. [see: Mar. 11] || 1. Trying to overthrow the government. 2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves. 3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform. 4. Forgery of a document. 5. Using a false document. 6. Planning to assassinate hostages.
 * = 16 || [AA/E] 1871 - Louise Michel, a 36-year-old popular communard and teacher, is brought to trial by the Versailles Government. She is accused of:

1893 - A benefit concert and ball held in New York City for Emma Goldman and others imprisoned for speaking at the Aug. 21 demonstration. Voltairine de Cleyre delivers a speech, '//In Defense of Emma Goldman and the Right of Expropriation//'.

1899 - [N.S. Dec. 28] Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; d. 1938), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU/NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", born in Lodz. [see: Dec. 28]

1901 - Margaret Mead (d. 1978), American radical anthropologist, born.

[B] 1908 - Remedios Varo (María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga; d. 1963), Catalan-Mexican anarchist, anti-fascist and Surrealist painter, born. A member of the Logicophobiste artists' group, she met the French Surrealist and libertarian communist poet Benjamin Peret in 1936, when she had come to Spain to fight in the POUM and anarchist militias, and became her companion and was active in the Spanish Revolution herself, collaborating with the Republican and Anti-fascist resistance. In 1937, they moved to Paris to escape the fighting, taking part in the activities of the French Surrealist group around André Breton (1937-1940). However, she later found herself unable to return to Spain following Franco's closure of the border in 1939 because of her anti-fascist work. When Paris fell to the Nazis, Varo and Peret were put in a concentration camp until 1941, when the Emergency Rescue Committee rescued her and she then fled to Mexico with Peret. During WWII, she also made dioramas for display in the windows of a British anti-fascist propaganda office. In 1948, when Benjamin returned to France, she remained in Mexico and became married the surrealist painter Gunther Gerzo. [remedios-varo.com/catalogos/ensayo-de-alberto-blanco-english/ puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2655-remedios-varo-pintora-anarquista.html en.anarchopedia.org/Remedios_Varo totallyhistory.com/remedios-varo/ totallyhistory.com/remedios-varo-paintings/ arsmagine.com/others/remedios-varo/ www.explorandomexico.com/about-mexico/11/240/ venetianred.net/2009/08/12/remedios-varo-alchemy-and-science/ blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2012/01/remedios_varo_frey_norris.php www.latinartmuseum.com/remedios_varo.htm enskied.com/varo/10/varo-biography www.foroxerbar.com/viewtopic.php?t=10466 my.opera.com/Lenoire/albums/show.dml?id=514774]

1913 - Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding her from speaking, Emma Goldman addresses members of the IWW on '//The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle//'. Goldman is forced off the platform and the audience members engage in a battle with the police to release her.

1915 - Dolores Rodríguez Fernández (d. 1959), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1612.html]

[EE] 1932 - Lin Zhao [林昭] (Peng Lingzhao [彭令昭]; d. 1968), Chinese Communist student, poet and prominent dissident during the Hundred Flowers Movement (百花運動) of 1957, who was later imprisoned and executed by the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution for her criticism of Mao Zedong's policies, born. A zealous Communist, who took to heart the call for citizens to openly express their opinions of the communist regime during the Hundred Flowers Campaign (aka Rectification Campaign) and, like many, suffered persecution for it during the Anti-Rightist Movement (反右運動) that followed. In July 1960, Lin Zhao was arrested along with other dissidents for counterrevolutionary activities, including criticism of the effects wrought on the Chinese people associated with the Great Leap Forward (大跃进) and, on October 24, Lin Zhao was again arrested as an "active counterrevolutionary" for her poems and was sent to the Shanghai No. 1 Detention Centre. After suffering a relapse of tuberculosis, Lin was released to her mother’s care under medical parole in March 1962. Her dissident activities swiftly led to her rearrest on November 8, 1962 and she was eventually sent her for evaluation at the Shanghai Psychiatric Hospital, where she was declared insane. Protesting her abuse in prison, she repeatedly went on hunger strike and attempted suicide. She was tried in December 1964, and in May 1965 was sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment for "counterrevolutionary crimes". In Tilanqiao Prison, she wrote hundreds of pages of critical commentary about Mao Zedong using hairpins and bamboo slivers with her own blood as ink. On April 29, 1968, an amended judgment from the PLA’s Shanghai Municipal Public Security, Procuratorial and Judicial Military Control Commission condemned Lin Zhao to death. That same afternoon, Lin Zhao was executed in secret at Shanghai’s Longhua Airport. Two days later public security officers went to Lin Zhao mother's home to obtain the five cents costs of the bullet used to kill her. Her remains were never given to her family, neither were they informed of how they had been disposed of. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Zhao zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/林昭 www.chinesepen.org/english/no-13-yu-zhang-case-14 www.hrichina.org/en/content/4758 www.executedtoday.com/2010/04/29/1968-lin-zhao-martyr-poet/]

1955 - María Ascaso Budria (b. 1900), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist activist, who was imprisoned several times in Zaragoza then Barcelona for her anarchist activities, dies in Paris following failed major surgery. [see: Jun. 29] || [www.december17.org/]
 * = 17 || December 17 - International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers

1939 - Florence Finch Kelly (b. 1858), American journalist, author of novels and short stories, anarchist, feminist and suffragist, dies. [see: Mar. 27]

[E] 1941 - Josefina Lamua Broto (b. 1914), Aragonese anarcho-syndicalist in the CNT is shot by Franco's troops in Barbastro near Huesca. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html]

1983 - The first screening of the film '//Écoutez May Picqueray//' takes place in the Studio St. Severin in París. A biographical documentary film about the recntly deceased prominent anarchist activist and propagandist May Picqueray (1898-1983), it is produced and directed by Bernard Baissat. Amongst the friends and collegues of May Picqueray presnt are Léo Campion, P. M. Cardona, J. J. Combaut, Nicolas Faucier, Sylvain Garrel, Daniel Guerin, Denis Langlois, Franck Neveu and Rita Tabai. Many of the film's sequences were recorded at the headquarters of the newspaper '//Le Réfractaire//', which she founded and directed, and at her home. The songs for the film, which won the Quality Award from the Centre Nacional de la Cinematografia Francès, were performed by May Picqueray's daughter, Sonia Malkine. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оловенниковы]
 * = 18 || 1855 - [O.S. Dec. 6] Natalia Nikolaevna Olovennikova (Наталья Николаевна Оловенникова; d. 1924), Russian revolutionary, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who was the sister of fellow Narodistas Maria [Мария] and Elizaveta [Наталья], born. Whilst still in school, she particpated in the populist (Jacobin) circle around Pyotr Grigoryevich Zaichnevsky [Пётр Григорьевич Заичневский]. In 1878, she joined Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) with her sister Maria, advocating working with peasants. After the split of Zemlya i Volya into Black Partition (Чёрный_передел) and Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), she entered the latter, running one of its safehouses in St. Petersburg. After her mental health failed, she spent a period in psychiatric hospitals in Orel and Tver, later engaging in educational activities among the peasant children. She died sometime in October 1924.

1874 - [O.S. Dec. 6] Anna Rasputin [Анна Распутина](Anna Mikhaylovna Shulyatikov [Анна Михайловна Шулятикова]; Mar. 2 [Feb. 17] 1908), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), born. Organiser of the assassination attempt on the Minister of Justice Ivan Shcheglovitov (Иван Щегловитова) One of the seven hanged in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) February 17, 1908 near St. Petersburg – the theme of a well-known Russian story 'The Seven Who Were Hanged' (Рассказа о семи повешенных; 1908) by Leonid Andreyev (Леонида Андреева). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Распутина,_Анна_Михайловна socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/34-people/315-rasputina-a-m socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/126-obvinitelnye-akty-i-prigovory/803-19080211-obvinitelnyj-akt-po-delu-ob-anne-rasputinoj-lidii-sture-sergee-baranove-mario-kalvino-i-dr-predannyx-sudu-pomoshhnikom-glavnokomanduyushhego-vojskami-gvardii-spb-voennogo-okruga]

1886 - [N.S. Dec. 30] Olga Aleksandrovna Dilevskaya (О́льга Алекса́ндровна Диле́вская; d. 1919), Russian writer, teacher, and active member of revolutionary movement in Russia as a member of the military organisation of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, born. [see: Dec. 30]

[E] 1915 - Vicki Ama Garvin (d. 2007), African-American communist, liberation activist, pan-Africanist and internationalist, born. In the 1950s, she was vice president of the National Negro Labor Council and as executive secretary in the council's New York chapter. In the late 1950s she move to Africa, and while there helped organise Malcolm X's itinerary while he was in Ghana, taught English in China (1964-71) and, following her return to the States was active in prisoner support, including the Mumia Abu Jamal campaign, [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Garvin panafricannews.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/vicki-ama-garvin-1915-2007-organizer.html]

1922 - Nelly Roussel (b. 1878), French free thinker, anarchist and feminist, dies. [see: Jan. 5]

1969 Áurea Cuadrado Castillón, also known as Áurea Cuadrado Alberola (b. 1894), Spanish militant anarcha-feminist and fashion designer, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

[EE] 1971 - Kate McLean arrested and charged along with Angela Weir, Chris Allen and Pauline Conroy, who had been arrested during the course of November of having conspired with the six people already arrested on conspiracy charges. Shortly before the opening of Committal proceedings against the ten militants, Attorney General, Sir Peter Rawlinson, the victim of one of the Angry Brigade attacks, decided there was insufficient evidence for a case to be made against Pauline Conroy and Chris Allen, and they were released from custody.

1974 - Dolores Morata Díaz (b. 1899), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jan. 30] ||
 * = 19 || 1902 - Voltairine de Cleyre (b. 1866), American anarchist, feminist, teacher and poet, is shot by an insane former student named Herman Helcher. She refused to testify against her assailant, who was a familiar face in the anarchist scene.

1907 - [N.S. Jan. 1] Vera Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Вера Спиридоновна Любатович; b. 1855), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), dies. [see: Aug 7]

[E] 1919 - Pepita Carpeña (Josefa Carpeña-Amat; d. 2005), Catalan anarcho-syndicalsist and anarcha-feminist militant, who in exile became one of the mainstays of the Centre Internacional de Recerques sobre l'Anarquisme (CIRA) in Marseille, born. Combattant during the Spanish Revolution, member of the CNT, Jeunesses Libertaires (JJLL) and Mujeres Libres. Wrote '//De Toda la Vida//' and appeared in two films, Richard Prost's '//Un Autre Futur//' and Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer's '//De Toda la Vida//'. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Carpeña ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Carpena-Amat es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Carpeña www.estelnegre.org/documents/carpena/carpena.html libcom.org/history/carpena-pepita-1919-2005 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/pvmdrq]

1950 - Yukiko Ekida （えきだ ゆきこ) aka Yokuta Yukiko (浴田 由紀子), Japanese member of the 'Fangs of the Earth' (大地の牙) cell of the Higashi Ajia Hannichi Busō Sensen (東アジア反日武装戦線), or East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front armed struggle organisation and former leader of the now disbanded Nihon Sekigun (日本赤軍), or Japanese Red Army, born. Currently serving 20 years hard labour for a series of bombings targeting large companies in 1974 and 1975. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/浴田由紀子 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_472]

2011 - FEMEN performed a topless protest against Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko outside the KGB Headquarters in Minsk, mocking Lukashenko's recognisable haircut and moustache. Afterwards, according to FEMEN, the three protesters Inna Shevchenko, Oksana Shachko and Aleksandra Nemchinova were abducted by the Belarus authorities and taken to a remote forest blindfolded, doused with oil, forced to strip and then threatened with being set on fire, before having their hair violently cut with knives and being abandoned in the snow half-naked. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen www.euronews.com/2013/06/18/femen-in-protest-at-visit-of-belarus-lukashenko-to-ukraine/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Skobtsova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мария_(Скобцова)]
 * = 20 || [E] 1891 - [O.S. Dec. 8] Maria Skobtsova [Мария Скобцова] (Elizaveta Yurievna Pilenko [Елизавета Юрьевна Пиленко]; d. 1945), Russian noblewoman, revolutionary, poet, nun, and member of the French Résistance during World War II, who was executed in a gas chamber in Ravensbrück concentration camp, a week before the camp was liberated by the Red Army, born.

1902 - [O.S. Dec. 7] Anna Mikhailovna Garaseva (Анна Михайловна Гарасёва; d. 1994) Russian geologist, anarcho-syndicalist and later secretary to AIexander Solzhenitsyn whilst he was compiling '//The Gulag Archipelago//' (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ; 1873), born. Active in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Moscoww and, with her older sister Tatyana Mikhailovna Garaseva (Татьяна Михайловна Гарасёва; 1901 - post-1997), a librarian, in their home city Ryazan and in Petrograd where they both worked as nurses. [expand] Her brother, Sergei Mikhailovich Garas (Сергей Михайлович Гарасёва; dates unknown), was also involved in the anarchist movement and, like the sister, subject to regular arrests. [libcom.org/history/garaseva-anna-1902-1994-tatiana-1901-after-1997 www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=860 www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=1181 genrogge.ru/garaseva/index.htm ryazan-1920.narod.ru/geraseva.htm stopgulag.org/object/59999997?lc=ru]

1915 - Cecilia García de Guilarte (d. 1989), Basque journalist, writer - novels, plays, narrative history, etc., university professor and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2012.html eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_García_Gilarte www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/57414 www.diariovasco.com/v/20100723/cultura/memorias-mujer-valiente-20100723.html]

1977 - Second generation RAF members Gabi Kröcher-Tiedemann and Christian Möller are arrested in Delémont, Switzerland after a shoot-out with Swiss police, during which two officers were injured, as they try to cross the border into France with a cargo of weapons and explosives. They were later tried and sentenced to 15 years in prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gabriele-krocher-tiedemann/] || [www.wendymcelroy.com/articles/holmes.html flag.blackened.net/lpp/haymarket/mckinley_holmes.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0808.html www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=128142635]
 * = 21 || 1850 - Lizzie Holmes (Sarah Elizabeth Mary Hunt; d. 1926), American music teacher, seamstress, labour organiser, journalist, socialist and militant anarchist, born. Also known as Elizabeth Swank (after her first husband Hiram Swank, who died in 1877), which she used as a penname, along with May Huntley. After the death of her first husband, she moved to Chicago, where she became a member of the Working Women's Union, campaigning to organise her fellow seamstresses and denouncing their miserable working conditions. A member of the Socialist Labor Party and working on '//The Radical Review//', she gravitated to anarchism in 1883. Two years later she married the English anarchist William H. Holmes. The Holmeses worked closely with Albert and Lucy Parsons in Chicago's American Group of the International Working People's Association. Lizzie served as assistant editor of '//The Alarm//', and the day before the Haymarket meeting she led a march of 300-400 working women demanding the eight-hour day. When the authorities suppressed '//The Alarm//', Lizzie was one of those arrested; in 1887 Dyer D. Lum revived the paper and appointed Lizzie as associate editor. She was also active in the Knights of Labor and participated in the founding of the Ladies' Federal Labor Union (1888) under the auspices of the AFL. In the mid-1890s, William and Lizzie Holmes moved to Colorado, living in La Yeta, where Samuel Fielden was a neighbour, and in Denver. Still later they went to Farmington, New Mexico; there Lizzie died in 1926. Until about 1908 she contributed regularly to anarchist papers, especially 'Free Society', and wrote for a variety of labour journals, including 'The Industrial Advocate', edited by her William, and the AFL's '//American Federationist//'. Her syndicated articles for the Associated Labor Press appeared in labour papers across the country.

[C] 1892 - Rebecca West (Cicely Isabel Fairfield; d. 1983), English author, journalist, literary critic, travel writer, socialist, militant feminist, free love advocate and staunch anti-fascist, born. She took the name Rebecca West (after the heroine of Ibsen's '//Rosmersholm//') while studying at the Academy of Dramatic Art (1910-11) and began working as a journalist on the feminist journal '//The Freewoman//' in 1911. Its first edition carried a West article in support for free-love, which provoked widespread outrage: "Marriage had certain commercial advantages. By it the man secures the exclusive right to the woman's body and by it, the woman binds the man to support her during the rest of her life... a more disgraceful bargain was never struck." Having been influenced politically by the Dreyfus affair and become a militant feminist and active suffragette, as well as a socialist attending Fabian meetings, she was at first hopeful about the outcome of the 1917 Revolution. However, she quickly became critical of the Bolsheviks, a position reinforced by Emma Goldman's visit to Britain in 1924. Later, she was critical of the lack of support for the Spanish Republic in 1936 and for the appeasing of Nazi Germany, both from the British government and the pacifist Left. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_West www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WwestR.htm www.commentarymagazine.com/article/rebecca-west-on-fascism/ www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/06/wests-world-lorna-gibb-review]

1916 - Emma Tenayuca (d. 1999), fearless and largely unsung Mexican-American labour leader, union organiser, libertarian communist and educator, who played a prominent role in the 1938 Texan Pecan Shellers Strike, born. Influenced by the Flores Magon brothers and the Wobblies from a very early age, attending political rallies from 6 or 7 years old, she became a labour organiser, founding two international ladies' garment workers unions and becoming involved in many of the most famous conflicts of Texas labour history. She was also active in the Worker’s Alliance of America, the Woman’s League for Peace and Freedom and joined the Communist Party in 1936. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca libcom.org/history/emma-tenayuca-1938-pecan-shellers-strike www.af3irm.org/2012/1/revolutionary-woman-day-emma-tenayuca docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:GsbY1bkHupUJ:www.celebratingtexas.com/tr/lsl/78.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj-t3AKKSy2E8wiFVBIVLhl3MrMV7MLB9u2EPr9BBE7NDVBXrzGZ3xngAekHXl5zWnyIO9owZMxOY0HemNTZVIxhX5MNc2AiQGvtw5s3RzFW2atK5JiHqkkReH4twPgvhV63bop&sig=AHIEtbSu1ZnLYrK1xly3c7sRY943Bk1i5g]

1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman deported from USA alongside 250 fellow labour activists, anarchists [Ethel Bernstein (1898 - ??), Dora Lipkin] and radicals on board the S.S. Buford bound for Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAT_Buford editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/103/ editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/105/ www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Deportation_Cases_of_1919-1920_1000618161/0 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmch1.html]

[E] 1958 - Natalia Ligas aka 'Angela', member of the Rome and later of the Neapolitan Brigate Rosse cells, and was close to the Partito della Guerriglia section following the 1981 split, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Ligas]

1959 - Antonia Maymón (b. 1881), Spanish militant activist, rationalist teacher, naturalist, libertarian and feminist, dies. Maymón collaborated in numerous congresses and publications, such as '//Generación Consciente//', and was a founder of the FAI. [see: Jul. 18] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Wolfe www.estelnegre.org/documents/wolfe/wolfe.html www.judygreenway.org.uk/wp/lilian-wolfe-lifetime-resistance-2/]
 * = 22 || 1875 - Lilian Wolfe (Lilian Gertrude Woolf; d. 1974), English pacifist, anarcha-feminist and member of the Freedom Press publishing collective, born. [expand]

[E] 1942 - Espertirina Martins (b. 1902), Brazilian anarchist and working class militant, dies due to complications from a premature birth and appendicitis. In January 1917, when still only fifteen, she had carried the bomb, hidden in a bunch of flowers, that Djalma Fettermann used to counter a brigada militar cavalry charge on the funeral procession of a worker who had been murdered by the forces of repression, and which resulted in a pitched battle the Varzea (where the Avenida João Pessoa is today) between anarchists and brigadianos in January 1917. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp www.anarkismo.net/article/7828?userlanguage=de&save_prefs=true anarchalibrary.blogspot.com/2013/08/espertirina-martins-2013.html dancasdasideias.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/irmas-martins-beleza-rebelde-em-quatro.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalma_Fettermann militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11735]

[C] 1942 - Nine members of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, comprising a large section of the 'Schulze-Boysen/Harnack circle' (Schulze-Boysen/Harnack-Kreis), including Libertas Schulze-Boysen, Elisabeth Schumacher and Ilse Stöbe, are executed at Plötzensee Prison.

[(C)] 1942 - Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; b. 1904), German artist and resistance fighter in the Third Reich, who belonged to the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, is beheaded in Plötzensee Prison. [see: Apr. 28]

[(C)] 1942 - Libertas Schulze-Boysen (Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye; (B. 1913), German former press officer in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Berlin branch office and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who also gathered pictorial evidence of Nazi war crimes whilst working in the Reich Propaganda Ministry, is executed alongside her husband Harro Schulze-Boysen for their part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group. [see: Nov. 20]

1942 - Ilse Frieda Gertrud Stöbe (b. 1911), German journalist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, is beheaded for her part in the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) Soviet espionage ring. [see: May 17]

1966 - Lucy Burns (b. 1879), US suffragist and women's rights advocate, dies. [see: Jul. 28]

1969 - Federica Saraceni, Italian member of the Nuove Brigate Rosse, born. She was arrested on October 24 2003 and later convicted of the killing of Massimo D'Antona, a university professor and public official, and sentenced to 21 years and six months' imprisonment. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Saraceni]

1986 - Ida Cook (b. 1904), British romantic novelist and opera fanatic, who, with her sister Mary Louise, used both the money earned from her Mills & Boon novels as funds and the cover of their pair's regular trips abroad to the opera to escape of Jews from Nazi occupied Europe, dies of cancer. [see: Aug. 24] ||
 * = 23 || 1831 - Countess Emilia Plater (Emilija Pliaterytė / Emilia Platerówna; b. 1806), Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary, who fought in the November 1830 Uprising against the Russians as a captain in the Polish insurgent forces (the highest rank awarded to a woman at that time), falls ill and dies, having refused to cross into Prussia and accept internment there following defeat by the Russians. [see: Nov. 13]

1888 - Christa Winsloe (d. 1944), German-Hungarian novelist, playwright and sculptor, born. Best known for her play 'Gestern und Heute (Yesterday and Today), also known under several other titles, which was filmed in 1931 by Leontine Sagan as 'Mädchen in Uniform'. A member of the Résistance in Cluny in the Rhone valley along with her partner the Swiss pianist Simone Gentet - both abducted and shot by four French men who falsely claimed that they had killed them under Maquis orders. The four were eventually acquitted of murder in 1948. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Winsloe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Winsloe www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-winsloe/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mädchen_in_Uniform de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mädchen_in_Uniform_(1931)]

1889 - Victoria Lidiard (Victoria Simmons; d. 1992), British optician, suffragette, vegetarian and aninal rights campaigner, born. [spartacus-educational.com/Wlidiard.htm www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-victoria-lidiard-1558302.html]

1896 - Isabel Vilà i Pujo (d. 1843), Catalan nurse, syndicalist, member of the International and rationalist educator, who is considered to have been a pioneer of syndicalism in Catalonia, dies. [see: Aug. 3]

1898 - Claudia 'Cordiet' Gacon (b. 1877), French anarchist militant, who condemned propaganda by deed (political assassination) because it would harm the libertarian movement, dies. She was the partner of Lucien Weil aka 'Dhorr' who worked with Sébastien Faure. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1886]

[E] 1948 - Clarisa Rosa Lea Place (d. 1972), Argentine student and member of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Revolutionary Workers Party), who later became an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla and Desaparecido, born. She was arrested on January 28, 1971 by police after participating in a food delivery in a poor neighborhood of Tucuman and taken to the Cárcel del Buen Pastor in San Miguel de Tucuman. Involved in the planned mass escape from the Penal de Rawson of more than one hundred prisoners from various armed leftist groups on August 15, 1972, which was to be followed by the hijacking of a scheduled BAC 1-11 airliner from nearby Trelew airport and seek political asylum in Chile. However, the plan went awry and only 25 prisoners managed to escape and the transport paniced and left before picking everyone up, with a second group of nineteen having to commandeer three taxis to get them to Trelew but not before the plane, hijacked enroute had taken off with just six escaped guerrillas. The nineteen eventually gave themselves up and were taken to the Base Aeronaval Almirante Zar at Trelew, where they were summilarily executed at 03:30 on August 22 in an event known as the Masacre de Trelew. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarisa_Lea_Place es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Trelew]

1961 - Fanny Schoonheyt aka 'la reina de la ametralladora' (the queen of the machine gun), Hans G. Rink & Fanny Lopez (Fernanda Maria Wilhelmina Albertina Schoonheyt; b. 1912), Dutch foreign correspondent, anti-fascist and miliciana (with the PSUC) during the Spanish Civil War, dies of a heart attack at the age of 49. [see: Jun. 15]

2013 - Having served 21 months, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Maria Alyokhina are released after the State Duma approved an amnesty. [see: Aug. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Толоконникова,_Надежда_Андреевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alyokhina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Алёхина,_Мария_Владимировна] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Brunvoll www.vigrid.net/hcbrunvoll.htm www.aschehoug.no/nettbutikk/veien-til-auschwitz.html]
 * = 24 || [C] 1895 - Kirsten Brunvoll (Kirsten Sørsdal; d. 1976), Norwegian resistance member, Nacht und Nebel prisoner, and WW II memoirist, who survived Grini, Ravensbrück, Majdanek and Birkenau concentration camps, born.

1921 - Teresa Wilms Montt (María Teresa de las Mercedes Wilms Montt; September 8 1893 - December 24 1921), Chilean writer, poet, and anarcha-feminist, who in her short life was locked in a convent by her family, escaping with the help of the anarchis-sympathiser Vicente Huidobro, and was deported from New York to Spain, accused of being a German spy, depressed at her separation from her children, commits suicide with an overdose of Veronal at the Hotel Laenaec in Paris. [see: Sep. 8]

[E] 1923 - Germaine Berton, the young individualist is acquitted for her attempt to kill Leon Daudet (father of the anarchist Philippe Daudet), the extreme rightwing propagandist for Action Française.

1936 - Zelmira Peroni or Zelmira Binazzi (Carlotta Germina Peroni; b. 1865), Italian designer and anarchist propagandist, dies. [see: Jul. 19] || [socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp raforum.info/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=esther+dolgoff theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff flag.blackened.net/lpp/aboutlucy/ashbaugh_radical_wmn.html]
 * = 25 || 1904 - [N.S. Jan. 7, 1905] Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist and member of the IWW, born in Russia. A friend of Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy and other noted anarchists, Esther Dolgoff was active in the anarchist movement since her teens, she met Sam, her life companion, in Cleveland in 1930 whilst he was on an IWW speaking tour. Together they founded Libertarian League in 1955 and were active in the Libertarian Book Club and the Industrial Workers of the World. A contributor to many anarchist movement publications, she was co-editor of the New York anarchist journal 'Views and Comments' and translated important anarchist works into English, most notably Joseph Cohen's 'Di yidish-anarkhistishe bavegung in Amerike : historisher iberblik un perzenlekhe iberlebungen' (The Jewish Anarchist Movement In The United States: A Historical Review And Personal Reminiscences; 1945).

[E] 1911 - Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (d. 2010), French-American autobiographical artist, sculptor and feminist icon, born. Bourgeois' mother was a follower of the militant feminist anarchist Louise Michel in the late 1800s and named her daughter after Michel. [www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=winners&cs=399&language=eng www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1498412/louise-bourgeois-s-retroactive-politics-of-gender]

[B] 1972 - Staceyann Chin "poet, performer, and anarchist extraordinaire", LGBT rights political activist.

2009 - Althea Francois (b. 1949), African-American prisoner rights and community activist, and ex-Black Panther, dies after a period of prolonged ill-health. [see: Jan. 7] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jenney_Howe kihm6.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/the-jenney-family/ historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4963/]
 * = 26 || [E] 1870 - Marie Jenney Howe (d. 1934), US Unitarian minister, feminist writer and organiser, who founded the Heterodoxy Club (for "women who did things and did them openly"), which met at Polly’s Restaurant in Greenwich Village, and who was prominent in the National American Woman Suffrage Association and as a birth control advocate, born.

[EE] 1876 - Virginia Bolten aka 'the Louise Michel of Rosario' (d. ca. 1960), Argentinian shoemaker, sugar factory worker, labour organiser, anarchist and feminist orator and agitator, born in either the province of San Luis or in the city of San Juan [a third version has her born in Uruguay during a period of exile for her family]* the daughter of an German street vendor who opposed the militaristic German regime and had emigrated. Virginia's parents split up hen she and her sister and two brothers were still teenagers, and she eventually moved to Rosario. Known as the 'Barcelona of Argentina' because of the concentration of heavy industry, it was also a hotbed of radical political and industrial agitation. There she worked in a shoe factory and then in a massive sugar factory, the Refinería Argentina de Azúcar, which employed thousands of workers, many of them European immigrants and many of them women. She married Marquez, an organiser of a shoe workers' union. In 1888, Bolten became one of the editors (along with fellow anarchist Romulo Ovidi and Francisco Berri) of 'El Obrero Panadero de Rosario' (The Working Baker of Rosario), one of the first anarchist newspapers in Argentina. In 1889 she organised the seamstresses' demonstration and consequent strike in Rosario, probably the first strike by female workers in Argentina. In 1890, Bolten, Ovidi and Berri were the main organisers of the first May Day demonstration in the city - Domingo Lodi, Juan Ibaldi, Rafael Torrent, Teresa Marchisio and Maria Calvia were also involved. The day before (April 30, 1890), she was detained and interrogated, by local police forces, for distributing leaflets outside the major factories of the area. Not to be deterred she was at the head of a march of thousands of workers which proceeded to the main square of Montevideo, the Plaza Lopez, on the First of May. She carried a large red flag with black lettering proclaiming: "Primero de Mayo - Fraternidad Universal" (First Of May - Universal Brotherhood). At the Plaza Lopez her fiery speech entranced the crowd. She is credited as being the first woman in Argentina to address a workers rally (it should be borne in mind that she was twenty years old at the time). She was instrumental in publishing 'La Voz de la Mujer' (Woman’s Voice, 1896-1897), 'Periódico comunista - anárquico', whose motto was "Ni Dios, ni patrón ni marido" (Neither god nor master nor husband), which was published nine times in Rosario between January 8, 1896 and January 1, 1897, and was revived, briefly, in 1901. [expand] [* Recent research ahs thrown doubt upon some of the details of her early life, possibly including the events around May Day 1890.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten libcom.org/history/bolten-virginia-1870-1960-aka-“la-luisa-michel-rosarino”-louise-michel-rosario www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer libcom.org/files/2633723.pdf]

1880 - [N.S. Jan 7, 1881] Valentina Kolosova [Валентина Колосова] (Valentina Pavlovna Popova [Валентина Павловна Попова]; d. 1937), Russian revolutionary, member of the S-R Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. [see: Jan. 7]

1992 - María Bruguera Pérez (b. 1915), Spanish member of Mujeres Libres, anarchist, anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 6] ||
 * = 27 || [E] 1925 - Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; b. 1857), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, dies. Her funeral procession was attacked by fascists enroute to the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan. [see: Jan. 9]

1941 - Clara Lida (Clara Eugenia Lida), Argentinan writer, professor and historian of the anarchist and social movement in the 19th century, and Spanish emigration and Republican exile, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2712.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lida es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lida www.uca.es/es/nuestra-universidad/honoris-causa/clara-eugenia-lida]

1958 - Following a meeting of the Federación Libertaria Argentina, three old friends and comrades of international anarchism, the Germnan Augustin Souchy (1892-1984), the Italian Luce Fabbri (1908-2000) and the Spaniard Diego Abad de Santillán (1897-1983), meet to exchange memories of the Spanish Revolution and their clandestine activities during the repression that followed it. [photo] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2712.html]

1992 - Kay Boyle (b. 1902), American writer, novelist, poet, educator, political activist and anarchist fellow traveller, dies. [see: Feb. 19] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кулишёва,_Анна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Kuliscioff www.fondazioneannakuliscioff.it/anna_kuliscioff/chi_e/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kuliscioff-anna cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/annakuli.htm www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-kuliscioff/ silkandmettle.com/sito_g000024.pdf]
 * = 28 || 1856 - [N.S. Jan. 9, 1857] Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; d. 1925), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, born.

1899 - [O.S. Dec. 16] Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; d. 1938), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU/NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", born in Lodz. She joined the Moscow anarchist underground in 1929 and was arrested later that year on November 5 for "belonging to the anarchist underground circles" [whilst being "unemployed"], she was sentenced on December 23, 1929, to 3 years political isolation, served in Verkhneuralsk. Paroled on August 18, 1931, she was then exiled to Kazakhstan for 3 years. In November 1934, she was arrested by the Crimean OGPU in Simferopol [still "unemployed"] and charged under Art. 58-10, 11 RSFSR Criminal Code: membership of an anarchist group preparing the overthrow of the Soviet regime. On May 9, 1935, she was condemned by a NKVD court to 3 years in a labour camp. Arrested for a fourth time on September 26, 1937, and held in Minusinsk prison. Charged with counter-revolutionary activities, she was sentenced to death on April 11, 1938, by a NKVD tribual and shot on May 4, 1938 in Minusinsk. Her father was convicted of counter-revolutionary activities in 1927, and her husband S.S. Tuzhilkin (C.C. Тужилкин) was convicted of counter-revolutionary activity on three occasions. [s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1077-anarchist-chronograph-december-part-2.html lib.sale/istoricheskaya-literatura-uchebnik/pozina-zinaida-lazarevna-1896-posle-59564.html lists.memo.ru/d19/f403.htm]

1917 - [N.S. Jan. 10, 1918] Olga Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Ольга Спиридоновна Любатович) aka 'Shaeek' (Акула), Olga Doroshenko (Ольга Дорошенко), (Maria Svyatskaya) Мария Святская (b. 1853), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, narodnitsa and member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), dies. [see: Jun. 30]

[E] 1918 - Irish suffragette and Sinn Féin member Countess Constance Markievicz (1868-1927) becomes the first woman to be elected MP to the British House of Commons, elected for the constituency of Dublin St Patrick's while detained in Holloway prison for her alleged participation in a plot against the British government. [sse: Feb. 4] [NB: The actual date of the poll was December 14, 1918, but the result was not announced until two weeks later.]

1920 - Pepita Estruch (d. 2011), Spanish militant anarcha-feminist fought in the French WWII anti-Nazi resistance, participant in the reformed Comité de Mujeres Libres in París in the '60s, born. ||
 * = 29 || [B] 1898 - Elfie 'Elsa' Gidlow (d. 1986), British-born, Canadian-American feminist poet, freelance journalist, philosophical anarchist, lesbian and Taoist, born. Known as 'The Poet Warrior', she is the author of '//On A Grey Thread//' (1923), possibly the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry published in North America. The author of thirteen books, she appeared as herself in the documentary film, '//Word Is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives//' (1977) and published her autobiography, '//Elsa, I Come With My Songs//' (1986), a month before she died. Amongst her other works are '//California Valley with Girls//' (1932); '//From Alba Hill//' (1933); '//Bridge Builders//' (1938); '//Wild Swan Singing//' (1954); '//Letters from Limbo//' (1956); '//Moods of Eros//' (1970); '//Makings for Meditation: Parapoems Reverent and Irreverent//' (1973); 'Wise Man's Gold' (1974); '//Ask No Man Pardon: The Philosophic Significance of Being Lesbian//' (1975); '//Shattering the Mirror//' (1976); '//Sapphic Songs: Seventeen to Seventy//' (1976); '//Sapphic Songs: Eighteen to Eighty, the Love Poetry of Elsa Gidlow//' (1982); and '//A Creed for Free Women//' (n.d.).

'//Chains Of Fires//'

Each dawn, kneeling before my hearth, Placing stick, crossing stick On dry eucalyptus bark Now the larger boughs, the log (With thanks to the tree for its life) Touching the match, waiting for creeping flame. I know myself linked by chains of fire To every woman who has kept a hearth

In the resinous smoke I smell hut and castle and cave, Mansion and hovel. See in the shifting flame my mother And grandmothers out over the world Time through, back to the Paleolithic In rock shelters where flint struck first sparks (Sparks aeons later alive on my hearth) I see mothers, grandmothers back to beginnings, Huddled beside holes in the earth of igloo, tipi, cabin, Guarding the magic no other being has learned, Awed, reverent, before the sacred fire Sharing live coals with the tribe.

For no one owns or can own fire, it ]ends itself. Every hearth-keeper has known this. Hearth-less, lighting one candle in the dark We know it today. Fire lends itself, Serving our life Serving fire.

At Winter solstice, kindling new fire With sparks of the old From black coals of the old, Seeing them glow again, Shuddering with the mystery, We know the terror of rebirth.

[findery.com/californiawilliam/notes/word-is-out thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/]

1904 - Jessie Bross Lloyd (Jessie Louisa Bross; b. 1844), US reformer, who was disinherited by her wealthy father, William Bross, owner of the 'Chicago Tribune', for her work on behalf of the Haymarket anarchists, dies. [see: Sep. 27]

[C1/E] 1921 - Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel; d. 2012), Polish member of the Jewish resistance, who famously smuggled dynamite into, and also helped children escape out of, the Warsaw Ghetto, born. Active in the Zukunft, the youth organisation of the Bund, the Jewish socialist-democratic party, which opposed to Zionism and advocated Yiddish language and culture and secular Jewish nationalism, she joined the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) when it was formed after the great deportations of the summer of 1942. Because of her flawless Polish and red hair, Peltel could pass as a non-Jew. Adopting the name Vladka, a name she kept even after liberation, she began working as a courier and, together her future husband, Benjamin Meed, they helped organise the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, smuggling arms into the ghetto and helping children escape out of it. They married in 1945 and survived both the Holocaust and World War II. Vladka Meed's book 'On Both Sides of the Wall' was originally published in Yiddish in 1948 with a first hand account of her wartime experiences. The book was translated into English in 1972 (with a foreword by Elie Wiesel), and later into German, Polish and Japanese. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladka_Meed jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meed-vladka forward.com/articles/166582/vladka-meed-warsaw-uprising-leader-dies-at-/]

1937 - The Fascist authorities order the conversion of the resort and spa at Saturrarán beach in the Ondárroa bay to be converted into the notorious women's prison, where more than 4,000 female republican, socialist, communist and anarchist prisoners aged beween 16 and 80 spent time. The prison had a capacity of 700 but its population never dropped 1,500 inmates. Offical figure claim 116 women and 56 children died in the prison between 1938 and 1946 but many other deaths were not recorded in the civil registers. Hundreds of children were also forcibly removed and given up for adoption by Francoist families. In addition to the soldiers and guardias civiles, nuns from the Orden de la Merced (Order of Mercy) were also involved in running the prison, and many were more brutal than the guards. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2912.html www.asturiasrepublicana.com/libertad13.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturraran es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturrarán_(playa)]

1939 - Madeleine Pelletier (b. 1874), French doctor, intellectual, lesbian, anthropologist, psychiatrist, pacifist and militant feminist, one-time socialist and then a communist, latterly an anarchist, dies. Founded the review '//La Suffragiste//' and collaborated on other néo-Malthusian and libertarian newspapers. [see: May 18]

1977 - Alternative date for the death of Virginia Tabarroni aka 'Danda' (1888-1977), Italian typographer and anarchist, who was the aunt of Anteo Zamboni, the 15-year-old who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926. [see: Dec. 12]

1980 - Nadezhda Mandelstam [Наде́жда Мандельшта́м] (Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina [Наде́жда Я́ковлевна Ха́зина];d. 1980), Russian teacher, linguist, writer and memoirist, dies of long-running heart problems. [see: Oct. 30]

1992 - Ramona Viver Tudó (b. ca. 1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was widowed in the Civil War – her partnner was shot on the Teruel front whilst fighting with the Columna Roja i Negra – and was later involved in the anti-Franco underground, dies in Toulouse. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2912.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen theirishrepublic.wordpress.com/tag/madeleine-ffrench-mullen/ www.independent.ie/opinion/comment/lesbians-of-1916-are-the-risings-hidden-history-34391026.html]
 * = 30 || [E1] 1880 - Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (d. 1944), Irish revolutionary, labour activist and radical feminist, who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 and was a member of the radical nationalist women's organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), as well as a prominent member of the Dublin lesbian network of the period, born.

[E2] 1886 - [O.S. Dec. 18] Olga Aleksandrovna Dilevskaya (О́льга Алекса́ндровна Диле́вская; d. 1919), Russian writer, teacher, Bolshevik and member of the military organisation of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (b), born. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дилевская,_Ольга_Александровна]

1913 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish seamstress, militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT, born. At the age of 11 she began working as a seamstress and, following a move to Cueta at age 14, she joined the CNT Crafts Guild (Sindicato de Oficios Varios) local and the Ateneu Llibertari, as well as becoming secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres. Isabel also help found a Union of Needleworkers (Gremio de la Aguja), becoming member No. 1. Worked as a nurse during the Revolution / participated in the founding conference of the Mujeres Libres in September 1937 and, following the defeat of the revolution, organised a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the ateneo Al Margen. [expand] [NB: Dec. 31 also given as birth date] [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Isabel_Mesa_Delgado www.estelnegre.org/documents/mesadelgado/mesadelgado.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5114 libcom.org/history/mesa-isabel-1913-2002]

1937 - At two o’clock in the morning, Katia Landau is released from prison for the second time and told that if she refused deportation to Frnace, none of her friends would be allowed to leave Spain for safety. She eventally agrees and leaves for France.[see: Jun. 17; Nov. 8 & Nov. 22] [www.nodo50.org/despage/not_prensa/opinion/pepe_gutierrez/Katia Landau/katia_landau.htm old.kaosenlared.net/noticia/kurt-katia-landau-historia-para-no-olvidar de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landau_(Politiker) www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain08.htm www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/spain/spain09.htm theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-political-persecution-in-republican-spain www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1988/xx/landau.html www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol4/no1-2/schafra.htm]

1994 - Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols, receptionists at different abortion clinic in Brookline, Massachusetts are murdered in two seperate attacks. John Salvi, who prior to his arrest was distributing pamphlets from “Human Life International”, is arrested and confesses to the killings. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salvi]

[B1] 1997 - Denise Levertov (b. 1923), British-born American poet, anti-war activist and anarchist fellow-traveller, dies. [see: Oct. 24]

2012 - Beate Sirota Gordon (b. 1923), Austrian-American performing arts presenter and women's rights advocate, who at 22 almost single-handedly wrote women's rights into the post-War Constitution of Japan, dies of pancreatic cancer. [see: Oct. 25] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Deroin fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Deroin www.ohio.edu/chastain/dh/deroin.htm womhist.alexanderstreet.com/awrm/doc5.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voix_des_Femmes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voix_des_Femmes]
 * = 31 || [E1] 1805 - Jeanne Deroin (Jeanne-Françoise Deroin; d. 1894), French embroiderer, schoolteacher, journalist and socialist feminist, who during the 1848 Revolution was the first woman in France to run for national office, born. An adherent of the utopian socialism of the Saint-Simonians, she penned the first part of the single piece article '//Appel aux Femmes//' (under the penname Jeanne-Victoire) in the first edition of Désirée Gay and Marie-Reine Guindorff's feminist newspaper '//La Femme Libre//' in August 1832. \\\ during the 1848 Revolution, she became a prominet feminist campaigner and in March and April, she became involved with 'La Voix des Femmes', a feminist journal founded by Eugénie Niboyet, with the support of Jeanne Deroin, Pauline Roland and Désirée Gay. In June 1848, with Désirée Gay she founded the Association Mutuelle des Femmes and the newspaper 'La Politique des Femmes', "journal publié pour les intérêts des femmes et par une société d'ouvrière", which lasted for two issues, and then 'L'Opinion des Femmes', "publication de la société d'éducation mutuelle des femmes". [REWRITE]

1913 - Alternative date for the birth of Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT. [see: Dec. 30]

[E2] 1918 - The anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi is sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of $500 for sedition in connection with her June 27 anti-war speech in Portland, Oregon. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1966 - Elena Dmitrievna Stasova (Елена Дмитриевна Стасова; b. 1873), Russian Bolshevik and communist functionary working for the Comintern, dies. [see: Oct. 15]

1967 - Paulette Brupbacher (nee Raygrodski; b. 1880), Swiss physician, militant feminist, anarchist, author of numerous books and articles, dies. [see: Jan. 16]

1995 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (b. 1918), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 2] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) 2010 - Mohamed Bouazizi commits suicide by self-immolation in Tunisia, triggering the Arab Spring. Birthday of Bradley Manning [WikiLeaks defendant]tavil