work+page

[www.victorhugo2002.culture.fr/culture/celebrations/hugo/fr/contpg7.htm]
 * = DECEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1870 - In France Victor Hugo obtains the release of Louise Michel.

Following the 1918 overthrow of the Kaiser, and despite now being a convinced pacifist, Toller participated alongside Gustav Landauer, Erich Mühsam and Ret Marut (aka B. Traven) in the establishment of the Munich Soviet, becoming its President from April 6 to April 12 until the communist putsch overthrew his "Bavarian Revolution of Love", with its short-lived Workers' Councils and self-managed co-operatives. Following the defeat of the Soviet by the Freikorps, Toller was arrested and charged with high treason. Toller expected to be found guilty and sentenced to death but his friends began an international campaign to save his life. At his trial Toller argued: "We revolutionaries acknowledge the right to revolution when we see that the situation is no longer tolerable, that it has become a frozen. Then we have the right to overthrow it." Weber and Thomas Mann gave character references and, found guilty of high treason, the judge acknowledged his "honourable motives" and sentenced him to only five years in the prisons of Stadelheim, Neuburg, Eichstätt and, from February 1920 until his release, in the fortress of Niederschönenfeld where he spent 149 days in solitary confinement and 24 days on hunger strike. While imprisoned, he completed work on '//Die Wandlung//' (The Transformation; 1919) and wrote his Expressionist classics '//Masse Mensch//' (Mass Man; 1920), '//Die Maschinenstürmer//' (The Machine Breakers; 1922) and '//Der Deutsche Hinkemann//' (Hinkemann, the German; 1923), along with many of his better known poems. Post-release he continued to write plays, including '//Hoppla, wir Leben!//' (Hoppla, We're Alive!; 1925), a drama about a revolutionary who is discharged from a mental hospital after eight years only to discover that his once-revolutionary comrades have grown complacent and hopelessly compromised within the system they once opposed. In despair, he kills himself. '//Bourgeois bleibt Bourgeois//' (Once a Bourgeois Always a Bourgeois; 1927) was his attempt to follow Brecht and '//Die Dreigroschenoper//' (Threepenny Opera). He also remained active in politics, becoming a prominent figure within the League for Human Rights and the Group of Revolutionary Pacifists. When Hitler came to power, Toller was personally denounced by Josef Goebbels, and his work was banned on the same list that included Marx, Freud, Brecht, and Mann. He was fortunate to be travelling outside of Germany when Storm Troopers arrested most of the league's members. He sought refuge in England an was able to complete his autobiography, '//I Was a German//' (1933). In October 1936 Toller left London for a lecture tour of North America, where he was offered a contract to write film-scripts for MGM. While in the States, Toller became active in the campaign to raise funds to help the Spanish Republic's Civil War effort and went to Spain as a journalist. Depressed by the defeat of the Republic and the rise of Fascism in Europe, penniless from having given all his money to Spanish Republican causes, and discovering that his sister and brother had both been arrested and sent to concentration camps, he committed suicide in his hotel room in New York City. [writershistory.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=553&Itemid=30 www.fandango.com/ernsttoller/biography/p311281]
 * 1) [B] 1893 - Ernst Toller (d. 1939), German Expressionist playwright, poet, pacifist, anarchist and one of the leaders of the Munich Soviet, born. He volunteered for military duty during WWI, spending 13 months on the Western Front, suffering a complete physical and psychological collapse, experiences which informed his first play '//Die Wandlung//' (Transformation; 1919). In 1917, and no longer considered to be fit for combat, he attended the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, meeting Thomas Mann and Rainer Maria Rilke, and later the sociologist Max Weber. Around the same time he became involved in radical politics via a Munich discussion group involving Kurt Eisner, Felix Fechenbach, Oskar Maria Graf and Erich Mühsam, and joined the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - USPD). In Munich he was involved with Kurt Eisner in organising a munitions workers' strike, for which they and other trade union leaders were arrested and sent to Leonrodstrasse military prison. Charged with "attempted treason" but was released in May 1918 and returned to the German Army. Expecting to be sent to the Western Front, he was instead committed to a psychiatric clinic, only once again to be diagnosed as being unfit for active service and discharged from the army.

1898 - The first issue of '//La Cuña//' (The Cradle), "Periódico defensor de los obreros del ramo de elaborar madera de España" (Supporting newspaper of the workers of the wood processing branch of Spain) is published in Sabadell, Catalonia. It lasted 138 issues, the last on February 1, 1913. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0112.html]

1900 - The first edition of '//La Voix du Peuple//', "journal syndicaliste: organe de la Confédération générale du travail", is published. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail www.cairn.info/revue-societes-et-representations-2000-2-page-309.htm www.cgt.fr/Reperes-chronologiques.html placard.ficedl.info/mot7119.html?lang=fr]

1907 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Combat Social//', subtitled "Organe révolutionnaire des syndicalistes, socialistes antiparlementaires et libertaires", is published in Limoges. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0112.html]

1908 - Whilst politicians in Brazil and Argentina threaten war between the two countries, worker's organisations and anarcho-syndicalists in both countries jointly organise a day of protest against the possibility of a conflict.

1911 - The first issue of André Lorulot's neo-Malthusian libertarian publication '//L'Idée Libre//', "Revue Mensuelle d'Éducation Sociale" and later "Revue Mensuelle de Culture Individuelle et de Rénovation Sociale" (Monthly Review of Individual Culture and Social Renewal), is published. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L’Idée_libre cgecaf.ficedl.info/mot243.html]

[D] 1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata meet in the San Gregorio neighbourhood of Xochimilco near México City, where they sign a formal alliance called the Pacto de Xochimilco four days later.. Their combined armies of 50,000 march into the city, seizing control of the capital. Some Villiaistas rob churches and rape. Villa himself rapes a Frenchwoman manager at the luxury Hotel Palicio and was reported worldwide. The Zapaista army is mostly orderly. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacto_de_Xochimilco]

1914 - Silvia Mistral (Hortensia Blanc(h) Pita; d. 2004), Cuban film critic, writer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who lived in Spain and Cuba, born. Best known by her pen name Silvia Mistral, she also published under the names Silvia M. Robledo, Ana María Muriá and María Luisa Algarra. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_Blanch_Pita es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_Blanch_Pita www.estelnegre.org/documents/silviamistral/silviamistral.html]

1915 - Stuart Merrill (b. 1863), American Symbolist poet, who wrote mostly in French, and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [see: Aug. 1]

[A] 1921 - Under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are authorized to leave/escape the Soviet Union.

1925 - Joseph Jean-Marie Tortelier (b. 1854), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, dies. [see: Dec. 26]

1931 - The anarcho-syndicalist Confederación General de Trabajadores is founded in Chile by various anarchist and syndicalist groups including the defunct Federación Obrera Regional de Chile and the Chilean section of the IWW. At its peak it exerted great influence in guilds such as graphic workers, leather and footwear, electricians, carpenters, etc. and had around 20,000 members. [see: Dec. 27] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_General_de_Trabajadores_(Chile) revistahistoria.uc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Sanhueza-Jaime-30.pdf www.blest.eu/biblio/barria/crono.html]

1932 - In a plenary session of the Regional CNT held in Madrid, the sindicato de ferroviarios (railway union) requested support to declare a general strike in support of wage increases. In the end the sindicato backed out as more than half of their union locals thought the strike would be a failure, but the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña (Regional Defence Committee of Catalonia) having taken up the idea of an insurrectionary general strike, as proposed by Joan Garcia Oliver, was ready to implement the "gimnasia revolucionaria" (revolutionary gymnastics) that would precipitate the insurrectionary action needed to prevent the consolidation of the República Burguesa (bourgeois republic). The date chosen was January 8, 1933.

[EEE] 1960 - Ethel MacDonald (b.1909), Glasgow-based anarchist activist, labelled the '//Scots Scarlet Pimpernel//' by the British press, dies. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [see: Feb. 24]

1960 - Ada Martí (Maria de la Concepció Martí Fuster; d. 1960), Catalan writer, journalist and anarchist intellectual, dies from an overdose of sleeping pills, after a horrific night of insomnia, delusions and anxiety. [see: Jul. 1]

1971 - __IRSM / Angry Brigade__: Trial of Ian Purdie and Jake Prescott ends. Ian Purdie found not guilty on all charges. Jake Prescott found not guilty of specific bombings, but guilty of conspiracy to cause bombings on the basis of having written three envelopes, and was sentenced to fifteen years.

1976 - The infamous Sex Pistols' Bill Grundy interview.

1999 - Carme Millà i Tersol (b. 1911*), Catalan artist (line drawing), designer, publicist and anarcho-syndicalist poster artist, dies. [see: Jan. 25] [* many sources cite 1907]

2001 - Two anarchists arrested by the Ushak police (in western Anatolia, Turkey), after distributing 'illegal' leaflets at a trade union meeting. Later, another three are arrested. All are charged with "membership in an illegal organisation" - in this case, the Autonomous Anarchists of Ankara.

2009 - Josefa 'Pepita' Martín Luengo (Maria Josefa Martín Luengo; b. 1944), Spanish libertarian education activist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 19] || [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html#quesnel maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article156609]
 * = 2 || 1883 - Henri Arthur Gaston Quesnel (d. 1966), French metal turner, libertarian trades union activist and anarchist, who was secretary of the Le Havre UL-CGTU from June 1922 to June 1923 and of the UL-CGT after the Liberation, born. [expand]

1889 - Nathan Isaevich Altman (Натан Исаевич Альтман; d. 1970), Russian-Jewish and Soviet avant-garde artist, Cubist painter, stage designer and book illustrator, born. Associated with the anarchist circles around the weekly newspaper '//Anarkhiia//', he managed to survive the Sovietisation of the Arts by focusing on stage design and was even allowed to move to Paris in 1928. He returned to Leningrad in 1936, where he worked mainly for the theatre, as well as a illustrating books and writing essays about art. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Altman artoftherussias.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/jews-in-the-russian-avant-garde-nathan-altman/]

[A] 1889 - Octave Garnier aka ' Le Terrassier' (d. 1912), as a 13-year old he became a member of the anarchist Bonnot Gang, stealing cars and robbing banks, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Garnier militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2019 www.ephemanar.net/decembre25.html www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_garnier.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Garnier libcom.org/files/Richard Parry - The Bonno Gang.pdf spartacus-educational.com/ANA-Octave_Garnier.htm]

1896 - [O.S. Nov. 20] Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; d. 1965), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, born. From a family of grain merchants, Pesotta was well educated and influenced by the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and eventually adopted anarchist views. She emigrated to New York City at the age of 17 (1913), and found employment in a shirtwaist factory, she joined the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union very soon after. The ILGWU was a union that represented mostly Jewish and Latina female garment workers. She was elected to the all male executive board of ILGWU Local 25 in 1920 and attended Brookwood Labor College for two years in the 1920s. In 1933 the union sent her to Los Angeles to organise the garment workers there. The organising of the Mexican immigrant garment workers lead to the Los Angeles Garment workers Strike of 1933. As a result of this success, she was made vice-president of the union in 1934, and sent to Puerto Rico to organise seamstresses. In 1944, she resigned from the General Executive Board of the union in protest of the fact that, despite 85% of the union's membership were women, she was the sole female executive member. She returned to shopfloor organising in disgust. Rose also wrote and published two memoirs, 'Bread Upon the Waters' (1944) and 'Days of Our Lives' (1958). Rose Pesotta died in Miami, Florida on December 6, 1965. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/64039242 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pesotta libcom.org/history/pesotta-rose-1896-1965 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/pesotta/rosebio.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pesotta-rose jwa.org/blog/10-things-you-should-know-about-rose-pesotta www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pesotta-rose theanarchistlibrary.org/library/rose-pesotta-bread-upon-the-waters]

1909 - '//Le Libertaire//' brings out a special edition with the headline '//The Tragic Death of Philippe Daudet, Anarchist. Léon Daudet, his father, hushes up the truth//', following the mysterious death of the young anarchist and posthumous poet. [see: Jan 7]

1926 - Première issue of '//Combat Syndicaliste//', journal of the Confédération Générale duTravail - Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), French anarcho-syndicalist section of the AIT.

1943 - Oreste Antonio Maria Ristori (b. 1874), Italian journalist, militant individualist anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-fascist, is executed by a fascist firing squad (he and his four comrades were tied to chairs and shot in the back as a sign of their being 'traitors') whilst singing '//the Internationale//'. [see: Aug. 12]

1944 - Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (b. 1876), Italian Symbolist poet, editor and the founder of the Futurist movement, dies. [see: Dec. 22]

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: Following yesterday's attempts by the Retail Merchants Association to break the month-long retail clerks strike and economic blockade of two downtown Oakland stores – Hastings, a haberdashery, and Kahn's, a department store – when large crowds had taken to the streets after police had attacked pickets and passersby indiscrimiately as they tried to clear the streets for the dilivery of merchanise by blackleg drivers, large crowds once again take to the downtown streets, with at one point an estimated 10,000 people showing their support for the hundreds of Retail Clerks’ pickets around the two stores. The strike meeting that had been suspended yesterday, is reconvened at the Labor Temple at 10:00 by union officials in the knowledge that the calls for a general strike, which had spread out overnight across the city to its factories, shops and freight terminals, had now gained an irresistible momentum amongst the rank and file. Finally, after twelve hours of disagreement, a strike call was made. However, with the local leaderships of the various unions equivocating amid fears of reprisals and the potential loss of control over the increasingly militant street-level feeling, the meeting was unable to agree a unified position. The turnout of the 'Labor Holiday' the following day would be massive, as the workers seized control of the city's streets in a joyous celebration of solidarity. [see: Dec. 3]

1951 - Neith Boyce Hapgood (b. 1872), U.S. novelist, playwright and journalist, dies. [see: Mar. 21]

1959 - Silvia Secchiari (b. 1900), Italian anarchist militant and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Jun. 6]

1978 - Christian Lagant aka 'Cri Cri', Christian Lag & Christian Lague (b. 1926), French anarchist militant, one-time surrealist and one of chief editors of '//Noir et Rouge//', takes his own life, not wishing to live any longer in a society that in his view had returned to 'normality' after the period of unrest that had its climax in May-June 1968. A talented writer and artist, he contributed articles and drawings to the Fédération Anarchiste paper '//Le Libertaire//' and was later one of the founders of the Groupes Anarchistes d'Action Révolutionnaires (GAAR), taking an active part in editing its magazine '//Noir et Rouge//' over a period of fifteen years. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3811 libcom.org/history/lagant-christian-1926-1978-aka-christian-lag-aka-christian-lague fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lagant 1libertaire.free.fr/DifficultedetreAnarchiste.html]

2002 - Ivan Illich (b. 1936), Austrian philosopher, libertarian-socialist social thinker, polymath and polemicist, dies. [see: Sep. 4] || [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_García_Viñas www.ephemanar.net/decembre03.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=José_García_Viñas ita.anarchopedia.org/José_Garcia_Viñas militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1991 pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/jose-garcia-vinas-militante-anarquista.html]
 * = 3 || 1848 - José García Viñas (d. 1931), Spanish militant internationalist, medical doctor, pioneering advocate of anarchism in Spain, editor of '//La Federacíon//' (1869) and '//La Revista Social//' (1872-1880), born.

1857 - Józef Teodor Konrad ‪Nałęcz‬ Korzeniowski (aka Joseph Conrad; d. 1924), Polish author of the English language novel on/against anarchist //attentats// (based loosely on the 1894 Greenwich Bombing), 'T//he Secret Agent//' (1907) and the anarchist-related short stories '//An Anarchist//' and '//The Informer//' (both 1906) [allegedly based upon the circle around Olivia and Helen Rossetti and the anarchist journal '//The Torch//', born. [www.eldritchpress.org/jc/info.html www.eldritchpress.org/jc/anar.html]

1897 - William Victor 'Bill' Gropper (d. 1977), U.S. cartoonist, Social Realist painter associated with the Ash-Can Group, lithographer, muralist left (libertarian) communist and anti-fascist, born. Took his first art lessons at the Ferrer School in NYC and studied under Robert Henri and George Bellows, both philosophical anarchists if not particularly politically active. One of the most significant American artists of his generation, he contributed to several mainstream newspapers and magazines including '//The New Yorker//', '//Vanity Fair//' and the '//New York Post//', as well as numerous radical publications, including '//The Masses//', '//The Revolutionary Age//', '//The Rebel Worker//', '//The Liberator//', '//The New Masses//', '//The Worker//', and '//Morgen Freiheit'// (Morning Freiheit). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gropper tfaoi.com/aa/9aa/9aa273.htm mag.rochester.edu/seeingAmerica/essays/63.swf www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTgropper.htm]

[E] 1897 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; d. 1980), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist labour activist, born. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), and by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp and fled to Mexico with long-time companion Senya Fleshin. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre21.html#steimer www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2111.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/steimer-mollie libcom.org/history/mollie-steimer-1897-1980-paul-avrich www.infoshop.org/library/mollie-steimer-profile]

[1903 - Cooper Union mass meeting protests in NY City against anti-anarchist proceedings against John Turner, who is still awaiting deportation. ]

[www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/goetze-2/ digitalresist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rebellische-orte-sigismundstr6-anna_19.html]
 * 1) 1912 - Irma Götze (d. 1980), German paediatric nurse, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. The daughter of Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany) members Anna Götze and Karl Brauner, she too was a FAUD member and was active in the Leipziger Meute, an opposition group of mainly young people. She acted as an underground courier, taking messages to and from Czechoslovakia, and helped produce illegal flyers and leaflets. In 1935, Irma Götze fled Germany for Spain, taking part in the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia in 1936. She was particularly involved in the political work of the German anarcho-syndicalists in Barcelona, and providing supplies for the militia. She was arrested by the Soviet secret police GPU in May 1937, taken to the notorious secret prison at Puerta del Angel, and later transferred to a women’s prison. After her release, Irma Götze emigrated to France in 1938. She was interned in the Gurs, Argelès-sur-Mer, and Rivesaltes camps as an “enemy alien” in 1940 and 1941, eventually ending up in the hands of the Gestapo. In 1942 the Dresden Higher Regional Court sentenced her to two years and six months in a penitentiary for her illegal work for the FAUD. After serving this term at Waldheim penitentiary, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp. There, Irma Götze met her mother Anna for the first time in nine years, after the older woman had spent eight years in imprisonment. Both mother and daughter survived the war.

1917 - Louise Olivereau, who was convicted on November 30 1917 for mailing out a circular which questioned the draft, is sentenced to ten years in prison at Cañon City, Colorado, the only federal prison for women in the west of the United States. She served 28 months in the state penitentiary in Cañon City, Colorado, before being paroled. The IWW provided no support for Olivereau or her case because of her anarchist pronouncements. Her case was barely mentioned in IWW newspapers. After her release, Olivereau worked at a variety of clerical and sales jobs in Oregon and California. She settled in San Francisco in 1929 and worked as a stenographer. She died there in 1963. [features.crosscut.com/a-woman-found-guilty-of-thinking- www.seattlestar.net/2013/11/november-30-1917-louise-olivereau/ libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sarah-ellen-sharbach-louise-olivereau-and-the-seattle-radical-community-1917-1923]

1921 - Anti-authoritarian educator A.S. Neill establishes his school, Summerhill, at Lyme Regis in England. Moves it three years later to Leiston (Suffolk). Proponent of children sharing in running schools, Neill told of this anarchist experiment in numerous books.

[B] 1930 - The right-wing Ligue des Patriotes (League of Patriots), outrages by the great popular success of '//L'Age d'Or//', interrupt the screening by throwing ink at the cinema screen and assaulting viewers who opposed them; they then go to the lobby and destroy art works by Dalí, Joan Miró, Man Ray, Yves Tanguy, and others.

[CC] 1931 - Franz Josef Degenhardt (d. 2011), German poet, satirist, novelist, screenwriter, folk-singer/songwriter (Liedermacher), lawyer and leftist, born. His early songs were anarchist-romantic in the tradition of Villon and the anonymous Bänkelsang (broadsheet ballad) but after 1967 his politics became more communist, joining the German Communist Party (DKP). During the events of 1968, he defended many of those on trial from the German student movement and in 1972-73, defended members of the Red Army Faction. His first novel '//Zündschnüre//' (Fuses; 1973) is about working-class youths who join an anti-Nazi resistance group in 1944, and the second, '//Brandstellen//' (Burn Marks; 1974), also made into a 1978 film of the same name, tells the story of a community's resistance against a NATO military training ground. His 1986 album '//Junge Paare Auf Bänken//' (Young Couples on the Benches) features his translations into German of French singer-songwriter Georges Brassens, and one of his last albums was entitled '//Krieg Gegen den Krieg//' (War against the War; 2003). He also wrote the anti-fascist song '//Edelweisspiraten//' (Edelweiss pirates) based on the World War II era German working class anti-Nazi network of youth groups, which emerged out of the German Youth Movement of the late 1930s in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth. [www.franz-josef-degenhardt.de/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Degenhardt www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/franz-josefdegenhardt-musician-and-hero-of-the-counterculture-6266187.html www.antiwarsongs.org/do_search.php?lang=en&idartista=816&stesso=1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates libcom.org/history/articles/edelweiss-pirates]

1937 - Attila József (b. 1905), one of the most important and well-known Hungarian poets, dies. [see: Apr. 11]

1940 - On the eve of Vichy premier Pétain's visit to Marseilles, Andre Breton is arrested and held for four days. An official report describes him as a "dangerous anarchist sought for a long time by the French police."

1945 - Augustin Frédéric Adolphe Hamon (b. 1862), French sociologist and anarchist, who later became a socialist, dies. Participated in the July 27, 1896, International Congress in London with Malatesta, Pelloutier, etc. Also collaborated on Jean Grave's newspaper, '//Les Temps Nouveaux//'. Wrote '//Les Hommes et les Théories du l'Anarchie//' (1893), '//Psychologie de l'Anarchiste-Socialiste//' (1895), '//Patrie et Internationalisme//' (1896) and '//Un Anarchisme, Fraction du Socialisme//' (1896). [see: Jan. 20]

1956 - Aleksander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Ро́дченко; b. 1891), Russian Constructivist artist, sculptor, photographer, photo-montagist, graphic designer and one-time anarchist, dies. Influenced by Cubism, Russian Futurism and Suprematism, he later became a member of the post-Revolutionary Productivist group. [see: Dec. 5]

1969 - Lucien Haussard (b. 1893), French militant, anarchist advocate and free thinker, dies. Joined Marc Pierrot's review, '//Plus Loin//', which he managed from 1931 until arrested and interned in 1939. Involved in the S.I.A. (Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste) and in providing false documents to Spanish anti-fascists. [see: Jul. 11]

[D] 1970 - __IRSM / Angry Brigade__: Spanish Embassy in London machine gunned following international protests against the trial of the Basque nationalists, the Burgos Six. This was not reported. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2009 - Madeleine Briselance (b. 1922), French bookbinder, feminist, anti-miltarist and libertarian activist, dies. [see: Jun. 5] || [libcom.org/history/cole-clara-gilbert-1868-1956]
 * = 4 || 1868 - Clara Gilbert Cole (d. 1956), English anti-militarist, anarchist and active suffragist in the Women’s Social and Political Union, alongside her husband the artist Herbert Cole, born. A passionate opponent of WWI; pre-empting the State call for conscription she founded a League Against War and Conscription in early 1915 which published an 8 page pamphlet written by her, '//War Won’t Pay//', in 1916. She also produced a book of poems, Prison Impressions, based on her own experiences and those of others, in 1918. She later gravitated to anarchism and was active in the support of the Spanish Revolution and in anti-war agitation, and wrote anti-war articles in '//War Commentary//' and Guy Aldred's '//The Word//'.

[B] 1886 - André Colomer (d. 1931), Catalonian poet and anarchist, born. Involved in the review '//L'Action d'Art//' and also the trade union of writers and dramatic authors. Also a founder of '//Libertaire//' and manager of '//La Revue Anarchiste//', before he broke with anarchism in 1927. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre04.html#4]

1878 - Juan Oliva Moncasi, a young Catalan anarchist worker in Tarragone who attempted to kill King Alphonse XII in Madrid on October 25 1878, and refused a commutation of his death sentence, is executed.

1893 - Herbert Read (d. 1968), English poet, art critic, anarchist and political philosopher, born. Wrote '//Anarchy & Order; Poetry & Anarchism//' (1938); '//Philosophy of Anarchism//' (1940); '//Revolution & Reason//' (1953); '//My Anarchism//' (1966), etc. Early champion of Surrealism. Accepted a knighthood which caused much consternation and ridicule among the anarchist milieu. [www.tomorrowsbooks.com/extract_more/m_piers_paul_read.html]

1912 - María Mañas Zubero (d. 1991), Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0412.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/salas/salas.html]

1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa sign a formal alliance, the Pacto de Xochimilco, merging the Northern Division and the Southern Liberation Army into a single entity to fight against Venustiano Carranza. The joint force them marches on the capital, seizing control of it on the 6th. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacto_de_Xochimilco]

1923 - Maurice Barrès (Auguste-Maurice Barrès; b. 1862), French Symbolist novelist and journalist, dies. [see: Aug. 19]

1935 - In Geneva, anarchists begin destroying slum housing, smashing windows and tearing up roofs this evening as part of an intense FOBB (Federation of Wood and Construction Workers) campaign of agitation over workers' homes which were little better than hovels.

1937 - Fierce fighting between the Fascist army and Republican troops near the province capital of Teruel.

1944 - Louis Louvet and Simone Larcher begin publishing '//Ce Qu’il Faut Dire//' (What Must Be Said) in France.

1952 - Giuseppe Monanni (b.1887), Italian editor, self-taught journalist, publisher and propagandist of individualist anarchism (a la Nietzsche and Palante), dies. A typesetter by profession, he founded the anarchist journal '//Vir//' in 1907 in Florence. Alongside his wife Leda Rafanelli (whom Mussolini famously slobbered over whilst still editor-in-chief of the daily socialist newspaper '//Avanti!//'), he collaborated on various newspapers and publications including '//La Questione Sociale//' (1909); '//La Rivolta//' (1911) and '//La Libertà//' (1913-1914). In addition to his journalism, Monanni was editor of the Libreria Editrice Sociale (Social Publishing Library; 1910 to 1915), the Casa Editrice Sociale (Social Publishing House; 1919 to 1926), and finally the Casa Editor Monanni (Monanni Publishing House; 1926 to 1933), as well as publishing works on individual anarchism by Palante and Nietzsche. His editorial work suffered the interruption of WWI and temporary refuge in Switzerland. Upon his return to Italy, and like many others, he suffered increasing repression with the rise of fascism but managed with Carlo Molaschi to found L'Università Libera (Free University) whose work was subsequently limited to general educational work following the passing of special laws, and ceased all together due to financial and further political restraints. After the end of the war and the fall of Fascism in Italy, he collaborated again on the newspaper '//Libertario//' under the pseudonym of 'Mony'.

[A] 1971 - Georg von Rauch (b. 1947), German anarchist and founder of the Anarchist Black Cross in Germany and June 2nd Movement, is ambushed (along with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann, Hans Peter Knoll and Heinz Brockmann) by plainclothes armed police and shot in the eye, killing him instantly, despite being unarmed and having his hands raised. [see: May 12]

1988 - Teresa Pons Tomàs (d. 1988), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 10] || [www.ephemanar.net/decembre05.html#thennevin militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article13006 revolutionnairesangevins.wordpress.com/dictionnaire/t/tennevin-alexandre-eugene/ autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/eugene-tennevin.html]
 * = 5 || 1848 - Alexandre Eugène Tennevin (d. 1908), French anarchist activist, born. [expand]

1869 - Temistocle Monticelli (d. 1936), Italian anarchist militant and anti-militarist, member of the Comité de Défense Libertaire, as secretary of the underground Comitato di Azione Internazionalista Anarchica he was arrested during WWI, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Temistocle_Monticelli autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/temistocle-monticelli.html www.ephemanar.net/fevrier13.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html www.rioneventesimo.it/spip.php?article56]

1885 - Louise Bryant (d. 1936), US journalist and writer, born. An anarchist and Marxist, she contributed articles and essays to Berkman's '//The Blast//' and other radical journals on a number of radical political and feminist themes.

Throughout this period she remained close to the group around Arturo Labriola, Walter Mocchi and the 'Avantguarda Socialista' (Socialist Vanguard) and, with the defeat of the revolutionary syndicalists within the Camera del Lavoro and the Unione degli Impiegati e Commessi, she took up journalism full-time. In December 1906, she was appointed editor-in-charge of the new Milanese syndicalist periodical '//La Lotta di Classe//' (The Class Struggle). She also intensified her anti-militarist activities, starting a bimonthly anti-militarist propaganda sheet '//Rompete le File!//' (Break the Line!; 1907-13) at the beginning of 1907 with Filippo Corridoni, Edmondo Mazzuccato and Edmondo Rossoni and also taking part in the setting up of the Italian section of the Alleanza Internazionale Antimilitarista (International Anti-militarist Alliance). Based on Gustave Hervé's '//Guerre Sociale//', '//Rompete le File!//' openly incited desertion, and was clandestinely distributed in barracks and in places frequented by young people or where recruitment was taking place. The reaction of the military authorities was swift and soon the convict battalions were enriched with new recruits, amongst them in 1908 the entire editorial staff of the magazine. Maria Rygier herself had to answer for twenty-two articles published in the '//Rompete le File!//', a journal which the Prefect of Milan claimed was targeted "for its revolutionary and rebellious nature, contemptuous of every principle of authority." Rygier ended up serving time in prison, something that would become a regular occurrence for this fiery and combative character. Her incendiary newspaper articles were passed from hand to hand, appropriated as slogans of struggle and transcribed into speeches, becoming powerful and deadly weapons at the disposal of revolutionaries of every political tendency. Amongst the other newspaper that she wrote for was '//Avanti//' and '//La Demolizione//' (Demolition), Ottavio Dinale's newspaper based on the revolutionary syndicalist of Georges Sorel, which was published between 1907 and 1911, first in France, in Annemasse, and then in Italy, in Milan. Maria also embraced with enthusiasm and conviction the cause of universal suffrage and women's empowerment, urging women to "overcome the apathy and resignation imposed [on them] for centuries by their fathers and husbands". 1907 also saw her face arrest and imprisonment for her activism (a demonstration at the Prefecture on July 4 and the invasion of the Archbishopric on July 21 to protest against acts of paedophilia by some priests): sentenced to twenty months imprisonment on August 3, six months on August 22, six months and twelve days on September 10, and two years on February 14, 1908. Described by police as suffering from an "intimate fever to make herself famous", the superintendent of Milan denied the request for a pardon made by her father, who was concerned about the health consequences of prison of his daughter, stating instead that "the rest, peace and quiet" in the custody would have positive health benefits for her. On May 1, 1908, the Parma syndicalist newspaper 'L’Internazionale' published a postcard with a picture on it depicting her as a new 'heroine' as she languished in Santa Viridiana prison in Florence. She also began to be widely referred to the "Luisa Michel d'Italia". Following the amnesty of February 1909, she was freed and on her return to Milan on February 14, a procession accompanied her from the station to her home in the via S. Gregorio, where about four hundred people sang the 'L'Inno dei Lavoratori' (Hymn of the Workers) for her. That same year, Maria began an intense campaign in the columns of '//Il Secolo//' (The Century) on the conditions of the detainees: the abuse, lack of hygiene, poor sanitary conditions, non-compliance with regulations, sadistic nuns, etc. in the local prison in Milan, the judicial prisons in Bologna, Florence and Turin, and the reformatory in Perugia, which was closed in June 1910 following the Maria's complaints. 1909 also saw her break with Corradi and move to Bologna, having witnessed Armando Borghi present the agenda for the proclamation of a general strike on the occasion of the National Congress of the Leghe di Resistenza. In Bologna she joined the local Camera del Lavoro and aligned herself within the anarchist movement. The reasons for her transition from revolutionary syndicalism to anarchism were laid out in her pamphlet '//Il Sindacalismo alla Sbarra: Riflessioni d'una ex-sindacalista sul Congresso omonimo di Bologna//' (Unionism in the Dock: Reflections of an ex-syndicalist on the eponymous Congress of Bologna) published in 1911. A popular lecturer, she toured the country speaking on her usual theme of anti-militarism and prisons, as well as religion, free thought, the role of women, anarchist organisation, and the figures of Giordano Bruno and Francisco Ferrer. On July 29, the tenth anniversary of the death of Umberto I, at a private conference held in the hall of Modern Art in Milan, and in front of almost all of Milan's anarchists, she argued that the regicide in Monza was "necessary and proper". During the same period he collaborated on '//L’Agitatore//' (The Agitator), which she was editor of twice (at the end of 1911 and in early 1913). Returning from a speaking trip to Switzerland in May 1911, she was arrested again when a bottle of white phosphorus that she was carrying caught fire. The arest sparked widespread protests from the anarchist, socialist and trades union press. '//L’Alleanza Libertaria//' in an article '//Pro vittime politiche e per la liberazione della nostra Maria Rygier//' (For political prisoners and for the liberation of our Maria Rygier) on July 20, 1991 called her the "heroine of anarchy". In response, the Interior ministry expedited her trial and, found guilty, appealed and was granted parole. At the outbreak of the war in Libya, she plunges back with undiminished fervour into her anti-militarist propaganda activities. And when Augusto Masetti on October 30, 1911, famously shot Colonel Stroppa in Cialdini barracks in Bologna, shouting "long live anarchy" in an act of rebellion whilst inciting his fellow recruits to also refuse to fight in Lybia. Masetti's act prompted a major campaign of solidarity and anti-militarist propaganda, during which Maria celebrated his gesture in the columns of '//L’Agitatore//', resulting in the arrest of the entire editorial staff of the magazine, excluding Armando Borghi who managed to flee abroad. Thus began another period in prison, during which she expressed a desire to be involved in the failed assassination attempt on Victor Emmanuel III made by the anarchist Antonio D'Alba on March 14, 1912 in Rome. Although ending up playing no material part in the plot, she was still sentenced to three years in connection with it. The influence of her support campaign spread as far as France, where '//La Bataille Syndicaliste//', '//La Guerre Sociale//' and '//Le Libertaire//' all publish articles in her support. With a new amnesty in December 1912, the staff of '//L’Agitatore//' were released and Maria regained the editorship from Domenico Zavattero, beginning a conflict which would split the Italian anarchist movement and cause widespread disgust at Zavattero's attacks on Rygier. In the latter half of 1913, Maria once again began campaigning on Masetti's behalf, who in the meantime had been locked up in a mental hospital. With the help of Borghi, she organised a visit to France to give lectures in support of Masetti. In Paris she joined in the "grandiose but useless" campaign launched by the SFIO, the CGT and the anarchists against the 'Loi des trois ans' (Law of three years), which increased the term of military conscription from two to three years. During a visit to London she made sure that she publicly attacked the "odious monarchy", with the '//The Daily Citizen//' publishing a short biography, describing her as a heroine who had renounced the life of luxury for the labour movement. Back in Paris, she attended the French Anarchist Communist Congress in August, and returned to Bologna in early September. Meanwhile, Maria Rygier had become involved in the Masons, who had granted her membership, and continued her pro-Maseeti campaigning, support for whom had spread across the Atlantic to America, where on April 12, 1914, an international meeting promoted by Italian anarchists was held in New York. The Comitato Nazionale pro Masetti, of which Maria was secretary, decided to organise on June 7, 1914, the date of the Festa dello Statuto Republican celebrations, anti-military rallies across Italy. In Ancona, the tragic outcome of the rally there kicked off the 'Settimana Rossa' (Red Week). On June 10, following a speech by Rygier in Imola, demonstrators set fire to the district court and attacked the police barracks. That same evening, Rygier spoke in Faenza and again an angry mob tried to set fire to the cathedral and other churches. Following the 'Settimana Rossa', Malatesta fled to London and Fabbri to Lugano, whilst Rygier returned to France, where she held a series of meetings and gave interviews, first in '//La Guerre Sociale//' and then in '//République Italienne//'. At the outbreak of the war, she returned to Italy and, though at first appearing to take a neutralist position, whilst expressing the deepest sympathy for France, on September 14 in Rome during the commemoration of Caesar Colizza and the young Republicans fallen in Serbia, she expressed the need for Italian intervention in the "war of liberation". Now, firmly in the interventionist camp (something that she shared with her new French Masonic friends), she helped draft the manifesto '//Per la Francia e per la Libertà//' (For France and for Freedom). The anarchist press responded by attacking her: the 'heroine' had become a mere 'scribbler' (scribacchina), a "false anarchist", "a crook [...] who had returned to the bourgeoisie", "Marietta the warmongering viper", etc. Rygier continued her pro-interventionist activities, writing in the pro-interventionist press such as '//L’Internazionale//', '//La Guerra Sociale//', '//L’Iniziativa//', Milan's '//L'Avanguardia//', '//Il Libertario di La Spezia//', Benito Mussolini's socialist newspaper '//Il Popolo d'Italia//', and '//La Riscossa//', the newspaper of the interventionist Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria in Bologna. She also participated in the Congresso Nazionale dei Fasci Interventisti (National Congress of Interventional Fasci [= workers leagues]) as president, alongside Angelo Oliviero Olivetti and the French revolutionary Madame Sorgue. The organisers of the congress were Mussolini and Alceste De Ambris, head of the interventionist section of the Unione Sindacale Italiana, both of whom had jointly founded the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria movement in December 1914, to promote the interventionist within the workers' movement. In 1915 he published '//La Nostra Patria. Sulla Soglia di un'Epoca//' (Our Homeland. On the Threshold of an Era) and, at the end of 1915, and with her creditability in anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist circles ruined, Rygier moved to Genoa and in February 1916 participated in the Republican Congress in Rome. In 1917, she was secretary of the Rome Camera del Lavoro but was forced out due to her bad relations with the workers' leagues. After the war, she did not become part of the fascist movement, defining herself as a nationalist and anti-Bolshevik. In 1923, she eschewed nationalism and three years later in 1926, following public criticism of Mussolini, the police searched her home and was arrested and confined to a psychiatric hospital. Threatened with death on March 30 that year, she went into exile in Paris, expressing open opposition to the fascist regime, and published a pamphlet in Brussels in 1928 (later reprinted in 1945 in Italy), entitled 'Mussolini indicateur de la police française: ou les raisons de sa occultes "conversion"', which claiming that since the early 1910s he had been funded by the French police and / or the secret services (Bleus), firstly to bring Italy to an anti-militarist and neutralist positions and then to at least bring some of the Socialist movement there to a pro-French / anti-German interventionist position. She was awarded the International Prize for Literature Against War for the publication. In 1930, she published '//La Franc-Maçonnerie Italienne devant la Guerre et devant le Fascisme//' and in 1935 '//Démagogie Rouge et Démagogie Fasciste//', as well as being active in the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme. She remained in France through out the war, living in hardship and difficulty. , living in hardship and difficulty. Back in Italy after WWII, she proclaimed herself a liberal monarchist and in 1946 published the controversial book '//Rivelazioni sul Fuoruscitismo italiano in Francia//' (Revelations about Anti-fascist Exiles in France). Maria Rygier died in Rome February 10, 1953. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier www.cgil-nuoro.it/la-cgil-nuoro/la-storia-della-cgil.html?start=2 bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/2049]
 * 1) 1885 - Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; d. 1953), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist, born in Krakow into a wealthy Polish family. Her sculptor father, Teodoro Rygier, who had become popular in Rome society and become a naturalised Italian, would continue to support her later in life despite her radical politics in the hope that she would return to the conservative fold. Educated as a child in a rigid and austere college run by nuns, a strict, austere and conformist environment that had a profound and lasting effect on her character, but one where she also gained a wide knowledge of culture and of different foreign languages. In 1904 Maria moved with her mother Rozycka Sabina from Rome to Milan, where Maria began attending political circles and Milan radical, remaining fascinated. Working as a shop assistant, she became secretary of the women's section of the Federazione fra gli Impiegato e Commessi d'Aziende Private d'Italia (Italian Federation of Clerks and Salespeople of Private Companies) and, together with Gino Pesci, she was a delegate for the organisation at the International Conference for the fight against unemployment held in Milan on October 2-3, 1906. She also began collaborating on many of the period's socialists and libertarian newspapers, including the Federation's fortnightly '//L'Unione//', an article in which shortly after the general strike of September 1904 led to her first prosecution, for "incitement to hatred between different classes". In January 1905, she participated in the Congress of Camere del Lavoro and the syndicalist Leghe di Resistenza (Resistance Leagues) in Genoa, where she met Virginio Corradi, the representative of the revolutionary syndicalist leadership of the Camere del Lavoro in Milan, whom she married the following year. 1905 also saw her join the Commissione di controllo of the Milan Camera del Lavoro.

1891 - [O.S. Nov. 23] Aleksander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Ро́дченко; d. 1956), Russian artist, sculptor, photographer, photo-montagist, graphic designer and one-time anarchist, born. One of the founders of Constructivism and Russian design; he founded the Profsoiuz (Professional'nyi soiuz khudozhnikov-zhivopistsev, Professional Union of Artist-Painters) and was secretary of its left or avant-garde division, the Young Federation (Molodaia federatsiia). Married to fellow artist Varvara Stepanova. An early anarchist active in various Moscow anarchist groups, including the Activist Group of the Moskovskija Associacija Anarchistov alongside Vladimir Tatlin, he was a close associate of Malevich, publishing regularly in '//Anarkhiia//' under the pseudonyms 'Anti' and Aleksandr. On April 2, 1918, the newspaper published a salute to Rodchenko, Olga Rozanova, Udaltsova and others among the avant-garde: "With pride we look upon your creative rebellion.... We congratulate the creator Rodchenko on his spirited three-dimensional constructions of coloured forms..." In an April 1919 catalogue for an exhibit in which he exhibited his black-on-black paintings (which many have interpreted as symbols of his anarchist views), Rodchenko assembled quotations from figures including Max Stirner ("That I destroy myself only shows that I exist") and poet Walt Whitman ("What invigorates life invigorates death"). Yet later that year he had already helped form Asskranov (Assotsiatsiia krainikh novatorov, Association of Radical Innovators), in opposition to Malevich's Suprematism, and by 1921, when the artistic avant garde had officially been dropped by the Bolshevik government, he had fully embraced the Communist/official Constructivism line that artistic endeavour - the intellectual production - of artist-engineers should entail the "mechanisation of creative methods and the reduction of the creative process to rational operations" (Gassner, p. 307) - when, in March of that year he, Aleksei Gan and Stepanova joined with Konstantin Nledunetskii, Karl Ioganson, Gregorii Stenberg and Vladimir Stenberg to form The First Working Group of Constructivists. "Three artists spent the night in the mansion, since outside the museum a studio was set aside fur making art. As the artists told it, that memorial morning, 'We were awakened by shouts of, "We'll shoot! Hands up!''' Armed soldiers ordered them to get dressed, took them out to the courtyard and together with anarchists sent them off to the Kremlin." - Rodchenko's description of a government raid on the anarchist-held Morozov mansion in Moscow in the early morning of April 12, 1918, published in '//Anarkhiia//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rodchenko ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Родченко,_Александр_Михайлович monoskop.org/Alexander_Rodchenko www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=4975 www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/1998/rodchenko/table.html aleksandrodchenko.wordpress.com/about/ www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/avant-garde/constructivist/alexander-rodchenko archive.org/stream/grerussi00schi/grerussi00schi_djvu.txt www.variant.org.uk/41texts/ilesvishmidt41.html www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/06/04/arts/red-and-black-and-spread-all-over/]

[BB] 1896 - Henry Poulaille (d. 1980), French novelist, anarchist, director of Éditions Grasset, the journal '//Le Nouvel Âge Littéraire//', founder of Le Musée du Soir [a room for workers, which included a library of books, magazines, newspapers and brochures, organised exhibitions of photographs and engravings, as well as meetings with writers], born into a poor working class anarchist family. Avidly devoured his father's library of anarchist books. Orphaned at 13, his brother and sister went to relatives but he chose to fend for himself selling newspapers and other unskilled jobs. Eventually he became friends with Jules Erlebach, known as Ducret, who ran an anarchist bookshop L’idée Libre (The Free Idea). Others he met around the same time were Jean Grave, Paul Delesalle, Victor Serge and Rirette Maîtrejean. During WWI he was wounded (Oct. 1917) and following his demob (Apr. 1919) he ended up working at the newspaper of the Commune Libre of Montmartre, '//La Vache Enragée//' (The Angry Cow), wrote for other papers including L’Humanité and also signed the Manifesto of The International Union of Progressive Artists launched by the Dutch group De Stijl in 1922. Later he became secretary of its press service and then its director. This helped him publish his own writings and those of other anarchist authors. He continued writing for the anarchist press (including '//La Revue Anarchiste//' and '//L’Insurgé//', edited by André Colomer) and promoting the idea of proletarian literature, creating the Prize Without A Name, which he promoted in his paper Journal 'Sans Nom' in 1925. The same year he published his first novel '//Ils Etaient Quatre//' (They Were Four). [expand] Many of his other novels are autobiographical: '//Le Pain Quotidien//' (Daily Bread, covering the years 1903-1906; 1931); '//Les Damnés de la Terre//' [Le Pain Quotidien 2: 1906-1909] (The Wretched of the Earth; 1935); '//Pain de Soldat//' [1914-1917] (Soldier's Bread; 1937); '//Les Rescapés//' [Pain de soldat 2, 1917-1920] (The Survivors; 1938) and, unpublished in his lifetime, '//Seul Dans la Vie à 14 Ans//' [1909-1914] (Alone in the Life of a 14-year-old'; 1980) - all featuring a working class family: the Magneux; with the character of Loulou Magneux being his literary double. During and after WWII, Poulaille also anthologised numerous stories, carols and songs, and many of these books still remain in use as reference tools. [libcom.org/history/poulaille-henry-1896-1980]

1908 - The newspaper '//Bezvlastie//' (Безвластие / Anarchy) first appears, in Razgrad, Bulgaria. Founded by Varban Kilifarski, it represents the largest diffusion of anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist thought in the country before the First World War.

1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are detained on Ellis Island in NYC.

1920 - In Barcelona, ​​following a general strike in protest against the deportation of about thirty anarcho-syndicalist militants to the Mola de Mahón in Minorca, a group of cenetistas stationed in a strategic place of the Campo del Arpa opened fire against pickets of Guardia Civil that patrolled the area. The guards were able to arrest Gregorio Daura Raduá [Gregorio Dora in the Castillian language Madrid press], whom they took to the police station, which was heavily handcuffed, but halfway behind the Plaza de Toros de la Monumental, they applied the 'ley de fugas' – the right to shoot to kill 'fleeing prisoners'. According to the note that appeared in the press, Daura had tried to flee and was then shot him down by the Guardia Civil. Thus Gregorio Daura Raduá became the first victim of the application of this 'ley de fugas', even though Eduardo Dato, the president of the Consejo de Ministros, did not formally sign the Ley de Fugas legislation into law until January 20, 1921. From that day the 'law' would become the default tactic for ridding the authorities of troublesome workers. However, this first execution of the 'ley de fugas' did not turn out as the guards had planned when, in the belief that Daura was dead and had taken his body to the Depósito Judicial del Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, ​​the doctors there discovered that Daura was still alive and managed to save the life. [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=5_de_diciembre]

1943 - National Plenem of the Regionals of the CNT in Exile in France is held in Marseille.

1946 - Alexander 'Sanja' Schapiro (Alexander Moissejewitsch Schapiro [Александр Моисеевич Шапиро]; b. 1882), Russian Jewish anarcho-syndicalist militant active in the international anarchist movement, dies. Secretary of the London branch of the Anarchist Red Cross and of the anti-authoritarian A.I.T. (Association Internationale des Travailleurs). Worked on the Russian anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//Rabochii Put'//' (The Workers Voice) and the French anarcho-syndicalist paper, '//La Voix du Travail//' (The Voice of Labour). [deu.anarchopedia.org/Alexander_Schapiro de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Moissejewitsch_Schapiro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schapiro www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m37qj6]

1967 - Creation of the American section of the SI, composed of Robert Chasse and Tony Verlaan.

[B] 1970 - '//Accidental Death of an Anarchist//' premières in Varerse, Italy.

1984 - Ethel Mannin (b. 1900), Irish anarchist, novelist and author, dies. Her writing career began in copy-writing and journalism but she later became a prolific author and novelist (100 plus books published in her lifetime), encompassing many aspects of anarchism and feminism as well as her travel writing. [see: Oct. 6]

2002 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (b. 1916), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, dies. [see: May 17] ||
 * = 6 || 1889 - The trial of the Chicago Haymarket anarchists begins. [EXPAND]

1909 - Moishe Tokar, a young Russian Jewish anarchist and exiled member of Judith Goodman's group in London before slipping back into Russia, attempts to assassinate Hershelman, the hated military commander of the Vilna Fortress. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0612.html]

1914 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The troops of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata seize control of México City. [see: Dec. 1]

1920 - First issue of the fortnightly paper '//L'Agitazione//' (highest circulation 25 thousand copies) in Boston, Massachusetts.

1937 - The IWA meets in extra-ordinary congress in Paris (December 6 -17) to examine the CNT’s struggle in Spain, especially the problematic entry of anarchists into leading positions within the government. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0612.html]

[B] 1955 - James Koehnline, Surrealism-influenced collage artist who designs and editor of the yearly '//Autonomedia Calendar of Jubilee Saints//' who illustrates numerous US anarchist projects including '//Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed//' and '//Fifth Estate//', born. His work is probably more widely know through the CD cover art featuring on numerous Bill Laswell releases.

1965 - Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; b. 1896), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, dies. [see: Nov. 20 / Dec. 2]

1970 - Taiji Yamaga (b. 1892), Japanese anarchist militant, advocate of Esperanto and a long-time secretary of international relations for the Anarchist Federation of Japan, dies. [see: Jun. 26]

1972 - __Stoke Newington Eight__: The `Stoke Newington Eight' trial ends. Jim Greenfield, Anna Mendleson, Hilary Creek and John Barker are sentenced to 10 years for `conspiracy to cause explosions'. The other four charged are acquitted, and the sentence of Jake Prescott is reduced to 10 years.

[A/D] 2008 - __Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests__: Alexis Grigoropoulos is assassinated by Greek police in the Eksarhia district of Athens, becoming the trigger for the 2008 insurrection. That night up to 10,000 people take to the streets of Athens in spontaneous protests, burning and smashing banks, ministries and multinational shops. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ταραχές_του_Δεκεμβρίου_2008_στην_Ελλάδα en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots blog.occupiedlondon.org/ www.thepressproject.net/article/52639/The-Murder-of-Alexandros-Grigoropoulos historyofacrisis.wordpress.com/2013/10/24/demonstrations-chronology/ www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] || [www.commune1871.org/?Emile-Digeon-et-la-Commune-de maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article24608 www.estelnegre.org/documents/digeon/digeon.html www.ephemanar.net/mars24.html]
 * = 7 || 1822 - Émile Digeon (d. 1894), French revolutionary socialist journalist, born. Best remembered as the leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune of late March 1871, libertarian free thinker and contributor to the anarchist journal '//L'insurgé//'. In 1883 Digeon was an anarchist candidate(!) in the Narbonne elections, author of '//La Commune de Paris Devant les Anarchistes//' (1885).

1837 - Charles Perron (d. 1909), Swiss-born anarchist, militant of the First International, Bakuninist propagandist and cartographer, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html#perron fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perron_(cartographe) raforum.info/reclus/spip.php?article350 blog.mondediplo.net/2010-02-05-Charles-Perron-cartographe-de-la-juste]

1861 - Han Ryner (Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner; d. 1938), French teacher, anti-clerical, pacifist, individualist anarchist, philosopher (called a "contemporary Socrates"), novelist and all-round prolific writer, born. He published more than 50 books including novels, such as '//L'Humeur Inquiète//' (The Worried Humour; 1894) and '//La Folie de Misère//' (The Insanity of Poverty; 1895), short stories, essays, plays and poetry [he was voted prince of storytellers by the readers of the Parisian newspaper '//L'Intransigeant//' in 1912] as well as his works on political theory and practice. [hanryner.over-blog.fr/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0712 ita.anarchopedia.org/Han_Ryner]

1862 - Paul Adam (d. 1920), French author, novelist, art critic, editor of '//Entretiens Politiques et Littéraires//' and leading writer in the French anarchist movement, born. Amongst his other works is the totalitarian dystopia '//Lettres de Malaisie//' (Letters from Malaysia; 1898), reprinted in 1908 under the title '//La Cité Prochaine//' (The Next City). [www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0712 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adam www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6384 actusf.com/spip/Retro-SF-Lettres-de-Malaisie.html gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k113208w archive.org/details/lettresdemalaisi00adam archive.org/details/lacitprochaine00adam]

1893 - A Special Unit of the Guardia Civil is formed in Barcelona, charged with repressing the //anarquistas//.

1919 - __Palmer Raids__: At 21:00 on November 7, 1919, a date chosen because it was the second anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution, agents of the Bureau of Investigation, together with local police, executed a series of well-publicised and violent raids against the Union of Russian Workers (Союз Русских Рабочих) in 12 cities [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids todayinclh.com/?event=repression-first-palmer-raids-in-twelve-cities archive.org/details/toamericanpeople00natiuoft spartacus-educational.com/USApalmerR.htm]

1928 - Noam Chomsky, American linguist, anarchist, social critic and activist, born. [expand]

1941 - Charles Radcliffe, English cultural critic, political activist, theorist and anarchist, born. Member of the Situationist International and editor of the magazine '//Heatwave//'. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Radcliffe]

1946 - The founding conference of the anarcho-syndicalist Confédération Nationale du Travail (CNT-F) is held in Paris [Dec. 7-9. Its name is derived from its Spanish counterpart, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, and is set up by exiled Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, former members of Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), as well as young people who participated in the Résistance and who had left the CGT because of its links to the PCF. [www.cnt-f.org/cnt31/spip.php?article200 www.cnt-f.org/presentation.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_nationale_du_travail_(France) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_nationale_du_travail]

1972 - __IRSM / Angry Brigade__: After the Angry Brigade sentences the previous day, Scotland Yard names two more people they want in connection with the bombings: Gerry Osner and Sarah Poulikakou, both living abroad at the time. 300 people marched in protest to Holloway Prison.In all, 12 people were arrested and charged - 2 had the charges against them withdrawn, 5 were acquitted, five were convicted and imprisoned for conspiracy.

1979 - In Valencia-Córdoba, a militant of the CNT transport union is arrested, accused of belonging to the Grupos Autónomos Anarquistas implicated in the Vilamarí Street tunnel which aimed to free prisoners from the Modelo de Barcelona prison.

1986 - Enrico Arrigoni (aka Frank Brand; b. 1894), Italian American individualist anarchist Lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist and political activist influenced by the work of Max Stirner, dies. [see: Feb. 20]

1996 - A handful of squatters climb up on to the roof of Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace) in the centre of Turin. They hoist flags, place a puppet, hang a transparency and throw leaflets entitled ‘//Anarchists have Wings//’ to draw attention to the preliminary hearing of the strange investigation by public prosecutors Marini and Ionta and the general State repression against anarchists in Italy.

2006 - Hugo Cores (b. 1937), Uruguayan anarchist and influential political activist, dies. [see: Nov. 7]

2010 - Julian Assange, founder of Wikileaks, surrenders himself to police in England concerning charges of sexual assault made in Sweden. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Chaeho ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/신채호 libcom.org/library/shin-chae-ho-koreas-kõtoku www.elecodelospasos.net/article-el-movimiento-anarquista-en-corea-46737569.html pennasianreviewonline.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-literary-value-of-sin-chae-hos.html]
 * = 8 || [B] 1880 - Shin Chae-ho (신채호; d. 1936), Korean historian, Journalist, novelist, 'nationalist' independence activist, Bakuninist anarchist and social Darwinist, born. A writer of elegant prose, he composed the draft of the '//Korean Revolutionary Manifesto//' issued by the Band of Heroes (Eiyuldan), a revolutionary terrorist group responsible for a campaign of anti-Japanese violence in the 1920's. His novels are collected in '//The Dream Sky. Anthology of Novels by Shin Chae-ho//' (1990), containing '//The Dream Sky//' (Kkum Haneul, c. 1916) and '//The War of the Dragons//' (Yonggwa Yongui Daegyeokjeon, c. 1920s-30s). His works, including his historiography, are still read in Korea today, where he is still held up as a national (sic) hero.

1883 - Georges Thomas (d. 1970), French teacher, anarchist, syndicalist and the socialist politician, born. Involved in anarchist circles between 1910-14, collaborating on Jean Grave's '//Temps Nouveaux//'. Post-WWI, he moved towards libertarian socialism but still collaborated with anarchist Charles Benoît on '//L'Avenir International//'. However, he embraced the October Revolution, forming l'Association Ouvrière et Paysanne des Victimes de la Guerre d'Indre, joining Secció Francesa de la Internacional Obrera (SFIO) and ultimately the Parti Socialiste, where he denounced his previously held libertarian views. [histoire-sociale.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article319 chs.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article319 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0812.html]

1896 - John (Johann) Neve (b. 1844) dies in Moabit Prison, Berlin. Active in the anarchist and workers' movements in Denmark, Belgium, England and Germany.

1911 - Sidney Solomon (d. 2004), Russian-born American painter, book designer, publisher and long-time anarchist, who lived in New York, born. With his wife, Clara, and others, Solomon was a co-founder of the Atlantic Anarchist Circle. [www.deadanarchists.org/contemporaries/sidandclara.html struggle.ws/anarchism/people/sidneysolomon.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/solomon/solomon.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0812.html flag.blackened.net/forums/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=69760]

1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island.

1930 - Janos (John) Réty (d. 2010), Hungarian-British anarchist poet, translator, publisher, chess-player, activist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0812.html]

1930 - Adolphe Retté (b. 1863), French Symbolist poet, writer and anarchist,dies. [see: Jul. 25]

1938 - Georges Delaw (Henri Georges Deleau; b. 1871), French anarchist, poet, artist, designer and illustrator, dies. [see: Sep. 4]

1939 - Jean Grave (b. 1854), an important activist, writer and publisher in the French anarchist and avant-garde movements, dies. Involved with Élisée Reclus' '//Le Révolté//' and wrote '//Mouvement Libertaire Sous la IIIe République//'. [see: Oct. 16]

1961 - Adelaida Bou Cañalda (b. 1905), Catalan knitting machinst and anarcho-syndicalist, who was the partner of her fellow anarcho-syndicalist, Jaume Rosquillas Magrinyà (1901-1975), dies in Mexico. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0812.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/rosquillas/rosquillas.html]

1970 - __IRSM / Angry Brigade__: Big demonstrations against the Tory Government's Industrial Relations Bill. In the early hours of December 9 the Department of Employment and Productivity in St James Square, London, is bombed. The police had searched the building and no sooner left it than it went off. Action claimed by the Angry Brigade.

1970 - Italian writer and Internationale situationniste Gianfranco Sanguinetti declares his solidarity with the group's November 11 tendency. [www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/declaration.html]

1977 - The CNT convenes a rally against trade union elections in the Palacio Municipal de Deportes in Barcelona with the attendance of more than 8000 people and in favour of freedom of association in factories, workshops, offices, etc. [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=8_de_diciembre]

[F] 1979 - __V Congreso de CNT__: First Congress of the CNT after the Dictatorship of Franco, and the long exile is held in the Casa de Campo in Madrid [Dec. 8-16]. Those years of exile and the recent return to electoral democracy had built up tensions within the libertarian movement, and many of the reformist elements within the CNT 'rump' (who included many Marxist 'entryists') were already at odds with what they contemptuously called the 'exilio-FAI'*, who they blamed for all the problems within the organisation. This 'factionalism' mirrored the treintista vs. faísta* [gradualist vs. revolutionary / unionism vs. anarcho-syndicalism] split precipitated following the publication of the Manifiesto de los Treinta (Manifesto of the Thirty) in 1931. The reformists wanted the CNT to participate in the elections for the Jurados Mixtos, the Comités Paritarios and Jurados de Empresa – the various levels of Works and Factory Council formats set up during Second republic for setting wages and working conditions, which had been revived during the transition of democracy. Taking part in these they argued would offer the CNT the opportunity to become the "tercera fuerza sindical" (third trade union force – after the socialist UGT and communist CCOO). On the other hand, the anarcho-syndicalist current argued that such a move would effectively incorporate bourgeois parliamentarism into the CNT. The reformist platform was rejected by a large majority of the congress in favour of the renewal of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism from top to bottom. The congress also voted by overwhelming majority for the maintenance of the fraternal relationship with the FAI and the FIJL and, internationally, it would affiliate with both the International of Anarchist Federations (IAF-IFA) and the International Workers' Association (AIT-IWA). The hardening of the two opposing positions would ultimately provoke a rupture of the anarcho-syndicalist (union) centre into the CNT-AIT and the CNT-Congreso de Valencia aka CNT-U(nificación), giving rise to the dismemberment of the Spanish libertarian movement, with the latter changing its name to the CGT in 1989 having lost the legal battle for the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo name. [*It should be noted that the majority of both these grouping had no links with the Federación Anarquista Ibérica and linking them with the FAI was merely an attempt to paint them as dangerous radicals.] [valencia.cnt.es/que-es-la-cnt/historia/1979-1989-el-proceso-escisionista/ cgt.org.es/congresos -breve-introduccion-historica-0 cgt.org.es/bicicleta -especial-v-congreso-de-la-cnt-madrid-1979-0 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo es.wikisource.org/wiki/V_Congreso_de_la_CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CGT_(España) robertgraham.wordpress.com/2016/12/10/the-cnt-the-cgt-and-the-iwa-ait/]

1980 - Working Class Hero and //de facto// libertarian John Winston Ono Lennon (b. 1940), is assassinated outside his apartment building in NYC by Mark David Chapman.

2004 - Jackson Mac Low (b. 1922), US anarchist, pacifist, poet, Fluxus performance artist, composer and playwright, dies. [see: Sep. 11] ||
 * = 9 || 1842 - [N.S. Dec. 21] Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин; d. 1921), Russian revolutionist, anarchist and landmark geographer who had a mountain range named after him (he posited a now accepted theory on mountain formation), born in Moscow. [see: Dec. 21]

1867 - Emma Ballerini (Maria Gemma Mennocchi; d. unknown), Italian dressmaker and anarcha-feminist, who became Gigi Damiani's long-time partner, emigrating to Brazil together in 1897, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp storicamente.org/emigrazione-femminile-in-brasile#nt-1 www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Libertarias_en_America_del_sur.pdf]

1868 - Paolo Lega aka 'Marat' (d. 1896), Italian anarchist illegalist who attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in Rome in 1894, for which he sentenced 20 years in prison, born. At nine, he learned the trade of a carpenter which he later pursued in various locations. A Republican at the age of fifteen, he shortly thereafter became a socialist anarchist and internationalist. In 1886, he was in Bologna for work and three years later he moved to Genoa, where he became a tireless agitator and organiser of strikes and demonstrations according to police records, as well as a member of the executive board of the newspaper 'Primo Maggio'. It was for this activity that he was arrested and deported back to his home town of Lugo. It will be followed by many other such 'repatriations'. Acquitted in a trial at the Bologna assizes for further press offences, in 1892 he moved to Marseilles and then returned to Genoa due to poor health. He is again forcibly removed to Lugo in April and then again in October of that year. His activities in Genoa including as manager of several different newspapers under the pseudonym 'Marat', as well as involvement in Genoa and La Spezia anarchist groups. After a few months working in Bologna and Marseille, where he attended anarchist anti-organisationalists circles close to Paolo Schicchi, in June 1893 he was again in Genoa, from which is expelled in August and then again in March of the following year. On the latter occasion he was also sentenced to 45 days in jail, and it was during this period of imprisonment that the idea is an attempt on the life of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi. The event occurred on June 16, 1894 on the Via Gregoriana in Rome as Crispi's coach passed. The gun Crispi was using fails to fire at first but a second shot is fired, and misses and Crispi remains unharmed. Lega is arrested and tried on July 19, 1894, the same day that the Italian parliament passed "exceptional laws" against anarchists, and in fact against all opposition parties, at the behest of Crispi. Lega is sentenced to twenty years and 17 days in jail and just over two years later, he died in Cagliari at the agricultural penal colony of St. Bartholomew. At the trial of his alleged accomplices, Domenico Francolini, Emidio Recchioni, Luisa Minguzzi and Francesco Pezzi, which took place on November 7-30, 1895, resulted in their acquittal due to lack of evidence, but they were sent into internal exile on the island of Lipari. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre25.html www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=22205:lega-paolo-marat&lang=it]

[D] 1893 - August Vaillant bombs the French Chamber of Deputies to avenge Ravachol. A symbolic gesture, meant to wound rather than kill, Vaillant is condemned to death and guillotined February 5, 1894.

[B] 1896 - First performance (dress rehearsal) of Alfred Jarry's subversive play '//Ubu Roi//' sets off a riot. An even bigger one occurs at the première tomorrow.

1899 - Emma Goldman appears in London among a cast of international speakers, including Louise Michel and Kropotkin, at a '//Grand Meeting and Concert for the Benefit of the Agitation in Favour of the Political Victims in Italy//'.

1976 - Sentences on Noel and Marie Murray commuted to life in prison.

[C] 1985 - Hugo Gellert (Gellért Hugó; b. 1892), Hungarian-born American artist, illustrator, muralist, socialist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: May 3]

1991 - Maurice Joyeux (b.1910), French anarchist active in the Committee of the Unemployed, l'Union Anarchiste, the occupations of factories, and a prison revolt at Montluc [he escaped after having fomented a mutiny; subject of the book '//Mutinerie à Montluc//' (1971)], dies. Founded the newspaper 'Le Monde Libertaire' in 1953 and wrote a number of books including 2 volumes of memoirs, '//Sous les Plis du Drapeau Noir//' and '//Souvenirs d'un Anarchiste//' (both 1988). [see: Jan. 29]

1999 - Anarchist protesters climb onto the Lenin mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square in a rare demonstration at the holy of holies of the former Soviet Union. The protesters draped a white banner with the words "Against Everyone" scrawled on it over the large 'LENIN' inscription which fronts the mausoleum before being arrested. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Spies spartacus-educational.com/USAspies.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1012 www.ephemanar.net/decembre10.html#10 users.wfu.edu/zulick/341/spies.html archive.org/details/AugustSpiesAutobiography1887]
 * = 10 || 1865 - August Spies (d. 1887), US labour agitator and one of the Haymarket anarchists, born. [EXPAND]

1869 - Steven T. Byington (d. 1957), American individualist anarchist and populariser of the philosophy of Max Stirner, born. [libertarian-labyrinth.org/archive/Steven_T._Byington www.estelnegre.org/documents/byington/byington.html]

1896 - The première of Alfred Jarry's subversive play '//Ubu Roi//' sets off a riot, with different sections of the crowd alternately booing, whistling and shouting their outrage prompted by its scatological references [its first word is "Merde"], pompous style and bastardised French, or cheering and applauding the reaction of the outraged bourgeoisie. This follows similar disturbances at the dress rehearsal yesterday and these would be the only 2 performances of the play during the author's lifetime. Interestingly, Joan Miró would go on to produce a set of lithographs (the Barcelona Series, published in 1944 and which he would revisit in colour in 1966), whilst in internal exile in Mallorca, based on the Ubu character. Produced in reaction to his experiences of the Spanish Revolution and its aftermath, the lithographs clearly depict Franco and his generals as versions of the fictional tyrant.

1904 - The first and only edition of '//L'Effort//', intended to replace the French language supplement in '//Protesta Umana//', and published by the French anarchist group Germinal, appears in San Francisco, California.

1910 - Amèlia Jover Velasco (d. 1997), Spanish secretary, chef, home schooler and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ameliajover/ameliajover.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amèlia_Jover_Velasco]

1919 - __II Congreso de CNT__: The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo hold their second congress at the Teatro de La Comedia in Madrid [Dec. 10-18]. It is attended by more than 450 delegates representing almost 800,000 affiliates. During the congress a declaration of principles in which libertarian communism is considered as an end is agreed upon; Also, in terms of tactics, an opinion is adopted that defends direct action, rejecting all types of arbitration, and the use of sabotage. the possibility of merging the confederation with the UGT and the Federaciones Nacionales de Industria (National Federations of Industry / FFNNI) in order to contribute to a greater unity of the Spanish labour movement is debated and rejected. Finally, the elephant in the corner, the Russian Revolution, is addressed. After much discussion (though little apparent opposition), the congress voted provisionally to join the Communist Third International because of its revolutionary character, expressing the hope, however, that a universal workers' congress would be called to determine the basis upon which a true workers' international could be built. It would withdraw from the International in June, 1922, after the Conferencia Nacional de Zaragoza. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo cgt.org.es/ii-congreso-de-cnt gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/24224/3/THVI~N61~P22-27.pdf]

1927 - Fernand Julian (b. 1877), French anarchist and syndicalist who help found the Cité Coopérative Paris-Jardin à Draveil, dies. [see: May. 6]

1930 - The Prefect of Police in Paris, Jean Chiappe, has '//L'Age d'Or//' banned from further public exhibition after the regular organised disturbances that followed the mini-riot of the 3rd., by getting the Board of Censors to re-review the film.

1944 - The first public anarchist assembly following the Libération (WWII) is staged today. Organised by the editors of the newly revived newspaper '//Ce Qu’il Faut Dire//' (What Must Be Said) and Charles Auguste Bontemps. [liveweb.archive.org/web/20130104130547/[http:]www.lelibertaire.net/article44.html]

1955 - Basiliso Serrano Valero, a.k.a 'Fortuna' & 'El Manco de La Pesquera' (b. 1908), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist guerilla fighter, who later fought with the Maquis and joined the PCE, is executed in the Paterna military barracks in Valencia. [see: Apr. 15]

1970 - Dario Fo's ' //Accidental Death of an Anarchist//' is published in Italy.

1998 - Luisa Arnau Capaces (b. 1920), Spanish anarchist, who was active in the CNT in exile, dies in Montpellier. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1012.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2540]

2001 - Vernon Richards (d. 1915), Anglo-Italian anarchist, //éminence grise// of 'Freedom' for much of the second half of C20th and companion to Marie Louise Berneri until her tragic death during childbirth in 1949, dies. [see: Jul. 19] ||
 * = 11 || 1864 - Maurice Leblanc (d. 1941), French novelist and creator of the fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, who was based on the anarchist illegalist burglar Marius (Alexandre) Jacob, born.

1893 - The first in a series of votes (Dec. 11-15), two days after Auguste Vaillant's bombing of the National Assembly, passing the //lois scélérates// (villainous laws), a set of severe anti-anarchist laws aimed at curtailing propaganda by deed attentats. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_scélérates en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_scélérates www.jaures.eu/ressources/divers/les-lois-scelerates-de-1893-1894-1-comment-elles-ont-ete-faites-leon-blum/]

1907 - Enrique Garcia Sanchiz (d. 1994), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. A member of the CNT, he joined the Columna de Ferro following the fascist uprising in July 1936 and fought until the end of the war in the 26th Division, the militarised Durruti Column. Seriously wounded, he managed to cross the Pyrenees and was interned in various concentration camps in France. Whilst trying to emigrate to Mexico, he was arrested by the French police in Saint-Hilaire and placed along with other Spanish refugees on a train to be deported to Spain. Halted at Montendre (Charente) on August 18, 1940, where he was interned in a camp which had been established to accommodate refugees from regions in eastern France. In the camp he met his future wife, a Basque native who had arrived at the camp on August 19. On January 28, 1941, he was hired by the Société Nouvelle to work at the German military base at Bussac and on July 22, 1941, he was assigned to the Entreprises Industrielles to work in Aytré, shipped daily to and from the camp. Enrique Garcia Sanchiz was released from the camp at its disbanding in December 1943. He remained a militant member of the CNT in exile in Carbon Blanc, close to Bordeaux, where he and his partner settled in 1992. He died there in August 23, 1994. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1112.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2791]

1911 - Yaqui Indians in the Sonora region, influenced by the Mexican Liberal Party of Ricardo Flores Magon's '//Tierra y Libertad//', reclaim their stolen communal lands. Their war with government lasts, officially, until 1929.

1912 - Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman speak at the Chicago celebration of Peter Kropotkin's 70th birthday.

1922 - Grace Paley (d. 2007), US short story writer, poet, teacher, feminist and "somewhat combative pacifist and cooperative anarchist", born. Her works include three collections of fiction: '//The Little Disturbances of Man//' (1959), '//Enormous Changes at the Last Minut//e' (1974), '//Later the Same Day//' (1985) as well as '//The Collected Stories of Grace Paley//' (1994); her collection of essays, '//Just As I Thought//' (1998); and her poems appear in several collections, including '//Long Walks and Intimate Talks//' (1991) and '//Begin Again: Collected Poems//' (2002).

[B] 1930 - Jean-Louis Trintignant, French actor and leftist sympathiser, born. In 2012 declared himself: "contre l'autorité, la politique... plutôt socialiste. Voire anarchiste... L'idée de l'anarchie me plaît beaucoup, même si je sais qu'on ne sauvera pas le monde avec elle, born." (Against the authority, politics... rather socialist. Even anarchist... The idea of the anarchy pleases me a lot, even if I know that we will not save the world with it.) [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant]

1933 - Militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino (1899-1998) is arrested and thrown into the the Trafaria penitentiary. He is later sent to Angra do Heroísmo (1934-1937) and then spends the next 10+ years in the Tarrafal concentration camp in the Cape Verde Islands until his release in September 1949.

1937 - Angel Pestaña Núñez (b. 1886), militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who later split with the CNT, dies. [see: Feb. 14]

1950 - Nicanor Fernández Alvarez aka 'El Canor', 'Canor de Santa Rosa' & 'El Chato' (b. 1922) and Luis Gonzalez Melendi aka 'Barranca' (b. 1921), both members of Adolfo Quintana Castañon's group, who were arrested by French police crossing the border, handed over to the Francoist authorities, brutally tortured and sentence to death, are garroted.

1953 - Patrick Pécherot, French journalist, novelist and libertarian, born. Probably best known for his Série Noire detective fiction, including '//Tiurai//' (1996), his début novel which was a tribute to anarchist writer Jean Meckert, and the trilogy of books featuring Léo Malet's character Nestor Burma: '//Les Brouillards de la Butte//' (The Mists of the Hill 2002), '//Belleville Barcelone//' (2003) and '//Boulevard des Branques//' (2005). He has also written a novel about Bonnot gang member André Soudy, '//L'Homme à la Carabine//' (The Man with the Rifle; 2011). [pecherot.com/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pécherot]

1958 - Alberto Meschi (b. 1879), prominent Italian anarchist, syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: May 27]

1979 - Maria Mestre Gibert (b. ca. 1915), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies after along fight against cancer. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1112.html]

[E] 1994 - Anna Mikhailovna Garaseva (Анна Михайловна Гарасёва; b. 1902), Russian geologist, anarcho-syndicalist and later secretary to AIexander Solzhenitsyn whilst he was compiling '//The Gulag Archipelago//' (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ; 1873), dies. [see: Dec. 20] || [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Vogeler en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Vogeler www.irmielin.org/nothere/category/anti-fascism/page/2/ wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Heinrich_Vogeler www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/at-the-pushkin-small-prints-make-a-big-show/341935.html newsite.kazpravda.kz/print/1293702047 books.openedition.org/obp/414]
 * = 12 || 1872 - Johann Heinrich Vogeler (d. 1942), German painter, printmaker, architect, designer, educator, writer and communitarian, born. Member of the artistic community of Worpswede. Founder of the Barkenhoff artists commune. Having been a dandy and aesthete in the years before WWI, he volunteer for the German army in 1914 and became a pacifist in 1917. Influenced by utopian socialism and anarchism, and also by the English Garden City movement, he later became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and of the Rote Hilfe Deutschland. He emigrated to the Soviet Union in 1931.

1873 - Lola Ridge (d. 1941), Irish-American anarcho-feminist poet, artist's model, illustrator and organiser for the Francisco Ferrer Association's Modern School, born. An influential editor of avant-garde, feminist and Marxist publications best remembered for her long poems and poetic sequences. She was particularly active in the campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti in 1927, for which she was arrested, and in support of Tom Mooney, and Warren Billings, who had been framed for a bombing at the Preparedness Day Parade in San Francisco in 1916. Much of her political poetry is collected in '//Red Flag//' (1927). Her other writings include '//The Ghetto, and Other Poems//' (1918); '//Sun-Up: and Other Poems//' (1920); '//Firehead//' (1929); and '//Dance of Fire//' (1935).

'//The Ghetto//'

Section I

Cool, inaccessible air Is floating in velvety blackness shot with steel-blue lights, But no breath stirs the heat Leaning its ponderous bulk upon the Ghetto And most on Hester street…

The heat… Nosing in the body’s overflow, Like a beast pressing its great steaming belly close, Covering all avenues of air…

The heat in Hester street, Heaped like a dray With the garbage of the world.

Bodies dangle from the fire escapes Or sprawl over the stoops… Upturned faces glimmer pallidly– Herring-yellow faces, spotted as with a mold, And moist faces of girls Like dank white lilies, And infants’ faces with open parched mouths that suck at the air as at empty teats.

Young women pass in groups, Converging to the forums and meeting halls, Surging indomitable, slow Through the gross underbrush of heat. Their heads are uncovered to the stars, And they call to the young men and to one another With a free camaraderie. Only their eyes are ancient and alone…

The street crawls undulant, Like a river addled With its hot tide of flesh That ever thickens. Heavy surges of flesh Break over the pavements, Clavering like a surf– Flesh of this abiding Brood of those ancient mothers who saw the dawn break over Egypt… And turned their cakes upon the dry hot stones And went on Till the gold of the Egyptians fell down off their arms… Fasting and athirst… And yet on…

Did they vision–with those eyes darkly clear, That looked the sun in the face and were not blinded– Across the centuries The march of their enduring flesh? Did they hear– Under the molten silence Of the desert like a stopped wheel– (And the scorpions tick-ticking on the sand…) The infinite procession of those feet?

[www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1212.html libcom.org/history/lola-ridge-anarchist-poet en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Ridge www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/yaddo/lola1.html www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/ghetto.html]

[B] 1882 - Jiří Mahen (real name Antonín Vančura; d. 1939), Czech poet, novelist, journalist, dramaturge, librarian, director, theatre critic, anarchist and anti-militarist, born. Cousin of Vladislav Vančura. He was influenced by the turn of the century generation of Czech Anarchističtí Buřiči, "básníci života a vzdoru" (Anarchist Rebels, "the poets of life and defiance"), but later wrote in an Impressionist style. He joined a group of anarchists around S.K. Neumann’s magazine '//Nový Kult//' (New Cult) in 1902, along with his contemporary Rudolf Těsnohlídek. and wrote for a number of other anarchist and socialist journals including '//Novým Životem//' (New Life) and '//Prací//' (Work). In '//Nový Kult//' he first used the pseudonym Mahen inspired by a character in Zola's novel '//Germinal//'. From 1907 he worked as a supply teacher at secondary schools in Moravia, and in 1910 he settled permanently in Brno. Between 1910 and 1919, he worked as an editor of Brno’s 'Lidové Noviny' (Popular Newspaper), as a director and dramaturge of Brno National Theatre (1918-22) and from 1920 to 1924 he taught at the Brno Conservatory. In 1921 he became librarian and later director of the Brno Municipal Library. Jiří Mahen sympathized with postwar literary generations especially with Vitezslav Nezval and Frantisek Halas, who were his pupils and friends for life. As a result of the German occupation and personal depression, Jiří Mahen committed suicide in 1939. He was later to have found to have been amongst the first on the Nazi's list of those destined to be sent to the concentration camps. A prolific author, his most important texts are the novels '//Kamarádi Svobody//' (Friends of Freedom; 1907, which depicts the material poverty and political activity of his student years) and '//Mesíc//' (The Moon; 1920), a fantastic novel evoking the relaxed style of Poetism; the theatre plays '//Janosík//' (Janosik; 1910), based on the popular legend of the highwayman Juraj Jánošík; '//Mrtve Moře//' (Dead Sea; 1917); and the three strongly socially critical and anti-war dramas: '//Nebe, Peklo, Ráj//' (Heaven, Hell, Paradise; 1919), '//Desertér//' (1923) and '//Generace//' (Generation; 1921). He was the author of many essay books; of them '//Rybařská Knízka//' (Fishermen's Book; 1921) is the most well-known. "Odstranění militarismu se dá provést jen absolutním odstraněním autority vůbec. Autority každé, tedy především i státu. Militarismus a autorita, militarismus a stát, tyto pojmy, které trvání své navzájem podmiňují, určují také jediný prospěšný způsob boje, jaký má být proti nim veden." (Removal of militarism can be done only by the total removal of all authority. Every authority, and particularly the State. Militarism and authority, militarism and the State, these notions are conditional on each other, and determine the only useful way of fighting the battle that has to be conducted against them.) [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiří_Mahen www.mzm.cz/jiri-mahen/ www.kjm.cz/jiri-mahen-en www.kjm.cz/zivotopis-jiri-mahen www.spisovatele.cz/jiri-mahen wiki.csaf.cz/encyklopedie:antimilitarismus www.kjm.cz/jiri-mahen-en web.kjm.cz/index2.php?s=mahen2/mahen.html&id=28&d=2900 www.ikaros.cz/jiri-mahen]

[E] 1909 - Emma Goldman speaks in Lyric Hall on Sixth Avenue in New York on 'Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage' to an audience of three hundred women, many of whom are suffragists. She characterises it as "a wild goose chase". A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

1913 - Matilde 'Mati' Escuder Vicente (1913-2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/matildeescuder/matildeescuder.html]

1916 - Dr. Ben Reitman arrested in Cleveland for organising volunteers to distribute birth control information at Emma Goldman's lecture 'Is Birth Control Harmful - a Discussion of the Limitation of Offspring'.

1926 - Jean Richepin (b. 1849), French poet, dramatist, novelist, actor, sailor and stevedore, dies. [see: Feb. 4]

1930 - Ruben G. Prieto (d. 2008), Uraguayan anarchist, who was one of the founders in the 1950's of the Comunidad del Sur, a co-operative self-managed community, born. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre16.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1611.html www6.rel-uita.org/internacional/ante_muerte_prieto.htm www.ecocomunidad.org.uy/ www.unesco.org.uy/shs/fileadmin/templates/shs/archivos/anuario2008/Agradecimiento.pdf www.oocities.org/capitolhill/senate/6972/ALecomusur.txt]

1933 - Émile Ernest Girault (b.1871), French typographer, militant anarchist advocate and anti-militarist before becoming a communist, dies. [see: Jun. 15]

1950 - Paolo Schicchi aka 'il leone di Collesano' (b. 1865), Italian anarchist supporter of the spontaneous/anti-organisational current (anarchico-spontaneista/tendenza antiorganizzatrice), anti-militarist, anti-clericalist, who was prominent in the anti-fascist struggle, dies. [see: Aug. 31]

[A] 1969 - __Piazza Fontana Bombing__: A bomb explodes at the Banque Nationale d'Agriculture in Milan. 18 die, many injured. It is attributed to anarchist though it has all the hallmarks of Operation Gladio. More than 80 anarchist are arrested including Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist railway worker, who died after falling from the fourth floor window of the police station where he was being held. [piazzafontana.altervista.org/index.htm]

[C] 1970 - At an anarchist protest on the anniversary of the 'strage di Stato' (Piazza Fontana bombing), and to show solidarity with the militants of ETA on trial in Burgos, in Via Larga, Milan, 22-year-old Italian anti-Fascist Saverio Saltarelli is killed during a police attack on the demonstration, when a tear canister hits him in the face. Dozens of injuries are sustained by protesters, among which the journalist Giuseppe Carpi who is hit by a bullet. Carabinieri captain Antonio Chirivi and police captain Alberto Antonietti are subsequently indicted the death of Saltarelli. Many believe neo-Fascists in the police ranks were behind the attack.

1970 - Nathan Isaevich Altman (Натан Исаевич Альтман; b. 1889), Russian-Jewish and Soviet avant-garde artist, Cubist painter, stage designer and book illustrator, dies. [see: Dec. 2]

1971 - The 'Research Group' (研究会) of the L-Class Struggle Committee (Lクラス闘争委員会), the forerunner of anarchist East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線), bombs the Koa Kannon (興亜観音) temple, destroying the Seven Martyrs Monument (殉国七士墓) stone as a protest aganst Japanese imperialism. The '1068 Monument' (1068の碑 or Great East Asia War Martyrs' Death Penalty Monument (大東亜戦争殉国刑死一〇六八柱供養碑) was also targetted but survived due to a second pipe bomb (both devices were constructed from fire extinguisher casings) failed to detonate properly, causing only minor damage. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa_Kannon#1971_bombing ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/興亜観音・殉国七士之碑爆破事件]

1973 - Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) member Gabi Kröcher-Tiedemann is sentenced to 8 years imprisonment for the attempted murder of a policeman on July 7, 1973. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1973-timeline/]

1977 - Virginia Tabarroni aka 'Danda' (1888-1977), Italian typographer and anarchist, who was the aunt of Anteo Zamboni, the 15-year-old who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926, dies. [see: Mar. 11] [NB. some sources give the date of her death as Dec. 29] || "The society is rotten and it should stop at nothing to overthrow! We are ready to make holes in the skin to maintain our rights and whether bloodshed, are spreading it!" "I am neither a saint nor a bloodthirsty, I simply revolutionary and I claim. I am a revolutionary because I suffered because I have seen people suffer, because I see everywhere suffer. When at the age of ten I lost my father, I knew what suffering." [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3232 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1212.html memoiredeguerre.pagesperso-orange.fr/biogr/legall-jules.htm]
 * = 13 || 1881 - Jules Le Gall (d. 1944), French boilermaker, journalist, ironmonger, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Freemason, born. Helped found in 1903 of the Jeunesse Syndicaliste in l'Arsenal de Brest and appointed secretary of the Bourse du Travail de Brest in 1904, he was charged with "inciting soldiers to disobedience" but acquitted in January 1906.

1890 - Jean Goldschild (aka Goldsky, or Jacques Guerrier)(d. 1969), French antimilitarist, militant anarchist and journalist, born. Collaborated with Miguel Almereyda and others to create the Fédération Révolutionnaire, which advocated the use of direct action for "the radical destruction of capitalist society and authority", and on '//Le Bonnet Rouge//' during WWI, as well as working on Louis Lecoin's journal '//Liberté//'. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2328 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html epheman.perso.neuf.fr/aout18.html]

1895 - Lucía Sánchez Saornil (d. 1970), Spanish poet, painter, anarchist and feminist, born. Her early highly erotic paeans to female beauty, which were written under the male psuedonym of Luciano de San-Saor, first appeared in the literary magazine '//Los Quijotes//' in 1918. She was considered one of the foremost Ultraïsmo poets, an avant-garde literary movement of the era, and certainly the only female one. Becoming a convinced anarchist in the '20s, she was appointed editorial secretary of the CNT in Madrid and began having articles regularly published in '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//La Revista Blanca//' and '//Solidaridad Obrera//', expounding on the centrality of the feminist cause to the class struggle. As a result of the resistance to these ideas amongst her male colleagues, she co-founded Mujeres Libres, along with Mercedes Comaposada and Amparo Poch y Gascon, in 1936. During the war some of her poems, now much less lyrical and more directed towards expressing her political views, were collected in '//Romancero de Mujeres Libres//' (Ballads of Free Women; 1937), as were several of her articles in '//Horas de Revolución//' (Hours of Revolution; 1938). In May 1938, she became general secretary of Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA) and later editor of the weekly '//Umbral//' (Threshold), were she met her companion América Barroso. Following Franco's victory, they fled to Paris but were forced to return clandestinely to Spain after the Nazi invasion of France.

'//Romance de Durruti//'

¿Qué bala te cortó el paso -¡Maldición de aquella hora!- atardecer de noviembre camino de la victoria?

Las sierras del Guadarrama cortan la luz y sombra un horizonte mojado de agua turbia y sangre heroica. Y a tus espaldas Madrid, con el ojo atento a tu bota, mordido por los incendios, con jadeos de leona, tus pasos iba midiendo prietos el puño y la boca.

¡Atardecer de noviembre, borrón negro de la historia!

Buenaventura Durruti, ¿Quién conoció otra congoja más amarga que tu muerte sobre tierra española?

Acaso estabas soñando las calles de Zaragoza y el agua espesa del Ebro caminos de laurel rosa cuando el grito de Madrid cortó tu sueño en mal hora...

Gigante de las montañas donde tallabas tu gloria, hasta Castilla desnuda bajaste como una tromba para raer de las tierras pardas la negra carroña, y detrás de ti, en alud, tu gente, como tu sombra.

Hasta los cielos de Iberia te dispararon las bocas. El aire agito tu nombre entre banderas de gloria -canto sonoro de guerra y dura función de forja-

Y una tarde de noviembre mojada de sangre heroica, en cenizas de crepúsculo caía tu vida rota.

Sólo hablaste estas palabras al filo ya de tu hora: Unidad y firmeza, amigos; ¡para vencer hais de sobra!

Durruti, hermano Durruti, jamás se vió otra congoja más amarga que tu muerte sobre la tierra española.

Rostros curtidos del cierzo quiebran su durez de roca; como tallos quebradizos hasta la tierra se doblan hercules del mismo acero ¡Hombres de hierro, sollozan!

Fúnebres tambores baten apisonando la fosa.

¡Durruti es muerto, soldados, que nadie mengüe su obra!

Sen buscan manos tendidas, los odios se desmoronan, y en las trincheras profundas cuajan realidades hondas porque a la faz de la muerte los imposibles se agotan.

-Aquí está mi diestra, hermano, calma tu sed en mi boca, mezcla tu sangre a la mía y tu aliento a mi voz ronca. Parte conmigo tu pan y tus lágrimas si lloras. Durruti bajo la tierra en esto espera su honra.

Rugen los pechos hermanos. Las armas al aire chocan. Sobre las rudas cabezas sólo una enseña tremola.

Durruti es muerto. ¡Malhaya aquel que mengüe su obra!

[www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1312.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/SanchezSaornil.htm issuu.com/starm1919/docs/sanchezsaornil-poemas]

[B] 1900 - Karel Teige (d. 1951), Czech graphic artist, photographer, typographer and "poet-anarchist", born. A major figure in the Czech avant-garde movement Devětsil (Nine Powers) in the 1920s, he edited and contributed graphics to the most influential avant-garde journals on Czech and international cultural affairs (including '//Revue Devětsilu//', '//Disk//' and '//Pásmo//'), wrote essays and books on the theory and criticism of art and architecture. He also produced paintings, collages, photomontages, film scripts, book covers, and typefaces and participated in theatrical performances. An anarchist communist aligned with the (anarchist) Union of Communist Groups, in 1929 he co-founded and chaired the communist arts group Levá Fronta (Left Front), which replaced the now defunct Svaz Moderní Kultury Devětsil (Devětsil Union of Modern Culture), which had split following fallout over the news of the Stalinist purges and trials in Russia. [At the time he had a running battle with fellow poet and hard-liner Josef Hora over keeping Devětsil independent of party influence, even though Teige's opportunism ended up with him as a party apparatchik and the more principled and independent Hora c.f. the '//Proclamation of the Seven//', whose concept of proletarian art was much the broader, eventually outside of it.] And, despite his suspicions about the wider surrealist movement (he claimed that it neglected the political and was too anarchistic) he eventually became a member of the newly founded Czech Surrealist Group in 1934, serving time as its theoretical spokesman. Following the Soviet takeover in 1948, Teige was first hailed as a progressive but then silenced by the Communist government, who prevented him from writing for official journals and study for a doctorate. Instead he published the samizdat '//Sborníku Znamení Zvěrokruhu//' (Proceedings of the Zodiac). However, he committed suicide following a press campaign that labelled him a "Trotskyite degenerate", his papers were destroyed by the secret police, and his published work was suppressed for decades. NB The decades-long feud between S. K. Neumann and Karel Teige. [www.ce-review.org/00/7/hearld7.html cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Teige cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaz_moderní_kultury_Devětsil cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levá_fronta cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_surrealistů_v_ČSR www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/carnival.html www.novinky.cz/kultura/167888-karel-teige-jako-zakladatel-moderni-knihy.html jameshoodillustration.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/teige-styrsky-toyen.html www.ninapayne.com/blog/karelteige/ prismofthreads.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/cycloptic-nipple-eye.html foxesinbreeches.tumblr.com/tagged/karel-teige lapetitemelancolie.com/category/collage-photomontage/karel-teige/ www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1331_modernism/highlights_24.html www.designers-books.com/s-lodi-jez-dovazi-caj-a-kavu-konstantin-biebl-karel-teige-1928/]

[BB] 1911 - Kenneth Patchen (d. 1972), American anarchist and pacifist poet and novelist, born. Author of '//The Journal of Albion Moonlight//' (1941) and '//Memoirs of a Shy Pornographer//' (1945). [expand] [www.bookslut.com/poetry/2008_08_013235.php jacketmagazine.com/12/patch-smith.html www.thing.net/~grist/l&d/kpint.htm www.connectotel.com/patchen/index.html]

[E] 1913 - Matilde Escuder Vicente (d. 2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and follower of Francisco Ferrer, born. Member of the Durruti Column and participated in the Aragon collectist movement. Imprisoned after the war, she later participated in the anti-Franco underground.

1933 - The beginning of a series of uprisings initiated by the anarchists in Spanish provinces (Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadure). In several villages, they declare anarchist-communism, destroy property files and abolish the currency. But these movements remain insulated and on December 10 the Republican government declares a State of Emergency and sends in the army who finally crush the insurrection by the 13th.

1943 - Ivan Kliun (Иван Васильевич Клюн; b. 1873), Russian Suprematist and Constructivist painter, graphic artist and sculptor, dies. [see: Aug. 20]

1960 - Dora Marsden (b. 1882), British individualist anarchist, militant suffragette and literary publisher, dies. [see: Mar. 5]

1966 - The Strasbourg county court sequesters the offices and management of the Strasbourg Bureau of the local Student Association (AFGES) following the scandal surrounding the publishing of '//On the Poverty of Student Life, Considered in its Economic, Political, Psychological, Sexual & Especially Intellectual Aspects, with a Modest Proposal for Doing Away With It//'. [See: Nov. 16 & 22]

1971 - White Panther Party founder, author, music critic and one-time manager of the band MC5, John Sinclair (sentenced to 10 years in jail for selling two marijuana joints) is freed.

2008 - __Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests__: Large groups of demonstrators gathered in front of the Greek Parliament in central Athens. Despite the fact that the protest in front of the Greek parliament was relatively peaceful, the riot police attempted to dissolve it at 13:30 by using tear gas and violence. Around 300 anarchists attack the offices of the Ministry of Planning and Public Works in solidarity with the struggle of the people of the village of Leukimi in Corfu (a local woman was assassinated by the police there in the summer). Two banks are also smashed and burnt. High street shops are smashed. The police are nowhere to be seen. Thousands of people gathered at the point of assassination of Alexandros (at the corner of Messologiou and Tzavella Street in Eksarhia) and about 100 protesters firebombed a police station nearby. [web.archive.org/web/20081214185052/[http:]www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,596325,00.html web.archive.org/web/20081217160232/[http:]www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=15.12.2008,id=80390692] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre05.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Bastelica libcom.org/history/bastelica-andr-1845-1884]
 * = 14 || 1845 - André Augustin Bastelica (d. 1884), French typographer and printer, member of the First International, Communard, agitator, anarchist //avant la lettre//, supporter of Bakunin and organiser of the Marseilles working class, born. Secretary of the Marseille section of the AIT, he was castigated by Marx for "preaching total abstention from politics"

[A] 1853 - Errico Malatesta (d. 1932), Italian mechanic, anarcho-communist, theorist and editor, born in Italy. [EXPAND] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Errico_Malatesta it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html libcom.org/library/errico-malatesta-his-life-ideas libcom.org/library/defence-malatesta dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/malatestaarchive.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MalatestaErrico.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta fag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/malatesta.html theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/errico-malatesta]

1864 - Thomas Cantwell (d. 1906), British militant anarchist active in the Socialist League, co-publisher of the '//The Commonweal//' and manager of '//Freedom//', born. [libcom.org/history/cantwell-thomas-edward-1864-1906 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html ourhistory-hayes.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/london-anarchists-and-royal-wedding-of.html]

1895 - Francesco Barbieri (d. 1937), Italian anti-fascist and anarchist militant, born. During the Spanish Revolution in 1936 he joined the Italian column fighting in Huesca. While hospitalized in Barcelona in May 1937 Barbieri is arrested by cops under command of the Communists and his body is found full of bullet holes the next day, along with that of Camillo Berneri. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/barbieri/barbieri.html www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=96&PHPSESSID=193f06ce8e7482701a1bc8a6cd89b7aa militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article217 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BarbieriFrancesco.htm]

1897 - Octave Mirbeau's '//Les Mauvais Bergers//' (The Bad Shepherds) premières at the Théâtre de la Renaissance in Paris.

1910 - Bruno Salvadori, aka Antoine or Antonio Gimenez (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gimenez libcom.org/history/salvadori-bruno-1910-1982 gimenologues.org/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=5 www.neofato.es/220509.htm]

1914 - Antonio Ramón Ramón attempts to kill Roberto Silva Renard, the General who directed the slaughter of 3,000+ unarmed women, children and workers in the Santa Maria School Massacre during a strike in Iquique in 1907.

1918 - The first issue of '//Der Syndikalist//', the newspaper of the Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaft (FVdG, Free Association of German Trade Unions) and later of the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany), is published in Berlin with a first edition of 10,000 copies following the November Revolution. It replaces the banned publications '//Die Einigkeit//' (Unity) and '//Der Pionier//' (The Pioneer). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Syndikalist www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html www.anarchismus.at/zeitungen-bis-1945/der-syndikalist]

1923 - Théophile Alexandre Steinlen (b. 1859), Swiss-born French Art Nouveau painter, printmaker and contributor to the anarchist magazine '//Temps Nouveau//', along with Aristide Delannoy, Maximilien Luce, Théo van Rysselberghe, Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., dies. [see: Nov. 10]

1926 - Théo van Rysselberghe (b. 1862), Belgian Impressionist, neo-Impressionist and then Pointillist painter, Member of Les XX and anarchist, dies. Contributed to the anarchist magazine '//Temps Nouveaux//'. [see: Nov. 23]

1928 - Josef 'Sepp' Oerter (b. 1870), German bookbinder and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 24]

1937 - Republican offensive begins at Teruel. [expand]

2003 - Cesare Fuochi (b. 1917), Italian anarchist, syndicalist railway worker and anti-fascist partisan, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

2011 - Pussy Riot perform '//Smert tyurme, svobodu protestu//' [Смерть тюрьме, свободу протесту](Death to Prison, Freedom to Protests) from top a garage beside the Moscow Detention Center No. 1 prison [Cпецприёмника № 1 Москвы], where opposition activists from the December 5 rally against the State duma election results were among the prisoners being held. The prisoners loved it, applauding from the prison's windows. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html]

[B] 2012 - State television channel CCTV-6 shows '//V for Vendetta//' for the first time in China. Confusion reigns over whether it was previously officially banned but the newly dubbed into Chinese version was shown under a new title, '//V Special Forces//', rather than the more lurid '//V the Revenge Killing Squad//' rendering previously used in China. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1512.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2532]
 * = 15 || 1857 - Lucien Louis Guérineau aka 'Fleury' (d. 1940), French carpenter, cabinetmaker, anarchist propagandist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. Deeply affected by the Paris Commune he was apprenticed to a cabinetmakers. In 1879, he was introduced to Constant Martin, Émile Eudes and Louis-Auguste Blanqui and began to become interested in the libertarian movement. A convinced anti-militarist, he formed an anarchist along with a dozen soldiers. In 1884, he became a member of Drapeau Noir and collaborated on it journal '//Terre et Liberté//'. In 1884, he was arrested after being found with copies of Jean Grave's statement of protest against July 14, and locked in the Parisian prison of Mazas. On August 9 he was sentenced to two months imprisonment for "violence and violence against agents of the state." In 1885, he collaborated on '//L'Audace//' (Boldness) and on '//Tire-Pied//' (literally knee-strap, a leather strap used by a cobbler). In 1887, he joined the anarchist group in Montreuil and later joined Les Communistes des Amandiers, a group fromed by ex-Communards (Parthenay, Coulet, Vory, Picardat, Bourges, Wagner) and that would go on to rename itself Les Communistes Anarquistes des Amandiers. He was also active in other groups, including Les Égaux, La Cloche de Bois (The Wooden Bell), the Syndicat des Hommes de Peine (Union of Handymen) or the Pieds-Plats (Flatfeet). In 1888, he was the founder of the militant Union Syndicale du Meuble Sculté et de l'Ébénisterie (Trade Union Carved Furniture and Joinery; USMSE) in opposition to the more moderate Cambra Sindical de l'Ebenisteria. In 1890 he worked on '//Révolution Future//' and the following year founded the periodical '//Le Pot à Colle//'. [expand]

1866 - Luigi Molinari (d. 1918), Italian lawyer, educator and anarchist militant, active with Errico Malatesta and Camillo Berneri, born. Molinari was arrested and convicted by a military tribunal for instigating an insurrection, in 1894, by armed bands of anarchists supporting Sicilian victims of the 'State of Siege' (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices). Sentenced to 23 years in prison, Molinari was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.estelnegre.org/documents/molinari/molinari.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre15.html#molinari]

1870 - Achille Daudé (Achille Daudé-Bancel; d. 1963), French trade union activist, anarchist and advocate of co-operatives, born. Wrote numerous works on cooperatism, as well as on food and social questions, including '//Le Coopératisme Devant les Ecoles Social//e' (1897); '//Une Coopérative de Consommation. "La Famille" Société de Consommation Coopérative, d'Epargne et de Prévoyance Sociale//' (1905) and '//Pain Riche ou Pain Appauvri//' (1916). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1512.html]

1893 - '//La Revue Libertaire//', under the direction of Charles Chatel, Henri Gauche and Henri Guerin, begins publishing in Paris. Victim of the anti-anarchist laws (//lois scélérates//), the review is shut down, after a mere five issues, on February 20, 1894. The epigraph for the first number (which changed each issue) is from Henrik Ibsen: "The State is the curse of the individual".

1912 - The Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru), which had been formed earlier that year in October holds its second Assembly, adopting the demand for the eight-hour day. Since October, the Unión Local de Jornaleros (Local Union of Day Labourers) had joined the FORP's orginal members, the Sociedad de resistencia de los obreros galleteros y anexos (Resistance Society of Gallete Workers and Annexes), the Federación de Electricistas (Federation of Electricians), the Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú", the Unificación Textil de Vitarte (Textile Unification of Vitarte), the Unificación Proletaria de Santa Catalina, and other anarcho-syndicalist organisations.[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1913 - Muriel Rukeyser (d. 1980), US feminist poet, radical political activist, anti-fascist and anarchist sympathiser, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/bio.htm www.thefreelibrary.com/%22Meeting+Places%22%3A+on+Muriel+Rukeyser.-a018784160 www.cstone.net/~poems/essahack.htm www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/muriel-rukeyser www.poemhunter.com/muriel-rukeyser/ recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MagonBros/bleed2Test.htm www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-297040315/book-dead-gauley-bridge.html]

1916 - Dr. Ben Reitman is again arrested for distributing illegal birth control literature at one of Emma Goldman's lectures in Rochester, NY.

1921 - Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman and Hyman Lachowsky arrive in Moscow after being deported from the US as victims of the Red Scare in America. They find that Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman have already departed for the West, disillusioned by the turn the revolution has taken.

1927 - Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (born Else Hildegard Plötz; b. 1874), German self-proclaimed anarchist [is there any other sort?], walking Dadaist art work, artist model and poet, dies. [see: Jul. 12]

1934 - Iza Zielińska (Iza Gąsowska; b. 1863), Polish journalist, educator, social activist and participant in the Polish and International anarchist and socialist movements, dies. [see: Mar. 11]

[AA] 1969 - Anarchist Black Cross member Guiseppe Pinelli is thrown out of a window whilst being interrogated by Italian police. He dies, no one is ever charged with his murder. [Costantini pic]

1994 - Raid on the house where the Italian anarchist weekly '//Canenero//' [Blackdog] is edited and printed, with a warrant seeking "documentation concerning the committing of armed robberies". Part of a long, dragged out legal farce to suppress the Italian libertarian movement.

[B] 2010 - Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (b. 1938), French cult erotic horror filmmaker, actor, novelist and anarchist, dies. [see: Nov. 3] || 1. Trying to overthrow the government. 2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves. 3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform. 4. Forgery of a document. 5. Using a false document. 6. Planning to assassinate hostages. 7. Illegal arrests, torturing & killing.
 * = 16 || [AA/E] 1871 - Louise Michel, a 36-year-old popular communard and teacher, is brought to trial before a military court by the Versailles Government. She is accused of:

1878 - Amédée Dunois (pseudonym for Amédée Gabriel Catonne; d. 1945), French anarchist militant, communist, and then a revolutionary socialist trade unionist, born. Arrested by the Nazis and sent to Bergen-Belsen, where he died March 21, 1945. Author of several works of history (in particular on the Paris Commune) and the chapter '//Marxism and Socialism//' in Sébastien Faure's '//Anarchist Encyclopaedia//'. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Dunois en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Dunois bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/dunois-1878-1945/ www.estelnegre.org/documents/dunois/dunois.html]

1893 - A benefit concert and ball held in New York City for Emma Goldman and others imprisoned for speaking at the Aug. 21 demonstration. Voltairine de Cleyre delivers a speech, 'In Defense of Emma Goldman and the Right of Expropriation'.

1897 - Alphonse Daudet (b. 1840), French novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet and anarchist sympathiser, whose texts appeared in '//Le Révolté//', dies. [see: May 13]

1899 - [N.S. Dec. 28] Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; d. 1938), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU / NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", born in Lodz. [see: Dec. 28]

[B] 1908 - Remedios Varo (María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga; d. 1963), Catalan-Mexican anarchist, anti-fascist and Surrealist painter, born. A member of the Logicophobiste artists' group, she met the French Surrealist and libertarian communist poet Benjamin Peret in 1936, when he had come to Spain to fight in the POUM and anarchist militias, and became his companion and was active in the Spanish Revolution herself, collaborating with the Republican and Anti-fascist resistance. In 1937, they moved to Paris to escape the fighting, taking part in the activities of the French Surrealist group around André Breton (1937-1940). However, she later found herself unable to return to Spain following Franco's closure of the border in 1939 because of her anti-fascist work. When Paris fell to the Nazis, Varo and Peret were put in a concentration camp until 1941, when the Emergency Rescue Committee rescued her and she then fled to Mexico with Peret. During WWII, she also made dioramas for display in the windows of a British anti-fascist propaganda office. In 1948, when Benjamin returned to France, she remained in Mexico and became married the surrealist painter Gunther Gerzo. [remedios-varo.com/catalogos/ensayo-de-alberto-blanco-english/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1612.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2655-remedios-varo-pintora-anarquista.html en.anarchopedia.org/Remedios_Varo totallyhistory.com/remedios-varo/ totallyhistory.com/remedios-varo-paintings/ arsmagine.com/others/remedios-varo/ www.explorandomexico.com/about-mexico/11/240/ venetianred.net/2009/08/12/remedios-varo-alchemy-and-science/ blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2012/01/remedios_varo_frey_norris.php www.latinartmuseum.com/remedios_varo.htm enskied.com/varo/10/varo-biography www.foroxerbar.com/viewtopic.php?t=10466 my.opera.com/Lenoire/albums/show.dml?id=514774]

1910 - __'Houndsditch Murders' in London's East End__: Three policemen are shot dead and two others seriously wounded by a gang of Latvian anarchists who bungle a jewellery shop burglary. Investigators focus on the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street and Malatesta is wrongly implicated. Prelude to the Sidney Street Siege in January.

1913 - Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding Emma Goldman from speaking, she addresses members of the IWW on '//The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle//'. Emma is forced off the platform and audience members engage in a battle with the police to release her.

1915 - Dolores Rodríguez Fernández (d. 1959), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1612.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/canyete/canyete.html]

[F] 1920 - A conference convened by the Dutch Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariaat and the German Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands is held in Berlin [Dec. 16-21] in order to create the foundations for the reconstruction of the International Workers Association. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1612.html]

1955 - María Ascaso Budría (b. 1900), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist activist, who was imprisoned several times in Zaragoza then Barcelona for her anarchist activities, dies in Paris following failed major surgery. [see: Jun. 29]

[C] 1969 - Following yesterday's 'defenestration' of Giuseppe Pinelli, victim of the 'strategia della tensione', from the 4th floor of Milan police station, the police scramble for excuses, including the classic from one Superintendent Marcello Guida: "Improvvisamente il Pinelli ha compiuto un balzo felino verso la finestra che per il caldo era stata lasciata socchiusa e si è lanciato nel vuoto. Il gesto potrebbe equivalere a una confessione." (Suddenly Pinelli made a great cat-like leap towards the window that the heat had been left ajar, and he launched into the void. The gesture could amount to a confession.) On July 3, 1970, Giuseppi Pinelli's death was rulled a suicide. Five years later on October 27, 1975, after Pino's innocence of any involvement of the Piazza Fontana massacre, for which he had ended up in custody on December 15, and after three years of judicial investigation into his death, the magistrate in charge Gerardo D’Ambrosio explained the 'fall' away as following: "Pinelli lit up a cigarette offered to him by Mainardi. The air in the room was unbearably stale, so he opened the balcony window and went over to the rail for a breath of fresh air. He suddenly suffered a dizzy spell, made a clumsy attempt to save himself, and his body tumbled over the rail into the void."; thereby exonerating all those who had been involved in Pino's murder. [secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/giuseppe-pinelli/ stragedistato.wordpress.com it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pinelli temi.repubblica.it/espresso-il68/1969/12/29/quella-sera-in-questura/?printpage=undefined www.ecn.org/ponte/dossier.pdf]

1989 - Émile de Antonio (b. 1919), American anarchist film director, producer, academic and author, who was the only filmmaker on Richard Nixon's enemies list, dies. [see: May 14] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin29.html#gohier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html www.propagandes.info/product_info.php/urbain-gohier-presente-par-renelouis-berclaz-p-1680&]
 * = 17 || 1862 - Urbain Gohier (born Urbain Degoulet and used the pen name Isaac Blümchen; d. 1951), French author, journalist, anti-militarist, lawyer and one-time writer for the anarchist '//Le Libertaire//', '//Cri de Paris//' and '//L'Aurore//', born. Though an ardent Dreyfusard, anarchist-socialist and anti-militarist - even being prosecuted for publishing the pamphlet '//L'Armée Contre la Nation//' (1898), for which he was acquitted and being sentenced in Dec. 1905 to a year in prison for participation in an international anti-militarist action allied with anarchists, he eventually became a rabid anti-Semite, and is now best known for publishing a French edition of '//The Protocols of the Elders of Zion//' (c. 1920).

1883 - Hoche Arthur Meurant (d. 1950), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3876 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html www.ephemanar.net/avril13.html]

1885 - Alphonse Barbé (d. 1983), French anarchist and anti-war militant who fought in the Spanish Revolution, born.

1890 - Pierre Lentengre (aka Pierre Lentente) (d. 1982), French militant, founder of a Parisian anarchist group and administrator of '//La Voix Libertaire//' (1928-1939), born.

[E] 1941 - Josefina Lamua Broto (b. 1914), Aragonese anarcho-syndicalist in the CNT is shot by Franco's troops in Barbastro near Huesca. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html]

1983 - The first screening of the film '//Écoutez May Picqueray//' takes place in the Studio St. Severin in París. A biographical documentary film about the recntly deceased prominent anarchist activist and propagandist May Picqueray (1898-1983), it is produced and directed by Bernard Baissat. Amongst the friends and collegues of May Picqueray presnt are Léo Campion, P. M. Cardona, J. J. Combaut, Nicolas Faucier, Sylvain Garrel, Daniel Guerin, Denis Langlois, Franck Neveu and Rita Tabai. Many of the film's sequences were recorded at the headquarters of the newspaper '//Le Réfractaire//', which she founded and directed, and at her home. The songs for the film, which won the Quality Award from the Centre Nacional de la Cinematografia Francès, were performed by May Picqueray's daughter, Sonia Malkine. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html]

1997 - In Chechnya, five Poles, including members from the Polish Anarchist Federation (FA) kidnapped, while delivering medicine, food and other supplies from a Polish-Chechen friendship society. Their van was found 40 km west of Grozny with its two front tires shot out. They were attacked by a gang of 15. Two Chechen bodyguards (friends of one of the hostages) shot two of the attackers. Eventually freed in early February. || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 historia-urbana-madrid.blogspot.com/2016/12/huelga-general-madrid-18-diciembre-1916.html historiadelmovimientoobrero.blogspot.com/2012/03/historia-de-las-huelgas-generales-1916.html]
 * = 18 || 1916 - In response to the Spanish government having ordered the arrest of the signatories of the 'Pacto de Zaragoza', the UGT and CNT hold a 24-hour general strike, which is proves to be a success and according to Largo Caballero "had the support of the middle classes and widespread sympathy in the country."

1922 - Nelly Roussel (b. 1878), French free thinker, anarchist and feminist, dies. [see: Jan. 5]

[F] 1922 - __Strage di Torino [Turin Massacre__]: In Turin, the fascists attack the Camera del Lavoro, and set fire to the Circolo Anarchico dei Ferrovieri (Anarchist Railwaymen's club) and the home of the anarchist paper 'L'Ordine Nuovo'. Twenty two workmen – socialists, Communists and anarchists – are assassinated over the next three days, including nine on the 18th. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Torino_(1922) ita.anarchopedia.org/Strage_di_Torino_(18-20_dicembre_1922) www.anppia.it/news/2013/12/18/novantuno-anni-fa-a-torino-la-strage-del-xviii-dicembre/]

[B] 1939 - Michael Moorcock, Nebula award-winning science fiction author and anarchist, born. [www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/04/michael-moorcock-hari-kunzru www.multiverse.org/]

1969 - Áurea Cuadrado Castillón, also known as Áurea Cuadrado Alberola (b. 1894), Spanish militant anarcho-feminist and fashion designer, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

[EE] 1971 - __IRSM / Angry Brigade__: Kate McLean arrested and charged along with Angela Weir, Chris Allen and Pauline Conroy, who had been arrested during the course of November of having conspired with the six people already arrested on conspiracy charges. Shortly before the opening of Committal proceedings against the ten militants, Attorney General, Sir Peter Rawlinson, the victim of one of the Angry Brigade attacks, decided there was insufficient evidence for a case to be made against Pauline Conroy and Chris Allen, and they were released from custody.

1974 - Dolores Morata Díaz (b. 1899), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jan. 30]

2012 - Pierre Chabert (b. 1914), French professor of French, Latin and Greek, poet and anarchist, dies. [see: Nov. 3] || [libcom.org/history/kater-fritz-1861-1945 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater www.fau-duesseldorf.org/archiv/menschen/fritz-kater-geb-1861-gest-mai-1945 www.uni-magdeburg.de/mbl/Biografien/1787.htm www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/die-historische-faud/661-der-kater-konzern-ein-beitrag-zur-anarcho-syndikalistischen-verlagsgeschichte]
 * = 19 || 1861 - Fritz Kater (d. 1945), German anarcho-syndicalist active in the Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions; FVdG) and its successor organisation, the Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany; FAUD) and editor of both organisation's newspapers, '//Die Einigkeit//' (Unity) and 'Der Syndikalist' respectively, born. [expand]

1862 - Nicolas Stoïnoff (or Stoïnov)(d. 1963), 'patriarch' of Bulgarian anarchism, anti-militarist, writer, journalist and teacher, born. [expand] "People around the world, decide: the elimination of militarism! the abolition of military service! education of youth in the spirit of humanism and peace!" "This is also the conclusion of my life, the clamour of a hundred years old, my last words to men." - from 'A Centenarian Bulgarian Speaks' [ita.anarchopedia.org/Nicolas_Stoinoff www.estelnegre.org/documents/stoinov/stoinov.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8382]

[B] 1894 - Senya (Simon) Fléchine (alternate spellings, Flechin, Fleshine) (d. 1981), Ukranian anarchist activist, propagandist and photographer, born. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1910 and worked for 'Mother Earth' in New York, In 1917 he returned to Russia and joined the Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations of Ukraine. In December 1921, he worked at the museum of the revolution in Petrograd, and met Mollie Steimer (also expelled from the USA) who became his companion in love and struggle. After several arrests, including being senteced to two years in exile in Siberia an a hunger strike, they were released and, following another hunger strike, allowed to leave Russia in 1923. In Berlin, they became members of the Joint Committee for the Defence of the revolutionaries imprisoned in Russia (1923-26), the Relief Fund of the International Association Workers (AIT) for Anarchists and Syndicalists Imprisoned or Exiled in Russia (Paris and Berlin) (1926-1932), and a number of other aid groups for anarchists. They emigrated to Mexico in 1941, and their house became a meeting place for political refugees, and they corresponded with the anarchists worldwide. [www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/f/ARCH00414full.php fredericbaylot.wordpress.com/2012/06/19/senya-flechine/]

1902 - Voltairine de Cleyre (b. 1866), American anarchist, feminist, teacher and poet, is shot by an enraged former student named Herman Helcher. She refused to testify against her assailant, who was a familiar face in the anarchist scene.

1919 - The car containing Arturo Luis Elizalde, son of the industrialist Arturo Elizalde is fired on by two individuals between the Calles Bailen and Corsica, close to the Passeig de Sant Joan in Barcelona, as he is returning home from his father's car factory. Elizalde is unharmed but his driver, Florencio Palomar Valero, is killed. Two anarchists, Ramon Casanellas Lluch and Pere Mateu Cusidó, employees of the Elizalde company, are accused by the police of having carried out the attack, possibly prompted by the rumours then circulating that Arturo Elizalde had financed the July 18 assassination of the anarcho-syndicalist Pau Sabater Lliró aka 'El Tero', who had been prominent during the La Canadiense earlier in the year. Florencio Palomar's burial was turned into a major demonstration by the bourgeoisie against 'terrorism'. Ramon Casanellas and Pere Mateu would later be arrested for the assassination of the Spanish Prime Minister Eduardo Dato e Iradier in Madrid on March 8, 1921, carried out in retaliation for the persecution and killing of trade unionists and workers in Catalonia. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1912.html www.canaldelmisterio.com/tag/ramon-casanellas/]

[E] 1919 - Pepita Carpeña (Josefa Carpeña-Amat; d. 2005), Catalan anarcho-syndicalsist and anarcha-feminist militant, who in exile became one of the mainstays of the Centre Internacional de Recerques sobre l'Anarquisme (CIRA) in Marseille, born. Combattant during the Spanish Revolution, member of the CNT, Jeunesses Libertaires (JJLL) and Mujeres Libres. Wrote '//De Toda la Vida//' and appeared in two films, Richard Prost's '//Un Autre Futur//' and Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer's adaptation of her memoirs '//De Toda la Vida//'. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Carpeña ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Carpena-Amat es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Carpeña www.estelnegre.org/documents/carpena/carpena.html libcom.org/history/carpena-pepita-1919-2005 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/pvmdrq]

[BB] 1942 - Jean-Patrick Manchette (d. 1995), French crime novelist, screenwriter and libertarian, born. Widely recognised as the foremost French crime fiction author of the 1970s - 80s, he is credited with reinventing and reinvigorating the néo-polar genre of Leo Malet and Georges Simenon. Politically active during the Algerian War, he was particularly influenced by the writings of the Situationist International. Initially a screenwriter, he was later advised to take his first novel, '//L'Affaire N'Gustro//' (The N'Gustro Affair; 1971) to the famous crime fiction imprint Série Noire at Gallimard publishers, who would go on to publish the majority of his novels. Amongst these was '//Nada//' (1972), made by Claude Chabrol into a film with a Manchette screenplay in 1974. He also co-wrote the 1982 Franco-Hungarian animated science fiction feature film '//Les Maîtres du Temps//', directed by René Laloux and designed by Mœbius; as well as writing science fiction brain teasers in '//Métal Hurlant//', under the pseudonym Général-Baron Staff; film criticism for 'Charlie Hebdo'; was editor of the comic '//La Bande Dessinée//'; had numerous novels turned into comics, collaborating with French cartoonist Jacques Tardi on the 'Griffu' series; as well as translating Alan Moore's '//Watchmen//' into French. Manchette also wrote a novelisation of the Sacco and Vanzetti story ('//Sacco and Vanzetti//' under the pseudonym Pierre Duchesne) in 1971. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Patrick_Manchette en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Patrick_Manchette www.jean-patrick-manchette.fr/ www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryjeanpatrick-manchette-1586252.html www.marxists.org/archive/manchette/]

1950 - Yukiko Ekida（えきだ ゆきこ) aka Yokuta Yukiko (浴田 由紀子), Japanese member of the 'Fangs of the Earth' (大地の牙) cell of the Higashi Ajia Hannichi Busō Sensen (東アジア反日武装戦線), or East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front armed struggle organisation and former leader of the now disbanded Nihon Sekigun (日本赤軍), or Japanese Red Army, born. Currently serving 20 years hard labour for a series of bombings targeting large companies in 1974 and 1975. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/浴田由紀子 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_472]

1966 - Pierre Mualdes (Pierre-Louis Beauchet; b.1885), French militant anarchist, collaborated on '//Le Libertaire//', '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Revue Internationale Anarchiste//', etc., dies, a victim of Parkinson disease. [see: Aug. 1]

[A] 1994 - Zapatista rebels in Southeastern México break through an army siege designed to contain and neutralize them, briefly occupying 38 towns, rebel outposts outside the original zone of conflict, in Chiapas state, crippling Wall Street investments in the Mexican bond market. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2397]
 * = 20 || 1881 - Paul Florent Gourmelon (aka 'Paulus' & 'Mahurec'; d. 1928), French militant, neo-Malthusian and, according to the police, a "dangerous anarchist", born.

1884 - Jean-Baptiste Victor Sipido (d. 1959), Belgian anarchist and tinsmith's apprentice, who attempted to assassinate the Prince of Wales at the Brussel-Noord railway station in Brussels on April 5, 1900, born. At his trial, Sipido is acquited despite his obvious guilt as he was less than 16 years old. The jury "held that by reason of his age he had not acted with discernment and could not be considered doli capax" or legally responsible, and he was not even detained in a reformatory.

1901 - Rafael Liberato Torres Escartín aka 'El Maño' (d. 1939), Aragonese anarchist militant, anarcho-syndicalist and guerrillo. born in the barracks of the Civil Guard in Bailo, where his father Pedro Torres Marco was stationed. His brother Benito, a member of the Unió General de Treballadors, was indicted because of the strike demanding better working conditions that paralyzed factories Sabiñánigo in 1932. He and nine other workers faced charges of arson, explosion and illegal possession of weapons and explosives, with the prosecution demanding 34 years in prison for each defendant. Defended by the famous lawyer Eduardo Barriobero, he managed to escape conviction. Another brother, Fidel, who was also an anarchist, was shot in Huesca on 23 August 1936. Torres Escartín came into contact with anarchism during his studies in Huesca, where he became a follower of Ramon Acin. After abandoning his studies, he became a baker in Zaragoza in 1919, having already become active in the Sindicat de l'Alimentació of the CNT the previous year. In this period, he began to read the great French thinkers and Russian, and was a strict vegetarian, not smoking or drinking alcohol. He also became involved with the action groups Voluntad (Will) and Los Justicieros, the latter with Francisco Ascaso, Cristobal Albadatrecu and Sancho Mangado, moving regularly in those years between Zaragoza and Barcelona, ​​where he began working as a confectioner at the Ritz Hotel in October, 1920. In his first known action, Suberviola, Durruti and he appropriated 300,000 pesetas in Eibar. In August 1922 along with Francisco Ascaso and Marcelino del Campo, he helped create the Barcelona anarchist group Crisol, which expanded in October with new members Ricardo Sanz, García Oliver, Garcia Vivanco and others, to form Los Solidarios, one of the most prominent organisations of pre-war Spanish anarchism. In response to the March 1923 murder of Salvador Seguí, the secretary of the CNT, by pistolers of Sindicat Lliure de la patronal, Los Solidarios went on the offensive. In May 1923, Torres Escartín, along with Ascaso and Aurelio Fernandez, travelled to San Sebastian and La Coruna to try and cary out attacks against the Military governor of Barcelona, General Martínez Anido, who led the anti-union repression. On June 4, 1923, Cardinal Soldevilla, Archbishop of Zaragoza and organiser of (financing and recruiting) the bosses' hired gunmen, was shot dead in his car by Rafael Torres Escartín and Francisco Ascaso. Ascaso was arrested on June 8, but was involved in a mass escape of prisoners away from Predicadores Prison on November 8, 1923. Torres Escartin however managed to elude the police, and he and other Los Solidarios members reappeared on September 1 robbing the Bank of Spain in Gijón, collecting 650,000 pts. After an armed confrontation with the Guardia Civil in Oviedo on September 9, his partner Eusebio Grau was killed and he was arrested on a train; beaten and interned in Oviedo, he escaped the following day along with seven other detainees. Hiding on Mount Narango, he was captured on the 11th, after being denounced by a radical member whom he had asked for help. Tried in Predicadores prison in Saragossa on April 1-4, 1925, he denied all charges but was sentenced to death for the Soldevilas assassination, later commuted to life in prison. Two other defendants, Esteban Salamero and Julia López Mainar, were sentenced to 12 and six years respectively. Confined in Dueso prison, Santoña, in a special isolation cell, spending 15 months in the dark without any break, he pursued two hunger strikes. In these conditions his health and sanity suffered and he was transferred to the asylum of Sant Boi de Llobregat. Upon the reappearance of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in August 1930, the paper began a public campaign, led by the doctor and anarchist Isaac Puente, denouncing his situation and calling for an amnesty. With the advent of the Second Republic, he was released on 30 April 1931. In June 1931, he participated in the first conference of the FAI, prior to the 3rd Congress of the CNT. He was arrested and beaten in the dungeons of the Direcció General de Seguretat (General Directorate of Security) and, arriving in Barcelona, he was arrested again, going on to become a spokesman for social prisoners. Having again gained his freedom, his comrades committed him to the Institut Pere Mata Psychiatric Hospital in Reus, from which he escaped three times, once getting as far as Ayerbe, where he was arrested at the home of his brother Fidel. Labelled as an "extremist" by the government, he was put in prison in Huesca. During this period, he stated that he preferred death to being in the asylum. His family asked to take charge of the patient, and 'Solidaridad Obrera' also campaigned for his freedom, but he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. On 23 November 1936, he appeared in the second row at the massive funeral his friend and partner Buenaventura Durruti, looking haggard and aged beyond his years. However, he still continued to participate in various charities helping children and refugees. He met his end when Fascist troops took him from his asylum cell and shot him on January 21, 1939 in Barcelona. His comrades had hoped that his obvious insanity would save him from that fate but the fascists thought otherwise. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2012.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Torres_Escartín puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3113-rafael-torres-escartin-anarquista-fusilado-en-barcelona.html www.zaragozamemoriahistorica.com/carcel-predicadores-calle-predicadores/ militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5957]

1902 - [O.S. Dec. 7] Anna Mikhailovna Garaseva (Анна Михайловна Гарасёва; d. 1994) Russian geologist, anarcho-syndicalist and later secretary to AIexander Solzhenitsyn whilst he was compiling '//The Gulag Archipelago//' (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ; 1873), born. Active in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Moscow and, with her older sister Tatyana Mikhailovna Garaseva (Татьяна Михайловна Гарасёва; 1901 - post-1997), a librarian, in their home city Ryazan and in Petrograd where they both worked as nurses. [expand] Her brother, Sergei Mikhailovich Garas (Сергей Михайлович Гарасёва; dates unknown), was also involved in the anarchist movement and, like the sister, subject to regular arrests. [libcom.org/history/garaseva-anna-1902-1994-tatiana-1901-after-1997 www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=860 www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=1181 genrogge.ru/garaseva/index.htm ryazan-1920.narod.ru/geraseva.htm stopgulag.org/object/59999997?lc=ru]

1915 - Cecilia García de Guilarte (d. 1989), Basque journalist, writer - novels, plays, narrative history, etc., university professor and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2012.html eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_García_Gilarte www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/57414 www.diariovasco.com/v/20100723/cultura/memorias-mujer-valiente-20100723.html]

[B] 1920 - George Leite (d. 1985), American libertarian author, poet and publisher, dies. A close associate of Henry Miller and Kenneth Rexroth, he published the anti-war, anarchist and anti-authoritarian arts magazine '//Circle//' and '//Circle Editions//', its companion literature magazine. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Leite www.vallejo.to/artists/varda_circle.htm]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: An armed confrontation takes place between the Argentine Army commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela and strikers led by anarcho-syndicalist labourer and wagon driver José Font aka 'Facón Grande' in the vicinity of the Estación Tehuelches, where the rebels are camped. One soldier is killed an another two wounded while the strikers suffer 3 dead and several wounded. Varela and his troops return to the Estación Jaramillo. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

1967 - António Gonçalves Correia (b. 1886), Portuguese anarchist, humanist, vegetarian, poet and essayist, dies. [see: Aug. 3]

1968 - Max Brod (b. 1884), Czech author, composer, journalist and one-time anarchist fellow traveller who was the friend, literary executor and biographer of Franz Kafka, dies. [see: May 27]

1969 - Giuseppe Pinelli's funeral takes place at the Musocco cemetery in Milan. Hundreds of people turn out for the procession and burial, despite the widespread police intimidation. [anarcomedia.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/i-funerali-di-pinelli/ secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/giuseppe-pinelli/]

1977 - Second generation RAF members Gabi Kröcher-Tiedemann and Christian Möller are arrested in Delémont, Switzerland after a shoot-out with Swiss police, during which two officers were injured, as they try to cross the border into France with a cargo of weapons and explosives. They were later tried and sentenced to 15 years in prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gabriele-krocher-tiedemann/]

2008 - __Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests__: In Greece protesters attacked a large city-sponsored Christmas tree in Syntagma Square in central Athens, tossing garbage and hanging trash bags from its branches, before setting light to it and clashing with riot police. || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кропоткин,_Пётр_Алексеевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin anarchy.kalarupa.com/kropotkin/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0912.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/Kropotkinarchive.html partacus-educational.com/USAkropotkin.htm]
 * = 21 || 1842 - [O.S. Dec. 9] Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин; d. 1921), Russian revolutionist, anarchist and landmark geographer who had a mountain range named after him (he posited a now accepted theory on mountain formation), born in Moscow. [EXPAND]

[www.wendymcelroy.com/articles/holmes.html flag.blackened.net/lpp/haymarket/mckinley_holmes.html wiki.libertarian-labyrinth.org/index.php?title=Lizzie_M._Holmes ita.anarchopedia.org/Elizabeth_Holmes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0808.html www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=128142635]
 * 1) 1850 - Lizzie Holmes (Sarah Elizabeth Mary Hunt; d. 1926), American music teacher, seamstress, labour organiser, journalist, socialist and militant anarchist, born. Also known as Elizabeth Swank (after her first husband Hiram Swank, who died in 1877), which she used as a pen name, along with May Huntley. After the death of her first husband, she moved to Chicago, where she became a member of the Working Women's Union, campaigning to organise her fellow seamstresses and denouncing their miserable working conditions. A member of the Socialist Labor Party and working on '//The Radical Review//', she gravitated to anarchism in 1883. Two years later she married the English anarchist William H. Holmes. The Holmeses worked closely with Albert and Lucy Parsons in Chicago's American Group of the International Working People's Association. Lizzie served as assistant editor of '//The Alarm//', and the day before the Haymarket meeting she led a march of 300-400 working women demanding the eight-hour day. When the authorities suppressed '//The Alarm//', Lizzie was one of those arrested; in 1887 Dyer D. Lum revived the paper and appointed Lizzie as associate editor. She was also active in the Knights of Labor and participated in the founding of the Ladies' Federal Labor Union (1888) under the auspices of the AFL. In the mid-1890s, William and Lizzie Holmes moved to Colorado, living in La Yeta, where Samuel Fielden was a neighbour, and in Denver. Still later they went to Farmington, New Mexico; there Lizzie died in 1926. Until about 1908 she contributed regularly to anarchist papers, especially '//Free Society//', and wrote for a variety of labour journals, including '//The Industrial Advocate//', edited and published with her partner William, and the AFL's '//American Federationist//'. Her syndicated articles for the Associated Labor Press appeared in labour papers across the country.

[B] 1859 - Gustave Kahn (d. 1936), French Symbolist poet, novelist, playwright, art critic, Dreyfusard and anarchist, born. Used the pseudonyms: Cabrun, MH, Walter Linden, Pip, and Hixe. A close friend of Felix Fénéon, he edited the anarchist review '//La Société Nouvelle//' and played a major role editing and writing for the likes of '//La Revue Blanche//'. He was also prominent amongst those that publicly supported Auguste Vaillant in a prominent article in '//La Société Nouvelle//'. He was an early supporter of the Impressionists and much of his work is Symbolist in style, including one of the few examples (along with Paul Adam's '//Les Demoiselles Goubert//' co-written with Jean Moréas), of Symbolist novel, '//Le Roi Fou//' (The Mad King; 1896), a biting humorous social and political critique the collusion of governments and financiers and the fleecing of the poor and of the colonies. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Kahn judaisme.sdv.fr/perso/gustkahn/index.htm www.blackcatpoems.com/k/gustave_kahn.html]

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca libcom.org/history/emma-tenayuca-1938-pecan-shellers-strike www.af3irm.org/2012/1/revolutionary-woman-day-emma-tenayuca docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:GsbY1bkHupUJ:www.celebratingtexas.com/tr/lsl/78.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj-t3AKKSy2E8wiFVBIVLhl3MrMV7MLB9u2EPr9BBE7NDVBXrzGZ3xngAekHXl5zWnyIO9owZMxOY0HemNTZVIxhX5MNc2AiQGvtw5s3RzFW2atK5JiHqkkReH4twPgvhV63bop&sig=AHIEtbSu1ZnLYrK1xly3c7sRY943Bk1i5g]
 * 1) 1916 - Emma Tenayuca (d. 1999), fearless and largely unsung Mexican-American labour leader, union organiser, libertarian communist and educator, who played a prominent role in the 1938 Texan Pecan Shellers Strike, born. Influenced by the Flores Magon brothers and the Wobblies from a very early age, attending political rallies from 6 or 7 years old, she became a labour organiser, founding two international ladies' garment workers unions and becoming involved in many of the most famous conflicts of Texas labour history. She was also active in the Worker’s Alliance of America, the Woman’s League for Peace and Freedom and joined the Communist Party in 1936.

[F] 1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman deported from USA alongside 250 fellow labour activists, anarchists [Ethel Bernstein (1898 - ??), Dora Lipkin] and radicals on board the S.S. Buford bound for Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAT_Buford editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/103/ editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/105/ www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Deportation_Cases_of_1919-1920_1000618161/0 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmch1.html]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: At the Estación Jaramillo, Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela sends for Mario Mesa, the Pico Truncado manager of the local stores company La Anónima, to send him to parley with 'Facón Grande' and tell him that he will respect the lives of all who accede to his demand to surrender. After a meeting, the workers decided to surrender in Tehuelches station the following day. The following day, surviving strikers of the columna Facón Grande, including José Font himself, surrender at the Estación Jaramillo. Contrary to Varela's assurances, Facón Grande and at least fifty workers are shot by firing squad later that same day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

[A] 1924 - After five years of prison for his participation in the Republic of the Workers Councils, anarchist Erich Mühsam is released under amnesty. Thousands of workers turn out for his release.

1937 - In Spain, the first Republican soldiers enter Teruel.

1943 - Ateo Tommaso Garemi i Gagno (d. 1943), Italian-French communist, then anarchist and anti-fascist combattant, is executed for his involvement in the killing of Domenico Giardina. [see: Mar. 6]

1944 - The anarchist paper '//Le Libertaire//', originally founded in 1895 by Sébastien Faure and Louise Michel, then as the organ of the l’Union Anarchiste (1920-1939), resumes publishing once again following the defeat of the Nazis.

1952 - Vlastimil Borek (b. 1886), Czech journalist, translator, anarchist and later a Communist politician, dies. [see: Dec. 24]

1959 - Antonia Maymón (b. 1881), Spanish militant activist, rationalist teacher, naturalist, libertarian and feminist, dies. Maymón collaborated in numerous congresses and publications, such as 'Generación Consciente', and was a founder of the FAI. [see: Jul. 18] ||
 * = 22 || [A] 1849 - Fyodor Dostoyevsky is led out for execution, then pardoned at the last moment. Dostoyevsky and his comrades in the Petrashevsky Circle were under sentence of death for a mere 10 minutes.

1872 - Erroneous and frequently quoted date for the birth of Ettore Bonometti (d. 1961), Italian anarchist militant. [see: Nov. 22]

1875 - Lilian Wolfe (Lilian Gertrude Woolf; d. 1974), English pacifist, anarcha-feminist and member of the Freedom Press publishing collective, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Wolfe www.estelnegre.org/documents/wolfe/wolfe.html www.judygreenway.org.uk/wp/lilian-wolfe-lifetime-resistance-2/]

1875 - Jules-Félix Grandjouan (d. 1968), French libertarian, revolutionary syndicalist, painter, caricaturist, illustrator and poster artist, born. Participated prominently on '//L'Assiette au Beurre//' from 1901-1912 with his favourite themes including anti-militarism, anti-patriotism and anti-clericalism. His caricatures and illustrations, executed mainly in pastels, feature both in political papers such as '//Le Libertaire//', '//La Voix du Peuple//', '//Les Temps Nouveaux//', '//La Guerre Sociale//', '//La Bataille Syndicaliste//', '//Le Travailleur du Bâtiment//', '//Le Conscrit//', etc. and the more satirical press, including '//Le Rire//', '//Le Sourire//' and '//Le Charivari//'. Tried and sentenced to 18 months in prison for his caricature drawings of Clemenceau. He moved to Germany, where he met Isadora Duncan, who became his mistress and muse. "Shame on those who do not revolt against social injustice" [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121112 www.assietteaubeurre.org/illustrateurs_bis.htm www.oulala.net/Portail/spip.php?article884 latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-saggio-olt-jules-felix-grandjouan-31813808.html]

1876 - Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (d. 1944), Italian Symbolist poet, editor and the founder of the Futurist movement, born. He spent much of the 1900s in Paris, associating with the anarchist and artistic milieu and was to become a regular at the Abbaye de Créteil utopian community. Although an Italian nationalist, he was avowedly anarchist and socialist, and strongly influenced by the writings of the French syndicalist theorist Sorel, himself inclined towards Proudhonian anarchism. These elements, together with his anti-clerical and Malthusian tendencies, all helped form his early leftist Futurism, already on display in his 1904 poem '//Destruction//', his "erotic and anarchist poem", an eulogy to the "avenging sea" as a symbol of revolution. Marinetti's debt to anarchism can also be seen in his dedication of his satirical tragedy '//Le Roi Bombance//' (1905) to the anarchist Paul Adam (Henri de Régnier was another Marinetti dedicatee). Heavily influenced by Alfred Jarry (and from whom he stole much of his image/demeanour), the play was not performed until 1909, when its première at the Théâtre de l’Oeuvre in Paris provoked a riot. By this time he was already working on the '//Futurist Manifesto//', written in French and published that year on the front page of '//Le Figaro//', and was reprinted in the Italian anarcho-syndicalist newspaper of Ottavio Dinale, '//La Demolizione//'. In 1910, Marinetti forged links with the pro-labour, proto-syndicalist wing of the Italian Nationalist Association (ANI), but the rise of nationalism in Italy ultimately led to the progressive abandonment of Futurism's radical and avant garde elements in order to shoe-horning it into the ideology of another ex-fellow traveller of anarchism, Mussolini's Fascism. Marinetti even went as far as becoming a Catholic, in part to try and get Futurism adopted as the national Catholic art movement. "9. Nous voulons glorifier la guerre – seule hygiène du monde -, le militarisme, le patriotisme, le geste destructeur des anarchistes, les belles Idées qui tuent et le mépris de la femme." (We will glorify war—the world’s only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman.) - '//Manifeste du Futurisme//' (1909). "We love the indomitable bellicose patriotism that sets you apart; we love the national pride that guides your muscularly courageous race; we love the potent individualism that doesn't prevent you from opening your arms to individualists of every land, whether libertarians or anarchists." - '//Futurist Speech to the English//' (1910), Lyceum Club, London.

[1884 - German anarchists Emil Küchler, Franz Reinhold Rupsch and Auguste Reinsdorf, implicated in the failed assassination attempt against the German Kaiser and Princes at the unveiling ceremony of the Niederwald Monument to the glory of the German armies on September 28, 1883, are sentenced to death. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre22.html#procesreinsdorf]

1886 - José Tato Lorenzo (d. 1969), Spanish anarchist militant propagandist, who was an important figure of the Uruguayan anarchist movement, born in Galicia. Tato Lorenzo began working aged 10 and in November 1900 he emigrated to Brazil, where he joined his father. Between August 1902 and September 1903 he lived in Montevideo, later settling in Rosario, Argentina where, in August 1904, he was jailed for anarchist activities. The following year he went to Buenos Aires, earning a living selling newspapers and edited the newspaper '//La Protesta//'. In 1910, he was imprisoned and the following year expelled from Argentina and deported to Spain. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/tatolorenzo/tatolorenzo.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3960-jose-tato-lorenzo-propagandista-anarquista.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre20.html]

1900 - Valerio Isca (d. 1996), Italian-American anarchist, co-founder of the Libertarian Book Club, born. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre22.html libcom.org/history/valerio-isca www.arivista.org/index.php?nr=255&pag=36.htm&key=Valerio Isca]

1901 - Fernando Demetrio Mata Povedano (d. 1936), Aragonese rationalist teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Destined for the priesthood, instead he joined the anarchist Centro Instructivo Obrero de Oficios Varios (Centre for Workers Instruction for Various Crafts) in 1918 and, in 1924 during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, was named its president. He also gained permission to start a school - the Escuela de Niños Nueva (New Children's School) or the Colegio de Educación Científica y Racional (College of Scientific and Rational Education). He also corresponded with the Librería Luque in Montemayor, acquiring many books that he then distributed in the villages of the region where he traveled by bicycle. Married in 1927 to Maria de los Aneles Basilia Mata Carmona and in 1928 started sending money to a campaign by '//La Revista Blanca//' for prisoner support. [expand] On February 22, 1936, he was elected mayor of Montemayor, following the resignation of Antonio Carmona Jiménez, and was president of the Comisión de Hacienda (Committee on Finance), combining these posts with his teaching work. During his time as mayor he urged public works and land reform, developing arbitration between employers and workers. During his tenure the construction of the Grupo Escolar 'Francisco Ferrer Guardia' was also launched, with the first stone being laid on June 1, 1936, but which was halted due to the Francoist coup. On the night of July 18, 1936, a platoon of Guardia Civil from Fernán-Núñez, commanded by Lieutenant Cristóbal Jiménez, Fernando Mata Povedano and eight colleagues. Transferred to the prison in Córdoba, Fernando Mata was assassinated there on on September 26, 1936, and buried in a common grave in thecity's San Rafael cemetery. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/matapovedano/matapovedano.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7984]

1905 - Kenneth Rexroth (d. 1982), poet, essayist, critic, translator, anarchist, Wobbly, pacifist and conscientious objector, born. He active in groups like the Randolph Bourne Council (an anarchist group), the John Reed Club, the Libertarian Circle, and the Waterfront Workers Association in San Francisco. Apart from his numerous books of poems and his collections of essays, his 2 most important works which describe his libertarianism are '//Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century//' (1974) and '//An Autobiographical Novel//' (1991). [expand] [libcom.org/history/rexroth-kenneth-1905-1982 libcom.org/tags/kenneth-rexroth jack-adellefoley.com/visionsaffiliations_a_california_literary_time_line_1940-2005 www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/poems/1950s.htm en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rexroth/hamalian.htm www.granarybooks.com/books/clay/clay4.html]

1907 - Fermin Rocker (d. 2004), English artist, book illustrator and anarchist, born. Wrote '//East End: A London Childhood//' (1992). [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermin_Rocker www.artcritical.com/2004/11/01/fermin-rocker-1907-2004/ www.taz.de/1/archiv/?id=archivseite&dig=2003/03/22/a0348 www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/26/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/fermin-rocker-6159664.html raforum.info/spip.php?article919 www.andrewwhitehead.net/blog/category/fermin rocker www.ferminrocker.org]

[B] 1911 - Henry Treece (d. 1966), British poet, novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright, editor, teacher, pacifist and philosophical anarchist, born. Member of the post-war New Apocalyptics poetry group, a fusion of anarchism and surrealism, alongside the likes of Alex Comfort, Ruthven Todd, Dylan Thomas and Vernon Watkins. "The only way Left, as I see it is that of anarchism." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Treece richardawarren.wordpress.com/pieces-of-apocalypse/ library.duke.edu/magazine-archive/issue14/highlight.html]

1918 - Randolph Silliman Bourne (b. 1886), American literary radical, essayist and anarchist, who was the originator of the phrase "War is the health of the State", coined in his unpublished work '//The State//' (1918), dies in the Spanish flu epidemic. [see: May 30]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The surviving strikers of the columna Facón Grande, including José Font himself, surrender at the Estación Jaramillo. Contrary to Varela's assurances, Facón Grande and at least fifty workers are shot by firing squad the same day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

1922 - International Congress of Revolutionary Syndicalists in Berlin. Founding of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers Association (AIT/ IWA), on the initiative of Rudolf Rocker.

[E] 1942 - Espertirina Martins (b. 1902), Brazilian anarchist and working class militant, dies due to complications from a premature birth and appendicitis. In January 1917, when still only fifteen, she had carried the bomb, hidden in a bunch of flowers, that Djalma Fettermann used to counter a brigada militar cavalry charge on the funeral procession of a worker who had been murdered by the forces of repression, and which resulted in a pitched battle the Varzea (where the Avenida João Pessoa is today) between anarchists and brigadianos in January 1917. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp www.anarkismo.net/article/7828?userlanguage=de&save_prefs=true anarchalibrary.blogspot.com/2013/08/espertirina-martins-2013.html dancasdasideias.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/irmas-martins-beleza-rebelde-em-quatro.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalma_Fettermann militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11735]

1946 - Kuwasi Balagoon (born Donald Weems; d. 1986), US Black Panther, a member of the Black Liberation Army, a New Afrikan anarchist and prison writer, born. He was a defendant in the Panther 21 case in the late sixties and was involved in the 1981 Brinks robbery, for which he was convicted of murber and other charges and sentenced to life.

1947 - Otto Weidt (b. 1883), German anarchist and pacifist, who ran a workshop in Berlin for the blind and deaf and fought to protect his Jewish workers against deportation during the Holocaust, dies. [see: May 2]

1951 - Georges Gustave Gillet (b. 1876), French militant syndicalist, anarchist propagandist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1997 - __Zapatista Uprising__: Paramilitaries associated with the ruling PRI party massacre 45 peasants, the majority of whom are children and women belonging to the civil group 'Las Abejas', refugees in Acteal, Chiapas. The government uses this event to occupy and suppress the population with over 70,000 troops and expels humanitarian observers stationed in the area. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2000 - Ian Heavens (b. 1957), Scottish anarchist and co-founder of the punk/samba band Bloco Vomit, dies.

2003 - Bernard Voyenne (b. 1920), French anarcho-syndicalist activist, federalist, Résistance fighter, journalist, professor and writer on Proudhon, dies. [see: Aug. 12] || For anarchists: "Le devoir de s'opposer, même violemment, à la dictature révolutionnaire qui constitue toujours une régression conservatrice." ["The duty is to oppose, even violently, revolutionary dictatorship which is always a conservative regression."] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Fabbri www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2rbpdf www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2312.html www.libcom.org/history/articles/1877-1935-luigi-fabbri/]
 * = 23 || [A] 1877 - Luigi Fabbri (d. 1935), Italian writer, professor and theorist of the Italian anarchist movement, born.

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: The trail postponed on October 24 in the wake of the intimidation of the jury and the attack on the Théâtre Bellecour's L'Assommoir restaurant in Lyon reached its conclusion in the court of assize in Puy-de-Dôme, with nine defendants receiving between one and five years in prison. [www.bn-r.fr/presse/pdf/PRA_JRX/PDF/1882/PRA_JRX_18821217_003.pdf raforum.info/dissertations/IMG/pdf/Annexes_de_GERMAIN-_Le_mouvement_anarchiste_en_Sao_ne-et-Loire_-_GERMAIN_Emmanuel-Marie.pdf rebellyon.info/Declaration-des-66-Anarchistes-au www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1883-Le-premier-proces-spectacle]

1886* - Salvador Segui Rubinat, aka 'El Noi del Sucre' (The Sugar Boy)(d. 1923), anarcho-syndicalist in the Catalonian CNT, born. He was assassinated in 1923 along with another trade unionist, Francesc Comes, the murders financed by the governor of Catalonia. [expand] [*NB: some sources give his d.o.b. as Sep. 23, 1887] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Salvador_Segui www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2309.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Seguí_i_Rubinat fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Seguí www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=segui-i-rubinat-salvador www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/memoria/salvador-segui-i-rubinat-el-noi-del-sucre]

1896 - Isabel Vilà i Pujo (d. 1843), Catalan nurse, syndicalist, member of the International and rationalist educator, who is considered to have been a pioneer of syndicalism in Catalonia, dies. [see: Aug. 3]

1898 - Claudia 'Cordiet' Gacon (b. 1877), French anarchist militant, who condemned propaganda by deed (political assassination) because it would harm the libertarian movement, dies. She was the partner of Lucien Weil aka 'Dhorr' who worked with Sébastien Faure. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1886]

1902 - René Maurice Frémont (d. 1940), French anarcho-communist and syndicalist, born.

1906 - [N.S. Jan. 5 1907] Peter Arshinov and several comrades blow up a police station in the workers’ district of Amur, near Ekaterinoslav. The explosion kills three Cossack officers, as well as police officers and guards of the punitive detachment. Due to the painstaking preparation of this act, neither Arshinov nor his comrades are discovered by the police.

1908 - Fortunato Serantoni (b. 1856), Italian internationalist and anarchist militant propagandist, dies. Founded '//La Questione Social//' in Buenos Aires. [epheman.perso.neuf.fr/decembre23.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunato_Serantoni]

1938 - Franco's fascist forces launch an offensive in Catalonia.

1943 - Dario Cagno (b. 1899), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, is executed for his involvement in the killing of Domenico Giardina. [see: Aug. 11]

[B] 1952 - Vasily Eroshenko (b. 1890), a blind Russian anarchist, novelist, translator and an important activist in the Esperanto Movement, dies. [see: Jan. 12]

2013 - Having served 21 months, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Maria Alyokhina are released after the State Duma approved an amnesty. [see: Aug. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Толоконникова,_Надежда_Андреевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alyokhina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Алёхина,_Мария_Владимировна] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2412.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1865 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_de_resistencia_(societarismo)]
 * = 24 || [F] 1865 - A Workers Congress is held at the Saló Universal in Barcelona [Dec. 24-26] during the respite produced by the relative atmosphere of tolerance during the government of General Domingo Dulce y Garay between 1864-66 when workers' organisations were allowed to operate openly. Originally an idea of the editors of the newspaper '//El Obrero//' and its director Antoni Gusart i Vila, "to promote the cooperative movement, that implanted in England a few years ago, has spread with fast flight by all the European nations". The first such congress to be held in Spain, though it was effectively limited to Catalan organisations with about 300 delegates, representing 22 Catalan workers' societies in addition to 'sociedades de resistencia', cooperatives and mutual aid associations participating. The key decisions to come out of the events were the formation of federations of workers 'societies (federación de sociedades obreras) and workers' centers (centros obreros), and the addressing of a petition to the Government to recognise freedom of association.

1869 - Members of the Associació Internacional del Treballadors in Madrid sign the '//Manifest dels treballadors internacionals de la Secció de Madrid als treballadors d'Espanya//' (Manifesto of the international workers' of the Madrid section of Spanish workers) [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2412.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html]

1886 - Vlastimil Borek (d. 1952), Czech journalist, translator and politician, born. Anarcho-communist, anti-miliatrist and anti-clerical activist pre-WWI, and was imprisoned for these activities 1910-12. Interned from 1914-17. Member of the Česká Strana Národně Sociální (Czech National Social Party; ČSNS 1918-23 and editor of '//Českého Slova//' (Czech Words). Expelled from the ČSNS along with fellow Vrbenský group and joined Independent Socialist Workers Party (Neodvislá Socialistickou Stranu, or NZS) in 1923, later joining KSČ (initially non-Bolshevik Komunistické Strany Československa) in 1925, he worked in the editorial offices of '//Rudé Právo//' (Red Truth). Went on to become a Communist politician and functionary. [www.cojeco.cz/index.php?s_term=&s_lang=2&detail=1&id_desc=11063 www.obecprekladatelu.cz/_ftp/DUP/B/BorekVlastimil.htm wiki.csaf.cz/encyklopedie:anarchiste_a_byvali_anarchiste_v_politickem_systemu_prvnich_let_prvni_republiky]

1894 - Andrés Capdevila i Puig (d. 1987), alternate birth date. [see: Dec. 25] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article672]

1914 - Léon Bonneff (b. 1882), French proletarian writer, autodidact and anarchist fellow-traveller, dies as the result of injuries he received on December 13 during fighting in Lorraine. [see: Sep. 20]

1915 - Serafín Aliaga (d. 1990), Spanish anarchist, head of AJA (Alianza Juvenil Antifascista) and delegate to the founding congress of Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), born.

1919 - The Federación Obrera Local de Santiago organises a meeting [Dec. 24-27] during which the Chilean section of the Industrial Workers of the World is constituted. [naturalezaydialectica.wordpress.com/2015/10/20/la-iww-en-chile-un-sindicato-y-una-leyenda-1919-1951/ iww.org/history/library/misc/FNBrill1999 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile]

1921 - Teresa Wilms Montt (María Teresa de las Mercedes Wilms Montt; September 8 1893 - December 24 1921), Chilean writer, poet, and anarcha-feminist, who in her short life was locked in a convent by her family, escaping with the help of the anarchis-sympathiser Vicente Huidobro, and was deported from New York to Spain, accused of being a German spy, depressed at her separation from her children, commits suicide with an overdose of Veronal at the Hotel Laenaec in Paris. [see: Sep. 8]

[E] 1923 - Germaine Berton, the young individualist is acquitted for her attempt to kill Leon Daudet (father of the anarchist Philippe Daudet), the extreme rightwing propagandist for l'Action Française.

1927 - In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two and wounding 23 American and Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni and the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action. [REWRITE]

1936 - Zelmira Peroni or Zelmira Binazzi (Carlotta Germina Peroni; b. 1865), Italian designer and anarchist propagandist, dies. [see: Jul. 19]

1938 - Bruno Taut (Bruno Julius Florian Taut; b. 1880) German architect, urban planner and author of the Weimar period, dies. He was also a social reformer, anarchist and anti-militarist, whose ideas, including his architectural work, were influenced by the ideas of Kropotkin and Landauer, especially the latter's '//Die Auflösung der Städt//' (Call to Socialism; 1911). [see: May 4]

1946 - Karl Max Kreuger (d. 1999), Dutch anarchist activist and founding member of the Vrije Bond (Free Union) after it split with the OVB (independent union), born.

[B] 1949 - Néstor Osvaldo Perlongher (d. 1992), Argentinian sociologist, anthropologist, poet, writer, militant Queer activist and theorist, and anarchist, born. As a student, he was a member of the trotskyist Partit Obrer and a delegate to the Student Assembly responsible for self defence during his university's Faculty of Philosophy and Letters student demonstrations. He later particpated in various anarchist and May 68-influenced autonomist groups. In 1971, he was one of the founders of the Frentre de Liberación Homosexual Argentino (FLHA), the first gay political organization in Latin America, and the libertarian Eros group. He also edited the FLHA magazine '//Somos//' and Eros' publication '//Sexo y Revolución//'. In 1976, he was arrested during the Argentine dictatorship's suppression of the FLHA. He graduated in sociology in 1982, later moving to São Paulo, where he received a doctorate in urban anthropology at the University of Campinas, and there became Professor of Anthropology in 1985. He 26 November 1992 he died of AIDS in São Paulo on November 26, 1992. Perlongher's poetry was integral to his political activity, and was quoted as saying that "poetry emerged in the late '70s because of the way in which the military dictatorship of the time closed down other spheres of political debate and cultural intervention in politics. Poetry was one of the few areas of oppositional discourse that survived," becoming a key avenue in which to express individual opinion at the time. He published six volumes of his poetry in his lifetime: '//Austria-Hungría//' (1980); '//Alambres//' (Wires; 1987), which won the Boris Vian Prize for Literature in Argentina; '//Hule//' (Rubber; 1989), 'Parque Lezama' (Lezama Park; 1990); 'Aguas Aéreas' (Air Water; 1990); and '//Chorreo de las Iluminaciones//' (Drips from the Illuminations; 1992), in which he created his own literary style "neobarroso", which he claimed merged the neo-Baroque with the language of the slums of the Rio de la Plata. The 'message' of this neobarroso poetry was rendered opaque by the use of 'hidden meanings' - cultural allusions and plays-on-words - which meant that the poems did not reveal their true meanings at first reading - they had to be 'decoded'. This makes translation of his poetry into other languages difficult. His other books included: '//O Que é AIDS?//' (What is AIDS?; 1987); '//El Fantasma del SIDA//' (The Phantom of AIDS; 1988); '//Territórios Marginais//' (Marginal Territories; 1989); '//Poesía Neobarroca Cubana y Rioplatense//' (Neobarroca Poetry Cuban and River Plate; 1991); '//La Prostitución Masculina//' (Male Prostitution; 1993); and '//Prosa Plebeya//' (Plebeian Prose; 1997). Perlongher also contributed to publications such as '//El Porteño//' (Of Buenos Aires), '//Alfonsina//', '//Último Reino//' (Last Kingdom), '//Cerdos & Peces//' (Pigs & Fishes), '//Fin de Siglo//' (End of Century), '//Folha de São Paulo//' (São Paulo Sheet), '//Parque//' (Garden), '//Utopía//', '//Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia//' (Brazilian Archives of Psychology), '//Chimères//' (Chimeras), '//Xul//', '//Sociétes//', and the '//Diario de Poesía//' (Poetry Diary). [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Néstor_Perlongher www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2611 www.literatura.org/Perlongher/ www.islaternura.com/APLAYA/NoEresElUnico/P/PE/Perlongher/PerlongherUNICO.htm www.bn.gov.ar/abanico/A20503/Perlongher.htm calquezine.blogspot.co.uk/2008/01/nstor-perlongher-how-can-we-be-so.html www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/29/argentina-poetry el-delengua.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/el-neobarroco-rioplatense-o-neobarroso.html]

1950 - Zaragozan anarchist guerrilleros Simón Gracia Fleringán aka 'Miguel Montllor' & 'Aniceto Borrel' (b. 1923) and Placido Ortiz Gratal aka 'Vicente Llop' & 'Vicente Lobo' (b. 1921), the two members of the 'Los Maños' group arrested on January 9, 1950, are executed by firing squad. [see: Jun. 27 & Oct. 3]

1975 - Nicolas Lazarevitch (b. 1895), militant Russian anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

[A] 2001 - Horst Fantazzini aka 'The Kind Bandit' (b. 1939), who conducted non-violent bank robberies across northern Italy during the 1960s and '70s and was involved in an infamous prison escape attempt (subsequently made into a film), dies in prison in Bologna. || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Córdoba es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/cuando-el-obrerismo-espanol-se-declaro.html www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf andalucia.cnt.es/content/centenario-cnt-el-congreso-de-córdoba-de-1872]
 * = 25 || 1872 - __Congreso de Córdoba__: III Congreso de la Federación Regional Española de la Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores is held in the Teatro Moratín from December 25, 1872 to January 3, 1873. It involved 50 delegates representing 42 local Federations and 10 trade unions - at that time the FRE had 29,000 members. During the congress the FRE adopts an expressly anarchist structure and organisational position of the Internationale Anti-Autoritaire de Saint Imier.

1884 - Los Desheredados (The Disinherited), a dissident group from within the Associació Internacional dels Treballadors de la Regió Espanyola, organise its III Congrés Revolucionari [Dec. 25-28] in Cadiz. Attended by representatives of 34 organisations (24 in Andalusia), the delegates declared: "...the emancipation of the proletariat can not achieve peaceful..." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Desheredados puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/6079-iii-congreso-revolucionario-de-qlos-desheredados-en-cadiz.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html]

1889 - Octavius Albert Garnier (d. 1912), French individualist anarchist and illegalist, member of the Bonnot gang, born.

1889 - (Jean Valérien) Maurice Mac-Nab (b. 1856), French poet, songwriter, performer and postal worker, dies. Famed for his ironic songs of working-class life performed at the Club des Hydropathes, at the the literary club Café de l'Avenir, in the Latin Quarter, and at Le Chat Noir in Montmartre. Many of his songs, such as '//L'Expulsion//' and '//Le Grand Métingue du Métropolitain//', were explicitly anarchist in sentiment and were popularly sung at demonstrations. [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1889 - Wilhelm (Willi) Jelinek (d. 1952), militant German anarchist-syndicalist, born. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jelinek www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html libcom.org/history/jelinek-wilhelm-willi-1889-1952]

1894 - Andreu Capdevila i Puig (d. 1987), Catalan dye worker, militant in the CNT, the Spanish Revolution and in France, where he wrote for most of the exile papers ('//Terra Lliure//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//Umbral//', etc.), born. Minister of Economy in the Generalitat de Catalunya and President of the Economic Council of Catalonia during the Republic. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/capdevila/capdevila.html opinioandreuenca.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/andreu-capdevila-i-puig-laltre.html]

1904 - [N.S. Jan. 7, 1905] Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist and member of the IWW, born in Russia. A friend of Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy and other noted anarchists, Esther Dolgoff was active in the anarchist movement since her teens, she met Sam, her life companion, in Cleveland in 1930 whilst he was on an IWW speaking tour. Together they founded Libertarian League in 1955 and were active in the Libertarian Book Club and the Industrial Workers of the World. A contributor to many anarchist movement publications, she was co-editor of the New York anarchist journal '//Views and Comments//' and translated important anarchist works into English, most notably Joseph Cohen's '//Di yidish-anarkhistishe bavegung in Amerike : historisher iberblik un perzenlekhe iberlebungen//' (The Jewish Anarchist Movement In The United States: A Historical Review And Personal Reminiscences; 1945). [socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp raforum.info/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=esther+dolgoff theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff flag.blackened.net/lpp/aboutlucy/ashbaugh_radical_wmn.html]

1911 - Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (d. 2010), French-American autobiographical artist, sculptor and feminist icon, born. Bourgeois' mother was a follower of the militant feminist anarchist Louise Michel in the late 1800s and named her daughter after Michel. [www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=winners&cs=399&language=eng www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1498412/louise-bourgeois-s-retroactive-politics-of-gender]

1922 - The clandestine founding conference in Berlin [Dec. 25, 1922 - Jan. 2, 1923 ] of the International Workers Association [AIT-Association Internationale des Travailleurs; AIT-Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores; IAA-Internationale ArbeiterInnen Assoziation; AIL-Associazione Internazionale dei Lavoratori; KTI-Kansainvälinen Työväen Liitto; IAA-Internationella Arbetar-Associationen], the international federation of anarcho-syndicalist labour unions - the direct descendent of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA) of First International. [expand] [libcom.org/history/international-workers-association wtruggle.ws/ws95/iwa44.html id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88254071.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_internationale_des_travailleurs_(anarcho-syndicaliste) es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_Internacional_de_los_Trabajadores www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_ArbeiterInnen-Assoziation it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_Internacional_de_los_Trabajadores www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/internationale-arbeiter-assoziation-iaa/6628-die-iaa-1922-bis-1937]

1922 - Celedonio García Casino aka 'Celes' or 'El Llarg' (d. 1949), Catalan anarchist and anti-Francoist guerrilla, born. After the Phalangist victory, the then seventeen-year-old Celedonio decided to participate in the anti-fascist guerilla movement, entering the ranks of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) in Gracia, Barcelona and as a member of the organisation's Comité Regional de Cataluña. On June 14, 1939, he and sixteen other activists were arrested. Tried on September 19, 1940 for "illegal association and propaganda and possession of illegal weapons", he was imprisoned in Barcelona's Modelo prison, where he was part of one of three groups formed by Manuel Aguilar Martínez, Secretary of the Comité Peninsular of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). His group whose head was Enrique Gómez Laborda included Manuel Graupera Rodilla, Ángel Bernal Lozano and Blas Fuster Carreter. These groups went on to become active in the clandestine struggle as they were progressively released. Paroled on 23 November 1945, Celedonio García Casino Celes immediately rejoined the FIJL in Gracia and then in Carmel, later joining José Lluis 'Face' Facérias' action group, often crossing the border between 1947 and 1949 on expropriation missions and attacks on Franco's forces. In March 1946, he attended the Congress of the FIJL in exile in Toulouse, recovered materials and returned to Spain on March 15. In September 1946, he was appointed Secretary of Defence of the Regional Committee of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias at a clandestine plenum. In 1947, he was a member of the short-lived Moviment Llibertari de Resistència (Libertarian Movement of Resistance; MLR – intended to be the military wing of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, it effectively folded when Liberto Sarrau Royes and Joaquina Dorado Pita were arrested in February 1948), he organised a bomb attack in May 1947 against the barracks of the Guardia Civil in Gracia, which the communists tried to claim it as their own. On July 6, he was appointed, with Manuel Ramos Fernández and Manuel Tomas Llaster as the FIJL Catalonia delegates to the national plenum to be held on July 15 and the plenary of the FAI to be held in Madrid three days later. In early November 1947, he crossed into Spain with José Lluís Facerias, Ramón González Sanmarti, Francisco Ballester Orovigt, Domingo Ibars Juanias and Juan Pedrero Cazorla aka 'Tom Mix'. With Facerias, he participated in the 1949 attempted kidnapping of the chief of police Eduardo Quintela Bóveda. Celedonio García Casino Celes was killed along with Enrique 'Quique' Martinez Marin near the French border on August 26, 1949. He was buried at the cemetery Espolla (Figueras) in the part reserved for non-believers. He left his companion, Remedies Falceto and a daughter, Olga. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/celes/celes.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2833 ita.anarchopedia.org/Celedonio_García_Casino lacntenelexilio.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/celedonio-garcia-casino.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2447-celedonio-garcia-casino-anarquista-y-guerrillero-antifranquista.html espolla.org/asso.cultural/maquis/maquis.html]

1936 - The Generalitat de Catalogne publishes a decree legalising abortion. Pushed for by the women's anarchist group Mujeres Libres and enacted because of the strong presence of the libertarians. Article 4 specifies abortions should not exceed three months pregnancy, except in the event of therapeutic need.

1948 - The Bulgarian Communist Party outlaws the anarchist founders of the FACB (Federation Bulgare Anarcho-Communist) and its newspaper '//Rabotnitche Skamisal//'.

1953 - The Anarchist Federation and the Libertarian Communist Federation founded by the FAF (French Anarchist Federation).

1955 - Aurèle Patorni (b. 1880), French anarchist, writer (plays, operettas, etc.), journalist, pacifist and néo-malthusien, dies of complications following surgery. [see: Jun. 26]

1958 - Baldo aka Baldomero Jose-Luis Ortas, Spanish-born French artist, musician and libertarian, born. Son of a bohemian anarchist artist. [baldomero.free.fr/ www.lescombustibles.net/art-et-expos/ chansonrebelle.com/les-chanteurs/tournee-generale.html crewchro.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/jose-louis-baldomero-ortas-aka-baldo.html]

1962 - Jean Souvenance (pseudonym of Serge Grégoire; b. 1903), French writer, libertarian, militant pacifist and free thinker, dies. [see: Oct. 6]

[B] 1972 - Staceyann Chin "poet, performer, and anarchist extraordinaire", LGBT rights political activist, born.

1983 - Joan Miró i Ferrà (b. 1893), Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramicist, dies. [see: Apr. 20] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10671 foed.over-blog.com/2014/12/le-1er-decembre-1925-mort-de-joseph-jean-marie-tortelier.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tortelier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2612.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre01.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/joseph-jean-marie-tortelier-campaign-poster-for-the-election-of-nov-16-1890-quartier-clignancou]
 * = 26 || 1854 - Joseph Jean-Marie Tortelier (d. 1925), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, born.

1861 - Mikhail Bakunin disembarks in Liverpool enroute to London, having travelled the long way around the globe (via Japan and across the Pacific, USA and Atlantic) escaping from exile in Siberia.

1861 - Paul Auguste Bernard (d. 1934), French bakery worker, metallurgist, anarchist and trade unionist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article395 www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html]

[EE] 1876 - Virginia Bolten aka 'the Louise Michel of Rosario' (d. ca. 1960), Argentinian shoemaker, sugar factory worker, labour organiser, anarchist and feminist orator and agitator, born in either the province of San Luis or in the city of San Juan [a third version has her born in Uruguay during a period of exile for her family]* the daughter of an German street vendor who opposed the militaristic German regime and had emigrated. Virginia's parents split up hen she and her sister and two brothers were still teenagers, and she eventually moved to Rosario. Known as the 'Barcelona of Argentina' because of the concentration of heavy industry, it was also a hotbed of radical political and industrial agitation. There she worked in a shoe factory and then in a massive sugar factory, the Refinería Argentina de Azúcar, which employed thousands of workers, many of them European immigrants and many of them women. She married Marquez, an organiser of a shoe workers' union. In 1888, Bolten became one of the editors (along with fellow anarchist Romulo Ovidi and Francisco Berri) of 'El Obrero Panadero de Rosario' (The Working Baker of Rosario), one of the first anarchist newspapers in Argentina. In 1889 she organised the seamstresses' demonstration and consequent strike in Rosario, probably the first strike by female workers in Argentina. In 1890, Bolten, Ovidi and Berri were the main organisers of the first May Day demonstration in the city - Domingo Lodi, Juan Ibaldi, Rafael Torrent, Teresa Marchisio and Maria Calvia were also involved. The day before (April 30, 1890), she was detained and interrogated, by local police forces, for distributing leaflets outside the major factories of the area. Not to be deterred she was at the head of a march of thousands of workers which proceeded to the main square of Montevideo, the Plaza Lopez, on the First of May. She carried a large red flag with black lettering proclaiming: "Primero de Mayo - Fraternidad Universal" (First Of May - Universal Brotherhood). At the Plaza Lopez her fiery speech entranced the crowd. She is credited as being the first woman in Argentina to address a workers rally (it should be borne in mind that she was twenty years old at the time). She was instrumental in publishing '//La Voz de la Mujer//' (Woman’s Voice, 1896-1897), '//Periódico comunista - anárquico//', whose motto was "Ni Dios, ni patrón ni marido" (Neither god nor master nor husband), which was published nine times in Rosario between January 8, 1896 and January 1, 1897, and was revived, briefly, in 1901. [expand] [* Recent research ahs thrown doubt upon some of the details of her early life, possibly including the events around May Day 1890.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten libcom.org/history/bolten-virginia-1870-1960-aka-“la-luisa-michel-rosarino”-louise-michel-rosario www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer libcom.org/files/2633723.pdf]

[BB] 1891 - Henry Valentine Miller (d. 1980), American writer, banned novelist, memoirist, critic, painter, individualist anarchist and champion of free speech, born. Miller's grandfather, Valentin Nieting, who regularly looked after him was an anarchist sympathiser whose anti-war ideals was a significant initial catalyst in his politics. However, Miller claimed that his attending of a 1912 lecture by Emma Goldman and later personally meeting her in 1913 was "a turning point in my life". At the lecture he purchased books there Nietzsche and Max Stirner and would come to embrace an individualist anarchism. However, he also began to read Kropotkin, Bakunin and other anarchist classics which would eventually temper his individualist outlook. Kropotkin's mutualism would become especially important in moderating Miller's individualist outlook. His is best known for the novels '//Tropic of Cancer//' (1934), '//Black Spring//' (1936), '//Tropic of Capricorn//' (1939) and '//The Rosy Crucifixion//' trilogy: '//Sexus//' (1949), '//Plexus//' (1953) and '//Nexus//' (1960) - all of which clearly display strong elements of his anarchist individualism, one tempered by his desire for community and compassion. The early books, '//Tropic of Cancer//' and '//Black Spring//', together with his resolutely anti-communist/pro-anarchist '//An Open Letter to Surrealists Everywhere//' (1938), was a primary influence in turning the English Surrealists, which included Herbert Read and David Gascoyne and fellow travellers like Alex Comfort, away from Surrealism's André Breton-inspired communist orthodoxy towards an anti-authoritarian politics. This influence, via the literary community that had sprung up around Miller at the Villa Seurat in Paris (and which included Anais Nin and Lawrence George Durrell), would also affect the likes of Robert Duncan and George Woodcock? "I have no money, no resources, no hopes. I am the happiest man alive. A year ago, six months ago, I thought that I was an artist. I no longer think about it, I am. Everything that was literature has fallen from me. There are no more books to be written, thank God. This then? This is not a book. This is libel, slander, and defamation of character. This is not a book, in the ordinary sense of the word. No, this is a prolonged insult, a gob of spit in the face of Art, a kick in the pants of God, Man, Destiny, Time, Love, Beauty." - '//Tropic of Cancer//' (1934) pp. 1-2. "There are barely a half-dozen names in the history of America which have meaning for me. Thoreau's is one of them ... that rarest thing on earth: an individual. He is nearer to being an anarchist than democrat, socialist or communist. However he was not interested in politics; he was the sort of person who, if there were more of his kind, would soon cause governments to become non-existent. This to my mind is the highest type of man a community can produce. And that is why I have an unbounded respect and admiration for Thoreau." - Letter to Herbert Read (1936) [www.henrymiller.org/ www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-237602352/anarchist-transformations-english-surrealism.html reghartt.ca/cineforum/?p=1430 cosmotc.blogspot.co.uk/ www.expat-chronicles.com/2012/07/henry-miller-tropic-cancer-review/ biblioklept.org/2010/11/16/henry-miller-on-surrealism-lewis-carroll-and-dada/]

1891 - Stefan Szwedowski aka 'Wojciech', 'Szwed', 'Błażej', 'Cezary', 'Sosiński', 'Stolarski' and a host of other pseudoynms/nom de guerre (d. 1973), Polish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. During the 1905 revolution in Poland he participated in a school strike and was active in a youth independence movement, leading to his being interrogated by Tsarist secret police, the Ochrana. First time arrested in 1913 in connection with its activity in the Galician independence movement, he was deported to Russia where he spent 2 years in prison. Thanks to the intercession of Polish deputies in the Duma, he was released in 1915 and returned illegally to Warsaw where he joined ‘Warsaw Battalion’ of the Polish Legions. Seroisly injured in the battle of Optowąz, he was invalided out of the army and in 1917 he returned to Warsaw. At the end of WWII he belonged to the leadership of the clandestine Polish Youth Association, Zet. In 1919, he finished his studies at the Warsaw University's law faculty. In 1922 he was one of the organisers of Związek Obrony Kresow Zachodnich (Western Frontier Defence Association) and Związek Rad Ludowych (People’s Councils Union). From 1931 onwards he was involved in the Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) and from 1935-39 was a member of the organisation's Central Department of Vocational Training. In October 1939 one of the founders of the underground Zwiazek Syndykalistow Polski (ZSP: Union of Polish Syndicalists). At the outbreak of WWII, he founded the clandestine Koło Związku Patriotycznego (Patriotic Union Circle, later known as the Związek "Wolność i Lud" ("Freedom and People" Association). In 1943 he became the central secretary of the ZSP, and was co-founder and the ZSP delegate on the Council for Aid to Jews (Radzie Pomocy Żydom "Żegota"). From February 1944 vice-chair of the Centralizacja Stronnictw Demokratycznych, Socjalistycznych i Syndykalistycznych (Centralisation of Democratic, Socialists and Syndicalist Groups). During the Warsaw Uprising he fought in the Old Town area as a member of the 104 Kompanii Syndykalistów (104 Company of Syndicalists). In Śródmieście he was co-initiator of Syndykalistyczne Porozumienie Powstańcze (Syndicalist Uprising Agreement – a syndicalist and anarcho-syndicalist coalition). After WWII together with anarchists and co-operative activists worked in Spoldzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy 'Słowo' ('Word' Cooperative Publishers Institute) and other cooperatives. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów www.muzeum-ak.pl/biogramy/formatka.php?idwyb=272 pl.unionpedia.org/i/Stefan_Szwedowski 161crew.bzzz.net/edward-czemier-brygada-syndykalistyczna-relacja-dowodcy/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Stefan_Szwedowski]

[B] 1899 - Georges Charensol (d. 1995), French journalist, arts, literary and film critic, film extra and individualist anarchist, born. Worked on fellow anarchist individualist Florent Fels' journal '//L'Art Vivant//' and befriended many writers and artists including Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Marc Chagall and especially Rene Clair, working as an extra in '//Entr'acte//'. Foreseeing the revolution, he went to Spain in 1930 a correspondent for '//Vu//' and '//Le Soir//' He later became literary editor of the individualist anarchist paper '//L'Intransigeant//'. [www.humanite.fr/node/201586 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charensol]

1986 - Bruno Salvadori, aka Antoine or Antonio Gimenez (b. 1910), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, dies. [see: Dec. 14]

1992 - María Bruguera Pérez (b. 1915), Spanish member of Mujeres Libres, anarchist, anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 6]

2010 - Ramón Cambra aka 'Mona' (b. 1917), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, printer and poet, dies. [see: Mar. 28] || Arrested and imprisoned for a time for socialist agitation during the revolutionary upheavals in France in 1848, he was released but rearrested in 1851, and sentenced to two years of prison (plus a fine of 2000 francs) for his collection of poems '//Les Lazaréennes, Fables et Poésies Sociales//'. He fled to Jersey, by way of Brussels and London, around the time of the December 2, 1851 coup d'état, publishing '//La Question Révolutionnaire//' (1854), an exposition of anarchism. Moving the the States in 1854, he he wrote his famous anarchist utopia '//L'Humanisphère, Utopie Anarchique//', but failed to find a publisher. However he serialised his book in his periodical '//Le Libertaire: Journal du Mouvement Social//'. Published in 27 issues from June 9, 1858 to February 4, 1861, '//Le Libertaire//' was the first anarcho-communist journal published in America and the first to use the term "libertarian". [joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/the-scandalous-joseph-dejacque.html]
 * = 27 || [B] 1821 - Joseph Déjacque (d. 1864), early French anarcho-communist poet and writer, born. The first recorded person to employ the term libertarian (libertaire) for himself in a political sense, in a letter written in May 1857 criticizing Pierre-Joseph Proudhon for his sexist views on women, his support of individual ownership of the product of labour, and of a market economy, saying: "it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature."

1912 - Conroy Maddox (d. 2005), English Surrealist painter, collagist, writer, lecturer and anarchist sympathiser, born. He discovered Surrealism in 1935 and dived into the mileau head first, visiting the International Surrealist Exhibition in London in 1936, spending the summer of 1937 in Paris, where he took art classes, and getting involved in the British surrealsi scene. Passionately anti-war and anti-clericial, both views he gained from his father, he escaped military duties during WWII through his 'reserved' occupation as a draughtsman of aircraft parts for a Birmingham design firm. At the height of the war, several of his collages were seized by the special branch during a raid on the home of Simon Watson Taylor (they were looking for John Olday), on suspicion of being coded messages to the enemy or anarchist propaganda. Whilst not politically active, he did contribute to the various London and Birmingham Surrealist groups' interventions (e.g. support for Cohn-Bendit in 1968) and contibuted alongside George Melly to issue number 3 of '//The Raven//' anarchist quarterly. When he died he had been the last surviving Surrealist painter from the original pre-war British avant-garde. [www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/94891 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conroy_Maddox www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jan/19/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/conroy-maddox-486675.html www.antiqbook.co.uk/boox/bkf/41386.shtml sounds.bl.uk/related-content/TRANSCRIPTS/021T-C0466X0066XX-ZZZZA0.pdf www.whitfordfineart.com/artist/biography/566/conroy_maddox www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=94891&back= www.solearabiantree.net/reedinglessons/tags/History vimeo.com/20096069]

[F] 1919 - On the initiative of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of the Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland (Free Union of German Workers), is held in Berlin, from the 27th-30th. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Arbeiter-Union_Deutschlands en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Workers'_Union_of_Germany www.anarchismus.de/wirtschaft/faud.htm]

[E] 1925 - Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; b. 1857), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, dies. Her funeral procession was attacked by fascists enroute to the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan. [see: Jan. 9]

1936 - The Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile is founded by the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT, anarcosindicalista), the communist Federación Obrera de Chile and the socialist Confederación Nacional de Sindicatos (CNS socialista) during the unification congress held from December 25 to 27 in Santiago. The Congreso de Unidad Sindical had been called by the Frente de Unidad Sindical, which the organisations had formed in the wake of the violent repression perpetrated by the Arturo Alessandri government against the 1934 national railway strike. At that same event, it was decided to support the formation of an anti-fascist Frente Popular (Popular Front). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_de_Trabajadores_de_Chile cgt-chile.cl/ www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3392.html www.archivochile.com/Mov_sociales/CUT/MScut0001.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Popular_(Chile)]

1941 - Clara Lida (Clara Eugenia Lida), Argentinan writer, professor and historian of the anarchist and social movement in the 19th century, and Spanish emigration and Republican exile, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2712.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lida es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lida www.uca.es/es/nuestra-universidad/honoris-causa/clara-eugenia-lida]

1958 - Following a meeting of the Federación Libertaria Argentina, three old friends and comrades of international anarchism, the Germnan Augustin Souchy (1892-1984), the Italian Luce Fabbri (1908-2000) and the Spaniard Diego Abad de Santillán (1897-1983), meet to exchange memories of the Spanish Revolution and their clandestine activities during the repression that followed it. [photo] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2712.html]

1992 - Kay Boyle (b. 1902), American writer, novelist, poet, educator, political activist and anarchist fellow traveller, dies. [see: Feb. 19]

1999 - Pierre Clémenti (b. 1942), French actor, director and libertarian, dies. [see: Sep. 28]

2003 - Manuel Millán Calvo (b. 1925), Aragonese libertarian anti-Francoist guerrilla member of the Agrupación Guerrillera de Levante (AGL), dies. [see: Sep. 11] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кулишёва,_Анна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Kuliscioff www.fondazioneannakuliscioff.it/anna_kuliscioff/chi_e/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kuliscioff-anna cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/annakuli.htm www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-kuliscioff/ silkandmettle.com/sito_g000024.pdf]
 * = 28 || 1856 - [N.S. Jan. 9, 1857] Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; d. 1925), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, born.

[A] 1863 - In Russia, 'nihilists' assassinate Georgy Sudeykin, Chief of the Okhrana (political police) in revenge for a series on mass arrests.

1884 - Maurice Bonneff (d. 1914), French proletarian writer, autodidact and anarchist fellow-traveller, born. He and his brother Léon met the old Communard Gustave Lefrançais and the libertarian novelist Lucien Descaves shortly after their family moved to Paris in 1900. They quickly resolved to write, both together and individually, about the conditions in which the Parisian working class lived. He wrote '//Didier, homme du peuple//' (Didier, man of the people; 1914); together with the studies jointly authored with Léon: '//Les Métiers qui tuent, enquête auprès des syndicats ouvriers sur les maladies professionnelles//' (The trades that kill, survey for labor unions on occupational diseases; 1906); '//La Vie Tragique des Travailleurs: enquêtes sur la condition économique et morale des ouvriers et ouvrières d'industrie//' (The tragic life of workers: investigations into the economic condition and morale of workers and industrial workers; 1908); '//La Classe Ouvrière: les Boulangers, les Employés de Magasin, les Terrassiers, les Travailleurs du Restaurant, les Cheminots, les Pêcheurs Bretons, les Postiers, les Compagnons du Bâtiment, les Blessés//' (The working class: bakers, store employees, navvies, restaurant workers, railway workers, Breton fishermen, postal workers, building workers, the injured; 1910); '//Marchands de Folie: Cabaret des Halles et des Faubourgs - Cabaret-Tâcheron - Cabaret-Cantinier - Cabaret-Placeur - Cabaret de Luxe - L'Estaminet des Mineurs - Au pays du "Petit Sou" : sur les quais de Rouen - Au pays de l'Absinthe - De l'Infirmerie spéciale du Dépôt à la Maison de fous//' ( Merchants of Madness; 1913). - which describes the employees in pubs, cabarets, on the banks of Rouen, the effects of absinthe (which will be banned in 1917) on the workers. [andrebourgeois.fr/ecrivains_morts_a_la_guerre_OEUVRES.htm www.sud-travail-affaires-sociales.org/spip.php?article302 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frères_Bonneff]

1899 - [O.S. Dec. 16] Tatiana Nikolayevna Lapshina (Татьяна Николаевна Ланшина; d. 1938), Polish anarchist, whose OGPU / NKVD files show that she was "of the nobility" and had attended "higher education", born in Lodz. She joined the Moscow anarchist underground in 1929 and was arrested later that year on November 5 for "belonging to the anarchist underground circles" [whilst being "unemployed"], she was sentenced on December 23, 1929, to 3 years political isolation, served in Verkhneuralsk. Paroled on August 18, 1931, she was then exiled to Kazakhstan for 3 years. In November 1934, she was arrested by the Crimean OGPU in Simferopol [still "unemployed"] and charged under Art. 58-10, 11 RSFSR Criminal Code: membership of an anarchist group preparing the overthrow of the Soviet regime. On May 9, 1935, she was condemned by a NKVD court to 3 years in a labour camp. Arrested for a fourth time on September 26, 1937, and held in Minusinsk prison. Charged with counter-revolutionary activities, she was sentenced to death on April 11, 1938, by a NKVD tribual and shot on May 4, 1938 in Minusinsk. Her father was convicted of counter-revolutionary activities in 1927, and her husband S.S. Tuzhilkin (C.C. Тужилкин) was convicted of counter-revolutionary activity on three occasions. [s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1077-anarchist-chronograph-december-part-2.html lib.sale/istoricheskaya-literatura-uchebnik/pozina-zinaida-lazarevna-1896-posle-59564.html lists.memo.ru/d19/f403.htm]

1903 - Celestino Alvarado Quirós (d. 1936), Andalusian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicat del Metall of the CNT, member of the Germinal group of the FAI and Freemason, born. He was arrested during the strike of May 1932 and, in April 1935, he was also arrested in a group of students and accused of "stealing weapons". On 18 August 1936, he and his brother Narciso José were betrayed to the Falangists whilst attempting to escape from the port of Puntales by ship. They were arrested and taken to the Casino Gadità, headquarters of the fascists. The following day his corpse is seen in a mass grave on the beach and probably ended up being buried in a mass grave in the cemetery of San Jose. His brother and fellow anarcho-syndicalist Narciso José Alvarado Quirós was imprisoned in the Cárcel Real in Cádiz and later in Miraflores prison. Twenty days after his arrest, he disappeared and was never heard of again. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2410-celestino-alvarado-quiros-anarquista-de-cadiz.html www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/v/20120214/cadiz/padre-hecho-justicia-pero-20120214.html www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?article766]

1907 - Mécislas Golberg (or Goldberg) (b. 1869), Polish anarchist thinker and prolific writer (in French), dies of TB. [see: Oct. 21]

1910 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The Praxedis Guerrero group takes the town of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.

1912 - The Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru) holds its third Assembly and draws up a list of demands to accompany that of the eight-hour day adopted early that month on December 15.

1916 - Founding congress in Oslo of the anarcho-syndicalist Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (Norwegian Syndicalist League), the Norwegian section of the AIT. Many of its early members were Swedes forced to move to Noway after being blacklisted in the wake of the 1909 Storstrejken or Great Strike. [see: Oct. 29] [no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Føderasjon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund www.iwa-ait.org/content/100th-anniversary-norwegian-syndicalist-federation-1916-2016 www.nsf-iaa.org/readpost.php?post=1481832205.txt radikalportal.no/2016/12/28/norsk-syndikalistisk-federation-100-ar/ www.fagerhus.no/a_Norge/]

1917 - [N.S. Jan. 10, 1918] Olga Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Ольга Спиридоновна Любатович) aka 'Shaeek' (Акула), Olga Doroshenko (Ольга Дорошенко), (Maria Svyatskaya) Мария Святская (b. 1853), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, narodnitsa and member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), dies. [see: Jun. 30]

1920 - The U.S. resume the deportation of communists, suspected communists and other radicals suspended during WWI.

1920 - Pepita Estruch (d. 2011), Spanish militant anarcho-feminist fought in the French WWII anti-Nazi resistance, participant in the reformed Comité de Mujeres Libres in París in the '60s, born.

1931 - Guy Debord (d. 1994), French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International and founding member of the Situationist International, born.

1945 - Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (b. 1871), American novelist, poet and journalist of the naturalist school, dies. [see: Aug. 27]

1945 - Daniel Reeves Carter, American free jazz saxophone, flute, clarinet and trumpet player and anarchist, born. Best known for his work alongside bassist William Parker and pianist Matthew Shipp, but has played with a plethora of other musicians including Sun Ra, Billy Bang, Medeski Martin & Wood, Sam Rivers, Sunny Murray, Hamiet Bluiett, Cecil Taylor, Gunther Hampel, Sam Rivers, Sunny Murray, Hamiet Bluiett, David S. Ware, Butch Morris, Other Dimensions In Music, The Celestrial Communication Orchestra, Talibam!, the Merce Cunningham dancers, string trios, punk bands and many others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carter_(musician) thewire.co.uk/in-writing/interviews/daniel-carter-unedited www.577records.com/artists/danielcarter/interview.html www.aumfidelity.com/carter.html thewire.co.uk/in-writing/interviews/daniel-carter-unedited www.uncool.ch/SPONSOR2001/Parker.html]

[B] 2008 - Adrian Mitchell (b. 1932), English poet, novelist, playwright, librettist, anti-authoritarian social-anarchist and anti-war activist, dies. [see: Oct. 24] "My brain socialist My heart anarchist  My eyes pacifist  My blood revolutionary"

- '//Loose Leaf Poem//' [in '//Ride the Nightmare//' (1971)] || [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]
 * = 29 || 1846 - Maurice Rollinat (d. 1903), French poet, //habitué// of Le Chat Noir and member of Les Hydropathes, born. Although not an an anarchist, he did associate with anarchists, especially at Le Chat Noir and his poems appeared in '//La Revue Anarchiste//'.

1855 - The 'Exposición presentada por la clase obrera a las Cortes Constituyentes' (Exposition presented by the working class to the Constituent Cortes), written by the prominent Catalan libertarian socialist Francesc Pi i Margall and now with 33,000 worker's signatures attached is handed to a parliamentary commission chaired by Pascual Madoz in a ceremony attended by two representatives of the workers from Catalonia, one from Malaga and one from Madrid, together with the director of the newspaper 'El Eco de la Clase Obrera', who had launched the initiative. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.be/2007/12/exposicion-de-la-clase-obrera-las.html]

1872 - Camille Mauclair (pseudonym of Séverin Faust; d. 1945), French Symbolist poet, novelist, biographer, travel writer, art critic and anarchist, born. Prolific author and critic of the avant-guard arts, whose work appeared in numerous mainstream and anarchist publications including: '//L'En Dehors//', '//La Revue Blanche//', '//Le Mercure de France//', '//Les Essais d'Art Libre//', '//Les Entretiens Politiques et Littéraires//', '//La Société Nouvelle//', '//L'Aurore//', '//La Dépêche de Toulouse//', etc. He was also an anti-Semite and anti-Dreyfusard, becoming a nationalist during the thirties and an active supporter of the Vichy government. His best known work is '//Le Soleil des Mort//' (1898), a //roman à clef// featuring fictionalised portraits of the literary and anarchist //fin de siècle//. "L'exécution de Vaillant m'inclina à l'anarchisme." (The execution of Vaillant [which he attended] tilted me towards anarchism.) [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7710]

[BB] 1896 - David Alfaro Siqueiros (born José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros; d. 1974), Mexican social realist painter, muralist, trades union organiser and one-time anarchist, born. Exposed to anarcho-syndicalist writings at an early age, he was also involved in the Mexican revolution, bizarrely fighting for Venustiano Carranza’s Constitutional Army against both the Huerta government and the political factions of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. In 1919 he travelled to Paris and reacquainted himself with Diego Rivera, who introduced to Georges Braque and other Cubists. He also discovered and was strongly influenced by Cezanne. Returning to Mexico in 1922, he began his first mural, The Elements (1922), painted in a stairway of the National Preparatory School. The following year, having gravitated towards Marxism, he joined the recently-formed Mexican Communist Party (PCM) and gathered a group of artists to form the Sindicato de Trabajadores Técnicos, Pintores y Escultores (Syndicate of Revolutionary Mexican Painters, Sculptors and Engravers), of which he was elected secretary general. In 1924, they began to publish the newspaper 'El Machete', with a stated goal of safeguarding the revolution and protecting the interests of the working class. Continuing his union activities, he quickly became //persona non grata// with the government, and was harassed and detained several times by the police. In 1928, he visited the Soviet Union to attend the Congress of Red Trade Unions. Around this time, he met Uruguayan writer and fellow Communist Blanca Luz Blum, who loyalty was questioned by the PCM, leading to Siqueiros being expelled from the Party. In 1930, he was arrested while participating in a May Day parade and thrown into prison, without trial or hearing of any sort. After several months in limbo, he was allowed to go free, on condition that he would leave Mexico City and settle in the town of Taxco, without the right to travel. In 1932, he had his first one-man exhibition in Mexico City, which included such politically-charged paintings as '//Mine Accident//', '//Peasant Mother//', '//Proletarian Mother//' and '//Portrait of a Dead Child//'. That year he secured a six-month visa to L.A. but the U.S. authorities refused to extend his stay. Expelled from America, he traveled to Montevideo in February of 1933, and by the end of May in that same year he had established himself in Buenos Aires only to be expelled that December. In January 1936, Siqueiros was sent as a delegate to the American Artists' Congress in NYC, where he exhibited two works, '//The Birth of Fascism//' (1936) and '//Stop the War//' (1936), painted using pyroxylin paint and a spray gun, using techniques which still today influences grafitti artists. He left America and arrived in Valencia in January 1937, six months after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and enlisted in the Fifth Regiment, a part of the International Brigades. Restored to his Mexican Civil War rank of Captain, he passed up the ranks and commanded the Spanish anarchists 82nd Brigade amongst others. Now a fuly fledged Stalinist, whilst in Spain he had worked closely with members of the Comintern and even petitioned President Cardenas and the Mexican government to expel Trotsky, to whom they had granted asylum. Back in Mexico, he continued to try and get Trotsky expelled, to no avail. So he took matters into his own hands, when he organised 25 men with Comitern finances to assassinate Trotsky. On the night of May 23-24th, 1940, Siqueiros and his men overpowered the police guard posted around the exterior of Trotsky's house, they gained access to the building via a traitor among Trotsky's bodyguards. Once inside, the would-be assassins opened indiscriminate fire with automatic firearms. In his bedroom, Trotsky and his wife Natalya hid behind their heavy bed as the house around them was riddled with bullets. Fearing being caught by police reinforcements, they fled. Some of Siqueiros' men were arrested and implicated hime, forcing him to flee via Ecuador and Peru to Chile. '//Del Porfirismo a la Revolución//' (The Porphyria to the Revolution; 1957-1966) is by far one of Siqueiros' most iconic works and in it it included the images of Kropotkin (with his hands bound in front of him), Proudhon and Ricardo Flores Magon, all standing next to Marx with the good red book in his hand. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros www.abcgallery.com/S/siqueiros/siqueirosbio.html www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv6n1/trotsky.htm www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/carnival.html]

[B] 1898 - Elfie 'Elsa' Gidlow (d. 1986), British-born, Canadian-American feminist poet, freelance journalist, philosophical anarchist, lesbian and Taoist, born. Known as 'The Poet Warrior', she is the author of '//On A Grey Thread//' (1923), possibly the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry published in North America. The author of thirteen books, she appeared as herself in the documentary film, '//Word Is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives//' (1977) and published her autobiography, '//Elsa, I Come With My Songs//' (1986), a month before she died. Amongst her other works are '//California Valley with Girls//' (1932); '//From Alba Hill//' (1933); 'Bridge Builders' (1938); 'Wild Swan Singing' (1954); '//Letters from Limbo//' (1956); '//Moods of Eros//' (1970); '//Makings for Meditation: Parapoems Reverent and Irreverent//' (1973); '//Wise Man's Gold//' (1974); '//Ask No Man Pardon: The Philosophic Significance of Being Lesbian//' (1975); '//Shattering the Mirror//' (1976); '//Sapphic Songs: Seventeen to Seventy//' (1976); '//Sapphic Songs: Eighteen to Eighty, the Love Poetry of Elsa Gidlow//' (1982); and '//A Creed for Free Women//' (n.d.).

'//Chains Of Fires//'

Each dawn, kneeling before my hearth, Placing stick, crossing stick On dry eucalyptus bark Now the larger boughs, the log (With thanks to the tree for its life) Touching the match, waiting for creeping flame. I know myself linked by chains of fire To every woman who has kept a hearth

In the resinous smoke I smell hut and castle and cave, Mansion and hovel. See in the shifting flame my mother And grandmothers out over the world Time through, back to the Paleolithic In rock shelters where flint struck first sparks (Sparks aeons later alive on my hearth) I see mothers, grandmothers back to beginnings, Huddled beside holes in the earth of igloo, tipi, cabin, Guarding the magic no other being has learned, Awed, reverent, before the sacred fire Sharing live coals with the tribe.

For no one owns or can own fire, it ]ends itself. Every hearth-keeper has known this. Hearth-less, lighting one candle in the dark We know it today. Fire lends itself, Serving our life Serving fire.

At Winter solstice, kindling new fire With sparks of the old From black coals of the old, Seeing them glow again, Shuddering with the mystery, We know the terror of rebirth.

[findery.com/californiawilliam/notes/word-is-out thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/]

1906 - Thomas Cantwell (b. 1864), British militant anarchist active in the Socialist League, co-publisher of the '//The Commonweal//' and manager of '//Freedom//', dies. [see: Dec. 14]

1907 - Maurice-Henry (d. 1984), French poet, painter, filmmaker and cartoonist, born. Initially a member of Les Phrères Simplistes and involved with the anarchist-influenced Le Grand Jeu group, which operated in opposition to the André Breton-dominated Communist Party-supporting Paris Surrealist group, he later quit Le Grand Jeu for Breton's group in 1933. He also followed Breton's move towards anarchism after WWII. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Henry_(poète) librairie-loliee.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/maurice-henry-surrealist-air-in.html thebluelantern.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/world-in-reverse-maurice-henry.html]

1937 - Massive counterattack at Teruel by Fascist troops supported by the Condor legion.

1939 - Madeleine Pelletier (b. 1874), French doctor, intellectual, lesbian, anthropologist, psychiatrist, pacifist and militant feminist, one-time socialist and then a communist, latterly an anarchist, dies. Founded the review '//La Suffragiste//' and collaborated on other néo-Malthusian and libertarian newspapers.

1977 - Alternative date for the death of Virginia Tabarroni aka 'Danda' (1888-1977), Italian typographer and anarchist, who was the aunt of Anteo Zamboni, the 15-year-old who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in Bologna on October 31, 1926. [see: Dec. 12]

1992 - Ramona Viver Tudó (b. ca. 1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was widowed in the Civil War – her partnner was shot on the Teruel front whilst fighting with the Columna Roja i Negra – and was later involved in the anti-Franco underground, dies in Toulouse. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2912.html]

2001 - Giovanni Marini (b. 1942), Italian working class poet, writer and anarchist, dies. Caught up in Italy's Strategy of Tension, he was framed for the murder of a fascist in 1974. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Marini libcom.org/history/marini-giovanni-1942-2001]

2002 - Esteban Navarrete Berbel (b. 1916), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 19] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article720 bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/1087]
 * = 30 || [C2] 1879 - Michele Centrone (d. 1936), Italian carpenter, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. He was prosecuted in Italy for his anarchist activities around 1898 and emigrated to the United States in 1905. In San Francisco, he worked at '//La Protesta Umana//', directed by Enrico Travaglio, and collaborating on the newspaper '//Cronaca Sovversiva//', published by Luigi Galleani. An Individualist, he was a member of Nihil and manager of its paper 'Nihil' (San Francisco, 9 issues January 4 to September 6, 1909). He also held positions in the 'Latin Union' of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America and was also affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World. Arrested a number of times for "disturbing the peace", and for "foreign anarchist propaganda", he spent time in prison and broke bail, fleeing to Mexico under the name of Francesco Paglia. Arrested again in April 1920, along with Luigi and Giuseppe Ciancabilla Galleani, was expelled from the U.S. and deported to Italy. Wanted in Italy, he went to Canada and tried to return to the United States; arrested crossing the border, he was deported in 1924 to Europe and settled in France, where he was expelled in December 1928. Spending time in Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg, he was active in the Comitè d'Ajuda per les Víctimes Polítiques. In 1936, he was back living in Paris and, in July of that year, he was in the first group of Italian anarchists (including Camillo Berneri, Mario Girotti, Giuseppe Bifolchi, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini, Enzo Fantozzi, etc.) who went to Catalonia to fight the fascist uprising. He enlisted in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, led by Carlo Roselli and Mario Angeloni, and fought on the Aragon front. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Fosco Falaschi and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado.

1890 - [N.S. Jan. 11, 1891] Victor Lvovich Kibalchich (Ви́ктор Льво́вич Киба́льчич) aka Victor Serge (Викто́р Серж) aka 'the Bolsheviks' pet anarchist' (d. 1947), one time anarchist before he became a Bolshevik lackey, born. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кибальчич,_Виктор_Львович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/victor-serge-worst-anarchists spartacus-educational.com/RUSserge.htm www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=875 www.marxists.org/archive/serge/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/wayne-price-victor-serge-and-the-russian-revolution]

1910 - Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero Hurtado (b. 1882), Mexican journalist, poet, anarchist propagandist and secretary to the Junta Organizadora del Partido liberal Mexicano, who served as an insurgent leader during the 1910 Revolution, is the first Mexican anarchist to give his life for Land and Liberty, when he is killed, at the early age of only 28, leading a small band in capturing the town of Janos, Chihuahua, in the early months of the Mexican Revolution. He now has a town in the state named after him. [see: Aug. 28]

1913 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish seamstress, militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT, born. At the age of 11 she began working as a seamstress and, following a move to Cueta at age 14, she joined the CNT Crafts Guild (Sindicato de Oficios Varios) local and the Ateneu Llibertari, as well as becoming secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres. Isabel also help found a Union of Needleworkers (Gremio de la Aguja), becoming member No. 1. Worked as a nurse during the Revolution / participated in the founding conference of the Mujeres Libres in September 1937 and, following the defeat of the revolution, organized a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the ateneo Al Margen. [expand] [NB: Dec. 31 also given as birth date] [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Isabel_Mesa_Delgado www.estelnegre.org/documents/mesadelgado/mesadelgado.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5114 libcom.org/history/mesa-isabel-1913-2002]

1919 - In Berlin, under the impulse of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of the anarcho-syndicalist FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland) rejects the State and parliamentarism. It will have up to 125,000 members. [see: Dec. 27]

[C1] 1959 - Francisco 'Quico' Sabaté and his guérilla group (Antonio Miracle, Rogelio Madrigal, Francisco Conesa and Martín Ruiz) cross the French border into Spain for the last time. All will be killed within a week.

1969 - Umberto Nicola Palmiotti (b. 1895), Italian-American anarchist, who emigrated to America to avoid fighting in WWI, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1971 - Nicholas Turčinović aka Nicolas (or Nicolò) Turcinovich or Nicola Turcini (b. 1911), Croatian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 21]

[B2] 1995 - Heiner Müller (b. 1929), German dramatist, director, poet, anarchist, dies. [see: Jan. 9]

[B1] 1997 - Denise Levertov (b. 1923), British-born American poet, anti-war activist and anarchist fellow-traveller, dies. [see: Oct. 24]

1998 - Joan Brossa i Cuervo (b. 1919), Catalan language poet Dadaist-influenced, playwright, graphic designer and plastic artist, dies. [see: Jan. 19] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre18.html#nieuwenhuis]
 * = 31 || 1846 - Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (d. 1919), Bakuninist and pioneer of Dutch anarchism and active in the International Anti-Militarist Association, born.

1877 - Viktor Dyk (d. 1931), Czech poet, novelist, playwright, journalist, youthful member of the generation of the Czech Anarchističtí Buřiči, "básníci života a vzdoru" (Anarchist Rebels, "the poets of life and defiance") and later a right-wing nationalist, born. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Dyk]

1883 - Eusebio Carbó Carbó (d. 1958), Spanish militant anarchist, editor and director of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in 1930s as well as secretary of the IWA, born. Active and very much a globe-trotting internationalist, he saw the inside of nearly sixty prisons around the world from the age of 18 onwards. [expand] [www.memorialibertaria.org/valladolid/spip.php?article56 www.estelnegre.org/documents/carbocarbo/carbocarbo.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CarboEusebio.htm libcom.org/library/six-articles-spanish-revolution-pierre-besnard dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/carbo/137-1.htm]

1913 - Alternative date for the birth of Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT. [see: Dec. 30]

[E2] 1918 - The anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi is sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of $500 for sedition in connection with her June 27 anti-war speech in Portland, Oregon. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1921 - The Life and Labour Commune, a Tolstoyan agricultural commune, is founded near Moscow. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Life_and_Labor_Commune.htm]

[B1] 1925 - Alfredo Guevara Valdés (d. 2013), Cuban founder of the Cuban Institute for the Arts and Industry of Cinematography (ICAIC) and the Havana Film Festival, and a key figure in the New Latin American Cinema, born. An anarchist in his youth, he became a Marxist at the university, supporting what he called "Fidel’s Revolution" after the topplong of the Batista government. Initially a theatre director until he participated in the making of '//El Mégano//', a documentary about the poor vegetable carbon makers in the Zapata swamps, which went on to become a seminal part of Cuba’s film history. And in 1958 he worked as assistant director for Luis Buñuel on '//Nazarín//'.

[B2] 1928 - Maurice Albert Sinet aka Siné, French anarchist, anti-capitalist, anti-colonialist and anti-clerical cartoonist, writer, ex-cabaret singer [in the group Garçons de la Rue (1946-48)] and régent in the Collège de Pataphysique, born. He published his first drawing in France Dimanche in 1952 and went on to win the Grand Prix de l'Humour Noir in 1955 for his collection '//Complainte sans Paroles//'. He later became the political cartoonist at '//L'Express//' but his anti-colonialist views caused friction within the paper during the Algeria War and he left in 1962 to start his own newspaper, '//Siné Massacre//', as a platform his anti-colonialist, anti-Zionist, his anti-capitalist, anti-clericalist and pro-anarchism views. In May 1968, he founded the satirical newspaper '//L’Enragé//' with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, covering the May 68 events and their immediate aftermath. In 1981, he also joined the team on '//Charlie Hebdo//' and, in 1984, the weekly '//Hara-Kiri Hebdo//' but was ousted from the former in 2008 as a result of l'Affaire Siné, the events surrounding his published attack on Sarkozy's son Jean, and the cartoonist's perceived anti-Semitism, He then went on to launch his own weekly '//Siné Hebdo//', replaced in 2010 by the monthly '//Siné Mensuel//'. His deep love of jazz also led him to publish a '//Sinéclopédie du Jazz//' in 1996 as well as a series of album selections of his favourite tracks and to illustrate numerous jazz album covers. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siné en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siné www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/03/france.pressandpublishing www.indexoncensorship.org/2008/09/sine-of-the-times/ afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ifc-sVyJDUbj0Q0m1yWKIqATIdFw www.sinemensuel.com/grandes-interviews/sine-anarchie-dans-la-colle/ www.financialpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=a5b3deff-d6c1-4a3c-89db-a0cf11f3eb72&k=31684]

1959 - Arturo M. Giovannitti (b. 1884), Italian-American IWW activist, anarchist socialist, anti-fascist agitator and poet, dies. [see: Jan. 7]

1967 - Paulette Brupbacher (nee Raygrodski; b. 1880), Swiss physician, militant feminist, anarchist, author of numerous books and articles, dies. [see: Jan. 16]

1988 - Nicolas Calas (Νικόλαος Κάλας), pseudonym of Nikos Kalamaris (Νίκος Καλαμάρης; b. 1907), Greek-American poet, art critic, surrealist and anarchist, who also used the pseudonyms Nikitas Randos (Νικήτας Ράντος) and M. Spieros (Μ. Σπιέρος), dies. [see: May 27]

1995 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (b. 1918), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 2]

2004 - Alan Barlow (b. 1928), British trade unionist and anarcho-syndicalist, arrested, charged and imprisoned in 1969 for his role in the 1st of May Group bombing of the Francoist Banco de Bilbao in London, dies. [see: Mar. 28] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: 'Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)

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