Insurrection,+etc.+Jan-Feb

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul]
 * = JANUARY ||
 * = 1 || [D2] 1842 - The British commander in Afghanistan, Sir William Elphinstone, agrees to Akbar Khan's terms for the surrender and withdrawal of British troops to India.

1881 - Louis Auguste Blanqui (b. 1805), French revolutionary socialist and president of the Paris Commune, dies in Paris. [see: Feb. 8]

[C2] 1888 - Jules Dumont (d. 1943), French Communist militant, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and in the Résistance during WWII, born. He commanded a century in the Commune de Paris Battalion of XIV International Brigade, earning the nickname of 'Colonel Kodak' for his penchant for striking heroic poses during the Civil War when photos were being taken. He was also active in the French Résistance during the war under the //nom de guerre// of 'Colonel Paul'. Arrested by the Gestapo, he was shot at the Fort du Mont-Valérien, Suresnes, near Paris, on June 15, 1943.

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: 20 people were killed and many wounded in Gibellina and eight dead and 15 wounded in Pietraperzia during protests against taxes and the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system. [ Costantinni pic ] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1894 - Elie Reclus is amongst those arrested across France as police commissioners use the new //lois scélérates// to enact search warrants against known anarchists. The repression will continue throughout 1894, forcing many into hiding or exile. The higher profile anarchist arrested will be tried during the 'Procès des Trente' (Trial of the Thirty). [see Aug 6 - Oct 31]

1897 - Nakahama Tetsu (中浜 哲 ) aka Tomioka Makoto (富岡 誠 ; d. 1926), Japanese anarchist militant and author, who was executed for acts of propaganda of the deed, including a plan to assassinate Prince Hirohito, born. Member of the Girochin Sha (ギロチン社事件 / Guillotine Society). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomioka_Makoto recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuillotineSociety.htm]

1900 - Furuta Daijirō (古田大次郎; d. 1925), Japanese anarchist and member of the Guillotine Society (Girochin Sha / ギロチン社事件), an anarchist terrorist group, born. Captured on September 10, 1924 in Tôkyô, tried on September 10, 1925 and condemned to death. Refusing to appeal his sentence, he was hanged on October 15, 1925. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuillotineSociety.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 19 1905] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: With support dwindling and a brutal tsarist crackdown ongoing, the Moscow Committee of Social-Democratic Workers’ Party orders its comrades back to work. The commander of Presnia’s fighting unit Litvin-Sedoy issues a last communiqué: "We are ending our struggle… We are alone in this world. All the people are looking at us — some with horror, others with deep sympathy. Blood, violence and death will follow in our footsteps. But it does not matter. The working class will win." More than 1,000 workers and their family members have been killed during the Moscow uprising. Severe repression follows as the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 19 1905] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The remnants of the St. Petersburg Soviet call off their general strike. [see: Dec. 19] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1911 - The murder of the slum landlord Leon Beron, an event that precipitated the 'Sidney Street Siege' on January 3.

1911 - The opening in New York of a 'Modern School' founded by the Ferrer Association, with the assistance of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman.

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: A new labour law comes into effect in Massachusetts reducing the fifty-six hour working week to fifty-four hours for women and children. Workers feared that this would mean a corresponding wage cut, and their suspicions were sharpened when the mill corporations speeded up the machines and posted notices that, following January 1, the fifty-four-hour work week would be maximum for both men and women operatives. When Polish women weavers in the Everett Cotton Mills opened their pay envelopes on January 11, they discovered a shortage of thirty two cents and, stopping their looms, they left the mill shouting "short pay, short pay!" Other such actions took place throughout Lawrence and the following morning workers at the Washington and Wood mills joined the walkout. The Bread & Roses strike had begun. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

[B1] 1919 - Sara Berenguer Laosa (d. 20 10), Catalan poet, anarchist and member of Mujeres Libres, is born in Barcelona. Wrote a narrative autobiography '//Entre El Sol y la Tormenta//' (Between the Sun and the Storm; 1988). [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7468 www.monde-libertaire.fr/portraits/13535-sara-berenguer-laosa-hasta-luego-companera www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/Berenguer.htm]

1921 - Sarah Goldberg (d. 2003), Belgian Jew, member of the Rote Kappelle (Red Orchestra) anti-Nazi resistance network and founding member of Amnesty International in Belgium, born. In 1936, aged 15, under the influence of her sister Esther and her brother-in-law Marcus Lustbader, she joined the militant communist organised Unité sports club and participated in the solidarity campaigns for the International Brigades in Spain. Following the fall of Belgium, she took refuge in France in St. Ironwood, near Revel in Haute-Garonne, getting a job as a clerk in the local police station. There she copied lists of wanted persons, mostly people who had participated in the Spanish Civil War alongside the Republican forces and who had managed to evade detention in the camps at Gurs and Saint-Cyprien. After returning to Belgium, she joined friends involved in the Jeunes Gardes Socialistes Unifiés, participating in the distribution of leaflets and underground newspapers. In June 1941, she was contacted by Hermann Izbutski, a former member in the International Brigades' Jewish Botwin Company in Spain, and asked to work illegally under the name 'Lilly' for the Soviet military intelligence network, becoming a radio operator. Following the arrest of Hermann Izbutski in August 1942, Sarah Goldberg lost contact with the network. Meanwhile, her brother Marcus was arrested and sent to Breendonk, where he was tortured by the Gestapo; he was later deported to Auschwitz and then to Buchenwald and was repatriated in 1945. Her father and step-mother were also deported to Germany (on September 26, 1942) but were killed in the Auschwitz gas chambers 2 days later. A few months later she managed to reconnect with her friends from the Unité group, and Leibke Rabinowiz ('Rosa') contacted Jacob Gutfrajnd ('Albin'), commander of the 1re Compagnie Juive du Corps mobile des Partisans Armés (1st company of the Mobile Jewish Partisan Armed Corps), part of the Front de l'Indépendance (FI), in Brusselles. Given permission to join actions to assassinate traitors, collaborators and German officers, seh was invilved in the death of a Jewish informer, I. Glogowski aka 'Jacques', working for the Gestapo and helped move Jacob Gutfrajnd to Etterbeek hospital on April 26 1943 following his wounding during a Partisans Armés action. She was arrested on June 4, 1943, together with her ​​fiancé Henri Wajnberg (Jules) and her friend Laja Bryftreger-Rabinowitch, following a denunciation, the day before a major sabotage action against the rail route to Germany. Deported on July 31, 1943, tegether with 'Jules' (killed in a gas chamber on January 25, 1944) to Auschwitz-Birkenau, she ended up wrking for the Schuh-Kommando, surving numerous selections, typhoid, dysentery, boils, scurvy. She also took part in the January 18, 1945, death march to Ravensbrück (arriving on January 22), on February 26 to Malchow, a commando at Ravensbrück and then to Leipzig, finally to be liberated on April 23 on the banks of the Elbe by the Red Army. Back in Belgium, she recovered in the Blankenberge home of the Solidarité organisation, affiliated to the Front de l'Indépendance, later working for Aide aux Israélites victimes de la guerre. She would later become one of the first members of the Belgian section of Amnesty International. During the last years of her life, she devoted herself to the Comités de défense des sans-papiers (Committees for the Defence of undocumented migrants) locked up in detention centres and also gave talks in schools on the deportations to Nazi camps. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Goldberg]

1924 - IWW Lumber Workers IU120 begins a strike in British Columbia, Canada against the lumber owners, calling for an 8 hour day with blankets supplied, minimum wage of $4 per day, release of all class war prisoners, no discrimination against IWW members and no censuring of IWW literature.

1929 - Insurrection in Chiapas. [expand]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: The insurrection planned by the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña for the 8th begins early in a number of locations. In La Felguera, the home of the CNT in Asturias, a number of powerful explosions occur between 7-9 in the evening. Simultaneously, in Sevilla, street riots occur and are assaulted shops and bars. In the town of Real de la Jara rioters set fire to the local church. Looting also occur Lleida and confrontations take place in Pedro Muñoz (Ciudad Real), where trade unionists seize the city, proclaiming libertarian communism. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 ccec.revues.org/5399 www.abc.es/local-comunidad-valenciana/20130111/abci-cuando-valencia-protagonista-revoluciones-201301111208.html www.academia.edu/6089684/La_CNT_contra_la_República_la_insurrección_revolucionaria_de_diciembre_de_1933._CNT_against_the_Second_Republic_The_Revolutionary_Insurrection_of_December_1933]

[C1] 1937 - The Public Order Act (1936): "An Act to prohibit the wearing of uniforms in connection with political objects and the maintenance by private persons of associations of military or similar character; and to make further provision for the preservation of public order on the occasion of public processions and meetings and in public places", comes into force.

1942 - Jean Moulin, the former mayor of Chartes, parachutes into France in an effort to coordinate and unify Résistance groups.

[D1] 1959 - The 'end' of the Cuban Revolution as Baptista flees the country, boarding a plane at Camp Columbia at 03:00 with forty of his supporters and immediate family members, and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. Comandante William Alexander Morgan however, leading anti-communist Directorio Revolucionario rebel forces, continued fighting and captured the city of Cienfuegos on January 2. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista]

1976 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: The Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police) intervene close to Custóias prison to disperse a demonstration of solidarity with the November 25 military prisoners, leaving three dead and six wounded. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarJulho76]

1983 - Women break into cruise missile base and dance on silos, US Air Force base, Greenham Common.

[DD] 1994 - Zapatista Uprising: An armed insurgency breaks out, timed to coincide with the day on which the North American Free Trade Agreement became operational, led by the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista Army of National Liberation; EZLN), demanding social, cultural and land rights (demands set out in the '//Declaración de la Selva Lacandona//' [Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle]). The EZLN quickly seized the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Ocosingo, Chanal, Margaritas, Oxchuc, Huistán and Altamirano, controlling approximately 25% of Chiapas. The government responded by calling in the armed forces to retake the areas, 12 days of fighting ensues until a ceasefire is declared. During the following 5 month, the EZLN spent its time in consultations on the peace proposals, known as the dialogue of San Cristóball On June 10, they issued the '//Segunda Declaración de la Selva Lacandona//' (Second Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle), rejecting government proposals and calling for a National Democratic Convention, whilst organising political resistance from within civil society - what the EZLN term as "la insurgencia civil" (civil insurgency). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_de_Chiapas www.revistachiapas.org/No1/ch1cecena-zaragoza.htm www.cedoz.org/site/content.php]

2000 - Arthur Lehning (b. 1899), Dutch anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, archivist and historian of the anarchist movement internationally, dies. Co-founded in December 1919, with Rudolf Rocker and Augustin Souchy of FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland). Founder of the IISH (International Institute of Social History). [see: Oct. 23]

[2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots]

[A1] 2011 - Prison riot at HMP Ford in Sussex leaves part of the prison in ashes. Six prisoners eventually faced additional prison time for the riot, three receiving seven year sentences for prison mutiny. ||
 * = 2 || [A1] 1813 - Trial of Luddites starts at York Castle. George Mellor, William Thorpe and Thomas Smith tried and found guilty of the murder of William Horsfall. Five men were being convicted for the attack on Rawfolds.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: "It was about midnight when a large crowd, this time all on foot, dressed in a variety of garments, faces blackened, and armed with the usual array of weaponry, walked up to the gate at Pwll Trap. They halted a few yards short, and the lady Rebecca - stooped, hobbling, and leaning like an old woman on 'her' blackthorn stick - walked up to the gate. Her sight apparently failing her, she reached out with her staff and touched it. 'Children,' she said, 'there is something put up here; I cannot go on.' 'What is it mother?' cried her daughters. 'Nothing should stop your way.' Rebecca, peering at the gate, replied 'I do not know children. I am old and cannot see well.' 'Shall we come on mother and move it out of the way?' 'Stop,' said she, 'let me see and she tapped the gate again with her staff. 'It seems like a great gate put across the road to stop your old mother,' whined the old one. 'We will break it mother,' her daughters cried in unison; 'Nothing shall hinder you on your journey.' 'No,' she persisted, 'let us see; perhaps it will open.' She felt the lock, as would one who was blind. 'No children,' she called, 'it is bolted and locked and I cannot go on. What is to be done?' 'It must be taken down mother, because you and your children must pass.' ......Rebecca's reply came loud and clear: 'Off with it then my dear children. It has no business here.' And within ten minutes the gate was chopped to pieces and the 'family' had vanished into the night." [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]

1858 - American forces invade Uruguay in order to protect American-owned property during a revolt.

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A farmer and soldier are left dead after protests against taxes and the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system in Belmonte Mezzagno. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1904 - U.S. forces intervene in the Dominican Republic to 'protect American interests'.

[D1] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 21, 1904] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Four workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg are dismissed for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 20 1905] Rostov Uprising: After an intensive artillery barrage Tsarist troops stormed and occupied the train station, forcing the rebels to the Aksai plant. During the night, troops also took the Aksai plant after a fire at the plant led to an explosion during which they lost their ammunition and weapons and many rebel fighters were killed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1912 - Marius Antoine Joseph Baudy (aka Oulié;b. 1875), French illegalist anarchist and jobbing sculptor, dies from physical exhaustion after being worked to death after 3 years in the Guyana prison colony. [see: Oct. 18]

[C1] 1918 - Willi Graf (d. 1943), German medical student and member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) resistance group in Nazi Germany, born. At the age of eleven, he joined the Bund Neudeutschland, a Catholic youth movement for young men in schools of higher learning, which was banned after Hitler and the Nazis came to power in 1933. In 1934, Graf joined the Grauer Orden (Grey Order), another Catholic movement which became known for its anti-Nazi rhetoric. It too was banned and, unlike many of his future White Rose comrades, refused to associate with the Hitler Youth. After gaining his Abitur (high school qualification), he did 8 months in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service; RAD) and then started his medical studies. In 1938, he was arrested along with other members of the Grauer Orden and charged with illegal youth league activities. He was detained for 3 months but the charges were later dismissed as part of a general amnesty declared to celebrate the Anschluss. In early 1940, he was drafted into the army as a medic and witnessed first hand the horrors of the Holocaust and the eastern front. During a 1942 study leave back in Munich, Graf met White Rose resistance figures Hans and Sophie Scholl and began participating in the distribution of illicit anti-Nazi leaflets and in anti-Nazi and anti-Hitler graffiti campaigns. On February 18, 1943, Willi Graf and his sister Anneliese were arrested and he was condemned to death on April 19, 1943 by the People's Court for high treason, undermining the troops' spirit, and furthering the enemy's cause. Graf was beheaded on October 12, 1943 at Stadelheim Prison in Munich, after six months of solitary confinement and torture by the Gestapo to extract information on White Rose members and other anti-Nazi movements. He yielded no names and claimed all White Rose activities for himself. Many German schools have been named after him. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Graf de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Graf www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERgraf.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose libcom.org/library/white-rose-documents de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

[C2] 1920 - Anne-Sofie Østvedt (d. 2009), Norwegian university student active in the anti-Nazi resistance, who was one of the leaders of the Norwegian intelligence organisation XU, born. A 20-year-old chemistry student at the University of Oslo, she wasted no time in becoming involved in the Norwegian resistance, first by writing, editing, and distributing an underground, illegal newspaper and later by formally joining the resistance. In December 1941 XU recruited her, and she later became second in command of the organisation. However, her identity was a strict secret and almost none within the XU knew her except for her cover name 'Aslak', a male name in Norway, leading many to assume she was a man. Even the Gestapo, who began hunting her in the Autumn of 1942, forcing her to live undercover for the rest of the war, thought so. [www.aauw.org/2013/05/08/norwegian-resistance-fighter/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sofie_Østvedt]

1920 - The Palmer Raids go into full swing in the US, as thousands of suspected anarchist, communist, unionist and radical Americans are rounded up sans warrants. Federal agents seize literature and detain people on the hope of finding 'fellow travellers'. The raids go on until the 6th. None of the 2,700 people arrested are charged with any explicit crime. In all, more than 6,000 are detained during this period.

[DD] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: An anarchist group led by Alfredo Fonte aka 'El Toscano' (the Tuscan) attack the El Campamento estancia in Patagonia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: The Guardia Civil in Barcelona discovers a cache of bombs which that attribute to the CNT. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1949 - Dynam-Victor Fumet (b. 1867), French composer, organist, anarchist and bomb-maker, dies. [see: May 4]

1959 - The 'end' of the Cuba revolution as the military commander in Havana, Colonel Rubido, orders his soldiers not to fight, and Castro's forces take over the city. Comandante William Alexander Morgan, leader anti-communist Directorio Revolucionario rebel forces, is captured the city of Cienfuegos. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution]

[D2] 1965 - Bomb explodes in Naples at the Spanish Consulate. The attack is claimed by the Spanish anarchists of the CNT, FAI and Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) who declare: "As long as the Iberian people continue to be oppressed by the fascist dictatorship, dynamite will recall that the voice of freedom cannot be choked. Long live anarchy."

[A2] 1967 - 69 armed men, plus three CBS cameramen, arrested in Florida Keys as they complete preparations for an invasion of Haiti.

[B2] 1974 - Jean de Boe (b. 1889), Belgian anarchist militant, trade unionist and co-operativist dies in Anderlecht. Condemned as an accomplice to the Bonnot Gang, in February 1913, to 10 years hard labour in French Guiana. Escaped and returned to Belgium in 1922, where he was active in several strikes and he founded 'Les Arts Graphiques' (The Graphic Arts) co-operative. [see: Mar. 20]

1984 - Riot in Tunis kills over 100.

1999 - André Arru (Jean-René Saulière; b. 1911), French anarchist and pacifist, underground organiser during WWII, and a member since 1983 of the ADMD (an association for the right to die in dignity), dies. He ended his life, at age 87, refusing to subject himself to the risks and dependency of advancing age and disease. [see: Sep. 6] || [archive.org/stream/jstor-2505747/2505747_djvu.txt]
 * = 3 || 1781 - During the seige of Cuzco, the former capital of the Inca empire, the native and mestizo peasants forces of Túpac Amaru II engage the Spanish occupiers in an indecisive skirmish, which would be followed by a two day battle (January 8 - 10, 1781) on the heights around Cuzco and defeat for Amaru.

[D1] 1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: In Palermo a secret meeting of anarchists takes place where a manifesto is drawn up calling for among other things, the abolition of taxes on flour, inquries into public administration on the island, and expropriation of large estates with fallow fair compensation to the owners. The manifesto is communicated via telegraph to the new prime minister Francesco Crispi. Hours later Crispi declares a state of siege throughout Sicily. Whether the anarchist manifesto played any part in Crispi's announcement, history does not record. Army reservists are recalled and General Roberto Morra di Lavriano is dispatched with 40,000 troops. The old order is to be restored through the use of extreme force, including summary executions. The Fasci are outlawed, the army and the police go on to kill scores of protesters, and hundreds. Thousands of militants, including all the leaders, are put in jail or sent into internal exile. Some 1,000 persons are deported to the penal islands without trial. All working-class societies and cooperatives are dissolved and freedom of the press, meeting and association is suspended. Novelist and socialist Edmondo De Amicis on the conditions suffered by the rural poor at the time: "Hundreds of families do not anything to live on other than grasses and prickly pear." [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: In response to Crispi's announcement of the state of siege, the Comitato Centrale dei Fasci (Central Committee) meets in Palermo to discuss its response to the order. Two factions quickly emerge - those, who support the need to take advantage of the situation of unrest and provoke a revolution on the island. This group is led by the Socialist politician and journalist Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida, who was known for his anarchist tendencies. A second larger group take the opposite view, arguing the need to proceed peacefully. The meeting eventually agrees to condemn the violent incidents in various parts of the island, and launches an appeal to stay calm and not to retaliate, drawing up an appeal: "La nostra isola rosseggia del sangue dei compagni che, sfruttati, immiseriti, hanno manifestato il loro malcontento contro un sistema dal quale indarno avete sperato giustizia, benessere e libertà ..." (Our island is red with the blood of comrades who, exploited, impoverished, have expressed their discontent with a system from which you hoped in vain justice, prosperity and freedom. ...), to be published the following day. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1893c.htm mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A large crowd gathered at the headquarters of the Fascio di Marineo (founded in May 1893 by Marretta Antonino, Bongiorno Francesco, Giordano Carmelo and Giordano Alfonso) pending a decision by the Municipal Council about the abolition of the duty on flour (tassa sul macinato). When the council decided to maintain the stats quo, one of the leaders of the Fascio, Francesco Palazzo, led the crowd in a demonstration. Matters were further inflamed by attempts by the police, supported by field guards, to arrest people. The crowd continued its rally towards the Town Hall and, under the excuse of fearing an assault on the building, the soldiers opened fire. Those left dead in the street included Concetta Lombardo Barcia 40 years old, Giorgio Dragotta 26, Matteo Maneri 36, Filippo Barbaccia 65, Giovanni Greco 34, Antonino Francaviglia and Filippo Triolo 43 years old, Ciro Raineri 42 and Michele Russo 25 years old. Those who were seriously injured, and who died in the following days: Anna Oliveri 1 year old, Maria Spinella and Antonino Salerno both 2 years old, Giuseppe Daidone 40, Antonino Manzello 32, Giuseppe Taormina 46, Cira Russo and Santo Lo Pinto 9 months old. In total, 18 people, including 4 women and 5 children died. [www.aziendasupporter.com/ilblogdimauro/i-fasci-siciliani-e-la-strage-di-marineo-a-cura-di-tony-milioto/ sciliastato.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/il-massacro-di-marineo.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1899 - Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (d. 1939), French anarchist militant, born in Oran, Algeria. Took part in the 1919 Mutinerie des Marins de la Mer Noire (Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea), refusing to fight against the Russian revolutionaries during the Allied intervention. Sentenced to 10 years in prison, he escaped, was recaptured and given another five years. Released August 1926, he was active with the international 'Black Group' (Groupe Noir) and a member of the CGT-SR. Cannone fought on the anarchist fronts with the CNT and FAI during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. [www.militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article611 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/cannone-alphonse-sauveur.html]

1901 - Miguel Chueca Cuartero (d. 1966), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/201210 www.estelnegre.org/documents/chueca/chueca.html]

1904 - Ricardo Flores Magón, with his brother Enrique, seeking to escape constant repression by the dictatorship, leaves México for the United States.

[D2] 1906 - [O.S. Dec. 21 1905] Rostov Uprising: Following the loss of many of its fighters and their weapons, the uprising is finally suppressed as clear the remaining rebels from the Temernik distirct. Many of the rebellion's members are arrested and imprisoned. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 21 1905] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Prime Minister Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) urges that army be re-organised to enable it to crush national unrest. The sadistic Lt. General Alexandr Meller-Zakomelsky (Александр Меллер-Закомельский) leads a punitive expedition eastwards from Moscow along the Trans-Siberian Railroad. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меллер-Закомельский,_Александр_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[1907 - [O.S. Dec. 22, 1906] St. Petersburg Governor-General Launits is assassinated by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus05.htm]

1908 - Higinio Carrocera Mortera (d. 1938), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who played a prominent role in both the 1934 Asturias uprising and the Civil War, earning the title the hero of Mazucu in the latter, born in a village in the Asturian mining area. He began working in the Sociedad Metalúrgica Duro Felguera rolling mills aged just 13 following the death of his father, using his brother's identity documents as he was too young to legally work there. He also joined the CNT, the majority union amongst metallurgists in La Felguera. During the Jaca Uprising of Decmember 12, 1930 precipitated by the army captains Fermín Galán Rodríguez and Ángel García Hernández, he and other La Felguera militants were involved in an armed class with the Guardia Civil in Sama de Langreo, for which he was imprisoned for the first time. According to his friend Solano Palacios, "From then until his assassination participated in numerous revolutionary strikes in La Felguera, the Nalón basin and the rest of Asturias, frequently suffering persecution and imprisonment." During a 9-month strike in 1932, he was involved in a number of acts of sabotage on the powe grid and attacks on security forces. In July 1932, a month before the end of the strike, Carrocera was jailed for his part in these actions. At the beginning of the October Revolution of 1934, he actively participated in the attacks on the barracks of the Guardia Civil in La Felguera and Sama, and, as soon as the first armoured trucks bearing the emblems of the FAI, CNT and UHP painted white markings on their sides emerged from the Duro Felguera factory, he led a column of 200 anarcho-syndicalist fighter to Oviedo. Arriving on October 6, he was at the forefront of the fight and his militia group attacked the Carabineros headquarters and took the city's Fábrica de Armas (arms factory), and later halted the advance of government forces. At El Berrón he fought against forces commanded by the then Colonel Solchaga, who he would face again 3 years later in the Battle of Mazucu. Following the surrender of the insurrectionary forces, he fled into the mountains, like many others, to try and escape the inevitable repression that followed, but not before he and his comrades buried dozens of rifles and several machine guns that he had liberated from the arms factory. These would prove essential in the early stages of the 1936 uprising. After a period in hiding, he travelled to Zaragoza with the intention of going into exile in France but was arrested there on August 7, 1935, along with Constantino Antuña Huerta by Investigación y Vigilancia police. The 'ABC' newspaper announced his capture: "According to sources, Higinio Carrocera acted in Asturias as a revolutionary leader and signed several documents. He is considered a dangerous bomber." Charged with promoting and being a leader of the revolution, he was taken to the prison in Gijón to await judgement. However, he gained his freedom after he participated in a mutiny of prisoners in the aftermath of the victory on February 16, 1936, of the Popular Front. An amnesty for those convicted of political or social crimes was a key part of its election manifesto and in the days immediately following its win pressure built for it to declare an amnesty date. The government officially decreed the amnesty on the 21st, but Carrocera and his fellow prisoners in Gijón had engineered their release a day earlier. Carrocera returned to La Felguera and spent the following months raising funds to support the families of political prisoners. With the outbreak of the fascist uprising, he and his CNT comrades were ready. Having dug up their weapons cache, they positioned themselves in a church steeple overlooking the Guardia Civil Barracks in La Felguera and their decisive action prevented the guards from being able to set up defensive positions outside the barracks. They eventually surrendered and, with La Felguera in their hands, Carrocera led a column of 400 //centitas// to Gijón where they were among the first proletarian reinforcements arrived there. In Gijón they laid siege to the Simancas infantry Barracks for the next month and, following it fall, they immediately set off for the Western Front to try to head off the Galician columns advancing dangerously towards Avilés and Grado. He was in all the heavy fighting that took place in the Malleza area and was injured quite serious in an attack on San Cristobal on the Luiña-Faedo front. Back in La Felguera, he underwent surgery a number of times and took the opportunity to rebuild his unit, which took the name Battalion Carrocera. The battalion fought on Monte de los Pinos and then at Belmonte, where Carrocera was wounded twice. After 6 months on the front in Belmonte he was given command of a brigade, consisting of four battalions, and a few months later command of the 192 Brigada Móvil del Ejército Popular Asturiano, comprising 3 CNT batallions. All through this period he foungth on the fronts at La Espina, La Cabruñana, Grado and Prania. He also took part in the Battle of El Mazuco, one of the most brutal of the war. On September 1, 1937, more than 33,000 Nationalist troops supported by artillery and airpower, including German aircraft of the Condor Legion, began an advance against hugely outnumber Republican forces. The defenders never exceeded 6,000 troops but they held up the thrust of the Navarre Brigades for 15 days and Higinio Carrocera played a key role. With the front lines under threat and the Condor Legion carpet-bombing the ridge [the first recorded instance of its use] that the republican occupied, Higinio Carrocera received the order on September 8, 1937, to take command of the troops in the frontline at El Mazuco, replacing José Fernández, the head of the 12th Brigade killed in action while covering with a machine gun withdrawal of his men. Higinio and his men managed to hold the Fascists off for a further week despite running short of ammunition, allowing their comrades to withdraw safely before the Republican leadership, aware that his troops were being massacred, ordered a retreat. On October 3, 1937, he was honoured as a hero for his courage in Battle of Mazucu with the Medalla de la Libertad. A new Republican defensive line on the Eastern Front was established along the Sella River only to fall back under the Nationalist advance. Higinio Carrocera and his men were in position at the Siege of Oviedo when the Consejo Soberano de Asturias y León (Sovereign Council of Asturias and León) decided to give the evacuation order on October 20, 1937. Carrocera refused to evacuate with the rest of the Council and leave until all his men were safe. Instead he boarded on the steamer Llodio with two hundred other people, one fifth of them women and children, and was one of the last to leave El Musel. Off Cape Peñas the Llodio was intercepted by an Italian warship acting as part of Franco's navy. Having given his captors gave a false name: Vidal Fernández Fernández, he and the other prisoners were moved to Ribadeo and then to La Coruña. In the Romaní concentration camp was identified by some visiting Phlangists and on January 2, 1938, he was handed over to the Guardia Civil for transfer to Oviedo. On January 21, an Emergency Council of War similarily sentenced to death along with thirty-five other men and eight women. On May 8, shortly before being transferred to the cemetery to be executed, he removed his four gold teeth from his jaws with a spoon in order to get them sent to his mother, still safe in Catalonia. He also hastily wrote a short note in a locket with a picture of her niece Olga containing the date of his death and the text: "I die for freedom". His final words before before he stood in front of the firing squad were: "I die with the greatest peace of mind that in you can have in moments like these, since nothing is on my conscience, other than the condition that my mother and my sisters remain in." Higinio Carrocera was then buried in a mass grave with 260 other anti-fascists. [www.asturiasrepublicana.com/muertescarrocera.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Carrocera es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_El_Mazuco asturiesllibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/higinio-carrocera-mortera.html www.atlanticaxxii.com/1759/higinio-carrocera-el-miliciano-anarquista-que-nunca-reculaba canales.elcomercio.es/guerra-civil/carrocera.html www.losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1427]

[AA/DD] 1911 - Sidney Street Siege: Three anarchists shoot it out against more than 1000 troops [bit of an exaggeration]. [REWRITE] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street spartacus-educational.com/Siege_of_Sidney_Street.htm latvianhistory.com/tag/sydney-street-siege/ www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/10004 www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/02/sidney-street-siege-100-years www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/42899/the-east-end-shoot-out-turned-churchill-against-jews content.met.police.uk/Article/The-Siege-of-Sidney-Street/1400015482933/1400015482933] [Costantini pic]

1924 - Ulyana Mateevna Gromova (Улья́на Матве́евна Гро́мова; d. 1943), Ukrainian leader of the underground Komsomol partisan group the 'Young Guards', born. She took part in military operations, distributed leaflets and agitating the local population against the occupiers. On January 10, 1943, she was arrested by the Gestapo. During her interrogations, she refused to give evidence on the activities of the underground. After her torture, on January 16, 1943, she was executed and thrown into a mine. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Громова,_Ульяна_Матвеевна]

1925 - Mussolini puts an end to the parliamentary system and issues a decree ordering the dissolution of the anarcho-syndicalist USI (Unione Sindacala Italiana).

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: Another arsenal of explosives is discovered by the Guardia Civil in a garage in Barcelona: ​​five boxes full of bombs, ready to be sent to various locations; a car bomb and cartridges, and in several rooms, devices, ammunition clips, fuses and 10 carbines. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1937 - In Valencia (Spain), the first issue of the newspaper '//L'Indomptable//' (The Indomitable), organ of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Federación Anarquista Ibérica, appears. Published weekly in French. At least 39 issues appeared until 7 October 1937. Issue number 19 (13 May 1937) containing an article on the recent murder of Camillo Berneri by the Communists was heavily censored by Republican authorities.

[C2] 1946 - William Joyce aka 'Lord Haw-Haw' (b. 1906), Irish-American fascist politician and Nazi propagandist, is hung in Wandsworth Prison for treason following his English-language Nazi propaganda broadcasts during WWII. Despite his Catholic upbringing, he was a strong Unionist and bragged of aiding the Black and Tans during the Irish War for Independence. A bully, braggart and rabid anti-Semite, he was an early adherent to fascism, working with Rotha Lintorn-Orman's British Fascisti but never joining them. Never shy of using his fists, Joyce became involved in a fracas with an opposing left-wingers at a Conservative Party meeting in October 1924, and received a deep razor slash that ran across his right cheek, leaving a permanent scar (to add to his broken nose picked up fighting during his school days). Joyce was convinced that his assailant was a "Jewish Communist" and the injury made his anti-Semitic stance even more implacable. Disillusioned with the BF's boy scout mentality, he joined the Tory Party in 1925. He later joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) under Sir Oswald Mosley in 1932, and swiftly became one of its leading speakers. In 1934 he became BUF's director of propaganda and spearheaded the BUF's policy shift from campaigning for economic revival through corporatism to a focus on anti-Semitism. He was also instrumental in changing the name of the BUF to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936, and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to the London County Council. In 1937, Mosley sacked Joyce from his paid position, which prompted him to form a breakaway organisation, the National Socialist League. After the departure of Joyce, the BUF turned its focus away from anti-Semitism and towards activism, opposing a war with Nazi Germany. In late August 1939, shortly before war was declared, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany after he had been tipped off that the British authorities intended to detain him under Defence Regulation 18B. Joyce became a naturalised German citizen in 1940. It was his fellow Mosleyite, Dorothy Eckersley, that got him his audition at the Rundfunkhaus and was recruited immediately for radio announcements and script writing at German radio's English service. Joyce recorded his final broadcast on 30 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin. Rambling and audibly drunk, he chided Britain for pursuing the war beyond mere containment of Germany, and warned repeatedly of the "menace" of the Soviet Union. He signed off with a final defiant "Heil Hitler and farewell". On May 28, 1945, Joyce was captured by British forces at Flensburg, near the German border with Denmark. Tried on three counts of high treason and, despite his American citizenship leading to his being acquitted on 2 of the 3 charges, he was convicted because he illegally obtained a British passport [falsely claiming that he had been born a British subject after joining BUF in 1933, with the expectation that he might accompany Mosley on a visit to Hitler] which entitled him (until it expired) to British diplomatic protection in Germany and therefore he owed allegiance to the king at the time he commenced working for the Germans. It was on this basis that Joyce was convicted of the third charge and sentenced to death on September 19, 1945. His conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal on November 1, 1945, and by the House of Lords on December 13, 1945. His unrepentant gallows statement was read out on BBC Radio: "In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words — you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce www.nickelinthemachine.com/2010/02/the-execution-of-lord-haw-haw-at-wandsworth-prison-in-1946/ www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWjoyceW.htm www.counter-currents.com/2014/01/william-joyce/]

1952 - Harriette Vyda Simms Moore (b. 1902), African-American teacher and civil rights worker, dies of the injuries sustained by her following a bomb attack on her and her husband, Harry T. Moore (November 18, 1905 - December 25, 1951), founder of the first branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) in Brevard County, Florida, on Christmas night, 1951 - their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. [see: Jun. 19]

2006 - Urbano Lazzaro aka 'Bill' (b. 1924), Italian communist partisan who played an important role in capturing Benito Mussolini near the end of World War II, dies. [see: Nov. 4] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDdeathTyler.htm]
 * = 4 || 1341 - Wat Tyler (1341-1381), one of the leader of the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 in England, born.

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Central committee members Giuseppe De Felice, Nicola Petrina (Fascio di Messina) and Giacomo Montalto (Fascio di Trapani) are arrested after attending a meeting of the Revolutionary Committee. [see: Jan. 3] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[CCC] 1903 - Johann Georg Elser (d. 1945), German carpenter, communist sympathiser and member of the Roten Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' Union), who singlehandedly tried to assassinate Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi leaders, on November 8, 1939 - the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch - at the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich via a homemade bomb, born. He was captured and interrogated but never tried for the act. Instead he was kept in special custody (known as special security prisoner 'Eller') in Sachsenhausen concentration camp between early 1941 and early 1945. He was then transferred to the bunker at Dachau concentration camp where, on 9 April 1945, four weeks before the end of the war in Europe, Georg Elser was shot dead and his fully dressed body immediately burned in the crematorium. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Elser www.georg-elser.de valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm www.spiegel.de/international/a-german-hero-the-carpenter-elser-versus-the-fuehrer-hitler-a-383792.html]

1915 - Adolf Opálka (d. 1942), Czech soldier and resistance fighter, one of a team of Czechoslovak British-trained paratroopers who took part in Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of acting Reichsprotektor (Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia, SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, on May 27, 1942, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Opálka]

1917 - Léo Voline (Léo Eichenbaum; d. 2002), third child of anarchist poet, historian and Russian refugee, Voline (Vsevolod Eichenbaum), born. In 1937, Léo, a committed anarchist, went to Spain to fight in one of the military columns of the C.N.T.. In February 1938, his unit was encircled and decimated by the fascists but Léo survived. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/8gtjf5 www.ephemanar.net/janvier04.html#leovoline]

1918 - José Expósito Leiva (b. 1918), Andalusian journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. During the Civil War, he joined the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), becoming secretary of the propganda committee in 1938 and editor of '//Juventud Libre//'. In 1938 he published a lecture on Buenaventura Durruti in the collective book '//Hora Durruti. Conferencias pronunciadas ante el micrófono de Unión Radio//'. At the end of the conflict, he was arrested at the port of Alicante and imprisoned in the fortress of Santa Bàrbara. Sentenced to death on 24 February 1940 before a court martial in Madrid, the penalty was commuted to 30 years in prison in the October of that year because of his youth. In September 1943, he was released on parole and joined the clandestine struggle with the CNT and the Aliança Nacional de Forces Democràtiques (National Alliance of Democratic Forces; ANFD). Secretary General of the Ninth National Committee of the CNT between May and July 1945, after the arrest of his predecessor Sigfredo Catalá Tineo. Then he went to occupied France and then to Mexico on behalf of the CNT, where he was given the portfolio of the Minister of Agriculture in José Giral Pereira's first (August 1945 - March 1946) and second (April 1946 - January 1947) governments of the Second Republic in exile in Mexico, which drove a wedge between anarchist militants and the collaborationist wings of the CNT/MLE. He also signed a declaration of support for the call for a plebiscite in Spain and one in 1948 in favour of turning the MLE into a political party. In 1949 he settled in Venezuela, where he remained on the margins of the CNT. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2314 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Expósito_Leiva www.katesharpleylibrary.net/tb2swc libcom.org/history/solidaridad-obrera-clandestinity-transition-1939-1987]

[DD] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: During the first armed confrontation of the general strike in rural Patagonia, four policemen and a worker are killed in an ambush by the strikers, and two policemen and a gendarme are taken hostage near El Cerrito. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1943 - Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising: During the 'selection' in the 'Large Ghetto', established by the Germans in April 1941, of some 500 Jews to be deported to the ghetto in Radomsko (and ultimately to Treblinka), shooting breaks out at the Warsaw Square (Ghetto Heroes Square) in which Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) fighters Izsha Fayner and Mendel Fishelevitsh are killed. 25 (or 50) young Jews are executed in reprisal. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/czest.html www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Czestochowa/cze039.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Częstochowa_Ghetto_Uprising www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/czestochowa/]

[D1] 1945 - In Raguse, Sicily, Maria Occhipinti lies down in front of army trucks which have come to find new young conscripts to incorporate into the new Italian army. Within minutes, a crowd surrounds the soldiers, forcing them to release their recruits, but they also kill a demonstrator, setting off a major revolt. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Occhipinti it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Occhipinti www.katesharpleylibrary.net/5x6bcx www.katesharpleylibrary.net/x95zhh www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/08/with-that-outsiders-face-the-journey-of-maria-occhipinti-con-quella-faccia-di-straniera-il-viaggio-di-maria-occhipinti-a-documentary-review-by-pippo-gurrieri-sicilia-li/]

1948 - Oriol Solé Sugranyes (d. 1976), Spanish libertarian, member of the MIL (Iberian Liberation Movement) who practised expropriation policies (bank robberies) along with Salvador Puig Antich, Jean-Marc Rouillan, etc., under the dictatorship in 70s Spain, born. On 24 July 1974, he was condemned by Franco's council of war to 48 years in prison. Incarcerated in Segovia prison, he escaped with thirty members of ETA on April 6, 1976 but was shot a few hours later by the Guardia Civil as he tried to cross the Franco-Spanish border. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/placasolecapellades/placasolecapellades.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Solé_Sugranyes www.racocatala.cat/forums/fil/36905/oriol-sole-sugranyes-independentista]

[D2] 1960 - In the early hours of the morning, Catalan guerrilla Francisco Sabaté is wounded as his anarchist action group is trapped in a shoot-out with the Guardia Civil at Sarria de Ter, a town near Girona in Catalonia. Antonio Miracle Guitart, Rogelio Madrigal Torres, Francisco Conesa Alcaráz and Martin Ruiz Montoya die in the exchange. Sabaté is the sole survivor but is killed the following day.

1976 - A wave of wildcat strikes, which at its height involves more than 500,000 workers, begins in Spain. [expand]

[A1] 1988 - Fremantle prison riot in Western Australia causes A$1.8m damaged but also unintentionally prevents planned escape. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Prison_riot]

2007 - Carles Fontserè (b. 1916), one of the important Catalan anarchist poster artists of the Spanish Revolution, dies. Active in the Sindicato de Dibujantes Profesionales de Barcelona (Union of Professional Illustrators; SPD), whose posters plastered the walls of Barcelona - as George Orwell noted on his arrival in the city that December: "The revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud." Fontserè was to bemoan the loss of vitality of these posters once they became 'official' productions of the Republic. The F.A.I. poster '//Llibertat!//' (Freedom), with the sickle-waving farmer and the red and black flag in the background, is his work. [see: Mar. 9] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3174]
 * = 5 || 1874 - Léon Jules Léauthier (d. 1894), the French anarchist shoe-maker who stabbed and seriously wounded the Minister of Serbia, born. Sentenced to life, Léauthier was killed during a prison uprising at Îles du Salut in October 1894.

1877 - Giuseppe Fanelli (b. 1827), Italian revolutionary Bakuninite anarchist involved in the establishing of the First International, dies. A one-time nationalist and mason, he allegedly originated the 'circle A' symbol. [see: Oct. 13]

1881 - The funeral in Paris of the revolutionary Auguste Blanqui is attended by a large crowd including Louise Michel. Neither an anarchist or a Marxist, he was the author of the phrase "Neither God, nor master".

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Following a peaceful demonstration the previous day, at midday the population begin to meet outside the Fascio di Santa Caterina headquarters in the Piazza Garibaldi with flags, portraits of the king and queen and a crucifix, before planning to spread out through the streets of the town. Meanwhile, lieutenant of police Colleoni has deployed in the piazza the military reinforcements that had recently arrived from Caltanissetta. With the president of the Fascio Lo Vetere abscent and Joseph Celestino, the vice president of the //fascio//, and Eugenio Bruno, its treasurer, claiming that they resigned, refused to intervene to disperse the crowd. Leaderless and unaware of the proclamation of the state of siege of January 3rd, the protesters arrived in the Piazza Garibaldi. The commander then ordered them to disperse, but, whilst some of them returned to their own homes, about 2,000 men and women continued to shout and protest. After three useless trumpet blasts, the order to fire was given and a massacre ensued: ten dead and twenty wounded men, women, old people and children. Four of the injured will die over the following month. [siciliaisoladaamare.wordpress.com/la-figura-di-filippo-lo-vetere-1868-1931-di-leonardo-fiandaca/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 23 1905] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A young radical SR member, Alexander Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Ке́ренский), is arrested and imprisoned on suspicion of belonging to a militant group, after being found with inflammatory anti-tsarist literature. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Керенский,_Александр_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky]

1907 - [O.S. Dec 23 1906] Peter Arshinov and several comrades blow up a police station in the workers’ district of Amur, near Ekaterinoslav. The explosion kills three Cossack officers, as well as police officers and guards of the punitive detachment. Due to the painstaking preparation of this act, neither Arshinov nor his comrades are discovered by the police.

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Mexican farmer-turned-Maderista general Alvaro Obregon takes Puebla City with 12,000 troops.

1918 - The Constituent Assembly, in which the Bolsheviks are a minority, meets for one day before being suppressed.

[D1] 1919 - Spartacists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, head a revolt to renew the November revolution — which lasts 6 days (in Berlin); both are murdered by the so-called 'democratic' left on the 15th.

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: More bombs go off in La Felguera and Gijón, and the strikes in Valencia amongst typographers, metallurgical and employees of the Electra company worsen. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

[C] 1945 - Róża Robota [or Rojza, Rozia, Rosa](Shohanah Robota; b. 1921), Ala Gertner [Alla, Alina, Ella, Ela](b. 1912), Regina Safirsztajn [sometimes given as Safir, Safirstein, or Saphirstein (b. 1915), and Estera Wajcblum (Estusia Wajcblum; b. 1924), members of the Jewish resistance movement in Auschwitz-Birkenau, are hung for their part in the Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, which saw the blowing up of Crematorium IV and uprisings and escape attempts in the other crematoria. One of the roles of the Birkenau camp was to provide labour for the nearby Weichsel - Union Metallwerke ammunition factory and resistance members amongst the Sonderkommando, knowing that at some point they and their successors would be liquidated, began planning a mass uprising. One element of this entailed the long-term smuggling of small amounts of gunpowder out from the factory into the camp in order to make improvised grenades. Amongst those involved the smuggling operation were:

· Ester Wajcblum, who had previously been deported to Majdanek with her sister Hanka and their parents, Jakub and Rebeka, both deaf-mutes who were murdered on arrival there, before arriving in Birkenau; · Hanka Wajcblum [also refered as Hana Wajcblum or Chana Weissman, and who later became Anna Heilman](1928-2011), one of the few involved in the Sonderkommando uprising to survive the War; · Ala Gertner, who was deported to the Geppersdorf labour camp in 1940 before being allowed back to the Sosnowiec Ghetto the following year, spending time in the Będzin ghetto before being sent to Birkenau in mid-1943; · Regina Safirsztajn, the forewoman of the Gunpowder Room, who was recruited by her friend Ala Gertner to join the resistance movement, and about whom little is known; and · Róża Robota, a member of Hashomer Hatzair Zionist-socialist youth movement, who joined that movement's underground upon the Nazi occupation but was arrested in 1942 and deported to the Birkenau women's camp. Róża worked in the clothing depot at Birkenau and helped get the gunpowder smuggled out of the factory by the women working there into the camp itself, passing it on the the resistance network established in the various parts of Auschwitz-Birkenau. · Also involved in the smuggling operation were Hadassah Zlotnicka, Inge Frank, Genia Fischer, Marta Bindiger, Ruzia Grunapfel, and several other unnamed women.

Following the uprising and the destruction of Crematorium IV, an investigation into where the gunpowder had come from after a couple of weeks led back to the ammunition factory. Regina Safirsztajn, as the forewoman was arrested first, followed by all those from the gunpowder room. All were interrogated and tortured by the Gestapo in the infamous Bloc 23. Eventually Regina, Ala, Ester, and Róza were betrayed. They were tortured again and repeatedly raped but refused to reveal the names of others who participated in the smuggling operation. Ester Wajcblum and Regina Safirsztajn were hanged at the morning roll-call assembly and Ala Gertner and Róża Robota in the evening - in front of the rest of the camp prisoners just two weeks before the camp was evacuated. [www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/auschwitz-revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robota-roza en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Robota en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Gertner]

1945 - Róża Robota [or Rojza, Rozia, Rosa](Shohanah Robota; b. 1921), Jewish participant in the resistance movement in Auschwitz-Birkenau, is hung along with 3 other women for their part in the Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944. A member of Hashomer Hatzair Zionist-socialist youth movement, she joined that movement's underground upon the Nazi occupation and was arrested in 1942 and deported to the Birkenau women's camp. The camp also served as an ammunition factory and Róża, who worked in the clothing depot at Birkenau, helped get the gunpowder smuggled out of the factory by the women working there into the camp itself, passing it on the the resistance network established in the various parts of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Following the uprising and the destruction of Crematorium IV, Róża was arrested, along with Ala Gertner, Regina Saperstein [Regina Safirsztajn] and Estera Wajcblum [Estusia Wajcblum]. All four were tortured and repeatedly raped but refused to give up any information. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Robota pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Róża_Robota jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robota-roza www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html]

1945 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: ELAS is forced to leave Athens as their ammunition runs out and they face being overwhelmed by the British. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[A1] 1960 - Anarchist guérilla Francisco Sabaté (b. 1915), dies after a shoot-out with fascist Guardia Civil. Wounded yesterday, he escaped, but is killed today in San Celoni by a //sometén// (Catalan militia). [see: Mar. 30]

1990 - Lola Iturbe (Dolores Iturbe Arizcuren; b. 1902), Catalonian militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, who wrote under the pseudonym Kyralina, in tribute to the famous novel by Panaït Istrati dies. [see: Aug. 1]

2006 - José Iglesias Paz (b. 1916), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Aug. 26]

[D2] 2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: In Greece gunmen sprayed Athens riot police with automatic weapons fire, seriously wounding a policeman in an escalation of violence that broke out after the fatal police shooting of a teenager on Dec 6. The Revolutionary Struggle group later claimed responsibility. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2015 - Thousands of Germans demonstrate in German cities, including Berlin, Stuttgart, Cologne and Dresden, in opposition to the weekly Pediga rallies in Dresden. In Cologne the square around the cathedral is plunged into darkness as thousands join the demonstration. Only about 250 Pegida supporters show up in Cologne, as compared to about 10 times that number of counter-demonstrators. Similarly in Berlin, around 5,000 counter-demonstrators block about 300 'Bärgida' supporters from marching along their planned route from the city hall to the Brandenburg Gate. Münich - 60 'Mügida' vs. 1500 counter-demonstrators; Würzburg - 300 'Pegida' vs. 1500 counter-demonstrators; Kassel - 200 Pegida vs. 250 counter-demonstrators. Another 28,000 anti-Pegida demonstrators rally in Stuttgart, Münster, Marburg, Weinheim, Rostock and Hamburg. Pegida’s main demonstration in the eastern city of Dresden, a region that has few immigrants or Muslims, attracts 10,000 [press] - 18,000 [police], up from the 10,000-17,500 on 22-12-2014. [www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/05/germans-march-oppose-pegida-far-right-racism-tolerance www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/factsheet-und-zeitleiste-pegida-2918] || [www.slovo.bg/old/f/en/botev/]
 * = 6 || [B] 1848 - Hristo Botev (Hristo Botyov Petkov; b. 1876), Bulgarian poet, writer, early anarchist, propagandist and revolutionary, born. The first prominent Bulgarian anarchist, his life and writings have shamelessly been appropriated by both Bulgarian nationalists and Communists.

[D1] 1906 - [O.S. Dec 24 1905] Novorossiysk Republic [Новороссийская республика]: The Tsarist government sends a large punitive detachment, supported from the sea battleship Three Saints (Три святителя), to suppress the workers' and peasants' Novorossiysk Republic (Dec 25, 1905 - Jan 7, 1906 [O.S. Dec. 12-25 ]). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новороссийская_республика dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/12244/НОВОРОССИЙСКАЯ]

[C] 1920 - Josep (José) Lluis i Facerias aka 'Face' or 'Petronio' (d. 1957), Spanish anarchist who fought in the Civil War and guérilla resistance to Franco, born. A member of the Sindicat de la Fusta (Woodworkers Union) in the Confederació Nacional del Treball (CNT) and militant in the Joventuts Llibertàries de Catalunya (JLC/Libertarian Youth of Catalonia)[then a separate organisation from the Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries (FIJL)], when the Civil War broke out he enlisted in the Ascaso Column, a militia division formed by anarchists and which later became the 28th Division of the Army. He fought the whole war on the Aragon front until his captured in 1939 during the Retirada, the withdrawal from Catalonia. He also lost his partner and infant daughter, killed as they fled to France along with thousands of other refugees. He then spent the following years in various concentration camps and forced labour battalions in Zaragoza, Vitoria, Extremadura and Catalonia, until his release in late 1945. In Barcelona he immediately joined the Sindicat d'Indústries Gràfiques in the then clandestine CNT, whilst working as a waiter and cashier in a restaurant. He also engaged in other aspects of the underground anti-Franco resistance - robbing banks, factories, companies and jewellers to finance clandestine activities [eight robberies performed with his group in 1946 raised 3,000,000 pesetas for the CNT], and carrying out a series of acts of sabotage, including the shooting-up of the police station in Gracia Travessera de Dalt, destroying CAMPSA (the state-owned petroleum products company of Spain) storage tanks, and bomb blasts at the consulates of pro-Franco regime states (Bolivia, Brazil, Peru) - becoming one of the most active participants in actions and JLC activities. At the Las Planas plenum of the FIJL in July 1946, he was appointed secretary of defence of the Regional Committee of Catalonia and the Balearics of the FIJL and also assumed the secretariat of the new underground organisation Movimiento Ibérico de Resistencia (MIR/Iberian Resistance Movement). However, on August 17, 1946, Face was arrested along with most of the Regional Committee and other CNT activists. A total of 39 comrades ended up in prison. Upon his release from Barcelona's Modelo prison in June 1947, he became secretary of the Movimiento Libertario de Resistencia (MLR/Libertarian Movement of Resistance), participating in the Congress of the Movimiento Libertario en el Exilio (MLE/Libertarian Movement in Exile) in Toulouse. Intended to be the armed wing of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, it was short-lived and was dissolved in February 1948. However, he remained convinced that armed appropriations were still the best method of getting the money needed to support anarchist militant prisoners and their families, and he formed the Facerías maquis group. Its first action was the robbery of the Hispano-Olivetti factory in Barcelona and the group went on to conducted numerous expropriations, famously on 2 luxury brothels [the Pedralbes and La Casita Blanca] frequented by the Catalan bourgeoisie in August 1949 [returning to both in 1951 to rob them again], and sabotage actions, such as the burning of 20 vehicles at the bus garage of la Ronda de San Antonio and the attack on the police station in Gracia in August 1948. In May 1949 he participated in the bombing campaign organised by Francesc Sabaté Llopart, aka 'El Quico', and in March of that year in the attempt to assassinate the commissioner of the Brigada Político de Barcelona, Eduardo Quintela Bóveda. On August 26, 1949, he managed to escape a Guardia Civil ambush in the Pyrenees unharmed, but two of his companions were killed and one was seriously injured. On April 1, 1950, during the Fiesta de la Victoria commemorating Franco's victory, he placed a powerful bomb underneath a grandstand on the Paseo de Gracia whilst distributing thousands of anti-Franco leaflets throughout the city in a stolen car. 1950 also saw the beginning of deterioration in his relationship with the exiled CNT leadership as they became increasingly opposed to the armed struggle. At the same time, the maquis groups were suffering significant losses, including that of Facerías, who lost his best friend and comrade Guillermo Ganuza Navarro amongst others. On October 26, 1951, Face managed to escape from yet another ambush, killing one policeman and wounding nine. With the exiled CNT leadership's hostility to the armed struggle (which they eventually abandoning all together in 1953), even France was becoming a hostile environment for Face. Under the threat of arrest there (with potential deportation to Spain and certain death) and a lack of support from the so-called anarchist leadership, in June 1952 he travelled to Italy under the name of Alberto di Luigi. There he helped form the Grupos Anarquistas de Acción Proletaria (GAAP/Anarchist Proletarian Action Groups) and tried to restructure the Italian JL groups. He also carried out a series of expropriations with Jesus del Olmo Sáez aka 'Malatesta' to try and fund a series of international anarchist camping events. Back in France, he contacted Sabaté in 1956 with the aim of carrying out join actions, but a series of disagreements put an end to the collaboration. Deciding to return to Barcelona, Face together with Luis Agustín Vicente aka 'El Metralla' (Shrapnel), a Murcian anarchist with whom he had worked in Italy, and the Italian anarchist Goliardo Fiaschi, in order to execute the traitor Aniceto Linnet Manzanero. Having managed to cross the border into Spain disguised as hikers despite the intense police activity, they split up aiming to meet-up in Barcelona. In the meantime, unknown to Facerías both El Metralla and Fiaschi had been arrested and, at a pre-planned rendezvous in the Saint Andreu district on Friday August 30, 1957 at 10:45 am, Face was ambushed by police hidden in nearby windows and on roofs at the confluence of the carrers Dr. Urrutia and Pi i Molist. Shot several times including in the leg breaking his ankle, he threw himself over a nearby barrier into a trench, falling twelve feet (4m). He then produced a hand-grenade from his pocket, but was fatally shot before he could pull the pin. Shot nine times, he died aged just 37. His death passed unnoted by the exiled libertarian press except for 'Atalaya', which remained critical of the CNT's stance on armed struggle. Face's death left the 'El Quico' Sabaté and Ramon Vila Capdevila 'Caraquemada' (Burnt-face) groups as the only active maquis guerrilla organisations left in Catalonia. [estelnegre.balearweb.net/archives/20070923 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2465-jose-luis-facerias-guerrillero-antifranquista.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1117-jose-luis-facerias-historia-de-un-maquis-urbano-libertario.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2330 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wsts2g]

1975 - 12,000 workers strike at Vaal Reefs gold mine in South Africa.

2006 - Comandante Ramona of the EZLN dies.

[D2] 2011 - 10 prison officers are injured as they are attacked by 10-12 prisoners at HMP Swaleside on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent. ||
 * = 7 || 1884 - Arturo M. Giovannitti (d. 1959), Italian-American IWW activist, anarchist socialist, anti-fascist agitator and poet, born. He was involved in the IWW's organisation of the 1912 Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' textile strike (also known as the 'Strike for Three Loaves'), alongside Joseph Ettor, during which a woman striker named Anna LoPizzo, was killed as police broke up a picket line. Joseph Caruso, a striker, was charged with her murder (even though the fatal shot was fired by the police). Giovannitti and Ettor, who were not present, were later arrested and charged as accessories to murder as part of the authorities' attempts to break the union.

"A man may lose his soul for just one day Of splendor and be still accounted wise,  Or he may waste his life in a disguise  Like kings and priests and jesters, and still may

Be saved and held a hero if the play Is all he knew. But what of him who tries With truth and fails and then wins fame with lies? How shall he know what history will say?

By this: No man is great who does not find A poet who will hail him as he is With an almighty song that will unbind

Through his exploits eternal silences. Duce, where is your bard? In all mankind The only poem you inspired is this. "

- '//To Mussolini//'

[www.eclipse.net/~basket42/arturo.html www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&c=whist&d=HASH013432f9fd02cb7f734dd466&dt=simple&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse]

1887 - Henri Chassin (d. 1964), French poet, anarchist songwriter and an anti-militarist who deserted from the army in 1914, born. A "petit fils de communard" who was the author of numerous popular Parisian songs. Active in the great railway strike of 1920 and was charged with "conspiracy against state security" and imprisoned. Involved in le Groupe des Hydropathes, La Vache Enragée, the activities of La Muse Rouge and performed in many Paris cabarets such as the Grenier de Grégoire. Author of a book of poems '//Machin de Belleville//' in 1927. [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1906 - [O.S. Dec 24 1905] Novorossiysk Republic [Новороссийская республика]: The thirteen day old workers' and peasants' republic is suppressed by overwhelming Tsarist forces. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новороссийская_республика dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/12244/НОВОРОССИЙСКАЯ www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1909 - Philippe Daudet (d. 1923), youthful French anarchist and author of the posthumously published poetry collection '//Parfums Maudits//' (1924), who died in mysterious circumstances, born. Son of the reactionary '//Action Française//' journalist Léon Daudet (1867-1942), who was himself the son of the anarchist sympathiser Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897). Léon had been the perferred January 22, 1923, target for Germaine Berton at the '//Action Française//' offices, but who instead ended up shooting Marius Plateau. This action inspired Philippe, who anonymously contacted Georges Vidal, the editor of '//Le Libertaire//', on Nov. 22, 1923, laying out his anarchist sympathies and stating that he was going to assassinate Raymond Poincaré (President of the Council of Ministers) or Alexandre Millerand (President of the Republic). Two days later he visted the supposed anarchist bookseller Pierre Le Flaouter, who was in fact a police informer. Alarmed at Philippe's plans, Le Flaouter stalled him, telling him to return to the shop later that day. Meanwhile he contacted the police to warn them about the plot. What happened next is disputed. One version is that istead of entering the bookshop where the police lay in wait, Philippe hailed a taxi and went to the St. Lazare prison, where Germaine Berton was being held, and shot himself in the head, an unknown suicide. On Dec. 2, '//Le Libertaire//' brought out a special edition with the headline "The Tragic Death of Philippe Daudet, Anarchist. Léon Daudet, his father, hushes up the truth", after '//Action Française//' had announced that Philippe's death was due to illness, laying out the truth (as far as they knew it). Léon Daudet in turn claimed that the whole thing was a bizarre conspiracy between the French state and the anarchists somehow tied up to the failed assassination attempt on him, with the Sureté killing Philippe. The taxi driver Bajot then brought a defamation suit against Léon, which was successful and Léon spent 5 months in prison and was fined 5000 francs. Where Philippe got the gun or what really happened is not, and probably never will be, known but the smart money is on his being killed by the police. [www.lelibertaire.net/article23.html www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=2460]

1917 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa raids Santa Rosalia de Camargo, executing 300 Federal soldiers and Chinese prisoners. Emiliano Zapata retakes Jonacatepec.

[DD/AA] 1919 - Semana Trágica: The beginning of the 'Tragic Week' in Argentina when, in response to a police ambush on workers, the anarchist inspired Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) called a General Strike. Rightist agitators and the police fought anarchist and communists (as well as attacking exiled Russian Jews), precipitating the declaration of martial law. Hundreds of workers were killed and injured in the fighting (estimates range between 100-700 killed and 400-2,000 injured). The police lost 3 dead and 78 wounded. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(Argentina) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina) www.elortiba.org/semtrag.html www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/movimiento_obrero_hasta_1943/la_semana_tragica.php archivohistorico.educ.ar/content/manifiesto-de-la-fora-sobre-semana-trágica?frame=1&lista=indice www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/files_mf/1293026680lasemanatragica.pdf anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.com/2012/12/semana-tragica-agenda-de-reflexion.html]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: CNT militants manage to escape from the Modelo prison in Barcelona through a tunnel dug into the city's sewers, a prelude to the insurrectionary strike that was to break out across Spain the following day. [see: Jan. 8]

[C] 1944 - Johannes Adrianus Jozef 'Jan' Verleun (b. 1919), Dutch resistance fighter and member of the CS-6 group, who had shot and killed Dutch General and Rijkscommissaris, Hendrik Seyffardt, head of the Dutch SS volunteer group Vrijwilligers Legioen Nederland, is executed on the Waalsdorpervlakte in The Hague. One of the last of the Dutch resistance group CS-6 still at large, he had been arrested on November 4, 1943. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Verleun afa.home.xs4all.nl/alert/2_9/verleun.html www.dodenakkers.nl/oorlog/grafmonumenten/558-jan-verleun-verzetsstrijder-tot-de-dood.html www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=295]

1945 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: ELAS is forced to leave Piraeus as supplies run out. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[D1] 1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: General Jacques Massu, commander of the 10e Division Parachutiste (10e DP; 10th Parachute Division) is given full responsibility for the maintenance of order in Algiers by the Governor-General Robert Lacoste as the Algiers police force has proved incapable of dealing with the FLN and controlling the Pied-noirs. Massu is to control not only the 4 regiments of the 10e DP, but also the police Urbaine et Judiciaire (Urban and Judicial police); the DST (Direction de la surveillance du territoire, the Interior Ministry intelligence service); the SDECEE (Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnagecons-Intelligence Service), France's external intteligence service, and its armed wing; the GRE (Groupe de Renseignements et d'Exploitation [Information and Exploitation Group] counter-intelligence service); the SDECEE's special Algerian department), the 11e Choc (3200 11th 'Shock' Regiment paratroopers); the 9e Régiment de Zouaves (Army of Africa infrantry), based in the Casbah; 350 men of the 5e Régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique (5th Regiment of African Hunters) cavalry, 400 men of the 25e Régiment de Dragons; 650 men of the 650 Intervention et de Reconnaissance (Reconnaissance and Response) troops; plus 1,100 police officers, 55 gendarmes, 920 CRS and around 1500 men of the Unités Territoriales (UT), mainly composed of pied-noirs ultras. They set about 'pacifying' the city, laying seige to the Casbah, which is surrounded with barbed wire; through the liberal use of mass arrests, searches and 'disappearences'; torture including the infamous Gégène electrical generator and waterboarding; and assasinations and the 'suiciding' of detainees - many summary executions were carried out via 'corvées de bois' (roughly 'wood duty' or 'fetching wood'), prisoners forced to dig their own graves before being shot or thrown into the sea from an helicopter, the 'crevettes Bigeard' (Bigeard shrimps). The Battle would continue until the following October and the capture of Yacef Saâdi, aka 'Si Djaâfa' or 'Réda Lee', head of the FLN in the Autonomous Zone of Algiers [Zone autonome d'Alger] and of the bombs network (réseau bombes) and the death of Ali la Pointe, Yacef Saâdi deputy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-arrivee de massu.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-interrogatoires.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

[D2] 1979 - The Vietnamese army ousts the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. Western governments, including the United States and Britain, as well as China, continue to support the Khmer Rouge, sending them arms, and allowing them to continue to hold Cambodia’s seat in the United Nations until 1993.

1994 - Leah Feldman, aka the Makhnovist Granny, (b. ca. 1899), anarchist, member of the Makhno's Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army and smuggler of arms into fascist Spain, is cremated in East London. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/9cnpsr www.nestormakhno.info/english/biog-feldman.htm en.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Leah_Feldman&redirect=no] ||
 * = 8 || 1811 - Slave revolt in New Orleans. [?]

1813 - Mellor, Thorpe and Smith executed for the murder of William Horsfall, as were later the five from the Rawfolds assault. A further nine Luddites were put to death for stealing arms or money and a further 6 were transported for giving in receiving illegal oaths. The Luddite rising in Yorkshire is over.

1873 - Vincenzo Pezza (b. 1841), Italian Bakuninist Internationalist, dies. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/janvier08.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0801.html]

1883 - In Lyon the trial of members of the International Workers' Association, known as 'The 66', begins. The 66 are accused of promoting workers' strikes and the abolition of the rights of property, family, fatherland, religion and thus attacking the public peace. Stiff sentences were handed down: 'Leaders' such as Peter Kropotkin, Émile Gautier, Joseph Bernard and Toussaint Bordat received four years in prison; 39 of their cohorts received sentences ranging from six months to three years.

[D2] 1892 - Anarchist revolt in Andalusia, to the cry of " ¡Viva larevolución social !" Hundreds of farm labourers take the town of Jerez. The uprising is quickly subdued and its leaders captured and tortured. Four are sentenced to death and executed 10 February 1892, setting off new waves of violence.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 27, 1904] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg hold meetings following the dismissal of four workers for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н). Their demands that the four be rehired and the foreman who had discharged them be fired are also published in today's 'Revolutsionnaya Rossiya' (Революционная Россия), the paper of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

[1907 - [O.S. Dec. 27, 1906] Chief Military Prosecutor Pavlov is assassinated by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus05.htm]

1910 - Unemployed shoe-maker Jean-Jacques Liabeuf perpetuates his famous act of revenge against the Parisian police following his wrongful conviction for "pimping". Armed with a pistol and 2 cobblers' knives, and whilst wearing heavily spiked armbands, he is confronted by police - killing one, severely wounding a second and hospitalising six others. Despite widespread protests in his support organised by the anarchist //milieu//, he is executed on July 2, precipitating extensive rioting.

1912 - African National Congress founded, South Africa.

[D1/DDD] 1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: The date chosen by the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña (Regional Defence Committee of Catalonia), based upon an idea proposed by Joan Garcia Oliver, for an insurrectionary general stike in Catalonia. [see: Dec. 1] The insurrection did not have a very wide following. The Army and Civil Guard took strategic positions in places where there was disorder was expected, and union leaders were detained. In some neighborhoods of Barcelona there were clashes between anarchists and law enforcement. There were strikes, explosives incidents and proclamations of libertarian communism in some locations such as Aragón, Robres, Bellver de Cinca, the Comunidad Valenciana, Bugarra, Ribarroja, Bétera, Benaguacil, Utiel and Pedralba. In the latter town a guardia civil and a guardia de asalto (assault guard) were killed during the insurrection; when the Guardia Civil restored order it killed ten civilians. The National Committee of CNT, which had not called the strike, said on January 10th that the insurrection had been "de pura significancia anarquista sin que para nada haya intervenido en ellos el organismo federal" (purely anarchist, without significance [and] that they, the federal agency, had not participated), although they or their confederal paper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' [12/01/33] did not condemned it "con un deber de solidaridad y de conciencia" (out of a duty of solidarity and conscience). But that it was not the revolution that will "con garantías... a la luz del día" (guarantee... the light of day). On January 9, the official journal of the CNT in Madrid published an editorial '//Esta revolución no es la nuestra//' (This is not our revolution), followed up two days later with the claim "Ni vencidos ni humillados" (Neither loser nor humiliated), and blamed the uprising on "la política represiva… sectaria de los socialistas que detentan el poder y usan de él contra los intereses de los trabajadores" (the repressive sectarian politics ... the socialists who use power against the interests of the workers.) The riots "existen y aumentarán por razones de injusticia bien patentes" (exist and flourish because of patent injustice). Therefore, "vencida una insurrección surge otra, resuelta una huelga, otra se produce; apaciguado un motín, estalla otro mayor" (defeat one insurrection another pops up, settle a strike, another occurs; pacify a riot another major one breaks out.) At the end of the insurrection, 9,000 CNT members have been jailed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ita.anarchopedia.org/Casas_Viejas www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20130128/54358893204/anarquismo-espana-alzamientos-casas-viejas-cadiz-republica-1933-gobierno-azana.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:cuatrotragediascasasviejas&catid=6:memoria-historica&Itemid=19 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm www.abc.es/fotos-archivo/20140111/matanza-casas-viejas-anarquistas-1511736797923.html]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: During the evening anarcho-syndicalist groups tried to approach the Carabanchel, Cuatro Vientos, de la Montaña and de María Cristina barracks in Madrid but are driven back. Large explosions in Levante and in less than 2 hours during Sunday night more than 20 explosions are heard in Valencia, where the police prevented the burning of churches. There is unrest in many towns in the Valencia province, including Ribarroja, Bétera , Benaguacil and Utiel. In Gestalgar several bombs explode. In Bugarra after heavy fighting with the police, which leaves five guardia civil and guardia de asalto dead, the anarchists take the town and proclaim libertarian communism. Bloody fighting also takes place in Gandia, Tabernes de Valldigna and Pedralba. In Catalonia serious clashes occur in Sardañola, Tarrasa, Ripollet and Sallent. In Lérida an assault attempt is made on the barracks of the 25th Infantry Brigade, leaving one sergeant dead and seven sergeants and corporals injuried. Five attackers are killed. In Barcelona attacks take place on the Cuartel de Atarazanas, calle de Arco de Teatro, the calle Castaños and at the Mercado de San José. At 20:05 an attack was launched on the San Agustín barracks of the regimiento de Infantería nº 10, setting off a bomb and commandeering a tram to use as a barricade in front of the barracks from which to fire from. At 21:00, two bombs explode in the basement of the police, wounding a guardia civil and two police drivers. The turmoil also spreads to Zaragoza, Murcia, Oviedo and other provinces, reaching its greatest resonance in Andalucía, where numerous strikes break out. In Seville cars and trams are set on fire, and the police are shot at several time. In La Rinconada libertarian communism is proclaimed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1959 - Castro arrives in Havana.

1973 - Tupamaro guerrillas kidnap British ambassador Geoffrey Jackson in Uruguay.

2012 - Gunnar Dyrberg (b. 1921), member of the Danish resistance movement during World War II, leading the Holger Danske, a Danish resistance group in the capital Copenhagen (1943-45), dies. [see: Nov. 12] ||
 * = 9 || [A] 1905 - Louise Michel (b. 1830), French anarchist, member of the 1871 Paris Commune and co-founder of the Women's Batallion, dies. Her funeral will be attended by 100,000 mourners.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 28, 1904] Putilov Strike [Russian Revolution of 1905-07]: Following yesterday's meetings of workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg in protest at the dismissal of four workers for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg, The Assembly convenes a mass meeting of workers from 11 factories. Representatives of the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries are invited by some of the more radical workers, who also attempt to push the Gaponite leaders to take a more militant stance. The meeting decides to send a delegation with a petition to the management, the factory inspectors and the authorities in St Petersburg, setting forth the workers’ grievances. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

[CC] 1915 - William Herrick (born William Horvitz; d. 2004), US author of the classic Spanish Civil War novel '//Hermanos!//' (1969), which depicts the Communist Party's machinations during the Spanish Revolution through the eyes of various International Brigade members and CP apparatchiks, born. Born into a Jewish communist family, he too joined the Party, whose ideology he was later to characterise as "a kind of brainwashing, . . . a religion. The world's worst." In the '30s Depression he spent time in an anarchist utopian community in Michigan, later drifting across the country "on the bum" joining picket lines and protests wherever he found them. He was also involved in trying to organise black sharecroppers in the South, a CP policy that he later repudiated as a reckless propaganda exercise by the Communists that led to the deaths of too many Black workers, and nearly led to his own death when a secret meeting he was at was attacked by police and racists. He joined the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and rapidly became disillusioned with the Communist Party's role in the Civil War, the incompetence of its officers and its treatment of others on the Republican side including the anarchists and POUM (Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista / Workers Party of Marxist Unification). The story of Oliver Law is a case in point: a black American promoted to a senior position for communists propaganda purposes, he was hopelessly inadequate in the field and caused the deaths of many of the men under his command. When he was killed in action the Party press had him dying a hero's death when leading an attack, but Herrick suggests that he was deliberately shot by some of his own troops. On February 23, 1937, during fighting near Madrid, Herrick was shot in the neck. The bullet lodged millimetres from his spinal cord, and could not be removed. Recuperating in Spain, he had an affair with a nurse who also happened to be the wife of a top (Hungarian) Communist official. Already under suspicion, his loyalty was questioned and he was forced to watch POUM members and anarchists being executed. These experiences all formed the basis of the anti-Stalinist //roman a clef//, '//Hermanos!//', Spanish for 'brothers'. He returned to the United States because of his wounds and given a job in the Party-controlled Fur and Leather Workers' Union, but what he had seen in the ranks of the Communist forces made it impossible for him to remain much longer a loyal supporter of the movement. The Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939 was the last straw. He protested against Moscow's new alliance and was blacklisted from the Furriers Union. He went on to write 9 novels (in addition to '//Hermanos!//'), including '//Shadows and Wolves//' (1980), '//Love and Terror//' (1981) and '//Kill Memory//' (1983), all set in Spain, and a memoir, '//Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical//' (1998). [www.pennilesspress.co.uk/prose/william_herrick_and_the_spanish.htm]

1924 - Jean-Baptiste Thuriault (sometimes Thuriau) (b. 1853), French worker and anarchist militant, dies. [see: Apr. 24]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: The official journal of the CNT in Madrid publishes an editorial '//Esta revolución no es la nuestra//' (This is not our revolution), followed up two days later with the claim "Ni vencidos ni humillados" (Neither loser nor humiliated), and blamed the uprising on "la política represiva… sectaria de los socialistas que detentan el poder y usan de él contra los intereses de los trabajadores" (the repressive sectarian politics ... the socialists who use power against the interests of the workers.) The riots "existen y aumentarán por razones de injusticia bien patentes" (exist and flourish because of patent injustice). Therefore, "vencida una insurrección surge otra, resuelta una huelga, otra se produce; apaciguado un motín, estalla otro mayor" (defeat one insurrection another pops up, settle a strike, another occurs; pacify a riot another major one breaks out.) [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1950 - Wenceslao Jimenez Orive aka 'Wences' & 'Jimeno' (b. 1922), Asturian industrial designer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who led the 'Los Maños' //guérilla// group in the resistance to Franco following the fascist victory in the Civil War, is shot down in the street without any warning, Seriously injured, he had just enough strength left to take the cyanide capsule, which he always carried with him, so as not to fall into the hands of the police alive. [see: Jan. 28]

1950 - Following the death of Wenceslao Jimenez Orive aka 'Wences' & 'Jimeno' (b. 1922), two members of his 'Los Maños' group, Simón Gracia Fleringán aka 'Miguel Montllor' & 'Aniceto Borrel' (1923 - 1950) and Placido Ortiz Gratal aka 'Vicente Llop' & 'Vicente Lobo' (1921 - 1950), were arrested later the same day.

[D] [2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] ||
 * = 10 || [D] 1883 - Squatters at Glendale, on the Isle of Skye, defeat the police force sent to evict them.

1901 - Herrmann Karl Robert 'Henning' von Tresckow (d. 1944), German Generalmajor, who organised Wehrmacht resistance against Adolf Hitler, born. Initially an enthusiastic supporter of Nazism because of its opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, he was quickly disillusioned by 1934 with the extra-judicial murder by the Schutzstaffel (SS) of many SA leaders and political opponents, including two generals, in the Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934). Events like the 1938 Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, and especiilaly Kristallnacht, strengthened his antipathy to the Nazis (as later would the mass shootings of Jews in the east, the Commissar Order [the Richtlinien für die Behandlung politischer Kommissare (Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars), ordering the summary execution of any captured Soviet political commissars] and the general treatment of Russian prisoners) and he sought out civilians and officers who opposed Hitler. It was decided that Tresckow's group would assassinate Hitler and thereby provide the 'spark' for the coup, and plans for Operation Spark began to be drawn up in 1940. However, it was not until 1943 when the first opportunity arose for the anti-Nazi conspiracy of German army officers and political conservatives, given the name Schwarze Kapelle (Black Band) by Tresckow, to carry out their plan. Hitler planned to visit the Army Group Centre (AGC) on the Eastern Front on his journey back to East Prussia from Ukraine [see: Feb. 17] and Tresckow had prepared three options: Plan B was abandoned when Günther von Kluge (1882 - 1944), Commander of Army Group Centre, persuaded Kluge not to carry it out. Instead the third plan was attempted and Tresckow asked Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Brandt, who was travelling with Hitler, whether he would be good enough to take a bottle of Cointreau to (fellow conspirator) Colonel Helmuth Stieff (1901 - 1944). Unfortunately, the bomb failed to detonate. Other assassination attempt, including the March 21, 1943, suicide bomb attempt by Colonel Rudolph-Christoph von Gersdorff (1905 - 1980) at the Zeughaus military museum in Berlin, the winter uniform suicide bomb attempts on November 16, 1943 and February 11, 1944 plus an attempted shooting (March 11) and a bomb in the water tower at the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) all failed. Meanwhile, Tresckow had continued to try and increase the circle of plotters, with many refusing to participate but also failing to report his treasonable activities. Instead, the plotters were forced to rely more on the Reserve Army in Berlin and other districts, and its commander General Friedrich Olbricht (1888 - 1944), suggested a new scheme, to adapt the Operation Walküre (Valkyrie) emergency operational plan as the basis for a coup plot. Tresckow set about redrafted the Valkyrie plan as part of what would become the July 20 plot against. This time the bomb did go off but it failed to kill Hitler and by the time the conspirators found that out their takeover plans were in full swing and they were discovered, arrested and most were ruthlessly eradicated. [see: Jul. 20] When Tresckow heard of the plot's failure, he committed suicide the following day on the Eastern Front. Eventually, Tresckow part in the plot was discovered, with the Gestapo labelling him as being the "prime mover" and the "evil spirit" behind it, and his body was dug up and taken to the crematorium in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. His wife was arrested on August 15 and her children taken away under Nazi policy of Sippenhaft, meaning shared family guilt, but early in October she was released again and survived the war. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]
 * intercept Hitler on his way from the airfield to the HQ area, overwhelming Hitler's SS escort and killing the Führer (rejected as the plotters did not want to fight fellow German soldiers and the escort might prove too strong);
 * a group of plotters were to shoot Hitler collectively at a signal in the officers' mess during lunch; or
 * to smuggle a timebomb (disguised as a box supposedly containing two bottles of cognac) on to Hitler's plane on the flight back.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 29, 1904] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the previous days' meetings amongst workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg protesting the sacking of four workers dismissed for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgii Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н), petition the management of the plant on the workers' demands that the four be rehired and that the foreman who had discharged them be fired. The demand was rejected by the management. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 28 1905] Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: After two failed attempts in March and October 1905, the Russian expeditionary forces, who had been strongly reinforced by Colonel Krylov's troops, finally brutally suppress the uprising in the Georgian province of Guria, putting an end to the Gurian Republic. [See: Feb. 20] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Mexican president Victoriano Huerta's forces defeated at Ojinaga, end of Huerta resistance in Chihuahua.

1919 - Arrest of the author, poet, publisher, anarchist Erich Mühsam and 11 other radicals in Germany.

[C] 1926 - The Executive committee of the CPGB issue a statement calling for the setting up of Workers’ Defence Corps across the country to protect striking workers against the police, strike breakers and the fascists, who were part of the official strike-breaking and special police organisation.

1928 - Philip Levine, American working-class poet, anti-fascist and anarchist, born. [libcom.org/history/levine-philip-1928 www.pshares.org/read/article-detail.cfm?intArticleID=8812]

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: Rioting, bombings and gunfighting continue throughout the country as the Revolution spreads to the southern cities. Anarchists and Syndicalists besiege Barcelona. Armed anarchist risings in Barcelona (January-February) and several other cities are defeated by the Republican government; left-right polarisation develops further in Spain. The insurrection breaks out in Castellón de la Plana following the killing of a //guardia civil// and an assault guard. [see: Jan. 7 & 8] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933]

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: On the night of January 10 and in the early hours of January 11, a group of CNT-affiliated farm labourers gather in the Ateneo Libertario in Casas Viejas, a town of about 2000 inhabitants, and quite unaware that they were isolated and that the uprising had failed in other nearby locations, embark upon an uprising during the January 1933 anarchist insurrection. Telephone wires are cut, trenches dug to prevent the movement of vehicles and control points set up at intersections and roads into the town. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm www.batallasdeguerra.com/2014_09_01_archive.html hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: Following rioting in the province of Cádiz organised by the anarchists, the government decide to send in a company of //guardias de asalto// under the command of Captain Manuel Rojas Feijespán. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas]

[A] 1934 - Marinus van der Lubbe (b. 1909), a Dutch council communist, is guillotined for setting fire to the Reichstag building.

1943 - Uprising in the Forced Labour Camp of Mińsk-Mazowiecki: The final liquidation of the Mińsk-Mazowiecki Ghetto is ordered but when the first group of around 300 of the remaining Jews resist their German overseers at the Camp Kopernikus as they are being taken to be killed at the nearby Jewish cemetery. The remained lock themselves in the building, throwing bricks, tools and stones at Germans. The building is shelled and they are burned alive in their barracks. [www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/minsk-mazowiecki en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mińsk_Mazowiecki_Ghetto]

1998 - Over 20,000 villagers from the Narmada Valley of central India occupy the partially built site of the new, World Bank-funded Maheshwar Dam.

2002 - Eight members of the group Those Pesky Kids (TPK) charged with Criminal Trespass after scaling the Argentine Embassy walls and dropping the red and black Anarchist flag in solidarity with the insurrectionary events in Argentina.

2004 - Ramón Liarte Viu (b. 1918), Spanish anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist militant, autodidact, journalist and writer, dies. [see: Aug. 28]

2011 - 2 prison officers are injured during a disturbance at HMYOI Littlehay in Cambridgeshire. || Blamed for the deafeat, Hidalgo was removed from command of the army and replaced by Allende and what was left of the insurgent Army of the Americas fled towards America hoping for help from its supporters there. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calderón_Bridge es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Puente_de_Calderón en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla]
 * = 11 || 1811 - Guerra de Independencia de México [Mexican War of Independence]: Despite consisting of almost 100,000 Mexican revolutionists, the insurgent troops of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Ignacio Allende are defeated by the 6,000 or so professional soldiers of the Royalist forces of New Spain, led by General Félix María Calleja del Rey, a Spanish military officer and (later) viceroy of New Spain. Calleja's forces were better equipped than the insurgent forces and Royalist artillery struck an insurgent ammunitions wagon, causing it to explode. The explosion caused panic in the insurgents' ranks, giving victory to the much smaller but better disciplined Royalist forces. The Batalla del Puente de Calderón (Battle of Calderón Bridge) is a decisive defeat and turning point in the War of Independence, which resulted in a ten-year delay before insurgent victory and independence could be achieved.

1886 - Jean-Jacques Liabeuf (d. 1910), a young unemployed French cobbler who was notoriously guillotined after his July 2,1910 act of revenge against police for his wrongful conviction on trumped-up charges of 'pimping', born.

1887 - Clément Duval, French anarchist burglar and member of La Panthère des Batignolles, whose story was appropriated for the plot of the novel '//Papillion//', goes on trial at the Seine Court of Assizes. Duval had broken into the apartment of a rich woman (25th October 1886), stolen her jewels and accidentally set it on fire.

[B] 1890 - William Morris' '//News From Nowhere (or An Epoch of Rest)//' begins serialisation in '//The Commonweal//'.

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 29 1905] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: At the second SR party congress (Jan. 11-17 [O.S. Dec. 29-Jan. 4], held at Imatra in Finland, controversy over the use of terrorism causes a split within the party. The Maximalists on the left, who formed the Union of Socialists Revolutionaries Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов), endorsed not only attacks on political and government targets but also 'economic terror' (i.e., attacks on landowners, factory owners etc.); the Popular Socialists rejected all terrorism. Other issues also divided the defectors from the PSR: The Maximalists disagreed with the SRs' version of a 'two-stage' revolution (the first stage being 'popular-democratic' and the second 'labour-socialist'), a theory advocated by Victor Chernov (Виктора Чернова), which, to the Maximalists, smacked of the Social-Democrats' distinction between 'bourgeois-democratic' and 'proletarian-socialist' stages of the revolution. Maximalism stood for immediate socialist revolution. The Popular Socialists (Партия народных социалистов), or Labour Popular Socialist Party (Трудова́я наро́дно-социалисти́ческая па́ртия), meanwhile, disagreed with the party's proposal to 'socialise' the land (i.e., turn it over to collective peasant ownership) and instead wanted to 'nationalise' it (i.e., turn it over to the state; they also wanted landowners to be compensated, while the PSR rejected indemnities). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Партия_социалистов-революционеров ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_социалистов-революционеров-максималистов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Партия_народных_социалистов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Socialists_Revolutionaries_Maximalists en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Socialists_(Russia)]

1908 - General Strike by workers in Buenos Aires.

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: Beginning of the IWW-organised 'Bread & Roses' textile strike of 32,000 women and children at Lawrence, Massachusetts. The first to walk out were a group of Polish women who, upon collecting their pay, exclaimed that they had been cheated and promptly abandoned their looms. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1924 - In the premises of the union CGTUnitaire at 33 Rue de la Grange-aux-Belles in Paris, a bloody confrontation takes place during a meeting of the Communist Party. Anarcho-syndicalist militants opposed to the use of the local union for political purposes are fired on by young communist stewards, killing 2 anarcho-syndicalist workers, Adrien Poncet and Nicolas Clos.

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: In Casas Viejas libertarian communism and common ownership of the land is declared, the town's archive and the property deeds are set on fire and its food store distributed. Early that morning María Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' and her friend Manuela Lago y Gallinito, both anarchist militants, march through the village with a red and black flag. The town's mayor is dismissed and, armed with shotguns and the odd handgun, the insurgents surround the Guardia Civil barracks, and its three guards and one sergeant are called upon to to surrender. When they refused, an exchange of gunshots erupts and the sergeant and one of the guards are seriously wounded. At 14:00, a team of twelve Guardia Civil under a Sergeant Anarte arrive in Casas Viejas, free their colleagues, who had been left behind in the barracks and take over the village. Three hours after that, a further batch of police reinforcements arrive under the command of Lieutenant Gregorio Fernández Artal: they comprise 4 Guardia Civil and 12 Guardias de Asalto. They promptly set about arresting those allegedly responsible for the attack on the civil guards barracks, two of whom after torture, point the finger at two sons and a son-in-law of Francisco Cruz Gutierrez, nicknamed Seisdedos (Six Fingers), a 70 year old charcoal maker and CNT member, who had sought refuge in his home, a mud-and-stone shack, alongside his family. On attempting to break down the door to Seisdedos’ home, one assault guard is shot dead on the doorstep and another is seriously wounded. An unsuccessful attempt to storm the shack is made at ten o’clock that night. Sometime after midnight, Captain Rojas ordered his men to open up on the shack with their rifles and machine-guns and later gave the order for it to be torched, killing all but one inhabitant. [see: Jan. 12] [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

[C] 1943 - Assassination of the Italian-born anarchist militant Carlo Tresca (b. 1879) in New York City by unknown assailants. Forced into exile following his involvement in the newspaper '//Il Germe//' (The Origin), he emigrated to the USA via Switzerland. In New York he published an Italian language paper, '//La Plèbe//', became involved in IWW union activities and in 1917 started '//Il Martello//' (The Hammer), a newspaper he published until his death. In 1923, he was sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a book on birth control, but due to large demonstrations in his support his sentence was reduced to four months. Later he organised resistance to Italian blackshirts in America. Tresca's funeral, which was held on January 16 in Manhattan Center, was attended by over 5000 anti-facists. [see: Mar. 9] [www.improntalaquila.org/2013/vita-morte-ed-eredita-di-carlo-tresca-51977.html www.politicamentecorretto.com/index.php?news=55626 osservatoriodiconfine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/confini-mafia-e-informazione-carlo.html]

1945 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: The fighting in Greece comes to an end, with the agreement of EAM with General Scobie. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[D] 1981 - The Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation launches a general offensive. Embattled El Salvadoran junta imposes dawn-to-dusk curfew. In two days the guerrillas' political arm will call for a General Strike. By January 15th, about half the shops in the capital city, San Salvador, are closed and 20,000 government workers walk out.

[A] 1981 - The 'Macheteros' blow up 11 jet fighters of Puerto Rico's National Guard near San Juan. ||
 * = 12 || 1791 - Slave revolt in Louisiana. [expand]

[C/CCC] 1900 - Todor Angelov Dzekov (Тодор Ангелов Дзеков / Théodore Angheloff; d. 1943), Bulgarian anarcho-communist revolutionary and anti-fascist, who was active for a long time in Western Europe and headed a Brussels-based group of the Belgian Resistance against Nazi Germany, born. A member of the anarchist left wing of Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and the Bulgarian Communist Party from an early age; in 1923 he took part in the failed and suppressed September Uprising. In 1923, he settled in Belgium with his wife Aleksandra Sharlandzhieva (Александра Шарланджиева) and daughter, the screenwriter and editor Svoboda Bachvarova (Свобода Тодорова Бъчварова; b. 1925) Between 1936–1938, he joined the XV Brigade's Georgi Dimitrov Battalion of Bulgarian volunteers and fought in the Spanish Civil War. Wounded, he spent time recuperating in a hospital in Murcia and was interned in Gurs concentration camp following the defeat of the republic. Upon returning to Belgium Angelov was an active supporter of the Communist Party of Belgium. In 1942, he organised a resistance group of around 25 people, mostly Central European Jewish immigrants; the group was mostly active around Brussels. Angelov was referred to as Terrorist X by the Nazi authorities and led over 200 actions against the Nazis, including the destruction of a train carrying military machinery and the burning of records of Jews to be deported. During a single year, around half of the group's members were killed or arrested. Angelov was arrested in early 1943 and interned in the Fort Breendonk concentration camp, where he was executed in late November 1943. The Nazis never knew who they had caught despite the 11 months of torture that they subjected him to. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Angelov bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тодор_Ангелов dinchozheliazkov.wordpress.com/библиотека/публицистика/човекът-който-пееше/ duma.bg/node/2016 www.temanews.com/index.php?p=tema&iid=125&aid=3203 www.blitz.bg/article/8736 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свобода_Бъчварова]

1911 - Robert Abshagen (d. 1944), German insurance agent, sailor, construction worker, Communist and resistance fighter against National Socialism, who was a member of the the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group, the largest resistance organisation in the Hamburg area, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abshagen de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abshagen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4stlein-Jacob-Abshagen_Group]

1918 - [O.S. Dec. 30 1917] The Latvians declare their independence from Russia but find it hard to celebrate while occupying Germans are still sitting in their laps.

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: Sometime after midnight, a company of 40 Guardias de Asalto arrives in Casas Viejas under the command of Captain Rojas who is under orders from the Director-General of Security, Arturo Menéndez, to close in from Jérez and stamp out the uprising by pouring "merciless fire at any who open fire on the troops". Captain Rojas orders his men to open up on the shack with their rifles and machine-guns and later gives the order for it to be torched. Two of the occupants, a man and a woman, are cut down as they ran outside to escape the flames. Six people are burnt to death inside the shack: Seisdedos; his two sons, Perico Jiménez aka Pedro (36 years old) and Francisco 'Paco' Cruz Jiménez (43); Josefa Franco Moya, Seisdedos' 41-year-old widowed daughter; her children Francisco (18) and Manuel García (almost 13 years); Jerónimo Silva González aka 'Zorrito' (38, CNT treasurer); and Manuela Lago Estudillo (17 years old), Maria Silva Cruz's friend and comrade from their anarchist youth group Amor y Aarmonía. María Silva, Seisdedos‘ grand-daughter, who was known as 'La Libertaria', one of only two survivors of the conflagration (the other being a neighbour's child who Maria rescued from the flames). At around 04:00, Rojas orders three patrols to scour the village and arrest all the leading militants, instructing his men to shoot at the first sign of resistance. They go on to kill a 74-year-old man, Antonio Barberán Castellar, and arrest a dozen others, leading them in handcuffs to the burnt-out shell of Seisdedos‘ shack. There, Captain Rojas and his men murdered them in cold blood in the little pen. Only one of the 12, Fernando Lago, had actually taken part in the attack on the barracks on the 11th. Shortly after that, they pulled out of the village. The slaughter was over. Nineteen men, two women and a child had perished. As had three guards. All told, 28 people including 2 from heart failure, died during the insurrection and ensuing retribution. As a result of these events lots of locals were later subjected to torture and wholly arbitrary imprisonment. The last victim was María Silva Cruz, 'La Libertaria', Seisdedos‘ grand-daughter; in July 1936, the area fell into the clutches of the fascist rebels. María was then living in Paterna, a nearby village. They sought her out there, carried her off and murdered her. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

1945 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: The Dekemvriana ends definitively with the signing of the Treaty of Varkiza. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[A] 1971 - Thousands of people strike and march against the Industrial Relations Bill. The home of Robert Carr, Minister of Employment, in Hadley Green Road, Barnet, is bombed. The action is claimed by the Angry Brigade.

1991 - Vasco Pratolini (b. 1913), Italian novelist, screenwriter, communist, anti-Nazi partisan and a major figure in Italian Neorealism, dies. [see: Oct. 19]

[D] 1994 - Zapatista Uprising: Following 12 days of fighting between government forces and the EZLN in Chiapas, a ceasefire is declared. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2000 - Antonio Zapata Córdoba (b. 1908), Spanish construction worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Spanish Civil War fighter, dies during the night of Jan 12-13. [see: Oct. 27]

2009 - In Greece 3 gunmen had grabbed Periklis Panagopoulos (74), founder of one of Greece's largest ferry operators, and his driver in the southern Athens suburb of Vouliagmeni. Panagopoulos was released unharmed on Jan 20 following a large ransom payment. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Riot_(1874)]
 * = 13 || 1874 - The first Tompkins Square Police Riot - as unemployed workers demonstrate in New York City, mounted police officers charge into the crowd, indiscriminately clubbing adults and children, leaving hundreds of casualties. [EXPAND]

[D] 1894 - Lunigiana Revolt: In Lunigiana, Tuscany protests in support of the victims of the 'state of siege' declared across Sicily ten days earlier and in solidarity with those of the Fasci Siciliani arrested turn into an insurrection led by armed groups of anarchists. Having armed themselves, miners and stone carvers from the stone and marble quarries of nearby Massa and Carrara, hotbeds of anarchism, cut telegraph lines, set up barricades on the road between Massa and Carrara and clash with police and strikebreakers, and loot police armouries. In Avenza during the first armed confrontation a policeman and a demonstrator are killed. That night rebels gather in Becizzano, Codena and Miseglia and march to the city, shouting "Long live Italy! Long live the revolution!", in the belief that it had broken out across the country. Anarchist Luigi Molinari, author of the '//Inno della rivolta//' (Hymn of the uprising), which is dedicated to the insurgents of the Lunigiana, including Pasquale Binazzi and Galileo Palla, was later arrested [see: Jan. 16] on charges of inciting insurrection for his part in the insurrection. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani repubblicautopia.altervista.org/castelpoggio/storia-anarchia.php www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

1909 - Marinus van der Lubbe (d. 1934), Dutch council communist, who was guillotined for setting fire to the Reichstag building, born.

1910 - Moishe Tokar, a young Russian Jewish anarchist who attempted to assassinate Hershelman, the hated military commander of the Vilna Fortress in Russia, is sentenced to death.

1925 - Anna Maria Pietroni (d. 1974), Italian anarchist activist, born. From a family of anarchists (her father was a comrade of Malatesta and her brother Manilo was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment by a special court in 1940 for anarchist activities. She took part in the anti-fascist resistance as a messenger of the Maquis but later left the Communist Party and returned to anarchism, working on the weekly '//Umanità Nova//'. Active in the post-Piazza Fontana bombing [see: Dec. 12] support campaigns for Valpreda and other arrested anarchists, and that for Marini.

1933 - Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933: '//Solidaridad Obrera//' fails to condemned the January insurrection "con un deber de solidaridad y de conciencia" (out of a duty of solidarity and conscience). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933]

[C] 1957 - Kadar government in Hungary declares that striking workers will face the death penalty.

1958 - Moroccan Liberation Army ambushes Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera, during the Ifni War, sometimes called the Forgotten War in Spain (la Guerra Olvidada).

1997 - Left-wing guerrillas holding 72 hostages open fire on police outside the Japanese Embassy in Lima.

2009 - In Riga between 10-20,000 people attend an opposition and trade unions organised rally demanding the dissolution of the parliament. During the evening the peaceful rally turns violent. Fifty people are injured and 100 arrested for overturning police cars and looting stores. The crowd also attempted to force into the Latvian parliament building, but was repelled by riot police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Riga_riot] ||
 * = 14 || 1888 - Émile Bachelet (d. 1967), French individualist anarchist, anti-militarist and member of the Bonnot Gang, born.

1909 - Félix Likiniano (d. 1983), Basque anarchist and Civil War militia member, who would later join ETA, born.

1914 - The trial of IWW members Herman 'Hook Nose' Suhr and Richard 'Blackie' Ford begins. Blamed for instigating a strike that led to the Wheatland Hop Riot, they are charged with the murders of the 4 people who died during the riot.

1918 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (d. 2011), Catalan anti-fascist militant, cenetista, secretary of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), National Committee member and Treasurer of SIA, born. [expand][NB: d.o.b. also given as 19th] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Laviña_Carreras estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/68412 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4088 www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=4048 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20140114 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/117506 www.estelnegre.org/documents/lavinya/rosalavinya.pdf www.casimages.com/f_get.php?f=120114093203493707.pdf memoriarepressiofranquista.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html anarquismo.jimdo.com/anarquistas-kr-lo/ alacantobrer.wordpress.com/2012/03/06/enero/ ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/ojs/index.php/lusohispanic/article/view/3256/1472 www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/17-31964-2014-04-20.html]

[A] 1961 - Prison revolts in HMP Maidstone and HMP Shrewsbury.

1970 - Spanish government drafts 55,000 postal workers to crush strike. [expand]

[D] 1970 - Riots in Polish Baltic ports begin, continuing until the 18th. Sparked by a strike in the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk against the dismissal of militant crane driver Anna Walentynowicz.

1976 - Wildcat strike wave spreads across the nation to Barcelona, resulting in the formation of workers' general assemblies and defiance of the unions and government.

1994 - Federica Montseny (b. 1905), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anarcha-feminist, poet and Minister of Health during the Civil War, dies. The daughter of Catalan libertarian activists and educators Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé), who also co-edited the anarchists journal, '//La Revista Blanca//' (1898-1905), she joined the CNT at seventeen years old. She wrote for anarchist journals such as '//Solidaridad Obrera//', '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Nueva Senda//', and published her first novel under the name 'Blanca Montsan' in the series '//La Novela Roja//'. In 1923 she urged her parents to relaunch '//La Revista Blanca//', which led to the family to establishing in the publishing firm Ediciones de La Revista Blanca, specialising in promoting libertarian ideals throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Federica Montseny participated as an editor of the serials '//La Novela Ideal//' and '//La Novela Libre//', writing many of the novels herself. The '//Novela Ideal//' appeared in a weekly edition of 50,000 and the '//Novela Libre//' a monthly 64 page publication with a print run of 20,000. [see: Feb. 12] || "Whoever puts his hand on me to govern me is a usurper and a tyrant. I declare him my enemy."
 * = 15 || 1809 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (d. 1865) born in France.

[D] 1812 - First indication of Luddism in Yorkshire: magistrates dispersed a crowd gathered in Leeds, some of the men having blackened faces. One was arrested and the magistrates learned of a plot to attack machinery.

1894 - Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana]: Following the breakout of the insurrection two days earlier, further clashes take place including one between workers on the road between Fossola and Carrara, where on of the insurgents is killed by a cavalry unit. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani repubblicautopia.altervista.org/castelpoggio/storia-anarchia.php www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 2] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: About 600 workers from the Putilov and other factories gather at the Narva office of The Assembly in St. Petersburg to confirm the strike decision and work out new demands. These include the introduction of an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage ,and the formation of an elected workers’ committee that would work jointly with the management to resolve workers’ grievances. The factory management rejecet these demands as well. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Carranista army defeats Villiaista army and takes Guadaljara. [Venustiano Carranza: Primer Jefe of the Constitutional Army]

1919 - Rosa Luxemburg (b. 1871), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, is captured along with Karl Liebknecht by the Freikorps' Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision. They are brutally questioned by Captain Waldemar Pabst and Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung. Luxemburg is beaten with a rifle butt by soldier Otto Runge, then shot in the head, either by Lieutenant Kurt Vogel or Lieutenant Hermann Souchon. Her body is then flung into Berlin's Landwehr Canal. In the Tiergarten Karl Liebknecht is later shot and his body, without a name, taken to a morgue. It is not until June 1, 1919, that Luxemburg's corpse is found and identified. [see: Mar. 5]

1919 - Karl Liebknecht (b. 1871), German socialist and co-founder, with Rosa Luxemburg, of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany, is captured along with Karl Liebknecht by the Freikorps' Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision. They are brutally questioned by Captain Waldemar Pabst and Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung and Luxemburg is shot in the head and her body is then thrown into Berlin's Landwehr Canal. Later, the car that is transporting Karl Liebknecht, is stopped in the Tiergarten, and he is summarily shot in the back. His body, without a name, ends up in a morgue. [see: Aug. 13] 1919 - The first issue of '//Freedom//' is published in New York. Initally subtitled '//A Revolutionary Journal Dedicated to Human Freedom'//, from number 4 April-May 1919 it is changed to '//A Journal of Constructive Anarchism'//. The final issue has the numbers 9-10 October-November 1919.

1920 - Ivan Vasilyevich Turkenich (d. 1944), Ukrainian partisan, who was one of the leaders of the underground anti-Nazi Komsomol organisation the Young Guard, which operated in Krasnodon district during the German-Soviet War (1941-44), born. On August 13, 1944 Ivan Turkenich was mortally wounded in a battle near Głogów, Poland. He died in the field hospital a day later on August 14, 1944. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turkenich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Туркенич,_Иван_Васильевич www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1149]

1932 - Before dawn in the Catalan city of Terrassa, workers openly launch an insurrection, raiding the J. Carner armoury on carrer Sant Francesc and laying seige to the Guàrdia Civil barracks on carrer de Sant Leopold. Meanwhile, the town's mayor, Avellí Estrenjer, and two aldermen (Francesc Devant and Francesc Casas) were taken prisoner and having occupied the Town Hall (Ajuntament), the revolutionaries hoisted the red and black flag of anarcho-syndicalism over the building. However, attempts to take prisoner the president of the Institut Industrial, Pere Amat, and the deputy mayor Samuel Morera, failed and the pair allerted the Guàrdia Civil in the nearby town of Sabadell. As the fighting began to spread through out Terrassa, Guàrdia Civil units from Sabadell and 50 soldiers of the Tercera Companyia de Infanteria (Third Infantry Company) from Barcelona eventually surrounded the town hall and a three-hour fire-fight took place. When, at 10:00 that morning, it became clear that the government troops were about to shell the town hall, the last group of revolutionaries holding out in Terrassa decided to surrender. Amazingly, there were hardly and casualties on either side and those revolutionaries who had been arrested were carted off to Barcelona for trial. Over the following days in Terrassa over a series of indiscriminate arrests of militants of the CNT and the Bloc Obrer i Camperol (Workers’ and Peasants’ Bloc) took place as the republican government sought to weed-out the 'trouble makers'. [joaquimverdaguer.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/els-fets-del-1932-terrassa_9.html historiesdeterrassa.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/febrer-de-1932-els-anarquistes-prenen_10.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/julian-abad-guitart-anarquista-de.html]

1943 - Procès des 42: The trial by a German Army Council of War of what were in fact 45 members - 43 men and 2 women - of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP; Partisan irregular riflemen), mostly veterans of the International Brigades in Spain and young Parisian communists who had previously been recruited to the para-military Organisation Spéciale of the Parti Communiste Français, begins. They face 49 counts of terrorism - ranging from attacks against the occupying forces to the execution of collaborators and the theft of food stamps. [see: Jan. 28] [www.resistance-44.fr/?Les-Espagnols-au-Proces-des-42 www.reze.fr/Decouvrir-Reze/Histoire/Reze-au-20e-siecle/1943-Les-fusilles-rezeens-des-Proces-des-42-et-des-16 www.resistance-44.fr/?Nantes-1943 ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/ENCOURS/Proces.html ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/listefusilles.html dossiersactua.voila.net/otage/otages.htm www.acer-aver.fr/index.php/actions/evenements/267-hommage-aux-cinq-rblicains-espagnols-fusillle-13-fier-1943]

1944 - Zina Portnova (Zinaida Martynovna Portnova [Зина Портнова / Зинаида Мартыновна Портнова]; b. 1926), Russian teenager and Soviet partisan, born. She was on school holiday at her grandmothers house in the Vitebsk region when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, is either killed during torture or is taken into the woods and shot after being tortured and blinded. [see: Feb. 20]

[C] 1948 - John Wimbourne and Gerry Flamberg, two members of the 43 Group are freed from court after having been held on charges of the attempted murder of John Preen (a prominent fascist, ex-BUF member, Section 18B detainee, founder of the Britons Action Party and the British Vigilantes Action League, and fascist bookshop owner). In December, Preen had claimed that he had been shot at and had given the police the registration number of Flamberg's rental car. Flamberg was charged with attempted murder and remanded in prison along with another founder member of the 43 Group, John Wimborne. The preciding magistrate declared Preen's testimony unreliable, and the 43 Group members were released. In March 1948, the 43 Group's paper '//On Guard//' reported: "The 43 Group have received a great volume of applications for membership of their organization as a direct result of the Preen case". [www.jta.org/1948/01/16/archive/wish-youths-charged-with-attempted-murder-of-fascist-leader-are-freed-in-london hurryupharry.org/2009/02/16/the-43-groups-final-reunion/ www.thejc.com/community/community-life/a-%EF%AC%81nal-reunion-men-who-fought-fascists www.fighthatred.com/historical-events/fighters-against-hate/1044-the-43-group-was-an-english-anti-fascist-group-set-up-by-jewish-ex-servicemen-after-world-war-ii stevesilver.org.uk/from-anti-fascist-war-to-cold-war/]

[1974 - Peristiwa Malari [Malari Incident] or Malapetaka Lima Belas Januari [Fifteenth of January Disaster]: student protests against Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka, corruption, high prices, and inequality in foreign investments turn into a riot that afternoon (under the influence of Special Forces' agent provocateurs) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malari_incident ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_Malapetaka_Lima_Belas_Januari]

1994 - The Ian Stuart Memorial Gig in London, already having lost its original venue in Beaconsfield a few days before the event after a visit from anti-fascists and now planned to take place in the Wellington near Waterloo Station, is cancelled after the pub is trashed when police prevent Combat 18 and Blood & Honour skins from exiting to attack AFA outside the pub. ['No Retreat']

1999 - Demonstrations in nearly every Greek city against the '2525/97 [Education] Act'. Clashes break out. In Athensin Athens, where 25,000 people protested, 14 arrests were made, with heavy charges centred on two people: Arban Belala, a 17-yr old Albanian and Vasilis Evangelidis, a 30-yr old anarchist and unemployed teacher.

2004 - The first Unite Against Fascism rally, following its formation in late 2003, takes place in Manchester Town Hall.

2005 - Antifa members involved in a confrontation with National Front white power skinheads in Woolwich. [www.ainfos.ca/05/jan/ainfos00250.html]

[2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: cops protest [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] ||
 * = 16 || [D] 1842 - A toll-gate at Trevaughan, Wales, is destroyed by the Rebecca Rioters.

1872 - Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, chairman of the Spanish Council order the preemptive dissolution of the International in Spain. Reduced to illegality, some members of the International find themselves in an underground organisation called 'Defensores de la International'. But a year later (11 February 1873) the first Republic was proclaimed, and freedom of association restored.

1894 - Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana]: On the outskirts of Lunigiana, close to the Dogali barracks, a march of 400 demonstrators, armed with pruning hooks, pitchforks and some rifles, are met by a company of soldiers. Eight demonstrators are killed, many others wounded as the protesters scatter. Some groups flee to the mountains where they are rounded up in the following days. The same day the Italian Prime minister, Francesco Crispi, also declares a state of seige in Lunigiana. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani repubblicautopia.altervista.org/castelpoggio/storia-anarchia.php www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm]

1894 - Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana]: Luigi Molinari, author of the 'Inno della rivolta' (Hymn of the uprising), which is dedicated to the insurgents of the Lunigiana, inclduing Pasquale Binazzi and Galileo Palla, is arrested on charges of inciting insurrection for his part in the revolt. At his trial on January 31 before the military court in Massa, he was sentenced to twenty three years in prison, which was reduced at a new trial on April 19 to seven and a half years. However, after spending nearly two years in prison in Oneglia, he was released on September 20, 1895 following massive public protests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Dr Nicola Barbato, organiser of the Fascio in Piana dei Greci, and Bernardino Verro, founder of the first Fasci in Corleone, along with fellow Fasci di Palermo leader Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, are arrested on board the steamship Bagnara as they try to escape to Tunis. [see: Jan. 3] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1900 - Juan López Sánchez (d. 1972), Spanish construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist theorist, minister in the Generalitat and one of the founders of the 'treintistas' Federación Sindicalista Libertaria, born. Son of a member of the Guardia Civil, his family moved to Barcelona when he was 10 and there he came into contact with anarchist circles. He began working aged 11 and joined the Sociedad de Moldistas y Piedra Artificial, becoming secretary of it Board (1916-17). The union was eventually incorporated into the Sindicato de la Construcción of the CNT. He began his militant union activity in 1920 in the era of the difficult years of gangsterism, and on 29 July, 1920 was involved in a shootout with agents of the employer and was arrested with a comrade, Joaquím Roura Giner. After several attempts of trial, was finally sentenced on February 24, 1923 to one year and a day for manslaughter and one year, eight months and 20 days on firearms offences. Roura was acquitted. On Decmeber 7 that year, he appeared before a military tribual gave him to six-year sentence for having fired at the police whilst trying to prevent his arrest. Imprisoned in the Ocaña reformatory, he became an autodictat Released from prison in 1926, under an amnesty, in 1928 he joined the the anarchist group Solidaridad along with Juan Peiro and Angel Pestana. However, López Sánchez was always more of a unionist rather than an anarchist and, during his work within the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo he always tried to steer the organisation away from its adherence to anarchism. However, he continued to clandestinely fight against the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera as a CNT member, participating in its congress and helping negotiate the legal reconstruction of the organisation, as well as signing the Manifesto de los Treinta, the document of the treintista faction of the union. From 1930 to 1931, he edited the journal 'Acción'. In September 1932, the trentistas were expelled and in 1933 helped found the Federación Sindicalista Libertaria, becoming its general secretary, and joined the Partido Sindicalista, led by Ángel Pestaña. During this period, he was also editor of the papers '//¡Despertad!//' in Vigo and '//Sindicalismo//' in Barcelona and Valencia. After the failure of the Aliança Obrera, he favoured the rfturn of the Sindicats d'Oposició to the CNT and attended the May 1936 Congress of Zaragoza that brought about the reconciliation. On July 18, 1936 he was chosen to be part of a strike committee that had to face the disturbing indecision of the army quartered in the city but only played a minor role. He however did found the newspaper '//Fraga Social//' during this period. On 4 November 1936, at the proposal of the National Committee of the CNT, was appointed Minister of Commerce in the second government (Govern de Concentració) chaired by the Socialist Francisco Largo Caballero. In February 1937, he drew up a decree which defined and regularized the operation of factories, businesses and commerce. This helped to reassure the owners of enterprises that had been nationalized and collectivised. He became the first anarchist minister to visit a foreign country when he visited Paris for meetings with the French government. After the events of 'May 1937' resigned his ministerial position along with fellow ministers Frederica Montseny Joan Peiró and John Garcia Oliver. On March 7, 1939 in Valencia was appointed member of the National Committee of the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) and traveled to Paris to inform Maria Rodriguez Vazquez (Marianet) of its creation. López was forced to flee from Spain when General Francisco Franco and the Nationalist Army took control of the country in March 1939. He went to England and during World War II he worked in radio broadcasting in Spanish from the BBC. He remained there until 1954, when he then moved to Mexico where he stayed until returning to Spain in 1966 and even joined the Organització Sindical Espanyola. In these years he adhered to the reformist 'Aliança Nacional de Forces Democràtiques (National Alliance of Democratic Forces; ANFD), a broad Republican/Socialist/CNT alliance whose original purpose was to peruse the parliamentary road and restore again the Second Republic in Spain, and which later became the Consell Nacional de la Democràcia Catalana. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_López_Sánchez exiliadosmexico.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/lopez-sanchez-juan.html www.it.anarchopedia.org/Juan_Lopez_Sanchez archivoweb.carm.es/archivoGeneral/arg.muestra_detalle?pref_id=2300554 libcom.org/history/solidaridad-obrera-clandestinity-transition-1939-1987 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/tb2swc ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliança_Nacional_de_Forces_Democràtiques]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 3] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the rejection of their demands [see Jan. 10 & 15], all 13,000 workers at the the Putilov Ironworks go out on strike. The only people still inside the plant were two police agents. The strikers demanded an eight-hour day, a ban on overtime working, improved working conditions including the sanitary facilities, free medical aid, higher wages for women workers, permission to organise a representative committee and payment of wages for the period of the strike. The St. Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) also attempts to turn the Putilov workers' strike into a general strike of the St. Petersburg proletariat. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa's forces attack train, killing 16 Americans.

1917 - Zimmermann Telegram / Revolución Mexicana: Germany offers Mexico material aid in the reclamation of territory lost during the Mexican-American War and the Gadsden Purchase, Venustiano Carranza formally declined Zimmermann's proposals on April 14, by which time the U.S. had declared war on Germany. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram]

1919 - Semana Trágica: The 'Tragic Week' general strike in Argentina ends, leaving hundreds of workers dead and injured in the fighting (estimates range between 100-700 killed and 400-2,000 injured). The police lost 3 dead and 78 wounded. The militant Argentinian anarchist movement is decimated by the repression which follows and trade union reformists gain control of the workers' movement.

1919 - Constitutional guarantees suspended in Barcelona. Repression falls mainly on the cenetistas (CNT). Confederal premises are raided and unionists arrested. Workers found at or frequenting the homes of prominent militants are jailed. Imprisoned in the Cárcel Modelo, they are transferred to the boats 'Pelayo' and 'Giralda' which serve as floating prisons in the harbour, and all newspapers are censored, so that there is no voice in defence of the prisoners. The CNT is forced to operate underground.

[C] 1927 - A gang of British Fascisti surround an International Class War Prisoners' Aid (ICWPA) rally in Trafalgar Square in support of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti and attempt to break it up. Groups of anti-fascists pick off fascists as they try to leave the Square.

1936 - The Unidad Popular is formed in revolutionary Spain.

1938 - Fascists begin the bombing of Barcelona.

1943 - Ulyana Mateevna Gromova (Улья́на Матве́евна Гро́мова; b.1924), Ukranian leader of the underground Komsomol partisan group the 'Young Guards', is executed and thrown into a mine after days of Gestapo torture. [see: Jan. 3]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Assassination attempt (by bazooka) on General Raoul Albin Louis Salan, military commander in Algeria, by French residents of Algiers who wanted General René Cogny to take his place, as he was seen to be more likely to take a harder line with the FLN. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

[B] 1963 - Revolutionary students in Caracas make an armed attack on an exposition of French art and carry off five paintings, which they declare they will return in exchange for the release of political prisoners.

1969 - Jan Palach sets fire to himself in Wenceslas Square, Prague in protest at the Communist regime.

[A] 1970 - Soledad Brothers (including George Jackson) are accused of killing a guard in Soledad (California) state prison.

[1974 - Peristiwa Malari [Malari Incident] or Malapetaka Lima Belas Januari [Fifteenth of January Disaster]: the riots that broke out yesterday are ended by the military leaving a total of 11 people killed, 17 critically injured, 120 non-critically injured and roughly 770 arrested of the two days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malari_incident ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_Malapetaka_Lima_Belas_Januari]

1991 - US-led invasion of Kuwait and Iraq.

1992 - Government and FMLN rebels sign a peace accord, after 75,000 deaths, formally ending their 12-year-old civil war in El Salvador.

[1997 - Rebelimi i Vitit 1997 / Kriza Piramidale [Albanian Unrest of 1997 / Pyramid Crisis]: first protests begin following the collapse of a number of pyramid schemes, including Sudja and People's Democracy-Xhaferri. The vast majority of these Ponzi schemes would quickly follow into bankruptcy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_vitit_1997]

[2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots]

2012 - Riot in a detention facility in the Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek leaves one prisoner dead after special security forces fight with inmates. || [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121107 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Sánchez www.anarkismo.net/article/18198 www.outofthewings.org/db/author/florencio-sanchez www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/sanchez_florencio.htm lunateatral.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/resena-florencio-sanchez-y-el.html]
 * = 17 || 1875 - Florencio Sánchez (d. 1910), Uruguayan playwright, journalist and anarchist, born. Regarded as Uruguay's leading playwright.

1885 - Sakae Ōsugi (d. 1923), Japanese anarchist, polemicist and founder of the first Japanese Esperanto school, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre16.html#osugi libcom.org/library/osugi-sakae-biography anarchism.exblog.jp/]

1898 - Two day General Strike and riots in Ancône, Italy following an increase in bread prices. The army occupies the city. Errico Malatesta (publishing the newspaper '//L'Agitazione//'), Luigi Fabbri and several other anarchists are charged (tried on April 21-28, 1898), with a "criminal conspiracy" against public security and property.

1904 - The first edition of '//L'Action Syndicale: Organe des Travailleurs du Pas-de-Calais//' is published in Lens. 261 issue are published up til October 2, 1910.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 4] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The striking Putilov workers are joined by the workers at the Franco-Russian Factory.

1921 - Crackdown on Barcelona cenetistas involved with the Comité Pro-Presos de la CNT (Pro-Prisoner Committee).

1927 - Simultaneous General Strikes in Santiago and Valparaiso, Chile.

[C] 1928 - Vidal Sassoon (d. 2012), iconic English hairdresser, who was one of the youngest members of the anti-fascist group, the 43 Group, born into a family of Sephardic Jews living in London. Vidal's father died when he was 3 years old and, because of poverty, his mother placed him and his younger brother in a Jewish orphanage. They were reunited as a family in 1939 when his mother remarried. He left school at 14 and ended up as an apprentice hairdresser and, at the age of 17 and having been too young to fight in WWII, he became a member of the 43 Group, a Jewish veterans' anti-fascist organisation that took the fight to the fascists on the streets. [www.fighthatred.com/historical-events/fighters-against-hate/1044-the-43-group-was-an-english-anti-fascist-group-set-up-by-jewish-ex-servicemen-after-world-war-ii libcom.org/blog/vidal-sassoon-anti-fascist-warrior-hairdresser-dies-09052012 www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/67727/vidal-sassoon-remembered-anti-fascist-hairdresser-friend hurryupharry.org/2009/02/16/the-43-groups-final-reunion/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon www.ibtimes.co.uk/vidal-sassoon-sasson-nazis-mosely-blackshirts-jews-339572 www.oswaldmosley.net/the-43-group.php oreaddaily.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/the-43-group-fighting-fascism-and.html stevesilver.org.uk/from-anti-fascist-war-to-cold-war/ www.theguardian.com/society/2009/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-43-group-public-event www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/last-reunion-for-war-heroes-who-came-home-to-fight-the-fascists-1628953.html]

1942 - Laurentino Tejerina Marcos (b. 1895), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndcalist, dies. [see: Feb. 1]

1949 - Four militant communist guerrilas - Angel Carrero Sancho aka 'Alvaro' (b. 1917), Joaquín Puig Vigmunt aka 'Jaume Pujol Palau' & 'Jaume Serra' (1907), Pedro Valverde Fuentes aka 'Manuel Valls Riu' (b. 1915) and Numen Mestres Ferrando (1923) - members of the Partido Socialista Unificado de Cataluña (PSUC; Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia) linked Agrupació Guerrillera de Catalunya, having been sentenced to death on October 14, 1948, are shot at Campo de la Bota, Barcelona.

1961 - Patrice Lumumba, a leader of anti-colonial struggle and former premier of the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Zaire), is assassinated by the CIA.

1998 - Over 2000 indigenous Tzeltals and Tojolbals from the state of Chiapas occupy the military barracks of the 39th Military Zone in protest over Army incursions into their communities.

[2009 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] ||
 * = 18 || [d] 1671 - Pirate Henry Morgan defeats the Spanish defenders and captures Panamá.

1898 - Outside the police station on the Rue Berselius, Claud-Francois Etiévant, anarchist printer, stabbed orderly Renard twenty times; seized and locked up without being searched, he took out his revolver and wounded policeman Le Breton in the cheek. Commissioner Rouffaud managed to persuade him to throw out his weapon. Condemned to forced labour for life, he died at Maroni, French Guyana. [see: Jun. 8] [ Costantinni pic ]

[B] 1904 - The date wrongly given by Carlo Carra in his autobiography for the death of Angelo Galli, who he immortalised in his 1911 work, '//The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli//'. Carlo Carra - "I saw before me the bier, covered with red carnations, wavering dangerously on the shoulders of the pallbearers. I saw the horses becoming restive, and clubs and lances clashing, so that it seemed to me that at any moment the corpse would fall to the ground and be trampled by the horses." - '//La Mia Vita//' (1943). [see: May 10] [raforum.info/spip.php?article893 ita.anarchopedia.org/Angelo_Galli smarthistory.khanacademy.org/carras-funeral-of-the-anarchist-galli.html]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 5] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Workers at the Neva Shipbuilding Factory and other factories also come out on strike. 26,000 St. Petersburg workers are now out on strike.

1906 - Five members of an anarchist-communist group are shot in Warsaw, for their alleged involvement in a bombing in late 1905, against the Bristol Hotel in the city.

1911 - 26 defendants are found guilt of conspiring to assassinate the Japanese emperor. 24 are sentenced to hang, including anarchist Kanno Suga (she shouts "Museifu Shugi Banzai!” [Long Live Anarchy!] from the dock) and is the first woman political prisoner to be executed in modern Japanese history. [see: May 20 & Jan. 24]

1921 - Antonio Téllez Solá (d. 2005), Spanish anarchist //guérilla//, journalist and historian, born. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Téllez_i_Solà es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Téllez en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Téllez ita.anarchopedia.org/Antonio_Téllez_Sola www.estelnegre.org/documents/tellez/tellez.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3098-antonio-tellez-sola.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article17 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m37qpw raforum.info/spip.php?article2733]

1921 - In a series of reprisals between the CNT and Barcelona police, police are ordered to murder (//ley de fugas//) cenetistas currently being held in jail. Valencian cenetistas Juan Villanueva, Antonio Parra, Juli Peris, and Ramón Gomar - arrested the previous day while delivering funds to aid political prisoners in Barcelona - are among those shot down. Police announce all are killed in an attempted jailbreak.

[D] 1932 - Libertarian Communism is proclaimed in the Catalonia mine fields of the High Llobregat (Alt Llobregat), in Berga, Cardona, Fígols, Sallent and Súria. The insurrection is suppressed within the week and over 100 militants, including the anarchists Francisco Ascaso and Buenaventura Durruti, are sent to the Rio de Oro prison colony. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_l'Alt_Llobregat fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_de_l'Alt_Llobregat www.naciodigital.cat/manresainfo/generapdf.php?id=24258 www.memoria.cat/la-revolta-de-lalt-llobregat www.memoria.cat/republica/content/la-revolta-de-l’alt-llobregat www.memoria.cat/republica/content/la-revolta-de-l%E2%80%99alt-llobregat-documents]

[C] 1934 - CGT Portuguesa calls a General Strike against the dictatorship of Antonio Salazar.

1943 - Red Army breaks 890-day-long German siege of Leningrad.

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The Germans began their second deportation of the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto, sparking the first instance of armed insurgency by its residents. While Jewish families hid in their so-called 'bunkers', fighters of the Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW; Jewish Military Union, an underground resistance organisation made up mostly of ex-Polish Army officers), joined by elements of the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization), begin engaging German forces in direct clashes armed only with a handful of pistols and molotovs. The ŻZW and ŻOB suffer heavy losses (including some of their leaders), the Germans also take casualties, and the deportation is halted within a few days. Only 5,000 Jews are removed, instead of the 8,000 as planned. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization]

1966 - Eleuterio Quintanilla Prieto (b. 1886), Spanish anarchist, member of the Asturian CNT, Freemason and rationalist teacher, active in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and the Orto group in the FAI, dies. [see: Oct. 25]

1968 - Japanese Zengakuren (Federation of Student Self-Government Associations) lay siege to the American airbase at Sasebo, preventing the nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise from mooring there.

1969 - Tokyo student protests: Early in the morning, 8,500 riot police seal off the Hongo campus and begin clearing the occupied buildings one by one and arresting the occupants. Students from all over the country flock to the nearby Kanda-Jimbocho area and set up a 'liberated quarter' with Parisian style street barricades where they fight with police in a supporting protest. [newslet.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ssj15/ssj15.pdf aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/tokyo_university_protest]

1970 - Weathermen Judith Bissell and husband Silas 'Trim' Bissell are caught planting an incendiary bomb under the steps of a University of Washington ROTC portable building, in Seattle.

1971 - Glasgow South African Airways office firebombed. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1977 - Egyptian Bread Riots: On January 17, 1977, the government announced plans to cancel around LE277 million (around £30 million) worth of subsidies, especially on food, as well as the cancellation of bonuses and pay rises for state employees. This immediately led to rapid price increases. Reaction to the announcement was immediate. On the morning of the 18th workers in factories around Cairo walked out. At Helwan, an industrial city just south of the capital, workers rushed out of the factories and on to the streets in spontaneous demonstration against the government. Workers in Shoubra el Kheima, to the north of Cairo, did much the same, in many cases occupying their workplaces. Students of engineering at Ain Shams University held mass meetings and organised a march on parliament, which was joined by civil servants and students from Cairo University. A delegation of students entered parliament to present a set of demands to MP’s, and when they did not return for some time clashes broke out between demonstrators and police, leading to the rally being broken up by force. Opposition to the state’s new economic plans were not confined to Cairo. Factory workers in Alexandria led demonstrations and strikes with support from students of Alexandria University, and in a few days unrest had spread to Mansoura, Quena, Suez, Aswan and many other urban areas around the country. Incidents of violence between protesters and the police increased, as did acts of sabotage. Railway lines were cut and tracks blocked, railway stations were set on fire and police stations attacked. Hotels, shops, casinos and upper-class districts became targets of popular anger, as did the headquarters of the ruling Egypt Arab Socialist Party in Cairo, which was attacked and set on fire. Crowds attempting to reach the Ministry of the Interior were violently dispersed and fired upon by troops. In some areas, arms and ammunition were seized from police stations by demonstrators. Strikes and demonstrations in industrial districts grew in intensity, with workers in a single factory often walking out and touring other plants in the area to convince others to join them. An example of this was in Giza, where striking workers from the textile factories were joined by thousands from print shops, wool factories, silk factories and military plants. In Helwan large-scale rioting broke out, with the railway lines between the city and Cairo being cut. Attacks on shops, banks, and government buildings were met with brutal force from the police, fearful of demonstrators seizing control of arms from sieged police stations. Government buildings in Cairo were ransacked, and another attempted march on the parliament building in Cairo was met with violence, as was a march on the presidential palace, and demonstrators were again fired upon, leaving many people dead.Fighting continued until the next morning, with rioting taking place throughout the night leading to the deaths of many demonstrators and arrest of many more. Within just two days rioting and strikes had occurred in most major cities and industrial towns of Egypt. In an attempt to contain unrest, it ordered a military crackdown and deployed army units in to the streets who responded to unrest ferociously. Owing to the savagery of the state response to the insurrection, it is estimated that around 800 people were killed during the uprising with hundreds more injured. Shocked by the intensity and rapid spread of the protests, the government cancelled its economic decrees on the night of the 19th after only forty-eight hours. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots libcom.org/history/1977-egypts-bread-intifada]

[CC] 2008 - Jan Kučera (b. 1990), an 18 years old anti-fascist member of SkinHead Aganst Racial Prejudice (SHARP), is stabbed in the groin and back around 11 o'clock at night in Pribram in the Czech Republic. Tensions had been running high in the area after anti-fascists successfully prevented a neo-Nazi rally in November in Prague’s historic Jewish quarter to mark the anniversary of the Kristalnacht pogrom of the 1930s. Shortly before this attack, young local neo-Nazis were provoking with Nazi salutes and offending a group of young punks and anti-fascist skinheads, to which Jan belonged. Jan confronted the fascists but was stabbed with a large military knife by 20-year-old neo-Nazi Jiri Fous. Jan's friends called for an ambulance whilst they tried to stop the bleeding from his femoral artery. However, neither the paramedics nor Jan's friends realised that Jan had also been stabbed in the back before it was too late. Jan lost massive amounts of blood and fell unconscious. He was rushed to a nearby hospital, but even though he was in the hands of professional medical staff, he died 2 days later in the morning of Sunday January 20, 2008. [libcom.org/forums/news/jan-kucera-rip-23012008 www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjv7m604AI]

2012 - 18 prison guards are injured and A$50k damaged caused during a prison disturbance at G4S-run Fulham Prison in south-east Victoria, Australia. ||
 * = 19 || [d] 1812 - Luddites torch Oatlands Mill in Yorkshire.

1898 - George Claude Etievant, a French typographer and anarchist who had previously served a 5 year setence for supplying Ravachol with dynamite, stabs a sentry at the Berzeliu street police station, and wounds another after being locked up. He is sentenced to death, subsequently commuted to life in the Guyana prison colony.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 6] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Father Georgy Gapon decides to lead a mass march to the Winter Palace to present the workers’ petition to the Tsar.

1906 - A further five anarchist-communists [see: Jan 18] are shot in Warsaw, for their alleged involvement in a bombing in late 1905, against the Bristol Hotel in the city.

1915 - 20 rioting striking workers shot by factory guards at Roosevelt, New Jersey.

1918 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (d. 2011), Catalan anti-fascist militant, cenetista, secretary of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), National Committee member and Treasurer of SIA, born. [expand][NB: d.o.b. also given as 14th] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Laviña_Carreras estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/68412 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4088 www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=4048 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20140114 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/117506 www.estelnegre.org/documents/lavinya/rosalavinya.pdf www.casimages.com/f_get.php?f=120114093203493707.pdf memoriarepressiofranquista.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html anarquismo.jimdo.com/anarquistas-kr-lo/ alacantobrer.wordpress.com/2012/03/06/enero/ ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/ojs/index.php/lusohispanic/article/view/3256/1472 www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/17-31964-2014-04-20.html]

[D] 1932 - Armed miners' uprising in Barcelona region in response to anarchist uprisings in Catalonia. 'Libertarian communism' is declared, including the abolition of money and property, followed by general strikes and armed uprisings throughout Spain over the next five days.

1941 - Paul Reclus (b. 1858), French anarchist militant, engineer and professor, dies. [see: May 25]

1941 - Władysław Głuchowski (b. 1911), Polish teacher, anarcho-syndicalist activist and anti-Nazi fighter, dies of infected wounds as prisoner no.17710 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [see: Jul. 27]

1968 - Harumi Incident (Harumi Jiken): Students protesting the lack of changes to the rule that medical graduates were required to work in the hospitals unpaid for 12 months after graduation, students confront the Director of Tokyo University Hospital. A member of staff, Doctor Harumi, claimed that he was violently confronted and harangued outside the Hospital. On February 11, the Medical Department responded to Doctor Harumi’s reports by punishing seventeen students and expelling four as a part of the disciplinary action, precipitating an indefinite student strike. In March 1967, 87% of all medical students refused to sit the state examinations in protest and the graduation ceremonies were held under the protection of the riot police in individual departments rather than on a university wide scale. [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

[1968 - Mass demonstrations in Tokyo against the visit of USS Enterprise end in clashes with riot police as water cannon are deployed against protesters.] [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2443]

1969 - Tokyo student protests: Students from various groups occupying different floors of the Yasuda Auditorium clock tower fight all day with stones and Molotov cocktails as the riot police tear down their barricades and try to clear the building floor by floor, reaching the last holdouts on the roof at dusk. In the two days of conflict 653 police, 141 students and 6 bystanders were injured, and 819 students arrested. [newslet.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ssj15/ssj15.pdf]

1969 - Jan Palach finally dies of his injuries following his self-immolation on 16 Jan.

1971 - Jake Prescott was arrested on a cheque charge in Notting Hill. [Angry Brigade Group chronology]

1976 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho is arrested on "suspicion of responsibility for the military nature of the events of November 25", after approval by the Conselho da Revolução of the Preliminary Report of the Comissão de Inquérito ao 25 de Novembro (Commission of Inquiry into November 25th). [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarJulho76]

[A] 1976 - The Spanish government drafts 70,000 railway workers to crush strike.

1977 - Egyptian Bread Riots: The rioting that broke out yesterday following the government announcement on January 17, 1977 that it planned to cancel around LE277 million (around £30 million) worth of subsidies, especially on food, as well as the bonuses and pay rises for state employees, continued through out the night and had spread to most major cities and industrial towns across Egypt. In an attempt to contain unrest, it ordered a military crackdown and deployed army units in to the streets who responded to unrest ferociously. Official figures claimed that 79 people died in the riots, 556 were injured, and over 1,000 people were arrested but, owing to the savagery of the state response to the insurrection, it is estimated that around 800 people were actually killed during the uprising with hundreds more injured. Shocked by the intensity and rapid spread of the protests, the government cancelled its economic decrees on the night of the 19th after only forty-eight hours. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots libcom.org/history/1977-egypts-bread-intifada]

1990 - Alexander Aronovich Pechersky (Алекса́ндр Аро́нович Пече́рский; b. 1909), Soviet-Jewish POW and co-organiser and leader of the Sobibor Uprising on October 14, 1943, the most successful revolt and mass-escape of Jews from a Nazi extermination camp during World War II, dies. [see: Feb. 22]

1999 - Vasilis Evangelidis ( //Βασιλης Ευαγγελίδης// ), unemployed Greek teacher and anarchist, announces a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment and in solidarity with the student protest movement, occupations and demonstrations across the country. [flag.blackened.net/blackflag/217/217grk.htm www.ainfos.ca/99/feb/ainfos00164.html]

2003 - 18-year-old Sarah Campbell, a sufferer of clinical depression, dies after having taken an overdose of prescription drugs at Styal Prison in Cheshire the previous day. Despite being an obviously vulnerable prisoner, Sarah was not placed on suicide watch or sent to a secure hospital as her mother, Pauline Campbell, had argued. Pauline goes on to become an outspoken campaigner against self-inflicted deaths in women's prisons.

2008 - 18 years old anti-fascist member of SkinHead Aganst Racial Prejudice (SHARP) Jan Kucera (b. 1990) dies of the stab wounds sustained in an attack by a neo-Nazi the evening before. [see: Jan. 18]

2010 - At Les Cayes prison in Haiti, one of the few to survive the January 12 earthquake, 19 prisoners are killed and 40 others wounded in reprisals following an escape attempt. 7 prison guards are eventually sentenced to 2-7 years hard labour for the killings and the head local riot police, tried in absentia, gets 13 years hard labour. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny]
 * = 20 || [D] 1872 - Cavite Mutiny: Around 200 military personnel and labourers being an uprising at Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, in the belief that it would precipitate a national uprising. The mutiny is unsuccessful, and government soldiers execute many of the participants and begin a crack down on the burgeoning nationalist movement.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A watershed event for the movement of the Fasci Siciliani was the Strage di Caltavuturo (Caltavuturo Massacre): the Duke of Ferrandina (who owned 6,000 acres of land), after a long negotiation had granted a share of his idle land to the municipality of Caltavuturo as settlement of 'civic uses'. Administrators, however, instead of distributing these 'common lands' to the peasants entrusted then to the local bourgeoisie, including the Town Clerk, and the //gabelloti// (mafia thugs ad land rental intermediaries), and which the mayor did not intend to return to them. In response, at dawn on January 20, 1893, 500 farmers symbolically occupied the fields and the arrival of the military later in the day persuaded farmers to leave the occupied land. Instead, they went to demonstrate in front of the Town Hall and seek a meeting with the mayor. He refused to appear and, turning to leave and reoccupy the land, were attacked from behind with rifle fire and bayonets. Thirteen people lost their lives. The dead were left on the road until nightfall, prey to the town's dogs, and people were not allowed to help the wounded. The Strage di Caltavuturo provoked widespread solidarity demonstrations both locally and nationally. The Fasci di Palermo also launched a subscritption campaign to raise funds for the families of the victims. [contropiano.org/articoli/item/28670 ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1901 - Fransesco Giovanni (Frank) Fantin (d. 1942), Italian-Australian anarchist and anti-fascist, who was murdered by fascist fellow internees in an Australian internment camp, born. [www.takver.com/history/fantin_fransesco.htm]adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fantin-francesco-giovanni-frank-12912 faberfantin.com/in_search_of.htm]

1902 - Juan Garcia Oliver (d. 1980), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndialist and Minister of Justice in the Republican government, born. [expand]

1904 - Jean Celestin 'Cointot' Renaud (b. 1841), French anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 27]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 7] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Over the 20th & 21st the Putilov workers' strike becomes a general strike across St. Petersburg. According to the incomplete data of the factory inspectorate, it now affects 456 enterprises with 113,000 workers (150,000 according to some sources), roughly two-thirds of the workforce. No newspapers are published in St. Petersburg, and the city’s industrial and commercial life was paralysed. Troops are being rushed into the city as the government issues warnings against the planned workers’ march and threatens to use force. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1920 - Battle of Eseranza / Revolución Mexicana: Adolfo de la Huerta's forces defeated, Huerta flees Mexico. Minor revolts and mutinies in following years, but large scale fighting is over. An estimated 2 million are thought to have died as a result of the Revolution.

1923 - Varban Kilifarski (b. 1879), Bulgarian anarchist, anti-militarist and libertarian teacher, dies. [see: May 25]

1930 - Alternate (and probably incorrect) date given for the assassination of Kim Jwa-Jin (김좌진), pen name Baekya (백야)(b. 1889), Korean anarchist guerrilla general, who is sometimes called the Korean Makhno. [see: Jan. 24]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Galician anti-Francoist Jorge Soutomaior, the nom de guerre of José Hernández Vázquez who had been a captain in the Spanish Republican navy, and 19 other Direcção Revolucionária Ibérica de Libertação (DIRL; Revolutionary Directorate for Iberian Liberation) members board the TN Santa Maria in La Guaira, Venezuela, prior to their hijacking of the vessel during the night of January 21st-22nd January. [see: Jan. 21]

1972 - Explosive letter sent to MP at House of Commons. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1981 - 10,000 Mexican farmers in southeastern Chiapas block roads to major oil fields to protest pollution of their fields and crops fields by the State Oil Company. Lasts several days.

2008 - Jan Kučera (b. 1990), an 18 years old anti-fascist member of SkinHead Aganst Racial Prejudice (SHARP), who was stabbed in the groin and back two days earlier in Pribram in the Czech Republic, dies in hiospital, a victim of the ongoing battle against fascism. [see: Jan. 18] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]
 * = 21 || 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 8] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: 120,000-140,000 St. Petersburg workers are now out on strike, and the city has no electricity and no newspapers whatsoever. All public areas are declared closed. During the morning prominent liberals meet with Interior Minister Mirsky and warn against the use of violence on the marchers. Troops are deployed around the Winter Palace and at other key points and, despite his own advice to the Royal family, the Tsar leaves the city for for Tsarskoye Selo. A cabinet meeting, held without any particular sense of urgency that same evening, concludes that the police should publicise his absence and that the workers would accordingly probably abandon their plans for a march. A warrant is issued for Father Georgy Gapon’s arrest and at midnight troops in St. Petersburg are issued live ammunition and extra vodka.

[DD] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: Striking workers seize the Estancia La Anita, making hostages of their owners and the Deputy Police Commissioner Pedro J. Micheri; they then take the Estancia La Primavera. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1939 - Rafael Torres Escartín (b. 1901), Aragonese former member of Los Solidarios who, having had his death sentence (passed on him for his part in the assassination of Cardinal Soldevilla in 1923) commuted to life, lost his sanity while in prison and was sent to an asylum upon his release in 1931, is taken out by fascist troops and shot in Barcelona. [see: Dec. 20]

[C] 1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Spanish, Portuguese and South American activists hijack Portuguese liner Santa Maria to protest the Franco and Salazar dictatorships. During the night of January 21st-22nd January, 1961, a group of 24 Direcção Revolucionária Ibérica de Libertação (DIRL; Revolutionary Directorate for Iberian Liberation) insurrectionists, mostly composed of Portuguese and Spanish veterans of the Civil War launched 'Operação Dulcineia' (Operation Dulcinea) in protest against the dictatorships of Franco in Spain and Salazar in Portugal. Under the command of Henrique Galvão, a former cavalry captain in the Portuguese army, and the Galician anti-Francoist Jorge Soutomaior, the nom de guerre of José Hernández Vázquez who had been a captain in the Spanish Republican navy, the fantastic [in all senses of the word] plan was to take over the luxury liner Santa María and sail it to the vicinity of the island Fernando Pó, in the Gulf of Guinea, abandon it and seize a gunboat and heavy weapons from the Spanish garrison there, and then sail to Luanda and take power in the Portuguese colony of Angola, installing a Portuguese "provisional government" and thus sparking armed uprisings against the peninsula’s two dictatorships. On board the Santa María were more than 600 passengers, including Soutomaior and 19 other DIRL members who had embarked in La Guaira, Venezuela, and 356 crewmembers when it arrived in Curaçao in the Dutch Antilles the following day. Galvão boarded the liner with three of his men close to the sailing time of 19:00 as his face was well-know to many Portuguese and it was imperative that he was not recognised before the group's plans were put into action. Towards midnight the rebels split into three groups in order to launch Operação Dulcineia at 01:30. The plan however got off to a bad start with a disagreement between Soutomaior, who was to lead the attack on the bridge and the pilothouse, and Galvão, who was to seize the second deck where the cabins of the captain and other senior officers were located - whilst a third group would seize the radio room, and time vital to its success was wasted in arguing over the exact method that should be employed in taking the bridge. So, instead of at 01:30, it was not until sometime between 01:45 [the time claimed by Galvão] and 02:45 that the bridge was stormed. During this the third pilot, Joao do Nascimento Costa, was shot and fatally wounded and the navigator, João de Souza, in the chartroom was shot, as was Dr. Cicero Leite, who had come to investigate the gunshots. The ship's captain Mário Simões Maia, having discovered armed men on the bridge, retreated to his cabin and telephoned the engine room, ordering the engines to be stopped. Meanwhile, three guerrillas had also taken the radio station before any alert could be broadcast. Later, the captive crew of the Santa María were offered three alternatives for surrender: join the insurgents, become prisoners of war, or continue performing their duties under guard provided they do not try to resist the plans of the insurgents. Maia and his officers chose the latter and later that morning Maia and Galvão, dressed in a rather ostentatious uniform of his own creation, announced to the ship's passengers that they would not now be going to Miami but would instead be allowed to disembark safely in the next four days when the insurgents had made good their escape. The delay in beginning the takeover of the ship, initially timed to allow the unlit ship to be unable to quit the Caribbean before dawn and cross the Atlantic undetected, was now further complicated by the fact that the ship's infirmary was unable to cope with de Souza's wounds and he need to be evacuated in order to prevent a second Operação Dulcineia death. Galvão decided to give permission to the evacuation of the wounded, having finally persuaded initially reluctant Spanish contingent that it was necessary, and the 2 seriously injured together with 5 crew members were let off in a lifeboat early on the morning of January 23rd two miles out from the St Lucia port of Castries. The Santa María then set sail at full speed. On St Lucia the British authorities were alerted, as were the Portuguese owners of the liner. The hijacking came as a huge shock to the Salazar regime, not least because it was the British that told them rather than the ship's crew. However, the Portuguese public remained ignorant of the events until after the hijacking's end thanks to the iron censorship exerted over the media by the regime. Meanwhile, two distinct governmental responses to the hijacking took form. Immediately following Salazar's denunciation of the rebels as mere pirates, denying any political links between them and the opposition in Portugal to his regime. He therefore called on his NATO allies to intervene. France and the Netherlands refused and the American and British governments both began searches for the Santa María. At the same time, began to take Galvão's declaration that the hijacking was a political action (and therefore not an act of piracy according to International Law) seriously and, deciding that discretion was the better part of valour. Both now felt free to not intervene; the Tory cabinet bowing to Labour Party pressure and calling off the British navy's search but the Americans continued their search deploying a nuclear submarine and destroyers to locate the liner and the 38 US passengers in First Class. Back on the ship itself, now renamed the Santa Liberdade, her new name painted in red letters on a banner hung in front of the bridge, and despite days of effort to indoctrinated the crew and especially the third class passengers - involving the distribution of anti-government pamphlets, the reading of anti-fascist poetry over the loudspeaker system and the creation of a new black, red, white and yellow-banded flag, together with attempts to breakdown the hierarchy among the crew and among the passengers - only five crew members joined their ranks [the rebels claim up to 50 passengers went over to their side too but there is little evidence beyond their own later accounts]. In fact, Maia and some of his crew were actively trying to thwart the rebels, claiming shortages of fuel and water, the former 'forcing' them to slow the ship's progress, and interfering with radio communication, even preventing Galvão's requests for asylum from the governments of Ghana, Guinea and Senegal. This would in fact help the would-be insurrectionists as Portuguese, American and Spanish warships were already patrolling the West African coast in wait for the rebel liner. Stung by the Portuguese government's claim that the rebels were mere pirates, he fought back making a statement on the 24th of the true reasons behind the hijack: he publicly denounced Salazar’s regime, emphasising that theirs was an act of political protest which called for the end of Portugal's New State dictatorship. Then on January 25, the Danish freighter Fishe Gulua spotted the Santa Liberdade some 900 miles off of Trinidad. The following day an American plane also spotted them some 700 miles from the mouth of the Amazon en route to Africa. On the 27th, four American destroyers also began to 'escort' the liner, with Galvão now happily accepting the U.S. navy's protection "against action from Portuguese warships" according to his book on Operação Dulcineia, 'Santa María: My Crusade for Portugal' (1961). With the liner now, as Galvão thought, running out of water and fuel and the Americans now beginning to apply pressure for the rebels to release the passengers, something that they had already promised to do. Brazil was the most logical point the passengers could be offloaded, the ship's fuel, water and food stores replenished before recommencing their African escapade, but Galvão believed that he could not trust the Brazilian president Kubitschek, who had already refused him asylum once previously. However a new president, Jânio Quadros, was due to be inaugurated as Brazil’s next president on January 31, so Galvão decided to try and link the passengers' release with Brazil granting the rebels asylum, and to enlist the US's assistance in aim. Meanwhile, the Portuguese government were far from happy with the Americans' handling, double-dealing as they saw it, of the situation, and demanded that they paid more attention to the fate of the ship's crew, fearing that they might be used as hostages in the future. Also, with the passengers out of the way, the Santa María would then become exclusively a Portuguese problem. On January 27, Galvão contacted Admiral Robert Dennison, Commander in Chief of the US Navy's Atlantic Fleet who had been in contact with the Santa María since the 25th, asking for negotiations on the transfer of the passengers. The following day, the liner changed course at midday and headed towards the port of Recife to rendezvous with Dennison's representative Admiral Allen Smith 50 miles off the Brazilian coast. On January 30, the two sides held talks for 3 hours, with the rebels desperate to string things out until after the new president's inauguration and the admiral tasked with preventing any transfer of passengers at sea, the potential of which for disaster was high. To that end, they guaranteed not to hinder the Santa Liberdade putting to sea afterwards, paving the way for direct negotiations between the rebels and Brazilian officials over the following days. By January 31st, the tension surrounding the negotiations with the Brazilians is lightened by the attempt by photojournalist, Giles Delamare, to parachute onto the Santa María. Missing the deck, he fell into the sea nearby and was picked up by an approached tugboat bringing a group of journalists from Brazil. Fellow French photographer Charles Bonnay was less fortunate. Jumping at the same time as Delamare, he ended up being rescued by a US Navy launch and had to spend 3 days after being hauled before Admiral Smith and given a dressing down for defying the US ban on newsmen attempting to board the liner. Meantime, Delamare got his story, which appeared, in 'Paris Match' on February 4th. Then, on February 1, the day of his inauguration, the new Brazilian President Jânio Quadros sent a telegram to Galvão, in which he offered the rebels political asylum. Below decks the passengers were beginning to loose patience with the rebels. In Third Class, passengers had formed an action committee and were planning to attempt to recapture the ship if they were not allowed to disembark by midday on February 2nd. Their plan was to announce this via a demonstration in First Class two hours prior to the deadline. Just as Brazilian officials arrived onboard, more than 100 passengers and crew began to chant "freedom for all" and "save us, save us". A rebel was pushed through a plate glass door but Brazilian marines intervened and a Brazilian Navy officer reassured the passengers that they would be able to disembark. Faced with further potential passenger rebellions and hostile naval forces closing in on them, Galvão accepted the Brazilians' suggestion to allow the passengers to leave immediately and to continue negotiations on the issues of the crew and reprovisioning. The liner would enter the harbour and those that wanted to leave could and the ship would return to its offshore anchorage; the rebels would not surrender and their talks with the Brazilians would continue. A vote amongst the crew as to who would stay and who would disembark provided the final blow to the rebels, with only 5 of the 356 crew deciding to remain. The ship was effectively dead in the water as it entered Recife’s harbour and dropped anchor 350m off the quay. By 12:00 on February 2nd the first of three tugs arrived to ferry the passengers and crew ashore. It carried carrying sixty Brazilian marines and a contingent of newsmen who came on board to witness the debarkation. The marines would sleep on the deck that night whilst Galvão slipped onshore to give an exclusive interview to Dominique Lapierre and 'Paris Match' for the princely sum of $2000. At 10:00 on February 3rd, Galvão, now back on board, recommences negotiations with the Brazilians but now his hand contained no winners and the rebels eventually agreed to hand over the Santa Maria. At 18:00 the insurgents gave up their weapons and, after a short ceremony, took down the Santa Liberdade and DRIL banners, gathered up their possessions and went into exile in Brazil. The following day, the Santa Maria was officially handed over to a military attaché from the Portuguese embassy in Rio de Janeiro and by nightfall Maia and his crew were back on board. On February 5, most of the Santa Maria's passengers resume their journeys on board the hijacked liner’s sister ship, the Vera Cruz, and the Santa Maria itself set sail for Portugal two days later. On February 17, the Santa Maria Lisbon entered harbour to be greeted by a flotilla of yachts, tugs, fishing boats and other vessels, and a crowd of 300,000 amongst who was Salazar who, rather theatrically, welcomed the liner, saying: "The Santa Maria is with us. Thank you, Portugal." The crowd responded with cries of "Long live Salazar" and "Long live Portugal" as though it was some sort of victory. But, for the Salazar regime, the Santa Maria incident would be just one of a long list of setbacks for the New State dictatorship in 1961: · issuing of the Programa para a Democratização da República (Program for the Democratisation of the Republic), signed by 62 leading Republican and Socialist opponents of the regime on January 31 [all later arrested by the PIDE secret police];· also in January 1961 was the violent suppression of a cotton workers strike in Angola, causing hundreds of deaths; on February 4th [now known as the official day of the beginning of the armed struggle for national liberation in Angola] there was a failed attempt by a large group of MPLA-linked guerrillas in Luanda to set free political prisoners held in the São Paulo Casa de Reclusão Militar (Military Prison), leaving 40 guerrillas dead as well 6 police officers killed for their weapons; also attacked at the same time in Luanda were the headquarters of a Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police) unit, the CTT (Post, Telegraph and Telephone) and the national broadcaster;· in March members of the Bacongo tribes in northern Angola rose up as part of a terror campaign organised by the Union of Angolan Peoples, killing around 1200 white settlers but resulting in the deaths of 5 times as many Africans;· on April 13 an attempted military coup led by the minister of defence Júlio Botelho Moniz was narrowly avoided, hours before the army was to have seized all key government offices;· the August 1st invasion and occupation of Portugal's São João Baptista de Ajudá fortress in the Dahomey Republic by Benin troops;· on November 10 the famous Operação Vagô, planned in large part by Henrique Galvão again, took place with the hijacking of a Portuguese national airline's regular Casablanca-Lisbon flight and the carrying out mass drops of 100,000 anti-government leaflets over Lisbon, Barreiro, Beja and Faro; and· the year would end in December (18-19), with the loss of the Portuguese territories in India - Goa, Daman and Diu, invaded by the Indian army; followed by the New Year's Eve assault on the Third Army Division barracks at Beja led by Captain Varela Gomes. [visualizingportugal.com/opp-vn5-1-santa-maria/ visualizingportugal.com/opp-vn-hijacker-notes/2013/12/15/hijackers-planning-notes memim.com/santa-maria-hijacking.html www.exponav.org/operacion-dulcinea-secuestro-del-primer-trasatlantico-de-la-historia-naval-el-santa-maria/?lang=en largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/01/28/operacao-dulcineia-um/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/01/31/operacao-dulcineia-dois/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/04/operacao-dulcineia-tres/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/operacao-dulcineia-quatro/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/10/operacao-dulcineia-cinco/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/13/operacao-dulcineia-seis/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/operacao-dulcineia-sete/ largodoscorreios.wordpress.com/2014/02/20/operacao-dulcineia-oito-fim/ jugular.blogs.sapo.pt/2443788.html 150anos.dn.pt/2014/09/13/o-assalto-ao-santa-maria-eficaz-golpe-publicitario/ solantamity.com/Extraneous/IdiotParachutist.htm archive.org/stream/floatingrevoluti010323mbp/floatingrevoluti010323mbp_djvu.txt]

1967 - Workers and peasants clash with Red Guards in Kiangsi.

[A] 1970 - A Chicago coroner's jury rules the police murder of Black Panther Fred Hampton was "justifiable" despite his being drugged by a FBI informant and consequently asleep in his bed at the time of his assassination.

1971 - Vincenzo de Waure, an engineering student, leader in student revolts of '68 and active antifascist from Naples, is attacked in the Piazzale Tecchio and then set on fire in an obviously politically motivated murder.

1997 - A major riot in high security HMP Full Sutton in protest against the brutal prison regime. 8 prisoners are later acquitted of prison mutiny.

1998 - Paul David 'Charlie' Sargent, 37, former leader of the neo-Nazi group Combat 18 and fellow C18 member Martin Cross, 35, are jailed for life for the murder on February 10, 1997, of 28 year-old C18 member Christopher 'Catford Chris' Castle. Castle had been acting as a go-between in a dispute over control of C18 and the running of Blood and honour and the lucrative neo-Nazi music scene when he was stabbed in the back by former Skrewdriver guitarist Cross using a nine-inch (22 cm) blade. 'Charlie' Sargent had been kicked out of C18 following allegations that he was a security service spy. [www.independent.co.uk/news/neonazi-gang-war-fear-after-murder-murder-1140723.html]

[D] 1999 - Striking Romanian coal miners, backed by residents, use stones, clubs and homemade explosives to force their way through riot police in a ravine, and swept closer to Bucharest in a determined push to continue their march upon the capital. At least 40 people were injured and up to 50 police were taken prisoner in the fierce assault as 7,000 miners overran government roadblocks on a central highway leading to Bucharest. For two hours, police defended their positions with smoke bombs and tear gas - but outmanned and outmaneuvered, the 3,400 police finally retreated. [ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriada_din_ianuarie_1999 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriad en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_Valley news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/260629.stm]

1999 - Continuing demonstrations against the '2525/97 [Education] Act' in numerous Greek cities, with clashes in many. Over 40 people arrested, including many anarchists. [www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news199.htm] || [www.ephemanar.net/janvier22.html#22 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C%C5%93urderoy libcom.org/library/terrorism-or-revolution-introduction-ernest-coeurderoy-raoul-vaneigem sites.google.com/site/historicalanarchisttexts/ernest-coeurderoy/days-of-exile/i-a-couple-of-words-that-are-well-worth-two-volumes]
 * = 22 || 1825 - Ernest Coeurderoy (d. 1862), writer and Socialist with anarchist leanings, born.

[BB] 1849 - Johan August Strindberg (d. 1912), Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist, and painter, born. Noted for his satirising of Swedish society, in particular the upper classes, the cultural and political establishment, which brought him many enemies. During the 1880's Strindberg, his interest stirred by the history of the Paris Commune, he read a lot of anarchist and socialist texts including Rousseau and Chernyshevsky's '//What is to be Done//?', sentiments that were further stirred up by his 1884 blasphemy trial for a short story in his '//Getting Married//' collection, which also led to him embracing atheism. Unfortunately his radical politics were largely posturing and he soon returned to mysticism of various colours, and even abandoned his early pro-women's suffrage views. Member of the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagener circle of poets) naturalist writers circle. [see his essays for claims of anarchist beliefs: '//Inferno, Alone, and other writings//' (1968) and '//Selected Essays//' (1996)] [friedrichshagener-dichterkreis.de]

1855 - Josef Peukert (d. 1910), Austrian anarchist advocate of propaganda by deed, born. Best known for his autobiographical masterpiece '//Erinnerungen eines Proletariers aus der Revolutionären Arbeiterbewegung//' (Memories from a Proletarian Revolutionary Workers' Movement; 1913), edited by Gustav Landauer. [deu.anarchopedia.org/Josef_Peukert dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/peukert/peukert.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Peukert]

[D] 1871 - Louise Michel, armed with a rifle, takes her first shot against Général Trochu's Breton Gardes Mobiles in front of the Town Hall during the Paris Commune revolt.

1888 - In Le Havre Louise Michel is wounded when a would-be assaasin tries to kill her. Louise later testifies on behalf of her attacker, arguing for his acquittal.

1893 - Michal Mareš (Josef Mareš; b. 1971), Czech writer, poet, journalist and anarchist, born. '//Přicházím z Periferie Republiky//' (I Come From the Periphery of the Republic; 2009) is his posthumous testimony of the horrors of post-war communist Czechoslovakia. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Mareš www.denikreferendum.cz/clanek/1789-ke-zdi-se-nikdy-neotocim-na-srdce-prosim-merte-a-na-celo]

[C] 1900 - Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Busch (d. 1980), German singer and actor, born. Joined the Sozialistische Arbeiter-Jugend (SAJ; Socialist Workers Youth) in 1916 and the Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD; Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany) following the November revolution. Noted for his cabaret performances, his interpretations of political songs, including those of Erich Mühsam and Kurt Tucholsky, and for his theatre and silent film work. In 1928 Ernst Busch joined the Berlin Volksbühne, the workers' theatre of the workers and the Piscator-Bühne, acting in plays by Friedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Ernst Toller and Erich Mühsam, including the latter's '//Judas. Arbeiter-Drama in fünf Akten//' (Judas. Workers drama in five acts; 1921) and '//Staatsräson. Ein Denkmal für Sacco und Vanzetti//' (For reasons of State. A Monument to Sacco and Vanzetti; 1929). He was lucky to escape one of the first SA raids at the artists' colony in Berlin-Wilmersdorf on 9 March 1933. Fleeing Germany, he first went to Holland, and from there to Belgium, Zurich, Paris, Vienna and finally the Soviet Union. In 1937 he travelled to Spain as a singer with the International Brigades where he gave out song books ('//Brigada de las Canciones Internacionales//'), sang before members of the International Brigades and recorded records and performed on the radio. "Das singende Herz der Arbeiterklasse" (The Singing Heart of the working class) - Hanns Eisler [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(Schauspieler) www.ernst-busch.net/ zerogsound.wordpress.com/2012/03/15/ernst-busch-zeit-leid-streitgedichte-erich-muhsam-klabund-aurora-1966/]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 9] Bloody Sunday [Крова́вое воскресе́нье] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In the pre-dawn winter darkness of the morning of Sunday, 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1905, striking workers and their families began to gather at six points in the industrial outskirts of St Petersburg. Holding religious icons and singing hymns and patriotic songs (particularly "God Save the Tsar!"), large crowds [est. 100,000] proceeded without police interference towards the Winter Palace. The troops, who now numbered about 10,000, had been ordered to halt the columns of marchers before they reached the palace square but in practice these orders were followed in an inconsistent manner and confusion reigned. Individual policemen saluted the religious banners and portraits of the Tsar carried by the crowd or joined the procession. Army officers variously told the marchers that they could proceed in smaller groups, called on them to disperse or ordered their troops to fire into the marchers without warning. When the crowds continued to press forward, cossacks and regular cavalry made charges using their sabers or trampling the people. There was no single encounter directly before the Winter Palace, as often portrayed, but rather a series of separate collisions at the bridges or other entry points to the central city. The column led by Gapon was fired upon near the Narva Gate. Around forty people surrounding him were killed or wounded although Gapon himself was not injured. Maxim Gorky would later report: "Gapon by some miracle remained alive, he is in my house asleep. He now says there is no Tsar anymore, no church, no God. This is a man who has great influence upon the workers of the Putilov works. He has the following of close to 10,000 men who believe in him as a saint. He will lead the workers on the true path." [see below] The first instance of shooting occurred between 10:00 and 11:00. As late as 14:00 large family groups were promenading on the Nevsky Prospekt as was customary on Sunday afternoons, mostly unaware of the extent of the violence elsewhere in the city. Amongst them were parties of workers still making their way to the Winter Palace as originally intended by Gapon. A detachment of the Preobrazhensky Guards previously stationed in the Palace Square where about 2,300 soldiers were being held in reserve, now made its way onto the Nevsky and formed two ranks opposite the Alexander Gardens. Following a single shouted warning a bugle sounded and four volleys were fired into the panicked crowd, many of whom had not been participants in the organised marches. The number killed is uncertain but numbers vary from 96 dead and 333 injured [the Tsar's officials' estimate] to the more than 4,000 dead claimed by anti-government sources. A truer figure would be around 1,000 killed or wounded, both from shots and trampled during the panic. Amongst the Putilov factory workers take part in the peaceful march to the Winter Palace, some 45 were killed and 61 were seriously wounded. The massacre enraged the workers, and the strike continued. Work at the plant was resumed only on January 31. That evening 459 St. Petersburg intellectuals sign a letter denouncing the regime, declaring: "It is impossible to continue to live this way." Gorky cables Hearst’s 'New York Journal: "The Russian Revolution has begun." As reports spread across the city, disorder and looting breaks out, especially of liquor and guns. Gapon's Assembly was closed down that day, and Gapon quickly left Russia. In exile he established ties with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and, utilising his fame, met many prominent Russian emigrees including Georgy Plekhanov, Vladimir Lenin, Peter Kropotkin, and the French socialist leaders Jean Jaurès and Georges Clemenceau. He found sanctuary in Geneva and in London he shared a house with anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Rudolf Rocker at at 33 Dunstan House, Stepney. Following the October Manifesto, Gapon returned to Russia in November 1905 and resumed contact with the Okhrana Secret Police. Back in St. Pertersburg Gapon soon revealed to an SR member Pinhas Rutenberg (Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг) his contacts with the police and tried to recruit him. Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders and Gapon was assassinated by the order of the Combat Organisation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party on April 10 [O.S. Mar. 28], 1906. The immediate consequence of Bloody Sunday was a strike movement that spread throughout the industrial centres of the Russian Empire, marking the beginning of the first Russian Revolution. Strikes began to erupt outside of St. Petersburg in places such as Moscow, Riga, Warsaw, Vilna, Kovno, Tiflis, Baku, Batum, and the Baltic region. Polish socialists in both the PPS (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna / Polish Socialist Party) and the SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) called for a general strike. In all, about 414,000 people participated in the work stoppage during January 1905 and at its height in February it had spread to 122 cities and towns. Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, 93.2% in Poland. Tsar Nicholas II attempted in August to appease the people with a Duma at which the workers were not represented. Inevitably, the autocracy resorted to brute force near the end of 1905 in order to curtail the burgeoning strike movement that continued to spread. It is estimated that between October 1905, when the second wave of strikes began (with more than 1 million strikers demanding an eight hour day, civil liberties, an amnesty for political prisoners and a Constituent Assembly) and April 1906, 15,000 peasants and workers were hanged or shot, 20,000 injured, and 45,000 sent into exile. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петиция_рабочих_и_жителей_Санкт-Петербурга_9_января_1905_года opeterburge.ru/history-147-245.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1905 - The funeral of Louise Michel takes place in Paris. The procession starts out at 08:00 from the Gare de Lyon but a crowd of more than 100,000 people along the route means that it takes 9 hours to reach the Levallois-Perret cemetery.

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 9] Vladivostok experiences an armed uprising (Jan. 22-23). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1913 - Helmut Kirschey (d. 2003), German construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Originally a Social Democratic, he lost his father in World War I. His mother then joined the USPD, serving on the Elberfeld council for the KPD up to her death in 1924. All four of her sons became members of the Communist Youth Federation. In 1931, Kirschey joined the anarcho-syndicalist Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany; FAUD). He was arrested in March 1933 and imprisoned for several months, emigrating to Holland in November 1933. He went to Spain in August 1936, initially working in the German anarcho-syndicalists’ police service in Barcelona, which was put in charge of all German-speaking foreigners. Kirschey joined the International Company of the Durruti Column in February 1937. He took part in the May battles in Barcelona on the anarchist side. Kirschey was arrested along with other German anarcho-syndicalists in June 1937, and put into communist secret prisons in Barcelona and Valencia, and imprisoned in Segorbe from April 1938. After that he spent some time in France and Holland. In early 1939, Kirschey managed to enter Sweden, where he was not granted a residency permit and did not receive permission to work during the first years of his stay. Nevertheless, he continued to fight National Socialism in conjunction with the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF), and survived the war. In 2006 a one-hour documentary, 'A las Barricadas' about Helmut Kirschey's life by Volker Hoffmann, Dieter Nelles, Jörg Lange and Angelika Feld was released on DVD. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2201.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/kirschey/kirschey.html www.gdw-berlin.de/de/vertiefung/biographien/biografie/view-bio/kirschey/ www.anarchismus.at/texte-zur-spanischen-revolution-1936/spanienkaempfer-innen/773-das-leben-des-anarchosyndikalisten-helmut-kirschey www.fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrufe/helmut-kirschey-1913-23-08-2003 www.graswurzel.net/262/barricadas.shtml libcom.org/history/kirschey-helmut-1913-2003 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kirschey www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/20242 www.federativsforlag.se/helmut-kirschey-en-antifascists-minnen/ www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/tag/helmut-kirschey/ www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_fuZXytrcw]

1923 - Germaine Berton, a young anarchist walks into the office of right-wing newspaper Action Française and shoots right-wing extremist Marius Plateau. She was later acquitted for the act.

1932 - Peasant uprising in El Salvador leading to the 'Matanza Massacre' of 30,000. [expand]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: An attack on the Algiers-Kolea bus 25 kilometers from Algiers, leaves seven dead and three seriously injured. The Muslims on the bus were all spared. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Having successfully captured the bridge, radio room and the crew of the Santa Maria, Henrique Galvão negotiated the surrender of the crew and their agreement on their future conduct during the hijacking. They are given 3 alternatives: : join the insurgents, become prisoners of war, or continue performing their duties under guard provided they do not try to resist the plans of the insurgents. The ship's captain Mário Simões Maia and his officers agree to the latter. At 07:20, Third officer Nascimento Costa, mortally wounded in the takeover of the bridge, dies. Later in the morning, after the playing of Tchaikovsky’s '1812 Overture' and the Portuguese national anthem through the ship's PA system, Maia and Galvão announce to the passengers that the ship has been hijacked and that they would all be allowed to disembark safely in the next four days when the insurgents had made good their escape from Carribean waters. [see: Jan. 21]

1967 - 200 killed in Managua, Nicaragua by Somoza's American-trained National Guard during a protest against state violence.

1991 - Fifteen villagers massacred by US-supported government troops in El Zapote, El Salvador. || The government urges local officials to use "decisive measures" to restore order; widespread arrests follow and Father Gapon’s Assembly union is suppressed. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петиция_рабочих_и_жителей_Санкт-Петербурга_9_января_1905_года opeterburge.ru/history-147-245.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm]
 * = 23 || 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The events of Bloody Sunday caused an immediate reaction on the part of the working class. St. Petersburg’s power stations are closed down by strikes and barricades appear in its streets.

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 10] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A proposal is presented to the cabinet to allow the army to use the most extreme measures against rural unrest; it is quickly adopted, despite protests from War Minister General Aleksandr Rediger (Алекса́ндр Ре́дигер). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Редигер,_Александр_Фёдорович]

[A] 1909 - The 'Tottenham Outrage', in which two Latvian anarchists, Paul Helfeld and Jacob Lepidus, fire over 400 rounds at their many pursuers (the police had to borrow 4 pistols from passerbys and numerous onlookers joined in the pursuit) following an attempted robbery. One cop and a 10-year old boy, struck by a stray bullet, are killed. A wave of anti-Semitic, anti-immigrant and anti-Left violence and repression was to follow.

1919 - First Regional Conference of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents (anarchist Makhnovists), held in Bolché-Mikhailovska, Ukraine.

1941 - Agustín Remiro Manero captured by the Secret Police in Portugal while acting as a courier for the British even though the Portugese PIDE secret police knew he was working for the Brits. Remiro, an anarquista, is turned over to Francoist authorities who torture him and condemn him to death.

1945 - Georges Gourdin (b. 1915), French anarchist and WWII Resistance partisan, dies in the Nazi camps of Elbruck. [see: Apr. 11]

1945 - Nikolaus Groß (b. 1898), German Christian trade unionists, leaders in the Katholischen Arbeiterbewegung (KAB; Catholic Worker Movement), resistance fighter against the Nazis and Nazi victims, who was later beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2001, hanged at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin following the July 20 plot to kill Hitler. [see: Sep. 30]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The 2 crew members seriously injured in the ship's takeover, together with 5 other crew, are let off in a lifeboat early on the morning two miles out from the St Lucia port of Castries as the ship's infirmary is unable to cope with their wounds. The Santa María, now renamed the Santa Liberdade, her new name painted in red letters on a banner hung in front of the bridge, then set sail at full speed on their south-eastern course. On the ship the insurrgents begin their attempts at indoctrinating the crew and especially the third class passengers - involving the distribution of anti-government pamphlets, the reading of anti-fascist poetry over the loudspeaker system and the creation of a new black, red, white and yellow-banded flag, together with attempts to breakdown the hierarchy among the crew and among the passengers, all with the aim of recruiting some to their cause as they will be unable to crew the ship across the Atlantic themselves. Only five crew members in the end joined their ranks [the rebels claim up to 50 passengers went over to their side too but there is little evidence beyond their own later accounts] On St Lucia, Santa Lucia's Second Purser José dos Reis, who had been in command of the lifeboat, alerts the captain of the British frigate HMS Rothesay, which is in port, of the hijacking. The captain initially refuses to believe in the hijacking but Lord Oxford, the island's Administrator, says he witnessed a large white ship off the coast that morning and the Admiralty is informed. Reis also informs the Santa Maria's owners, the Companhia Colonial de Navegação (Colonial Navigation Company; CCN), who in turn informed the Portuguese government. Upon hearing the news, the prime minister Oliveira Salazar said of the rebels: "If I were them, I would have tried some kind of coup. For example, an attack on Cabinda or on one of the undefended Cape Verde islands and establish there, for at least a few hours, a type of government. It would be a great international scandal. Why are they so quiet?" This, more or less, was the insurrgents' plan, except that Salazar's version was a much more realisable one than Galvão's. The search for the liner begins. [see: Jan. 21]

1972 - Miguel García Vivancos (b. 1895), Spanish Naïve painter, militant anarchist and member of the Los Solidarios group, dies. [see: Apr. 19]

1977 - 19-year-old Spanish student Arturo Ruiz Garcia is shot and killed as a group of armed fascists attacked a pro-amnesty [Ley 46/1977, eventualy passed on October 15] march on the Calle Estrella de Madrid. The action is later claimed in a phone call to the 'Information' (Information) newspaper by the Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista (Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance), aka Triple A. Ruiz García, a student at the Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente (Unified Multipurpose School) and a member of the construction section of the Comisiones Obreras (CC.OO.) union. Police later linked José Ignacio Fernández Guaza aka 'El Frutero', who fled on the evening of the attack to France in the possession of 2 pistols (and then to Argentina), and an Argentinian former member of the pro-nazi Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista de Argentina, Jorge Cesarsky Goldstein. The latter is understood to have owned the gun that Fernández Guaza took off him during the attack and with which he fired the fatal shot. Goldstein, who was arrested two days later, was sentenced to six years in prison but irronically he only served 10 months in prison because he was amnestied in November 1977 under the law that his victim was demonstrating in favour of. [www.transicion.sbhac.net/Transicion02.htm www.teleprensa.com/almeria-noticia-141647-arturo-ruiz-asesinado-por-los-guerrilleros-de-cristo-rey.html sareantifaxista.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/23-de-enero-de-1977-asesinato-del.html elpais.com/diario/1977/03/08/espana/226623625_850215.html elpais.com/diario/1977/03/26/espana/228178808_850215.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_tardofranquista es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_días_de_enero] ||
 * = 24 || 1869 - In Madrid, Giuseppe Fanelli (sent by Bakunin) gathers the first Spanish group to join the First International and sows the seeds of anarchism among the peasants and workers, with lasting effect for over the next century.

1871 - Émile Roger (d. 1905), Ardennes anarchist, member of 'Les Desherities' (The Wretched) and 'Les Libertaires de Nouzon', born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5225]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 11] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Moscow, Vilno, and Kovno are paralysed by general strikes. The Tsar appoints the reactionary Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov (Дми́трий Фёдорович Тре́пов), hated Chief of Moscow Police, as Governor General of the St Petersburg Governorate with full power to forbid all congresses, associations, or meetings. Gorky and other liberals that met with Mirsky on Jan.21 are arrested. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[d] [1906 - [O.S. Jan. 11] Rebels create the Vladivostok Republic. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

[D] 1911 - Eleven anarchists are hung for their supposed part in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken) plot against the Japanese Emperor's life. [see: May 20]

1911 - Kōtoku Shūsui (幸徳 秋水), pen name of Kōtoku Denjirō (幸徳 傳次郎; Kōtoku Denjirō; b. 1871), Japanese journalist, writer, and one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism, who translated many works of contemporary European and Russian anarchists, such as Peter Kropotkin, into Japanese, is executed alongside his partner Kanno Sugako (管野須賀子) and 9 other anarchists for their supposed part in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken). [see: Nov. 5]

1911 - Kanno Sugako (管野須賀子; b. 1881), also called Suga, Japanese anarcho-feminist journalist, writer and activist, is executed alongside her partner Kōtoku Shūsui (幸徳 秋水) and 9 other anarchists for their supposed part in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken). [see: Jun. 7]

1920 - 3,000 arrested in a series of Red Scare raids across the US, most without cause or warrants, their homes and businesses invaded and destroyed.

1930 - Kim Jwa-Jin (김좌진), pen name Baekya (백야)(b. 1889), Korean anarchist guerrilla general, who is sometimes called the Korean Makhno, is assassinated by a young communist, Park Sang-sil (박상실 / 朴尙實), aka Choi Yeong-su (崔永錫), while carrying out repair work on a rice mill the Korean Anarchist Federation had built in Shinmin. [see: Dec. 16] [NB: Jan. 20, 1930 is also sometimes cited as the date of his assassination.]

[A] 1932 - Prisoners in Dartmoor Prison riot over tainted food.

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Commodore Laurindo dos Santos is appointed to coordinate the search for the rebel liner, the military, civil and religious institutions in Portugal’s African colonies - Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau and Angola - are put on high alert ,and the frigate Pêro Escobar and two patrol aircraft are dispatched to Ilha do Sal in the Cape Verde Islands (Franco also dispatches the cruise Canárias). Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities are claing the hijacking is an act of piracy (something the US and British eventually discount, recognising its political nature) and call on their NATO allies for assisstance. Stung by the Portuguese government's claim that the rebels were mere pirates, Galvão fought back making a statement over the ship's radio about the true reasons behind the hijack: he publicly denounced Salazar’s regime, emphasising that theirs was an act of political protest which called for the end of Portugal's New State dictatorship. Meanwhile, the ship's crew was keeping up a low-level sabotage orperation, claiming that they were suffering shortages of fuel and water, the former 'forcing' them to slow the ship's progress, and interfering with radio communication, even preventing Galvão's requests for asylum from the governments of Ghana, Guinea and Senegal. [see: Jan. 21]

[C] 1967 - Renato Castiglioni (b. 1897), Italian socialist, anarchist, trades unionist and anti-fascist, who fought in Spain but was deported back to Italy & internal exile in 1940, dies. [see Mar. 29].

[CC] 1977 - Massacre of Atocha (Matanza de Atocha): Neo-fascists shoot dead five and injure four other leftists in Madrid during the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of Franco. The attack takes place in an office (55 Calle de Atocha) where specialists in labour law, members of the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) trade union, and of the then-clandestine Communist Party of Spain (PCE), have gathered. Armed with Ingram M-10 sub-machine guns, the assassins are looking for Communist leader Joaquín Navarro, head of the CC.OO.'s Transport Syndicate. Failing to find him, the assassins decide to open fire on those present, killing five and injuring four. They first ran into Ángel Rodríguez Leál, an administrator who had returned from a nearby bar to retrieve some papers he had left in the office. After he is shot and killed, the attackers search the rest of the floor and discover eight lawyers in one of the offices. They line them up against the wall and shoot all eight. Labour lawyers Enrique Valdevira Ibáñez, Luis Javier Benavides Orgaz are killed instantly. Fellow labour lawyer Francisco Javier Sauquillo Pérez del Arco and law student Serafín Holgado de Antonio die shortly after being taken to hospital. Four others Alejandro Ruiz-Huerta Carbonell, Miguel Sarabia Gil, Luis Ramos Pardo and Dolores González Ruiz, partner of Francisco Sauquillo, are serious injured. The joint funeral of the five was attended by over one hundred thousand people, the first mass demonstration on the left since the death of the dictator Franco. Within days of the shootings, three men - Carlos García Juliá, José Fernandez Cerrá y Fernando and Fernando Lerdo de Tejada (nephew of the personal secretary of far-right party Fuerza Nueva's leader Blas Piñar) - were arrested for having carried out the attack, while Francisco Albadalejo Corredera, provincial secretary of the official transport union Sindicato Vertical, was arrested as the mastermind of the attack. Fernández Cerdá and García Juliá were sentenced to 196 years in prison each, and Albadalejo Corredera to 63 years. Tejada went on the run in 1979 whilst on bail, escaping to France, and then Chile and Brazil. Also arrested were Leocadio Jiménez Caravaca and Simón Ramón Fernández Palacios, veterans of the División Azul (Spaniards who volunteered to fight for the Nazis during WWII) who supplied the weapons, and Gloria Herguedas Herrando, the partner of Juliá, who was sentenced to a year in prison. García Juliá went on the run in 1994 whilst on parole and was arrested 2 years later in Bolivia on charges of trafficking 15 kilos of cocaine. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Massacre_of_Atocha es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_Atocha_de_1977 www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/148.html www.el-mundo.es/cronica/2002/327/1011609777.html www.fundacionabogadosdeatocha.es/webabogadosdeatocha/ ccoomadrid.es/webmadrid/Conoce_CCOO:Fundaciones:Fundacion_Abogados_de_Atocha:Historia:93641--Los_abogados_laboralistas_del_despacho_de_la_calle_Atocha,_historia_viva www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/fin-de-semana/el-asesinato-de-los-abogados-de-atocha-1276229745.html www.afar2rep.org/memoria/atocha.htm www.anticapitalistes.net/spip.php?article3554]

1977 - Lieutenant General Emilio Villaescusa Quilis, fromer member of the División Azul and high ranking Francoist officer, is kidnapped by GRAPO militants whilst riding his official vehicle. The kidnapping had a great political and social impact in Spain as it coincided with the recent kidnapping of the lawyer and Francoist politician Antonio Maria de Oriol (on December 11, 1976, also by GRAPO) and the Massacre of Atocha (which took place on the same day. However, on February 11th, police released Oriol and Villaescusa from where they were being held. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniente_General_Villaescusa es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_María_de_Oriol]

1977 - 21-year-old university student Luz Maria Najera dies in Madrid after being hit on the head by a smoke grenade fired by police at one of the numerous demonstrations across Spain protesting the death of Arturo Ruiz Garcia the previous day. [elpais.com/diario/1977/01/25/espana/222994831_850215.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_días_de_enero www.transicion.sbhac.net/Transicion02.htm]

1981 - Millions of Polish workers boycott their jobs in support of a demand by Solidarity for a 5-day work week.

1986 - 6,000 newspaper workers go on strike after protracted negotiation with their employers News International fail. Dismisal notices are then sent out by the company, preciptating the historic Wapping print dispute.

[1997 - Rebelimi i Vitit 1997 / Kriza Piramidale [Albanian Unrest of 1997 / Pyramid Crisis]: The de facto rebellion begins [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_vitit_1997]

[AA] 2002 - The FBI and Secret Service Los Angeles Joint-terror Task Force armed with sub-machine guns, shotguns and bullet-proof vests raids the home of 18-year old Sherman Austin, anarchist webmaster of Raisethefist.com and founder of RTF Direct Action Network.

2012 - Prison uprising at the Welikada jail in Columbo (Sri Lanka) leaving 28 prisoner (mostly with gunshot wounds) and five prison officials injured. || In 1936, Louis Lecoin entrusted Lucien Haussard and him with the mission to find weapons and ammunition on behalf of the Committee of Supply for the anti-fascist militias and the CNT. In January and February 1939, he and Haussard were sent by Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste to the Pyrenean border to provide assistance to refugees fleeing Spanish fascism. The pair wrote a striking account ('//Visions d'horreur et d'épouvante//') of the living conditions in these camps for the newspaper '//SIA//' in February 1939, and he later intervens to free Haussard who had been arrested in Perpignan for "fraudulent introduction of foreigners into France". During the occupation, he reorganised the syndicat des correcteurs in the 'union-free zone' of the Lyon area (zone libre). Denounced as a communist for his work with the syndicat des électriciens, he was arrested by the Germans and interned at the Tourelles barrackes from July 2 to October 16 1941. During his detention he fell ill and had his stomach removed - the German Major in charge of the sick at Tenon hospital told him to "go off and die on your own" when releasing him. He then worked in the restaurants sociaux in the rue Pierre Lescot in Halles. November 18, 1943, he was arrested again after being denounced as a Jew, and interned at Drancy camp (north of Paris) in January 1944. He was released by the Allies on August 18, 1944, but having contracted tuberculosis, he could not now work and he died September 19, 1946. [www.ephemanar.net/janvier21.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6543]
 * = 25 || 1891 - Jules Chazanoff aka 'Chazoff' (d. 1946), French electrical worker, proofreader, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-fascist and anti-militarist, born. [expand]

1894 - Ramon Murull, a 37 year old bricklayer, attempts to assasinate Ramon Larroca i Pascual, the civil governor of Barcelona, in revenge for the crackdown against anarchist circles and the resulting torture inflicted on those detained following the attack on the Gran Teatre del Liceu of 7 November 1893. His first shot grazes the governor's cheek and before Murull gets a chance to fire again he is arrested. Murull claims that "My attack was not against Mr. Larroca, but against the civil governor, head of the anti-anarchist campaign". He gets 17 years in prison for his efforts.

1899 - Vincenzo Perrone (d. 1936), Italian railway worker, sales representative and anarchist, born. He fought in the Italian army during WWI and was sent to Tripoli during military operations against the Libyan revolt. Discharged from the army in December 1920, he enrolled in the Salerno section Combattenti ed ex Arditi di Guerra. A functionary in the State Railways, he attend some strikes and was fired for his political activities. As a suspected member of the anti-fascist Italia Libera (Free Italy), he was arrested on 29 April, 1925 in a group of communist militants as they tried to hold a May Day demonstration. In July 1925, he and the militant anarchist Gerardo Landi left Salerno and settled in Milan, where he frequented libertarian circles, and became an anarchist. He returned to Salerno in August 1926 and was caught up in one of the numerous fascist police raids 2 months later and was sentenced to 15 days in prison for "carrying a knife". Upon his release, he was sentenced to five years confinement and sent to various prison colonies (Favignata, Ponça and Lipari). With comrades Emilio Lussu, Francesco Fausto Nitti and Carlo Rosselli, he participated in a project to escape from the island of Lipari. In August 1928, he was brought before a Special Court for "communist activities", but was eventually acquitted for lack of evidence. In February 29, 1932 he was released and, in November 1933, crossed clandestinely in France and then into Switzerland, where in Geneva he contacted Luigi Bertoni. In March 1934, he went to Tunisia where, with the help of fellow anarchist militants Luigi Damiani, Antonio Casubolo and Giulio Barresi, to obtained permission to reside there, working as a sales representative and making numerous trips to France. In July 1936, when he was in Paris when war broke out in Spain, and he was in the first group of Italian anarchists (including Camillo Berneri, Mario Girotti, Giuseppe Bifolchi, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini, Enzo Fantozzi, etc.) who went to Catalonia to fight the fascist uprising. He enlisted in the Batalló Giacomo Matteotti in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, led by Carlo Roselli and Mario Angeloni, and fought on the Aragon front. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Fosco Falaschi and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html]

1901 - Hippolytus Prosper Olivier Lissagaray (b. 1838), French independent revolutionary socialist, republican, literary journalist, lecturer and member of the Paris Commune in 1871, dies. [see: Nov. 24]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A railway strike began in Saratov, in Central Russia, where Governor Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин) enforces a tough policy against strikers. The railway strike quickly spread to the other railway lines, extending the revolutionary wave outwards to the most backward provinces. Kiev is shut down by a general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

1923 - Kurt Gustav Wilckens, German anarchist pacifist emigrant, assassinates Colonel Varela aka the 'Killer of Patagonia' (so named for his role in the rounding up and summary execution of 1,500 workers, many of them anarchists) in Buenos Aires.

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The Danish freighter Fishe Gulua spoted the Santa Liberdade some 900 miles off of Trinidad, heading south-east. The Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet of the U.S. Navy, Admiral Robert Dennison, is now in radio contact with Galvão and begins to apply pressure for the rebels to release their passengers, something that they had already promised to do. Brazil was the most logical point the passengers could be offloaded, the ship's fuel, water and food stores replenished before recommencing their African escapade, but Galvão believed that he could not trust the Brazilian president Kubitschek, who had already refused him asylum once previously. However a new president, Jânio Quadros, was due to be inaugurated as Brazil’s next president on January 31, so Galvão decided to try and link the passengers' release with Brazil granting the rebels asylum, and to enlist the US's assistance in aim. Meanwhile, the Portuguese government were far from happy with the Americans' handling, double-dealing as they saw it, of the situation, and demanded that they paid more attention to the fate of the ship's crew, fearing that they might be used as hostages in the future. Also, with the passengers out of the way, the Santa María would then become exclusively a Portuguese problem. [see: Jan. 21]

1961 - Military coup deposes El Salvador government.

1968 - Alexander Dubcek ascends to power and launches the short-lived 'Prague Spring' of liberalisation.

[A] 1969 - 500,000 attend funeral of Jan Palach, Prague.

1971 - Home of the Lord Provost of Glasgow bombed. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1975 - Two Black Panthers travelling under assumed names arrested in Paris for hijacking an aeroplane.

[C] 1979 - A gang of fascists in black uniforms with 'Anti-Communist League' badges on break into a film show organised by the Brighton Campaign for Homosexual Equality and the Sussex University Gay Group in the Wagner Hall. [PR]

2001 - In Davos, under massive police protection the World Economic Forum meets as anti-Globalisation protesters (having slipped through closed borders) try to disrupt the Forum.

2001 - The first World Social Forum begins in Oporto Alegre, Brazil.

[D] 2011 - Over 50,000 people occupy Tahrir Square in Cairo during a 'Day of Rage', triggering the Egyptian Revolution. ||
 * = 26 || 1856 - The first Battle of Seattle occurs when Native Americans attack the new settlement of Seattle.

1886 - In Decazeville, France, the pitiless sub-manager of Watrin Mines, who had forced a 10% reduction in workers' wages, ignores their protests. Attacked by an angry crowd, he barricades himself in his office and, still under attack, dies when he jumps from his window.

1887 - Mikhael Guerdjikov (d. 1947), Bulgarian anarchist influenced by Bakuninist ideas who started the first Bulgarian anarchist paper, '//Free Society//', born. [expand] [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Mikhael_Guerdjikov epheman.perso.neuf.fr/mars18.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuerdjikovMikhael.htm www.estelnegre.org/documents/guerdjikov/guerdjikov.html]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 13] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In Riga 60,000 workers stage a political general strike and 15,000 workers also hold a protest march. The Russian governor general, Baron Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky (Александр Николаевич Меллер-Закомельский), orders his troops to fire on the crowd killing 70 and injuring 200. In the teeth of ferocious repression, the strike movement continued to sweep like wildfire through Poland and the Baltic states. A similar situation existed in the Caucasus where a political general strike broke out. The movement cut across all national lines: Polish, Armenian, Georgian, Lithuanian and Jewish workers expressed their solidarity with their Russian class brothers in the most practical way—by fighting against the hated Russian autocracy. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-2.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меллер-Закомельский,_Александр_Николаевич]

[1907 - The Playboy of the Western World première and riots [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World]

1912 - Emilio Vilardaga Peralba (d. 1969), Catalan militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the 'Tierra y Libertad' column, who was imprisoned under Franco, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0809.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2506-emilio-vilardaga-peralba-de-la-columna-tierra-y-libertad.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8604 www.ephemanar.net/septembre08.html]

1918 - Malka (Mala) Zimetbaum (d. 1944), a Belgian woman of Polish Jewish descent, known for her escape from the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (the first woman to do so) and the resistance she displayed at her execution following the escape's failure, born. [see: Sep. 15]

1939 - Following the unsuccessful attempt by the remnants of the Republican army to defend the front at the Llobregat river, Barcelona falls to the fascists. Fascist sympathisers and staunch Catholics crawl out of the woodwork to greet their entry into the city as hundreds of thousands continue to flood across the border into France during what became known as La Retirada (The Retreat). [www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20140126/54400393479/guerra-civil-espanola-barcelona-entrada-tropas-franquistas-militar.html]

[1952 - Black Saturday: Following yesterday's assault on the barracks attached to the governorate building in Ismaïlia, Egypt by the British military which left 50 Egyptians dead and 80 others injured, mass rioting takes place in Cairo. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Fire]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: In the ten minutes between 17:00 and 17:10, female FLN operatives (the prefered bomb couriers) again planted bombs in European Algiers, the targets being the popular student café-bar the Otomatic on Rue Michelet, the Cafétéria milk bar and the Coq-Hardi brasserie - Danièle Minne, accompanied by Zahia Kerfallah because as this was her first mission, planting the Otomatic bomb, Zoubida Fadila the one at the Cafétéria, and Djamila Bouazza at the Coq-Hardi. The first bomb in the Otomatic went off at 17:24 and the other two at 18:35, the three explosions leaving 4 dead and 50 wounded. In retaliation a Muslim was lynched on the spot by Pied-Noirs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-otomatic.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-milkbar.html babelouedstory.com/voix_du_bled/bombe_cafeteria/cafeteria.html encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: An American plane spots the Santa Maria some 700 miles from the mouth of the Amazon en route to Africa. The liner is now under constant American surveillance. At the first official US press conference on the affair, President Kennedy states that the Navy has been instructed not to board the liner. [see: Jan. 21]

1968 - 40 members of the Nanterre University anarchist group march into the faculty hall with comical posters ridiculing the police. The dean of faculty calls in the police, who are chased off campus.

1970 - In Manila 20,000 riot following Marcos' State of the Nation address.

1978 - The NF hold a meeting in Tameside Town Hall, with two thousand anti-racists protesting outside, while two hundred supporters of the National Front meet inside, and two thousand two hundred police are required to keep the meeting open. [www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/northw.htm]

[1978 - Black Thursday: Tunisian general strike [www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tunisia/politics-1978.htm]

[1978 - Grave riot in Carabanchel prison [www.sindominio.net/desdedentro/textos/Dosscopel/cronologia.htm elpais.com/diario/1978/01/27/sociedad/254703606_850215.html]

1986 - Alfonso Failla (b. 1906), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, who took part in the armed resistance against the fascist squadristi in the 1925 Siracusa Uprising and who spent many years interned on the island of Ponza by the fascist regime, dies. [see: Jul. 30]

1997 - Three thousand people attempt an assault on parliament following a demonstration in Tirana. In Valona (Vlore), a bomb is thrown at the police during a protest march. The town hall is set on fire. ||
 * = 27 || [D] 1606 - Guy Fawkes and his fellow Gunpowder Plot conspirators tried, convicted and sentenced to be hung, drawn and quartered.

[C] 1916 - Stjepan-Stevo Filipović (d. 1942), Yugoslavian communist and anti-fascist partisan who was executed during World War II, born. Shortly before his death, and in front of an audience forced out to watch his hanging, he was seen to shout "Smrt fašizmu, sloboda narodu!" (Death to fascism, freedom to the people!), an incident captured in an iconic photograph. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Filipović hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Filipović]

1922 - Francisco Martínez Márquez, aka 'Paco' (d. 1922), Catalan anarchist and anti-Francoist //guérilla//, born. [see: Oct. 21] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4876]

1945 - Auschwitz/Oswiecim concentration camp is liberated by the 322nd Rifle Division of the Red Army. In 1996, January 27 was chosen as the Gedenktag für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Anniversary for the Victims of National Socialism) in Germany. On January 27 2000, the date was also chosen by representatives from forty-four governments to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, starting from 2001. In 2004 The United Nations voted, by 149 votes out of 191, to formally commemorate the Holocaust on that date.

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Four American destroyers, including the USS Robert L. Wilson, USS Demato, USS Gearing, and the atomic submarine USS Sea Wolf, now begin to 'escort' the liner, with Galvão happily accepting the U.S. navy's protection "against action from Portuguese warships" according to his book on Operação Dulcineia, 'Santa María: My Crusade for Portugal' (1961). On board the Demato was Admiral Allen Smith, commissioned to negotiate with Galvão on behalf of Admiral Dennison. Worried about the fransfer of the ship's passengers, Galvão sent Admiral Dennison an urgent request for a meeting on board the Santa Maria to work out the details concerning the offloading of the passengers. A meeting is set up between with Admiral Allen Smith at noon on the 28th on board the liner in international waters fifty miles off the Brazilian port of Recife. Meanwhile, as part of the insurrgents' 'hearts and minds' campaign, some of the rebels turned up at the dance being held in the ship’s lounge. Gone were the drab khaki uniforms and red-green national armbands. Instead the rebels wore tropical business suits or sports shirts and slacks. They were an instant success with the female attendants. Before long, American women, enchanted by their captors’ Latin courtliness, found themselves in the arms of history’s strangest 'pirates' as they danced the night away. [see: Jan. 21]

1967 - Melbourne residents riot when Ronald Ryan is executed for killing a prison warder.

1968 - Following the Harumi Incident (Harumi Jiken)[see: Jan. 19], medical students hold a series of meetings a decide to begin indefinite strikes and to boycott examinations and to disrupt the graduation ceremonies scheduled for late March unless the Medical Faculty reverses its decision over the intern system or the punishments. [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

1971 - Angry Brigade's Communique 5 received by the Press Association.

1985 - Forças Populares 25 de Abril (Popular Forces 25 April) carry out attacks on 6 NATO ships including the USS Richard E. Byrd. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forças_Populares_25_de_Abril pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forças_Populares_25_de_Abril]

1987 - Clara Thalmann-Ensner (b. 1910), Swiss revolutionary and anarchist, fought in the Spanish Revolution, founded Serena Commune in Nice in 1953 with her husband Pavel, dies. “//I am going to make the revolution in the the sky//” - Clara Thalmann, 1953.

[A] 1997 - In the Albanian city of Peshkopi about a hundred people attack the police station with stones. Six policemen are killed, then the rebels set fire to the town hall offices. || [www.victorianweb.org/history/riots/riots.html www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/constitu/regent.htm]
 * = 28 || [D] 1817 - A mob in London stones the Prince Regent's coach.

1853 - José Julián Martí Pérez (d. 1895), Cuban Revolutionary, poet, essayist, journalist, revolutionary philosopher, professor, and political theorist, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Martí es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Martí www.jose-marti.org/ www.kirjasto.sci.fi/josemart.htm]

1883 - Edward Carouy (d. 1913), anarchist illegalist and individualist, member of the Bonnot Gang, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Carouy ita.anarchopedia.org/Edouard_Carouy www.montignies-lez-lens.be/index.php/en/h-i-s-t-o-i-r-e-mainmenu-41-41/nos-maieurs-mainmenu-54/other-personalities/edouard-carouy]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon reenters Mexico City, abandoned by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

1918 - General strike in major German cities. At a rally in Munich, Erich Mühsam calls the 10,000 workers present at the continuation of the strike. He is arrested by police and put under house arrest.

1918 - Finnish Bolsheviks overthrow the coalition government, Helsinki; meanwhile West Ukraine is proclaimed a free (i.e. German puppet) republic.

1922 - Wenceslao Jiménez Orivee aka 'Wences' & 'Jimeno' (d. 1950), Asturian industrial designer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who led the 'Los Maños' guérilla group (maño being a slang term for natives of Aragon) in the resistance to Franco following the fascist victory in the Civil War, born. His father, a railroad worker, ticket collector and militant in the CNT, was arrested on the Zaragoza-Canfranc train and shot in Jaca the summer of 1936 by Francoists. Initially a member of a socialist youth group, Wenceslao had been arrested several times for distributing anti-Francoist literature before his 1946 meeting with libertarian activist Ignacio Zubizarreta Aspas. He subsequently joined the Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries (FIJL) and in August 1946 he was arrested in Zaragoza and brutally tortured. Released three months later, he took part in attempted attack against Franco in the Pierto Muela near Calatayud, which failed, and he joined a rural guérilla group. In July 1947 he was the Aragon delegate to the National plenary of Regional FIJL groups held in Madrid. Then, disappointed by the ineffectiveness of the guérillas went to France, where he worked for a time as a fitter in Lyon and Paris. In Paris he was contacted by José Lluis 'Face' Facerias, joining his guérilla group and with whom he went to Spain on November 26, 1948. Following differences with Facerias, he formed his own group called Los Maños that would be active in Barcelona, Madrid and other regions. In Barcelona he participated in the expropriation of the Bank of Vizcaya and the attack against the informer Antonio Seba Amorós. On 9 March 1949, with the brothers José and Francisco 'El Quico' Sabaté Llopart, Simón Gracia Fleringan, Carlos Vidal Pasanau, Jose Lopez Penedo and Jose Lluis Facerias, he participated in the ambushing in Barcelona of what they believed to be the car of Eduardo Quintela Boveda, head of the Francoist secret police (Brigada Politico Social; BPS), who was not on board that day. Instead, they killed Manuel Piñol, the secretary of the Falangist Youth Front, and his driver. Subsequently the group carried out a string of armed robberies in Madrid, Malaga, Seville and France in order to fund an attempt on the life of Franco as he drove to his residence at the royal palace on Mount Pardo. A few months later they made a second, equally unsuccessful, attempt to blow up Franco’s convoy as it made its way up the steep winding road at La Cuesta de la Muela between Zaragoza and Madrid. The group then returned to Paris. Meanwhile, in Spain, a huge number of other activists were being shot down in the streets of Barcelona, among who were close friends of Wences. Along with fellow Los Maños members Daniel G.M. aka 'Rodolfo', Salvador Luis Benito aka 'Salgado', Plácido Ortiz Gratal and Simón Gracia Fleringan, Wences left for Barcelona on December 22,1949, with the intention of investigating what had happened. However, traitors had penetrated his group as well. On January 2, 1950, the group was betrayed by a disaffected member, Aniceto Pardillo Manzanero aka 'el Chaval' (The Kid), and most were arrested on January 9, 1950. The same day Wenceslao was ambushed and shot without warning by police in a Barcelona street; wounded, and not wanting to fall into the hands of the forces of repression of the dictatorship, he committed suicide by taking a cyanide capsule that was mounted in the top of a pen that he carried. Simón Gracia Fleringan was executed in Barcelona by firing squad on December 24 1950, together with Victoriano Muñoz Tresserras and Plácido Ortiz Gratal. Their bodies were thrown into a common, unmarked, grave. Los Maños group member Mariano Aguayo Morán was fortunate to have been in Paris when the group was betrayed in Barcelona and his testimony forms a major part of the 2013 book by Freddy Gómez, 'Los Maños: Anatomy of an Action Group'. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/wences/wences.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslao_Jiménez_Orive losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3911 libcom.org/history/wenceslao-jimenez-wences-orive-1922-1950]

1943 - Procès des 42: 37 résistants amongst the 45 members of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP; Partisan irregular riflemen) put on trial on January 15, are sentenced to death various counts of terrorism. The 3 résistants charged with theft receive prison sentences and a further 2 are ordered deported to German concentration camps. Three others are acquitted for lack of evidence, although the court did not consider them innocent. [see: Jan 15] [www.resistance-44.fr/?Les-Espagnols-au-Proces-des-42 www.reze.fr/Decouvrir-Reze/Histoire/Reze-au-20e-siecle/1943-Les-fusilles-rezeens-des-Proces-des-42-et-des-16 www.resistance-44.fr/?Nantes-1943 ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/ENCOURS/Proces.html ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/listefusilles.html dossiersactua.voila.net/otage/otages.htm www.acer-aver.fr/index.php/actions/evenements/267-hommage-aux-cinq-rblicains-espagnols-fusillle-13-fier-1943]

1944 - Gérard Duvergé (b. 1896), French teacher, anarchist and antifascist resister, is arrested in France. He will die tomorrow under Gestapo interrogation. [see: Jun. 15]

1946 - At Bulmes Square (Santiago, Chile) eight workers are murdered by police and many more seriously injured by the police dogs.

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: In late January the FLN called an 8-day general strike across Algeria against French rule commencing on Monday 28 January - timed to coincide with a scheduled UN debate on the Algerian question. The strike initially appeared to be a success with most Muslim shops remaining shuttered, workers failed to turn up and children didn't attend school. However General Jacques Massu reacted swiftly, ordering his paratroopers into the Casbah at 07:00 that morning. There they used armored cars to pull the steel shutters off the storefronts of recalcitrant shopkeepers and forcing them to open up, while army trucks rounded up workers and schoolchildren and forced them to attend their jobs and studies. Within a few days the strike had been broken. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-greve du fln.html encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The Santa Maria changes course towards Recife at noon. [see: Jan. 21]

1970 - Bomb attack on offices of the Spanish Cultural attache in Paris. [First of May Group]

[C] 1995 - **ERROR**

[A] 2011 - Guards at al-Qatta prison in Egypt massacre at least 65 prisoners following an escape attempt by a small group of inmates. || [www.ephemanar.net/janvier29.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Pauwels www.estelnegre.org/documents/pauwels/pauwels.html]
 * = 29 || 1864 - Amédée Pauwels aka Étienne Rabardy ( Désiré Joseph Pauwels ; d. 1894), Belgian anarchist individualist, bomber and friend of Paul Reclus, born. He accidentally blew himself up when his bomb exploded prematurely during an attack on the Église de la Madeleine in the Place de la Madeleine, Paris, on March 15, 1894.

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Vice-Governor of Tambov, Gavril Luzhenovsky (Гавриил Луженовский) is assassinated in a train station by SR member Maria Spiridonova (Мари́я Спиридо́нова) - the beginning of a great wave of assassinations is underway in Russia [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Спиридонова,_Мария_Александровна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova www.historytoday.com/blog/2013/04/woman-who-shocked-russia ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Луженовский,_Гавриил_Николаевич kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

1910 - Maurice Joyeux (d, 1991), prominent figure in French anarchism, born. Constantly in and out of prison for his militant activities, including a five year sentence for refusing conscription in 1940. The following year he organised a mutiny in Montluc prison, near Lyon, and escaped only to be recaptured. He opened a bookshop in Paris, '//Le Château des Brouillards//' (The Castle of Mists) and in 1953 he founded the newspaper '//Le Monde Libertaire//'. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Joyeux www.ephemanar.net/janvier29.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/JoyeuxMaurice.htm forums.resistance.tk/glossary.php?do=viewglossary&term=698 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=699 raforum.info/spip.php?article485]

[DD] 1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Mexicali, Baja California, a border town with several thousand inhabitants, is taken in a pre-dawn raid by a group of about thirty, mostly Mexican Magónista revolutionaries led by Jose Maria Leyva. The sole casualty is the town's jailor. The American journalist John Kenneth Turner, who supported and supervised the movement from the American side of the border, began a solidarity campaign with the Mexican Revolution known as "Hands Off Mexico!", to denounce the movement of United States troops toward the border. under Simón Berthold and José María Levya. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Mexicali libcom.org/history/uprising-baja-california www.pacarinadelsur.com/home/oleajes/694-la-revuelta-magonista-de-1911-en-baja-california www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/99winter/magonista.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Berthold]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike / Death of Anna LoPizzo: At one of the largest demonstrations of the Bread & Roses strike, I.W.W. Executive Board member Joseph Ettor addresses a mass meeting on the Lawrence Common, urging the strikers to be peaceful and orderly, and leads them on a march through the business district. At one of the mills, a company of militiamen refuses to let them pass. Ettor avertes a conflict by waving the paraders up a side street. They follow, cheering him for his good sense. During the evening, independent of the earlier demonstration, Anna LoPizzo, a woman striker, is shot and killed by a police officer (Oscar Benoit) as police try to break up a picket line. Despite being three miles away at the time talking to a meeting of German workers, Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti are arrested as "accessories to the murder" and charged with inciting and provoking the violence. They were refused bail and imprisoned for eight months without trial. In April, Joseph Caruso, an Italian striker, was arrested and jailed in an attempt by Lawrence police to find the man who had fire the fatal shot. Martial law is enforced following the arrest of the two I.W.W. strike leaders. City officials declare all parades, open air meetings, and gatherings of three or more illegal, and Governor Foss (also a mill owner) calls out an additional twelve companies of infantry and two troops of cavalry to patrol the streets. A militiaman's bayonet killed a fifteen-year old Syrian boy in another clash between strikers and police. The arrest of Ettor and Ciovannitti was aimed at disrupting the strike. However, the I.W.W. sent Bill Haywood to Lawrence, and with him came I.W.W. organisers William Trautmann, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and, later, Carlo Tresca, an Italian anarchist. More than 15,000 strikers met Haywood at the railroad station and carried him down Essex Street to the Lawrence Common, where he addressed a group of 25,000 strikers. Group by group, they sang the "Internationale" for him in their various tongues. Looking down from the speaker's stand and seeing the young strikers in the crowd, Haywood roared in his foghorn voice: "Those kids should be in school instead of slaving in the mills." [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/files/1912 The Lawrence textile strike.pdf spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike www.onthisdeity.com/29th-january-1912-–-the-death-of-anna-lopizzo/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_LoPizzo dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/end/remembering]

[C] 1933 - Mass demonstrations throughout the country as workers protest Adolf Hitler's nomination as German Chancellor. He assumes office tomorrow.

1943 - Procès des 42: Nine résistants sentenced to death are shot at the Bêle firing range. [see: Jan. 28]

1944 - Gérard Duvergé (b. 1896), aka Fred Durtain, aka Chevalier, French teacher, anarchist and anti-fascist resister, dies following his arrest and torture by the Gestapo. [see: Jun. 15]

1968 - General strike in Sardinia, involving 80,000 workers.

[D] 1975 - Weather Underground bomb damages 20 rooms in Washington's State Department Building. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_actions www.diyzine.com/weatherundergroundarticle3.html www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2004/january/weather_012904]

1996 - Four women Ploughshares activists cause millions in damage at the British Aerospace Warton site, disarming a F-16 fighter jet destined to be sold to Indonesia for use in its illegal occupation and genocide of East Timor. The women were later acquitted of all charges on the grounds of preventing a greater crime.

2000 - Police fire tear gas at World Economic Forum protesters, Davos. ||
 * = 30 || 1606 - Gunpowder Plot members Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Thomas Bates tied to hurdles are dragged through the crowded streets of London to St Paul's Churchyard. Digby, the first to mount the scaffold, asked the spectators for forgiveness, and refused the attentions of a Protestant clergyman. He was stripped of his clothing, and wearing only a shirt, climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose. He was quickly cut down, and while still fully conscious was castrated, disembowelled, and then quartered, along with the three other prisoners.

[D] 1649 - In London, the newly formed republican Commonwealth of England executes the former king, Charles I, beheading him for treason.

1826 - Gustave Adolphe Lefrancais (d. 1901), French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, and a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lefrançais]

1871 - Paraskiev Ivanov Stoyanov (also transcribed as Paraskeva Stojanov or Parachkef Stoyanov)(Параскев Иванчов Стоянов; d. 1941), Romanian surgeon, historian, and significant figure of Romanian and Bulgarian anarchism, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraskev_Stoyanov bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Параскев_Стоянов www.estelnegre.org/documents/stoianov/stoianov.html www.ephemanar.net/janvier30.html]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 17] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: 160,000 workers are on strike in 650 factories in the capital. The spontaneous mass movement in solidarity with the St Petersburg workers swept across the whole country. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 17] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military District General Fedor Fedorovich Gryaznov (Фёдор Фёдорович Грязнов) is assassinated in Tiflis (Tblisi) by a bomb thrown by a Menshevik railway worker, Arsene Dzhordzhiashvili (Арсен Джорджиашвили). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Грязнов,_Фёдор_Фёдорович profsouz.moy.su/index/0-18]

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Anti-Diaz, and later anti-Madero and pro-Huerta, Mexican revolutionary leader Pascual Orozco attacks federal garrison in Ciudad Juarez. Garrison relieved by federal troops 3 days later. Orozco initially aided the Magónistas, supplying them with arms, and at various points had Pancho Villa as his subordinate.

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Galvão and Admiral Allen Smith holds a three-hour meeting on board the Santa Maria, with the rebels desperate to string things out until after the new president's inauguration and the admiral tasked with preventing any transfer of passengers at sea, the potential of which for disaster was high. To that end, they guaranteed not to hinder the Santa Liberdade putting to sea afterwards, paving the way for direct negotiations between the rebels and Brazilian officials over the following days. [see: Jan. 21]

1968 - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launch Tet offensive.

1972 - British paratroopers attack a demonstration and kill 14 unarmed civilians in the Bloody Sunday incident in Derry, Northern Ireland. ||
 * = 31 || 1606 - Gunpowder Plot members Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes are hung, drawn and quartered, opposite the building they had planned to blow up, in the Old Palace Yard at Westminster. Keyes did not wait for the hangman's command and jumped from the gallows, but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block. Although weakened by his torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck, thus avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his execution.

1885 - Luisa Landová-Štychová (d. 1969), Czech journalist, populariser of science, pioneer feminist, atheist, anarchist and then communist politician, born. Politically active pre-WWI, especially among the Northern Bohemian miners, joining the Česká Anarchistická Federace (Czech Anarchist Federation, or ČAF) in 1907 and participating in its anti-militarist campaigns. In 1912 she became known for her radical feminist views and is arguable the first Czech anarchist to promote feminist views. Landová-Štychová participated as a member of the Committee of the Socialist advice in the preparation of the general strike on the 14th October 1918. Initially organised by the Socialist Council as a demonstration in protest against the export of food and goods to Austria, it mutated into all-out revolt across the country aimed at creating a republic. Between 1918-1923, Landová-Štychová was a member of the Revolučním Národním Shromáždění (Revolutionary National Assembly) for the ČSS but disputes between the anarcho-communist wing and the ČSNS rump over issues such as forming a Left front with the KSČ erupted and Landová-Štychová lost her parliamentary seat and the anarchist were marginalised. Finally, the more radical Vrbenský wing was expelled in 1923 for voting against the Law on Protection of the Republic and stripped of parliamentary mandate. Later that year she co-founded the Independent Socialist Workers Party (Neodvislá Socialistickou Stranu, or NZS), with Vrbenský, which went on to closely cooperate with the Neodvislá Radikální Sociálně Demokratická Stranou (Independent Radical Social Democratic Party), forming the Socialistické Sjednocení (Socialist Unification), which ultimately fell apart at its first congress the following year. In 1925 the vestiges merged with the KSČ. Landová-Štychová went on to be a Member of Parliament (1925-29) for the KSČ, member of the Svazu Proletářských Bezvěrců (Union of Proletarian Atheists), the Vice-President (1928-31) of Mezinárodní Dělnický Pomoc (International Workers' Aid), and, in 1925, President of Mezinárodní Rudá Pomoc (International Red Aid). An active anti-fascist, she helped organise support for anti-fascists in the Spanish Revolution and provided support for German anti-fascists escaping Nazi Germany and seeking asylum in in Czechoslovakia. After 1945 he devoted herself to the popularisation of scientific knowledge (the author of several publications and pamphlets). [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Landová-Štychová www.cojeco.cz/index.php?s_term=&s_lang=2&detail=1&id_desc=51581 cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus_v_Česku cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodvislá_socialistická_strana_dělnická]

1894 - Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana]: At his trial before the military court in Massa, Luigi Molinari is hastily sentenced to twenty three years in prison, which is reduced at a new trial on April 19 to seven and a half years as the instigator of the insurrection earlier this month in Lunigiana. However, after spending nearly two years in prison in Oneglia, he is released on September 20, 1895 following massive public protests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

1899 - Aristide Lapeyre (d. 1974), French hairdresser, anarchist, militant pacifist and néo-Malthusian, born. Worked in the CNT-FAI propaganda office during the Civil War and helped many escape the clutches of the Gestapo during WWII and was captured by the Nazis for his pains. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8678 www.ephemanar.net/mars23.html anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_AristideLapeyre.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Lapeyre]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 18] Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the Bloody Sunday massacre during which around 45 Putilov workers were killed and 61 were seriously wounded as they tried to present a petition to the tsar that they helped write, the enraged workers only resume work today. Coincidentaly, the tsar meets with a delegation of industrial workers the following day (Feb. 1 [O.S. Jan. 19]) and declares that he has "forgiven them". [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Second Kadet Party (Constitutional Democratic Party / Конституционно-демократическая партия) Congress (Jan. 31-Feb. 6 [O.S. Jan. 16-23]) endorses a program of liberal reform, but shows signs of drifting to the right despite creating the party subtitle 'People's Freedom Party' (Партия Народной Свободы) as their original name was not understood by many. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Конституционно-демократическая_партия]

1912 - A General Strike begins in Brisbane, Queensland (until March 6). It follows the suspension of tramway workers for wearing union badges.

[A] 1919 - The Battle of George Square - following the declaration of a strike in support of a 40 hour week on Monday 27 January, 60,000 workers gathered for a mass picket in George Square, Glasgow. A mass battle broke out between strikers and the Glasgow police that spread across the whole city. The government, claiming a "Bolshevist uprising", ordered 10,000 troops armed with machine guns, tanks and a howitzer into Glasgow on the Friday night and Saturday to occupy the city's streets.

[B] 1924 - George Simeonov Popov (b. 1900), Bulgarian anarchist, teacher, poet, orator, anarchist organier and insurrectionist guerrilla, dies at his own hands to avoid being capture by the army. [see: May 22]

1945 - Wiesław Protschke aka 'Wieslaw' (b. 1912), Polish syndicalist and anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 13]

1949 - Around 700 people turn out to hear Oswald Mosley, prospective UM candidate for the London County Council speak in Kensington Town Hall. Over 3,000 protesters gathered outside at a demonstration organised by the 43 Group, who led a torch-lit wreath laying ceremony at the nearby war memorial. Attempts were made by the crowd to force their way into the meeting but were repelled by mounted police. Fifteen minutes into his address, tear gas was let off inside the meeting and over 100 fascists required medical treatment for its effects. There were seven arrests, several of whom were 43 Group members. [PR] [www.fighthatred.com/historical-events/fighters-against-hate/1044-the-43-group-was-an-english-anti-fascist-group-set-up-by-jewish-ex-servicemen-after-world-war-ii stevesilver.org.uk/from-anti-fascist-war-to-cold-war/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2788018 hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1949/feb/10/meeting-kensington]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The tension surrounding the negotiations with the Brazilians is lightened by the attempt by photojournalist, Giles Delamare, to parachute onto the Santa María. Missing the deck, he fell into the sea nearby and was picked up by an approached tugboat bringing a group of journalists from Brazil. Fellow French photographer Charles Bonnay was less fortunate. Jumping at the same time as Delamare, he ended up being rescued by a US Navy launch and had to spend 3 days after being hauled before Admiral Smith and given a dressing down for defying the US ban on newsmen attempting to board the liner. Meantime, Delamare got his story, which appeared, in 'Paris Match' on February 4th. [see: Jan. 21]

1966 - Police kill two striking mine workers in Belgium.

[D] 1968 - Tet Offensive catches South Vietnam off guard as 70,000 Viet Cong troops attack 100 cities.

1980 - Siege of Plogoff (France). During the entire six weeks, from January 31 to March 14, the mobile //mairies annexes// (city hall annexes meant to display the plans) and the police guarding them come under constant attack from local people opposed to government plans to construct a nuclear plant.

1980 - In Milano, the state police mistakenly kill the housewife Anna Maria Minci.

1981 - West German squatters protest eviction attempts, battle the police in West Berlin.

2004 - William Herrick (born William Horvitz; b. 1915), US writer of the classic Spanish Civil War novel '//Hermanos!//' (1969), dies. [see Jan 10] ||

[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pardiñas_Serrano www.mundohistoria.com.ar/manuel-pardinas-serrano-y-un-magnicidio-exitoso-contra-canalejas/]
 * = FEBRUARY ||
 * = 1 || 1886 - Manuel Pardiñas Serrano (d. 1912), Spanish anarchist gunman who assassinated President José Canalejas in 1912 for his role in suppressing a rail strike, then turned the gun on himself, born.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 19] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar receives a hand-picked delegation of workers - he says of the victims of Bloody Sunday: "...I forgive them their guilt." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 19] Vladivostok Republic overturned by Tsarist forces. [see: Jan. 24] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal and his eldest son, Prince Luis Filipe, are assassinated by republican gunmen Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça.

1911 - Étienne Faure aka 'Cou Tordu' or 'Cou Tors' (b. 1837), French member of the Commune de Saint-Étienne, militant anarchist and propagandist, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

1931 - Severino Di Giovanni (b. 1901), Italian typographer and, anarchist who emigrated to Argentina and won fame for his campaign of propagandist violence in support of Sacco and Vanzetti, is executed by military firing squad. [see: Mar. 17]

1952 - A General Strike against French colonial management in Tunisia begins.

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: On the day of his inauguration, the new Brazilian President Jânio Quadros sent a telegram to Galvão, in which he offered the rebels political asylum. Below decks on the Santa Maria the passengers were beginning to loose patience with the rebels. In Third Class, passengers had formed an action committee and were planning to attempt to recapture the ship if they were not allowed to disembark by midday on February 2nd. Their plan was to announce this via a demonstration in First Class two hours prior to the deadline. [see: Jan. 21]

1972 - Rhodesia House in London firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1976 - Hans Richter (b. 1888), German Dadaist painter, sculptor, collagist, graphic artist, avant-garde film-experimenter, anti-militarist and anarchist, who claimed that Kropotkin's '//Mutual Aid//' was the most significant book that he ever read, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

[C] 1980 - Yolanda González Martín (b. 1961), an anti-Fascist from Deusto, Bilbao, in the Basque Country, who was active in the Trotskyist Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST; Socialist Workers Party), is abducted by the Batallón Vasco Español, a right wing paramilitary group after leaving a PST meeting late that evening in Madrid. She is then tortured and killed and her body is found by the Guardia Civil the following morning in the San Martin de Valdeiglesias area. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_González www.antifeixistes.org/3516_memoria-yolanda-gonzalez-anys-assassinat.htm]

[D] 1986 - Two days of anti-government riots in Port-au-Prince, Haiti leaves 14 dead. By the end of the week 'Baby Doc' Duvalier will have gone into exile.

[A] 2011 - Some two million protesters gather in Tahrir Square in the biggest demonstration since the popular revolution against the Mubarak regime began. The government closes down Egyptian National Railways as well as Internet and mobile phone services. Google and Twitter team up to build a voice-to-tweet system to allow Egyptians to tweet. Al Jazeera reports that its signal is being jammed in parts of the Middle East, days after Egypt shut the news network's operations there. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Revolution]
 * = 2 || [D] 1899 - Negros Revolution aka Al Cinco de Noviembre: American forces land on Negros Island unopposed, ending the island's independence which began in November 1898.

[C] 1902 - Mika Etchebehere (d. 1992), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist who fought with the P.O.U.M., born. The only woman to lead a militia column in the Spanish Civil War. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juillet07.html#etchebehere www.estelnegre.org/documents/etchebehere/etchebehere.html interbrigadas.org/en/brigades_previous_mika_biography.htm recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EtchebehereMika.htm www.elcorreo.eu.org/Mika-Feldman-Etchebehere-1902-1992,14986]

[A] 1919 - 23 year old French anarchist Louis-Émile Cottin tries to assassinate Prime Minister Clemenceau. Cottin is arrested and sentenced to death. [see March 14]

1921 - Tambov Rebellion: The Soviet leadership announced the end of the policy of Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка - confiscation of grain and other agricultural produce from the peasants for a nominal fixed price according to specified quotas), and issued a special decree directed at peasants from the region implementing the 'prodnalog' (Продналог - 'tax in kind') policy. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog]

1931 - Paulino Scarfó (b. poss. 1909), Italian-Argentinian anarchist and associate of Severino Di Giovanni, is executed by the same firing squad that had executed Di Giovanni the day before, shouting "Long live anarchy!".

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Just as Brazilian officials arrived onboard at 10:00, more than 100 passengers and crew begin their demonstration in First Class, chanting "freedom for all" and "save us, save us". A rebel is pushed through a plate glass door but Brazilian marines intervene and a Brazilian Navy officer tries to reassure the passengers that they would be able to disembark. Faced with further potential passenger rebellions and hostile naval forces closing in on them, Galvão accepts the Brazilians' suggestion to allow the passengers to leave immediately and to continue negotiations on the issues of the crew and reprovisioning. The liner would enter the harbour and those that wanted to leave could and the ship would return to its offshore anchorage; the rebels would not surrender and their talks with the Brazilians would continue. A vote amongst the crew as to who would stay and who would disembark now provides the final blow to the rebels, with only 5 of the 356 crew deciding to remain. The ship is now effectively dead in the water as it enters Recife’s harbour and drops anchor 350m off the quay. By 12:00, the first of three tugs arrived to ferry the passengers and crew ashore. It carried carrying sixty Brazilian marines and a contingent of newsmen who came on board to witness the debarkation. The marines would sleep on the deck that night whilst Galvão slipped onshore to give an exclusive interview to Dominique Lapierre and 'Paris Match' for the princely sum of $2000. [see: Jan. 21]

1980 - New Mexico Penitentiary prison riot begins. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot newmexicohistory.org/people/riot-at-the-penitentary-new-mexico-1980 www.nytimes.com/1984/02/26/books/rampage-in-the-cellblocks.html www.koat.com/news/new-mexico/images-history-from-the-1980-new-mexico-prison-riot/6450892]

2009 - In Greece riot police fired tear gas at farmers to prevent them from driving their tractors to Athens as part of a protest demanding government financial help. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 3 || [B] 1902 - Hélène Patou (d. 1975), French writer, militant anarchist and néo-Malthusian, born. She first encountered anarchism working in a textile mill and subsequently went on to live and work in the libertarian community of Le Milieu Libre at Vaux and was one of the founders of the Bascon commune. In 1936, she modelled for Matisse and Picabia and was a member of the Durutti Column during the Spanish Civil War. She later became a proofreader and partner of the French anarchist writer and champion of Proletarian Literature, Henry Poulaille. Hélène Patou was also author of the novel '//Le Domaine du Hameau Perdu//' (The Domain of the Lost Hamlet; 1972).

1909 - Simone Weil (d. 1943), French philosopher and one time anarchist militant during the Spanish Civil War, born.

1913 - The trial of the Bonnot gang begins in France.

1931 - American anarchist Michael Schirru, who had travelled to Rome to try and assassinate Mussolini, is arrested by police after a shoot-out where he wounds 3 police and tries to shoot himself in the head. He recovers, is tried by a kangaroo court and executed by firing squad the next day [29 May].

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: At 10:00 and now back on board after the previous evening's interview, Galvão recommences negotiations with the Brazilians but, realising that their position is untenable, the rebels eventually agree to hand over the Santa Maria. At 18:00 the insurgents gave up their weapons and, after a short ceremony, took down the Santa Liberdade and DRIL banners, gathered up their possessions and went into exile in Brazil. [see: Jan. 21]

[A] 1967 - Ronald Ryan, who shot and killed a prison guard while trying to escape from a Melbourne prison, becomes the last man to be hanged in Australia.

1969 - Unexploded dynamite charges discovered on the premises of the Bank of Bilbao and the Bank of Spain in London. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[D] 1972 - Kirkgate, Huddersfield, Army Recruiting Office destroyed by firebombs. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[C] 1977 - Alfons Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Janson', 'Jan Rylski', 'Kompardt' & others (b. 1902), German anarcho-syndicalist who took part in the German and Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi movements, dies. [see: Jul. 6]

[AA] 1980 - New Mexico Penitentiary riot ends with 33 prisoners dead and more than 200 injured. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot newmexicohistory.org/people/riot-at-the-penitentary-new-mexico-1980 www.nytimes.com/1984/02/26/books/rampage-in-the-cellblocks.html www.koat.com/news/new-mexico/images-history-from-the-1980-new-mexico-prison-riot/6450892]

1994 - The third General Strike within a year in Ecuador is declared and involves 500,000 workers.

1999 - Edward Wołonciej aka 'Czemier' (b. 1919), Polish solicitor, author, syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Sep. 19]

2009 - In Greece a suspected left-wing terror group attacked a police station in Athens, shooting at the building and throwing a hand grenade. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_of_the_Knezes en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising]
 * = 4 || [DD] 1804 - Slaughter of the Knezes [Сеча кнезова]: Having learned of plans by Serb leaders to carry out a revolt against the Dahias (Ottoman regents and leaders of the Janisaries, elite infantry units of the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards), the Dahias capture and kill many of the Serbian leaders, precipitating the very revolt (the First Serbian Uprising [Први српски устанак]) that they sought to foil.

1876 - François Salsou (d. unknown), French anarchist advocate of propaganda by deed who tried to kill Shah Muzaffar al-Din of Persia in 1900, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier04.html#salson]

1883 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper '//Ilota//' (Slave) appears in Pisota (Tuscany, Italy). Published by a 'socialist anarchist revolutionary' group attempting to reconcile international insurrectionary and illegaliste thought and the line of the Socialist Revolutionary Party of Romagna

1900 - Labour strikes in Belgium and Germany mining areas lead to riots. [expand]

1905 - Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905]: In Buenos Aires, Campo de Mayo, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza, Cordoba and Santa Fe, an armed civil-military uprising organised by the Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union) and headed by Hipólito Yrigoyen against the oligarchic dominance known as the Roquismo led by Julio Argentino Roca and his Partido Autonomista Nacional (National Autonomist Party), takes place. A state of siege is proclaimed throughout the country for ninety days. The rebellion is crushed and the regime takes to opportunity to simultaneously crack down on the labour and socialist movements as well as the rebels. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905]

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Ekaterina Adolfovna Izmailovich (Екатерина Адольфовна Измайлович), a SR assassin, shoots and wounds Admiral Gregory P. Chukhnin (Григо́рий Па́влович Чухни́н), the Black Sea Fleet commander. Despite being given special protection, a successful attack was made on him by SR revolutionary Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков) on July 12, 1906 [O.S. Jun. 29]. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чухнин,_Григорий_Павлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Измайлович,_Екатерина_Адольфовна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович]

1910 - Giovanni Passannante (b. 1849), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy, dies. [Possible alternate date with Feb 14, 1910, & most likely date, also given.][see: Feb. 19]

1914 - Suffragettes burn two Scottish mansions.

1917 - Franceska Mann (Franciszka Rosenberg-Manheimer; d. 1943), Polish dancer who had been a performer at the Melody Palace nightclub and Teatrze Femina in Warsaw, and who became famous for an act of resistance at Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, born. [see: Oct. 23]

1921 - Massacre at San Gregorio, Chile leaves 565 nitrate miners dead.

1939 - Spanish Loyalist capital of Gerona falls to Franco's fascists.

[C] 1949 - A leftist assassination attempt on the Shah fails. The Shah is uninjured, but three bullets ventilate his hat.

1950 - Anarchist guerrillas José López Penedo aka 'Liberto López' (b. 1915) and Carlos Vidal Pasanau (b. 1917) are executed (shot) at the Campo da Bota in Barcelona.

[D] [1961 - a group of some 200 Angolans reportedly attached to the MPLA attack the Casa de Reclusão Militar São Paulo in Luanda [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independência_de_Angola#1961:_in.C3.ADcio_do_conflito aventar.eu/2010/02/04/4-de-fevereiro-de-1961-acontecimentos-de-luanda/ jugular.blogs.sapo.pt/2443788.html petrinus.com.sapo.pt/fevereiro.htm]

[A] 1974 - Patty Hearst, 19-year-old granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, is kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA).

1989 - José Villanueva (b. 1912), Spanish anarchist and CNT member, who volunteered for and fought in the Durruti Column alongside his brother Floreal Carbó, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

[1989 - Riots in Tibet [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987–89_Tibetan_unrest]

2009 - A Greek police officer shot and seriously wounded a Greek private security guard outside the US Embassy in central Athens. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2014 - A series of demonstrations and riots that is to spread across Bosnia and Herzegovina in the coming days begins in the northern town of Tuzla with a largely peaceful protest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] || [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Most en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Most dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/most/mostbiosketch.html spartacus-educational.com/USAmost.htm libcom.org/forums/history-culture/johann-mosts-vision-anarchist-society-07062010 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/b2rc4z]
 * = 5 || 1846 - Johann Most (d. 1906), Bavarian-born American anarchist and advocate of 'propaganda by the deed', born. [expand]

[A] 1878 - Vera Zasulich, Russian revolutionary anarchist, attempts to shoot General Trepov, prefect of police of St Petersburg. Trepov is wounded and Zasulich is acquitted at her trial.

[D] 1894 - Auguste Vaillant, who bombed the French Chamber of Deputies to avenge Ravachol, is guillotined. His final words are: "Mort à la société bourgeoise! Vive l’anarchie!" (Death to bourgeois society! Long live anarchy!) [see: Dec. 27] [ Costantinni pic ]

1899 - Gino Bibbi (d. 1999), Italian engineer, anarchist and militant anti-fascist, who became a Republican fighter pilot during the Spanish Civil war and muntions designer, born. As an engineering student, he manufactured the bomb that his cousin Gino Lucetti used in his assassination attempt on Mussolini in September 1926. After various spells of confinement by the fascists, the first beginning in 1923, he managed to escape to France and then moved to Spain in 1931. He worked closely with the CNT and FAI. He began to take flying lessons to prepare for an aerial attack on Mussolini! [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Bibbi libcom.org/history/bibbi-gino-1899-1999 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article353]

1901 - Ricardo Flores Magón formally joins the Partido Liberal Mexicano during the Congreso Liberal (Feb. 5-14) in San Luis Potosí today. It is the main vehicle for organising the anti-Diaz struggle and spreading the ideals of anarchism throughout Mexico.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Guadalupe, Chihuahua is captured by the Liberal Party column of Prisciliano G. Silva.

[C] 1944 - Tadeusz Tyszka aka 'Lord' (b. unknown), Polish printshop worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Nazi combattant, is shot dead by police during the siege of his underground printshop on Francuska St. in Warsaw. The Germans confiscated the newly printed issue of an underground periodical '//Wzlot//' (Uprising). The son of fighter of 1905 Revolution, before WWII, member of ZZZ. Captain in Main Military Department of the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolność' (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation 'Freedom'). [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.sppw1944.org/relacje/relacja29a_eng.html pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność"]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: Most of the Santa Maria's passengers resume their journeys on board the hijacked liner’s sister ship, the Vera Cruz. [see: Jan. 21]

1982 - Neil Aggett (b. 1953), white South African medical doctor, trade union organiser and anti-Apartheit activist, is 'suicided' after having been held in detention for 70 days without trial and tortured by the South African Security Police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Aggett www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/22/death-anti-apartheid-campaigner-neil-aggett]

2014 - Following yesterday's peaceful protests in the Bosnian town of Tuzla, hundreds of demonstrators, mostly former employees of several big companies, such as Dita, Polihem, Guming and Konjuh, turn out on the streets, clashing with police near the Tuzla local government building demanding for compensation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] ||
 * = 6 || 1872 - Luigi Bertoni (d. 1947), Swiss typographer and publisher of the bilingual newspaper '//Le Reveil Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Alarm Clock), who fought on the Huesca front during the Spanish Civil War, born.

1900 - Claude-François Georges Etiévant (b. 1865), French anarchist and anti-militarist, dies in the Îles du Salut penal colony in French Guiana having had his death sentence for a revenge attack on police in January 1898, that left 3 officers with only slight wounds, communicated to life. [see: Jun. 8 & Jan. 19]

1915 - Teofilo Navarro Fadrique aka 'Negro', 'Le Vieux' and 'Zapatero' (d. 2008), Spanish shoemaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born. An anarchist activist and member of the CNT from the age of 15, at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1936 he volunteered in the Durruti Column, later becoming a member of the 26th Division until the end of the war. Following Franco's victory, he and his partner Dolores Jiménez Álvarez, aka 'Blanca', entered France on February 11, 1939, via Puigcerda and Le Perthus. During his exile in France in Cordes and Toulouse, he was active in the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE), Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA),the Juventudes Libertarias and in the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), occupying various positions of responsibility in both the MLE and SIA between 1945 and 1955. During the 1940s, he was also a member of the Comisión de Defensa and the group of guides who assisted the passage of men and materials into Spain. A supporter of direct action, he and his wife Dolores Jiménez (with whom he had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca) collaborated with with many of the various action groups - especially with Francisco Sabaté Llopart and José Luis Facerías, crossing several times into Spain himself in 1946. In Toulouse he ran a shoe repair shop and was also responsible for a collective of cobblers, set up thanks to financial support from Cerrada Laureano Santos - mounted with silver furniture provided by Laureano Cerrada Santos (aka the 'anarchist entrepreneur'), before withdrawing after management had been questioned by some comrades. Between 1950 and 1962, he and Blanca ran a FIJL arts youth group in Toulouse and, in the 1970s, they continued to support the armed struggle in Spain. In particular, they helped supply the comrades of the Defensa Interior (DI), Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista (GARI) and Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), with weapons seized from the fleeing Nazi army during WWII and provided safe houses. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/navarrofadrique/navarrofadrique.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2588-teofilo-navarro-fadrique-de-la-columna-durruti.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5647 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

1915 - Soledad Estorach Esterri (d. 1993), Catalan anarcho-feminist militant and founding member of Mujeres Libres, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1496 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3181-soledad-estorach-esterri-mujeres-libres.html www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2036 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneo/index.php/Soledad_Estorach_Esterri www.collectif-smolny.org/article.php3?id_article=1649 www.nodo50.org/mujeresred/libertarias.html]

1919 - Seattle General Strike begins, 10:00. Shipyard strike of 32,000 workers sparks General Strike as workers take control of the city for a week. Crime drops dramatically.

1932 - Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán (d. 1958), Cuban revolutionary who was raised in an anarchist family that had left Spain before the Spanish Civil War, becoming a key figure of the Cuban Revolution, along with Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Juan Almeida Bosque and Raúl Castro, born.

[D] 1934 - Political crisis hits France as riots take place in Paris against the background of an attempted right-wing putch. Events led to a group of prominent anarchist to call for an anti-fascist 'United Front'. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_du_6_février_1934 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_populaire_(France) www.liberation.fr/politiques/2014/02/06/le-6-fevrier-1934-un-mythe-fondateur-de-l-extreme-droite_978118 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02025/la-manifestation-antiparlementaire-du-6-fevrier-1934-a-paris.html]

1939 - 130,000 refugees cross the Spanish border, fleeing Franco's fascists.

1975 - Hélène Patou (b. 1902), French writer, militant anarchist, néo-Malthusian and artist's model (Matisse and Picabia, among others) who was a member of the Durruti column, dies. [see: Feb. 3]

1976 - Native American activist Leonard Peltier is captured in Canada on the basis of fictitious affidavits generated by the FBI. Is later extradited to the US.

2014 - The protests in Tuzla spread across Bosnia and Herzegovina in solidarity actions. In the capital city Sarajevo, protesters clashed with police who blocked traffic in the city centre, hospitalising 4 cops. Over 200 people blocked traffic in Mostar and about 150 people in Zenica protested in front of their local government building. Protests also broke out in Bihać and Tešanj, among others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] || "The workers build palaces and live in shacks; they produce everything and maintain the whole state machine, but for them nothing is done; they produce all industrial products, and yet they eat little and poorly, they are a always despised, brutal and superstitious feeling the full weight of slavery. Everything the government does, or tries to do, only ends up maintaining current relationships. The upper crust remains on the shoulders of the masses. Is it to be this way forever? Is it not our responsibility to change this state of affairs?" [Reinsdorf at the trial.]
 * = 7 || 1885 - The execution by beheading in Halle of German anarchists Emil Küchler, Franz Reinhold Rupsch and Auguste Reinsdorf, implicated in the failed assassination attempt against the German Kaiser and Princes at the unveiling ceremony of the Niederwald Monument to the glory of the German armies on September 28, 1883 . Whilst Küchler and Rupsch were the authors of the attentat, Reinsdorf refused to implicate his comrades and derfended his anarchist beliefs till the end.

1886 - Charles Gallo (d. 1887), French individualist anarchist, who on March 5, 1886, threw a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Paris Bourse, born.

1922 - Samuel Fielden (b. 1847), English-born American militant anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. Fielden was one of the three Haymarket Martyrs sentenced to death but not executed. Fielden's crime was to be stepping down from the speaker's platform when a bomb went off, wounding him. His sentence was commuted to life in prison on November 10, 1887, he eventually pardoned on June 26, 1893. [see: Feb. 25]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The Santa Maria and its crew sets sail for Portugal. [see: Jan. 21]

[D] 1974 - A General Strike in Grenada forces Britain to recognise its independence.

[A] 1991 - The IRA fire 3 mortar rounds at 10 Downing Street, unfortunately missing.

2014 - Across Bosnia and Herzegovina thousands protest against the "country's political and economic stagnation". In Sarajevo the presidency building was set on fire and thousands of protesters fought with police. Government buildings were set on fire in Tuzla, where a 5,000-strong crowd stormed a local government building, hurling furniture, files and computers from the upper stories, and Zenica. Police used rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannon trying to disperse the crowd. Buildings and cars were also burning in downtown Sarajevo and riot police chased protesters. As many as 200 people were injured in protests that took place in more than 20 towns and cities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/07/bosnia-herzegovina-wave-violent-protests] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Blanqui n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/blanqui.htm www.ephemanar.net/fevrier01.html www.marxists.org/reference/archive/blanqui/]
 * = 8 || 1805 - Louis Auguste Blanqui (d. 1881), French revolutionary socialist and president of the Paris Commune, born. Author of the famous phrase "Ni Dieu, Ni maître" (Neither God, nor Master). [expand]

1878 - Severino Albarracín Broseta (b. 1850), Spanish teacher, anarchist internationalist and prominent figure in the Federación Regional Española, dies. Leading participant in the insurrectionary strike of Alcoy in July 1873, where nearly ten thousand workers seized the city. Arrested for his role in the insurrection, he eventually goes into exile in Switzerland. [epheman.perso.neuf.fr/fevrier08.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Albarracín_Broseta]

[A] 1886 - 'Black Monday': rival political groups the London United Workmen's Committee and H.F. Hyndman's revolutionary Social Democratic Federation organise separate meetings in Trafalgar Square to protest unemployment. Both pass off peacefully despite the potential for violence but 5,000 workers then run amok in Pall Mall and St James' as the majority of the 600 police officers on duty mistakenly go to protect The Mall and Buck House. A further rally in Hyde park sees Oxford Street looted and (according to the Mets' own official history) 17 brave coppers manage to restore order.

1919 - 'La Canadiense' strike in Barcelona begins. Taking its name from the principle electrical company involved, it lasts 44 days and extends to other companies, becoming a General Strike — paralysing the whole city and industry. The government declares martial law and imprisons 3,000 striking members of the C.N.T. By mid-March the company has agreed to reinstate all workers with wage increases and introduce an 8-hour day; those imprisoned during the strike are also to be released. Over 20,000 people turn out to greet the release of the CNT leaders and hear them (including Salvador Segui) speak. The end of the strike is declared, but in the face of the refusal of the army to release a score of still imprisoned militants, the workers go on strike again on March 24, 1919, in a display of their solidarity, which ends April 14 with the victory of the strikers.

1921 - Peter Kropotkin (b. 1842), geographer, anarchist theorist and organiser, dies in Dimitrovo, near Moscow. [see: Dec. 9]

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: A motion to set up a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas is defeated by 123 votes to 81. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

[D] [1936 - During a 5-week General Strike against French colonial rule in Syria, 3 are killed in Homs protests against the slaughter of 40 protesters in Hama 2 days before. [uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/]

1937 - Malaga falls to Franco's forces.

[CC] 1943 - Icchok Malmed (b.1903), Polish Jew and resistance fighter in the Białystok Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in WWII, is executed by hanging. A few days earlier he had thrown a bottle of acid in the face of a Nazi policeman during the liquidation of Ghetto in Bialystok. The blinded SS policeman then fired his gun, shooting one of his colleagues. Icchok managed to escape. The Gestapo commander Fritz Friedl demanded that the perpetrator turn himself in within 24 hours or the whole population of Ghetto would be killed. Malmed surrendered himself to the Germans. A sked why he attacked a German soldier, he replied: "I hate you. I regret I killed only one. You killed my parents in front of my eyes. Thousands of Jews had been murdered in Słonim before me. I don't regret what I did, even slightly." A failed attempt was made to smuggle poison into Malmed in the prison. Malmed was tortured and on the next day hanged near the square where the incident occurred. Germans soldiers riddled Malmed’s corpse with bullets after the rope broke and the body fell to the earth and re-hanged it for another 48 hours. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchok_Malmed en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchok_Malmed www.zabludow.com/icchokmelmed.html]

1962 - Parisian police, led by the notorious Maurice Papon, kill 9 people (Communist Party militants and union members plus a 16-year-old boy) protesting against the OAS (Organisation Armée Secrète) and the Algerian war. Blocking the streets outside the Charonne Paris Métro station, the police charge the crowd, who flee into the Métro station. The cops begin to throw heavy iron plates (used around the bases of trees and on metro vents) down onto demonstrators in the stairwells. Eight of the victims dies from skull fractures or are crushed to death, with a ninth dying in hospital from their wounds. A massive funeral demonstration drew between quarter and a half million participants. The dead are buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery near the Mur des Federes.

1968 - Orangeburg Massacre: Three African American mem are killed and twenty-eight other protesters wounded as South Carolina Highway Patrol Officers open fire on 150 people protestesting against racial segregation at a bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre www.blackpast.org/aah/orangeburg-massacre-1968]

2014 - The riots in Bosnia and Herzegovina have now spread to Brčko, Mostar, Jajce, Bihać, Doboj, Prijedor, Travnik, Bugojno, Donji Vakuf, Kakanj, Visoko, Gračanica, Sanski Most, Cazin, Živinice, Goražde, Orašje, Srebrenik, Bijeljina, Prozor and Tešanj, among others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] ||
 * = 9 || 1849 - Giovanni Passannante (d. 1910), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate king Umberto I of Italy, born. [Possible date of birth but Feb. 19, 1849 most likely to be correct date.]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Jan. 27] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Bolsheviks bomb a St. Petersburg tavern frequented by right-wing Union of the Russian People (Союз Русского Народа) members, shooting their victims as they try to flee. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_русского_народа en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People]

1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: Félix Díaz and Gens. Mondragon and Ruiz mutiny against Francisco Madero with 2,400 men. 300 killed around presidential palace. Diaz freed. Madero reappoints Gen. Victoriano Huerta as military commander. Huerta order Ruiz and all rebel cadets executed by firing squad.5,000 civilians killed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decena_Trágica en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2Febrero.html]

[A] 1969 - Bank of Spain in Liverpool bombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2013 - A revolt amongst prisoners in the Detention Centre in Orestiada, Greece breaks out. ||
 * = 10 || 1794 - Jacques Roux (b. 1752), radical Roman Catholic priest (//curé rouge//), a precursor of socialism and modern anarchism, stabs himself and dies whilst recovering from a previous suicide attempt in a Paris prison cell. Active during the French Revolution, he was a spokesman for the poorest of the sans-culottes and leader of the Enragés, denouncing those monopolising the revolution, the speculator, the merchant — and also government and the whole apparatus of the parliamentary state. In 1791 he was elected to the (first) Paris Commune and in 1793 he proclaimed his '//Manifeste des Enragés//' (Manifesto of the Madmen), in which he demanded the abolition of private property and class society in the name of the people he represented. His incendiary rhetoric was also instrumental in precipitating a series of food riots, further enraging the Jacobins against him and leading to the laying of charges of being a foreign spy attempting to overthrow the revolutionary government. The Committee of Public Safety instigated an investigation against him into alleged embezzlement of charitable funds and thrown into prison in September 1793. On January 14, 1794, when informed that his case was going to be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal, Roux tried unsuccessfully to kill himself, only to succeed one month later. [see: Aug. 21]

[D] 1862 - Imsul Peasant Revolt: A large-scale revolt against taxation breaks out simultaneously in 71 towns. The government often taxed for dead people or infants, although only those over fifteen were to be taxed. Moreover, most of the remainder were given to the landowner. The uprising began in Jinju with the capture of the magistrate Baek Nakshin, and the landowners Jeong Namseong, Seong Buin, and Choe Jinsa were burned at stake. Their sons were killed as well while attempting to save their fathers. The revolts soon spread to most of Southern Korea, and continued until January, 1863. The people of Gwangju even rode to Seoul. The revolts were extremely severe in Jeolla Province, the later abode of the Donghak Revolution, in which 38 of 54 towns actively revolted. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution]

1872 - Eugene Bigel (d. unknown), Ardennes anarchist worker and advocate of direct action, born. He dynamited numerous police stations, inflicting material and psychological damage. His last attempted bombing, July 15, 1891, at the residence of an industrialist, failed to explode and was traced to him. Bigel received a heavy sentence and was sent to the prison colony in Cayenne.

1888 - Giuseppe Ungaretti (d. 1970), Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic and academic, born. Briefly associated with the Dadaists, he developed his own poetics which he labelled Hermeticism. For a time he was also an anarchist sympathiser, getting to know Mussolini is his socialist phase, but like Mussolini and many of Ungaretti's Futurist friends, supported the irredentist position at the outbreak of WWI and went on to become an active Fascist. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti]

[C] 1888 - Giuseppe Pasotti (d. 1951), Italian anarcho-syndicalist and member of the Italian League of Human Rights, born. In 1911 he served 3 months for having stopped blacklegs going to work, took part in the Red Week of 1914, and in 1918 the War Tribunal of Milan issued an arrest warrant for his incitement to desertion. In the early thirties he emigrated to France with his family and took part in various anti-fascist demonstrations and attacks on Italian fascists, for which the Frencch authorities tried to deport him. he also ran, alongside his son Nullo, a network to smuggle militants and materials into Spain during the Civil War and was active in recruiting Italians to the republican cause and was head of the political investigations bureau of the Spanish FAI, responsible for handing out entry documents for Spain. Framed for a March 1937 bomb explosion on a Port Bou-Marseilles train, he got 3 months in jail. Moving to Spain, he eventually left for Tunis in early 1939. He returned to Italy post-Liberation only to move permantly to Tunisia, disgusted by the 'Historic Compromise' between the Communist Party and the Christian Democrats.

1890 - Fanya Kaplan (d. 1918), Russian Socialist Revolutionary who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on 31 August 1918, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkaplan.htm]

1892 - Four anarchists, Manuel Fernández Reina (25 years old), José Fernández Lamela (25), Manuel Silva Leal (44) and Zarzuela Antonio Granja (34 years old) are garrotted in Jerez, Anddalusia, victims of the repression that followed the peasant revolt of January 8.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 29] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The government establishes the Shidlovsky Commission to investigate workers’ grievances. On Feb. 19 & 26, St. Petersburg workers pick delegates to the commission, in the first free elections that Russian workers have ever participated in. [see: Mar. 5] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: 120 children from Lawrence leave for New York, under a scheme organised by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, to be temporarily fostered at supporters homes in the city for the duration of the strike. They are met by 5,000 members of the Italian Socialist Federation and the Socialist Party singing the 'Marseille' and the 'Internationale'. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1932 - CNT proclaims a General Strike; insurrections follow. Within the week the Catalan city of Terrassa is taken over and anarchist communism is declared.

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: As Sporting Club Universitaire d’El Biar, an amateur football team composed of FLN-supporting Algerian settlers that had caused a Cup upset 6 days earlier by knocking out Stade de Reims, face Racing Universitaire Algérois, bombs explode in their stands at the municipal stadium in Algiers, killing 10 people and wounding 34. [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-stade.html inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2011/12/12/france-the-front-liberation-nationale-and-football.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1969 - Eduardo Mondiane, president of FRELIMO, is assassinated in Mozambique.

1970 - Ian Purdie is imprisoned for 9 months for throwing a petrol bomb at the Ulster Office in Saville Row during an Irish Civil Rights Campaign march. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - The Battle of Saltley Gate. Striking miners and local workers close down the Saltley Coke Works.

1978 - 3,500 anti-racists picket a NF meeting being held in Bolton Town Hall, and succeed in outnumbering 2000 police. [A secret pact between Labour and Tory councillors in January 1978, had ensured that the planned NF meeting passed through the council without discussion.] Sadly, the contest does not go with the numbers. Traffic is searched, anti-fascists have their names and addresses taken. Outside the Town Hall, 20 mounted policemen are used to charge the protesters. Anti-fascists are then held back for several hours after the NF have left. Eighteen anti-racists are arrested under public order statutes and charged without access to a solicitor. [www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/northw.htm]

[A] 1978 - Looters in Cagliari, Italy attack and burn the RAI-TV van that is being used to film their actions. ||
 * = 11 || 1887 - Clément Duval, anarchist expropriator and member of La Panthère des Batignolles, is condemned to death.

[C] 1890 - Virgilia d'Andrea (d. 1932), Italian anarchist poetess, anti-fascist, teacher and writer, born. She first became interested in anarchism aged 12 at convent school when the nuns made her pray for the dead King Umberto I, who had been shot and killed by the anarchist Gaetano Brescia in revenge for the May 1898 Protesta dello Stomaco (Protest of the Stomach) massacre. Her sympathies were more with the young avenger than the king. Her curiosity aroused, she began to supplement her passion for poetry by reading political works. Qualifying as a teacher, she left the convent in 1908 and taught in a number of elementary schools in the Abruzzo region. She joined the Italian Socialist Party, helping establish a women's section. But having witnessed the Settimana Rosso (Red Week) in Milan in 1914 and the state's inadequate response to the 1915 Abruzzo earthquake, she became even more radicalised, participating in the anti-interventionist movement at the beginning of WWI and developing a greater admiration for the anarchists she met. In 1917 she was introduced to the anarcho-syndicalist Armando Borghi, secretary of the USI (Union Syndicale Italian) and its newspaper, the weekly '//Guerra di Classe//’ (Class War), then interned in Abruzzo. He would become her life-long companion and collaborator. She then became involved in the USI (editing 'Guerra di Classe’ when Borghi was exiled to Isernia), giving talks and writing prose for the movement in addition to her poetry. The political police also began to take notice of her, labelling her an effective and dangerous radical anti-war agitator and she too was placed under house arrest for the duration of the war. In 1922 D'Andrea published her first book of poetry, 'Tormento' (Torment), which featured an introduction by Errico Malatesta. The Italian state seized and banned all copies, charging her prose with the ability to disrupt public order and incite class hatred. Sadly, the rest of her literary output is slim: 'L’Ora di Maramaldo’ (The Hour of the Defenceless; 1925), a collection of prose published in France in 1928; and 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933), a collection of articles and treatises published in New York a few days before her death. With the rise of fascism, something d'Andrea was to label as a war of violence waged against civilisation, she wrote advocating an all-out struggle against it: "attacking fascism amounts to a defence of humanity's present and future." Inevitably, her and Borghi's high profile anti-fascist activities led to death threats and, following the fascist March on Rome, the went into exile, first in Berlin (1923), then Paris (1924), where she founded the magazine 'Veglia' (Vigil) and became active in support of Sacco and Vanzetti, then finally to the US in 1928. There they continued their political activities, campaigning for Sacco and Vanzetti, doing anti-fascist work whilst collaborating on the anarchist newspaper '//L'Adunata dei Refratari//’ (Call of the Refractaires [i.e. the unmanageable]). Meanwhile her health deteriorated and she was diagnosed with bowel cancer. On May 1, 1933, she was hospitalised in New York and died a few days later, during the night of May 11, aged forty-three.

“Ancora due che salgono il monte del martirio”, mi disse qualcuno con la voce piena di tristezza. “Ma siamo qui tutti noi” rispose un giovanetto forte a cui i venti anni empivano d’avvenire le pupille radiose. “Viva Sacco e Vanzetti!” gridò un fanciullo esuberante, e agitò un lembo della bandiera guardando fissamente in alto… …Non so se il cielo grigio che pesava sul nostro capo o la distesa fresca e canora dei suoi magnifici sogni… “Non vi addolorate, non vi scoraggiate per il nostro destino” essi avevano scritto. “Ci vogliono morti e sia”. Io avevo guardato a lungo la lettera dei due morituri. Non una lacrima, non una esitazione, non una sillaba mal certa. I due uomini che hanno vissuto da anni a faccia a faccia con la morte si sono sovrumanati si sono sublimati. Avrebbero potuto impazzire. Hanno invece saputo trovare nella sapiente capacità dello spirito loro, tutto il perchè vero e vivo della vita. Avrebbero potuto morire. Hanno saputo invece ricercare nell’intrico dell’oscurità che non ha più mattino, la sorgente sovrana che rinnova lo spirito. Avrebbero potuto rinnegare. Hanno saputo invece serbare per i viventi, dopo i colloqui aspri e freddi con la morte, le parole più belle e più pure dello spirito che si denuda per la tomba. Quelle che sorgono nel cuore allorchè recisa è la visione dei sogni. Quelle che sembrano raccolte da una fiorita di rose. Quelle che sembrano distaccate da una roccia di perle.

("Two more to go up the mountain of the martyr," someone said to me, her voice full of sadness. "But we are all of us here," said a young man whose strong in the twenty years empivano of the future pupils radiant.  "Viva Sacco and Vanzetti, "cried an exuberant child, and waved a piece of the flag looking steadily at the top ...  I do not know ... if the gray sky that weighed on our head or the expanse of fresh and beautiful singing of his dreams ...  "Do not grieve, do not be discouraged for our destiny," they had written. "It takes dead and it is."  I had a long look at the letter of the two moribund. Not a tear, not a hesitation, not a syllable sore certain.  The two men who have lived for years in face-to-face with death were sovrumanati you are sublimated.  They could go crazy.  Instead, they have been able to find the skilled ability of spirit, because all the true and living life. They could die. They knew how to be sought in the tangle of darkness that no longer am, the sovereign source that renews the spirit. They could deny. They have instead been able to preserve the living, after talks harsh and cold with death, the words most beautiful and purest spirit that is laid bare to the grave. Those that are in the heart severed policies where is the vision of dreams. What appear gathered from a flowering of roses. Those that seem detached from a rock of pearls.) - extract from 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933)

[www.katesharpleylibrary.net/f1vj8p www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qjq3h0 libcom.org/history/d-andrea-virgilia-1890-1933 giuseppecapograssi.wordpress.com/2013/01/13/virgilia-dandrea-anarchica-e-poetessa-sulmonese/ www.classicistranieri.com/?s=Virgilia+d%27Andrea+ www.sguardi.info/index.php?id=181,1617,0,0,1,0 www.liberliber.it/libri/d/d_andrea/index.php]

1892 - The issue of the annual publication '//L'Antipatriote: Plus de Frontières! -L'Humanité Libre!//' appears in Brussels. Epigrams "Patriotism is the last refuge of scoundrels" [A. Spies] and "//Our enemy, is our master//" [La Fontaine]. The 1894 issue will be prosecuted for "inciting disobedience".

[D] 1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: An artillery duel breaks out with mutineers. 500 civilians killed. Gen. Huerta sees this as a chance to become president. He despises Francisco Madero and has long planned to overthrow him.

1937 - The Great Flint Sit-Down Strike begins.

1943 - Carlo Tresca (b. 1879), Italian-born American newspaper editor, orator, labour organiser, prominent Industrial Workers of the World activist and anti-fascist, is shot in the back and the head, killing him instantly. His assassin is believed to have been Carmine Galante, acting on the order of Frank Garofalo, Maffia underboss to Fascist sympathiser Joseph Bonanno. [see: Mar. 9] [poumista.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/carlo-tresca/]

1944 - Operation Spark[*]: Following the postponement of the November 16, 1943, viewing of the new army, airforce and SS winter uniform, and all subsequent attempts to hold it, a new viewing is scheduled, with a new volunteer, Captain Ewald von Kleist (1922 - 2013), replacing von dem Bussche (who had, since the last attempt, been returned to front-line duty and lost part of one of his legs). But this event was repeatedly postponed and eventually cancelled. [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald-Heinrich_von_Kleist-Schmenzin valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9928284/Ewald-von-Kleist.html]

1971 - The house in Grosvenor Avenue, Islington, where Jake Prescott had been staying, is raided by the police. The house is searched for explosives. Diaries, address books, newspapers and other articles are taken away. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1971 - Police forcibly remove four defence witnesses who were due to give evidence in the trial at Bow Street Magistrates court of the people arrested at the Miss World contest protests in November 1970. Charges are brought against Scotland Yard for assault (of those dragged away from Bow Street) and for wrongful arrest and imprisonment. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1979 - Belgrado Pedrini (b. 1913), Italian writer, poet, anarchist and partisan, dies. [see: May 5]

1981 - Ramón Lafragueta (b. 1905), Spanish railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

[A] 1990 - Nelson Mandela released after 27 years in prison.

1994 - Mercedes Comaposada i Guillén (b. 1901), militant Catalan anarcho-feminist, teacher and lawyer, dies. Born into a militant household, she starts work at an early age and becomes an editor at a film production company and joins the CNT Public Performances in Barcelona. Later, after studying law, she became a women's educator and helped found the Mujeres Libres in April 1936 and started publishing the group's magazine, illustrated by her partner, the libertarian sculptor Baltasar Lobo. After the defeat of the Republic, she and Lobo move to Paris under the wing of Pablo Picasso, where she works as a secretary and translates the work of a number of Castilian writers, especially Lope de Vega. She also contributed to the '//Mujeres Libres//' magazine (and was also editor in chief), '//Ruta//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' , '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Umbral//'. She was also author of '//Esquemas//' (Schemes; 1937, a book of poetry), '//Las Mujeres en Nuestra Revolución//' (Woment in Our Revolution; 1937), '//La Ciencia en la Mochila//' (Science in a Rucksack; 1938), '//Conversaciones Cono los Artistas Españoles de la Escuela de París//' (Coverstions with Spanish Artists of the Paris School; 1960, under the pseudonym Mercedes Guillén), '//Picasso//' (1973, as Mercedes Guillén) and an unpublished work '//Mujeres Libres//'. [see: Aug. 14] || "This pretentious and stupid crowd of employees, earning from 300 to 500 francs a month; more reactionary than their bourgeois masters . . ." - '//Le// //Crapouillot//' (The Trench Mortar) Jan. 1938. On the corner of the Rue de l'Isly and the Rue de Rome, Emile Henry, having wounded three pursuers, findc his way barred by policeman Francois Poisson's raised sabre. Henry shoots and wounds him in the chest with the last two bullets in his revolver. He is at last overcome by two other policemen. He was executed on May 21. [ Costantinni pics ]
 * = 12 || [A/D] 1894 - A week after the execution of Auguste Vaillant, anarchist student Émile Henry throws a home-made bomb into the crowd of Parisian petty bourgeois busy drinking beer and listening to the orchestra playing '//Marthe//' by Flotow in the bourgeois Cafe Terminus, killing one and injuring 17.

1905 - Federica Montseny i Mañé (d. 1994), Spanish poet, novelist, essayist, and children's writer, anarchist, anarcho-feminist, naturist and Minister of Health during the Civil War, born in Madrid. The daughter of Catalan libertarian activists and educators Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé), who also co-edited the anarchists journal, '//La Revista Blanca//' (1898-1905), she wrote her first novel, '//Peregrina de amor//' (Pilgrim of Love), which was published under the name Blanca Montsan in the series '//La Novela Roja//' (most copies of which were destroyed in a fire), when still only 15 and her first play, '//La tragedia del pueblo//' (The tragedy of the people) about the Barcelona working class, soon afterwards. She also joined the CNT at seventeen years old and wrote for anarchist journals such as '//Solidaridad Obrera'//, '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Nueva Senda//'. In 1923 she urged her parents to relaunch '//La Revista Blanca//', which led to the family to establishing in the publishing firm Ediciones de La Revista Blanca, specialising in promoting libertarian ideals throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Federica Montseny participated as an editor of the serials '//La Novela Ideal//' and '//La Novela Libre//', writing many of the novels herself. The '//Novela Ideal//' appeared in a weekly edition of 50,000 and the '//Novela Libre//' a monthly 64-page publication with a print run of 20,000. [www.msu.edu/user/madrid/Montseny.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny_i_Mañé es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/montseny/montsenybio.html mujereslibres.cgtvalencia.org/2012/01/federica-montseny.html]

1917 - [O.S. Jan. 31] February Revolution: A new wave of strikes and meetings following those held on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22 [O.S. Jan. 9]) are held in Petrograd factories: the beginning of the run up to the February Revolution (Mar. 8-12 1917 [O.S. Feb. 23-27]). Petrograd is starving. The city stockpile for flour will last only 10 more days. Meat supplies are completely depleted. Massive queues for food form, despite excrutiatingly cold temperatures. Crowds of women sporatically break into stores. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

[DD] [1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]: an armed uprising involving battles between socialist and conservative-fascist forces which resulted in hundreds of dead in Austrian industrial cities [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Österreichischer_Bürgerkrieg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html www.marxist.com/Europe-old/austrian_uprising.html]

[C] 1943 - France Bloch-Sérazin (b. 1913), Jewish French militant communist, who made explosives for and fought with the Résistance, is beheaded by the Nazis. [see: Feb. 21] ||
 * = 13 || 1692 - The Glencoe Massacre.

1870 - Joseph Dubois (d. 1912), Franco-Russian mechanic and anarchist illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang, born. Born in Russia but emigrated to France after serving in the Foreign Legion. Set up a garage collective with other anarchists in Courbevoie in 1908. Jules Bonnot learned to drive at Dubois' garage and hid the gang's cars there after robberies. It was at Dubois' Choisy-le-Roi workshop that he and Bonnot were ambushed and killed on 28 April, 1912.

[A] 1907 - Suffragettes storm Westminster during the King's speech. 60 women are arrested.

[D] 1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Revolutionary José Luis Moya's forces defeat a federal force and occupy San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango.

[1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]:

1936 - Temistocle Monticelli (b. 1869), Italian anarchist militant and anti-militarist, member of the Comité de Défense Libertaire, as secretary of the underground Comitato di Azione Internazionalista Anarchica he was arrested during WWI, dies a victim of fascist repression. [see: Dec. 5]

[C] 1943 - Five Spanish Republicans are shot alongside twelve other Resistance fighters by the Germans in Nantes after being sentenced to death by a Council of War, during the 'Trial of the 42'.

1969 - A FLQ bomb causes a massive explosion on the main floor of the Montreal Stock Exchange and twenty-seven people are wounded.

1971 - Searches at the homes of Hilary Creek, John Barker, Kate McLean, Chris Allen and others in a hunt for explosives. Jake Prescott is charged with conspiracy to cause explosions between July 30 1970 and December 1971, and with the specific bombings of Carr's home, the Dept of Employment and the Miss World contest. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1997 - Ricardo Mestre (b. 1906), Catalonian anarcho-syndicalist, construction worker, CNT and FAI member, dies in México. One of the founders of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), he was exiled following the Revolution of 1936. [see: Apr. 15] || The Uprising would last for nearly 10 years, ending in October 1813 with the retaking of Belgrade and the defeat of the Serbian rebels by the forces loyal to Sultan Selim III. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution]
 * = 14 || 1804 - First Serbian Uprising [Први српски устанак]: Following the Slaughter of the Knezes [Сеча кнезова] on February 4, 1804, Serb revolutionaries gather in the small Šumadija village of Orašac, nearby modern Aranđelovac, in Marićevića jaruga, and decide to undertake an uprising. Karađorđe Petrović is elected as the leader of the uprising, which starts immediately. That afternoon, a Turkish inn (caravanserai) in Orašac is burnt down and its residents fled or were killed. Similar actions are undertaken in surrounding villages and then spread further.

1894 - A bomb explodes at the Hotel du Comte Salverte, 32 Rue Ch. Laffitte in Neuilly (Paris region). This comes almost a month after the explosion of another bomb, at 8 Rue Duluet (19 January 1894).

1896 - Gueorgui Cheïtanov (d. 1925), writer, speaker and theorist of the Bulgarian anarchist movement, born. His first scrape with the law was being arrested for burning the archives in a local court in 1913. He escaped and fled to Paris aged 18. He returned clandestinely the following year to Bulgaria to continue his revolutionary propaganda work. Arrested and tortured, he spends 2 years in prison before again escaping and goes to Moscow, where he is quickly disappointed by the Bolsheviks. While fomenting insurrection in Bulgaria, he is again arrested and imprisoned with other anarchists, but they manage to escape and return to their clandestine activities. Following an attack on the Sofia cathedral on April 16, 1925, martial law is proclaimed. Cheïtanov is arrested and executed on the night of June 2, 1925, aged 29. "Let the dance of terror leading the way! The orgy of destruction is our manifesto! Bulgaria kings, lackeys, spies will die! Long live anarchy!"

1910 - Giovanni Passannante (b. 1849), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate king Umberto I of Italy, dies. [Most likely date with Feb 4, 1910 also given in some sources][see: Feb. 19]

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: After several months waiting to see how the revolution was unfolding, Francisco I. Madero crosses the border into Mexico to take charge of the movement, establishing its headquarters in Guadalupe, Chihuahua. He also plans to break off relations with the PLM and demand that Magónista forces place themselves under his command.

[D] [1916 - The Liverpool Riot of 1916 / Battle of Central Station: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_riot_of_1916 works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=rowan_cahill alh-research.tripod.com/Light_Horse/index.blog/2170321/the-battle-of-central-station-new-south-wales-14-february-1916-the-sydney-morning-herald-tuesday-15-february-1916-account-1/]

1917 - Émile Roger (b. 1871), Ardennes anarchist, member of Les Desherities and Les Libertaires de Nouzon, dies. [see: Jan. 25]

[1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]:

[C] 1936 - The CNT issues a prophetic manifesto warning that right-wing elements are ready to provoke a military coup.

1968 - 'L'Affaire Langlois': Following the sacking of Henri Langlois, the director of the Cinémathèque Française, on Feb. 9th, 5,000 protesters are brutally attacked by police near the Palais de Chaillot in Paris.

2009 - Luís Andrés Edo (b. 1925), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, member of the then underground CNT during the Franco years and guerrila arms smuggler, dies. [see: Nov. 7] || "At dinnertime a convict found fault with the soup which was then thrown at the warders and around the mess hall. In the uproar that followed the prisoners brushed aside the 29 warders on duty and began to demolish the hall with stone hammers. Every pane of glass was smashed together with the window sashes and tables. Part of the roof was pulled off and the soup kettles and a supply of timber were hurled into the Medway. The alarm gun was fired at Chatham and the signal flag raised above the prison to warn of a potential breakout but no reinforcements arrived for nearly an hour. Meanwhile the handful of warders, their guns loaded with ball cartridge, held back the prisoners. When a heavily armed relief party eventually arrived the convicts were returned to the prison where they were kept in chains and the nine ringleaders closely guarded."
 * = 15 || [D] 1861 - 350 prisoners held on St Mary's Island and labouring in Chatham Dockyard, Kent take over their prison in a riot. Troops are called in.

1894 - The Royal Observatory, Greenwich is the apparent target of Martial Bourdin, a 26 year old French anarchist, who is armed with a bomb, which explodes in his hand.

1906 - Musa Cälil (Musa Mostafa ulı Cälilev; d. 1944), Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cälil tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cälil]

1912 - Revolución Mexicana: Gen. Juvencio Robles begins terror campaign against Zapatistas, burning several Zapatista towns.

[1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]:

1939 - Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (b. 1899), Algerian-born militant, one of the anarchist participants in the Black Sea Mutiny of 1919 and combatant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. [see: Jan. 3]

1986 - Running battles break out between police and striking printers protesting Rupert Murdoch's scab printing operations in Wapping, London. 8 cops are injured (no figures for the number of pickets) and 58 people arrested in the worst outbreak of violence yet outside the News International printing plant during the 3 week strike. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3258 www.ephemanar.net/septembre27.html]
 * = 16 || 1904 - Augustus Marcel Le Lann (d. 1974), Breton boilermaker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Prisciliano G. Silva is arrested by Madero in Guadalupe, Chihuahua for refusing to recognise him as provisional president of Mexico.

1915 - César Saborit Carrelero (d. 1951), Catalan guerrillero anarquista and member of José Lluis Facieras' action group, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/saborit/saborit.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7438]

[C] 1921 - The Fascists attempt to break a strike in Livorno, Italy by operating the trams. But they meet mass resistance, with one tram load attacked by over 400 people. This is just one of thousands of bloody confrontations all across Italy between anti-fascists and fascists this month as the latter try to impose their presence on the streets and in the workplaces across the country. [www.ainfos.ca/01/oct/ainfos00198.html]

[1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]: an armed uprising involving battles between socialist and conservative-fascist forces which resulted in hundreds of dead in Austrian industrial cities comes to an end [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Österreichischer_Bürgerkrieg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html www.marxist.com/Europe-old/austrian_uprising.html]

1936 - Election and formation of the Popular Front government against the fascist Franco. Anarchists [a few, most opposed], socialists, communists, republicans and labour groups form a republic.

[A/D] 1965 - Four members of Black Liberation Front arrested for plot to blow up the Statue of Liberty.

1970 - Pedro Vallina Martinez (b. 1879), Sevillian medical doctor, prominent figure of Andalusian anarchism, Civil War fighter and militant, who was involved in the labour movement and spent much of his life in and out of prison and exile for his opposition to Spanish repression and fascism, dies. [see: Jun. 29]

1973 - February 16-22: Student uprisings in Greece.

1985 - 20,000 demonstrate against the Schwandorf nuclear reprocessing plant. ||
 * = 17 || [d] 1879 - Russian nihilists unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Czar Alexander in St. Petersburg.

1894 - In the wake of Émile Henry's Terminus bombing, French police carry out numeroius raids against the anarchist movement, arrestinh many of those that will subsequently appear in the Procès des Trente.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Feb. 4] Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Emperor Alexander II, uncle of the current tsar, Emperor Nicholas II and the much-hated former governor of Moscow, having already escaped a potential assassination attempt 2 days earlier whilst on his way with his family to attend a concert at the Bolshoi Theatre - the plotters deciding not to throw their bomb because of the presence of children in the carriage, he is literally blown to bits in his carriage in Senatskaya Square, Moscow, as a nitroglycerin bomb thrown by Ivan Kalyayev, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party’s Combat detachment, lands in his lap and explodes. Kalayev, who by his own testimony had expected to die in the explosion, survived. Sucked into the vortex of the explosion, he ended up by the remains of the rear wheels. His face peppered by splinters, pouring with blood. He was immediately arrested. Sentenced to death, he was hanged two months later. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia#Assassination]

1906 - Idaho police and Pinkertons kidnap IWW leader Bill Haywood and two others in Denver, Colorado, from their bedrooms, for alleged involvement in the Steunenberg bombing; thus the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) leaders Haywood, Moyer and Pettibone framed on murder charges in Idaho.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Silva's men, who are now mixed with the Maderists, are disarmed because they too [see: Feb. 16] refusing to recognise Madero as provisional president of Mexico. Many of them will later be executed. At the same time Guitierrez de Lara, together with a small column of US volunteers, joins the Maderists.

1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: Gen. Victoriano Huerta seizes Francisco Madero, Vice Pres. Jose Suarez and cabinet. With support of US Ambassador Henry Lane, Huerta and Felix Diaz come to an agreement: Huerta would become temporary president. In the next election, Huerta would see to it that Diaz was elected, while Huerta would remain as the military strong man. New president Woodrow Wilson refused to recognise Huerta's government, Lane recalled. That night, within an hour of the concluding of the agreement, Huerta turns Madero's brother Gustavo over to Felix Diaz's men, who murder him.

1922 - In San Julian, Patagonia, five prostitutes in the La Catalana brothel refuse the custom of soldiers of Lieutenant Colonel Varela (who executed and tortured more than 1,500 striking workers), shouting: "Garbage! We do not go to bed with murderers."

1942 - Huey P. Newton (d. 1989), Black Panther Party co-founder, born. [expand]

1943 - Plan Lanz: Hitler avoids being arrested or killed when he changes his plans to visit the army in Ukraine. Wehrmacht Generals Hubert Lanz (1896 - 1982), Hans Speidel (1897 - 1984), and Paul Loehning (1889 - 1971) and Lieutenant Colonel Hyazinth Graf von Strachwitz (1893 - 1968) had planned to arrest or, if neccesary, kill Hitler during his scheduled visit to the Armeeabteilung (Army Detachment) Lanz headquarters at Poltava. Strachwitz was to surround Hitler and his SS escorts shortly after Hitler's arrival with his tanks. Lanz would have then arrested Hitler, and in the event of resistance, Strachwitz's tanks would have shot and killed the entire delegation. Instead, Hitler chose to visit General Erich von Manstein's headquarters at Zaporozhye, and the plan was dropped. Speidel was also involved in the July 20 plot to killed Hitler and though arrested and imprisoned by Gestapo, he evaded the discovery of his direct involvement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lanz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_Graf_Strachwitz_von_Groß-Zauche_und_Camminetz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1944 - Pietro Bruzzi aka 'Brutius' (b. 1888), Italian journeyman mechanic, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, dies. Arrested in Spain and extradited to Italy, he was interned on the island of Ponza. Escaping, he joined the anarchist anti-fascist resistance in Lombardy and edited the clandestine paper '//L'Adunata dei Libertari//' (Anarchist Assembly) in late 1943. He was captured and shot in Melegnano by the fascists.

1944 - Eighteen Jews escaped from the Krasnik Labour Camp, also known as WIFO or Skret, in Poland. The head of production, Alois Gröger, then chose 18 prisoners, relatives of the escapees, and ordered that they be shot. In a short time, one by one, four of the escapees were caught. Each time, Gröger issued a special roll call for the prisoners. They had to be present during the execution of the escapees by hanging, events carried out by Gröger's own hands. The fourteen who escaped were: Lejba Brener, Shmuel Lejzer Brener, Hersh Datum, Szaja Datum, Adam Diament, Yisroel Moshe Szor, Moshe Sztolhamer, Yisroel Yankl Sukman, Yankl Szwarcbard, Gabrial Rajnsztajn, Asher Bruchirer, Daniel Feder, and Leib Hecht. Moshe Sztolhamer's son, Semmy Stahlhammer, later wrote a book 'Kodnamn Frisör' (Codename Barber; 2007), about the incident. [www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/krasnik/kra293.html www.semmystahlhammer.se/book.html chelm.freeyellow.com/budzyn.html]

1961 - Operação Dulcineia: The Santa Maria enters Lisbon harbour to be greeted by a flotilla of yachts, tugs, fishing boats and other vessels, and a crowd of 300,000 amongst who was Salazar who, rather theatrically, welcomed the liner, saying: "The Santa Maria is with us. Thank you, Portugal." The crowd responded with cries of "Long live Salazar" and "Long live Portugal" as though it was some sort of victory. [see: Jan. 21]

1972 - Bonhill Street Social Security Office, London, firebombed. Liverpool Army HQ, Edge Lane, bombed. Severe damage. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[A] 2011 - A 'day of rage', prompted by the arrest in Benghazi of the lawyer of the Committee of the Families of the Victims of the Abu Salim Massacre in 1996 [see June 28], sparks the Libyan revolution. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1619]
 * = 18 || 1847 - Jean Baguet (aka Jean Bayet; d. uknown) born. French anarchist exiled to Switzerland to avoid arrest following demonstrations at Montceau-the-Mines in August 1882. Sentenced in absentia to five years prison at the Trial of the 66, January 1883.

1851 - A crowd of Boston Negroes break into the federal prison, rescue Frederick Jenkins, a southern slave jailed under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act, and spirit him away to freedom in Canada.

1884 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Police seized all copies of Tolstoy's '//What I Believe In//' at the printers. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tolstoy/chrisanar.htm]

1887 - Juan Peiro Belis (d. 1942), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist theorist and militant in the CNT, born. In November 4, 1936, he was one of the CNT's four ministers (Minister of Industry) in the new government headed by Largo Caballero. He sought refuge in France in 1939, but was extradited back to Spain by Pétain. Refusing to cooperate with Franco, he was shot in Valencia on 24 July 1942.

1893 - Alexander Sapoundjiev (d. 1975), Bulgarian teacher, anarchist activist and propagandist, born. In June 1919, he participated in the founding congress of the FACB (Bulgarian Communist Anarchist Federation). In 1921, after several arrests Sapoundjiev was banned from teaching and he dedicated himself to the publication of several clandestine newspapers, including '//анархист//' (Anarchist), '//Robotnitcheska Missal//' (Workers' Thought) and '//свободно общество//' (Free Society). Following the 9 June 1923 //coup d'état// and ensuing September insurrection, he was arrested and imprisoned, eventually going into exile in France in 1928. Following a 1931 amnesty, he return to his activities in Bulgaria but the pro-Fascist coup of May 19, 1934, saw him retire to the village of Biala to devote himself to viticulture and the cooperative movement. He was to suffer further periods of imprisonment, including under the Communists in 1948, but never gave up the struggle.

[C] 1904 - Felicia Mary Browne (d. 1936), English artist and communist, who was the first British volunteer to die in the Spanish Civil War, born. A member of the St. Pancras branch of the CPGB and the Artists International Association, she was travelling to Spain with the photographer Edith Bone in order to attend the People's Olympiad, when the military rebellion broke out. Arriving in Barcelona, she immediately joined a communist militia on August 3. On August 25, 1936, Felicia was killed in action on the Aragón front near Tardienta, part of a band of raiders that attempted to dynamite a Fascist munitions train. The group was ambushed and Browne was shot dead while trying to rescue an injured Italian comrade. [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WbrowneF.htm ianbone.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/felicia-browne-only-photo-of-spanish-civil-war-fighter/ www.international-brigades.org.uk/content/1936-madrid]

[DD] 1905 - [N.S. Mar. 3] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar publishes the 'Bulygin Rescript' (Булыгин рескрипте), named after the then Minister of Interior, Alexander G. Bulygin (Александр Григорьевич Булыгин), which promises the creation of a State Duma of the Russian Empire but with consultative powers only, religious tolerance, freedom of speech (in the form of language rights for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. At the same time he issued a contradictory Imperial Decree drawn up by the prominent jurist and well-known reactionary Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (Константи́н Петро́вич Победоно́сцев), who had long been the //éminence grise// of imperial politics, denouncing reform, whilst also issuing an appeal calling for suggestions by the public for potential reforms. Neither the Rescript nor the resulting Tsarist manifesto issued on August 19 [O.S. Aug. 9] laying out the final plans for establishment of the promised representative body (the 'Bulygin Duma' as it became known), did anything to cool the revolutionary ardour abroad at the time. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Булыгин,_Александр_Григорьевич www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1905bulygduma.php]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 5] Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich's widow confronts Ivan Kalyayev, her husband’s assassin, in his prison cell, where he declines her offer to intercede on his behalf. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: Francisco I. Madero, in imprisonment and threatened with death, at the pleading of his wife and mother, and, as she said, to save their lives, not his own, signed his resignation. Vice Pres. Pino Suárez did the same.

1946 - The beginning of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, a turning point in the struggle against British rule over India. It starts when Indian sailors based in Bombay harbour go on strike against the British. The strike becomes a full-fledged revolt, encompassing 78 ships, 20 on-shore facilities, and 20,000 sailors in various ports. Though the revolt is eventually suppressed by force by the British, it becomes a decisive factor in the British decision to grant India independence. Realizing that it can no longer rely on colonial troops to enforce their rule over India, Britain concludes that it is better to make a deal with the bourgeois pro-independence organizations than to risk being overthrown by a popular uprising. The revolt also frightens the mainstream independence movements, who are working towards the partition of India, because it succeeded in unifying Hindus and Muslims in a common cause outside their control. Mohandas Gandhi issues a statement condemning the strikers for acting on their own without the "guidance" of their "political leaders" and calling their actions "unholy". [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-02-February.htm]

1959 - Jacques Doubinsky (Iakov Dubinsky; b. 1889), Ukranian Jewish anarchist and Makhnovist, dies. As a young labour radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the insurrectionary Makhnovist army. [see: Mar. 26]

1970 - A Federal jury finds the 'Chicago 7' innocent of conspiring to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, five were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots.

1975 - Having accepted that armed struggle was necessary to remove the new Derg junta in Ethiopia, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (ህወሓት) is formed from the clandestine cells of the Tigrayan National Organisation (ማህበር ገስገስቲ ብሄረ ትግራይ) to carry out a political and military struggle against the Ethiopian state and gain independence for Tigray. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayan_People's_Liberation_Front www.scribd.com/doc/14967/The-Origins-Of-TPLF]

[D] 1975 - In Italy Renato Curcio, Red Brigades leader, is freed in a daring prison assault led by his partner Margherita 'Mara' Cagol. She was later killed and Curcio recaptured on June 5, 1975, during a police raid on thei hideout where they were holding the kidnapped industrialist Vallarino Gancia. [www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/488-18-febbraio-1975-curcio-evade-da-casale-monferrato cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1975&month=02&day=18]

1978 - Battle of Digbeth: Following events at the Ladywood by-election and the Winson Green demo, West Midlands Chief Constable cancel all police leave and deploys 2,210 officers, including officers from neighbouring forces of Warwickshire, West Mercia and Staffordshire, to police planned protests against a gathering of 200 Young National Front members in Birmingham's Digbeth Civic Hall. 2-300 people march around the city centre on a Birmingham Trades Council organised demonstration to Digbeth where five thousand people are gathered to protest the NF's presence. A large number launch a concerted attack on the three-deep cordon of police officers around the Civic Hall as people sought to gain access to the National Front meeting, clashing with police wielding batons and riot shields. 58 police officers are injured, along with three members of the public, and 33 people arrested for a variety of offences. According to police figures, five private motor cars and one ambulance are damaged at an approximate cost of £800. Twelve business premises were reported damaged at a total estimated cost of £1,925. At 5pm, the National Front members, who were safe and sound inside the Civic Hall through out, are escorted safely away from Digbeth without further incident. [weare40.west-midlands.police.uk/how-the-police-won-the-battle-of-digbeth/ www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/from-the-archives-the-battle-of-digbeth-and-a-callous-murder-155067]

1985 - Feb 18-21: South African police kill 18 demonstrators and wound 200 at Crossroads squatter camp in Capetown.

2009 - Revolutionary Struggle (Επαναστατικός Αγώνας) carry out a failed car bomb attack on the Citibank offices in central Athens. Police later said the bomb was powerful enough to destroy the four-story building. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Struggle revolutionarystruggle.wordpress.com rotehilfech.noblogs.org/files/2014/07/Gesammelte-Erklärungen-eng.pdf www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante ita.anarchopedia.org/Giovanni_Passannante neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2007/05/15/the-curious-case-of-the-anarchists-pickled-brain/ www.nytimes.com/2007/05/12/world/europe/12italy.html?_r=0]
 * = 19 || 1849 - Giovanni Passannante (d. 1910), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy, born. [Most likely date of birth, with some sources also giving Feb 9, 1849.]

[A] 1855 - Bread riots in Liverpool.

1869 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Oerter aka Bernhard Rothmann (d. 1935), German lithographic worker and anarchist, born. Along with his younger brother Sepp, he was active in the youth wing of the Social-Democratic Party but were expelled, joining the anarchist movement and smuggling anarchist literature into the country. Both brothers were arrested for delivering “seditious speeches” at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz. On Oct 25th 1893 Sepp was sentenced to 8 years in prison and Fritz to 1 year. Fritz was badly affected by prison and spent the next decade in poor health. Both the brothers participated in the Anarchistischen Föderation Deutschlands (German Anarchist Federation) and contributed to the paper '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' (Free Worker). In 1918/1919 Fritz participated in the activities of the Workers and Soldiers Councils in Fürth and he joined the FAUD, becoming influential within it as a leading proponent of the doctrine of passive resistance, and as editor of the FAUD paper '//Der Syndikalist//'. He also had close friendships Gustav Landauer, the playwright Ernst Toller and Erich Müsham. In 1935 Fritz was arrested by the SA (Nazi stormtroopers) and detained. Following his interrogation he died a week later in hospital at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, apparently of pneumonia. [libcom.org/history/oerter-friedrich-“fritz”-1869-1935 www.estelnegre.org/documents/oerter/oerter.html]

1888 - Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Wicek' (d. 1956), Polish anarchist, bookstore owner and poet, born. Father of Bernard Świerczyński aka 'Aniela' & 'Kondek'. Participant of Winter Palace assault in 1917 in Petersburg. During the interwar period he was a leading light in the Polish anarchist movement, and was imprisoned many times for his anarchist activity. During the Nazi occupation, he helped his son, Bernard, to hide Jews smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, he was a soldier of Syndicalist Brigade (104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich). ADC [aide de camp] of General Skokowski in Polska Armia Ludowa (PAL; Polish People's Army). After WWII, he lived in Tarnow,south Poland), and was a power plant worker. Died 29th February 1956 in Tarnow. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017749 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów]

1901 - Aristide Rey (b. 1834) militant Blanquist, internationalist, Bakuninist, Communard, dies. [expand]

1912 - In the Bread & Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 200 police draw their clubs and go after 100 women pickets, knocking them to the ground and beating them.

[D] 1913 - British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's house destroyed by a suffragette bomb. [londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/ history.blog.gov.uk/2013/07/04/mrs-pankhurst-lloyd-george-suffragette-militancy/]

1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: Gen. Huerta assumed the presidency.

1919 - The 23-year-old anarchist, Louis-Émile Cottin, fires on a car carrying Prime Minister Clemenceau, who is wounded. Cottin was tried and sentenced to death, a sentence commuted to 10 years imprisonment following a protest campaign organised in the pages of '//Libertaire//'.

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: Following the defeat on February 8th of the motion to set up an inquiry, an unofficial parliamentary committee arrives in Casas Viejas. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

1947 - Pierre Besnard (b. 1886), French railway worker and anarcho-syndicalist, who was co-founder and Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), prominent in the setting up in August 1936 of the Comité anarcho-syndicaliste pour la défense du prolétariat espagnol (which provided financial and material support to the CNT-FAI), became secretary of the Conference of these committees in October 1936 and later Secretary of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, and co-founder of the Confédération Nationale du Travail in December 1946, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

1948 - Joseph James 'Smiling Joe' Ettor (b. 1885), US IWW union organiser and famed activist in the Lawrence Bread & Roses Strike of 1912, dies. [see: Oct. 6]

1950 - Marc Pierrot (b. 1871), French doctor, anarchist militant and propagandist, dies. [see: Jun. 23]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: The 3e Régiment de Parachutistes d'Infanterie de Marine (3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment) raids a bomb factory finding 87 bombs, 70 kg of explosives, detonators and other material, Yacef Saâdi's bomb-making organisation (réseau bombes) within the Casbah had been destroyed for the time being. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger]

[AA] 1964 - Five Spanish libertarians begin a hunger strike at the infamous Fresnes prison in France to draw attention to their plight. Still imprisoned (out of 21 originally arrested in September 1963), they are all released within a few days.

1972 - Asama-Sansō (Asama Mountain Lodge) Incident: Five armed members of the United Red Army break into a holiday lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge-keeper as a hostage. A standoff between police and the URA radicals took place, lasting ten days. The United Red Army (連合赤軍 / Rengō Sekigun / URA) was formed by the uniting of the Red Army Faction (赤軍派 / Sekigun-ha), led in 1971 by Tsuneo Mori (森 恒夫; 1944 - 1973)), and the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党（革命左派） / Nihonkyōsantō (Kakumei Saha)), led by Hiroko Nagata (永田 洋子; 1945 - 2011), in July 1971. One of the many largely Maoist organisations engaging in armed struggle against the State, it also carried out a series of bloody purges against its own discenting members. For example, in eatly August 1971, two defectors were lynched and their bodies buried in Inba numa marsh, Chiba Prefecture. That winter the URA was hiding in the mountains in Gunma Prefecture. Having established camps training for military purposes, they set out on a series of self-criticism sessions which ended up in purges. Between December 31 and February 12, 1972, Nagata and Mori directed the beating deaths of eight members and one non-member who happened to be present. Six other members were tied to trees outside where they froze to death. On February 16, police arrested Mori, Nagata, and six other URA members at the compound or at a nearby village. Five others, armed with rifles and shotguns, managed to escape, fleeing on foot through the mountains towards Karuizawa in nearby Nagano prefecture and ending up precipitating the seige. Police laid seige to the building, a natural stronghold, hoping that they would eventually surrender. After 3 days they shut off the lodge's electricity and set up loudspeakers from which the parents of several of the radicals implored them to surrender. On the 25th, the police began preparing for their assault, including the positioning of a wrecking ball crane with an armored driver's compartment close to the building. On February 27, the police used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake all night. During the assault the following day, the URA members and their hostage were drivien onto the top floor of the building. During the battle, where the 5 used improvised bombs, 2 cops were shot and killed and 15 others wounded (a stray non-participant was also fatally wounded). All five were eventually captured and their hostage freed. Charged with two murders, one attempted murder, and three other counts, four of the Maoists received long sentences and one, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, was sentenced to death. On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Kunio Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Nihon Sekigun members who had stormed the American and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. Tsuneo Mori is alleged to have committed suicide by hanging in his cell in Tokyo on January 1, 1973. Hiroko Nagata was sentenced to death on June 18, 1982, and died in prison of a brain tumour in February 2011. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-Sansō_incident en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/共産主義者同盟赤軍派 www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/03/20/films/the-final-days-of-revolutionary-struggle-in-japan/]

[C] 2011 - 20,000 anti-fascists from all over Germany and across Europe prevent a planned large-scale Nazi march in Dresden. There are massive clashes with police acting extremely brutally and protesters are attacked with batons, pepper spray, water cannons, armoured vehicles and newly acquired pepperball guns, leaving several people seriously injured. Only about 2,000 fascists turned up and they failed to hold their demonstration. || "The “Frank Brand” I knew was an illegal. That is, he lived in the USA as an illegal immigrant. He was also an illegalist — that is, a law-breaker by conviction & principle. He used pseudonyms (Frank Branch, Harry Arrigoni, Harry Goni) & false papers to hide his past as a militant revolutionary anarchist in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Russia, Hungary, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, & Spain. At the same time, however, he was completely open about his beliefs & even about his identity — he even wrote his books under his own real name, Enrico Arrigoni, although his friends often addressed him by his nom de guerre..." - Peter Lamborn Wilson. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=68&PHPSESSID=308e2d2d492fa431f0b8dd5887f80bc2 www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/enrico-arrigoni]
 * = 20 || 1894 - Enrico Arrigoni (aka Frank Brand; d. 1986), Italian American individualist anarchist lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist and political activist influenced by the work of Max Stirner, born. During the Spanish Revolution, he went to fight with the anarchists but was imprisoned and Abe Bluestein, Selma Cohen & Emma Goldman played a part in his escape from prison in Spain.

1894 - The Belgian newspaper '//Libertaire//' is banned by the police today, following publication of articles inciting civil disobedience in memory of Auguste Vaillant.

1894 - Two boobytrapped bombs aimed at killing the police explode in Paris. One at the Hôtel Calabresi, 69 rue Saint-Jacques, kills one woman and injure serveral others including the hotel proprietressband a policeman. The second explodes at the Hôtel Renaissance, 47 Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin, causing only structural damage. Both bombings are attributed to the Belgian anarchist Pauwels, who it is thought recovered bombs left by Émile Henry in his apartment following his arrest.

1895 - Giuseppe Bifolchi aka Luigi Viola aka V (d. 1978), Italian anarchist communist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and then later in the Italian Resistance to the Nazis, born. A non-commissioned officer during WWI, Giuseppe Bifolchi became an individualist anarchist, later moving over to a pronouncedly organisational anarchist communism. Forced into exile in France in the 1920s, he became a supporter of the Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communistsand participated in the international meetings convened by the Platformists in 1927. In 1924 he contributed to the single issue (December 15th) of the Italian paper '//L’Agitazione a favore di Castagna e Bonomini//', published in Paris to support the two comrades Mario Castagna and Ernesto Bonomini accused of having killed two fascists and threatened with extradition. Working in a cement works, he later contributed to the French anarchist paper '//Le Libertaire//' under the signature 'V', a reference to the pseudonym (Luigi Viola) that he used during his time in France and Belgium, where he was forced to move in September 1927 following the issung of an expulsion order. In Brussels he became the publisher of the Italian anarchist monthly '//Bandiera Nera//' and contributed to Luigi Bertoni's bilingual Franco-Italian paper '//Il Risveglio anarchico-Le réveil anarchiste//' and to the monthly magazine '//Vogliamo//'. In July 1936, along with Camillo Berneri, Michele Centrone, Mario Girotti, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini and Enzo Fantozzi, he was part of the first group of Italians to go to Perpignan to prepare to fight in Spain. He was later joined there by his partner Argentina Gantelli.. A member of the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, he was the leader of the group of riflemen who on August 25, 1936 managed to capture the heights of Monte Pelato, albeit with heavy losses. Alongside fellow anarchist Antonio Cieri, he was also one of the Ascaso Column's commanders (both refused to continue with the postions upon militarisation). During the events of May 1937 he was a member of the Italian section of the Defence Committee of the CNT. Forced to return to France in late 1937, he was arrested in 1937 at Perpignan and again served with an expulsion notice. Amongst those items he bought back from Spain, were the passports of dead Italians that he was able to use to secure passage to South America for comrades at the start of WWII. Arrested by the Germans in 1940, he was interned in a prison camp and then extradited to Italy. There he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment as a "combattente antifranchista in Spagna" and deported to Ponza, Ventotene and Renicci d'Anghiari, later fighting in the Resistance. After the war, he was sindaco "repubblicano" (Liberation Mayor) of Balsorano and went on to form an anarchist fruit co-operative and worked for the anarchist press - '//Umanità Nova//', '//L'Adunata dei Refrattari//', '//L'Internazionale//', etc. [libcom.org/history/bifolchi-giuseppe-1895-1978 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Bifolchi militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article360 www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/giuseppe-bifolchi/]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Feb. 7] Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A Tsarist official warns that the government has lost control of much of Georgia to the 'Gurian Peasant Republic' (Гурийская крестьянская республика). formed in mid. 1903). Underdeveloped and rather poor part of the Kutais guberniya Guria, officially called the Ozurgeti district (Ozurgetsky uyezd), was known not only for its oppositionist stance towards the Russian rule, but also for the unprecedented support for the Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party. The unrest began as the peasants' boycott of the local estate of Prince Machutadze in 1902. The so-called agrarian movement involving landless peasants evolved almost into an overt revolt early in 1903. The peasants stopped paying taxes and refused to work for the landlords. After a harsh official reaction, the peasants initiated a boycott of all government services. By summer, local government in the area had almost completely disintegrated. Nicholas II took no action against Guria throughout 1904, assuming that the cost of dealing with the rebellion would not be justified. After the beginning of the 1905 Revolution, however, the revolt began spreading throughout Georgia and the Gurian revolution proceeded even in a more radical way. The peasants sent away all the authorities, and, nominating their own judges, they organised independent village communities (деревенские общины) and armed red detachments (Red hundreds / красные сотни), also known as forest brothers (Память Азова), embodying a whole territory. The Gurian peasant women at village meetings adopted resolutions demanding political equality with men. The revolutionaries largely used terrorism against the Tsarist officers and loyal landlords. By February the whole of Guria was in the power of the revolutionaries, perhaps the world’s first Marxist national-liberation movement. In March, the government declared martial law and a force of 10,000 soldiers was sent to the rebellious province. The Gurians offered a fierce resistance to the expedition and General Maskud Alikhanov-Avarsky (Максуд Алиханов-Аварский), unable to regain control, had to withdraw in July. The Gurian Committee of the RSDLP then created a Military Revolutionary Committee to lead the uprising and when the Russian forces returned in October, they were severely defeated at Nasakirali. In November 1905, the rebels, who now controlled the region's mail, telephone and telegraph services and which had dismantled the railway system, took Ozurgeti, the capital of the region, and announced the creation of the Gurian Republic. Several attempts to negotiate the conflict yielded no result, and on January 10, 1906 major reinforcements commanded by Colonel Krilov attacked the province and ruthlessly crushed the insurrection, putting an end to the Gurian Republic. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[C] 1924 - In a Parisian restaurant Ernesto Bonomini takes revenge for the beating murder of his teacher/friend by a squad of fascist thugs in Italy, silencing Nicola Bonservizi, secretary of the local // fascio //, a writer for '//L'Italie Nouvelle//' and Mussolini's fascist paper '//Popolo d' Italia//' with several shots from his revolver.

1926 - Jules Gustave Durand (b. 1880), French anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the Le Havre coalmen's union, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

[CC] 1926 - Zina Portnova (Zinaida Martynovna Portnova [Зина Портнова / Зинаида Мартыновна Портнова]; d. 1944), Russian teenager and Soviet partisan, born. She was on school holiday at her grandmothers house in the Vitebsk region when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, born. Provoked by the invading Nazi troops attacking her grandmother and stealing her cattle, she joined the Belarusian resistance movement, becoming a member of the local underground Komsomol organisation the Young Avengers. She began by distributing Soviet propaganda leaflets in German-occupied Belarus, collecting and hiding weapons for Soviet soldiers, and reporting on German Movements. After learning how to use weapons and explosives from the older members of the group, Portnova participated in sabotage actions at a pump, local power plant, and brick factory. These acts are estimated to have killed upwards of 100 German soldiers. In 1943, Portnova became employed as a kitchen aid in Obol. In August, she poisoned the food meant for the Nazi garrison stationed there. Immediately falling suspect, she said she was innocent and ate some of the food in front of the Nazis to prove it was not poisoned; after she did not fall ill immediately, they released her. Portnova became sick afterwards, vomiting heavily but eventually recovering from the poison after drinking much whey. After she did not return to work, the Germans realized she had been the culprit and started searching for her. In December 1943 or January 1944 Portnova was sent back to Obol but the local police, who knew her well, arrested her and turned her over to the Germans. There are various versions of how she managed to escape during a Gestapo interrogation in the village of Goriany (all involve the snatching of a pistol and a shoot-out) but they all end with her recapture shortly afterwards. Brutally tortured, she ended up blind and was either taken into the woods and shot or killed during torture on January 15, 1944. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Portnova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Портнова,_Зинаида_Мартыновна the-toast.net/2013/09/20/zinaida-portnova-young-avenger/]

1942 - Norwegian teachers begin successful nonviolent strike against Nazification of schools.

1970 - Three students captured as they are about to firebomb Barclays Bank.

1991 - Uprising in Albania. [?]

1991 - Residents chase poll tax bailiffs out of the Marsh Estate, Lancaster.

1997 - Rebelimi i Vitit 1997 / Kriza Piramidale [Albanian Unrest of 1997 / Pyramid Crisis]: An armed mob attacks the Shërbimi Informativ Kombëtar (SHIK; National Intelligence Service) building in Vlorë, setting it on fire. Three SHIK agents die in the flames, while 3 others are beaten to death by the crowd. Three people in the crowd are also killed. The Masakra e Shkurtit 28 (Massacre of February 28) marks the beginning of the Luftës Civile 10-ditore (10-day Civil War) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_vitit_1997]

2011 - In Libya over 200 people are killed and 900 injured as military troops attack protesters.

2013 - Attempted revolt in Koridallos prison, Greece. [expand]

2015 - 2,000 of the 2,800 prisoners at Willacy County Correctional Center in Raymondville, Texas, break out of their dormitories wielding pipes as weapons, starting fires and seize control of the federal prison. Willacy CCC, is operated by the privately held prison company Management and Training Corp. on behalf of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons. Part of a network of 13 "Criminal Alien Requirement" prisons: privately run facilities that contract with the government to detain noncitizens, most of whom have been convicted of immigration offenses; it is nicknamed Ritmo, or Raymondville's Guantánamo, for its "crammed and squalid" conditions - two hundred inmates are packed into each Kevlar tentlike structure that serves as housing, with no privacy between beds or in the bathrooms, where toilets and showers are open without partitions. Amongst the numerous complaints about conditions there cited in a 2014 ACLU report are the disgusting nature of the living quarters, including invasions of insects and raw sewage overflowing from toilets; excessive use of solitary confinement; lack of basic medical care; guard-on-inmate sexual violence; and maggots in the food. The riot left the facility uninhabitable and officials had to begin moving prisoners out to other facilities on the following Monday (23rd). [www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/02/willacy-prison-uprising-immigrants]

2015 - Six prisoners are sentenced for their part in the prison riot at HMP Oakwood on January 4, 2014, that caused £171,000 damage to the new £160m prison. Daniel Jeffrey Rust, aged 23, was sentenced to 28 months, plus eight months for an unrelated assault at HMP Birmingham; Ryan John Harris, aged 33, from Merthyr Tydfil, was jailed for 28 months; Matthew Lloyd Williams, aged 27, from Cardiff, received a 24-month sentence; Adam Richard Bates, aged 24, was sentenced to 24 months; Mark Anthony Russell, aged 25, was jailed for 28 months; and Daniel Patrick Donovan, aged 29, from Walsall, received a 28-month sentence. [www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-31556568] || In February 1936, he was a member of the Aragon Regional Committee (Comité Régional) and was responsible for organizing the farmers union (sindicats pagesos) in the region, participating in numerous propaganda tours especially in the Valderrobres (Teruel) area with Florentino Galván. On July 19, 1936, as Secretary of Propaganda for the CR, he managed to escape from Zaragoza, reaching Tortosa where he formed, with Captain Ferrer, the Columna Carod-Ferrer which participated in the liberation of many Aragon villages, including Alcaniz, Calanda, Alcorisa, Montalbán, etc ..., and put in place a network to help evacuate militants stranded in Zaragoza. When liberating his home village of Moneva (500 inhabitants), saved the life of the priest Enrique Guallar, a childhood friend who was about to be lynched by the population and who throughout the war became the secretary of supply for the small collectivised town. His column then merged with that of Antonio Ortiz Ramírez, taking the name Columna Confederal Sud-Ebre. Following militarisation, he was appointed Commissar of 118th Brigade, commanded by Victorio Castán Guillén, then Commissar of the Division 25th (Exèrcit Popular), a position he held until the end of the war. He collaborated on '//Nuevo Aragon//', the newspaper of the Council of Aragon. In May 1937, during clashes in Barcelona with the Stalinists, he was ordered to Catalonia at the head of several groups from the 25th Division with the intention of stopping the clashes but was stopped from doing so by the orders of the leaders of the CNT. At the end of the war he was on the Madrid front was arrested at the port of Alicante and interned in the concentration camps at Los Almendros and Albaterra. He escaped in May 1939 with Castán and Sebastián Vicente Esteban Castan and went to France with the aid of Francisco Ponzán Vidal's guides. There he was interned until the end of 1940 and, upon his release integrated, joined Ponzán's clandestine group, participating in the Résistance against the German occupation, and the continued struggle in Spain. In January 1941, he crossed into Spain, where he conducted liaison missions between the CNT National Committee of Manuel Amil Barcia and Celedonia Pérez in Madrid. In June 1941, he conducted a new mission in Spain, travelling to Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid, where he was arrested on Aug. 7, 1941, probably due to the action of the traitor Eliseu Melis Díez, of whom he was one of the first to suspect treachery. Brought before the council of war, which opened in Madrid on October 11, 1949 - and during which the priest Enrique Guallar, who after the war had been 'exiled' to Epila by Franco, spoke in his favour - he escaped the death penalty and was sentenced twenty five years inprisonment. He was interned successively Figueres, Barcelona and San Miguel de Los Reyes, from which he was released in late 1960. He lived in Barcelona and was arrested again in October 1961 and in 1962 for his links with the Aliança Sindical Obrera (ASO). In July 1965 he, to the surprise of many, took part in the affair of the //cincpuntisme// negotiations between the CNT and former Francoist hierarchical unions. In February 1976 he participated in the confederal assembly at Sans and the rebuiltding of the CNT and the following year was one of the promoters of the founding of the La Verneda Libertarian Ateneo in Barcelona. Saturnino Carod Lerin died in Barcelona on March 7, 1988. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1370 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnino_Carod_Lerín]
 * = 21 || 1903 - Saturnino Carod Lerín aka ' 'El Cuco Cebollero', 'Satur' and 'Jacinto Lahoz Marín' (d. 1988), leading Aragonese anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist combattant, born into an anarchist peasant family. He started working on the land aged 6 years old, ploughing and harvesting in the Castille region and, at the end of WWI, he went in search of work acros Europe before settling in Barcelona with a job in construction. There he joined the CNT and through the union learned to read and write. Always an active anarchist, he refused to hold positions of responsibility. During the years of pistolerisme, he was part of an action group and had to flee to France to escape the repression launched by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. He returned from exile with the amnesty granted by the Second Republic and actively participated in the Sindicat de la Construcció in the CNT in Zaragoza.

1913 - Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana: Towards midnight (Feb. 21-22) Francisco Madero is murdered. Victoriano Huerta's government claims that bodyguards were forced to shoot Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez, during a failed rescue attempt by Madero's supporters. In reality Huerta ordered the murders. Huerta's regime harsher and more brutal than Diaz's. Huerta jails 110 members of Congress. 100 Madero supporters are executed. The press, which had been free under Madero, is again gagged as it was in Diaz's time. Felix Diaz is shipped off to Japan on a diplomatic mission. Huerta is supported by conservatives, the Catholic Church (which lost land and power in the last century) and the American business community. All males between 15 and 40 were obliged to serve in the army in areas under Huerta's control and many were gathered at bar, bull fights and walking on the streets. Using these tactics he created a 200,000 none-too-loyal army.

1913 - France Bloch-Sérazin (d. 1943), French laboaratoy technician, communist militant and Résistance activist, born. Having gained a degree in Chemistry, she began working at the National Institute of Chemistry. She also joined the PCF and became involved in the support of the Spanish Republicans. In February 1940, her husband and fellow communist Frédo Sérazin was arrested by the Daladier government. Finding herself barred from working in the laboratory as a Jewish communist, she joined the Résistance and installed a small, rudimentary laboratory in her two-room apartment in Paris, making grenades and detonators used in attacks organised by the Bataillons de la Jeunesse. She was arrested by the French police on May 16, 1942. After four months of interrogation and torture, she was condemned to death by a German military tribunal, along with 18 comrades. The 18 were all immediately executed but, as the death penalty for women being forbidden in France, Bloch herself was deported to Germany and imprisoned in a Lübeck-Lauerhof prison (Zuchthaus). Subjected to further torture, she was decapitated by guillotine in Hamburg on February 12, 1943. Frédo was murdered in prison by the Gestapo. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bloch-Sérazin www.des-gens.net/France-Bloch-Serazin www.executedtoday.com/2014/02/12/1943-france-bloch-serazin/]

[D] 1919 - Kurt Eisner (b.1867), German jornalist, socialist and first republican premier of the newly declared free state of Bavaria, is assassinated (shot in the back whilst on his way to present his resignation to the Bavarian parliament) by a German Nationalist.

[C] 1943 - Dr. Gerrit Willem Kastein (b. 1910), Dutch neurologist, communist and resistance fighter and leader of the resistance group CS-6 during WWII, dies after leaping from the closed window of a second floor Sicherheitsdienst (the SS intelligence agency) interrogation room whilst tied to a chair, fracturing his skull. He died a few hours later. [www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Kastein nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 www.weggum.com/netwerk_CS-6.html]

1944 - Missak Manouchian (b. 1906), French-Armenian poet, a militant communist in the MOI (Main d'Œuvre Immigrée or Immigrant Workers Movement), and military commissioner of the FTP-MOI (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Œuvre Immigrée; Partisan Irregular Riflemen of the MOI) in the Paris region, is executed along with 21 of his FTP-MOI comrades at Fort Mont-Valérien near Paris. [see: Sep. 1]

1944 - Thomas Elek aka Tamás Elek and KERPAL (b. 1924), Hungarian-born French communist Résistance fighter, member of the Manouchian Group, and a volunteer of the French liberation army FTP-MOI, who was featured on the notorious spring 1944 'Affiche Rouge' propaganda poster, is executed at the fort du Mont Valérien. [see: Dec. 7]

1944 - Célestino Alfonso (b. 1916), Spanish carpenter, Communist, Republican fighter, volunteer in the French liberation army FTP-MOI, and member of the Groupe Manouchian, is shot in the Fort Mont-Valérien in western Paris along with 21 other members of the FTP-MOI. [see: May 1]

1965 - Malcolm X murdered in the Audubon Ballroom, New York City.

1973 - Law students barricaded themselves inside the University of Athens, demanding that the law forcing students to go into the army be abolished. This is seen as a prelude to the November student uprising.

1987 - Jean-Marc Rouillan, Nathalie Menigon, Joelle Aubron and Georges Cipriani (all members of Action Directe) arrested in France.

2011 - Miguel Grau Caldú (b. 1913), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist resister and poet, dies. [see: Nov. 10] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ravine-à-Couleuvres thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Ravine-à-Couleuvres]
 * = 22 || 1802 - Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres [Batay Ravin Koulèv] aka Battle of Snake Gully: A major battle of the Haitian Revolution that saw the Haitian revolutionary forces under Toussaint Louverture suffer a defeat at the hands of the French army.

[D] 1812 - Assault on the workshop of Joseph Hirst of Marsh in Huddersfield in which shearing-frames destroyed. Also attack on the premises of James Balderson of Crosland Moor. [Luddites]

1821 - [Mar. 6 (N.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, crosses the river Prut accompanied by several other Greek officers in Russian service, entering the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), where he is a herditary prince. This marks the beginning of the Greek Revolution, which would last for more than 11 years. Two days later, at Iaşi he issues a proclamation, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821]

1879 - First issue of '//Le Révolte//', founded by Peter Kropotkin, François Dumarteray, Élisée Reclus, etc. appears in Switzerland.

1900 - Luis Buñuel Portolés (d. 1983), Spanish Surrealist film-maker/director, anarchist, atheist, anticlericalist, anti-bourgeois, anti-fascist and blasphemer, born. "I'm a revolutionary but revolution horrifies me, I'm an anarchist, but I'm totally against the anarchists." "At twenty-eight I was an anarchist, and the discovery of Sade was to me quite extraordinary. It had nothing to do with the erotology, but with thought atheist. Turns out what had happened, until this moment, is that purely and simply had hidden me freedom, completely deceived me regarding what was religion and, above all, about morality. I was an atheist, had lost faith, but replaced it with liberalism and anarchism, with the sense of the innate goodness of man, and at the bottom was convinced that the man had a predisposition to goodness spoiled by the organization of the world by capital and soon discovered that all that was nothing, that everything that could exist (and if not that, something else), and that nothing, absolutely nothing, should be taken into account as it were the total freedom that if he felt like the man could move, and that there was good and there was bad. Imagine what that means for an anarchist." Max Aub - '//Conversations with Luis Buñuel//' (1984) [www.thenation.com/article/167559/charismatic-chameleon-luis-bunuel philosopedia.org/index.php/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel books.google.co.uk/books?id=elueEkeLL_oC&source=gbs_navlinks_s insurretosfuriososdesgovernados.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/anarquista-libertrio-surrealista.html www.latercera.com/contenido/29_34820_9.shtml]

1909 - Alexander Aronovich Pechersky (Алекса́ндр Аро́нович Пече́рский; d. 1990), Soviet-Jewish POW and co-organiser and leader of the Sobibor Uprising on October 14, 1943, the most successful revolt and mass-escape of Jews from a Nazi extermination camp during World War II, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky]

1910 - Baltasar Lobo (d. 1993), Spanish artist, illustrator, sculptor and anarchist, born. Lifelong companion of poet and anarchist Mercedes Comaposada Guillén. Abandoning his early job in a religious sculpture workshop, he got a scholarship he studied at the Reial Acadèmia de Belles Arts de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando) in Madrid but, dissatisfied with their curricula, he left to work in woodcarvers run by CNT member Ángel Garzón, his first contact with anarchism, as well as making gravestones. He also too lessons at the Cercle de Belles Arts (Academy of Fine Arts) in Madrid. In 1933, and following a year's military service, he met the militant anarcho-feminist Mercedes Comaposada Guillén, one of the founders of the Mujeres Libres. In 1935 he made his first trip to Paris and, in 1936, joined the FIJL and began illustrating '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Castilla Libre//', '//Frente Libertario//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//', '//Umbral//', '//Mujeres Libres//', '//Campo Libre//', etc.. An active member of the Secció de Tallistes del Sindicat de la Fusta (Woodcarvers Section of the Woodworkers Union) of the CNT, he enlisted in the militia at the outbreak of war and participated in the Arts i Lletres group, give lessons at the front to those militants who could neither read nor write, "harmonising in this way the anarchist philosophy of making revolution (personal growth and humanising the individual) at the same time as being at war, fighting fascism". Following the defeat of the republic, he went to France and settled in Paris, occupying the abandoned factory Naum Gabo. In 1945 he was part of the Masters of Contemporary Art exhibition alongside Matisse, Picasso, Leger, Utrillo, Bonnard and Laurens, later becoming Picasso's secretary for many years. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120903 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Lobo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1502-baltasar-lobo-pinceladas-de-la-vida-de-este-escultor-dibujante-y-militante-anarquista.html www.josedelamano.com/josedelamanoenglish/pages/baltasarlobo_b.html]

1921 - Wave of strikes in Petrograd protesting factory conditions and the discipline of 'war communism'.

1927 - The Dielo Trouda group, which inclues Peter Arshinov and Nestor Makhno, sends a circular out to all anarchist groups calling for an international conference for April 20th (held near Paris) based on their 'organisational platform'.

1930 - In Italy Camillo Berneri sentenced to six months in prison.

1930 - Giuliano Montaldo, radical Italian film director, who directed the docudrama '//Sacco e Vanzetti//' (1971), born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Montaldo www.imdb.com/name/nm0598855/]

1937 - Tomás Herreros Miquel (or Miguel) (b. 1877), Spanish typesetter, anarcho-syndicalist, writer, gifted speaker, organiser, street activist, dies. A key figure in the early days of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, he was active in the Arte de Imprimir, chaired the Junta de Defensa dels Drets Humans (Council fot the Defence of Human Rights) in Barcelona and was part of the anarchist group Quatre de Maig. Editor of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' since its creation and a close friend of Francisco Ferrer. In July 1909 he was arrested at the beginning of the Semaine Tragique and in 1910 attended the founding congress of the CNT. The following year he became editor of '//Tierra y Libertad//' (and a member of the organisation). [expand] Author of '//Huelga General en Barcelona//' (General Strike in Barcelona; 1902); '//El Obrero Moderno//' (The Modern Worker; 1911) and '//La Política y los Obreros//' (Politics and The Workers; 1913).

1943 - Three members of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) anti-Nazi resistance group, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst are condemned to death (having, amongst other things, urged students to rise up and overthrow the Nazi government in various clandestine leaflets and posters) for treason and beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. [see: May 9/Sep. 22/Nov. 6] [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

1944 - Karel Destovnik aka 'Kajuh' (b. 1922), Slovenian poet, translator and resistance fighter, both in the Yugoslav army and Slovene partisans, his unit of the XIVth Slovene Partisan Division is attacked by a German patrol and Kajuh is one of the first to be killed. [see: Dec. 19]

1974 - Riots in Oakland follow the first free food give-away demanded by the Symbionese Liberation Army as the $4 million ransom demand for Patty Hearst. The 5,000 strong crowd beat the reporters and cameramen who have assembled, loot stores and attack the police.

[C] 1980 - Valerio Verbano (b. 1961), Italian high school student and Autonomia Operaia anti-fascist activist from Rome, is murdered by neo-fascists. Valerio had been investigating the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) and their links with weapons, the drugs trade and their connections with the State. On April 20, 1979, he had been arrested by the police along with four others, at a abandoned farmhouse near the Roman town of San Basilio, whilst preparing to manufacture some incendiary devices (Molotov cocktails). Police executing a search warrant on his parent's house at Via Montebianco 114 immediately after his arrest, discovered and seized a Beretta 6.75 with its serial number filed off and his documentary material, including several dossiers prepared by Verbano with the indexing of right-wing extremists. He was later sentenced to seven months imprisonment. On February 22, three armed men went to Valerio's home. The three fascists bound and gagged his parents, and when Valerio came back, they attacked him and during the fight he was killed by a single pistol shot. In October 1980, Valerio's parents asked to have the stuff of their son back, they found that the dossier NAR has disappeared. [www.reti-invisibili.net/valerioverbano/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/544-22-febbraio-1980-i-nar-uccidono-valerio-verbano it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Verbano]

1987 - Youths attack police in Wolverhampton in response to the death of Clinton McCurbin 2 days earlier.

2002 - Poncke Princen (Johannes Cornelis Princen; b. 1925), Dutch anti-Nazi fighter and colonial soldier, who in 1948 deserted and joined the pro-independence guerrillas in the then Dutch Indies, dies. [see: Nov. 21]

2003 - Arthur Moyse (b. 1914), English anarchist, artist and bus conductor, dies at the ripe young age of 88. [see: Jun. 21]

[A] 2006 - Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent robbed of £53m in cash - Britain's largest robbery. Only £21m ever recovered.

2009 - In Greece, Vassilis Palaiokostas and his Albanian accomplice Alket Rizaj staged a second getaway by helicopter. Palaiokostas was serving a sentence for robbery and kidnapping when he first escaped with Rizaj in 2006 in a helicopter. On November 16, Alket Rizaj was arrested with a female companion at an isolated house near the town of Marathon. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2013 - Fake press release stating that Banksy had been arrested by the Met Police Anti-Graffiti Task Force released, starting a minor media feeding frenzy. [www.dailydot.com/news/banksy-arrested-exposed-hoax-article/] ||
 * = 23 || [D] 1820 - The Cato Street Conspiracy to murder all the members of the British Cabinet is foiled.

[B] 1882 - B. Traven (d. 1969), Anarchist author/novelist, aka Ret Marut, Hal Croves, Bruno Traven, Traven Torsvan, Otto Feige, born in Poznañ, Poland. Spent a portion of his life hiding his tracks, changing identity, country and jobs. [This is the best guess for the date and location of this mysterious author's birth.] [libcom.org/history/ret-marut-early-b-traven-james-goldwasser libcom.org/history/art-weapon-frans-seiwert-cologne-progressives-martyn-everett latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-scrittori-libertari-pierre-afuzi-marut-traven-l-homme-de-l-ombre-etait-homme-de-lumiere-da-a-contretemps-n-23-gennaio-2006-47918762.html]

1883 - In the countryside near Ganshoren in Belgium a bomb being carried by the French anarchists Antoine Cyvoct and Paul Metayer (possibly on their way to test it), accidentally explodes. Metayer, who was about to emigrate to the US, dies the following day, refusing to reveal anything to the police about his activities. Cyvoct is extradited to France to be tried (wrongly, it appears) for the [Oct. 22, 1882] Bellcour attack in Lyon.

1903 - Jean-Baptiste Clément (b.1836) dies. Communard, poet, singer and author of the famous Commune songs '//Le Temps des Cerises//' (The Time of Cherries) and '//La Semaine Sanglante//' (The Bloody Week) - though most of his other songs have been lost. Prior to 1870 he had spent several periods in prison for his newspaper articles (in Jules Vallès' '//Le Cri du Peuple//' amongst others), his own (single issue?) satrical political magazine '//Les Carmagnoles//' (1868) and pamphlets such as '//La Lanterne du Peuple//' and '//89 !... Les Souris. Dansons la Capucine//' (both 1868). On 28 May he was with Varlin and Ferré on the last of the Commune barricades but manages to evade capture, before finding refuge in England, via Belgium. Sentenced to death in absentia in 1874, he returned to France after the amnesty of 1879.

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 10] February Revolution: The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1917 - [N.S. Mar. 8] February Revolution [Февральская Революция]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Intelligence sources of Colonel Roger Trinquier, creator of the Dispositif de Protection Urbaine (Urban Protection Plan) responsible for monitoring the population, locate Larbi Ben M'hidi, aka 'El Hakim' in charge of armed action in Algiers and member of the FLN's Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution (CCE; Committee of Coordination and Implementation), who is captured in his pyjamas by Paratroopers in the Rue Claude-Debussy. [NB: Many sources incorrectly state the date as Monday 25 February, confused by the date that the news and photos of the arrest that subsequently appeared in the press.] [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-arrestation-ben m hidi.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]
 * = 24 || 1821 - [Mar. 8 (N.S.)] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, issues a proclamation at Iaşi, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans. The revolt was soon put down by the Ottomans but not before rumours of the massacre of Turkish citizens by Greeks in the Principalities had led the Grand Vizier to order the arrest of seven Greek bishops in Constantinople.

1834 - The Tolpuddle martyrs - George Loveless, his brother James; Thomas Standfield, his eldest son, John; James Hammett and James Brine - are arrested.

[C] 1909 - Ethel MacDonald (d. 1960), Glasgow-based anarchist activist who was labelled the 'Scots Scarlet Pimpernel' by the British press for her activities in Spain in 1937, born. One of nine children, the 'Bellshill Girl Anarchist' left home at sixteen to become a lifelong activist in the working class and women's movements, joining the Independent Labour Party, (ILP). Working as a waitress and shop assisstant, in 1931 she met Guy Aldred and left the ILP to become active in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). In 1933 she accepted his invitation to work as his secretary, and together they formed the United Socialist Movement (USM) in June 1934. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and announcer and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [expand] [www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Ethel_MacDonald. www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SRB15209.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_MacDonald educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=15097 www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3733.html aberdeenanarchists.wordpress.com/category/ethel-macdonald/ spartacus-educational.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/ethel-macdonald-and-bob-smillie.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPmacdonaldE.htm iberianature.com/barcelona/history-of-barcelona/barcelona-radical-history/ethel-macdonald-in-barcelona/ www.spanishcivilwarfilm.com/thefilm/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bkv5]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: Following the adverse publicity the authorities were getting as the families of strikers in Lawrence were forced to temporarily foster out their children, they ordered that no more children could leave for their temporary foster homes. To try and prevent them from leaving, fifty policemen and two militia companies were used to surround the Lawrence railroad station and the city marshal ordered the families of the 100 children gathered there to disperse. When defiant mothers still tried to get their children on board the train and resisted the authorities, police dragged them by the hair, beat them with clubs and arrested them as their horrified children looked on in tears. 30 women were detained in jail. When newspapers reported this ugly scene, complete with photographs of cops clubbing women and children, the reaction around the country was visceral and marked a turning point in the Bread and Roses Strike. President Taft asked his attorney general to investigate, and Congress began a hearing on the strike on March 2, hearing testimonies from children involved. As a result of the strikes and protests, employees gained improvements in wages, conditions, and work hours in textile mills not only for themselves but also for thousands of workers to follow. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2012/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-24-1912 griid.org/2012/02/24/the-day-in-resistance-history-100th-anniversary-of-the-lawrence-textile-strike/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: The Gov. of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, rebels against Gen. Victoriano Huerta. Soon others launch rebellion. Announces the Plan of Guadalupe, calling for the overthrow of Huerta and the restoration of the Constitution of 1857, limiting church power.

[A] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 11] February Revolution [Февральская революция]: The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers. Nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike. The new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and putting and end to the war. Striking workers fraternise with soldiers and cossacks, while bitterly hating the police. A large crowd marched through the streets of Petrograd breaking shop windows and shouting anti-war slogans. The bread riot turns to revolution as soldiers refuse to fire on demonstrators and instead turn on their officers. The arsenal is taken; 20,000 automatic pistols are handed out; the police stations are torched, and the prisons stormed and liberated.

[D] 1932 - On the rue Monte Caseros, Montevideo Chief of Police Luis Pardeiro and his chauffeur are killed in a hail of bullets. An //attentat// against the renowned torturer of many anarchists (Miguel Arcangel Roscigno, et al), the attack is attributed to the anarchists Armando Guidot, Bruno Antonelli Dellabella and Francisco Sapia.

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: The Cortes finally approves by 173 votes to 130 a government motion creation of a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas. [see: Feb. 8]

1949 - Thomas Weisbecker (d. 1972), German militant member of the Anarchist Black Cross and the Movement 2 June, born into a family who together with their friends had either spent time in various Nazi concentration camps or been killed in the Holocaust. Having been kicked out of the Kieler Gelehrtenschule in early 1967, he moved back to Karlsruhe. However, repeated holiday visits to Keil led to his involvement in the Aktionszentrum Unabhängiger Sozialistischer Schüler (AUSS), a country-wide organisation formed from various socialist education groups in 1967. After graduating from high school in 1968 in Karlsruhe, he began his studies in Frankfurt am Main, but the threat of conscription into the Bundeswehr led to him moving to West Berlin, where he became involved in Hash rebels and Blues circles - taking part in anti-Vietnam War actions against U.S. facilities, actions against judicial institutions, banks, town halls, county offices and consulates, as well as against the reactionary press, including an attack on the apartment of the district court director, the chief prosecutor, the KaDeWe, the head of the central prison in Tegel and the home of the President of the penal system. He also became involved in the German A.B.C. network with his former school friend Georg von Rauch. In February 1970, together with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann and Georg von Rauch, he had beaten up a journalist from the hated Springer Press. Arrested in July 1970 in West Berlin, he was remanded in custody until the trial the following year. At the trial hearing on 8 July, 1971, a postponed by a week was announced due to procurement of additional evidentiary motions and the court granted the request for bail for Tommy and Bommi. They were free to leave. However, von Rauch was able to leave the court in Berlin-Moabit with Bommi in Tommy stead (they looked quiet similar, especially when Tommy put on Geeorg's glasses) and when Weissbecker announces that he was the one who should have been released. He was held for a further 4 days but later released and went underground, joining the fringes of the RAF. On March 2, 1972, having been under surveillance 4 weeks together with his companion, SPK member Carmen Roll, and their flat in Georgenstrasse in Augsburg, he was shot dead (a bullet in the heart) by a trigger-happy member of the police surveillance teams who had been tracking him as he and Roll returned to their car. In memory of Tommy, a Berlin-Kreuzber social centre renamed itself the Tommy-Weisbecker-Haus. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weisbecker www.tommyhaus.org/thomas-weisbecker.php www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/thomas-weissbecker/ www.mao-projekt.de/BRD/BAY/SCH/Augsburg_Thomas_Weisbecker.shtml www.haschrebellen.de/thomas-weisbecker blues.nostate.net]

1950 - Manual Sabaté Llopart aka 'Manolo' (b. 1927), Catalan anarchist and youngest brother of the famous anti-Franco guerilla Francisco Sabaté Llopart, 'El Quico', is shot alongside fellow Catalan anarchist Saturnino Culebras Saiz aka 'Primo' (b. ca. 1921) at the Campo da Bota, Barcelona. Manolo's death sentence was simply because of his name and the fact that the Spanish authorities could not get hold of his more famous brothers. [see: Aug. 20] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7435 libcom.org/history/articles/1927-1950-manuel-sabate-llopart ita.anarchopedia.org/Manuel_Sabaté_Llopart losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1966 puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3254-saturnino-culebras-sainz-fusilado-en-el-campo-de-la-bota.html]

2001 - Zapatistas march on México City. [expand] ||
 * = 25 || 1861 - 48 'ringleaders' of the Chatham prisoners riot "severely flogged" for their part in the uprising. [see: 15 Feb]

1892 - Andre Soudy (d. 1913), French anarchist illegalist and member of the Bonnot Gang, born.

[CCC] 1894 - Ernst Friedrich (d. 1967), German anarchist, anti-militarist and founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, born. From a poor background, he was unable to study drawing and sculpture, he instead became an apprentice in the publishing trade and then a factory wotker, all the time studying during the evenings. In 1914 he became an actor in the Koniglichen Hoftheater in Potsdam and, already an anti-militarist, he refused military service and was placed under observation in a mental institution. In 1916, he participated in illegal assemblies of anti-militarist and revolutionary youth and in 1917 was imprisoned for an act of sabotage. Released at the beginning of the revolution of November 1918, he joined the Free Socialist Youth Movement (Freien Sozialistischen Jugend) around Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and the Communist Youth organisation. In 1919, he founded the Föderation der Jugend Révolutionären Deutscher Sprache" (Federation of German-speaking Revolutionary Youth) and publishes the weekly 'Freie Jugend',linking the various groups of young anarchists from Germany, Austria and German-speaking Switzerland. In the early twenties, he opened a space in Berlin frequented by anti-authoritarian youth, which became a place for young workers and the artistic and literary //milieu// to meet and put on exhibitions and debates. Author of '//Proletarian Kindergarten//' (1924), a children's picture and story book aimed at educating children to oppose war and militarism, and '//Krieg dem Kriege//' (War Against War; 1924). In 1923 he opened the first Berlin International Anti-War Museum, which also includes a print shop and bookstore, and was the subject of numerous attempts at repression, prosecutions, fines and prison terms. In 1930 Friedrich was imprisoned for 'high treason' for a year because of the publication of anti-militarist writings intended for secret distribution amongst the army and police. Having been released, and against the background of the rise of the Nazis, he fortuitously moved some of the museum's archive abroad as during the night of the Reichstag fire Friedrich was arrested and the museum ransacked and had materials confiscated by the SA. Friedrich was imprisoned and the Museum turned into a Nazi meeting place cum torture centre. In ill health and under pressure from the American Quakers, he was released in September 1933 and placed under house arrest but managed to escape, via Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, to Belgium where he set up a second anti-war museum in Brussels. He related his ant-Nazi struggle and subsequent escape in '//Vom Friedens-Museum zur Hitler Kaserne//: // Ein Tatsachenbericht über das Wirken von Ernst Friedrich und Adolf Hitler //' (From Peace Museum to Hiltler Barracks: A factual report on the work of Ernst Friedrich and Adolf Hitler; 1935). With the German invasion of Belgium, his museum was again destroyed and he was interned as a refugee in France. Wanted by the Gestapo, he was arrested but managed to escape and join the Maquis (FFI) in Lozère (helping save 70 Jewish children from deportation). After the War, he stayed in France and tried unsuccessfully to refound the Anti-War Museum and, using funds from an international award, he purchased a barge in 1945, recommissioning it as the 'Peace Ship' Arche de Noé dedicated to promotting Franco-German friendship. With reparations from the German government, in 1954 he purchased land on an island in the Marne (near the town of Le Perreux-sur-Marne), building an international youth centre, which became L'île de la Paix (The Island of Peace), a meeting place for young workers. After his deah in 1967, an Anti-War Museum was finally re-established in Berlin in 1982. [www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell20.htm]

[D] 1913 - British feminist Emmeline Pankhurst on trial for bombing Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's villa in Surrey a week ago. She takes responsibility for the event and describes it as "//guerilla warfare//", as well as other violent acts aimed at bringing attention to the suffragette movement. She and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia have previously been arrested and jailed for inciting riots. She gets three years in prison.

[C] 1937 - Alonzo Watson (b. 1891), African American painter, WWI veteran and anti-fascist, who was one of the first American volunteers to join the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and fight in the Spainsh Civil war, is killed by a sniper during the Battle of Jarama. His death made him the first African American volunteer killed in action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Watson www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/browse/alonzo-watson]

1941 - Dutch General Strike against Nazi deportation of Jews.

1970 - Riot in Isla Vista, California, protesting Chicago 7 guilty verdicts, ends with the Bank of America in flames, part of nationwide upheavals since the verdicts came down on the 19th: with half a million people in the streets; explosions in three office buildings in NY; explosions in California, Washington, Maryland, Michigan.

[1986 - Egyptian conscripts riot: conscripts of Egypt's paramilitary Central Security Forces stage violent protests in and around Cairo in reaction to the rumour that their three-year compulsory service would be prolonged by one additional year without any additional benefits or rank promotion. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot]

1991 - The Woolf Report into the Strangeways prisoner uprising is published.

2002 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (b. 1913), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, member of the CNT from the age of 14 and secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres, dies. Following the defeat of the revolution, she organised a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the libertarian ateneo (college) 'Al Margen'. [see: Dec. 31] ||
 * = 26 || 1812 - An attack in Huddersfield on dressing-shop of William Hinchliffe of Leymoor. All machinery destroyed. Committee of manufacturers and merchants formed to endeavour to suppress Luddites.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Antonio I. Villarreal deserts the Junta Organizadora del Partido Liberal Mexicano and joins Francisco I. Madero.

1912 - Coal strike begins in Derbyshire. Becomes a general, nationwide strike on March 1.

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 13] February Revolution: In the wake of the new wave of strikes Nicholas II orders the Duma to close down.

[D] 1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: The revolutionary Kronstadt sailors send delegates to Petrograd find out about strikes occurring there. The delegation visits a number factories and return on the 28th, when things begin to heat up as they protest the Bolshevik counter-revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - The first issue of '//Redencion//' (Redemption), an anarcho-syndicalist weekly newspaper of unions in Alcoy, a city in the Alicante region of Spain, and official voice of the CNT is published. A total of 131 issues appeared until Sept. 26, 1923.

1993 - The first bombing of the World Trade Centre.

2009 - In Athens a march in protest against the hand grenade attack on the Exarcheia Immigrants' Social Centre ends with an attack on the HQ of '//Apogevmatini//', an ultra-conservative newspaper responsible for daily attacks on Greek social and labour movements. [libcom.org/news/antifascist-protest-marches-end-riots-neonazi-hqs-torched-ground-athens-05032009] ||
 * = 27 || 1905 - '//Regeneración//' begins republishing in St. Louis, Missouri. This anarchist publication, issued by the brothers Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and their Partido Liberal Mexicano, is soon repressed by the American government (on October 12).

1913 - After 25 days of deliberations, the Paris trial of the twenty defendants of the Bonnot Gang (Bande à Bonnot) concludes and sentences are handed down for the more than thirty crimes or offences committed both in France and abroad tried:

Raymond Callemin (22 year old typographer), Eugene Dieudonne (28, carpenter), André Soudy (20, grocer) and Elie Monier (23, florist) are sentenced to death. Marius Metge (22, cook) and Edward Carouy (29, a metal worker) to prison for life. Jean De Boe (23, typographer) to ten years hard labour. Kléber Bénard (22 years, taxidermist) to six years in prison. André Poyer (21, mechanic) and Henry Crozat De Fleury (26, broker) to five years in prison. Victor Kibaltchiche [the future Victor Serge] (32, industrial designer and translator) to five years in prison. Jean Georges Dettweiller (37, mechanic) and David Belonie (27, commercial employee) to four years in prison. Pierre Jourdan (25, peddler) and Antoine Gauzy (33, peddler) to 18 months in prison. Charles Reinert (33, foundry worker) to one year in prison. Louis Rimbault (35, locksmith) aquitted (absent from the trial after simulating madness and being committed to an asylum - released 2 years later). Léon Alphonse Rodriguez (34, peddler) aquitted (for service to the police). Marie Vuillemin (23, unemployed, Octave Garnier's lover), Barbe-Marie Le Clerch (or Clerc'h; 22 years old, feather-worker) and Rirette Maitrejean (27, a former teacher) are aquitted. Bernard Gorodesky (27, secondhand goods dealer) is sentenced to 6 months prison in absentia (he is on the run and is never found).

Raymond Callemin, André Soudy, and Antoine Monier faced the guillotiné on April 21st. Doubt over Eugene Dieudonne's guilt concerning the Rue Ordener attack results in his death sentence being commuted on April 20, 1913, to forced labour for life.

1913 - Edward Carouy (b. 1883), Belgian anarchist illegalist and individualist commits suicide (by poisoning) in his cell after being sentenced today during the Bonnot Gang trial to penal servitude (hard labour) for life.

[CC] 1921 - In Florence today and tomorrow, and against the backdrop of the rise of fascism and the previous day's destruction of headquarters of the Socialist newspaper 'La Difesa' by the fascist squadre d'azione, serious confrontations occur between fascists and anti-fascists. In one incident a group of anarchists attacked a procession of 'liberals' that had formed up after the inauguration of the flag of the Fasci di Avanguardia (Fascist Vangaurd) on their way to a 'partiotic' wreath laying at the war memorial in the Piazza dell'Unità. A bomb mortally wounded a policeman Antonio Petrucci and a 24-year-old student Carlo Menabuoni. Many others were wounded in the general panic that followed. Gino Mugnai, a railway worker with a socialist lapel badge, who was passing by and failed to take off his hat to the passage of the car carrying the hospital the policeman, was shot in the head by one of the fascists. The Blackshirts later carried out a revenge attack on a building in the Via Taddea, home of the local headquarters of the Associazione Comunista degli Invalidi di Guerra (Communist Association of War Invalids), the Sindacato Ferrovieri (railway workers union) and the provincial Federazione Comunista, where the weekly 'Azione Comunista' newspaper was being prepared. Spartaco Lavagnini, a well known local anti-fascist, communist and Sindacato Ferrovieri official, was shot four times at close range as he worked on the '//Azione Comunista//'. In a display of their contempt, the fascisti left the corpse with a cigarette in its mouth. News of Lavagnini's assassination quickly spread and railway workers began to blockade trains and stations, and barricades were erected across Florence. A provincial general strike was also called. At Certaldo (near Florence), the anarchist Ferruccio Scarselli dies, ripped apart by a bomb during one confrontation, whilst in Spezia an anarchist named Uliviero is killed by the police. At the same time in Trieste the main union offices are burned down. On March 1st, in answer to the fascist violence, a general strike is called in Trieste and Florence. In the latter new clashes occur resulting in the death of more than 20 with over a hundred people injured. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=02&day=27 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

[C] 1933 - The burning of the Reichstag.

1937 - Lincoln Brigaders attack Pingarrón Hill ('Suicide Hill') in Jarama Valley; of the 500 who go over the top, more than 300 are killed or wounded.

1938 - Britain and France recognise Franco's fascist regime in Spain.

1968 - The Hornsey home of Stuart Christie is raided by police on a warrant relating to recent attacks in and around London.

[A] 1973 - 300 Oglala Sioux American Indian Movement (A.I.M.) activists liberate and occupy Wounded Knee, South Dakota (the site of the 1890 terrorist massacre of Sioux by US cavalry), in response to campaign of terror by tribal and FBI officials. They demand an investigation of Indian grievances at the site of the last major massacre of Indians by whites.

[D] 1989 - Caracazo: A wave of protests, riots, looting, shootings and massacres begins in the Venezuelan capital Caracas and surrounding towns. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo] ||
 * = 28 || 1861 - Antoine Cyvoct (d. 1930), French anarchist, Lyons militant, born. Wrongly accused of being the author of the bombing of the Bellecour Theatre restaurant in Lyon on October 22, 1882. [expand]

1887 - The anarchist burglar and member of La Panthère des Batignolles, Clément Duval, has his death sentence (11 January 1887) commuted to life by the President of the Republic.

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Against a backdrop of noisy parliamentary opposition to the crackdown on Sicily, prime minister Francesco Crispi presents to the chamber his 'evidence' for what he claims is a widespread conspiracy. There are two items: the first, the so-called Trattato internazionale di Bisacquino (International Treaty of Bisacquino), is a 'treaty' allegedly signed by the French Government, the Czar of Russia, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the Vatican, and was supposed to turn the island into a Franco-Russian protectorate, thereby securing a naval base for the Russians to the south-west of Italy. It is named after its true author (rather than the location of its signing), one Inspector Sessi, Director of Public Safety in Bisacquino. The second piece of 'evidence' presented is an alleged proclamation of the "insurrezionale di Petralia Soprana" (insurrection in Petralia Soprana), which supposedly invites Fasci "gli operai, figli dei Vespri ... Quando le campane della Matrice e del Salvatore suoneranno ..." (workers, children of Vespers ... When the bells of the Matrice and the Salvatore [churches] will play ...), and which had been found in the possession of a pasta maker in Petralia. The opposition in parliament ridiculed Crispi's 'evidence' and the call to insurrection eventually turned out to have been written by a deputy clerk of the district court in Petralia and sent to the pasta cook, whose wife he was in love with, in order to get him into trouble. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1918 [or poss. 1917] - Raúl Carballeira Lacunza (d. 1948), Argentinian anarchist who was active in the Spanish anti-Franco resistance, born. He was one of many libertarian youngsters active in getting illegal anarchist publications distributed, including '//Juventud Libre//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//' and '//Ruta//' for example, all of which turned up regularly in Madrid and Barcelona. He committed suicide on 26 June 1948 in the Montjuich gardens during an ambush, prefering death to capture. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/carballeira/carballeira.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/federico-arcos-raul-carballeira struggle.ws/spain/ruta.html]

1921 - Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание]: After three years of the privations of War Communism, the Bolsheviks appeared to be winning the war, with the White forces beginning to withdraw and Ukraine now under control following the betrayal and defeat of the Makhnovshchina. Yet there widespread discontent was still on the increase amongst the Russian populace, particularly within the peasantry. The main focus of this was the Communist party's grain requisitioning policy known as Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка) - the forced seizure of large portions of the peasants' grain crop used to feed urban dwellers, which often resulted in the peasants refusing to till their land, and was one of the main factors behind the continued mass outbreaks of peasant uprisings - more than a hundred in February 1921 alone. Workers in Petrograd had also held a series of strikes that month, sparked by the reduction of bread rations by one third over a ten-day period, and which were followed by the typical brutal Bolshevik repression of strikers in Petrograd. It was against this backdrop that the crews of the battleships Petropavlovsk (Петропавловск) and Sevastopol (Севастополь) held an emergency meeting on February 28, at which they set out a list of 15 demands: 1. Immediate new elections to the Soviets; the present Soviets no longer express the wishes of the workers and peasants. The new elections should be held by secret ballot, and should be preceded by free electoral propaganda for all workers and peasants before the elections. 2. Freedom of speech and of the press for workers and peasants, for the Anarchists, and for the Left Socialist parties. 3. The right of assembly, and freedom for trade union and peasant associations. 4. The organisation, at the latest on 10 March 1921, of a Conference of non-Party workers, soldiers and sailors of Petrograd, Kronstadt and the Petrograd District. 5. The liberation of all political prisoners of the Socialist parties, and of all imprisoned workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors belonging to working class and peasant organisations. 6. The election of a commission to look into the dossiers of all those detained in prisons and concentration camps. 7. The abolition of all political sections in the armed forces; no political party should have privileges for the propagation of its ideas, or receive State subsidies to this end. In place of the political section, various cultural groups should be set up, deriving resources from the State. 8. The immediate abolition of the militia detachments set up between towns and countryside. 9. The equalisation of rations for all workers, except those engaged in dangerous or unhealthy jobs. 10. The abolition of Party combat detachments in all military groups; the abolition of Party guards in factories and enterprises. If guards are required, they should be nominated, taking into account the views of the workers. 11. The granting to the peasants of freedom of action on their own soil, and of the right to own cattle, provided they look after them themselves and do not employ hired labour. 12. We request that all military units and officer trainee groups associate themselves with this resolution. 13. We demand that the Press give proper publicity to this resolution. 14. We demand the institution of mobile workers' control groups. 15. We demand that handicraft production be authorised, provided it does not utilise wage labour. What would come to be known as the Kronstadt Rebellion (Кронштадтское восстание), an event that would once and for all show the world the true face of the Bolshevik party and their contempt for the workers and peasants of Russia, had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/KRN/KRN.3.PRC.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/history/kronstadt-commune-1921-red-menace libcom.org/library/-kronstadt-uprising-1921-thorndycraft libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.marxist.com/kronstadt-trotsky-was-right.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - In Certaldo (near Florence) ongoing clashes [see: Feb. 27] between fascists and anti-fascists result in a number of injuries and the death of an engineer and socialist Catullo Masin. That same evening local anarchists built barricades to try and prevent an expected fascist raid. One of the anarchists, Ferruccio Scarselli from a well-known militant family, died during an attack by squadristi and police, ripped apart by a hand grenade during the confrontation. A cop, Gavino Pinna, is also killed during the ensuing shoot out. In Spezia an anarchist named Uliviero was also killed by the Guardie Regie (Royal Guards i.e. Interior Ministry police). At the same time in Trieste the main union offices are burned down. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=02&day=28 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

[D] 1970 - Bomb attack on the Bank of Bilbao and the Spanish State Railways in Paris. [First of May Group]

[DD] 1972 - Asama-Sansō (Asama Mountain Lodge) Incident: After 9 days of the seige, and having used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake during the previous night, Japanese police began their assault on the hunting lodge. The URA members and their hostage were drivien onto the top floor of the building. During the battle, where the 5 used improvised bombs, 2 cops were shot and killed and 15 others wounded (a stray non-participant was also fatally wounded). All five were eventually captured and their hostage freed. Charged with two murders, one attempted murder, and three other counts, four of the Maoists received long sentences and one, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, was sentenced to death. On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Kunio Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Nihon Sekigun members who had stormed the American and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-Sansō_incident en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/共産主義者同盟赤軍派 www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/03/20/films/the-final-days-of-revolutionary-struggle-in-japan/]

1978 - Roberto Scialabba (b. 1954), Italian Lotta Continua militant and activist at the Via Calpurnio Fiamma social centre, is murdered by fascist gunmen in Rome. February 28 1978 was a date with special meaning for the fascists of Rome, being the third anniversary of the death of Mikis Mantakas, a young militant in the Fronte universitario d'azione nazionale (FUAN), a fascist university student group. It was that date that was chosen by members of the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR), an armed fascist organisation believed to have been behind the 1980 Bologna train station bombing, for an attack to avenge a recent attack on the MSI offices on the Via Acca Larentia where 2 fascists were killed (and a third left dead after clashes with the police). Having decided to target the social centre, the 8 armed fascists turned up unaware that it had been evicted yet again by the police the previous day and was closed. Looking around for a new target, they went in the direction of the nearby Piazza San Giovanni Bosco, a local area frequented by leftists and opened fire randomly on a group of young people sitting on a bench. Cristiano Fioravanti hits Roberto Scialabba in the chest with his first shot but his gun jams but Valerio Fioravanti then fires 2 shots from close range into his head. The rest of the group scatter to safety. NAR claimed responsibility a few hours later. [www.reti-invisibili.net/robertoscialabba/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/559-28-febbraio-1978-i-nar-uccidono-roberto-scialabba it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Scialabba it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_universitario_d%27azione_nazionale it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari]

2006 - José Gonzaga Herrera (b. 1911), Andalusia labourer and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 23] ||
 * = 29 || [D] 1920 - Following a protest meeting in Milan, where Erico Malatesta was amongst the speakers, police fire upon the crowd to try and prevent a public demonstration. Two people are killed and five injured. A General Strike is called to protest the cops' actions.

1956 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki; b. 1891), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', legendary Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter who killed police chief Ramon Falcon and his secretary with a bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 14, 1909, dies. [see: Oct. 10 or Nov. 10]

2004 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide is ousted as President following yet another Haitian coup. || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) [C]