Insurrection,+etc.+May-Jun

"A Declaration of the grounds and Reasons why we the poor Inhabitants of the Parrish of Iver in Buckinghamshire, have begun to digge and mannure the common and wast Land belonging to the aforesaid Inhabitants, and there are many more that gives consent. The word of God hath witnessed unto us, that the Lord created the earth with all that is therein for whole Mankind, equall to one as to another, and for every one to live free upon to get an ample Livelihood therein, and therefore those who have by an unrighteous power made merchand­ise of the earth, giving all to some, and none to others, declares themselves tyranicall and usurping Lords over Gods heritage, and we affirm that they have no righteous power to sell or give away the earth, unlesse they could make the earth likewise, which none can do but God the eternall Spirit."
 * = MAY ||
 * = 1 || 1650 - The Diggers at Iver issue their declaration:

1654 - By Order of Parliament: "Under penalty of death, no Irish man, woman, or child, is to let himself, herself, itself be found east of the River Shannon."

1844 - Five days of beer riots [May 1-5] begin in Bavaria following King Ludwig I of Bavaria's decision to introduce a tax on beer. Crowds of urban workers beat up police while the Bavarian army showed reluctance to get involved. Civil order was restored only after the King decreed a ten percent reduction in the price of beer.

1849 - Palatine Uprising: A meeting of the democratic people's associations is held in Kaiserslautern. About 12,000 people gathered under the slogan, "If the government becomes rebellious, the citizens of the Palatinate will become the enforcers of the laws". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1884 - Eugène Camille Marie Dieudonné aka 'Aubertin' (d. 1944), French individualist, illegalist anarchist and member of the Bonnot Gang, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Dieudonné militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1275 anarchie23.centerblog.net/6582864-Eugene-DIEUDONNE spartacus-educational.com/ANA-Eugene_Dieudonne.htm]

1886 - First US countrywide General Strike for 8-hour day, commemorated in 1889 as the first International Labour Day. 340,000 workers in Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities strike. Four demonstrators are killed and over 200 wounded when police attack the Chicago rally. [www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday]

1890 - 30,000 march in Chicago May Day demonstration as the newly prominent American Federation of Labor throws its weight behind the 8-hour day campaign. May Day labour demonstrations spread to 13 other countries.

1890 - In Vienna, the working population responding to the call of anarchist Louise Michel, Eugène Thennevin and Peter Martin takes to the streets to encourage those working to strike. The procession bearing red flags and black flags and singing 'La Carmagnole' but it does not take long before the agents of law and order arrive. Barricades are erected, a textile factory is ransacked, but the leaders are arrested. Spontaneous strikes will continue for a week. Three anarchists will be heavily sentenced to Grenoble before the Assize Court of Isere in August 1890 for these events. [see: Aug. 8]

1890 - The first May Day celebration in Poland gathers about 10,000 Warsaw workers. All nine organisers are arrested and sent to prisons in Russia (two of them die there) after the famous 'May Day Trial'.

1890 - 1st May Demonstrations in Italy and clashes in Livorno between workers and authorities occurs.

[DD] 1891 - Fusillade de Fourmies: In the industrial city of Fourmies in northern France workers had been campaigning for the 8-hour day and planned a general strike for May 1, encouraged by amongst others Paul Lafargue. On April 30th the local factory owners had put posters up on the walls of Fourmies stating their determination to make no concessions. Under their leadership, the mayor asked for two infantry companies of the 145th regiment of the line to be send in. At 05:00 200 protesters try to bring out the Sans-Pareille factory and the owner calls in the police. The protesters sing the 'Marseillaise' and chant demands for the 8-hour day. 06:00 the first arrests are made. 09:00 with strikers trying to persuade those not on strike to come out and tension mounting as further arrests are made, five mounted police charge the crowd of 2000 people. Amazed and indignant, the crowd responds by throwing stones. Five demonstrators were arrested and locked up at City Hall. More troops arrive. 10:00: At the Town Hall Square a workers' delegations and a crowd of around 800 people, including women and children carrying flowers and palms. Attempts to clear the square by the police ended in failure. Two more workers are arrested. On the church steps Hippolyte Culine, a local labour leader, calls for calm and that the festivities continue. Troops shooting in the air clears the square. 11:30 - 13:30: A workers' delegation is received by the mayor, who postpones for a few hours the release of prisoners; this has the effect of increasing tension, and thus the cancellation of the festivities. The mayor, the sub-prefect and the deputy prosecutor then go to talk to Francois Boussus, the most influential textile boss in the region. At 16:30 protesters occupied the corner of Noizet where they are beaten and dispersed by mounted police. At 17:00 a crowd demanding the release of prisoners gain gathers, whilst the city officials return to the town hall. 18:30: The tension is extreme amongst the crowd of 150-200, who are faced by 300 soldiers equipped with the new Lebel rifle - it contains 9 bullets that can easily pass through 3 bodies when fired from less than 100 metres. As a few stones are thrown, the troops' commander, Chapus, orders them to fire in the air. The crowd do not flee, even when Chapus orders "Baïonnette! En avant!" The crowd and their flag bearer Kléber Giloteaux instead advance. Chapus responds by crying "Feu! feu! feu rapide! Visez le porte-drapeau!" (Fire! Fire! Rapid fire! Aim for the flag bearer!) Nine people are killed, including 4 young women shot in the head, Giloteaux and two children aged 11 and 14 years-old. At least 35 are also left injured. Culine and Lafargue both arrested later that month and sentenced to prison for incitement to murder, Culine receives 6 years imprisonment and Lafargue one. A lockout of 1,200 workers is pronounced by the three main employers in the city, which is enforced with the help of the army. The Chamber of Deputies eventually votes to amnesty the arrested protesters. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Fourmies lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/2014/05/1891-massacre-de-fourmies.html alain.delfosse.pagesperso-orange.fr/html/fourmies.htm www.histoire-image.org/site/etude_comp/etude_comp_detail.php?i=95 www.escapades-sudavesnoises.w1w.fr/page/50967]

1891 - Affaire de Clichy: In the Levallois-Perret district of Paris, a few dozen activists gather In the Place de la République. Unfurling an improvised red flag, they set off on a spontaneous march to nearby Clichy. As police officers try to seize the flag, a fight and shoot-out occurs. Most protesters escape but Henri Louis Decamps, Charles Auguste Dardare and Louis Leveillé, who has a bullet wound, are arrested. In the commissariat (police station) in Clichy they are severely beaten and are refused medical aid. At their trial on Aug. 28, 1891, the Advocate General Léon Bulot failed to secure a death sentence but the sentences passed were still severe: Henri Louis Decamps was sentenced to five years in prison and Charles Auguste Dardare to three years. Louis Leveillé was acquitted. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_de_Clichy lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/1891-l-affaire-de-clichy dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php]

1891 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: The Fascio di Catania, the first such truly effective organisation, is established. Its formation effectively kick-started the Fasci movement in Sicily. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1891 - In Rome, where the internationalist anarchist Amilcare Cipriani and Galileo Palla are speaking at a rally calling for the reduction of the working day to eight hours, the police attack the crowd of more than two hundred with their swords. The crowd retaliate with stones. A worker, Antonio Picistrelli, and a police officer are killed and more than a hundred injured. Over two hundred people are arrested in the following days, including Cipriani and Palla.

1892 - Anarchists disrupt the Central Labor Union's May Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In retaliation, the organisers of the celebration stop Emma Goldman's speaking by hitching a horse to the open wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.

1894 - May Day Riots in Cleveland: A series of violent demonstrations and riots take place throughout Cleveland, Ohio in the wake of the city's soaring unemployment rate steming from the Panic of 1893, ending rioting amongst the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894]

1899 - [N.S. May 13] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 13] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1905 - In Poland, 60 workers found dead after fights with police on May Day.

1905 - [N.S. May 14] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: 200,000 workers go on strike in nearly 200 towns throughout Russia. [www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1907 - During a demonstration in Paris, Jacob Law, a Ukrainian anarchist (born in Balta in 1887), puts five bullets into a bus of cavalry officers returning to an Imperial battleship. He was sent to prison in Guyana, until released on May 10, 1924. A lifelong anarchist, his memoirs, '//Dix-huit Ans de Bagne//' (18 Years of Exile), appeared 1926.

1909 - The repression of 'Red Week': In Argentina, Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists.

1913 - First May Day celebrations in Mexico. Also La Casa del Obrero (House of the Worker) changes it's name to Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World-wide Worker).

1916 - Karl Liebknecht is arrested following a Spartacist organised demonstration in Berlin against the war.

1916 - Célestino Alfonso (d. 1944), Spanish carpenter, Communist, Republican fighter, volunteer in the French liberation army FTP-MOI, and member of the Groupe Manouchian, born. He participated in many FTP-MOI operations in Paris and in the Orléans region, notably the execution of General Ernst Von Schaumburg, commandant of Greater Paris, and on September 29, 1943, of SS Colonel Julius Ritter, responsible for the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO) in France. Alfonso was arrested in October 1943, and he was shot at the Fort Mont-Valérien on February 21, 1944, along with 21 other members of the FTP-MOI. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestino_Alfonso fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestino_Alfonso fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Ritter fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiche_rouge]

1917 - Revolución Mexicana: Venustiano Carranza officially becomes president after election.

1919 - May Day Riots Cleveland: A series of violent demonstrations occur throughout Cleveland, Ohio on May Day in protest the jailing of Eugene V. Debs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1919]

1919 - May Day riots in Boston and throughout the US.

1920 - In Japan, May Day rally is held outdoors for the first time. 5000 workers participate, with red and black flags a-flying.

1920 - A rally at the Trades Union hall in Turin attended by over 100,000 is addressed by speakers including the anarchist Raffaele Schiavina. The meeting ends when the police attack the crowd, firing into it killing two and wounding thirty.

1923 - Sakae Ōsugi, the Japanese anarchist, makes a speech at a May Day gathering in Paris. He is arrested and deported. Sakae returned to Japan, where he was, shortly thereafter, murdered by military police, along with anarcho-feminist writer Noe Itō and a 6-year old nephew.

1931 - In Barcelona, and against the background of rising social tensions, the CNT organise a demonstration. Amongst the delegates from the international anarchist movement are: Augustin Souchy (Germany), Ida Mett and Volin (Russia), Camillo Berneri (Italy), Helmut Rüdiger (Sweden), and Louis Lecoin and Pierre Odeon (France). A huge procession, estimated at more than 100,000 people, gathers to demand the radical reform of society by the new Republic. At 13 hours, the event is blocked by the Civil Guard. An officer advances, revolver drawn. Francisco Ascaso attempts to negotiate, but when the Civil Guard demands the immediate dissolution of the event, Ascaso disarms him with a punch. The disarmed officer returns to his men. Durruti, brandishing a red and black flag, exclaims "Passage to the FAI!" The crowd then invades Plaza de la Constitución, but when delegates try to enter the Palace to present their resolutions, shooting from the building causes panic and the first victims in ranks of demonstrators. Some groups of armed workers then retaliated with gunfire despite an appeal for calm Durruti (who is injured, as is Ascaso). A company of infantry, commanded by Captain Miranda, sides with the demonstrators, ending the confrontation. Result: 1 dead and 15 wounded on the protesters, side, two dead and several wounded amongst the civil guards and Carabinieri.

1934 - British Union of Fascists supporters arrive to confront an Independent Labour Party (ILP) May Day meeting outside Gateshead Labour Exchange. The Blackshirts, who had been singing an Italian Fascist song, began chanting "M-O-S-L-E-Y" as they charged towards the ILPers, only to be scattered as the dole queue join the fray. Many of the fascists run for their lives, others plead for mercy and, according to '//World Labour News//' [Vol. 3 no. 1, 1962]; "[I]t was all over in a few minutes and police reinforcements found only an alternative meeting, a re-formed queue and same unemployed men who looked a bit pinker than usual." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb]

1936 - At Victoria Park Square, Bethnal Green, Mosley addresses the first in a series of public meetings planned across the East End. His tirade, from on top of a loudspeaker van before 400-500 fascists, lasts over an hour. 3,000 anti-fascists jeered throughout and, despite a large police presence, fight break out. [PR]

1937 - 60,000 people take part in a May Day demonstration and march in London that includes anarchists for the first time in 30 years. Under the auspices of the London Committee of the C.N.T.-FAI, Emma Goldman speaks at the conclusion of the march in Hyde Park.

1948 - A march by Oswald Mosley's Union Movement from Highbury Corner to Camden Town ends in fierce fighting outside Holloway prison as police curtail the march and Mosley gives the fascist salute to his 'troops' drawn up outside the prison where he was held during the war. However, the Labour Home Secretary, Chuter Ede, banned all political processions in east London for 3 months under the Public Order Act as Police feared potential public disorder. Instead he made his address at Hertford Road and told his followers to make their own way to Highbury Corner. With heavy rain falling, there were constant clashes between fascists and anti-fascists and when the former formed up at Highbury, mounted police and some of the 800 cops present pushed the anti-fascists into side streets. 32 people were arrested during the days events. The same day, Mosley publicly launches the Union Movement in the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street. The new organisation [see: Feb. 8] has now absorbed various groups led by ex-BUF members, including Jeffrey Hamm's British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Anthony Gannon's Imperial Defence League, Victor Burgess's Union of British Freedom and Horace Gowing and Tommy Moran's Sons of St George. [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1948/may/06/political-processions-london-prohibition southendpatriot.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/nationalism-needs-another-mosley-to.html]

1950 - General Strike against repression in South Africa.

1968 - In Paris, during the traditional May Day demonstrations fights break out around a black flag as Communists try to exclude the anarchists from the procession.

1971 - A bomb explodes in the Biba boutique in trendy Kensington. It was accompanied by Angry Brigade Communique 8.

1971 - May Day Protests Washington D.C.: The first of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1974 - Asian workers at the Imperial Typewriter Copdale Road factory go out on strike against unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and union branch refused their support [the NF attempted to support the TGWU and intimidate the strikers], but the strikers, supported by other black workers and Race Today, stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks. This Transport and General Workers' Union enquiry into the dispute criticised local union officials and instituted changes to ensure that shop stewards and the branch committee were more representative of local membership.

[D] 1977 - Taksim Square Massacre [Kanlı 1 Mayıs]: State-sponsored paramilitary groups open fire on tens of thousands of May Day demonstrators in Istanbul, killing 37.

1979 - The first appearance of Action Directe, with its attack on the French employers organisation, the CNPF (French National Council of Employers), in Paris.

1979 - National Front election meeting is held in Caxton Hall, requiring 5,000 police to ensure that it can go ahead. The surrounding area is sealed off all day. [livesrunning.wordpress.com/2013/05/]

1986 - South Africa experiences a general strike of 1.5 million workers.

1987 - Erster Mai Krawalle: During the traditional Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund organised May Day demonstration and street party in the Kreuzberg district, the centre for Berlin squatter and punk movements, riots break out. Against a backdrop of a controversial countrywide census, the repressive measures brought in by the CDU-led Senate in the run up to the 750th anniversary of Berlin celebrations, and the fact that the cops chose that day (at 04:45) to raid the Mehringhof alternative cultural centre, headquarters of the Volkszählungsboykott (VoBo) census boycott campaign, tensions were running high. So, when the police forced the Betroffenenblock (Affected block) or Revolutionärer Block (i.e. internal DGB critics) to leave the march under protest, they joined the Autonomen street party. The atmosphere at the street party, till then peaceful, quickly deteriorated around 16:00, when the cops reacted to the overturning of a police car and the dragging of two construction trailers into the street. Most visitors to the festival didn't know anything of this and were just having fun. The police reacted by breaking up the festival using batons and tear gas. A chain reaction followed, until the entire Oranienstraße was in chaos. Barricades defended by stone-throwing protesters were bult on surrounding streets from construction vehicles and parked cars and set on fire. Corner shops were looted and set on fire, as was the Görlitzer Bahnhof subway station in the centre of the unrest. Firefighter vehicles, which were sent to douse the fire, were attacked. People also spent hours drumming on the iron rails in order to make noise.The police had to withdraw completely from SE 36, the BVG closed its bus services. When the police launched a counter-attack at 02:00-03:00 the following morning, fatigue and looted alcohol had already taken their toll, and police using water cannon and armoured cars were able to clear the area. More than 100 people were injured and 47 people were arrested, including one Norbert Kubat, who later committed suicide after 3 weeks in police custody. Riots broke out following news of his death and a discount department store on Kotti was set on fire. At the funeral march for Kubat on May 28, 1987, 1,500 people protest against the conditions in detention. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_in_Kreuzberg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Mai_in_Kreuzberg nellabeljan.de/2011/05/01/der-stille-sonntag-16/]

[AA] 1989 - Prisoners takeover most of D wing in protest again conditions at HMP 'Grisly Risley', a notorious remand prison, so named because of the high number of suicides there, and condemned the previous year by the Chief Inspector of Prisons Stephen Tumim as "barbarous and squalid". 54 prisoners stayed protesting on the roof for 3 days. 21 were eventually charged with criminal damage and riot, facing up to 10 years imprisonment. All were acquitted by the jury after hearing the prisoners describe the conditions they had to endure.

1992 - Two days of rioting in the aftermath of the Rodney King police brutality trial leaves 38 dead, 1500 injured and a half a billion dollars in property damage, in Los Angeles.

1996 - Riots with Berlin police erupt after two separate May Day marches, one of 20,000 workers protesting government social spending cuts and one of 10,000 'radical leftists' protesting anti-squatting raids. Ten police are injured.

1996 - Three killed and 69 injured when Turkish police attack banned leftist demonstrators in a 100,000 person May Day rally in Istanbul.

1998 - Zapatista Uprising: In a police and military operation the autonomous municipality of Tierra y Libertad, with its municipal seat in Amparo Agua Tinta, is dismantled. 53 people are detained. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict]

2010 - Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in central Athens and other Greek cities for May Day rallies fuelled by anger at expected harsh austerity measures needed to secure rescue loans for near-bankrupt Greece. [articles.latimes.com/2010/may/01/world/la-fg-mayday-protests-20100502]

2010 - The international media suddenly becomes obsessed with the spectacle of Kanelos the Riot Dog. [www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/may/06/greece-protest]

2011 - A 10-year-old American boy shoots his father, Jeffrey R. Hall, a leader of the National Socialist Movement, in the head, killing him. At his trial he claimed that he was "tired of his dad hitting him and his mom", and that he was afraid he'd have to choose between living with father or stepmother when they divorced. In October 2013, he was sentenced to serve at least seven years in state juvenile prison.

2011 - Anna Heilman, born Hana Wajcblum [poss. Hanka or Chana Weissman] (b. 1928), Polish Jew who took part in the Auschwitz Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, smuggling gunpowder out of the Union munitions factory with her sister Estusia, Roza Robota, Ala Gertner, Rose Grunapfel Meth and others, dies. [see: Dec. 1]

2014 - Police arrest 10 anarchists, out of a group of approx. 100 who gathered at the central railway station in downtown Helsinki prior to the May Day rally, for alleged possession of weapons, sticks with supposedly sharpened ends which were disguised as flags. A couple of days later, the police are forced to apologise that the flagpoles were not confiscated from the anarchist protesters: "A closer examination of the matter has revealed that the flagpoles that were confiscated from cars were not connected to the anarchists’ demonstration," the police said in a statement. [yle.fi/uutiset/helsinki_police_apologise_for_may_day_confiscations/7218905] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid]
 * = 2 || 1808 - Dos de Mayo Uprising: Madrid rebelled against the French occupation during the Peninsual War, killing 150 French soldiers before the uprising was put down by Joachim Murat's elite Imperial Guard and Mamluk cavalry, which trampled many of the rioters.

1849 - Palatine Uprising: At the meeting of the democratic people's associations being held in Kaiserslautern it is decided to establish a ten-man 'State Committee for the Defence and Implementation of the Constitution' but those present fail to declare a republic. Within a short time, the committee takes over the province, forms people's militias and requires officials to swear an oath to the new constitution. The committee also formes a revolutionary army, which is joined by thousands of soldiers from the Royal Bavarian Army. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1895 - In Florence, the trial of Oreste Lucchesi and Amerigo Franchi begins. They are on trial (May 22) for assassinating Giuseppe Bandi, editor of '//Il Telegrafo//', on July 1, 1894. His articles resulted in the repression and arrest of numerous anarchists.

1895 - Jacques-Mécislas Charrier (d. 1922), French anarchiste illégaliste, guillotined for an attempted train robbery in which a person was killed, born. Charrier was not the killer, but he defended his illegalist actions and defied the court to take his head. They obliged. [NB: not to be confused with Mécislas Golberg - see Dec 28] [www.ephemanar.net/aout02.html#charrier]

1897 - Romeo Frezzi (b. 1867), Italian anarchist, who was arrested on April 27,1897, in connection with the attempted assassination of King Umberto I five days earlier (he was found in possession of a photo of a group of people, including the putative assassin Pietro Acciarito), dies under interrogation in San Michele prison in Rome. Initially, the Rome police stated that the Frezzi had committed suicide by repeatedly beating her head against the wall. The second version instead spoke of a sudden aneurysm. According to the third version, however, he committed suicide by jumping from a prison window that overlooked the courtyard. The newspaper '//l'Avanti//' conducted a campaign to seek out the truth. An autopsy later revealed that Frezzi's death could not be due to a suicide, but was the result of an unprecedented beating: it spoke of a fractured skull, his spine being complete detached, as was his right shoulder, broken ribs and injuries to the spleen and pericardium. [see: Aug. 17]

1897 - Demonstration in Rome after anarchist Romeo Frezzi is found dead in a prison cell, believed murdered by his police guards.

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: At Carrancista Gen. Gonzales attacks Zapatists forces in Morelos, with air support. 30,000 man army occupies every major town in the state.

1918 - Amilcare Cipriani (b. 1844), Italian Garibaldian revolutionary, partisan internationalist, communard, anarchist and socialist, dies. [Oct. 18]

[D] 1968 - The University of Paris at Nanterre closed down by the administration following months of conflict between students and the authorities, the first significant event in May 1968.

1971 - May Day Protests Washington D.C.: The second of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/] ||
 * = 3 || 1606 - Gunpowder Plot member and Jesuit priest Henry Garnet executed.

[D] 1808 - French execute Spanish rebels — inspires Goya's '//Executions of the 3rd of May//'.

1849 - Dresdner Maiaufstand [May Uprising in Dresden]: Popular rebellion (May 3-9) breaks out in Dresden and the militant Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_Maiaufstand www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/stichwort/maiaufstand.htm www.neumarkt-dresden.de/revolution_neumarkt.html]

1886 - Police kill four and wound at least 200 as Chicago police attack McCormick Reaper Works strikers. [ Costantini pic ]

1898 - Bread riots begin in Milano — put down May 8 with heavy loss of life.

1899 - [N.S. May 15] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 1]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 15] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

1906 - Vladimir Striga (Vladimir Lapidus; b. 1885), Russian Jewish anarchist illegalist, dies. Member of the anarchist Bialystok group of Chernoe Znamia (The Black Banner), the largest illegalist anarchist communist organisation in the Russian Empire, and then its dissident group, Kommunary (Communards), which called for a more populist form of anarchism and the need to proclaim a new Paris Commune in Bialystok. Tsarist police repression and the death and mass arrests of anarchists and their supporters forced him into exile in Paris. It was there that he met his fate as one of the bombs he and fellow Russian anrchist Alexander Sokolov were carrying exploded. Striga died in agony an hour later. A wounded Sokolov, his cousin Alexander and his companion Sofia Sperauski were arrested but only Sokolov was found guilty - he received 5 years and a 500 franc fine for possession of explosives. Striga's brother, Jacob Lepidus (or Joseph Lapidus) will be involved in the 'Tottenham Outrage' (Jan. 23 1909) and will take his own life rather than fall into police hands.

[C] 1917 - María del Milagro Pérez Lacruz aka 'La Jabalina' (The Wild Sow)(d. 1942), Spanish anarchist and member of Juventudes Libertarias, who fought with the Iron Column, born. Following the defeat of the Revolution, and pregnant, she was arrested and eventually sentenced to death. On 9 January 1940 she gave birth, never to see her child again. She was shot by firing squad on August 8 1942 alongside 6 male comrades in Huerta Oeste, Valencia. Her life was the basis for the novel '//Si Me Llegas a Olvidar//' (If I Get to Forget; 2013) by Rosana Corral-Márquez. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120808 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_"La_Jabalina" www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0cgsn]

1919 - Traute Lafrenz, German-American physician and anthroposophist, who was a member of the White Rose anti-Nazi group during WWII, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traute_Lafrenz www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/biographies/lafrenz.html www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/lafrenz/]

1920 - Nazis officially change 'German Worker's Party' to 'National Socialist German Workers Party', recuperating both 'socialist' and 'worker' into an anti-workerist corporate ideology.

1920 - Sicilian Galleanist anarchist typographer Andrea Salsedo (b. 1881), who had been detained without a warrant or being arrested on March 8 1920, along with his '//Cronaca Sovversiva//' colleague Roberto Elia, is defenestrated from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice in NYC. Both men had been held for two months without charges for 'questioning' regarding a pamphlet called '//Plain Words//' found at the sites of several recent bombings and which had been printed on the '//Cronaca Sovversiva//' presses. They had been tortured and the police claim that they had agreed to inform on their fellow anarchists. [see: Sep. 21] [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10B12F93555157A93C6A9178ED85F448285F9]

1926 - The British general strike is called off by the Trades Union Congress after nine days, though the coal miners remain out through the summer.

1928 - In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which is being used to eliminate Italian antifascists in exile). Nine killed, 34 wounded.

1937 - Three truckloads of Communist Guards commanded by Rodriguez Salas attempt to seize the worker-run Telephone Exchange in Barcelona. Armed resistance from the CNT workers on the upper floors thwarts this. Within a few hours, a host of armed bands has been formed and the first barricades erected. The mobilisation resolves into two sides: one made up of the CNT and the POUM, the other of the Generalidad, the PSUC, the ERC and Estat Català. Fighting spread to all parts of the city, lasting for four days. Stalinists denounce Trotskyite P.O.U.M. as "Franco's Fifth Column" in preparation for its own liquidation (assassinations, etc) of independent radicals and anarchists (similar to purges in Russia as well).

[AA] 1968 - First fights of the May Upheaval occurs in the Latin Quarter. Students meeting at the University of Sorbonne to protest repression at Nanterre breaks up, but cops move in and arrest 500. Revolt breaks out all along the route taken by police vans and thousands fight the police energetically. The beginning of upheavals which last throughout the month and into June, with schools, factories and offices occupied and a generalised resistance to authority throughout France and inspires similar revolts all over Europe. [www.mai-68.fr/galerie/cat.php?idcat=2 libcom.org/gallery/france-1968-photo-gallery diversoutsita.free.fr/Divers/mai68.htm]

1968 - In Paris, as the first barricades go up, the whole Latin Quarter becomes a battleground on a scale unseen in recent European history. By morning some 600 are arrested and hundreds were injured, including 83 policemen.

1971 - 7,000 protesters from the People's Coalition for Peace and Justice are arrested during an attempt to shut down the Pentagon. [www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1971 - May Day Protests Washington D.C.: The third of 6 days of anti war protests that would end with 12,614 people arrested following a brutal crackdown by the Nixon administration. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_May_Day_Protests www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1971/jun/17/a-special-supplement-mayday-the-case-for-civil-dis/]

1974 - Spanish banker Balthasar Suarez kidnapped by the Groupes d'Action Révolutionnaire Internationaliste (GARI) in Paris in an action aimed at securing the release of 100 political prisoners in Spain (under the Franco government's own laws).

1983 - "Over 1,000 people turned out to protest outside a National Front pre-election rally in Tottenham, North London, on Tuesday 3 May. An equal number of police in riot gear clashed with the crowds who jeered and stoned the nazis as they arrived, resulting in 34 arrests and a number of nazis suffering head wounds." ['//Searchlight//', June 1983] [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1984 - Albano Franchini (b. 1901), Italian anarchist-communist militant and resistance fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 23] ||
 * = 4 || [B] 1867 - Dynam-Victor Fumet (d. 1949), French composer, organist, anarchist and bombmaker, born. Dynam (his adopted nickname that either came from his musical dynamism or his penchant for practicing bomb-making) wrote anarchist verse (which earned him the cancellation of a scholarship), contributed articles to '//La Révolte//' and was a friend of Kropotkin and Louise Michel, as well as the likes of Satie and a number of other La Chat Noir regulars (Dynam was the cabaret's orchestra conductor).

[A] 1886 - The Haymarket Massacre. A bomb thrown at police by a provocateur during a labour demonstration protesting police brutality yesterday at McCormick Reaper Works kills 7 Chicago cops and ultimately results in the trial of eight anarchists, who are condemned to death.

1897 - "//T//he five Anarchists sentenced to death for complicity in the dynamite outrages here during the Corpus Christi procession last year were shot at 5 o’clock this morning in the moat of Monjuich Castle. The troops entrusted with the carrying out of the sentence fired repeated volleys at the criminals, who all met their doom calmly, their eyes fixed on the public, who were kept at a distance by a large force of soldiers. The condemned men, who all had their hands tied behind them, bowed to the public as they arrived at the scene of execution. Mas asked the firing party to come nearer. Nogues, Molas, and Alsina exclaimed: — “We are innocent! This is murder!” Just before the first volley was fired all cried together: — “Long live Anarchy! Long live Revolution!” Molas then gave the word for the soldiers to fire. Four of the prisoners fell dead immediately, but Alsina remained on his knees not even wounded. At the second volley he fell, but was not killed outright, and it was not till a third volley had been fired that he was pronounced to be dead." ['//London Times//', May 5, 1897]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon besieges Mazatlan.

1919 - Fremantle Wharf Riot: A strike called by the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) over the use of National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers to unload the quarantined ship Dimboola escalates into fatal violence when WWF workers and supporters attempt to prevent NWWU members from carrying out the work. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Fremantle_Wharf_riot]

1920 - Sacco and Vanzetti learn of their comrade Andrea Salsedo’s death [see: May 3]. Salseda plunged from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice offices while being secretly held and interrogated. Believing he was tossed to his death yesterday, Sacco and Vanzetti fear they will be implicated in a bomb plot. They are arrested tomorrow — accused instead of murder in a bank robbery.

1924 - Having shown extreme caution since the military coup by Primo de Rivera, on 13 September 1923, the CNT holds its last national convention before going underground.

1926 - The United Kingdom's last General Strike begins.

1927 - On the 41st anniversary of the Haymarket affair, a streetcar jumped its tracks and crashed into the monument to the dead policemen. The motorman said he was "sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised".

[D] 1937 - Gun-battles throughout the night in Barcelona. Many barricades and violent clashes throughout the city. [May Days][expand]

1970 - Kent State Massacre: The Ohio National Guard fire 67 rounds at unarmed college students protesting the American invasion of Cambodia, killing four and wounding nine others.

1970 - American Embassy in London is fire-bombed. [Angry Brigade / 1st May Group chronology] || [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_dei_Mille en.wikipedia.org/?title=Expedition_of_the_Thousand it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi]
 * = 5 || [DD] 1860 - Spedizione dei Mille [Expedition of the Thousand]:

[CC] 1882 - Sylvia Pankhurst (d. 1960), English suffragist, prominent left communist and anti-fascist, who was the leader of East London Federation, which sought to unite British labour and woman's suffrage movement, born. [www.sylviapankhurst.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst]

1886 - Bay View Massacre: Workers in Milwaukee agitating for an 8-hour day, having been on strike since May 1st, march to the last important factory that remained open was the North Chicago Railroad Rolling Mills Steel Foundry in Bay View. 14,000 workers are fired upon by 250 National Guardsmen, killing seven, including a thirteen-year-old boy.

1903 - Pierre Odéon (aka Pierre Perrin) (d. 1978), French anarchist, anti-militarist, aided the Spanish Revolution, member of the Résistance, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Odéon www.ephemanar.net/mai05.html]

1905 - [O.S. Apr. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Second Zemstvo Congress meets in Moscow without government permission and issues demands for a legislature - the zemstvo movement splits: Shipov and a moderate-conservative minority break with the liberal majority. A Coalition Congress on June 6-7 [O.S. May 24-25] fails to repair the rift. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - Belgrado Pedrini (d. 1979), Italian writer, poet, anarchist and partisan, born. One evening in 1942, in a bar, Pedrini, with his comrades Giovanni Zava and Gino Giorgi, disarmed and beat up five fascists. Searched for by the authorities, they went to Milan where in November 1942, they were surprised by a police patrol whilst sticking up posters calling on Italians to rise up against the war. After a long shoot out during which one of the police died, the three managed to escape and get to Genoa and then La Spezia. Now on the wanted list of Mussolini’s secret police, the OVRA, and described in the daily '//I'l Popolo d’Italia//' as dangerous "criminals and saboteurs of the armed resistance", Pedrini, Zava and Giorgi were surrounded by the police in a hotel there. Another shoot out began which lasted several hours and which ended with the arrest of the three anarchists, seriously wounded, and the death of a police officer. Taken to La Spezia jail, Belgrado was transferred in 1943 to the Massa prison, in preparation for a trial and a certain death by firing squad. In June 1944, partisans of the Elio detachment carried out a spectacular action and managed to free the prisoners of the Massa jail. Belgrado then joined in the guerrilla struggle against the fascists and the Germans. He took part in much combat and in various acts of sabotage carried out by the partisan detachment. In May 1945 shortly after the Liberation, Pedrini was again arrested for the incident at La Spezia, and for other acts from this period which included the expropriation of marble industrialists at Carrara, Milan and La Spezia. The magistrature turned a blind eye to the political and anti-fascist nature of these acts, preferring to see them as ordinary crimes and sentenced him in May 1949, to life imprisonment, which was then commuted to 30 years imprisonment. Continually transferred from one prison to another because of his escape attempts and the many prison revolts he had instigated, Pedrini avidly read all the classics of literature and philosophy. A brilliant autodidact, he wrote many poems in prison, among which '//Schiavi//' (Slaves) – written in 1967 at Fossombrone – which, put to music, became celebrated within the anarchist movement under the title of 'Il Galeone'. He was finally let out of jail on the April 17, 1975, thanks to an intensive international campaign with a strong anarchist input.

'//Il Galeone//' (1967)

[for poem, see main section entry]

[libcom.org/history/pedrini-belgrado-1913-1979 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrado_Pedrini ita.anarchopedia.org/Belgrado_Pedrini www.antiwarsongs.org/printpreview.php?id=5748&lang=en circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/belgrado-pedrini/]

1917 - The 2 month trial against IWW organiser Thomas H. Tracy ends with him being acquitted and the charges against the remaining Everett Massacre (see November 5 1916) Wobblies are dropped.

1921 - Fascists in Pisa attack and set fire to the printing works of the newspaper '//Avvenire Anarchico//'.

1921 - Riccardo Siliprandi (pseudonym, Ariè), Italian militant antifascist and anarcho-syndicalist, is assassinated by a fascist squad in Luzzara, Italy. [www.24emilia.com/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Zavattini+canta+Ariè&idSezione=43681 www.anarca-bolo.ch/a-rivista/?nr=380&pag=../373/95.htm www.anpi.it/media/uploads/patria/2009/6/35-36_BIGI.pdf]

[D] 1931 - Battle of Evarts: On strike since February, Kentucky coal miners fight back against heavily armed deputies and company men, called “gun thugs” by the miners. "(T)hree carloads of deputies armed with machine-guns, sawed off shotguns, and rifles drove into Everts" and are caught in an ambush that leaves 3 of the deputies dead (along with one miner). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County_War parallelnarratives.com/remembering-bloody-harlan/ theclio.com/web/entry?id=12137]

[A] 1937 - Barcelona 'May Days': This evening, in Barcelona, the Italian anarchist theorist/activist Camillo Berneri and Francesco Barbieri are seized by the Communists, presumably on Moscow's orders (Stalinist purges). Their bodies are found tomorrow, riddled with bullets. Camillo's eldest daughter, Marie Louise Berneri, fighting on the front in Aragon, returns to Barcelona for her father's funeral.

1937 - Camillo Berneri (b. 1877), Italian anarchist and outspoken anti-communist, is among those murdered in the Stalinist purge of anarchists in Barcelona following the attempted takeover of the city's telephone exchange.

1937 - Francesco Barbieri (b. 1895), Italian antifascist and anarchist militant, is killed alongside Camillo Berneri in Barcelona by Stalinist militia.

[1950 - Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion]: armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) of peasants against forced collectivization in the Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša in the Bosanska Krajina region, as well as in Slunj, Croatia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion]

1968 - In Paris, the Courts convict 13 demonstrators; give four jail terms. [expand]

1972 - Violent clashes between anti-fascist protesters and the police in Pisa. A young anarchist, Francesco Serantini, is beaten and arrested by police. He will succumb to his injuries on the morning of May 7.

1973 - At the second time of trying, negotiations between traditional chiefs and the U.S. government finalises an agreement to end the 70-day American Indian Movement (AIM) occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. [indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/40-years-later-wounded-knee-still-fresh-our-minds-147898]

2010 - Three people die following a fire in a Marfin-Egnatia bank close to Syntagma. The petrol-bombs that set the fire were identified as thrown from the black bloc. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]
 * = 6 || [1849 - Uprising in Elberfeld in the Rhineland:

[1898 - Moti di Milano: Trades unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country are arrested. All but one of those arrested were eventually released following the intervention of a deputy, Filippo Turati. This was followed by a number of stone-throwing incidents where the police fired a few warning shots. The most serious incident occured around 18:30, when 1,000 demonstrators attacked police barracks, piling furniture and other materials at the front door, and trying to set fire to it. The protestors were eventually forced back and after further clashes, 2 demonstrators were left dead and another six injured. A Pubblica Sicurezza guard also had a gunshot wound, from which he died later. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]

1905 - Kurt Schumacher (d. 1942), German sculptor, committed Communist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter with the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Married to the painter and graphic designer, Elisabeth Schumacher, they were both arrested, during which the Gestapo wrecked his studio and much of his artworks, and on December 19, 1942 they were both was sentenced to death at the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal) for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Schumacher was hung on December 22, 1942 at Plötzensee Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher_(sculptor) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher_(Bildhauer) www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/schumacher-1/ www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Governor-General of Moscow Fyodor Dubasov (Фёдор Васильевич Дуба́сов) is seriously wounded by SR assassins, who fire 13 shots at him and try to blow him up with a nailbomb. At 21:00 the same day, the Governor-General of Ekaterinoslav (Генеральный), General Zholtanovsky (Жолтановский), is assassinated in Yekaterynoslav. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дубасов,_Фёдор_Васильевич]

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 23] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Nicholas II promulgates (May 6-7) the conservative Basic Law of the Russian Empire (Основных государственных законов Российской империи), undercutting the Duma’s powers: ministers are responsible only to the Tsar, and the Tsar is able to rule by decree when Duma is not in session. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Основные_государственные_законы_Российской_империи]

1913 - Alexandros (Alekos) Schinas (Ἀλέξανδρος Σχινάς; b. c. 1870), Macedonian anarchist, who assassinated King George I of Greece, shooting him through the heart, on March 18 1913 in Thessaloniki, dies. Arrested immediately and jailed, he refused to acknowledge his actions despite repeated torture. He allegedly commits suicide by jumping out of the window of the gendarmerie in Thessaloniki (the police had apparently suggested to him that it would be the only way to end his torture); but it is possible he was simply defenestrated by the gendarmes from a window of a police station.

[D] [1950 - Cazinska Buna [Cazin Rebellion]: armed anti-state rebellion (May 5-6) of peasants against forced collectivisation in the Bosnian towns of Cazin and Velika Kladuša in the Bosanska Krajina region, as well as in Slunj, Croatia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_rebellion]

1955 - Guerrilla Francisco Sabaté and 4 others rob a bank; he robbed many, using the funds to finance their activities and distribute propaganda for the activist groups in Barcelona and adjoining towns and villages.

1968 - Parisian Universities are closed, and new demonstrations of solidarity with those rounded up and jailed on May 3 ends in violent confrontations with the forces of repression. Barricades appear in the streets.

1986 - A general strike is held in Belgium to protest austerity measures. || [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/]
 * = 7 || [D] [1898 - Moti di Milano: General strike is declared following the arrest of unionist leafleting workers about the food shortages and famine across the country and the death of 2 demonstrators following clashes with troops and police. These clashes prompted the unions to call a genral strike for May 7, which quickly turned into a general uprising with barricades thrown up across Milan and 30-40,000 protesters facing 4,000 troops (including cavalry) and police officers.

1907 - Bloody Tuesday in San Francisco: The streetcar men (tram drivers) were among the most militant of San Francisco workers, going out on strike in five of the six years from 1902 to 1907, leading to the violent gunfight that erupted today as the United Railroad company tries to strike-break. An armed battle ensues that leaves 2 dead and 20 wounded.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Revolutionary outbreaks throughout Mexico, Porfirio Diaz offers to resign. Jose Luis Moya killed in heavy fighting at Zacatecas. Followers of the anarchist Flores Magón brothers begin their march from Mexicali to attack Tijuana.

1920 - Revolución Mexicana: Venustiano Carranza flees to Veracruz, taking national treasury ( 5 million in gold and silver) and 10,000 followers.A dynamite laded train smashes into the lead train,killing 200. Carranza retreats with 100 followers. Meets guerrilla leader Rodolfo Herrero who professes loyalty, but murders him while he is sleeping.

[C] 1929 - Nazi brownshirts throw stink bombs during a performance of Kurt Weill's '//Die Dreigroschenoper//' (The Three Penny Opera) in the Berlin State Opera.

1937 - Return to 'normalisation' in Barcelona. The Republican government had sent troops to take over the telephone exchange on May 3, pitting the anarchists and Poumists on one side against the Republican government and the Stalinist Communist Party on the other. Squads of Communist Party members took to the streets yesterday, to assassinate leading anarquistas, resulting in pitched street battles, leaving 500 anarchists killed.

1943 - Procès des 42: The last 3 résistants sentenced to death are executed. [see: Jan. 28]

1965 - 'Bloody Sunday' in Selma, Alabama, as state troopers attack civil rights marchers.

1968 - In Paris, 10,000-30,000 students take possession of a vast circle round the Arc de Triomphe, their red and black flags massed on either side of the unknown soldier's tomb, singing the '//International//' (at Etoile: 30,000 students sing the '//Marseillaise//'). The flics prudently stay out of the way. De Gaulle declares he will not tolerate any further student violence. The students declare they are ready for a dialogue on three conditions: withdrawal of police forces from the Latin Quarter; release and immediate amnesty for imprisoned students; reopening the Sorbonne and Nanterre. 431 demonstrators are arrested today. The police restore the anarchist Danny Cohn-Bendit's residence permit (but only for a short period).

1972 - Franco (Francesco) Serantini (b. 1951), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, is found in a coma in his cell and dies at 09:45 after being severly beaten by riot police 2 days earlier. [see: May 6]

1975 - The Vietnam War officially ends.

[A] 2005 - 136 prisoners die in Higüey, Dominican Republic, after prison fight in which inmates set beds on fire. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism#People.27s_Charter_of_1838 www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/chartists1/historicalsources/source4/peoplescharter.html www.chartists.net/the-six-points.htm victoriancommons.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/the-peoples-charter-and-the-victorian-commons-2/ www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/peoples-charter.htm en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chartist_Movement/Chapter_1#]
 * = 8 || [A] 1838 - Publication of The People’s Charter, the first manifesto of the Chartist movement in Britain. Chartism is a working-class movement that seeks political reform, including the removal of the property qualifications which deny the vote to the working class.

1891 - Miguel Arcángel Roscigno (or Roscigna; d. 1936?), Argentinian blacksmith and celebrated anarchist expropriator, born into a family of Italian immigrants. He became interested in anarchist ideas during 1909 following the Semana Sangrienta / Semana Roja (Bloody or Red Week) in Buenos Aires and the subsequent assassination of Colonel Ramon L. Falcon by the Ukrainian anarchist Simón Radowitzky. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Arcángel_Roscigna www.ephemanar.net/mars27.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2703.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3387-detencion-de-miguel-arcangel-roscigna.html viajes.elpais.com.uy/2013/03/24/1928-fuga-por-la-carboneria/]

[D] 1898 - Protesta dello Stomaco / Massacro di Bava-Beccaris [Moti di Milano]: In Milan the army opens fire on demonstrators protesting high bread prices, killing hundreds. Many are arrested, among them anarchists and socialists. King Humbert I decorates General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, the man responsible for the appalling butchery. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Milano_(1898) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava-Beccaris_massacre www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/blog/articoli/330/ www.alessandracolla.net/2007/07/11/a-milano-romba-il-cannone-maggio-1898-bava-beccaris-spara-sulla-folla/ restellistoria.altervista.org/scritti-vari/i-cannoni-in-piazza-6-10-maggio-1898-a-milano/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/4650-6-maggio-1898-le-quattro-giornate-di-milano www.identitainsorgenti.com/la-rivolta-dello-stomaco-ricordando-il-1898-e-la-rivolta-proletaria-che-attraverso-il-paese-da-milano-a-napoli/]

1898 - Ugo Fedeli (aka Hugo Treni, G. Renti, etc.; d. 1964), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist activist and propagandist, born. [see also: Mar. 10] [circoloanarchicogfiaschi.wordpress.com/profili/ugo-fedeli/]

1936 - In Tokyo, the Japanese anarchist movement is beheaded with heavy prison sentences of 19 of its major activists for "illegal activities". Toshio Futami, aged 34, is about to be sentenced to death (commuted). The anarchist stronghold, the Tôkyô Printworkers' Union, was crippled when nearly 100 of its members were arrested. During this month a further 300 anarchists are swept up in mass arrests.

1937 - In Spain, the barricades are dismantled, except for the PSUC barricades, which persist into June. The Friends of Durruti distribute a manifesto reviewing the events of May. In that manifesto there is talk of "treachery" by the CNT leadership.

1937 - Creation of the International Antifascist Solidarity (S.I.A.) in Spain.

1938 - Higinio Carrocera Mortera (b. 1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who played a prominent role in both the 1934 Asturias uprising and the Civil War, earning the title the hero of Mazucu in the latter, is amongst 30 Republicans executed by firing squad against a cemetery wall in Oviedo that day. [see: Jan. 3]

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The Germans discover a large dugout located at Miła 18 Street, which had served as ŻOB's main command post. Most of the organisation's remaining leadership and dozens of others had committed a mass suicide by ingesting cyanide. They included the chief commander of ŻOB, Mordechaj Anielewicz. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

1943 - Mordechai Anielewicz aka 'Aniołek' (Little Angel) (b. 1919), Polish Jew and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who set up the militant underground organisation Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organisation), dies along with 120 fellow fighter, including his partner Mira Fuchrer, die in the ŻOB command post at 18 Miła Street. The fortified Anielewicza bunker had been surrounded by the Nazis after nearly 3 weeks of fighting in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who has started to pump poisonous gas into it and those that had not already managed to escape via the sewers were either killed by the gas or committed suicide rather than face capture. Anielewicz's body was never found and is generally believed that it was carried off to nearby crematoria along with those of all the other Jewish dead. Born into a poor Jewish family, he had joined the Zionist socialist youth group Hashomer Hatzair after high school. Following the German invasion of Poland, he fled east hoping to reach Palestine but ended up being arrested on the border to Romania by the Soviets. ended up in Vilnius, a popular meeting point for Eastern European Jews at the time. He joined Ha-Szomer Ha-Cair, another left-wing Zionist youth group, and returned to Warsaw to build up an underground organisation and publish the magazine Negeot Hazerem (Against the Current). He also began organising Blok Antyfaszystowski (Anti-Fascist Block) cells and soon joined the fledgling ŻOB, then weaponless. In November 1942, he was appointed the group's chief commander and ŻOB began recieving weapons from outside the Ghetto and on January 18, 1943, his group fought its first battle with German soldiers. It then started preparing for an armed uprising in the Ghetto and on April 19, Mordechai Anielewicz became the head of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechaj_Anielewicz pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Antyfaszystowski pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkier_Anielewicza_w_Warszawie en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miła_18 www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/anielewicz/ www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Anielevich.html spartacus-educational.com/2WWanielewicz.htm]

1943 - Naliboki Massacre: Soviet partisans, ignoring a previous non-aggression agreement, kill around 128 Poles from the pro-Western Armia Krajowa Polish resistance group at the village of Naliboki in Nazi-Germany-occupied Poland (now Belarus). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naliboki_massacre]

[C] 1950 - Manuel Ródenas Valero (b. 1919), Manuel Llovet Isidro (b. 1906), Jose Capdivela Ferrer (b. 1920), Alfredo Carvera Canizares (b. 1912) and Roger Ramos Rodriguez (b. 1920), five members of the group of ten guerrillas that entered Spain in mid-May 1949 and been involved in an attack in the city of Barbastro, before being chased by the Guardia Civil and, having split in two, were captured on June 6 at Mas del Castaño and senteced to death by a council of war on March 16, 1950, are executed in Zaragoza. [www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/grupo-rodenas-valero.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6942 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4188 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1299 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1634 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6740]

1970 - Hard Hat Riot: Whe about 200 construction workers mobilised by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent State shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot]

1973 - The last of the Native Americans who have been holding South Dakota hamlet of Wounded Knee for the last 10 weeks, surrender. "The Sioux National Anthem filled the air with a heart-filling swell of notes at sunrise on May 8 and around 125 Wounded Knee defenders surrendered to federal authorities in three predetermined groups." [indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/40-years-later-wounded-knee-still-fresh-our-minds-147898]

1979 - Police kill 23 people and wound 70 outside the municipal cathedral of San Salvador. The victims were members of the Popular Revolutionary Bloc, a coalition of anti-government students, teachers, peasants and workers. ||
 * = 9 || 1849 - Dresdner Maiaufstand [May Uprising in Dresden]: In Germany, the popular rebellion crushed, Mikhail Bakunin, former Kapellmeister (and future Ringmeister) Richard Wagner and poet, lawyer and National Assembly member Otto Leonhard Heuber escaped to Chemnitz where Bakunin and Heuber are arrested while Wagner hides in his sister's house and escapes.

1898 - '//Agitazione//' is raided and, like all other anarchist papers in Italy, suppressed following a popular revolt in Milan earlier this month. Samaia, Lucchini, Vezzani and Lavattero leave the country; Enrico Malatesta and others are arrested.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Tijuana is captured by the anarchist Magónistes of the Mexican Liberal Party after a fierce battle that killed 32 and wounded 24. Lower California is now almost entirely in their hands. The Magónistes encouraged the people to take collective possession of the lands, to create co-operatives and refuse the establishment of any new government. The Magónistas were led by Jack Mosby, a deserter from the US Marines, and later by Caryl Ap Rys Price. The Magónistas were supported and joined by many American members of the I.W.W. (Wobblies); they previously captured Mexicali (January 29) and Tecate (March 12, holding it for a few days). Tijuana is held by the Magónistes until routed by Mexican Federalists on June 22. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tijuana]

1912 - Syndicalist Tom Mann goes on trial at the Manchester Assizes charged with Incitement to Mutiny following the publishing of his '//Open letter to British Soldiers//', which appeared in '//The Syndicalist//' (January 1912).

1918 - Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting food shortages in the Russian town of Kolpino.

1919 - A seamen's strike cripples Australia's shipping.

1920 - The US military mobilise as rebels take México City.

1921 - Sophia Magdalena Scholl (d. 1943), German student, kidergarten teacher, revolutionary and member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) resistance group in Nazi Germany, born. Co-author of six anti-Nazi Third Reich political resistance leaflets calling for passive resist against the Nazis. Sophie and her brother Hans were spotted throwing leaflets from the atrium at Ludwig Maximilians University on February 18, 1943. They were arrested by the Gestapo and, with Christopher Probst, tried for treason. Found guilty and condemned to death on February 22, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison within hours of the court decision. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERschollS.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchollSophie/ whiterosemovementblog.wordpress.com/biographies-of-hans-and-sophie-scholl/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

1922 - The Milan trial of the anarchists held responsible for bombing the Teatro Diana begins. Giuseppe Mariani and Giuseppe Boldrini receive life sentences, and Ettore Aguggini dies in prison after many years. Others accused are Ugo Fedeli, Pietro Bruzzi, and Francesco Ghezzi (editors of '//L’Indivi-dualista//').

1933 - The Feuersprüche (Fire oaths) for tomorrow's ceremonlai burning of books are issued overnight by the Hauptamt für Aufklärung und Werbung der deutschen Studentenschaft (Main Office for the Enlightenment and Advertising of the German Students' Association).

1934 - The beginning of the West Coast Longshoremen's Strike that would ultimately lead to 'Bloody Thursday' (see: July 5) and the San Francisco General Strike (see: July 16).

1937 - '//Solidaridad Obrera//' dismisses the manifesto issued yesterday by the Friends of Durruti as demagoguery and the Group's members as provocateurs. Their manifesto had spoken of "treachery" by the CNT leadership.

1939 - The anarchist Miguel Garcia is arrested in Barcelona and put into a hemp warehouse which had been converted into a prison, since the city's Celular prison is brim-full. Garcia is released in March 1941, after 22 months, after being cleared of charges.

[C] 1942 - With the help of Judenrat member Shlomo Goldwasser, a majority of the Jews from Markuszow near Lublin escape from the town and into the forests They subsequently lived there, unarmed and without steady food rations, for many months. But in October of 1942, most of the escapees were tracked down by a German encirclement and subsequent armored and artillery attacks. [chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html]

1971 - Nguyen Thi Co immolates herself in protest of Vietnam War.

1971 - Resistance to militarisation of Larzac begins with march from Millau to La Cavalerie.

[D] 1996 - Ulrike Meinhof (b. 1934), co-founder of the Rote Armee Fraktion, is found hanged by a rope, fashioned from a towel, in her cell in the Stammheim Prison.

2001 - In Panama riots over bus fares injure 20. Fourteen people are shot and six others injured as protesters and police clash during the worst night of rioting and looting since the 1989 United States invasion, police said. Thousands of stone-throwing students and workers battle with police and loot stores late into the night.

2012 - Vidal Sassoon (b. 1928), iconic English hairdresser, who had been one of the youngest members of the anti-fascist group, the 43 Group, dies. [see: Jan. 17] || His funeral, led by 15 huge red and black flags and which resulted in heavy clashes between anarchist mourners and Italian police determined to stop any political displays, was immortalised in Carlo Carrà's 1911 work, '//The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli//'. However, Carra wrongly gave the date as January 19, 1904 in his autobiography. Carlo Carra - "I saw before me the bier, covered with red carnations, wavering dangerously on the shoulders of the pallbearers. I saw the horses becoming restive, and clubs and lances clashing, so that it seemed to me that at any moment the corpse would fall to the ground and be trampled by the horses." - '//La Mia Vita//' (1943). [raforum.info/spip.php?article893 ita.anarchopedia.org/Angelo_Galli smarthistory.khanacademy.org/carras-funeral-of-the-anarchist-galli.html]
 * = 10 || 1906 - Angelo Galli (b. unkown), an Italian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant is killed during a general strike in Milan. An active trade union agitator - the anarchist newspaper '//La Protesta Umana//' called him "un grande signore dell'ideale, un'anima pulsante col dolore del mondo [...] smanioso d'azione" (a great lord of the ideal, his soul pulsing with the pain of the world [...] eager for action) - he had been at the forefront of organising the strike in response to a serious incident of repression, when royal guards had fired on workers on May 6, 1906, killing one and injuring 8 others. On the morning on May 10, Galli and 2 comrades went to the Macchi e Pessoni factory to intercept some scabs but he was stabbed to death by guards at the factory.

1906 - [O.S. Apr. 27] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The First Duma meets (May 10-Jul. 22 [O.S. Apr. 27-Jul. 9]), dominated by the liberal Kadets, and on May 10 is given a cold reception in the Winter Palace by the Tsar and his court. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

1910 - Tom Mann jailed for six months for urging soldiers not to shoot striking workers.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Federales in Ciudad Juarez surrender, Francisco Madero and Pancho Villa can now supply their forces with modern weapons.

1920 - British dock workers refuse to load armaments for use by Allies against Russia.

1922 - In Chicago 200 labour activists are arrested for complicity in the murder of two policemen and bombing of factories.

1934 - The General Strike in Aragon, which totally paralysed the Aragonese capital throughout April 1935, ends today.

1934 - In the wake of the May Day attack by the BUF in Gateshead, 200 men and women meet to form the Newcastle Anti-Fascist League aka the Greyshirts, an "almost exclusively working class and fifty per cent of that out of work" group of uniformed defence stewards approx. 200 strong aimed at wdefending left-wing meetings and attacking fascist gatherings. Their first outings would be the street battles in Newcastle and Gateshead on May 13 and 14. [www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076]

1936 - Azaña is named President of the Spanish Republic. Wave of strikes. Land seizures in the west and the south of the country.

1944 - The French Résistance claimed a membership of over 100,000 and requested more military aid from the Allies.

[A/D] 1968 - 'The Night of the Barricades': Students marching on the state broadcasting network ORTF HQ are surrounded by riot cops. The students respond by occupying the Latin Quarter and building barricades. Thousands of people join them. A passing builder demonstrates the use of a pneumatic-drill to students who are trying to dig up the cobblestones from the street to add to their arsenal. Many local residents provide support for students as the police attempt to storm the barricades, giving sanctuary to those escaping the police and medical aid to the injured. They too became caught up in the violence which rages until the morning of the next day, many falling under the batons of the police, who also fire tear-gas grenades into the apartment buildings they suspect of containing students. These actions and the perceived over-aggression of the police, turn public opinion against the authorities.

1970 - Incendiary device discovered on board an Iberian Airliner at Heathrow. Similar devices are found in other European capitals on planes belonging to Iberia. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group]

1984 - World Court rules US mining of Nicaraguan harbours violates international law, orders US to stop.

1989 - Argentinian Food Riots: First protests against high food prices take place in Rosario [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

1991 - Victor García (Tomás Germinal García Ibars) (b. 1919), militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, writer, translator and historian of the international anarchist movement, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

1992 - Two men take axes to the $50 million Navstar satellite in protest at the US Government's attempts to enslave the world through technology.

2007 - Tonight the remains of Giovanni Passannante (the Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy on Nov. 17, 1878) - his brain and skull having been preserved in formaldehyde in the Criminal Museum in Rome since his death - are taken to Savoia di Lucania and buried secretly. ||
 * = 11 || [D] 1812 - Spencer Perceval, the British Tory Prime Minister, is assassinated at the House of Commons by John Bellingham, who is cheered by crowds as he is led away.

1873 - Charles Achille Simon (aka Biscuit, aka Ravachol II) (d. 1894), French apprentice glassmaker and 'propaganda by deed' anarchist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5625 www.ephemanar.net/mai11.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Achille_Simon www.estelnegre.org/documents/charlessimon/charlessimon.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/actividades-no-sindicales/1969-charles-achille-simon.html libcom.org/history/the-prisoners-revolt-and-massacre-at-cayenne]

1878 - Emil Heinrich Maximilian H ö del, a 21-year-old anarchist and plumber, shoots Kaiser Wilhelm I to protest and publicise the misery of the workers. He fires twice and misses the Kaiser both times but fatally wounds someone trying to apprehend him. Sentenced to death and executed August 16, 1878, his last words are "Vive la commune!".

1907 - Eva Schulze-Knabe (d. 1976), German painter and graphic artist, and resistance fighter against the Third Reich, born. From 1929 she was a member of the artists' group ASSO, the Assoziation Revolutionärer Bildender Künstler Deutschlands (ARBKD; Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists of Germany), and from 1931 she was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). She was arrested in 1933 and 1934 and confined at Hohnstein concentration camp for 6 months. She returned to her resistance activities but was arrested again in January 1941 by the Gestapo. After months of interrogation at the police headquarters in Dresden, she was tried in 1942 before the Volksgerichtshof at Münchner Platz in Dresden, where she was sentenced to life in labour prison (Zuchthaus). She was freed from Waldheim labour prison in 1945 and worked as a freelance artist in Dresden. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Schulze-Knabe]

1963 - Antonio 'El Gallego' Soto Canalejo (b. 1897), Spanish-Chilean militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

1968 - The aftermath of 'The Night of the Barricades': Following the police assault of more than 60 barricades, 367 people are hospitalised of which 251 are cops; 720 others are hurt and 468 arrested. An estimated 60 cars went up in flames and 188 others were damaged. The major mainstream unions (CGT, CFDT and FEN) call for a general strike on 13 May. “Be Realistic, Demand the Impossible!” “Beneath the paving stones – the beach!" “All Power to the Imagination!”

2011 - Police have clashed with demonstrators as thousands marched through the Greek capital, Athens, during protest at part of a one-day general strike against the government's austerity measures. At least 17 people were injured, one critically - 31-year-old Ioannis Kafkas, who suffered a life-threatening head injury - as police used tear gas and stun grenades to disperse youths hurling stones and petrol bombs. Police said there were several arrests and that two officers were hurt. At least 20,000 people marched through the capital, police said, while another 8,000 protested in the northern city of Thessaloniki. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13356923] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre29.html#novatore www.novatore.it/EngIndex.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Renzo_Novatore theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Renzo_Novatore.html]
 * = 12 || 1890 - Renzo Novatore, pseudonym of Abele Ricieri Ferrari (d. 1922); Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, born. Best known for his posthumously published book '//Verso il Nulla Creatore//' (Toward the Creative Nothing). [expand]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Dr Nicola Barbato, who organised a Fascio in Piana dei Greci, who is amongst the Fasci leader who have been denonouced as agitators, is thrown into prison. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Barbato www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicolo-barbato_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[A] 1916 - Execution by firing squad of James Connolly, IWW organiser and Irish nationalist, for his role in the Easter Rising of 1916.

[D] 1927 - In Nicaragua, Sandino guerrillas decide to continue their fight until they defeat the invading US Marines. A Sandino manifesto asserts, "//it is better to be killed as a rebel than to live on as a slave//".

1947 - Georg von Rauch (d. 1971), German anarchist and founder of the Anarchist Black Cross in Germany and June 2nd Movement, born. A member of the left-radical Blues-Scene in West-Berlin at the end of the 1960s having started studying philosophy at Kiel University but moved to Berlin at the height of the German student movement protests. He joined the Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund, participating in protests for a better education policy and against the Vietnam War. He was also a member of the Zentralrats der umherschweifenden Haschrebellen (Central Council of the roving Hash Rebels) and of the Wieland-Kommune, which financed itself by clandestine printing and 'proletarian shopping'. In the wake of the attempted murder of student leader Rudi Dutschke on April 11, 1968 and the May revolts in France, some of the Wieland-Kommune, together with Kommune 1 members, formed the West Berlin Tupamaros in order to take the fight to the West German state. The Tupamaros would mutate in 1971 into the Bewegung 2. Juni) (Movement 2 June), named after German university student Benno Ohnesorg who had been killed by police in 1967. After having beaten up a journalist from the hated Springer Press together with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann and Thomas Weissbecker, von Rauch was arrested on 2 February 1970. He was held imprisoned as a suspect until his court trial started in summer 1971. At the trial hearing on 8 July, 1971, a week-long adjournment was announced and, as Baumann and Weissbecker had been granted bail, they were free to leave. However, von Rauch was able to flee the court in Berlin-Moabit by changing roles with Weisbecker (they looked quiet similar, especially when Tommy put on Geeorg's glasses) and when Weissbecker announces that he was the one who should have been released. He was held for a further 4 days but later released. Just before half past six in the afternoon on December 4, 1971, after five months on the run, Georg von Rauch was in Berlin-Schöneberg in the Eisenacher Straße, close to Martin-Luther-Straße, together with 3 others (Michael 'Bommi' Baumann, Hans Peter Knoll and Heinz Brockmann) when they were ambushed by plainclothes armed police as they try to park a stolen Ford Transit van. A total of 25 shots are fired and von Rauch is hit in the eye, killing him instantly. The others escaped. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Rauch de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Rauch_(Anarchist) www.in-berlin-brandenburg.com/Berliner/Georg-von-Rauch.html www.haschrebellen.de blues.nostate.net]

1963 - YSM members break into UM headquarters and assault the secretary, Robert Row.

1965 - Roger Vailland (b. 1907), French novelist, essayist, screenwriter, youthful anarchist and, having fought alongside Communists in the Résistance, a Communist Party member dies. [see: Oct. 16]

[C] 1975 - Oxford Anti-Fascist Committee organise a protest outside Oxford Town Hall where John Tyndall and Martin Webster are due to speak. A cordon of 250 police struggle to hold back around 600 anti-fascists, who repeatedly charge the police lines, waylay fascists trying to enter and attack the NF's Honour Guard. [PR]

2013 - Swedish police shoot dead Lenine Relvas-Martins, a 69-year-old Portuguese man, after breaking into his apartment in the largely immigrant suburb of Husby, in northern Stockholm. The cops claim he had been waving a machete at them. A blog post by the social justice youth group Megafonen the following day claims that the shot man was "non-white", something the group later corrected when they called for a demonstration against police brutality to be held on May 15. Relvas-Martins' death was followed by six nights of anti-police rioting (May 19-25) during which up to 200 cars were torched, along with schools, police stations and restaurants, and about a dozen police officers injured. Thirty youths were also arrested and a number of fascist groups tried to exploit the situation to target 'foreigners' during the disturbances. [www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/25/sweden-europe-news] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]
 * = 13 || [AA/DD] 1839 - Rebecca Riots: The 'Daughters of Rebecca' make their first appearance in Pembrokeshire when a group of men disguised in women's clothing demolished the tollgate at Efail Wen near Narberth and attacks took place again in June and July. The owner of the tollgate was one Thomas Bullin, an Englishman who owned Turnpike Trusts all over southern Britain, from as far afield as east London, Portsmouth, Bristol and west Wales. Bullin was persuaded to pull the Efail Wen gate down and 'Rebecca' disappeared for a while before reappearing in November 1842 when a gate near St Clear's was destroyed.

1840 - Pierre 'Ernest' Teulière (d. unknown), French journalist, member of the International and Communard, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8388]

1890 - Pietro Gori, Italian lawyer and anarchist, is arrested today for "inciting" the clashes during May Day demonstrations in Livorno, charged with fomenting rebellion and class hatred, and organising strikes towards these ends.

1899 - [O.S. May 1] A May Day (Święto 1 Maja) of 15,000 takes place in Warsaw along Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street) and Krakowskie Przedmieście in the Old Town. It passes off peacefully. However, a second two days later is attacked by Cossack and Lithuanian Guard units. 3000 people are arrested. [see: May 1] [warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Historia_w_XIX_wieku]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Pascual Orzoco and Pancho Villa demand some federal officers be executed. Francisco Madero refuses, soon Orzoco and Villa leave Madero.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon stops federal advance at Santa Rosa.

1934 - With the fascists planning to hold a major rally with Mosley at Newcastle's Town Moor during Race Week, a series of meetings in the area had been arranged to promote the rally. At the first on Cowan's Monument on Westgate Road where former Gateshead Labour MP and BUF member John Beckett is due to speak, several thousand anti-fascists, led by the Anti-Fascist League in 'plainclothes', turn up and stop the meeting. The platform is smashed to pieces and some of the fascist are seriously injured. The battered and bruised BUF contingent is escorted back to the BUH HQ on Clayton Street by foot and mounted police. The anti-fascist follow and lay siege to the building, smashing its windows with a hail of stones. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076 www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1765 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/may/16/fascists-meeting-newcastle-disturbance]

[C] 1934 - Communists battle with British Union of Fascists Blackshirts trying to hold a rally in Finsbury Park, North London, forcing the fascists to flee. [PR]

[D] 1958 - Venezuelans riot when Richard Nixon visits and he cuts short his trip to Caracas.

1958 - Putsch d'Alger: An attempted coup takes place in Algiers led by Algiers deputy and reserve airborne officer Pierre Lagaillarde, French Generals Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Jean Gracieux, and Jacques Massu, and by Admiral Philippe Auboyneau, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. Its aim is to oppose the new French government of Pierre Pflimlin, to impose a pro-Pied Noirs administration in French Algeria and to ultimately bring about a return of De Gaulle to power in France, pricipitating the Crise de Mai 1958 [May 1958 Crisis]. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'État_du_13_mai_1958 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_mai_1958 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1958_crisis]

1968 - The Sorbonne is occupied by students and others. The general strike puts hundreds of thousands of students and workers on the streets of Paris.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: The beginning of a series of popular protests, which included demonstrations and strikes as well as open confrontations with the security forces, breaks out in the Argentinian city of Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe. The protests took place between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorship of the de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía. The first spark is a protest in Tucumán, where former workers of a sugar mill take over the factory and hold its manager as hostage, demand overdue payments. The Primer Rosariazo protests would continue until the end of the month (May 30). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1985 - In the City of Philadelphia (The City of Brotherly Love), and following an armed siege, the house of the radical black group MOVE at 6221 Osage Avenue has a four-pound bomb made of C-4 plastic explosive and Tovex, a dynamite substitute, onto the roof of the house from a police helicopter. Eleven people, including group leader John Africa, five other adults and five children are killed, a number shot as they tried to surrender. The resulting fire destroys 62 others homes in neighbourhood. Surviving MOVE members are still imprisoned. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/14th-may-1812-local-militia-take-part.html]
 * = 14 || [D] 1812 - Local Militia take part in Loughborough Market food riot. [Luddites]

1891 - Learning from comrades that Baroness Rochetaillee had been buried with her jewellery, one stormy night François Ravachol scaled the cemetery wall, raised the tombstone, which weighed 120 kilos, tore off the oak lid of the coffin which was held in place by three iron bands, broke the lead casing to find only a wooden cross with the corpse. [ Costantini pic ]

1906 - [O.S. May 1] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: There are widespread strikes throughout the Russian Empire on May Day. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Torreon is taken by revolutionaries. 303 unarmed Chinese massacred.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: The movie '//The Life of General Vila//', starring Pancho Villa himself (now believed to be lost) opens in New York. Villa became a folk hero in the U.S, through such writers as John Reed,sent to Mexico by Metropolitan Magazine.

1934 - A second BUF meeting [see: May 13] at Gateshead Town Hall is surrounded by thousands of anti-fascists and a small number of fascists smuggled in by the police. The meeting is forced to close down early due to Beckett's speech being drowned out by cries of "Traitor", and only a large police presence prevented the thousands who followed them back over the Tyne from getting hold of the fascists. As the Blackshirts cross the Tyne Bridge into Newcastle anti-fascists are prevented by large numvbers of cops from reaching them. Once again the BUF HQ in Newcastle is put under heavy siege and, as one fascist later wrote: "The large branch room, with its floor covered in blood and groaning men, was a gruesome sight." Anti-fascists had now gained the upper hand on Tyne and Wear and the fascists were never again to be a significant force in the North east again. Mosley is forced by the police to cancel his promised Race Week rally. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613pb www.thefreelibrary.com/Driven+out+by+sheer+willpower.-a0118368107 www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=2076 www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1765 hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/may/16/fascists-meeting-newcastle-disturbance]

1941 - Maurice Bavaud (b. 1916), a Swiss Catholic theology student who made a number of ill-fated attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler in late 1938, is executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison in the early hours of the morning. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bavaud]

1968 - France '68: Sorbonne students occupy and open the University to the population, inviting "the workers to come and discuss with them the problems of the University". All demonstrators who were arrested have been released.

1968 - France '68: Workplace occupations start. A significant aspect of the May Upheaval. By the end of this month over 10,000,000 workers are involved in occupations. In Nantes, the workmen of South-Aviation, begin the first occupations of factories.

1968 - Students occupy the University of Milan.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: In Córdoba, automobile industry workers protest against the elimination of the Saturday rest day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1988 - José Xena Torrent (b. 1907), militant Catalan anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Jul. 19]

[A] 1995 - First London RTS street party gathered at the Rainbow Centre (a squatted church at Kentish Town) and partied in Camden.

2009 - Edgar Rodrigues (Antônio Francisco Correia; b. 1921), Portuguese militant anti-fascist and anarchist historian of the Portuguese and Brazilian anarchist movement, who authored more than fifty books, dies. [see: Mar. 12] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3560 www.ephemanar.net/mai15.html en.anarchopedia.org/François_Malicet]
 * = 15 || 1843 - François Malicet (d. 1927), French barber, lifelong anarchist and member of '//Les Déshérités//' group in Nouzon, born.

1848 - La Manifestation Populaire Parisienne: Against the backdrop of the largely unfavourable results of the elections of April 23, 1848 to the Constituent Assembly for the progressive Republicans, and the cancellation of the flag presentation ceremony on May 14th because of the refusal of the delegation of workers sitting in the Luxembourg Palace to participate in the ceremony, a demostration is held by progressives in support of a debate on 'the Polish question' scheduled in the Assembly for that day. The crowd is whipped up by the likes of Aloysius Huber, a fiery old revolutionary, and it proceeds to the Palais Bourbon, where it forces its way into the Assembly chamber. Someone read the petition in favor of Poland, then Aloysius Huber exclaims: "The National Assembly is dissolved." The crowd then marched to the City Hall of Paris, where it proclaimed an 'insurrectionary government' with Blanqui, Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Martin, Louis Blanc, Aloysius Huber, Thoré, Pierre Leroux, and Raspail to serve as ministers. However, elements of the National Guard, joined by Lamartine, Ledru-Rollin, and members of the five-day-old Executive Committee, besiege the city hall and dislodge the protesters. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestation_du_15_mai_1848 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_demonstration_of_15_May_1848]

1885 - Jacob Law (Jacob Lew), Ukranian individualist anarchist, born. Author of the May 1, 1907, //attentat// in Paris where he fired upon a bus full of cavalry officers. Sentenced to 15 years hard labour in Guyana. A lifelong anarchist, he published a book of memoirs, '//Dix-huit Ans de Bagne//' (18 Years of Exile; 1926).

1899 - [O.S. May 3] A second May Day demonstration takes place in Warsaw [see: May 13]. As the noisy crowd moved down Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdowski Avenue) large numbers of mounted Cossack patrols appear on either side of the march and when it approached what today is the Plac Na Rozdrożu (Crossraods Square), where units of the Lithuanian Guards regiment were stationed, clashes between the demonstrators and the military quickly broke out as the latter responded to the odd missile and insult. Fierce fighting took place on the terraces of the Sans-Souci and Versailles cafés as the protesters defended themselves with chairs, bottles and siphon bottles. 3,000 protesters were arrested by the Tsarist police and Cossacks but strict press censorship meant that the press failed to report the demonstration or arrests, despite the whole city knowing what took place. [see: May 3] [www.zw.com.pl/artykul/358228.html?print=tak]

1912 - Andre Rene Valet (b. 1890) and Octave Garnier (b. 1889) die in a shootout. Illegalist members of the Bonnot Gang, both are killed in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne. [ Costantini pic ]

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: Felix Diaz joins Oaxaca's separatist movement and is defeated.

1919 - Winnipeg General Strike: The general strike begins today and by 11:00 virtually the entire working population of Winnipeg is out on strike after somewhere around 30,000 workers in the public and private sectors have walked off their jobs. The strike lasts until June 26th, when the Winnipeg Labour Council "officially" declares the strike over. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_General_Strike]

[D] 1921 - Irish Republican volunteers raid and burn the homes of Auxiliaries and Black and Tans in the London, St. Alban‘s, and Liverpool.

1921 - An IRA unit ambushed a party of police and military officers at Ballyturin, Co. Galway. The officers were returning from a tennis match with their wives. Volunteer Martin Dolan later wrote that District Inspector Cecil Blake was killed in the opening salvo, but his wife picked up his revolver and fired at the ambushers. The Volunteers shot her dead during the fight, as well as three other military officers and a constable.

[A] 1968 - The French Prime Minister appeals to the population to resist "anarchy". Occupation of the théâtre de l'Odéon by 2,500 students and the Renault factory at Cléon is occupied by workers.

1969 - The Battle for People's Park, Berkeley aka 'Bloody Thursday': following a 3 week occupation of University of california land by students and local residents, Governor Ronald Reagan orders 300 California Highway Patrol and Berkeley police officers into People's Park. They destroy plantings and erect an 8-foot chain-link fence. The people fight back and the cops open fire with shotguns, killing a bystander, James Rector, and wounding 60, including Alan Blanchard, blinded for life. 17 days of street fighting ensue, capped by a march of 30,000, where another 150 demonstrators are shot and wounded.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: The University of Corrientes increases the price of food tickets in its cafeteria fivefold, and the ensuing protest end up with one student, Juan José Cabral, killed by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/ libcom.org/gallery/cordobazo-1969-photo-gallery]

1972 - Alabama Governor George Wallace shot and seriously wounded. Arthur Bremer was sentenced 63 years (later reduced to 10) for shooting Wallace and three bystanders. According to the FBI, Bremer had previously stalked Dick m Nixon and Hubert Humphrey.

1976 - Following a number of smaller demos outside Winston Green prison in Birmingham in support of self-styled 'race martyr' Robert Relf, the National Front hold a march to and rally outside the prison. Less than 100 turn up. In contrast, over 1,500 anti-fascists turn up for march and counter-demonstration organised by the Birmingham Anti-Fascist Committee. 500 cops were deployed to create a cordon to prevent clashes between the 2 sets of demonstrators but when the anti-fascist march arrived at the prison, after having passed the iconic satley gate coking depot on its way across Birmingham, a large contingent of 200+ anti-fascists broke away from the counter-demo and made a concerted attempt to reach the NF rally. The police had to use metal dustbuin lids to protect themselves from a hail of bricks gather from nearby derelict and waste ground. According to West Midlands police, as a result of that attack, they suffered: 69 police officers injured, 16 of whom subsequently reported sick unable to continue with their duties [despite only nine cops actually being taken to hospital], two police horses were injured, damage was caused to three police vans, three motorcycles and two panda cars, and there were 13 cases of assorted damage to police equipment and uniform. There were 28 arrests for a variety of offences, the majority being under section 5 of the Public Order Act 1936. Other offences included the possession of an offensive weapon, assault on police, damage and causing grievous bodily harm to police officers. Ironically, prison authorities had had Relf moved to HMP Stafford the night before, so the NF's attempts at solidarity were in vain. Relf, who had been on partial hunger strike, was eventually freed from prison after 45 days, despite failing to purge his contempt. However, the ultimate irony of the whole 'race-martyr' case is that in 1985 Relf was reported to have sold his house to an Asian family, saying: "I am still against mass immigration and mixed marriages, but I've nothing against [them as] individuals." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Relf news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19760517&id=OOdUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VpIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3503,4324761 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19760511&id=uJJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G6UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5964,1971693 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19760621&id=SpspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6992,4893259 hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/jun/28/mr-robert-relf hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/jul/05/immigration hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/jul/08/rights-of-persons-named-in-terms-of hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/jul/20/race-relations-bill archive.spectator.co.uk/article/10th-july-1976/6/another-voice hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/sep/27/race-relations-bill hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1976/oct/12/community-relations-bill hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1976/oct/27/racial-discrimination www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/41/race-rebel-freed-after-hunger-strike.html hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/feb/06/west-midlands-county-council-bill-lords hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/mar/12/orders-of-the-day mar79 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19790313&id=be89AAAAIBAJ&sjid=zEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2847744 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1841092.stm]

1988 - Spanish Embassy in Rome occupied by USI and CNT-AIT anarchist militants.

2011 - 'Los Indignados' movement born in Spain under the slogan "we are not goods in the hands of politicians and bankers". ||
 * = 16 || 1848 - An unsuccessful communist coup is attempted, Paris.

1870 - Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante] arrested by cops while surreptitiously plastering subversive manifestoes on the walls in Salerno.

[D] 1871 - The Paris Commune, following the decree of April 12, destroys the Vendôme Column ("un monument de barbarie").

1901 - Gustave Lefrancais (b. 1826), French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, and a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation, dies.

1909 - Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio I. Villarreal and Librado Rivera imprisoned for 18 months for alleged "violation" of the neutrality laws.

1914 - Hans Schmitz (d. 2007), German anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, militant anti-fascist and conscript to the Wehrmacht, born. Member of Freie Jugend Morgenröte (Free Youth Dawn), der SAJD Syndikalistisch-Anarchistische Jugend Deutschlands (SAJD; Anarcho-Syndicalist Youth of Germany) - the youth organisation of FAUD, the Freien Arbeiter Union Deutschland (FAUD; Free Workers Union of Germany) and in the Schwarzen Scharen (Black Bands) militant anarchsit anti-Nazi organisation. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m0ch0t libcom.org/history/schmitz-hans-1914-2007 www.fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrufe/hans-schmitz-16-mai-1914-2020-22-marz-2007 www.estelnegre.org/documents/schmitz/schmitz.html]

[A] 1917 - [N.S. May 29] The Kronstadt Soviet declares independence from the Provisional Government. [libcom.org/files/Israel_Getzler_Kronstadt_1917-1921_The_Fate_of_a_Soviet_Democracy_Cambridge_Russian,_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Studies__1983.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1989/trotsky1/12-return.html]

1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The suppression of the uprising officially ends when SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop pushes the detonator button that demolishes the Great Synagogue of Tlomacki Street to mark his victory. The death toll of the Uprising: 13,000 Jews killed, around 6,000 of whom were burnt alive or died from smoke inhalation. The official German casualties, including Polish police and ex-Soviet prisoner volunteers, were 17 dead (of whom 16 were killed in action) and 93 injured. These figures do not include Jewish collaborators killed and the real numbers of German casualties are believed to be around 300. Other estimates give the figure of 56,000 dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising]

1954 - The Kengir Uprising, in what is now Kazakhstan, begins as social and political prisoners seize control of the gulag.

1963 - A FLQ bomb destroys an oil tank at the Golden Eagle Refinery.

1967 - Hong Kong Leftist Riots: Hong Kong and Kowloon Committee for Anti-Hong Kong British Persecution Struggle (港九各界同胞反對港英迫害鬥爭委員會) or the Anti-British Struggle Committee (港英迫害鬥爭委員會) formed. [see: Jul. 8] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_riots www.tofu-magazine.net/newVersion/pages/riots.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Committee_for_Anti-Hong_Kong_British_Persecution_Struggle]

1968 - May '68: Strikes hit other factories throughout France, plus air transport, the RATP and the SNCF. Newspapers fail to be distributed.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: Students at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario protest yesterdy's killing; other faculties joined them. The rector suspended university activities until the following Monday (19th). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

2012 - 3 Occupy activists are arrested on the eve of the NATO summit in Chicago and charged under terrorist legislation with planning a molotov attack on Obama's campaign headquarters. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]
 * = 17 || 1849 - Palatine Uprising: A people's assembly in Kaiserslautern decides to establish a five-man provisional government, which votes in favour of the constitution and prepares for separation from Bavaria.

[C] 1903 - Francisco Pérez Mateo (d. 1936), Spanish sculptor, communist and anti-Francoist fighter, born. Working in the direct carving method, he was one of the first Spaniards to engage in the styles of New Realism and the New Objectivity, and having attended the famous 1916 boxing match between Jack Johnson and Arthur Cravan, much of his work featured sporting themes. He also joined the Communist Party and the Sociedad de Artistas Ibéricos (Alliance of Antifascist Intellectuals), taking part in the Primera Exposición de Arte Revolucionario (First Revolutionary Art Exhibition) in December 1933 and exhibiting in the Spanish Pavilion of the Paris World Exhibition of 1937. He was killed during the defence of Madrid. [manuelblasdos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/francisco-perez-mateo-escultor.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_P%C3%A9rez_Mateo libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/visfront/tanto.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_de_Intelectuales_Antifascistas]

1911 - Ilse Frieda Gertrud Stöbe (d. 1942), German journalist and anti-Nazi resistance member of the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra)Soviet espionage ring, born. Between 1931 and 1933 she worked as a secretary for the journalist Theodor Wolff on the 'Berliner Tageblatt'. Through Wolff, she met the journalist Rudolf Herrnstadt, a noted communist politician and anti-fascist activist, who was also a GRU agent. In 1929, Stöbe joined the Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands and the pair began setting up an intelligence group in Berlin. In early 1934 she and Herrnstadt moved to Warsaw, where Stöbe began working as a foreign correspondent for the '//Neue Zürcher Zeitung//'. Stöbe also joined the NSADP as cover for her activities and in mid-1934 she was appointed Cultural Attaché of the Nazi party's foreign office in Poland. Shortly before the German invasion of Poland, she returned from Warsaw to Berlin and worked in the Information Department of the Foreign Office. [Herrnstadt went into exile in Russia upon the invasion of Poland.] With her brother Kurt, Ilse soon resumed contact with a number of resistance groups and continued her work, passing information on to the Soviets. She was arrested on September 12 1942 by the Gestapo, for allegedly spying for the Soviet Union and for membership of the Rote Kapelle Soviet espionage ring. On December 14, 1942 the Reich Military Court sentenced to her death alongside Rudolf von Scheliha. She was executed by guillotine on December 22 in Plötzensee. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Stöbe de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Kapelle]

1916 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (d. 2002), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1705.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article454 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2909-jose-borras-cascarosa-anarquista-aragones.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.com/2009/10/biografia-jose-borras-cascarosa.html]

1923 - While the Spainsh city of León celebrates the Fiesta Mayor, anarchists Gregorio Suberviela and Antonio del Toto (Garzon Martinez) of the group Los Solidarios shoot the former governor Faustino González Regueral (he is responsible employer pistolerosism and fierce repression against the working class in the early 20s) as he comes out of a theatre. The two activists manage to escape despite the presence of security guards and police.

1959 - Less than a year after the Notting Hill race riots, Kelso Cochrane (b. 1926), an Antiguan carpenter, is stabbed to death by a gang of white youths. He had been attacked close to midnight whilst walking towards his home in Notting Hill following a visit to Paddington General Hospital after breaking his thumb in a fall at work. Two men were arrested in connection with his death, due to a single stab wound to the heart with a stiletto knife. In a 2011 book by Mark Olden, 'Murder in Notting Hill', the perpetrator was named as Patrick Digby, at the time a 20-year-old catering boy in the Merchant Navy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso_Cochrane www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/death-kelso-cochrane news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/4871898.stm www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8748233/Profile-Kelso-Cochrane-carpenter-whose-murder-helped-change-the-face-of-race-relations.html www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8747963/After-50-years-Kelso-Cochranes-killer-is-named-in-book-on-notorious-Notting-Hill-race-murder.html]

1963 - In the affluent English-speaking section of Westmount, fifteen bombs are placed by the FLQ in street-corner mailboxes on the same day. Ten of them explode, and Sergeant Major Walter Lejay of the Engineers is seriously wounded while attempting to disarm one.

[D] 1968 - Today the Occupations Committee, including members of the Situationist International (SI) and the enragés from Nanterre University, send their famous telegrams to the Czech Marxist humanist philosopher Ivan Sviták, the Zengakuren Japanese revolutionary student movement, and the Politburos of the USSR and Chinese Communist Parties in Moscow and Beijing respectively.

PROFESSOR IVAN SVITAK PRAGUE CZECHOSLOVAKIA THE OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE SENDS FRATERNAL GREETINGS TO COMRADE SVITAK AND OTHER CZECHOSLOVAKIAN REVOLUTIONARIES STOP LONG LIVE THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST CAPITALIST IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST BUREAUCRAT STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM

ZENGAKUREN TOKYO JAPAN LONG LIVE THE STRUGGLE OF THE JAPANESE COMRADES WHO HAVE OPENED COMBAT SIMULTANEOUSLY ON THE FRONTS OF ANTI-STALINISM AND ANTI-IMPERIALISM STOP LONG LIVE FACTORY OCCUPATIONS STOP LONG LIVE THE GENERAL STRIKE STOP LONG LIVE THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

POLITBURO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE USSR THE KREMLIN MOSCOW SHAKE IN YOUR SHOES BUREAUCRATS STOP THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS WILL SOON WIPE YOU OUT STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP LONG LIVE THE STRUGGLE OF THE KRONSTADT SAILORS AND OF THE MAKHNOVSHCHINA AGAINST TROTSKY AND LENIN STOP LONG LIVE THE 1956 COUNCILIST INSURRECTION OF BUDAPEST STOP DOWN WITH THE STATE STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

POLITBURO OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY GATE OF CELESTIAL PEACE BEIJING SHAKE IN YOUR SHOES BUREAUCRATS STOP THE INTERNATIONAL POWER OF THE WORKERS COUNCILS WILL SOON WIPE YOU OUT STOP HUMANITY WON’T BE HAPPY TILL THE LAST BUREAUCRAT IS HUNG WITH THE GUTS OF THE LAST CAPITALIST STOP LONG LIVE FACTORY OCCUPATIONS STOP LONG LIVE THE GREAT CHINESE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION OF 1927 BETRAYED BY THE STALINIST BUREAUCRATS STOP LONG LIVE THE PROLETARIANS OF CANTON AND ELSEWHERE WHO HAVE TAKEN UP ARMS AGAINST THE SO-CALLED PEOPLE’S ARMY STOP LONG LIVE THE CHINESE WORKERS AND STUDENTS WHO HAVE ATTACKED THE SO-CALLED CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND THE MAOIST BUREAUCRATIC ORDER STOP LONG LIVE REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM STOP DOWN WITH THE STATE STOP OCCUPATION COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE’S FREE SORBONNE

[www.bopsecrets.org/SI/May68docs.htm]

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: A protest begins at the cafeteria of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario over food price rises. The police supress the demonstration, killing a student, Adolfo Bello. The CGT labour union called for a "status of alert", and Bello's murder is denounced by the public. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

[A] 1972 - Milan police chief Luigi Calabresi, in charge at the time police 'suicided' the anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli on December 15, 1969, is assassinated. Three militants of the extreme left, Adriano Sofri, Giorgio Pietrostefani and Ovidio Bompressi, get 22-year sentences.

1974 - Following a fierce gun battle between members of the Symbionese Liberation Army and the LA police, the house burns down and six SLA members die.

2009 - Mario Benedetti (Mario Orlando Hardy Hamlet Brenno Benedetti; b. 1920), Uruguayan journalist, novelist, and radical poet of the Uraguayan peasant revolt, dies. [see: Sep. 14] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Mayo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution]
 * = 18 || 1810 - Revolución de Mayo: The fall of the Junta Suprema Central in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, marks the beginning of the Semana de Mayo [May 18-25] and the Revolución de Mayo.

1849 - Palatine Uprising: The Rhenish Palatinate agrees to an alliance with the Baden Republic. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1855 - George Speed (d. unknown), US anarchist agitator, active in the Haymarket defense of the falsely accused anarchists, Coxey's Army, the Pullman Strike, and as a labour organiser for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), born.

[1907 - [O.S. May 5] A revolutionary soldiers’ group secretly pledges to back the RSDRP against the government - the government is quickly informed, and raids the apartment of Menshevik Deputy Ozol in search of evidence [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus05.htm]

[CC] 1942 - Herbert and Marianne Baum, Hans Joachim, Gerd Meyer, Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse and Irene Walter from the anti-Nazi Baum Group sets fire to the anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition '//Das Sowjetparadies//' (The Soviet Paradise) at the Berlin Lustgarten, having planted miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition [they had tried to carry out the action the day before but too many people had been at the event]. Unfortunately, the damage is limited and within a few days the majority of the group is arrested; probably after having been denounced. About 20 members of the group were later sentenced to death and a total of 28 members of the group were killed in 1942 and 1943. About 50 other members of the group were also given long prison sentences. On May 28-29, 1942, in a "retaliatory action" 500 Berlin Jewish men were arrested; one half were killed immediately and the other half were sent to concentration camps. [see: Mar. 4/Jun. 11/Aug. 18] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Sowjetparadies herbertbaumgroup.blogspot.co.uk/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baum-gruppe-jewish-women jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/loewy-hildegard jewishcurrents.org/may-18-the-herbert-baum-group-10197 research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/paradise.htm]

[C] 1945 - Pierre Kaan (b. 1903), French professor of philosophy, Marxist essayist, and prominent member of the Résistance during WWII, using the pseudonyms Biran, Brulard, Cantal and Dupin, dies of a combination of typhus and tuberculosis a few days after being liberated by Czech anti-fascist fighters from Buchenwald's Gleina subcamp. [see: Jan. 10]

1968 - In France, de Gaulle arrives back from Romania, 12 hours earlier than expected. Cinema professionals occupy the Cannes Film Festival. Major French directors withdraw their films from competition and the jury resigns, closing the festival.

[D] 1968 - 10,000 march in Madrid, Spain, erect barricades and clash with police, in solidarity with the May revolt in France.

1980 - Gwangju (or Kwangju) Uprising (May 18-27) / May 18 Democratic Uprising [5·18 민중항쟁]: Following the extension of martial law to the whole of South Korea yesterday (it had previously not applied to Jeju Province), students gather at the gate of Chonnam National University, in defiance of its closing. By 09:30, around 200 students had arrived and they were opposed by 30 paratroopers. At around 10:00, clashes broke out as the soldiers charged the students. The students responded by throwing stones and the protest moved then to the downtown, Geumnamno area, and snowballed as paratroopers used bayonets to brutally suppress the growing protests. The first casualty of the 10 days of the Uprising occured that afternoon as a 29-year-old deaf man named Kim Gyeong-cheol was clubbed to death while passing by the scene. The Uprising continues until troops retake the city on May 28th, leaving up to 2,000 deaths following the indiscriminate massacring of the unarmed civilian population. [expand] [ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5·18_광주_민주화_운동 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising]

1989 - Demonstrations in Tiananmen (Tian'anmen) Square during USSR-China talks. ||
 * = 19 || 1895 - José Julián Martí Pérez (b. 1853), Cuban Revolutionary, poet, essayist, journalist, revolutionary philosopher, professor, and political theorist, dies. [see: Jan. 28]

1920 - The Battle of Matewan: In January the UMW United Mine Workers of America) moved its unionisation campaign from Logan to Mingo County, where Mother Jones delivers a speech of support. Today, Matewan Chief of Police Sid Hatfield attempts to arrest detectives hired by coal operators to evict families of fired union miners from company housing. In the shootout that followed, 10 people died including Mayor Cable C. Testerman.

1928 - Lucien Tronchet, anarchist and Swiss trade unionist, Clovis-Abel Pignat and Vuattolo instigate a 15-day wildcat strike which results in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc.

1944 - Following the capture of Monte Cassino by the Allies the previous day, thousands of Moroccan Goumiers (Goums Marocains) and other colonial troops of the French Expeditionary Corps, commanded by General Alphonse Juin, scour the slopes of the hills surrounding the town and the villages of Ciociaria during the night, committing mass rapes and killings. Over 60,000 women, ranging in age from 11 to 86, become victims, when village after village come under control of the Goumiers. Civilian men who tried to protect their wives and daughters are murdered. The number of men killed has been estimated at 800. The collective term given to the event/act is Marocchinate, from the Italian for "those given the Moroccan treatment" i.e. "women raped by Moroccans". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocchinate it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocchinate www.morasta.it/le-marocchinate-la-parte-censurata-della-nostra-liberazione/]

[D] 1970 - Wembley Conservative Association firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[A] 1985 - A riot wrecks Montpellier prison. As inmates fight the CRS, a sympathetic crowd attacks the police from behind.

1991 - Auro Bruni (b. 1972), Italian activist from the Centro Sociale Corto Circuito in Rome, is murdered by fascists. On the night of his death, fascists from the Disoccupati Italiani Nazionalisti broke into the Corto. Finding Auro asleep, they knocked him out and covered him and the room in the petrol. The fire killed Auro and completely destroyed the Corto. The next day the fascist group claimed responsibility but the police tried to blame it on someone within the centre, citing an internal power struggle. [www.reti-invisibili.net/aurobruni/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auro_Bruni]

[CCC] 2012 - Tinley Park 5: A group of 30 anti-fascists descended upon a restaurant in the Chicago suburb of Tinley Park where the 5th annual White Nationalist Economic Summit and Illinois White Nationalist Meet-and-Greet was taking place. The White Nationalists were targeted inside the restaurant and physically attacked, causing several injuries and completely shutting down their meeting. Five members of Hoosier Anti-Racist Movement, which is part of the Anti-Racist Action Network, were subsequently charged with felony counts of mob action, aggravated battery and criminal damage to property. All are currently being held in Cook County Jail pending the raising and posting of bail. The cops also arrested white nationalist Steven Eugene Speers who was at the meeting on a warrant for child pornography and Francis John Gilroy Jr. for unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon. Of the five anti-fascists charged in connection with the incident- Cody Sutherlin, Dylan Sutherlin, Jason Sutherlin, John Tucker and Alex Stuck - all pleaded guilty, against the advice of their lawyers, on January 4, 2013, to three felony counts of armed violence each. Fearing that their pre-trial detention could drag on for years and, if found guilty, they could have received a maximum sentence of seven years, they decided to go ahead and "just get it over with today" according to one of their attorneys. Cody and Dylan Sutherlin both got five years. Jason Sutherlin six years, and John Tucker and Alex Stuck were both sentenced to 42 months in the Illinois Department of Corrections.

2013 - Following the shooting dead of Lenine Relvas-Martins, a 69-year-old Portuguese man, in the largely immigrant suburb of Husby, in northern Stockholm on May 12, riots breakout during the night, leaving at least 100 vehicles burnt out. The riots would continue over the following days and nights (May 19-25), spreading across Sweden. [see: May 12] || [libcom.org/history/berneri-luigi-camillo-1897-1937]
 * = 20 || [C] 1897 - Luigi Camillo Berneri (d. 1937), Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist, born. A WWI veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, he was active in the anti-fascist resistance in Italy until 1926, when he was forced to take refuge in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands - spending time in prison before being expelled in most of these. Helped organsie the first Italian volunteers in Spain in 1936 and fought himself on the Aragonese front. Critical of the Madrid government, he was a victim of the Stalinist attacks that began in Barcelona on May 4th, dying in a hail of bullets as he left Radio Barcelona where he had been commemorating the death of Gramsci.

1900 - André Léo (pen name of Victoire Léodile Béra; b. 1824), French feminist, revolutionary, Communard, Bakuninist, novelist and journalist, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

1906 - [O.S. May 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In the Duma, the Kadet faction puts forward a bill signed by 42 deputies that provided for the allocation state, monastery, church and crown-owned lands to the peasants, as well as a partial compulsory acquisition of the landed estates. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

[AA] 1910 - The High Treason Incident (Taigyaku Jiken), also known as the Kōtoku Incident (Kōtoku Jiken): Japanese police uncover what they claim is a socialist-anarchist plot to assassinate Emperor Meiji. Mass arrests of leftists take place across the country and 12 alleged conspirators are executed the following year.

[D] 1911 - Revolución Mexicana: The Partido Liberal Mexicano publish a proclamation calling for the peasants to take collective possession of the land in the territories of Lower California where they have driven out the government, for "a free and happy life, without Masters or Tyrant."

1918 - Luigi Bertoni, editor of the anarchist bilingual '//Le Réveil-Il Risveglio//', is arrested in Geneva for an alleged conspiracy in Zurich, where a bomb was allegedly found by the police - it turns out to be a fabrication, an attempt to silence the anti-war Bertoni and other Italian anarchists. Protests sweep Switzerland calling for the release of Bertoni and the Italian anarchists interned in labour camps under a Nov. 17, 1917 decree. [see: Jun. 2, 1919]

[A] 1937 - In Spain, author and one-time used book seller, George Orwell, is shot on the front lines whilst fighting for the Republic. His '//Homage to Catalonia//' is based on his experiences during the Spanish Revolution.

1951 - Barcelona Tram Strike: A National Day of Protest called for May 20 result in failure. [expand][see: Mar. 1&12]

1968 - An estimated 10 million workers are on strike; France is practically paralyzed.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: Students in Rosario announce a national strike (similar protests took place in other provinces). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

2012 - Prisoners sieze control of Adams County Correctional Facility, a 2,500-bed immigration detention prison in Mississippi, for nine hours, taking more than 20 guards prisoner in retaliation to brutalisation by guards and in protest against the conditions, including poor food and medical care. One guard dies and 16 others are injured. The immigration prison, which is owned and operated by Corrections Corporation of America, holds clandestine migrants convicted of crimes, mostly on charges of re-entering the United States after being deported. [thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/08/14/686361/fbi-agent-deadly-riot-in-corporate-run-prison-due-to-complaints-of-inadequate-food-and-health-care/ edition.cnn.com/2012/05/20/us/mississippi-prison-disturbance/ www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/mississippi-prison-on-lockdown-after-guard-dies.html?_r=0] ||
 * = 21 || [A/D] 1871 - Beginning of 'Semaine Sanglante' (Bloody Week): Horrendous repression and butchery in the suppression of the Paris Commune begins, with government massacres and summary executions leave 20,000-35,000 dead.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1894 - Émile Henry (b. 1872), French anarchist proponent of propaganda by deed, who on 12 February detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty, is guillotined at dawn aged 21. His last words are: "Courage camarades, vive l'anarchie". [see: Sep. 26] [griid.org/2011/04/27/this-date-in-resistance-history-the-trial-of-emile-henry/]

1894 - José Codina and Mariano Cerezuela are executed longside 4 other Spanish anarchists. Codina and Cerezuela were believed responsible for the 1891 bombing of the Teatre Liceu, later determined to be the handiwork of Santiago Salvador Franch (executed on July 11th).

1905 - Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905]: After three months of a state of emergency and the crushing of the rebellion, the regime takes to opportunity to simultaneously crack down on the labour and socialist movements as well as the rebels. Hundreds of unionised workers were detained as well as the most active militants, the socialist and anarchist press was banned, the premises of the newspapers '//La Vanguardia//' and '//La Protesta//' among others were raided, and union locals were closed down. In protest at the repression, the Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) and labour organisations, including the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers) and the anarchist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Regional Workers Federation of Argentina), organised a demonstration in Constitution Square in Buenos Aires. Forty thousand workers gathered at the Plaza Constitución and marched from there to the Plaza Lavalle, where the demonstration ended tragically as the protest is attacked with bullets and sabers, leaving three dead and about twenty wounded, victims of police fire and baton charges. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905]

1901 - Arvid Harnack (b. 1901), German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, who was executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Founder of ARPLAN (Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft or )[Scientific Working Community for the Study of the Soviet Planned Economy], he had travelled to the Soveit Union to study their ecomony but, with Hitler's rise to power ARPLAN was dissolved and Harnack gained a post as a scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry and was recruited as an agent by the NKVD. He also came into contact in 1939 with the Harro Schulze-Boysen group, and in 1940 with the Communists Hilde Rake and Hans Coppi. He also published the resistance magazine '//Die Innere Front//' (The Inner Front) in 1941 but interception of the group's radio messages led to the arrest of Harnack and his wife Mildred on September 7, 1942. Arvid Harnack was sentenced to death on December 19 and executed 3 days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. His wife was originally given six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial, which pronounced the desired death sentence. [see: Dec. 22]

1905 - [O.S. May 08] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Union of Unions is organised at a meeting in Moscow (May 21-22) as a federation of the left-liberal professional unions, dominated by Pavel Milyukov (Па́вел Милюко́в), liberal politician and future leader of Kadet Party, the Constitutional Democratic Party (Конституционно-демократическая партия). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Милюков,_Павел_Николаевич]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Cuernavaca is taken by Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Madero signs Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Porfirio Diaz. Díaz agrees to abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero.

1914 - Romain Gary (born Roman Kacew; d. 1980), French-Litvaks diplomat, novelist, film director and World War II aviator, born. Largely self-invented, he created a mythos around himself. Amongst his many fictions, he claimed to have, like Malraux, to have fought in the Spanish Civil War and to have been imprisoned there for his efforts. However, he did fight against the Nazis, escaping to London after the German invasion of France, where he becoming a real life "war hero", serving as a bomber pilot for the Free French Forces and flying missions even when recuperating from battle wounds. Gary also described himself as "testicularly anti-racist" at the time. He also wrote under a number of pseudonyms Émile Ajar, Shatan Bogat, Rene Deville and Fosco Sinibaldi. In his most famous novel, '//Lady L//' (1958), also made into a 1965 comedy film directed by Peter Ustinov and starring Sophia Loren, Paul Newman and David Niven, the main character anarchist Armand Denis. He is also the only person to win the Prix Goncourt twice [French language literature is awarded only once to an author], firstly in 1956 for '//Les Racines du Ciel//' (The Roots of Heaven) and then for his novel, published under the pseudonym Émile Ajar, '//La Vie Devant Soi//' (The Life Before Us; 1975), which about an orphaned Arab boy’s devotion to a terminally ill Auschwitz survivor and ex-prostitute. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Gary muse.jhu.edu/books/9780812203202 www.babelio.com/livres/Gary-Lady-L/8204 www.tcm.com/this-month/article/64121|0/Lady-L.html]

1916 - Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magón go on trial. Arrested at their Community Farm near Los Angeles, California, Enrique was beaten by police and hospitalized. The Mexican anarchist Magón brothers are charged with mailing articles inciting "murder, arson and treason."

1940 - Cayetano Redondo Aceña (b. 1888), Spanish politician, journalist, mayor of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War and a leading proponent of Esperanto in Spain, is executed by a firing squad in the Cementerio de la Almudena and buried in a mass grave following conviction for "assistance to the rebellion". [see: May 21]

1968 - At a protest demonstration in Peking the group Sheng Wu Lian calls for the people to govern themselves directly, as in the The Paris Commune. The Red Guards, good Marxists they, accuse them of being anarchists!

1968 - May Days '68: The 'Workers-Students Action Committee-Citroen', forms.

1968 - Beginning of the Occupations of the University of West Berlin, demanding university reform, and in sympathy with the student occupations and demands in France.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: University student groups and secondary school students, along with the CGT, organise a silent march, which gathers 4,000 people. The police sent to put down the protest are forced to retreat, but kill a 15-year-old student, Luis Blanco. This was later known as the first Rosariazo. That evening the city is declared an emergency zone under military jurisdiction. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1989 - Martial law is declared in several districts in Beijing and troops move towards the city centre. A huge number of civilians block their convoys, setting up barricades on streets. The soldiers have been ordered not to fire on civilians.

2001 - Center for Urban Horticulture at the University of Washington in Seattle is burned by Earth Liberation Front (ELF). ||
 * = 22 || [A] 1816 - The Littleport 'Bread or Blood Riot' begins in Cambridgeshire.

1871 - The Bloody Week (Semaine Sanglante) continues following the defeat of The Paris Commune.

1881 - Anarchists split within the Socialist Workers Party of France.

1885 - Giacomo Matteotti (d. 1924), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, who was murdered by fascist thugs, born. His killing precipitated a parliamentary crisis that Mussolini overcame by disavowing the murder and tightening police control. The crushing of the opposition aroused by Matteotti’s assassination effectively marks the beginning of Mussolini’s dictatorship. The murderers and their accomplices received only nominal sentences. [see: Jun. 10] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmatteotti.htm libcom.org/news/10-may-1924-10062011 cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/matteot.htm www.treccani.it/scuola/maturita/terza_prova/storia_contemporanea_in_immagini/3_1924_delitto_matteotti.html www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/politica/14_giugno_10/10-giugno-1924-l-omicidio-giacomo-matteotti-365b2620-f0a2-11e3-b5f1-b439b2d37585.shtml www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/sette.html]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A conference attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 Fasci and socialist circles is held in Palermo [May 21-22]. A central committee is set up and the socialist mjority ruled that Fasci should become sections of the Partito dei Lavoratori (Workers' Party), leading to the expulsion or marginalisation of the anarchists and other radicals involved in the Fasci. The movement would go on to begin to carry out propaganda work amongst the peasants and miners, resulting in the number of fasci increasing from 35 to 162 between March and October 1893. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1895 - Orestes Lucchesi, an anarchist who killed the director of the newspaper '//Il Telegrafo//', Giuseppe Bandi, on July 1, 1894, in revenge for his anti-anarchist articles, is found guilty of murder along with his associates. He and Amerigo Franchi are sentneced to 30 years imprisonment.

1900 - Georgi Simeonov Popov (Георги Симеонов Попов; d. 1924), Bulgarian anarchist, poet, orator, anarchist organiser and insurrectionist guerrilla, born. His teacher father died of cholera when he was just 12 years old, and he went on to teach after his graduation but was sacked due to his participation in a railway strike in Gorna Oryahovitsa. He then became a bank clerk but was again sacked after just 3 months, becoming a labour constructing roads and working in vineyards. A member of the Bulgarian Communist Anarchist Federation (FACB), in 1920 he created the anarchist newspaper 'Бунт' (Rebellion) with Georgi Sheitanov (Георги Шейтанов). Following the announcement of a military coup against the Stamboliyski government on June 9, 1923, at a meeting the following day he was elected as a member of the Revolutionary Action Committee (Въстанически военен съвет) which organised the insurrectionary movement [June Uprising] against the coup. He helped organise armed peasant militias in Kilifarevo (Килифарево) and Debelec (Дебелец), took part in the capture of nearby Dryanovo (Дряново), and the battles at Ganchovets (Килифарево) and Sokolov (Дебелец). On June 13, 1923, a militia was formed in Kilifarevo and 4 days later Popov, togther with Totyu Saraliev (Тотю Саралиев) was involved in the assassination of the mayor of Dzhurovtsi (Джуровци ). He also took part in the capture of Sokolov (Соколово) and the disruption of the main railway line. During this period the Bulgarian Communist Party, which had a strong militia organisation, maintained a pointed neutrality (viewing the uprising and the coup as a "struggle for power between the urban and rural bourgeoisie") - a position eventually condemned by the Comitern - which effectively allowed the new government to crush the rebels and consolidate its power. On January 30, 1924, Popov's detachment was surrounded by the army and his lieutenant Hristo Kisyov (Христо Кисьов) was wounded and captured. To prevent his own capture he takes his own life. [ikonomov.a-bg.net/gpopov.html /www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3101.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html]

1901 - Ricardo and Jesús Flores Magón are arrested and sentenced to 12 months in Belén prison [archivomagon.net/lugares/carcel-de-belen/]

1901 - Gaetano Bresci (b. 1869), Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Umberto I, King of Italy in revenge for the army's crushing of the 1898 worker's insurrection in Milan, is found hanging in his prison cell at Santo Stefano, believed 'suicided' by his guards. [see: Nov. 10]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. May 9] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A meeting of RSDLP members including representatives of Party cells in almost all the factories and enterprises in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) is held in the forest just outside the city. Amongst the key players is 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), newly arrived from Moscow. The meeting produces a list of 26 economic and political demands of the city's employers. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1909 - Agustí Centelles i Ossó (d. 1985), Spanish photojournalist noted for his iconic pictures of Republican Spain and especially Catalonia, born. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustí_Centelles agusticentellesosso.blogspot.co.uk/ centellesosso.blogspot.co.uk www.foto3.es/web/historia/biografias/centell.htm]

1918 - Dolores Jiménez Álvarez aka 'Blanca', Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and militant in the Spanish and French anti-fascist resistance movements, born in Abejuela, Aragón. The eldest in a large family which migrated to Catalonia in the mid 1920s, she stared work aged 11 and quickly became involved in the libertarian movement. At the age of 16, along with her father and sister, she joined the Peña Abisinia theatre group, where she met he lifelong companion Teofilo Navarro Fadrique. In August 1936, she joined the Durruti Column on the Aragon front and throughout the attacks by the Stalinists against the anarchist movement, and the Franco offensive, she refused to leave the front. Based in Lanaja, in the Huesca province, she participated in cultural activities and theatrical performances, she was later arrested in Mollerusa by communist troops of Valentín González González (El Campesino) but escaped to Lleida where she rejoined the confederales forces and her partner Navarro. Following the defeat of the Republic, they crossed into France via Puigcerda and Le Perthus, where she was interned in the Couvent Saugues, a religious asylum run by nuns in Saugus. In 1940, she was reunited with Teofilo Navarro and both settled in Cordes, where she particiapted in the reorganisation of the Spanish anarchist movement, as well as the anti-Nazi Résistance and struggle against Franco as part of groups Sabaté and Facerías. She also had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca, with Navarro. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3865 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2011-dolores-jimenez-alvarez-miliciana-de-aragon.html]

[C] 1939 - Ernst Toller (b. 1893), German Expressionist playwright, poet, pacifist, anarchist and Munich Soviet leader, dies. Driven out of Germany by the Nazis, destitute from his efforts caring for the children of refugees in Spain, and suffering from deep depression having witnessed the defeat of the Republic and seen his sister and brother arrested and sent to concentration camps, Toller commits suicide in a New York hotel room. [see: Dec. 1] [www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol05/no08/fischer.htm]

1942 - Stjepan Filipović (b. 1916), Yugoslavian communist and anti-fascist partisan, is hanged in the city of Valjevo by the collaborationist Serbian State Guard. [see: Jan. 27]

1963 - Grigoris Lambrakis (Greek: Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; b. 1912), Greek resistance fighter, leftist politician, physician, and track and field athlete, received life-treatening injured in a government-sanctioned assassination attempt by 2 hapless hired thugs, far-right extremists Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyro Gotzamani. Left with severe brain injuries, he dies in the hospital five days later, on May 27. [see: Apr. 3] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoris_Lambrakis theodorakisfriends.com/2013/05/22/grigoris-lambrakis-memorial-day/l]

1968 - May Uprisings '68: In the Latin Quarter of Paris the police and the students clash following the withdrawal of Daniel Cohn-Bendit's residence permit for France.

1970 - High explosive device discovered at a new police station in Paddington. This was later claimed by the prosecution in the trial of the Stoke Newington Eight to be the first action undertaken by 'The Angry Brigade'.

[D] 1971 - Bomb attack on Scotland Yard Computer Room at Tintagel House, London. This is accompanied by simultaneous attacks by the Angry Brigade, the International Solidarity Movement, and the Marius Jacob group against British Rail, Rolls Royce and Rover offices in Paris.

1989 - Argentinian Food Riots: First 'cacerolazo' (pot-banging) demonstration in Córdoba calling for price and taxes freezes [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf]

2009 - 27-year-old Chilean anarchist Mauricio Morales is killed early this morning as the bomb he was transporting in a planned attack on the Prison Guards' School in downtown Santiago prematurely explodes. [news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20090523013528979] ||
 * = 23 || 1871 - The 'Bloody Week' (Semaine Sanglante) continues, the citizens of the The Paris Commune are bathed in blood by the troops of Thiers. Members of the Council of the Commune evacuate the town hall. Pindy gives the command to set fire to the building; Ferré orders the same for the court buildings and the police prefecture. In the evening, the Pantheon quarter falls into the hands of Versailles.

1906 - [O.S. May 7] Project 104 [проект 104-х]: In the Duma, the Trudoviks faction (Трудова́я гру́ппа), 104 people, proposed a bill providing for the formation of "public land fund" from which land is to be allocate land for use by the landless and land-hungry peasants, as well as the confiscation of land from the landowners. [www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/chrest/x6_5_18.html www.ngpedia.ru/id651258p3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

[C] 1928 - To protest the Italian dictatorship, the anarchists Severino Di Giovanni and the Scarfó brothers explode a bomb at the Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires, killing 9 fascists and wounding 34.

1934 - In the Battle of Toledo, 10,000 strikers at Ohio's Auto-Lite plant drive away police.

1940 - Mexicans led by David Siqueiros attack Trotsky's villa with machine guns. Trotsky is not injured.

1956 - Anti-fascist //guerrillero// Francisco Sabaté (//El Quico//) and a comrade rob the Central Bank in the Calle Fusina.

1965 - A General Strike in Bolivia is crushed.

1968 - Paris Uprising '68, new confrontations with the Latin Quarter, between students and CRS with government attempts to shut down or muzzle radio stations.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo]: A massive strike takes place in Rosario and the nearby Industrial Corridor. Blanco's funeral is attended by more than 7,000 people. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/]

1976 - 1,000 anti-fascist demonstrators are greeted with abuse by large numbers of Blackburn people, while a smaller National Party demonstration which follows is applauded and cheered. As Bill Ward, North-West Organiser of the Communist Party, expressed it: "The atmosphere in the town is terrifying. Blackburn is fast-becoming the Alabama of this country". ['//Morning Star//', May 24th. ,1976; p.3] [ml-review.ca/aml/CommunistLeague/All4-fascism93.htm]

[D] 1989 - Argentinian Food Riots: Looting of supermarkets breaks out in Córdoba [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf] ||
 * = 24 || [D] 1885 - At Père-Lachaise police bayonet charge an anniversary commemoration of the Commune inside the cemetry, whilst outside cavalry disperse demonstrators. 40 people are injured and 60 arrests are made.

1901 - Arvid Harnack (d. 1942), German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, who was executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. [see: Dec. 22]

1905 - [O.S. May 11] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: About 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives hold three meetings in Moscow (May 24-25), which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level.

1905 - [O.S. May 11] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A second meeting of RSDLP members is held in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), attended by representatives of more than 50 factories. It decides to begin a general strike tomorrow. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1915 - Ramón Garrido Vidal, aka León Carrero Mestre (d. 1995), Galician anti-fascist guerrilla interned at Argeles and Dachau, born.

1920 - Amadeo Ramón Valledor (aka 'El Asturiano' and 'Ramón'; d. 1963), Spanish miner militant anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian anti-fascist fighter, born. Member of the CNT, as were his brothers and father, Amadeo Ramón Chachón. Following the fascist coup of July 1936, he managed to escape and arrived in Asturias. Following the deafeat on the Gijón Front, he and a number of comrades were captured whilst trying to escape by boat. Tried, he received a harsh prison sentence. On the night of 25-26 December 1942, he and others members of the 'Minas de Moro' Society managed to escape from the prison mines at Fabero (Lleó), joining the guerrilla group organised by his cousín Serafín Fernández Ramón (O Santeiro). [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ramonvalledor/ramonvalledor.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6719 landeramemoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/18-de-julio-de-1936-comienza-la.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/biografia.html]

1920 - Revolución Mexicana: Adolfo de la Huerta, Gov. of Sonora is made interim president.

1922 - Juan Portales Casamar (d. 1973), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born into a libertarian family. From an early age, he particiapted, like his brothers and his sister Suceso, in the clandestine struggle with the Andalusian Juventuedes Libertarias (JJLL). In February 1944, during a regional plenum held by the CNT in Seville, he was appointed to the Andalusian Regional Committee of the CNT. From January 1947, he was, with his brother Luis, a member of the Fédération Ibérique des Jeunesses Libertaires (FIJL) and was especially responsible for the distribution of the underground newspapers '//Juventud Libr//e' (FIJL) and '//Tierra y Libertad//' (FAI) - getting paper to the clandestine printing press in the Madrid house of Juan Gomez Casas and then preparing shipments to various regional organisation. He was also defence secretary of the Comitè Peninsular. At the end of 1947, he was arrested in Madrid along with Liberto Sarrau, as was Gómez Casas together with his printing press. The arrest of Gómez Casas was considered by some to be the result of an act of betrayal and that he was 'allowed' to escape in return for information on the printing press. In France he maintained his links with the Peninsular Committee of FIJL and was one of the founders of the Regional Federation of the CNT in Cachan. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6514]

1937 - "On May 24 of this year two persons, accompanied by the Communist mayor, appeared at the home of [Francisco] González Moreno, secretary of the C.N.T. of Mascaraque, and told Moreno that they were messengers from the Lister Brigade and were under orders to arrest him and take him to the city of Mora de Toledo. Moreno at first refused to obey the order, until the Communist mayor of Mascaraque promised to accompany him. But when Moreno had climbed into the waiting auto, the mayor calmly walked off. Next day Moreno was shot behind the Christ Church in Mora de Toledo. In this case there was involved just an ordinary act of revenge, for Moreno, who had formerly been a member of the Communist Party, had left it to join the C.N.T. '//Solidaridad Obrera//', from which we take this account, commented: "Including this new victim there have now been sixty people murdered in Mora de Toledo. Among them were men and women who had done nothing except to belong to the C.N.T. and to condemn the criminal acts of the Communists which kept the neighborhood in terror. Such horrors are not to be explained by the antagonism of different political convictions, nor even by the lust for power of certain advocates of revolution. The perpetrators of crimes so base are simply provocateurs in the service of Fascism. We demand the punishment of the guilty persons. Those in responsible positions in our organisation have always admonished the comrades to dignity and self-control. Now, however, we feel ourselves obliged to bring the horrible crimes which threaten to plunge anti-Fascist Spain into a fraternal war to the knowledge of the public, so that the Spanish people may know who are the real provocateurs among the working class." ('//Solidaridad Obrera//', July 1, 1937.)" [Rudolf Rocker - '//The Tragedy of Spain//' (1937)] [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy.html angelmanuel-gonzalezfernandez.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/los-asesinatos-de-enrique-lister-jesus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Líster [haigography] www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1938/revolution-spain/ch14.htm insurgentnotes.com/2013/10/the-spanish-revolution-past-and-future/ navioanarquico.org/index.php/sangre/represion/all/0]

[C] 1943 - In Bulgaria a march against anti-Semitism leads to stop in Jewish deportations.

1943 - A group of sixteen Jewish teenagers organised by Judith Nowogrodzka, 35, a Communist partisan whose husband Moses had been killed in a Nazi massacre in 1941, escaped from the Bialystok Ghetto. Unable to leave herself, the group, led by Szymon Datner, a teacher, is forced to return to the ghetto the very night they escaped, but succeeded in leaving again and reaching the forests on June 3. They went on to fight as partisans, at first alone and then with units from the Red Army, until the war’s conclusion. Datner survived the war to become an historian specialising in Nazi war crimes in eastern Poland; he died in Warsaw in 1989. Judith Nowogrodzka, who stayed in the ghetto to continue to organize escapes, died in the uprising that was launched in Bialystok on August 16, 1943.

1965 - A strike (May 24 to June 12) at Courtaulds Red Scar Mill in Ribbleton, Preston beaks out at the rayon spinning mill. Led by the Indian Workers Association (IWA) and involving Indian, Pakistani and African-Caribbean workers. It would be the first significant postwar strike by black workers in Britian as action was taken over the management's decision to force Asian workers (who were concentrated with a few West Indians in one area of the labour process) to work more machines for less pay. The strike was not successful but exposed the active collaboration of white workers, local (TGWU) union officials and management against the black workers. [libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ www.marxists.org/archive/foot-paul/1973/xx/racism.html www.k-solutionsgroup.org.uk/downloads/connect-connects-project/cotton-connects-booklet.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/publications/pdfs/Policy Papers in Ethnic Relations/PolicyP No.5.pdf]

1968 - Paris '68: By today — barely two weeks after the great demonstration of May 13 — approximately 10 million workers are on strike. Immense demonstrations continue to occur, while the government plans to call out the army. In the evening battles break out in the streets and on the barricades near the Lyon Station in the Latin Quarter. In the provincial towns street fights break out. De Gaulle goes on TV to announce a referendum. Overnight rioting in Paris sees 795 arrests, and 456 injured. An attempt to torch the Bourse is made. Other incidents throughout France; a Commissaire de Police is killed in Lyon by a truck. Committees for the Defense of the Republic (CDR) are launched.

1975 - A peaceful picket of around 300 anti-fascists trying to stop the NF holding a meeting in Glasgow's Kingston Hall is attacked by 100 truncheon-wielding cops sing 'Flower of Scotland' as they waded into the crowd trying to clear a path for a fascist saluting John Kinsgsley Read, chair of the NF. Sixty-five anti-fascists are arrested, and many were subsequently acquitted when their cases came to court. The police claimed that 18 officers had been treated for injuries but hospital records show not a single admittance. {PR] [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1975/jul/09/national-front-meeting-glasgow]

[A] 1978 - Iris Mills and Ronan Bennett are arrested in Bayswater. They, together with Vince Stevenson, Trevor Dawton, Dafydd Ladd and Stewart Carr are collectively charged with conspiracy in what becomes known as the 'Persons Unknown' case.

1989 - Argentinian Food Riots: Supermarket looting spreads to Rosario [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuquisaca_Revolution es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Chuquisaca]
 * = 25 || 1809 - Revolución de Chuquisaca [Chuquisaca Revolution]: In the wake of the invasion of Spain by Napoleonic forces, the capture of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and the political machinations that followed, a popular uprising against the governor and intendant of Chuquisaca (today Sucre), Ramón García León de Pizarro, breaks out. The Real Audiencia of Charcas [Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas], an appellate court or chancellery, with support from the faculty of University of Saint Francis Xavier, deposed the governor and formed a governing junta. The revolution is known in Bolivia as the 'Primer grito libertario' (First libertarian scream), the first step in the Spanish American wars of independence (a description disputed by many historians).

1810 - Revolución de Mayo: The resignation of the Spanish Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros as head of the newly formed government, the Primera Junta, marks the end of the Semana de Mayo and the beginning of the establishment of the republic of Argentina. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Mayo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution]

1871 - Defeat of the Paris Commune: Only Butte aux Cailles still resists. The Left Bank is now in the hands of the reactionaries of Versailles, which begins summarily executing the Communards with a machine-gun.

1900 - Francesco Carmagnola (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and labour organiser, born. Forced in 1922 into exile in Australia for his radical ideas and political record. Pivotal anarchist/anti-fascist in the Italian community in Australia, Carmagnola led the 1934 Canecutters' strike.

1905 - [O.S. May 12] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A strike breaks out amongst the textile workers in the Bolshevik stronghold of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский), marking the start of a general strike that lasted 72 days and at its peak involved 70,000 workers. Only hunger forced the workers to be satisfied partial concessions entrepreneurs and resume work. Under the leadership of a Bolshevik group, headed by 20-year-old Mikhail Frunze (Михаил Фрунзе), that had taken the decision to strike yesterday, the strikers demand an eight-hour day, higher wages, abolition of fines, the elimination of the factory police, freedom of speech, of association, of the press, of strikes, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительного собрания ), and others. These events have resulted in the creation of the the first workers Soviet in Russian history. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1911 - Rioting in Mexico City. Porfirio Diaz resigns and boards the German liner Ypiranga. Foreign Minister Francisco Leon de la Barra becomes interim president. Diaz: 'Madero has unleashed a tiger; let’s see if he can ride it."' Diaz dies in Paris four years later.

[C] 1926 - Samuel Schwartzbard, a young Jewish anarchist poet and watchmaker, assassinates Simon Petliura (Petlyura) in Paris in revenge for the Ukraine pogroms of 1919-1920 against Jews (directed by Petliura, a rightwing nationalist and former Hetman of Ukrainian armies) and the murder of his own family members.

1937 - Francisco González Moreno (b. unknown), Secretary of the Sindicato Único de Oficios Varios of the CNT in Mascaraque (Toledo) and an ex-communist, is shot by members of the Lister Brigade (XLVI Brigada Mixta) behind the Christus Church in Mora de Toledo, the 60th CNT member to be executed by the Stalinist hatchetman Enrique Líster Forján and his troops. González Moreno had made a number of unsuccessful attempts at escape since his 'arrest' the previous day. [see: May 24] NB: Lister would go on to lead the attacks on the anarchist rural collectives in Aragon in August 1937, part of the Communist-dominated Generalitat's plans of erradicating all, especially anarchist, opposition to the PCE's domination of the Revolution. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy.html angelmanuel-gonzalezfernandez.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/los-asesinatos-de-enrique-lister-jesus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Líster [haigography] www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1938/revolution-spain/ch14.htm insurgentnotes.com/2013/10/the-spanish-revolution-past-and-future/ navioanarquico.org/index.php/sangre/represion/all/0]

[D] 1968 - May Uprisings: Fearing the soldiers will fight side-by-side with the workers and students, and fearing radicalization of the military, the French government had called up reservists and kept the soldiers in isolation. The government, employers' federation and unions met to negotiate a country-wide pact called the Grenelle accords. France's state radio and television goes on strike: no TV-news at 20:00.

1975 - Alberto Brasili and his partner Lucia Corna are attacked outside the HQ of the Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI - anti-fascist partisan organisation) on the via Mascagni in Milan by five fascists MSI members after he had ripped down a fascist (Partito di Giorgio Almirante) poster in Piazza San Babila. Alberto was stabbed five times and died shortly after his arrival at the hospital. Lucia, stabbed twice, survived only because the blade missed his heart by a few centimeters. The film '//San Babila ore 20: un delitto inutile//' (1976) directed by Carlo Lizzani is based on this tragedy. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Brasili it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Babila_ore_20:_un_delitto_inutile]

1977 - José Ledo Limia (b. 1900), Galician anarchist agitator and Civil War fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 30] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 26 || [D] 1848 - Today and tomorrow, the citizens of Vienna take to the streets, erecting barricades to prepare for a potential army offensive after the draft consitution had been rejected as it failed to include provisions for universal male sufferage.

1871 - Paris Commune: Battles at the Bastille and Villette, the Communards are defeated this evening at Belleville and Père Lachaise. The Versailles forces assassinate casualties in their ambulances; a crowd seeks revenge by executing 50 hostages on rue Haxo, despite the protests of Eugene Varlin.

1905 - [O.S. May 13] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: 30,000-40,000 workers gather in front of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building (now Revolution Square ), at which thier list of demands is read. It is decided to hold a fundraiser in support of the strikers as well as to begin electing a Board of Workers' Deputies to carry out negotiations with the employers. In the evening a second meeting is held on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка) at which the norm for representation is established: one deputy per 500 workers. Voting began and by the end of the meeting 50 representatives had been chosen. The elections would continue over the following three days and result in 151 delegates. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[C] 1944 - Insurrectional General Strike against the Nazis is called in Marseille; A US bombing raid on Marseille kills 6,000 in the workers' districts.

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: At midnight on the night of May 26-27 the Casbah is surrounded preventing anyone from entering or leaving. The operation operation involves 1,500 plainclothes and uniformed police and elements of the army and navy representing more than 6,000 men. At 04:00 the encirclement is complete and speaker cars tour the streets, telling residents to stay home, not to oppose the police, to avoid incidents. Checks and searches begin, conducted by police, the CRS and gendarmes with every street and alley and numerous houses destined to be searched' a hge undertaking when one consider that the Kasbah was then home to over 80,000 Muslims. At dawn, a helicopter starts to turn over the Arab town, watching the terraces and monitoring any suspicious gatherings. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-rafle monstre.html]

1968 - France '68: The May Days continue. A General Strike has essentially paralyzed the government which is on the verge of collapse.

1989 - Argentinian Food Riots: Looting spreads across Argentina and continues sporadicaly over the following 2 months, with the main peak between May 29-31. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Argentina_de_1989 www.pimsa.secyt.gov.ar/publicaciones/DT4.pdf] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 27 || 1848 - The citizens of Vienna continue to take to the streets, erecting barricades to prepare for a potential army offensive after the draft consitution had been rejected as it failed to include provisions for universal male sufferage. [see: May 26]

1857 - Heinrich Emil Maximilian (Max) Hödel (d. 1878), German anarchist who tried to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I on May 11 1878, born.

1871 - Semaine Sanglante (Bloody Week). Desperate combat by the Communards ends in the Père Lachaise cemetery. The Communards are lined up and shot against the wall — which becomes known as "mur des fédérés", in honour to their memory.

1879 - Alberto Meschi (d. 1958), Italian anarchist, trade union organiser, writer, and anti-fascist, who fought in Spain with the Rosselli Column from 1936 up to the fall of the Republic, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/55-alberto-meschi- militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7192 libcom.org/history/meschi-alberto-1879-1958]

1890 - André René Valet (d. 1912), French illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang, born. Met the circle of anarchistes involved in the paper '//L'Anarchie//', edited by Victor Serge and Rirette Maitrejean, some of whom were also future Gang members. Valet was killed in a shootout with the police and the army, 15 May 1912 in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne.

1905 - [O.S. May 14] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A meeting is held in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council building, which is attended by the Governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев), newly arrived from Vladimir (Владимира), accompanied by a battalion of infantry. At the meeting the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) states that the employers refuse to discuss the workers demands in a general meeting and propose to discuss them separately, with elected representatives at each enterprise and who will be immune from prosecution according to the governor. The workers reject this proposal. Svirsky is informed that the strike will continue until all the demands are fully satisfied and that the workers have nominated their representatives for the collective negotiations. In the evening a meeting of industrialists decide not to give in to the strikers, and appealed to the governor not to use force in order not to stir up the crowd and aggravate the situation. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 14] Battle of Tsushima [Цусимское сражение / 日本海海戦]: During today and tomorrow, the Russian Baltic Fleet is annihilated off Japan; the entire Russian Baltic Fleet being destroyed or taken captive by the Japanese. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1911 - Jerzy Zbigniew Złotowski aka 'Poręba' (d. 1944), Polish architectural engineer, syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. He part in the defence of Poland during the Nazi invasion as a member of Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army)[Grupa 'Północ' (Group 'North')]. From November 1939, he was a member of Central Committee of the Związek Syndykalistów Polskich (ZSP; Union of Polish Syndicalists). Lieutenant and then commanding officer of the ZSP Headquarters Combat Units. During Warsaw Uprising, he was an officer in 104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich (Company 104 of the Union of Polish Syndicalists) in the Old Town and of the Syndicalist Brigade (PAL) in Śródmieście. On September 30, 1944, he fell in combat on the corner of Krucza St. and Wspolna St. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/brygada-syndykalistyczna-w-powstaniu-warszawskim/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ zsp.net.pl/syndykalisci-w-powstaniu-warszawskim pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Związek_Syndykalistów_Polskich www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Jerzy_Zlotowski]

1935 - Battle of Ballantyne Pier: The lock-out of Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association (VDWWA) members that led to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier begins. [see: Jun. 18] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier libcom.org/history/1935-battle-ballantyne-pier]

1942 - Operation Anthropoid: A joint operation between the Special Operations Executive and Czechoslovak Resistance to ambush and kill SS-Obergruppenführer and General der Polizei Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office, RSHA), the combined security services of Nazi Germany, and acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, is almost botched. A sunny morning, First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka (b. 1915), Sergeants Josef Valčík (b. 1914), Jozef Gabčík (b. 1912) and Jan Kubiš (b. 1913) waited on a street corner in the Praha suburb of Kobilisi for the approach of the car carrying Heydrich on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Having been signal by Valčík that the open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B was approaching, Gabčík armed with a Sten sub-machine gun, jumped out in front of the car as it slowed down to take the corner and pulled the trigger. The gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver to stop the car and, as stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade concealed in a briefcase at the vehicle. It exploded near the car, injuring Heydrich and Kubiš with shrapnel and Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but missed. Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Heydrich ordered his driver to chase Gabčík but ended up getting shot and seriously wounded. Seperated, Gabčík and Kubiš made it to a safe house, convinced that the attack had failed. Meanwhile, Heydrich was taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. He was operated on to reinflate the collapsed left lung, remove the tip of the fractured rib, suture the torn diaphragm, insert several catheters and remove the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material. He went on to develop septicemia, lapsed into a coma and eventually died at 4:30 on the morning of June 4. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. On June 9, 1942, the village of Lidice was destroyed, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled. According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals. The investigation continued, but the Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of 's 'Out Distance' sabotage group was arrested and questioned by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda's betrayal of several safe houses ultimately led to Gabčík, Kubiš, Opálka and Valčík, together with fellow combattants Josef Bublík, Jan Hrubý and Jaroslav Švarc, being tracked to the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague on June 18, 1942. At 16:15, the church was besieged by 800 soldiers of the Wehrmacht Heer and Waffen-SS. After a seven-hours fight, the outnumbered group of paratroopers fell. All died, with Adolf Opálka committing suicide after having being injured by shrapnel. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18183099 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Gabčík en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kubiš en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Opálka en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Valčík en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no1/html/v04i1a01p_0001.htm www.usmbooks.com/heydrich_reward_poster.html]

1943 - The first unified meeting of French Résistance groups took place, chaired by Jean Moulin; it recognized de Gaulle as the leader of the movement. Moulin would be betrayed to the Gestapo a month later, dying en route to a concentration camp.

1947 - Anarchist //guerrillero// Enrique Marco Nadal arrested. Condemned to death in 1949, his sentence is commuted to 30 years imprisonment.

1963 - Grigoris Lambrakis (Greek: Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; b. 1912), Greek resistance fighter, leftist politician, physician, and track and field athlete, dies from the injuries he received in a rather hapless assassination attempt on May 22. [see: Apr. 3]

1968 - The Upheavals of May '68 continue. The agreements of Grenelle (signed between employers and the trade unions), ratifies a wage increase, but is rejected by the workers who heap abuse on the trade-union representatives.

1980 - Gwangju (or Kwangju) Uprising (May 18-27) / May 18 Democratic Uprising [5·18 민중항쟁]: In Gwangju, South Korea, martial law forces (25,000 troops from 5 divisions) move into the downtown area, overcoming the limited resistance of the people's militia (armed with looted police weapons), who mostly surrender. Official civilain casualties during the Gwangju Uprising (May 18-27): 165 killed, 76 missing, 3,515 injured. Whilst 23 soldiers and 4 policemen were killed, including 13 soldiers killed in a 'friendly-fire' incident. However, many claim that up to 2,000 South Koreans dead as the army massacre hundreds of unarmed civilians. [expand] [ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5·18_광주_민주화_운동 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising]

[C] 1989 - Around 100 anti-fascists from AFA and Red Action amongst others, occupy the announced rally point at Marble Arch for a secret gig, aka 'The Main Event' [//sic//], "somewhere in London" organised by the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour group [protests had already forced the not-so-secret' original venue at Camden Town Hall to cancel]. The anti-fascists spend all afternoon picking off the fash as they arrive in ones and two, groups and via coaches. [libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/11-marble-arch-blood-and-honour-gig-london-1989 libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/appendix-5-text-of-anti-fascist-action-leaflet-1999]

[D] 1997 - Masakra e Cërrikut [Cërrik Massacre]: Six army officers from the Garda e Republikës are killed and 20 injured by rebels as they ambush 3 armoured vehicles in Cërrik during the 1997 rebellion in Albania. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Cërrik sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_e_Cërrikut] ||
 * = 28 || 1853 - José Julián Martí Pérez (d. 1895), Cuban Revolutionary, born.

[A/D] 1871 - The Paris Commune is finally defeated today with 20,000 people executed during the Semaine Sanglante (Bloody Week). Amongst those executed today is Eugene Varlin (b. 1839), an anarchist bookbinder who was elected a member of the Commune.

1882 - Fortuné Henry (b. 1821), French libertarian journalist and poet, who was one of the most influential figures in the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Jul. 20]

1897 - Carl Nold and Henry Bauer are convicted and imprisoned for aiding in Alexander Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Frick, are released from the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh. Berkman remained in prison for many years and his book '//Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist//' is now considered one of the masterpieces of prison literature.

1897 - Camillo Berneri (d. 1937), Italian professor of philosophy, propagandist and anarchist militant and theorist, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Camillo_Berneri it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Berneri libcom.org/history/berneri-luigi-camillo-1897-1937 flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/bio.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/spancivwar/BerneriCamilloSW.pdf www.cenerentola.info/index.php/english/1253-camillo-berneri-and-the-racist-delirium]

1897 - The Rome Assize Court sentences the young anarchist Pietro Acciarito to life with hard labour for his failed attempt to stab King Umberto I on April 22, 1897.

1905 - [O.S. May 15] Battle of Tsushima [Цусимское сражение / 日本海海戦]: The battle ends with the decimation of the Russian Baltic Fleet off Japan; the entire Russian Baltic Fleet being destroyed or taken captive by the Japanese. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. May 15] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Meetings are held across the city to elect the final delegates. The Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов), which consists of 151 delegates, including 25 women, gathers at 18:00 in the city council building. More than half of the deputies in Russia's first city-wide Soviet are members of the RSDLP (according to the Bolsheviks themselves), and at least 2 (and possibly 3) are spies for the secret police. The engraver and poet Nozdrin Abner Yevstigneyevich (Ноздрин Авенир Евстигнеевич) is elected to the chair. Guarded by workers in the square, they send their demands directly to the individual factory owners. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1916 - Karl Liebknecht is sentenced at secret trial to thirty months' penal servitude at a secret trial following his arrest during the Spartacists' anti-war demonstration on May 1 in Belin. Following the public prosecutor request for secrecy, Liebknecht exclaimed: "It is cowardice on your part, gentlemen. Yes, I repeat, that you are cowards if you close these doors." Nevertheless, the court decided to exclude the public, upon which Liebknecht cried to his wife and Rosa Luxemburg, in the audience, "Leave this comedy, where everything, including even the decision, has been prepared beforehand." Following the announcement of the sentence on Liebknecht, the Potsdamerplatz in Berlin was the scene of a serious outbreak of rioting. The Revolutionary Steward organise mass protest strikes against Liebknecht's sentence for the following day. tIn Berlin, at least 55,000 people are involved and protest strikes and demonstrations also take place in other cities. [www.gutenberg.org/files/39023/39023.txt]

1924 - The 'Torturer of Barcelona', Rogelio Pérez, is killed by //anarquistas//, during uprisings sparked by the revolt in Vera de Bidassoa. José Llacer and Juan Montejo, members of the anarcho-syndicalist union CNT, are accused of the assassination, along with attacking the Atarazanas barracks on November 6th, and executed on November 10th.

1926 - A military coup today forces Portuguese anarchists to move their planned congress and relocate it to Valencia, Spain, where it proceeds surreptitiously on July 25, 1927.

1931 - Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist Michele Schirru (b. 1899), having acknowledged his intention to kill Mussolini, is quickly found guilty and sentenced to death. He is shot early tomorrow morning at Fort Braschi. [www.socialismolibertario.it/schirru.htm]

1957 - Melouza Massacre: FLN guerrillas massacre 303 Muslim villagers of Melouza (Mechta - Kasbah) under the pretext that they were Messali Hadj's Mouvement National Algérian (MNA, Algerian National Movement), a FLN rival. The FLN then drop leaflets blaming French 'pacification' for the massacre. [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/terreur-massacres-melouza.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Melouza]

1968 - Students occupy the University of Madrid. Cops raid all the buildings and dislodge the occupiers. The state forcibly closes the University.

1968 - Daniel Cohn-Bendit makes a clandestine return to France. Mitterrand proposed a transitional government headed by Mendès France.

[C] 1974 - Piazza della Loggia bombing: Eight Italian anti-Fascists are killed and over ninety injured in a bomb attack on an anti-Fascist demo in Brescia, Italy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing]

2009 - Julien Coupat (alleged author of the Coming Insurrection) released on bail by French police.

2013 - Gezi Park Protests: During the morning around 50 environmentalists begin camping out in Gezi Park in order to prevent its demolition. [The protesters initially halt attempts to bulldoze the park by refusing to leave. The occupation and defence of the square would last until May 15 when the police managed to clear it despite stiff opposition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gezi_Park_protests tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Gezi_Parkı_protestoları tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Taksim_Gezi_Parkı_protestoları_zaman_çizelgesi]

2013 - Stockholm police report that the situation was "back to normal" with no rioting, only a few torched cars, and no reports of unrest in other Swedish towns after more than a weeks worth of rioting following the May 13 shooting dead of a man in Husby by cops. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/29th-may-1812-trials-of-thomas-brookes.html]
 * = 29 || 1812 - The trials of Thomas Brookes, Hannah Smith and other Middleton rioters at Lancaster Special Commission.

1830 - Louise Michel (d. 1905), French anarchist, Paris Communard and revolutionary hero, born at the Chateau of Vroncourt, France. As well as the numerous theoretical texts and essays she wrote, she also published a number of books of poems, including '//À Travers la Vie//' (Through Life; 1894), '//La Fille du Peuple//' (1883) and '//L'Ère Nouvelle, Pensée Dernière, Souvenirs de Calédonie//' (The New Era, Final Thought, Memories of Caledonia; 1887) [prisoners' songs and poems]. [www.ac-creteil.fr/lycees/93/lmichelbobigny/louise/chrono/chrono.htm libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf]

1896 - Giuseppe Faravelli (d. 1974), Italian socialist and anti-fascist, who was involved in the Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom) movement, born. [www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-faravelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/giuseppe-faravelli/]

1905 - [O.S. May 16] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) city council calls manufacturers to a meeting with the governor and the Factory Inspectorate. At a strike meeting in the main square, the factory inspector Svirsky (Свирский) announces the rejection of the workers demands. A meeting of the Workers' Council vows to carry on with the strike. Two battalions of the 10th Little Russian Grenadier Regiment (10-го гренадёрского Малороссийского полка) have arrived from Vladimir (Владимира). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[D] 1919 - The Republic of Prekmurje (Vendvidéki Köztársaság/Murska Republika) declares independence from the Hungarian Soviet Republic, remaining in existence just 8 days before being reoccupied. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendvidéki_Köztársaság]

1922 - In Macau, Portuguese army and police open fire on 10,000 protesters outside the police station demanding the release of three Chinese barbers who beat up soldiers for sexually harrassing a Chinese woman. Seventy people are shot dead and over 100 people beaten. A general strike is declared.

[C] 1931 - Michele Schirru (b. 1899), 32-year-old Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist, is executed by a fascist firing squad in Rome having admitted his intention to assassinate Mussolini. [see: Oct. 19]

1937 - Maximino Nardo Imbernón Cano (d. 2008), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. The son of Jesus Imbernón, he remained in Barcelona with his mother at the end of the Civil War (and taking the Catholic saint's name Maximino for safety sake), they were unable to join his father in Paris until the border reopened in 1948. Attracted to libertarian ideas, by the early 1950s he was a member of the FIJL. With the reunification of the CNT in exile in 1960, which had followed the creation of Defensa Interior (DI) 2 years earlier, his Parisian home became a focus for the clandestine activities of DI. On 21 September 1963, following the execution of Joaquín Delgado and Francisco Granado in Madrid and collaboration between the French and Spanish police, he was arrested along with a dozen other FIJL militants. On October 19, he and Cipriano Mera were released and he rejoined the solidarity campaigns for those comrades imprisoned in Spain and France. In the late 1960s, he was one of the groups and activists who, having been excluded from the CNT following the split occurred at the 1965 Congress in Montpellier, began publishing the newspaper '//Frente Libertario//' then formed at a conference in Narbonne the Grupos de Presencia Confederal y Libertaria (GPCL). Following the death of Franco, he was involved in the reintergration of the CNT in Spain. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4247 www.cgtmurcia.org/index.php/ensenanza1/23-cultural/memorialibertaria/117-homenaje-a-nardo-imbernon www.cedall.org/Documentacio/Castella/cedall203140601_Freddy Gomez Frente Libertario FIJL.htm]

1968 - In the midst of the Upheavals of 1968, de Gaulle, having cancelled a weekly ministerial meeting disappears with his wife and aides to widespread public consternation. He holds a secret meeting with General Massu, who leads 20,000 French troops stationed in West Germany, to use the military to defeat the protests.

1969 - Primer Rosariazo [First Rosariazo] / Córdobazo: A wildcat General Strike breaks out in the city of Córdoba, which brings police repression provoking two days of massive rioting throughout the Córdoba province, involving students and workers in the car and heavy industries, an episode of civil uprising later termed the Córdobazo. The following day the CGT called for national strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo www.busarg.com.ar/rosariazo.htm www.unr.edu.ar/noticia/1537/recordando-el-rosariazo- vientoencontra2009.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/segundo-rosariazo-por-leonidas-ceruti.html laterminalrosario.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/rosario-1969/] || The events in Fobbing mark the beginning of a peasant insurrection that raged across England throughout the first half of June, and into July as the rebels are hunted down by the King's men seeking revenge. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 30 || [AA/DD] 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Peasants chase Thomas Bampton, a member of Parliament, a Justice of the Peace and the king's tax collector, who had come to Essex to investigate the non-payment of the poll tax, out of the village of Fobbing in Essex. Bampton and two sergeants had attempted to arrest Thomas Baker, the village's representative, when he had declared that his village had already paid their taxes, and that no more money would be forthcoming. The well-organised villagers, armed with old bows and sticks, attacked them and Bampton fled back to London.

1812 - The trials of Barton and Worsley food rioters and Bolton illegal oath giver/takers at Lancaster Special Commission [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/30th-may-1812-trials-of-barton-worsley.html]

1814 - Mikhail Bakunin (d. 1876), Russian anarchist theorist and assassin of God, born in the village of Pryamukhino near Moscow. [expand] [ Costantini pic ]

1831 - Large Reform Rally at Twyn y Waun led by dissident radicals including Cyfartha coal miner Thomas Llywelyn. Issues raised at this rally are reformist and relating to trade union rights under banners which declare ‘Reform in Parliament' but also ‘God Save William IV’. The event takes place just 2 days before the Merthyr Rising broke out. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

[D] 1842 - 19-year-old out-of-work carpenter John Francis attempts to assassinate Queen Victoria as she drives down Constitution Hill with Albert. [www.bjc.me.uk/2012/07/john-francis.html www.queenvictoriaonline.com/Assassination-Attempts-on-Queen-Victoria.html]

1894 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: At the trial of the fasci leaders, the sentences were handed down: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail. The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and in the United States. In Palermo a group of students went to the Teatro Bellini and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of Garibaldi. The theatre audience applauded loudly. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani salvatoreloleggio.blogspot.com/2010/03/il-processo-ai-fasci-siciliani-1894.html ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2009/02/05/il-tribunale-militare-fu-un-abuso-di.html sellerio.it/it/catalogo/Processo-Imperfetto-1894-Fasci-Siciliani-Sbarra/Messina/1806 cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1893c.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Petrina en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Felice_Giuffrida it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Felice_Giuffrida]

1905 - [O.S. May 17] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев) returns to Vladimir (Владимира), where he issues a decree banning meetings in the city from May 30 onwards. In response, meetings are moved outside the city to the left bank of the River Talka (Реки Талка). Meanwhile, the bosses attempt to resume production using blacklegs (штрекбрехеров) and further military, police and Cossack reinforcements arrive. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Pio Turroni (d. 1982), Italian anarchist and long-time anti-fascist militant, born. Fled to Belgium in 1923, to escape the repression of the Italian fascist government, then to France in 1925. He also fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, and long-time publisher of '//Volontà//'. [www.nestormakhno.info/italian/turroni.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Pio_Turroni]

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata declares war on Victoriano Huerta. Pancho Villa defeats federal force at San Andres.

1924 - Giacomo Matteotti (b. 1885), Italian socialist member of parliament and prominent opponent of the Fascist regime, speaks out in the Italian Parliament alleging the Fascists committed fraud in the recently held elections, and denouncee the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later he is kidnapped and killed by Fascists. [see: May 22 & Jun. 10]

1925 - Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工]: Sikh police under British command opened fire on a crowd of Chinese demonstrators at the Shanghai International Settlement in what became known as the May Thirtieth Incident (五卅惨案). At least 9 demonstrators are killed, and many others wounded and led to the formation of the May Thirtieth Movement (五卅运动) and the 16 month-long Hong Kong General Strike (省港大罷工). [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

1937 - Memorial Day Massacre: Chicago Police Department shoot and kill ten unarmed demonstrators at the Republic Steel plant in south Chicago as the crowd tries to flee.

1948 - Salvador Puig Antich (b. 1974), Spanish anarchist militant and member of the Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), who was executed by garrote vil despite worldwide protests after being found guilty of the death of a Guardia Civil policeman, born. [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Puig_Antich salvadorpuigantich.info/?sec=biografia estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/118095 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2103-biografia-de-salvador-puig-antich-anarquista-ejecutado-por-el-regimen-franquista.html iberianature.com/spain_culture/culture-and-history-of-spain-e/the-execution-of-salvador-puig-antic/ www.altresbarcelones.com/2009/09/l-ultim-beure-d-en-salvador.html www.solfed.org.uk/salvador-puig-antich-the-movimiento-ibérico-de-liberación www.katesharpleylibrary.net/05qg6g www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?mot12 www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=181422 www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20140302/54401716600/salvador-puig-antich-ejecucion-garrote-vil-anarquismo-mil-franquismo-espana.html elpais.com/tag/salvador_puig_antich/a/]

[CC] 1961 - Dominican Republic dicator Rafael Trujillo (b. 1891), nicknamed El Jefe, is assassinated. His 31 years in power is considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas. More than 50,000 people, including 20,000 to 30,000 in the infamous Parsley Massacre, died under his tyrannical rule. Trujillo's son, Ramfis (Rafael Leónidas Trujillo) Martínez, returned from Paris to assume control, directing the security forces to hunt down all known participants in the assassination plot. Hundreds of suspects were detained, many tortured and the wives of the ten conspirators were imprisoned in the La Victoria Penitentiary while their husbands were tracked down. The hiding place of Antonio de la Maza and General Juan Tomás Díaz was betrayed, and they were surrounded and killed by the forces of the Servicio de Inteligencia Militar. Lieutenant Amado García Guerrero, wounded in the foot, was tracked down to his aunt's house and killed. The house was later destroyed by shelling. Miguel Ángel Báez Díaz and brothers la Maza (Ernesto, Bolívar, Mario and Pablo) were tortured and killed in prison. General Antonio Imbert Barreras and Luis Amiama Tió managed to avoid capture, as did Manuel de Ovín Filpo. However, Modesto Díaz Quezada, Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera, Huascar Antonio Tejada Pimentel, Roberto Pastoriza Neret, Salvador Estrella Sadhalá a.k.a. 'El Turco' and Luis Manuel Cáceres Michel were captured and, on November 18, 1961, they were taken from La Victoria to the notorious Hacienda Maria, where they were shot one by one, placed as targets for shooting practice on a concrete platform over the pool. It is presumed that their bodies were thrown into the sea. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13560512 www.noticiasdelpais.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7812:biografia-de-la-semana-ajusticiamiento-del-tirano-trujillo&catid=25:biografia-de-la-semana&Itemid=80]

1968 - In France, the trains don't run, airports closed; millions of workers have barricaded themselves within their factories and offices; football players have occupied their stadiums; there is no mail and it is almost impossible to make a phone call; Universities are closed; France is in the middle of a massive General Strike. By radio, de Gaulle announces the dissolution of the National Assembly and says the elections will take place within the normal timetable. Georges Pompidou remain Prime Minister. An allusion is made that force will be used to maintain order, if necessary. Tens of thousands of government supporters march from Concorde to the Etoile.

[A] 1972 - Trial of `Stoke Newington Eight' accused of conspiracy to cause Angry Brigade bombings, begins in No 1 Court at the Old Bailey in London. This was to be the longest trial in the history of the British legal system.

2006 - Militant anti-fascists attack a BNP meeting in Starbeck, North Yorkshire throwing half bricks through the windows, showering the speakers, including Nick Griffin, with glass and debris. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/06/342131.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 31 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Following yesterday's events in Fobbing, a local bailiff, John Geoffrey, attempted to rally support in the area to take on the rebels.

[1793 - Journées Révolutionnaires du 31 Mai et du 2 Juin 1793 [Insurrection of May 31 – June 2 1793]: One of the key insurrections of the French Revolution results in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Club des Jacobins, and Montagnards in the National Convention. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_–_2_June_1793 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_du_31_mai_et_du_2_juin_1793]

1826 - The Parisian Criminal Court of the Seine, ordered the destruction of Denis Diderot's novel '//Jacques le Fataliste et son Maître//' (1796) and condemns the editor to one month in prison. Other works of Diderot experience for state censorship outrage to public morals, including '//La Religieuse//' (in 1824 and 1826), where even '//Bijoux Indiscrets//' (in 1835).

1831 - Merthyr Rising: An attempt by bailiffs from the Court of Requests to seize goods from the home of Lewis Lewis, known as Lewsyn yr Heliwr (Lewis the Huntsman) provides the spark that ignites the Rising. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx]

1831 - Merthyr Rising: Thomas Llywelyn attempts to hold another reform rally at Hirwaun Common [see: May 30]. Here however his 'Reformism' platform runs into the more militant men of Hirwaun, who seemed intent on more radical measures. Their purpose is to put right more immediate wrongs and has more to do with a long tradition of struggle for natural justice. Thomas Llywelyn then leads his trade unionists off on a march to Aberdare to seek workers' justice in term of labour rights; improved conditions and wages. Back on Hirwaun Common other more militant matters are being considered, which would come to an head tomorrow. [democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/]

[B] 1836 - Jean-Baptiste Clement (d. 1903), French communard and author of the famous song '//The Time of Cherries//', born. Clement was sent to prison a number of times for his writings and lampoons.

1897 - Rudolf von Scheliha (d. 1942), German diplomat and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who was hanged in Plötzensee Prison as a members of the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. The son of a Prussian squire. He served as an army officer in World War I, studied law in Breslau where he joined pro-republic and anti-totalitarian circles, was elected to the student council and campaigned against the anti-Semetic excess of some of the student bodies. He joined the German Foreign Service in 1922 and as a member of the German Embassy in Warsaw he became aware of the atrocities committed in the name of the Third Reich under the Nazi regime. After the outbreak of World War II, he was appointed head of an information department in the Foreign Office, which enabled him to check the veracity of the reports and surveys carried out by Nazi officials abroad. In this position, he often protested to Nazi crimes against German departments in Poland. He also used his contacts to help his Polish and Jewish friends to escape abroad and secretly put together a collection of documents about the atrocities of the Gestapo, and in particular the murder of Jews in Poland, that contained photographs of the newly established extermination camps, in an attempt to make the world aware of the impending systematic murder of the Jewish people. In June 1941, he showed the dossier to the Polish Countess Klementyna Mankowska who visited him in Berlin, to make these details known to the Polish resistance movement and the Allies. Long suspected by the Gestapo for his critical attitude, he was arrested on October 29, 1942 Scheliha was arrested by the Gestapo as one of the first alleged members of the Rote Kapelle [the Soviet authorities had tried to get their agents to contact him in the autumn of 1942 but von Scheliha never had any direct contact with the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack circle]. Accused of being a paid Soviet agent, he was charged with treason and confessed under torture. At his tried he retracted his confession and was sentenced on December 14 to death by hanging. He was executed in Plötzensee Prison on December 22 alongside members of the Rote Kapelle group. Amongst his last recorded words during the trial were: "I'm not to blame for what I'm being accused, I have accepted no cash amounts, I die a pure heart." [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Scheliha]

1905 - In Paris a bomb is tossed into a procession headed by French President Loubet and the King of Spain, Alphonse XIII. They were not hurt, but several people were wounded. The Spanish anarchist Alexander Farras (or Avino) is responsible, but never caught. Four anarchists, including Charles Malato, were arrested November 27, tried and acquitted of complicity in the attack.

1906 - In Madrid the young anarchist Mateo Morral tosses a bomb (hidden in a bunch of flowers) at King Alphonso XIII's royal wedding party.

1968 - In France, the cabinet is reshuffled and elections are announced for June 23 & 30. Exchange controls are re-established and demonstrations of support for the government are held throughout France.

1982 - Canadian anarchists Direct Action blow up a BC Hydro power substation.

1984 - Six Death Row prisoners overpower guards and escape in stolen uniforms from Mecklenberg Correctional Centre, Virginia.

2000 - Mexico City: Protesting teachers burn pamphlets at a fence around the Los Pinos presidential residence as riot police attempt to protect the building. Teachers from various Mexican states have been protesting for better wages and education reform since May 15.

[D] 2003 - Hundreds of people occupied a train from Annemasse to Geneva, getting across the border for free before joining protests outside the headquarters of the World Trade Organisation prior to the Evian G8 Summit.

[A] 2010 - Israeli naval commandos attack a peace flotilla of six boats taking aid to Gaza, murdering nine activists.

2012 - Country-wide 'cacerolazo' involving approximately one million people in the capital alone takes place in Argentina against the Kirchnerite government, specifically against the introduction of controls on the foreign currency exchange market, the rampant crime rates, a sense of disruption and infringement of civil rights due to increasingly interventionist policies by the tax agencies and the numerous corruption allegations levelled against the government and policymakers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo] ||

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = JUNE ||
 * = 1 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Rebels in Essex kill three of Bampton's clerks and several of the Brentwood townsfolk who had agreed to act as jurors. Meanwhile, the revolt was rapidly growing as villagers spread the news across the region.

1648 - Moscow Uprising [Московское восстание 1648] / Salt Riot [Соляной бунт]: One of the largest urban uprisings in the middle of the XVII century in Russia, the mass action of the lower and middle layers of the urban population, urban artisans, and serfs, provoked the government's replacement of different taxes with a universal salt tax for the purpose of replenishing the state treasury after the Time of Troubles (Смутное время). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Соляной_бунт]

1649 - '//A declaration from the poor oppressed people of England, directed to all those that call themselves, or are called Lords of Manors, through this nation; That have begun to cut, or that through fear and covetousness, do intend to cut down the Woods and Trees that grow upon the Commons and Waste Land//' published by the Diggers.

1771 - A crowd of women is arrested while destroying the fences around Rewhay Common, England. Another group of women marched to Burton-on-Trent where they freed their comrades and carry them away in triumph.

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: Workers march on Merthyr. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1857 - Washington Know-Nothing Riot: So named after the American Party, commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, an American political party that aimed to 'purify' American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics, Germans and other immigrants. The Washington riot took place when a band of American Party rowdies, including members of the Plug Uglies, Rip Raps, and Shiffler Fire Company from Philadelphia, travelled by train from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. to assist local party members in controlling the polls at a municipal election. After word of their arrival spread and rioting began at several polls, President James Buchanan called out United States Marines from the Navy Yard to quell the fighting. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing_Riot exhibits.library.villanova.edu/chaos-in-the-streets-the-philadelphia-riots-of-1844/know-nothings/]

1906 - In Mexico a bloody copper miners' strike begins in Cananea, Sonora. The miners demand "Cinco pesos y ocho horas de trabajo!" (Five pesos and an eight hour day).

1907 - In Los Angeles, Ricardo Flores Magón, Librado Rivera and Antonio I. Villarreal, all on the run with bounties on their heads (25,000 dollars for Ricardo), clandestinely publish the premier issue of '//Revolución//' in Los Angeles. Arrested without warrants on August 23rd, the paper was continued by other Mexican revolutionary anarchists, Praxedis G. Guerrero, Manuel Sarabia and Lazano Gutierrez de Lara, until January 1908 when US authorities arrest Gutierrez de Lara ad Sarabia and 'Revolución' is suppressed. [sites.google.com/site/magonistaorg/1907-los-angeles]

1915 - Battle of Trinidad / Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa masses 19,500 horsemen and 6,000 cavalry against Alvaro Obregon's 9,400 cavalry and 14,500 infantry. Obregon loses right arm to shellfire. Hill succeeds him. Villa's forces are exhaust during repeated assaults. Villa has 8,000 causalities and retreats north, his days as a leader of a large northern army are over. Venustiano Carranza now shifts his attention to the south to deal with Emiliano Zapata in Morelos and dispatches General Pablo Gonzalzez, known as the general who never won a battle. Despite using terror tactics, is unable to defeat Emiliano Zapata.

1919 - Rosa Luxemburg's corpse is found.

1919 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon announces he will run for president.

1925 - Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工]: Martial law is declared in Shanghai as a General Strike begins, part of ongoing labour insurgency throughout all China's industrial cities. [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

[C] 1934 - The British Union of Fascists' office in Gateshead is wrecked, probably by Anti-Fascist League Greyshirts. [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1962 - Novocherkassk Massacre [Новочеркасский Расстрел]: After already having had their wages lowered by 30 to 35 percent on January 1, 1962, the workers at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Factory (NEVZ), the largest electrolocomotive plant in southern Russian city of Novocherkassk, are hit by a double whammy on the same day. Having already had the government announce that there would be a sharp "temporary" increase in the price of meat and dairy products (up to 35%), beginning on June 1st, an unexpected and severe attack on the standard of living of all working people in the USSR, and one which was bound to produce general discontent, the workers discover that they had now been ordered to increase production by 30 percent. The factory had already seen a three day stoppage that Spring over demands for better working conditions, especially in the insulation winding shop where 200 workers had suffered poisoning due to poor safety levels. Something had to give. At 10:00, about 200 steel foundry workers stopped work and demanded higher prices for their work. At 11:00 they went to the plant, on the way they were joined by workers from other departments, as a result of the plant has gathered about 1000 people. [expand] [www.struggle.ws/eastern/novocherkassk.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новочеркасский_расстрел tragedy.narod.ru/rus.htm www.novocherkassk.ru/history/novoch/1962.html libcom.org/library/1962-novocherkassk-tragedy www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp000197.txt]

1963 - Mario Buda (b. 1884), Italian-born American anarchist and Galleanist associate of Sacco and Vanzetti, dies. Considered by some as the inventor of the car bomb when a car he owned was used in the September 16, 1920 Wall Street bombing. [see: Oct. 13] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Buda]

1975 - A bomb explodes in the office of the deputy director of Corrections at the Washington State Department of Corrections in Olympia. The communique for the bombing publicly announced the existence of the George Jackson Brigade.

1977 - Émile Coulaudon aka Colonel Gaspard (b. 1907), French socialist, who was one of the principal leaders of the Résistance in Auvergne, dies. [see: Dec. 29]

[D] 1980 - In one of the most successful guerrilla actions against apartheid, two South African petroleum plants and the country's largest oil refinery are bombed.

1982 - The Revolutionary Cells urban guerrilla group explodes bombs at four US military bases across West Germany.

[A] 1985 - Battle of the Beanfield when Wiltshire Police, trying to prevent the setting up of the 11th Stonehenge Free Festival, attack 'The Convoy'.

1988 - Victor Arthur James Willing (b. 1928), Egyptian-born British painter and anarchist, dies of multiple sclerosis. [see: Jan. 15]

[CC] 2013 - The BNP try to hold a wreath laying event at the Cenotaph in London. A couple of hundred anti-fascists were prevented from overrunning the BNP's assembly point in Old Palace Yard by the cops and the fewer than 70 fash present were unable to move off. Meanwhile the UAF blocked the junction with Parliament Square. "For the next four hours the police tested the will of the crowd by rushing forward and using snatch squads. Over sixty arrests were made as anti-fascists were loaded into double decker buses specially commandeered for the occasion. However the line refused to budge and the fash stayed safely penned in." ['//Schnews//' 844] At 3pm, just as the cops seemed to be trying to create a corridor of vans to push the BNP along their march route, 4-500 badger-masked reinforcements arrived from the 'Stop the Cull' demo which had just ended in St James' Park. "Two hours later the fash ... decided to throw in the towel and announced that they were not going to march. Victorious anti-fascists marched to the Cenotaph before retiring for a well deserved pint." [//ibid//] Those arrested, who appear to have been part of a pre-planned 'quota', were all bailed out of central London and given conditions not to participate in or organise 'protests'. [www.schnews.org.uk/stories/Youre-Avin-a-Cenotaph!/]

2013 - Gezi Park protester Ethem Sarısülük (b. 1986) is shot in the head by police. After spending 14 days in intensive care, he dies on June 14. [tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethem_Sarısülük] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 2 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Chief Justice, Sir Robert Belknap, who was empowered to arrest and deal with the perpetrators, and his small party of soldiers are chase out of Brentwood.

1740 - Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (d. 1814), French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer of novels, short stories, plays, dialogues and political tracts, born. Marie-Louise Berneri recognised de Sade as an outstanding utopian and anarchist thinker and especially praised his insistence that "there could be no equality as long as people had not thrown off the yoke of religion" - '//Journey Through Utopia//' (1982).

[D] 1780 - A huge mob, estimated at 40,000 to 60,000 strong, assembles and marches on the Houses of Parliament as the anti-Catholic Gordon riots begin, during which every major prison in London is destroyed.

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: The town is seized by workers, the Riot Act is read and troops sent for [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1858 - New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot: So named after the American Party, commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, an American political party that aimed to 'purify' American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics, Germans and other immigrants. The New Orleans Know-Nothing group began as a local movement in 1858 to reduce what residents considered a high rate of crime and violence in the city, primarily among Irish and German immigrants, who were among the poorest classes. A secret Vigilance Committee was formed to monitor their activities, and in particular to prevent disruption of upcoming municipal elections. On the night of June 2, 1858, armed men under the command of Capt. J. K. Duncan, who was an officer in the United States Army, marched to Jackson Square and occupied the court rooms in The Cabildo. For the next five days, a standoff existed between the Vigilance Committee and members of the Native American Party. On June 7, the elections were held and the Native American candidate, Gerard Stith, defeated the Democratic Party candidate, P.G.T. Beauregard. The Vigilance Committee disbanded with no further violence. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing_Riot exhibits.library.villanova.edu/chaos-in-the-streets-the-philadelphia-riots-of-1844/know-nothings/]

1876 - Hristo Botev (Hristo Botyov Petkov; b. 1848), Bulgarian poet, writer, early anarchist, propagandist and revolutionary, dies. Having led a partisan army of 200 fighters into Bulgaria to overthrow Ottoman rule, he dies in battle. [see: Jan. 6]

1877 - The first issue of '//L'Avant-Garde//', "Organe de la Fédération Française de l'Association Internationale des Travailleurs", changing in April 1878 to "Organe Collectiviste et Anarchiste", is published in La Chaux-de-Fonds by Paul Brousse.

1878 - A month after Maximilian Hoëdel tries to kill Kaiser Wilhelm I in Berlin, Karl Eduard Nobiling (b. 1848) German anarchist and doctor of philosophy, takes his turn, wounding Wilhelm I. Having failed, Nobiling turns his gun upon himself shooting himself in the head. Mortally wounded, he will die in prison on Sept. 10.

1886 - Johann Most is sentenced to one year in prison for inflammatory comments and inciting riots, he allegedly made at the Workingmen's Rifle Club of New York on May 11.

1888 - The first issue of the newspaper fortnightly anarcho-communist newspaper '//Tierra y Libertad//' is published in Gracia, Barcelona.

1905 - [O.S. May 20] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Soviet decided to create a workers' militia (рабочую милицию) to protect the city, a decision duly notifies to Vladimir (Владимира) and the governor I.M. Leontev (И.М.Леонтьев). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Spanish anarchist Mateo Morral, who on May 31st tried to assassinate King Alphonse XIII, is spotted by police and shoots himself. The government uses Morral's attempt as a pretext to imprison Francisco Ferrer and shut down The Modern School.

1908 - At Vigneux-sur-Seine, there are clashes between striking workers from the local sandpits and blacklegs protected by police. Later in the day police surround a hotel where the stike committee is meeting, demanding that a worker who had earlier punched a cop surrender to them. Prevented from entering the premises, the police open fire, killing 2 strikers, Emile Goebellina (17 year old labourer) and Pierre Le Foll (48 year old carpenter), and wounding 9 others. At the funerals of Le Foll on June 4, and of Goebellina on June 5, and following a call by the Fédération du Bâtiment (Builders Federation) to avenge the murdered comrades, squadrons of cavalry patrol the streets of Vigneux, Draveil and Villeneuve-St-Georges. This fails to prevent further incidents occurring in which anarchists show their solidarity with these precarious workers. In particular, individualist anarchists grouped around Libertad, gather on Sunday, June 7th in a show strength at the cemetery of Villeneuve-St-Georges. On July 30, 1908, and with the strike continuing and spreading, the Président du Conseil Georges Clemenceau orders the arrest of key CGT officials, precipitating a massacre at a demonstration in Vigneux.

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Arch-oportunist Richard 'Daredevil Dick' Wells Ferris [stooge to Welsh soldier of fortune Caryl ap Rhys Pryce and alleged spy] held a meeting and declared himself the new president of the Republic of Baja California. He advised the rebels to haul down the Red Flag and abandon socialism, anarchism "and every other ism you have got into." He then created his own flag. Ferris was not a Magonista and had done none of the fighting. He was merely an opportunist, and the Wobblies were not pleased. The ruling Junta of the PLM declared him persona non grata and had his flag burned. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentismo_bajacaliforniano]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: US President Wilson threatens intervention if unrest in Mexico continues.

1916 - IWW's Mesabi Range strike. A precursor to the infamous labour deportations, in Bisbee, Arizona in July, 1917 - with workers rounded up, forced into cattle cars, and dumped in the desert.

1919 - Luigi Bertoni and Italian anarchists, implicated in the 'Plot of Zurich', appear in court today, after being held in detention the past 13 months. The so-called 'plot' was a political pretext to arrest Bertoni, publisher of '//Le Réveil Communiste Anarchiste//', and others opposing WWI. A countrywide protest movement agitated for their release.

[C] 1925 - Gueorgui Cheitanov (b. 1896), Bulgarian anarchist militant, is executed, along with his companion Mariola Sirakova and others, by the fascist government during a crackdown on leftists following a Communist bombing in Sofia. [see: Feb. 14]

1962 - Novocherkassk Massacre [Новочеркасский Расстрел]: 7,000 Russian workers march to protest wage cuts and price increases. Twenty-six people were killed and and 87 wounded when Soviet troops fired on the mass protest against working conditions and rising prices in the southern city of Novocherkassk. [expand] [www.struggle.ws/eastern/novocherkassk.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новочеркасский_расстрел tragedy.narod.ru/rus.htm www.novocherkassk.ru/history/novoch/1962.html libcom.org/library/1962-novocherkassk-tragedy www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp000197.txt]

[A] 1967 - Student Benno Ohnesorg shot dead by German policeman and Stasi agent Karl-Heinz Kurras. In 2012 Der Spiegel revealed that the shot was not fired in self-defence, as previously claimed.

2012 - The EDL’s football hooligan division, Casuals United, arrive in Brighton for what they had threatened to be a 'revenge mission' for the humiliation of the March for england on April 22, 2012 - "You asked for it" – "you sowed the wind, now you'll reap the whirlwind" - "no women and kids this time" - "We are coming back to Brighton IN NUMBERS and you dirty lefty child abusing cunts will be dealt with". They were met by around 100 anti-fascists, who had gathered in Churchill Square to support the Brighton Uncut Great Brighton Street Party and the regular Palestine Solidarity campaign stall, just in case the fash turned up. Despite the heavy police presence in anticipation of trouble, groups of the nationalists/fascists ran around Kemptown throwing bangers and shouting homophobic slogans - Stephen Sands, long time MfE stalwart and perpetrator of a vicious attack against an anti-fascist in 2010, was arrested and plead guilty "discharging a firework in a public place". Anti-fascists, upon hearing of the Casuals' antics, then headed of to Kemp Town, despite police attempts to kettle them, but heavy police numbers prevented all but minor skirmishes. By 4pm, police had rounded up the majority of the Casuals, (around 35 of them) and marched them to the station to be forcibly placed on a train out of town. In addition to Sands, 13 other Casuals were arrested, mostly for racist chanting and assault, including 2 for cocaine possession and one for smack. [www.schnews.org.uk/stories/Bangers-and-Fash/ www.theargus.co.uk/news/9742009.18_arrested_during_protests_in_Brighton/]

2013 - Ali Ismail Korkmaz (b. 1994), a 19-year-old university student, is brutally beaten by police as he tried to escape tear gas fired by police during anti-government protest in the city of Eskisehir. He was admitted to hospital 20 hours later (on June 3), after having made a police statement, suffering from a brain hemorrhage. He slipped into a coma and died after 38 days on July 10, 2013. [tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_İsmail_Korkmaz www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/07/130710_gezi_olum humanrightsturkey.org/2015/01/22/the-ali-ismail-korkmaz-trial/]

2013 - Abdullah Cömert, a 22 year-old Gezi Park protester and leading member of the Republican People's Party Youth (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Gençlik Kolları) organisation, is hit on the head by a tear gas canister in the Mediterranean port city of Hatay. He dies of his wounds the following day. [humanrightsturkey.org/2015/04/09/guest-blog-seeking-justice-for-abdullah-comert/ www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/28113900.asp] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]
 * = 3 || [1831 - Merthyr Rising: 'The Battle of Castle Inn'. up to 24 'rioters' killed

1840 - Jean-Louis Pindy (d. 1917), French member of the Internationale, communard, anarchist and carpenter, born. In 1877, he founded with Paul Brousse and Dumartheray François, the French section of the AIT, and his newspaper '//L'Avant-Garde//'. "L'autorité en quelques mains qu'elle soit placée, est toujours pernicieuse à l'avancement de l'humanité" (When authority is placed in the hands of a few, it is always pernicious to the advancement of humanity)

1905 - [O.S. May 21] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: News of the defeat at Tsushima reaches St Petersburg, resulting in unrest and press criticism of the government. Nicholas II names Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), ex-chief of police in Moscow and Governor-General of St. Petersburg, as the Assistant Minister of Interior in full control of police forces and "domestic order", an inflammatory step towards martial law. He is described by Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) as an "unofficial dictator". [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[C] 1934 - Despite forceful opposition from anti-fascists (the CPGB had put out a London-wide mobilisation), the British Union of Fascists are able to hold an hour-long meeting in Finsbury Park, North London, because of heavy police presence protecting them. [see: May 13][PR]

1943 - French Résistance saboteurs destroyed 300 tons of tyres in the Michelin factory at Clermont-Ferrant.

[D] 1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Members of Yacef Saâdi's réseau bombes (bombs network) plant bombs in street lamps at bus stops in the centre of Algiers (at the bottom of the Rue Hoche, the Moulin station, at the crossroads of Agha, facing the Mauretania, and near the café Métropole). The four bombs, the first since February 9th, the day before the Pied-Noir attack at the football stadium, explode between 20:15 & 20:30, the time nearby offices are due to leave work. Seven people are killed, including three children, and 92 wounded, including 33 amputees. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-lampadaire.html]

1979 - Gladys Gogoan, Spanish anarchist, murdered by the Guardia Civil during Earth Day protests, in Tudela.

2003 - G8 at Evian [expand].

2013 - 20-year old Mehmet Ayvalitaş is killed, and many other anti-government protesters injured, as a vehicle slams into a crowd (a well-known tactic of security forces) at a road block protest in the Ümraniye district of Istanbul. [www.hurriyetdailynews.com/father-of-gezi-protest-victim-beaten-outside-of-court.aspx?pageID=238&nid=80188 www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/dokuz_soruda_mehmet_ayvalitas_davasi-1174226]

2013 - Abdullah Cömert, a 22 year-old Gezi Park protester and leading member of the Republican People's Party Youth (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Gençlik Kolları) organisation, who was hit on the head by a tear gas canister fired from a police Scorpion armoured vehicle in the Mediterranean port city of Hatay yesterday, dies of his injuries. [humanrightsturkey.org/2015/04/09/guest-blog-seeking-justice-for-abdullah-comert/ www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/28113900.asp] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 4 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: The rebels gathered at Bocking, where their future plans seem to have been discussed. The Essex rebels, possibly a few thousand strong, advanced towards London, some probably travelling directly and others via Kent. One group, under the leadership of John Wrawe, a former chaplain, marched north towards the neighbouring county of Suffolk, with the intention of raising a revolt there.

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: Troops arrive from Brecon but one column is ambushed and disarmed by workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1877 - Arcole Louis Vauloup (1920), French electrician, anarchist and anti-militarist, born. Described by the police as a "dangerous anarchist anti-militarist", he was constantly in trouble with the authorities, being arrested and sent to prison or to military discipline companies. In 1907, he signed an anti-militarist poser '//To the Soldiers//' but escaped prosecution. In 1908, after the bloody repression of the Draveil-Villeneuve strikes, he took refuge in Belgium, where he frequented libertarians and anti-militarist circles. In May 1910 he created, with Emile Aubin, the Groupe des Libérés des Bagnes Militaires (Military Prison Colonies Freedom Group), of which he was treasurer. In 1911 he joined the Fédération Communiste Révolutionnaire and became the manage of the anti-militarist '//Le Cri du Soldat//' launched on Sept. 1 1912.

1905 - [O.S. May 22] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Ivan Utkin (Иван Уткин) aka 'Stanko' (Станко) becomes leader of the workers' militia (рабочую милицию), ordering it to prevent blacklegs from entering factory premises. They also expell the existing police from working-class neighbourhoods. The city had ceased working except for the railway, needing to bring food in. Meanwhile, the city council was doing its best to suppress the strike movement by the eviction of workers from factory barracks and increasing in food prices. In response, the Workers' Council banned price increases and began opening the factory shops and supplying essentials itself, organised by the strikers through a cooperative, as well as restarting the power supply. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1910 - Rebelión de Valladolid: An anti-Diaz uprising breaks out in Valladolid in Yucatan, Mexico. Known as the 'Primera Chispa de la Revolución Mexicana' (First Spark of the Mexican Revolution), it is based on the Plan de Dzelkoop which was drawn up on May 10, 1910, in the wake of the failed insurrection of October 15, 1909, by Maximiliano R. Bonilla and other leaders of the Centro Electoral Independiente and the Frente Antirreeleccionista in Yucatan. During the night of June 3-4 the rebels gathered in the Plaza de Sta. Lucia in Valladolid. At 03:00, a group commanded by Ruz Ponce and José E. Kantún seized the police headquarters and its commanders and officers were prisoners. Meanwhile Claudio Alcocer and Atilano Albertos attacked the Guardia Nacional. The Jefe Polirico (political leader) Luis Felipe de Regil, then at home, on hearding the shots armed himself and, without actually knowing what was happening, went to the police station and, in an exchange of shots, was mortally wounded. The first armed action of the rebellion was a success and, with the death of the Jefe, there was no going back. The army of insurgents, which had been joined by labourers, mostly peaceful Mayan volunteers who had been recruited from surrounding farms, numbered between 1500-2000 men, the vast majority of whom had no military training, was now in control of the city. They took up sections of the railroad tracks to the capital, Merida, and began digging trench in preparation to defend the city. Numerous people, merchants and landowners donated firearms machetes, ammunition and gunpowder, etc. to the poorly equiped rebels, however the available reserves were not plentiful to provision all the large rebel band. As soon as he learned of the uprising, the state governor appointed Colonel Ignacio Lara, who was based in the city of Merida, as a new jefe polirico of Valladolid, ordering him to immediately organise a force to confront the rebels. Lara set out for Valladolid in command of 65 soldiers and 300 rifles and waiting to go recruiting men on the road. Basing himself in Tinum, he waited for reinforcements to arrive before attacking. By the time reinforcements of 600 men of the 10th Feberal Battalion commanded by Colonel Ignacio Luque arrived on June 8, Lara's men also numbered 600.

1923 - In Zaragoza, Francisco Ascaso and Rafael Torres Escartín, members of Los Solidarios, help the militants Juliana López and Esteban Salamero shoot the cardinal archbishop Don Juan Soldevila Romero and an accompanying priest, riddling their car with bullets. Cardinal Soldevila was the principal financier and recruiter employers pistoleros and of the yellow Free Union of Zaragoza.

1932 - Angelo Pellegrino Sbardellotto is arrested in Rome under a false identity following the discovery of two guns and bombs during a search of his home. He will be tried and summarily executed on June 17 for attempting to assassinate Mussolini.

1937 - Helmut Hirsch (b. 1916), a German Jew is executed for his part in a Schwarze Front (Black Front)[formerly the Kampfgemeinschaft Revolutionärer Nationalsozialisten (KGRNS; Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists), a group formed by Otto Strasser after his expulsion from the NSDAP in 1930] bombing plot intended to target the Nazi party headquarters in Nuremberg and destabilise the German Reich. [see: Dec. 21] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hirsch en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Front valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1938 - Pepita (Josepa) Not (b. 1900), Spanish militant anarchist who was involved in the 1920s in transporting mail, money and weapons for Los Solidarios, dies in childbirth. [www.ita.anarchopedia.org/Pepita_Not www.ephemanar.net/juin04.html]

1950 - 43 Group disbands: At an extraordinary general meeting of the membership of the 43 Group, the resolution that the executive committee had drawn up on May 18: "In the interests of the Jewish community, as the ultimate proof of our sincerity in this desire for unity, and because we consider that Jewish ex-servicemen can and must play a leading role against all forms of reaction, it is hereby resolved by the membership of the 43 Group of Ex-Servicemen that this organisation shall forthwith disband, and that all those eligible should immediately join and take part in the work of the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen." Its active members join AJEX or groups like the CPGB, the British Peace Council and the NCCL. Other will emigrated to israel or just retired from active anti-fascist activity. [stevesilver.org.uk/from-anti-fascist-war-to-cold-war/]

1958 - The Battle of The Level: An attempted recruitment rally by the Union Movement, where Jeffrey Hamm and Raven Thompson were due to speak, ends in a mass battle as the fascists are outnumbered. AJEX and the 43 Group had gotten wind of the rally in advance and mobilised for it, catching both the UM and the police unaware. Hamm ended up being hospitalised and the fascists humiliated, and no further fascist meetings were held in Brighton for many years. [PR] [see also: Graham Macklin - '//Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945//' (2007)] [www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id_ _11195_path_ _0p115p203p1973p.aspx [NB: URL suffers formatting display problems with this wiki - Close the _ _ gaps before using!] afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf www.mikeashworth.co.uk/2009/05/fascism-and-racism-in-brighton-the-battle-of-the-level/ 7directory.co.uk/brightononthelevel.php content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803581,00.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/brighton-vigilantes-in-new-cross-1944.html]

[A] 1972 - Angela Davis found not guilty of all charges against her and released after two years in jail.

1986 - Umberto Marzocchi (b. 1900), Italian shipyard worker, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in the Arditi del Popolo, who fought on the Aragon front during the Spanish Civil War and, following the Retirada, joined the Foreign Legion (to gain French papers) and fought with the Maquis during WWII, dies. [see: Oct. 10]

[D] 1989 - The army massacres at least 2,000 peacefully protesting students and workers in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. Demonstrators in the city of Chengdu fight against troops. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler partacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 5 || 1381 - [poss.] Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: An angry crowd of local people gathered at Dartford to discuss the arrest of John Belling, an alleged escaped serf from one of Sir Simon Burley's estates. From there the rebels travelled to Maidstone, where they stormed the gaol.

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: Gwent workers rise and march to support Merthyr workers [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

[D] 1832 - The poor of Paris revolt against the new monarchy (June 5-6). The Société des Droits de l'Homme raise the red flag, declaring "La liberté, ou la mort!" [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Rebellion fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_républicaine_à_Paris_en_juin_1832 baudrier.voyeaud.org/juin1832.php]

1871 - Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (d. 1897), Italian anarchist and typographer, proponent of 'Propaganda by the Deed', born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1506.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Michele_Angiolillo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Angiolillo guillotine.cultureforum.net/t2502-michele-angiolillo-lombardi-anarchiste-1897]

1873 - Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic. Francisco Pi y Margall assumes Presidency. Advocates Federalist program inspired by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, becoming popular among Spanish anarchists. Andalusia and several cities in the southeast establish a libertarian federalism. Pi y Margall is promptly overthrown by Monarchist forces. The town of Carthagène resists a government takeover for several months.

1878 - Francisco 'Pancho' Villa (José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; d. 1923), Mexican revolutionist, born.

1905 - [O.S. May 23] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg Municipal Council endorses political reform. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Joaquín Ascaso Budria (d. 1977), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ascaso_Budria es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquín_Ascaso an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquín_Ascaso antoncastro.blogia.com/2006/060801-joaquin-ascaso-memorias-de-un-anarquista.php]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Oaxaca declares itself a sovereign state.

1919 - 67 anarchists are arrested and face deportation in the wake of a bomb explosion marking the beginning of the infamous 'Palmer raids' in the US.

1962 - A bomb explodes at the Vicariat Militaire in Madrid. This is followed by another at the HQ of the Banco Popular, owned by Opus Dei. Four other vehicle bombs follow before the end of the month: June 12 at the Instituto Nacional de Previsión (Phalange) in Madrid, and three other bombs in Barcelona on June 29 at the Colegio Mayor Monterola (Opus Dei) and at the Institution Nacional de Previsión, and on June 30 at the headquarters of the Phalange. These acts against the Francoist regime and its supporters are the work of the secret Interior Defence section of the CNT-FAI in exile.

1969 - Imprisoned soldiers at Fort Dix, the majority either imprisoned for going AWOL, draft-resistors and conscientious objectors - many being held without trial, riot in protest at the conditions in which they are held.

[A] 1989 - An unknown man stands in front of tank following Tiananmen Square protests in China.

[C] 2004 - Police in The Hague violently break up an attempt by 350 anti-fascists to block a demonstration by the fascist Nederlandse Volks Unie (Dutch People’s Union). || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 6 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: From Maidstone the Kent rebels moved on to Rochester where, faced by the angry crowds, the constable (governor) of Rochester Castle, Sir John Newton, who was soon employed to bear the rebels' messages to the king at London, surrendered it without a fight and John Belling, and alleged escaped serf from one of Sir Simon Burley's estates, is set free. Some of the Kentish crowds now dispersed, but others continued on towards Maidstone.

[A] 1638 - A football match on Burnt Fen, Cambridgeshire is the guise for anti-enclosure rioters from Ely and Lakenheath to assemble and destroy the drainage ditches.

1780 - Mob storms Newgate Prison in London, setting prisoners free and setting fire to and destroying the prison. [www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2010/06/01/the-gordon-riots-in-london/ www.eco-action.org/dod/no8/liberty.html]

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: Great workers' gathering at Twyn y Waun, troops arrive and level guns [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1868 - Georges Butaud (d. 1926), French anarchist communard, partisan of the 'Milieux Libres', born. He was the publisher of '//Flambeau//' ("an enemy of authority") in 1901 and of the monthly '//La Vie Anarchiste//' (1912-14) in Vienne, Isère. His key activity was the creation of libertarian communities: Saint Symphorien d'Ozon, in Isère (1899), the Milieu libre de Vaux near Chateau-Thierry (1902-06) and Saint Maur (Seine) in 1913, a community farm dedicated to agriculture and livestock. However, becoming aware of the problems of food production, he became a supporter of veganism, a principle he put into practice at the Bascon (Aisne) colony.

1897 - Arnaldo Simões Januário (d. 1938), Portuguese barber, militant syndicalist and anarchist propagandist, born. Typographer and writer for the libertarian press on '//A Batalha//' (The Battle, paper of the Portuguese CGT), '//A Communa//', '//O Anarquismo//', '//O Libertário//' and the review '//Aurora//'. In 1927, as a member of the União Anarquista Portuguesa, he was arrested, spending time in prisons at Coimbra, Aljube and Trafaria, before being deported to various concentration camps (Angola, Azores, Cape Verde and Oikussi on Timor). Released in 1933, he returned to clandestine activities in Portugal, helping prepare for the insurrectionary general strike on 18 January 1934. Arrested and tortured, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died from a lack of medical care at Camp Tarrafal on Cape Verde in 1938. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Arnaldo_Simões_Januário arepublicano.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/arnaldo-janurio-70-anos-depois-da-sua.html www.ephemanar.net/juin06.html]

1905 - [O.S. May 24] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Nicholas II had received a Zemstvo deputation and, responding to speeches by Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy (Серге́й Петро́вич Трубецко́й) and Mr Fyodrov, he confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people’s representatives. Moscow City Council also endorses the calls for reform. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трубецкой,_Сергей en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: The Mexican Government requests US permission (which is swiftly granted) to send troops from Chihuahua to Baja California (through US territory and in US trains) to fight "bandits". Francisco Madero (a revolutionary opportunist seeking power), wins US support to send troops into lower California to crush the experimental Libertarian Commune whose rallying cry has been "Tierra y Libertad". The Commune began when the Magónistes took the city of Mexicali, on January 29, 1911, followed by taking part of Tijuana.

1921 - The //première// of '//Le Cœur à Gaz//' (The Gas-Operated Heart), Tristan Tzara's classic Dadaist play (characterised as "the greatest three-act hoax of the century" by critics) staged as part of a Dada Salon at the Galerie Montaigne by the Paris Dadaists, ends in a near riot.

1943 - Pandelis Pouliopoulos (Παντελής Πουλιόπουλος; b. 1900), Greek Trotskyist and onetime general secretary of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), is executed by the Italian occupation forces in Nezero, near Larissa, along with over a hundred other militants, in retaliation for the destruction by partisans of the Gorgopotamos bridge. Speaking in Italian to the squad of soldiers given the job of executing him, he exhorted them not to commit such a crime against the anti-fascist resisters and their adversaries in the war. When the soldiers refused to be executioners, it was the Carabinieri who were given the task. [see: Mar. 10]

[D] 1968 - France goes back to work after the lengthy May 1968 holidays!

[C] 1981 - The British Movement make a serious miscalculation and try to hold a mass Day of Action and march in the centre of Oxford. A mass anti-fascist mobilisation (600 anti-fascists) sees BM supporters attacked whenever and wherever they are found.

1988 - 2 million participate in a General Strike (running til June 8) in South Africa.

1989 - The funeral of Franco-Spanish militant anarchist Hortensia Torres Cuadrado (b. 1924). Born into an anarchist family (her father taught in a Ferrer school before being deported to Germany by the Nazis where he died in 1941). Hortensia herself was interned in early 1939 at the Argelès camp in France, then turned over to Spain. In 1957, she returned to Toulouse as an employee of the Red Cross and worked with the SIA (International Solidarity Anti-fascist). On May 1, 1988, she participated in the re-establishing of the CNT in Madrid. It should be noted too that her son was imprisoned as a member of the GARI (Groupe d'action révolutionnaire internationaliste).

1997 - Juan José Sacramento García (b. 1915), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Aug. 26]

2011 - The first of 11 anti-fascists go on trial two or more years after their arrests on charges connected to an altercation on the platform of Welling train station between a couple of the anti-fascists and two fascists from a Blood and Honour gig at the Duchess of Edinburgh pub in Upper Wickham Lane on March 28, 2009. After 17 days, seven of them were convicted and four acquitted. Of those convicted, four were immediately sentenced to 21 months in prison. Another two were later sentenced to 18 and 15 months. The seventh was given a suspended sentence. [see: Jun. 29] [antifascistprisonersupportuk.wordpress.com/about-2/ transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/anti-fascists-jailed-after-welling.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 7 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: The revolt is now widespread. The Kent rebels besiege Maidstone Castle, and Wat Tyler is elected at a large gathering in the town. Little is known about Tyler's former life; chroniclers suggest that he was from Essex, his surname may originate from his trade as a roofer, that he had served in France as an archer and was a charismatic and capable leader.

1780 - The army is called out and given orders to fire upon groups of four or more who refused to disperse. About 285 people are shot dead, and several hundred more wounded. [Gordon Riots]

[1788 - Journée des Tuiles [Day of the Tiles]: disturbances in Grenoble that acted as a precursor to the French Revolution [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journée_des_Tuiles]

1821 - [N.S. Jun. 19] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Following the dashing of Alexander Ypsilantis' hope that the Russians would intervene on his side (he had in fact been denounced by the Tsar, kicked out of the Russian army and ordered to lay down his arms) and the crossing of the Danube by 30,000 Ottomans troops, there followed a series of major battles that lead to the defeat of the Eteria's forces, culminating in the final defeat of Ypsilantis' Sacred Band (Ἱερὸς Λόχος) battalion at Drăgăşani on June 7 (O.S.). Ypsilantis fled to Austria with the remnants of his followers where, having failed to gain permission to cross the frontier despite several days negotiations with the Austrian authorities, and fearing capture by the Turks, he crossed in Austria and was promptly arrested. Ypsilantis was subsequently kept in close confinement for seven years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821]

[1831 - Merthyr Rising: Troops regain control of Merthyr, mass arrests and imprisonment follow [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Rising libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising www.southwalespolicemuseum.org.uk/en/content/cms/history_of_the_force/the_merthyr_rising/the_merthyr_rising.aspx www.hiraeth.wales/2013/06/03/bara-neu-waed-bread-or-blood-the-red-flag-is-raised-over-merthyr/ www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/2464 www.alangeorge.co.uk/Dic_Penderyn.htm democracyandclasstruggle.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/merthyr-rising-1831-beginning.html]

1881 - Kanno Sugako ( 管野 スガ ; d. 1911), also called Suga, Japanese anarcho-feminist journalist, writer and activist, born. Also used the pen names Yūgetsujo and Yūgetsu. Partner of Kōtoku Shūsui (幸徳秋水), she would dies alongside him following their supposed involvement in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken) plot against the Japanese Emperor's life. [see: May 20] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanno_Sugako ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/管野スガ]

1896 - A bomb explodes during a religious parade in Barcelona, killing a dozen people and wounding 30. In response the government totally represses the anarchist movement, torturing hundreds of people in the Montjuich Prison. Spanish authorities imprison over 400 people, including anarchists, suspected of involvement in the bombing. The severity of the punishment sparks international protests. Of the 87 prisoners taken to the tribunal, eight received death sentences and nine were condemned to long imprisonment. The other seventy-one were declared innocent but were deported to Río de Oro, a Spanish colony in West Africa, on the orders of Antonio Cánovas, Spain’s Prime Minister.

1898 - Antonio Casanova (d. 1966), Spanish-born Argentinian baker, editor, translator and anarchist combatant in the Spanish Civil War and French Resistance, born. Emigrated to Argentina at an early age, but returned and fought during the Spanish Revolution in the 28th Division. After the defeat of the Republic he helped reorganise the CNT in exile in France, fighting with the Resistance during WWII and took part in the liberation of Paris. [libcom.org/history/antonio-casanova-1898-1966 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CasanovaAntonio.htm]

[B] 1902 - Germaine Berton (d. 1942), French trade union militant and anarchist, born. Previously a member of the Communist Party, she joined l'Union Anarchiste in Paris in 1922 but left to join an individualist group. That year she joined the defence committee of the 1919 Mutinerie des Marins de la Mer Noire (Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea) and was also imprisoned for insulting the secretary of the Police Commissioner. On January 22, 1923, Berton had planned to kill Leon Daudet, a notorious right-wing extremist/propagandist of l'Action Française, but instead she ended up shooting Marius Plateau, Chef des Camelots du Roi [see: Jan. 22]. She later attempted to commit suicide to escape the judgement but, defended by Henry Torres, she was acquitted on Dec. 24, 1923. '//Le Libertaire//' has declared her a hero, running a vociferous support campaign which led to her adoption by the Surrealists and featuring in a famous '//La Révolution Surréaliste//' collage. Following her aquittal, Germaine undertook a lecture tour, one date (Bordeaux) was prohibited by the police, leading to a fight and mass arrests - more than 150 people, including Berton. Sentenced to four months in prison plus a 100 franc fine, she was interned at Fort du Hâ where she pursued a hunger strike and was hospitalised. Upon her release her mental health deteriorated, quit political activities and later attempted suicide on Philippe Daudet's grave at the Père Lachaise cemetry. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article335 news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19241227&id=qugUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5919,4185060]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Pascual Orozco's army enters Chihuahua City and makes it their headquarters.

[D] 1914 - Settimana Rossa di Ancona: At the end of a meeting in Ancona, Italy where Errico Malatesta appears, police open fire, killing three people and wounding about 20. In response to this police violence, the U.S.I. proclaims a country-wide General Strike, setting off insurrections. It is the beginning of 'Settimana Rossa di Ancona', which lasts until June 14, and is only broken by the treason of the Socialists and their trade union.

1936 - Thousands of Blackshirts march from Westminster through the East End to Victoria Park to hold their first large open air fascist rally in London’s East End on the second anniversary of the Olympia rally. Mosley in black uniform reviews the fascists parade, then proceeds through the streets standing in an open car as people along side the route giving fascist salutes. Thousands of police are drafted in to prevent anti-fascists rising to the obvious provocation. The fascists claimed that 100,000 attended the rally in the Park but press estimates varied from 3,000 to 50,000. Among them were 500 uniformed Blackshirts who, along with the police, attacked the hostile crowd of local residents, with it all ending in a free-for-all of hand-to-hand fighting. [newworkerfeatures.blogspot.co.uk/2006_10_01_archive.html afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf www.ssplprints.com/image/112023/malindine-edward-fascists-and-communists-clash-victoria-park-london-1936 www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=3352]

1968 - Violent clashes occur between French workers and police at the Flins Renault plant near Paris.

[A] 1991 - A three-week Albanian General Strike ends, having brought down the government. || The people of Yalding receive news of the rebellion. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 8 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Maidstone Castle surrenders and the rebel excommunicated Lollard priest John Ball is freed.

[D] 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates a new state religion of his own invention, Le Culte de l'Être Suprême (Cult of the Supreme Being), across the new French Republic. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being]

1852 - United States: First known labour strike in San Francisco occurs as Chinese labourers working on the Parrott granite building demand a wage increase.

1865 - Claude-François Georges Etiévant (d. 1900), French typographer, anarchist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] He died on February 6, 1900, in the Îles du Salut penal colony in French Guiana having had his death sentence for a revenge attack on police in January 1898, that left 3 officers with only slight wounds, communicated to life. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1501 www.anarchaos.org/2008/08/dichiarazione-di-claude-francois-etievant-alle-asse-di-varsailles-del-27-luglio-1892/]

1903 - Vittorio Pini (b. 1860), Italian shoemaker and illegalist, dies. Pini got 20 years in prison in 1889 for his political 'expropriations' supporting Intransigenti groups and anarchist propaganda. [see: Nov. 4]

1914 - Settimana Rossa di Ancona: The second day of the uprising in Ancona sees the proclaimation of a general strike in the Romagna, Marche and Emilia regions where anarchists are particularly numerous, as parts of Italy move towards insurrection.

1921 - Félix (Felicísimo) Álvarez Ferreras (d. 2009), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Civil War and Résistance fighter, writer and polyglot, born in France. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/alvarezferreras/alvarezferreras.htm militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1476]

1923 - Devetoyunski Coup [Деветоюнски преврат, Devetoyunski prevrat]: [Bulgarian June 9 coup d'état] During the night of June 8-9 a coup d'état is implemented by armed forces under General Ivan Valkov's Military Union, overthring the government of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov, who would later become a leading Bulgarian Fascistpolitician. [see: Jun. 9] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Деветоюнски_преврат en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Александър_Цанков]

1942 - José Pellicer-Gandia (b. 1942) Spanish anarchist, member of the famed Iron Column during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, is executed by the Franco regime. [expand]

1968 - In Milan, police storm the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart where students have been in occupation, having held the rector captive in his office. 250 students are arrested and 30 put in hospital.

1976 - Trial begins for Bob Robideau and Dino Butler for killing two FBI agents at Oglala, South Dakota. They are be acquitted on grounds of self-defence; later, Native American activist, Leonard Peltier, is convicted of the same charges after most evidence and witnesses used by Robideau and Butler is disallowed in Peltier's trial.

2010 - Sara Berenguer Laosa (b. 1919), Catalan poet, anarchist and member of Mujeres Libres, dies. Wrote a narrative autobiography '//Entre El Sol y la Tormenta//' (Between the Sun and the Storm; 1988). [see: Jan. 1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 9 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Sir John Legge, the king's tax collector for Kent, hears about the rebellion and returns to London. Wat Tyler and the rebels march to Canterbury.

1910 - The forces loyal to Porfirio Diaz departed Tinum at daybreak and, after clashes with the populations of Uayma and Pixoy along their route, arrived at the outskirts of Valladolid at 08:00. The battle was fierce and it took till early afternoon before the government troops managed to enter the city in the neighborhood of La Candelaria and the battle was over; the first city in the country freed from the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, in power since 1884, was back in government hands after only 4 days of freedom. 200 rebels were left dead, 500 wounded and 600 prisoners. The attackers suffered 30 dead and 76 wounded, including Colonel Lara himself. The city was sacked by the government troops and a significant seizure of weapons was made. Some of the rebels fled into the jungle, taking refuge among the Mayan population, but many were arrested and subjected to military trial. The three leaders of the uprising, Maximiliano Bonilla, Atilano Albertos and José E. Kantún were sentenced to death. They were shot on June 25, 1910 in the city of Merida. The rest of the prisoners were sentenced to long terms of hard labour. Those who fled into the jungle included Claudio Alcocer and Ruz Ponce, who became Mayan rebel leaders in Quintana Roo. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelión_de_Valladolid www.valladolid.com.mx/historia/chispa-de-la-revolucion.html www.archivogeneral.yucatan.gob.mx/Efemerides/Valladolid/valladolid.htm]

1912 - Mass protest in London's Trafalgar Square, demanding the release of Errico Malatesta. Earlier in the year Malatesta was sentenced to three months imprisonment and recommended for deportation for criminal libel. Only a massive public outcry, such as today, prevents the latter sentence from being carried out.

[D] 1923 - Devetoyunski Coup [Деветоюнски преврат]: coup d'état in Bulgaria carried out by armed forces under General Ivan Valkov (Иван Вълков) and the Military Union (Военният съюз) which overthrew the government of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov. The coup in turn provoked the June Uprising (Юнско въстание), an armed rebellion centred on Kilifarevo (Килифарево), Debelets (Дебелец), Veliko Tarnovo (Велико Търново) and Elena (Елена), as agrarian activists, the IRMO and some communist groups fought back. However, due to the lack of support from the BCP, the uprising was defeated. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Деветоюнски_преврат bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Военен_съюз ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1923 - June Uprising [Юнско въстание]: when news of the Devetoyunski Coup (Деветоюнски преврат) reaches Kilifarevo (Килифарево) the anarchist group there hold a secret meeting during the evening to plan a protests for the following day, one that would turn into an armed uprising. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1934 - The British Union of Fascists attempt to hold meeting tonight (Saturday) and tomorrow night in Hackney, Finsbury Park, Regent's Park, Woolwich, Notting Dale, Tottenham, and Wood Green, facing stiff anti-fascist opposition. Five people are injured and the police make a totla of 8 arrests. [hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/jun/13/british-union-of-fascists]

1937 - Carlo Rosselli (b. 1899), Italian non-Marxist Socialist, journalist, historian and anti-fascist activist, who founded the anti-fascist militant movement Giustizia e Libertà and fought for the the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, is assassinated alongside his brother Nello [see: Nov. 29] in the French resort town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne by a group of cagoulards, militants of the French Cagoule fascist group, probably on the orders of Mussolini. [see: Nov. 16]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following the killing of school children and Muslim returning from their work on June 3, Yacef Saâdi decided that he should better target his bombs. The Corniche Casino, a popular dancing with young people, mostly Jews of Bab-el-Oued, but which is also used as a detention cente, is chosen as the next target. The bomb, placed under the platform where the Lucky Starway Orchestra was playing, explodes at 18:55, killing eight people (including Starway) and injuring 81, including 10 with lower limb amputations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-casino.html]

[A] 1976 - Anarchists Noel and Marie Murray sentenced to hang by a Dublin court for the killing of a Gardai during an attempted bank robbery.

1983 - In Poland, following General Jaruzelski's declaration of martial law, aimed at suppressing independent labor union activity, people in the city of Lodz demonstrate their disgust for the lies propagated by the official government television news by taking a daily promenade timed to coincide exactly with the broadcast, wearing their hats backwards. Soon, much of the town has joined them.

1995 - 2 days of rioting begin in Manningham, Bradford. The Asian community reacts against police violence and intimidation. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 10 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: The Kent Rebels march on Canterbury, and capture the city. The castle and the Archbishop of Canterbury's palace are ransacked. Rich pilgrims are attacked in the town. Finding the Archbishop away, the rebels appoint a humble monk as the new Archbishop, and hold a service in the Cathedral, promising death to all "traitors" they capture.

[A] 1555 - Thomas Haukes burned at the stake in England for not baptising his son.

[B] 1819 - Gustave Courbet (d. 1877), French painter, revolutionary anarchist, Communard, essayist and leader of the Realist school of art, born. A close friend of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, he was elected to the Paris Commune and participated in the anarchist congress of the Jura Federation. Probably his most notorious painting is '//L'Origine du Monde//' (1866), not publicly exhibited until 122 years after it was painted. [www.anarchisme2012.ch/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:gustave-courbet&catid=11:presentation-des-ateliersconferences&Itemid=13&lang=en]

1904 - 79 striking Colorado Dunnville miners 'deported' to Kansas. A battle two days ago between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six labor union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Dozens were arrested without warrants and held without formal charges. General Sherman Bell of the Colorado National Guard shouted: "Habeus Corpus, hell! We'll give 'em post mortems".

1914 - The fourth day of the Settimana Rossa, and the general strike has spread throughout Italy. The carabinieri and army are overwhelmed by revolutionary actions against symbols of authority and the Church. The Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (CGL), the socialist trade union, sends a telegram throughout the country encouraging the resumption of work.

1914 - Settimana Rossa di Ancona: In response to the killing by police of three demonstrators on June 7, 1914, at an antiwar protest in the Italian port city of Ancona, Benito Mussolini (then still considering himself to be a revolutionary socialist) and the revolutionary syndicalist Filippo Corridoni, who leads a strike of the workers of the car, gas, and clothing sector in May 1914, speak before a gathering of 60,000 protesters in the Arena di Milano. Mussolini: "In Florence, Turin, Fabriano there are others dead and others wounded, it is necessary to work in the army because it is not firing on workers, we need to make sure that the penny of the soldier will soon be a fait accompli." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/06/02/twih-j02.html]

[D] 1914 - Toma de Zacatecas [Taking of Zacatecas] / Revolución Mexicana: During one of the bloodiest battles in the Revolution, Pancho Villa's División del Norte (Division of the North) decisively defeated the troops of General Luís Medina Barrón defending the town of Zacatecas. The great victory demoralized Victoriano Huerta's supporters, leading to his resignation on July 15. Huerta goes into exile in Europe. Enters US to try to reenter Mexico. Kept under house arrest in El Paso till his death in 1916. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Zacatecas_(1914) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zacatecas_(1914)]

[DD] 1923 - June Uprising [Юнско въстание]: During the morning in the centre of Kilifarevo (Килифарево) a big rally is held, at which anarchists, communists and agrarians are present. Anarchist Georgi Popov (Георги С. Попов) calls on people to rise up in arms. After his speech the rebellion is declared and a group of armed rebels head to the assembly point in the Mochura area. There a concentration of around 120 Kilifarevo rebels assemble together with armed villagers from Debelec (Дебелец), Yalova (Ялово) and Plakovo (Плаково). In Kilifarevo a Revolutionary Council (Революционен съвет) is formed with anarchist, communist and agrarian members. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1927 - The trial (June 8-10) of anarchist Gino Lucetti concludes. He attempted to assassinate Mussolini on September 11, 1926. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison; two others receive 12 years. Antifascist partisan formations during WWII took group names, and two in the Carrara area proudly adopted the names ‘G. Lucetti’ (60-80 guerrillas) and ‘Lucetti bis’ (58 strong).

[C] 1942 - Whilst constructing a drainage ditch at Auschwitz-Birkenau, a group of Polish prisoners in a work detail manage to escape. The SS shoot twenty prisoners in retaliation and, to prevent future acts of resistance and in revenge, more than 300 Poles are murdered in the gas chambers. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1960 - Several thousand council workers and revolutionary students surround the entourage of White House Press Secretary James Hagerty at Tokyo International Airport, Japan, forcing the press secretary to be rescued by a United States Marine Corps helicopter.

1968 - After the clearing of the Renault factory at Flins during the night of June 6-7, fights with the police continue and today a high school student, Gilles Tautin, drowns while trying to escape police batons.

1970 - Brixton Conservative Association firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1979 - Uprising against the Somoza regime in Nicaraugua.

1989 - Someone bombs a London MacDonald's restaurant two days after Chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders advocated such action.

1991 - ALF (Animal Liberation Front) activists damage an OSU animal lab, Corvallis, Oregon. The government and press wrongly insists calling them terrorists, though they attack property rather than people.

2012 - Inmates at the Georgia Classification & Diagnostic Prison go on hunger strike against their treatment. || The simple peasants believed that they were going to explain their grievances to the King, who had been badly advised, and that all would be set right. However, some of the more intelligent figures, such as Wat Tyler and John Ball had a much clearer idea of the situation, and were planning to gain as much as they could. The King and the council were caught completely by surprise, and there were only a few hundred troops in London. The city was virtually defenceless. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 11 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Both the Kent and the Essex rebels now set out to march on London. The marchers break into several manor houses on the way and destroy any documents concerning the feudal system. Imprisoned serfs are set free by the rebels.

1832 - Jules Vallès (d. 1885), French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist, born. A revolutionary from an early age, he took part in revolutionary agitation in Nantes in 1848, leading to his being expelled from school and moving to Paris. After taking part in the uprising against Napoleon III during the French coup of 1851, he flees back to Nantes where his father has him committed to a mental institution (he does not share his son's political beliefs). Thanks to help from a friend, he managed to escape a few months later and returns to Paris, joining the staff of '//Le Figaro//', and becoming a regular contributor to the other leading journals. In 1853 he was arrested for conspiring against Napoleon III, but was later freed due to a lack of evidence. Living in poverty and writing journalism for bread (the stock market page of '//Le Figaro//', which fires him for his bias against capitalism). It was around this time that he wrote his first book, '//L'Argent//' (1857). Fascinated by the writings of Proudhon, he becomes a journalist and continues to write novels. On 1 June 1867, he launched the weekly '//La Rue//' in collaboration with a number of artists, including Zola and Courbert. Banned after only 6 months, Vallès is imprisoned in Sainte-Pelagie for 2 months in prison for articles critical of the police. There he founds the '//Journal de Sainte-Pelagie//'. Released, in 1869 he founds in quick succession '//Le Peuple//', '//Le Réfractaire//', resurrects '//La Rue//' in 1870, and on Feb. 22, 1871, publishes the first issue of '//Le Cri du Peuple//'. Condemned to 6 months in prison for his part in the October 1870 Blanquist plot, he manages to escape before arrest but his paper is banned, but will eventually become the official journal of the Commune. One of the 4 editors of the '//L'Affiche Rouge//' posted on Jan. 7, he is elected to the Commune on March 26, 1871. A supporter of the minority (signing the manifesto of the minority ande publishing it in his newspaper on May 15), he opposes the Comité de Salut. He fought on the barricades during the Semaine Sanglante, making a last stand in the rue de Paris (now rue de Belleville) on May 28. He managed to escape (2 'false' Vallès are executed by the army in error) and take refuge in England. Sentenced to death in absentia, he will not return to Paris until the amnesty of 1880, when he restarts publication in 1883 of '//Le Cri du Peuple//' as a voice for libertarian and Blanquist ideas. During his exile he begins writing '//Jacques Vingtras//', his major autobiographical trilogy - '//L'Enfant//' (1879), '//Le Bachelier//' (1881), and '//L'Insurgé//', published in 1886, the year after he dies, exhausted and suffering from diabetes. 60,000 follow his coffin to the Père Lachaise Cemetery. [www.ephemanar.net/juin11.html#11 www.julesvalles.com/biographie-jules-valles.htm www.la-presse-anarchiste.net/spip.php?article509]

1849 - Palatine Uprising: The advance guard of the Prussian Army crosses the Palatine border unopposed near Kreuznach - the feared Prussian intervention has begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1904 - Joaquín Miguel Artal, a 19-year-old anarchist, who tried to stab Spanish Conservative politician Antonio Maura he is sentenced to 17 years in prison and sent to prison in Ceuta, where he will die in 1909 of inhuman treatment standard to Spanish prisons. Anarchist newspapers such as '//El Libertario//' and '//Tierra y Libertad//' honour him, referring to him as //El Rebelde// following his death.

1923 - June Uprising [Юнско въстание]: A large group of rebels attack and seize Drianovo (Дряново), which sets up its own Revolutionary Council, rejecting the new government of plotters. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1927 - Italian anarchist Gino Lucetti is tried before the Tribunale Speciale per la Difesa dello Stato (Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State) and sentenced to the maximum penalty, 30 years in prison, for attempting to assassinate Mussolini on September 11, 1926. The bomb he threw at him bounced off the car to the ground and exploded, wounding eight passersby. [www.micciacorta.it/archivio/articolo.php?id_news=2296]

1936 - In Tonypandy, anti-fascist make a concerted effort to prevent a BU meeting. "[T]he speakers, a local Fascist and Tommy Moran, a National Headquarters Propaganda Officer, were stoned and injured, and the meeting was closed after half an hour. The anti-Fascist leaders implored the crowd to desist but to no avail. Further trouble resulted from the distribution of a Blackshirt pamphlet, The Miners' Only Hope. The pamphlets were seized and torn to bits and, as a result, the Blackshirts began pushing them into people's faces. Thirty-six people were subsequently charged with a total of 180 counts of riot, incitement to riot, unlawful assembly and breaches of the peace. The accused, as a body, were brought before the Glamorgan Assizes at Swansea in December. It was alleged that hostile crowds had stoned the Fascist loud-speaker van, which was eventually driven away under police protection. The first of thirty police officers who gave evidence, when cross-examined by the defence, agreed that before the arrival of the Fascist van a number of people had been holding an orderly meeting. He further testified that after the departure of the van the anti-Fascists marched to Tonypandy in orderly fashion. This was the main contention of the defence. Moran, under cross-examination, admitted that his head had been split open on eight occasions over the preceding months. The defence argued that wherever he and his Blackshirts went, disorder followed. Moran stated that the crowd was determined not to give him a hearing. The judge then asked him why he didn't go away. He replied that it was his job to promote Fascism. The defence finally submitted that out of a crowd of 5,000 to 6,000 people the police had not found a single independent witness to give evidence. Three of the accused were discharged and seventeen were bound over. Seven were sent to prison for terms of two to twelve months. Five of these were unemployed and the sixth was the wife of one of the unemployed. Nine were sentenced to twenty days' hard labour, which being the period of the Assizes meant their immediate discharge. They were also bound over. Seven of them were unemployed. Of the seventeen others bound over, seven were unemployed, and four were women. Most of the others were colliers." "But for the presence of the police the Fascist speakers undoubtedly would have received serious injuries ... The conduct of the crowd, which numbered between five and six thousand, was the worst I have seen in the 25 years I have been in the Rhondda." - Supt. Beirne, in charge of policing that day. ['//Yorkshire Evening News//', Sept. 1936] [heartofanation.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/fighting-fascism-is-great-welsh.html afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1937 - Robert Ramsay 'Bob' Smillie (b. 1917), Scottish left-wing, anti-authoritarian socialist, who volunteered with the Independent Labour Party (ILP) contingent in the Spanish Civil War, allegedly dies from peritonitis whilst under arrests by the Stalinist police in Valencia. As an university chemistry student, he took part in hunger marches and fought against Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he travelled to Barcelona and in October 1936 he joined the Executive Committee of the International Revolutionary Youth Bureau, developing strong links with the Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM). In January 1937, he volunteered to go to the Aragón Front with other ILP members such as Bob Edwards and George Orwell, serving alongside POUM forces. In April 1937, he travelled with the ILP contingent to Barcelona on leave. There he procured official POUM papers to go to a International Bureau meeting in Paris and on a speaking tour of Scotland. However, when he got to Figueras he was arrested by Spanish Communist Party (PCE) police and charged with carrying "materials of war" (two discharged grenades intended as war souvenirs). In prison in Valencia, the more serious charge of "rebellion against the authorities" was later added. POUM and ILP officials unsuccessfully lobied for his release. According to the official record, on June 4 Smillie began complaining of stomach pains. He was eventually diagnosed with appendicitis and taken to hospital. However, he was not operated on because of "ward congestion" and was not examined until the 12th, when the doctor said it was too late to do anything for him. He died later that day. Another version had it that he died following a beating by guards in his cell, one of the many victims of the Stalinist repression. Amongst those that believed this version were George Orwell and Scottish anarchist Ethel MacDonald, who began writing newspaper articles and making radio broadcasts after Smillie's death claiming that he had been executed by the secret police, something that led to her own arrest. [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPsmillie.htm spartacus-educational.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/ethel-macdonald-and-bob-smillie.html www.international-brigades.org.uk/content/ilp-contingent-spain www.academicroom.com/article/death-bob-smillie-spanish-civil-war-and-eclipse-independent-labour-party]

1942 - Herbert Baum (b. 1912), German-Jewish electrician, communist and resistance fighter, who led the Gruppe Baum, a largely Jewish resistance group, with his wife Marianne, is tortured to death in Moabit Prison in Berlin. An active member of different left wing and Jewish youth organisations by the mid 1920s, including the Deutsch-Jüdischen Jugendgemeinschaft, where in 1928 he met Marianne Cohn, whom he later married. In 1931 she joined the Kommunistischen Jugendverband (Communist Youth Federation; KJVD) and, after the Nazi seizure of power, he together with his wife Marianne Baum and their friends, Martin and Sala Kochmann, began to organise anti-Nazi meetings. He was designated the chair of the circle of friends, most of whom were Jewish, and up to 100 youths attended these meetings at various times, engaging in political debates and cultural discussions. The group openly distributed leaflets arguing against National Socialism. In 1940, he and Marianne were forced into slave labour in the Jewish department at the Siemens electric motors factory. By 1941, he was heading a group of Jewish slave labourers at the plant, who, to escape deportation to concentration camps, went into the Berlin underground. There they organised semi-clandestine demonstrations, leafleting and propaganda poster campaigns and the printing of a 19-page document, 'Organisiert den revolutionären Massenkampf gegen Faschismus und imperialistischen Krieg' (Organize the mass revolutionary struggle against Fascism and the Imperialist War). In May 1942, the group decided to target the massive anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition '//Das Sowjetparadies//' (The Soviet Paradise) that had been organised by Goebbels’ propaganda services at the Berlin Lustgarten. The Rote Kapelle (Red October) group had already targetted the exhibition [Liane Berkowitz and Otto Gollnow posted approx. 100 anti-Nazi posters in the vicinity of the Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstrasse whilst Harro Schulze-Boysen acted as a lookout] and the Baum Group also flypostered but, wanting to go further, decided to carry out a firebomb attack on it. Herbert and Marianne Baum, Hans Joachim, Gerd Meyer, Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse and Irene Walter took part in the action, planting their miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition on May 18 (they had tried the day before but too many people were present). Within days of the event, the seven participants and most of the other members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo (the Baums on May 22). Herbert Baum was tortured to death in Moabit Prison, dying on June 11, 1942 - the Gestapo reported his death as suicide. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Baum de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Baum www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/baum/ antifadueren.blogsport.de/2012/06/08/mit-mut-und-klarheit/ www.cwporter.com/hbaum.htm herbertbaumgroup.blogspot.co.uk/]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following the burial of the dead from the Corniche Casino attack on Sunday June 9th, the Pied-Noirs carry out a ratonnade that ends with in 5 dead Muslims and more than 50 injured; stores are looted and the CRS have to deploy teargas to try and control the furious crowds. A 21:00 curfew is declared. As a result of this upturn in violence, the 10e Division Parachutiste (10th Parachute Division) was again deployed to Algiers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-casino.html]

1962 - Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin are believed to have taken part in the first successsful escape from Alcatraz. Escaping from their cell block via an air vent, and having fashioned //papier-mâché// heads to fool guards into thinking they we asleep in their beds, they made a raft from stolen raincoats and paddled away never to be seen again - though relatives continued to receive postcards in the men's handwriting.

1968 - France '68: Violent incidents continue with a demonstrator being shot and killed at Montbéliard, while 2 striking workers are killed by the hated CRS at the Peugeot factory in Sochaux (one with a bullet fired from submachine gun by CRS). In Paris, a demonstration departing from the Gare de l'Est descends into riots and barricades, with 266 wounded and 1500 arrests, violent demonstrations will also take place in the provinces.

1970 - Stuart Christie's home raided with explosives warrant. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1971 - The occuption of Alcatraz insland is brought to an end [see 20 Nov]

1973 - General Strike in Pamplona against General Franco.

[D] 1990 - Bulgaria: June 11-18, barricades and anarchists in the streets of Sofia against the election manipulations of the various political forces. [williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/bulgaria-albania www.novinite.com/articles/164650/Bulgaria's+Democracy+Turns+25 articles.latimes.com/1990-06-14/news/mn-223_1_soldiers-fire] || Richard travelled downriver in the royal barge, but at the sight of the huge crowd of peasants, Richard's advisers would not let him land. He returned to the Tower of London, leaving the peasants angry and frustrated. That night the peasants closed in on London. They were able to enter because the gates of the city, and London Bridge were opened by townspeople sympathetic to their cause, although they later claimed they had been forced to do it. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 12 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Both groups of peasants had reached London. The Kent peasants camped at Blackheath, and the Essex peasants at Mile End, north of the River Thames. Their numbers are hard to estimate, but both groups could have been made up of up to 50,000 people. A message was sent into the city, demanding a meeting with the king. It was arranged that he would meet them at Rotherhithe, on the Thames, that afternoon.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: One group of Essex rebels, led by John Wrawe, attacked Sir Richard Lyons' property at Overhall, advancing on to Cavendish and Bury St Edmunds in west Suffolk the next day, gathering further support as they went. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1873 - Pasquale Binazzi (d. 1944), Italian anarchist, secretary of the Chambre du Travail and organiser of the Syndicat de l'Arsenal in Spezia, born. Founded the weekly magazine '//Il Libertario//' in 1903, which printed 10,000 copies at its peak until closed by the Fascists in 1922. He died whilst helping organise anarchist guerilla groups in Liguria and Tuscany. [www.ephemanar.net/mars05.html#binazzi en.anarchopedia.org/Pasquale_Binazzi ita.anarchopedia.org/Pasquale_Binazzi]

1876 - Leonor Villegas de Magnón (d. 1955), Mexican anarchist, teacher and journalist, who founded the international Mexican American relief service, La Cruz Blanca, in 1913 during the Mexican revolution, born. [www.chihuahuamexico.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3009&Itemid=40 archon.lib.uh.edu/?p=creators/creator&id=213 www.informate.com.mx/especiales/la-cruz-blanca-de-leonor-villegas-de-magnon.html]

1905 - [O.S. May 29] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Labour unrest in Odessa turns violent. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[D] [1921 - Tambov Rebellion: Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky (Михаил Тухачевский) signs order number 0116 on the use of chemical weapons against the rebels. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тухачевский,_Михаил_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky]

1923 - June Uprising [Юнско въстание]: Insurgent peasants fight heavy battles against the army and police from the Ganchovets (Ганчовец) and Sokolov (Соколово) stations in the area Mochura (Мочура). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1931 - In Avellaneda, Argentina, a group of anarchists led by Juan Antonio Moran kills Major Rosasco, a zealous servant of the dictatorship of General Uriburu who was responsible for the deaths of many militants, as he dines in a restaurant. The anarchist Lacunza aka Bébé dies during the operation.

1964 - Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage.

1966 - Division Street riots: Following the Puerto Rican Day Parade, a youth was shot in the leg by police precipitating 2 days of rioting in Chicago.

1968 - France '68: Henri Blanchet dies in the hospital following a beating at the hands of the CRS. The government orders the dissolution of various ultra-leftist groups, including the Mouvement du 22 Mars, and prohibits all events during the election period.

[AA] 2011 - During visiting a fight broke out in El Rodeo I, part of the El Rodeo prison complex near Caracas in Venezuela. It leaves 19 dead and 14 injured with gunshot wounds. More than 3,500 National Guards fail to regain control of the prison, and 400 heavily armed paratroopers are drafted in. || A group of peasants marched west from the city to the magnificent Savoy Palace, home of John of Gaunt. It caught fire as they ransacked it. Fortunately, John of Gaunt was in Scotland at this time, and escaped the rebels. As the flames lit the sky, Richard agreed to meet the rebels at Mile End the following day. He hoped that this would draw the peasants out of the city. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 13 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: The rebels were loose in the city and remain in control of the capital for two days. Fleet Prison was broken open, many lawyers were killed in the Temple, and foreign merchants massacred. Despite this, most peasants were peaceful, and little damage was done to the city, on the orders of Wat Tyler.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Revolt began to stir in St Albans in Hertfordshire when news broke of the events in London. There had been long-running disagreements in St Albans between the town and the local abbey, which had extensive privileges in the region. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Having attacked Sir Richard Lyons' property at Overhall, the group of Essex rebels led by John Wrawe moved on to Cavendish and Bury St Edmunds in west Suffolk, gathering further support as they went. John Cambridge, the Prior of the wealthy Bury St Edmunds Abbey, was disliked in the town, and Wrawe allied himself with the townspeople and stormed the abbey. The Prior escaped, but was found two days later and beheaded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1892 - Ramon Plarromaní Mas aka 'Romaní' (d. 1957), Catalan textile worker and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He joined the CNT in the 1920s and during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera took part in the fighting against the pistolers of the Sindicat Lliure. In one of these incidents, he was shot in the lung and serious injured, something that has life-long health consequences. In March 1933, he was a representative of the Sindicat Únic de Treballadors (SUT) in Gironella at the plemary of the Regional de Sindicats Únics of the CNT in Catalonia. In October 1936, he was appointed by the CNT to the Consell Municipal Provisional and later took charge of the Ministry of Work. With Franco's victory, he went to France and from 1949 to 1957 lived in the Colònia de Malalts i Mutilats d'Aymare in Aquitaine, a libertarian agricultural community organised by the CNT and the SIA to welcome comrades who suffered from disabilities or old age. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html]

[D] 1900 - Yihetuan [義和拳] or Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellon errupts into violence. At the Yongding gate, the secretary of the Japanese legation, Sugiyama Akira (杉山 彬), is attacked and killed by the Muslim soldiers of the pro-Boxer General Dong Fuxiang, who were guarding the southern part of the Beijing walled city. The same day the first Boxer, a young boy dressed in his finery, is seen in the Legation Quarter. Inexplicably, he is captured and executed by the German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and a number of German soldiers. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive. American and British missionaries had taken refuge in the Methodist Mission and an attack there was repulsed by American Marines. The soldiers at the British Embassy and German Legations shot and killed several Boxers, alienating the Chinese population of the city and nudging the Qing government toward support of the Boxers. The Muslim Gansu braves and Boxers, along with other Chinese then attacked and killed Chinese Christians around the legations in revenge for foreign attacks on Chinese. "Take away your missionaries and your opium and you will be welcome." - a Chinese official [quoted in Larry Clinton Thompson - '//William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the "Ideal Missionary"//', 2009] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion]

1901 - Jean Prévost (d. 1944), French writer, journalist, and Résistance fighter under the nom de guerre Captaine Goderville, born. He joined the underground National Committee of Writers, created by Louis Aragon and his wife Elsa Troilet, and took part in the creation of the clandestine newspaper '//Les Étoiles//' at the end of 1942, He was killed in a German ambush at the Pont Charvin, in Sassenage, whilst fighting with the Maquis du Vercors in August 1944. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Prévost fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Prévost actualitte.com/blog/hervebel/2014/05/un-ecrivain-francais-quil-faut-connaitre-jean-prevost-1901-1944/ resistanceenisere.eklablog.com/jean-prevost-et-le-maquis-du-vercors-a108209870 www.guiderama-guide-accompagnateur.com/jean-prevost-resistance.htm]

1903 - Vicente Ballester Tinoco (d. 1936), Spanish carpenter, cabinetmaker, writer, journalist, and prominent Andalusian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. In 1920' he was a member of the anarchist group Fermín Salvochea, along with José Bonat, and in 1921 was a delegate in Cádiz anarchist underground plenum El Arahal, where it was decided that the anarchist groupings would enter the CNT. The following year he was named vice president of Ateneo Obrero and participated in the editorial group of the journal 'Alba Roja'. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he became the president of the Sindicato de la Construcción of the CNT in Cadiz in 1924 and in 1926 joined the Fermin Salvochea Freemason lodge, where he was active until 1930, leaving following the trade union conference held in Seville in October. In 1927, he married Ramona Sierra Estudillo whom he had five children (Aurora, Rafael Joaquin, Jose Antonio) and the following year was a member of the anarchist group Germinal, with Bonat, Elias Garcia, Lucero and Galé among others. He was arrested for the first time at Jerez in 1929 and was imprisoned for a month and a half. In 1930 he was Vice President of the Ateneo Popular Enciclopèdic where he hosted debates and lectured on Esperanto. In September 1932, he was appointed secretary of the Regional Committee of the CNT in Andalusia and Extremadura. During the insurrection of January 1933, Rafael Peña García (CNT) and Juan Arcas Moreda (FIJL), he was a member of the Comité Revolucionario Andaluz (Revolutionary Committee Andalusian). It was during this period that the massacre in Casas Viejas of 25 people, including Francisco Cruz 'Seisdedos', were burned alive by the Republican Guard assault, a crime that inspired his most famous work '//Han Hasado los Bárbaros. La Verdad Sobre Casas Viejas//' (Gone are the barbarians. The Truth about Casas Viejas; 1933). Editor of '//CNT//', he was arrested in 1934 in Madrid following the Asturian revolution and in 1935 he was one of the reorganisers of the CNT in Cadiz alongside Manuel Pérez. In 1936 he lived 2 Calle de la Libertad in Cadiz and in May took part in a rally in the arena alongside the Socialist leader Largo Caballero. He was then Secretary of CR Andalusian. The same month of May was one of the delegates to the Congress of Cadiz CNT in Zaragoza where he participated in the development of the motion on libertarian communism came at the meeting and closing of the conference. On July 18, 1936 shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, his son Rafael warned him of the imminent arrival of the Assault Guards and he went into hiding, where he would live for several months in different houses. In the early morning of 19 September, he was arrested following his betrayal. He was summarily tried by court martial and shot that afternoon in the trenches of Las Puertas de Tierra. His literary work includes the children's story '//Pepin//' (1927) and the novels '//La Voz de la Sangre//' (The Voice of Blood; 1930), '//El último Cacique//' (The Last Political Boss; 1930), '//El asalto//' (The assault; 1932), '//Escoria social//' (Social Scum; 1932), '//Han Hasado los Bárbaros. La Verdad Sobre Casas Viejas//' (1933) and '//La tragedia vulgar de un hombre libre//' (The Tragedy of a Vulgar Free Man; 1934). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Ballester_Tinoco militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1681 www.estelnegre.org/documents/ballestertinoco/ballestertinoco.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2109-vicente-ballester-tinoco-anarquista-de-cadiz.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre19.html]

[A] 1910 - In Paris, confrontations take place at Faubourg Saint-Anthony between cabinetmakers and police. The anarchist Henri Cler is wounded and dies from head injuries at the hospital Saint-Antoine on June 21.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Francisco Madero sends Juan Sarabia and Jesus Magón to L.A.

1921 - Rome's Communist deputy Francesco Misiano is beaten, forcibly shaved and forced to parade through the streets with a sign around his neck - "The country should be served and I'm fascist" - whilst the squadristi revile and spit upon him. This is their idea of 'heroic' action. [pic] [www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/?p=17162]

1923 - June Uprising [Юнско въстание]: At Kilifarevo newly arrives artillery pieces begin firing on the last positions of the rebels in the Usoynata (Усойната) and Butora (Бутора) areas. In the following days the uprising is suppressed. The remaining guerrillas immediately set about forming the Kilifarevo Band (Килифаревската чета [четата]), a sort of insurrectionary 'united front', that would remain active for the next couple of years despite the loss of leading lights such as Georgi Popov (Георги С. Попов) and Georgi Sheytanov (Георги Шейтанов). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d'état_of_1923 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юнско_въстание ikonomov.a-bg.net/kilifarevsko.html www.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/16487 bezlogo.com/2011/06/заради-преврата-от-9-юни-1923-г-килифарево-е.html www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678] || -land rents were reduced to reasonable levels. -the Poll Tax was to be abolished. -free pardons for all rebels. -charters would be qiven to the peasants laying down a number of rights and privileges. -all "traitors" were to be put to death. Richard agreed to all these demands, but added that only a royal court could decide if a person was a traitor or not. He thought that this was the best policy, in order to allow the peasants to go home. A group of thirty or so clerks began to copy out charters for the peasants to take home. However, the King had been outwitted by Wat Tyler. A group of peasants, taking advantage of the King's absence at Mile End, raided the Tower of London. Here, they found three of their most hated people; Simon Sudbury, (Archbishop of Canterbury), Sir Robert Hailes (King's treasurer) and John Legge (the creator of the Poll Tax). They were dragged out onto Tower Hill, and beheaded. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 14 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Richard rode to the meeting at Mile End. Here, Wat Tyler put forward the peasants demands:

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Protesters met with the Abbot, Thomas de la Mare, in St. Albans and demanded their freedom from the abbey. A group of townsmen under the leadership of William Grindecobbe traveled to London, where they appealed to the King for the rights of the abbey to be abolished. Wat Tyler, then still in control of the city, granted them authority in the meantime to take direct action against the abbey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: John Battisford and Thomas Sampson independently led a revolt near Ipswich. They took the town without opposition and looted the properties of the archdeacon and local tax officials. The violence spread out further, with attacks on many properties and the burning of the local court records. One official, Edmund Lakenheath, was forced to flee from the Suffolk coast by boat. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

[D] 1849 - Palatine Uprising: At Kirchheimbolanden the poorly armed and vastly outclassed revolutionary troops of the people's militia are all killed or captured by an army of 19,000 Prussian soldiers under Moritz von Hirschfeld. The provisional government flees, and many Bavarian officials return to their positions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]

1872 (or poss. 1878) - Jules-César Rozental (d. 1903), Bulgarian militant anarchist and poet, born. Son of a Polish-born Russian revolutionary, doctor and refugee in Bulgaria, he became a libertarian partisan in Macedonia with the Stara Zagora group led by Nicolas Detchev. On the night of September 11 to 12, 1903, the local Macedonian population revolted together with various insurgent groups and engaged a battle near the village of Loukovo. More than 400 were killed along with 113 Turkish Bulgarian militia including Nicolas Detchev. Julius Caesar Rozental was also wounded and died a few days later on September 14. His poetry collection, '//Unfinished Songs//' was posthumously published in 1904. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5315 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120914]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 1] Białystok pogrom [Белостокский погром]: Two hundred Jews are killed and 700 injured, and 169 shops and houses plundered, with 8 streets completely ransacked, in a pogrom in Białystok (Jun. 14-16). The Jews offer stout resistance; the police and troops aid looters and attack Jewish self-defence forces. The Deputy-Governor of Grodno and commissioner of police in Bialystok are promoted. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Белостокский_погром veniamin1.livejournal.com/244613.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Białystok_pogrom www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

1911 - Los Angeles police arrest the anarchists Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón for violation of the US neutrality law.

1914 - Settimana Rossa di Ancona: 'The Red Week of Ancona' general strike ends with the complicity of the Socialists and their trade union. Errico Malatesta, escaping the police, is forced again to flee into exile, to London. [see: Jun. 21]

[A] 1966 - Major Provo riots in Amsterdam.

1970 - Bradley Roland 'Brad' Will (d. 2006), US anarchist, poet, documentary filmmaker and a journalist with Indymedia New York City, born. He was shot and killed on October 27, 2006 during the teachers' strike in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Will greenpolitics.wikia.com/wiki/Brad_Will news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20061104102149491 poetryproject.org/wp-content/uploads/n210.pdf]

2001 - Police lay siege to the Hvitfeldtska Gymnasiet convergence centre during the Goteburg EU Summit in order to prevent demonstrators from reaching the anti-Bush rally.

2006 - In Mexico, State police attack teacher's strike demonstrators occupying streets and the central square of downtown Oaxaca. They also destroy Radio Plantón, but students and teachers take over Radio Universidad, at the Independent University Benito Juárez.

2006 - Vicente Marti (b. 1926), militant anarchist and member Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), dies. In the 1960s Marti was responsible for getting weapons from France into Spain to aid guerrilla actions against the fascist government. [www.ephemanar.net/juin14.html libcom.org/history/marti-vicente-1926-2006 www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/SALUT-VICENTE.html]

2013 - Turkish protester Ethem Sarısülük (b. 1986), shot in the head by police on June 1 during the Gezi Park Protests, dies in hospital after spending 14 days in intensive care. [tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethem_Sarısülük] || The King agreed to a meeting at Smithfield, an open space within the city walls. When the King's party arrived, Wat Tyler rode up and greeted them in an insolent manner. What happened next is unclear, but was probably a pre-arranged plot. Tyler was rude to the King, refusing to dismount, and spitting in front of him. The Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth, drew his sword and attacked Tyler, wounding him. A squire finished him off as he lay on the ground. This was a crucial moment, before the peasants realised what had happened. The young King rode forward, shouting out that all their demands were to be met, and that they should follow him out of the city, where charters would be forthcoming. Trustingly, the rebels followed him, and most were persuaded to return home. Richard reneged on his promises and hanged 1,500 of the rebels, including John Ball and Jack Straw [possibly a pseudonym for John Wrawe or even Tyler himself]. [+spartacus] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDchronology.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/dreamJohnBallWrightHistoricalIntro.html www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Wat-Tyler-the-Peasants-Revolt/]
 * = 15 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt / Wat Tyler's Rebellion: Following the granting of charters the previous day, many peasants began to leave London and return home, believing that their demands had been met. However, Wat Tyler (b. 1350) and a hard core of peasants remained behind, and they demanded another meeting with the King, to deliver even more demands.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Following their visit to London to appealed for the rights of St Albans abbey to be abolished, William Grindecobbe and the rebels returned to St Albans, where they found the Prior had already fled. The rebels broke open the abbey gaol, destroyed the fences marking out the abbey lands and burnt the abbey records in the town square. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: The Prior of the wealthy Bury St Edmunds Abbey, who escaped rebel hands two days ago, is found and beheaded. A small band of John Wrawe's rebels marched further north to Thetford to extort protection money from the town, and another group tracked down Sir John Cavendish, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Cavendish was caught in Lakenheath and killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

1881 - The recently inaugurated statue of Adolphe Thiers in St-Germain-en-Laye is attacked with an anarchist bomb, made from a sardine tin packed with explosives. Unfortunately it does not cause much damage to the statue of the tyrant but this first attempt (failed) hails the beginning in France an era of propaganda by deed, even if it was a provocation organised by the Prefect of Police in Paris, Louis Andrieux, who also financed the anarchist journal '//La Révolution Sociale//' with public funds.

1896 - Gérard Duvergé (also known as Fred Durtain, Chevalier à Monségur) (d. 1944), French libertarian teacher, anarchist and anti-fascist //résistant//, born. Fought in Spain and, as a member of the Résistance, was murdered by the Gestapo. [www.ephemanar.net/juin15.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1423]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 2] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The city is plastered with notices signed by the lieutenant-governor Sazonov (Сазонова) announcing that gatherings at the River Talka (Реки Талка) meeting site are banned. At the same time Sazonov has requested to be allowed to make night-time arrests of the leaders and active participants in the strike, and find a excuse for the use of force the following day. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 2] Białystok pogrom [Белостокский погром]: The Duma criticises the government’s reaction to the Białystok pogrom. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Белостокский_погром veniamin1.livejournal.com/244613.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Białystok_pogrom www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Jun. 2] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Minister of Internal Affairs Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин) warns that the Kronstadt naval base has become a centre of revolutionary activity. The government attempts to counter radical influences among its troops and sailors by indoctrinating them with right-wing propaganda. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

[DD] [1913 - [N.S. Jun. 28] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: An uprising against the Serbian government in Vardar Macedonia, planned by the by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation to take place behind the Serbian lines during the Second Balkan War after the Bulgarian Army had begun operations in the Tikveš region of Macedonia, starts prematurely after the secret uprising conspiracy had been betrayed to the local Serbian authorities. bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1919 - Founding of the Federation of Anarchist Communists of Bulgaria (F.A.C.B.), in Sofia, June 15-17th. Federation members included Ivan Nicolov, one of its most popular speakers and polemicists, and Gueorgui Cheitanov, a popular speaker and guerrilla. (Both were murdered by the fascist government in 1925.) The Federation published the theoretical review, Free Society.

1920 - Liberto Sarrau Royes (d. 2001), Spanish militant anarchist, anti-fascist fighter and writer, born. Active in the labour movement as a member of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT. Member of the Juventudes Libertarias (JJLL) and the famed Durruti Column. Liberto Sarrau whose regular column '//Retractos al minuto//' (up to the minute portraits) gave a sort of tongue in cheek biographies of swollen headed libertarian militants or ones who had slipped down what Sébastien Faure called the "slippery slope." Along with Amador Franco, Liberto Sarrau made up the youngest duo of writers whose work appeared in '//Ruta//', whose columns featured the finest pens of anarchist thinking during the 30s. A member of the anti-fascist resistance movement in Barcelona, in 1946 Liberto, his partner Joaquina Dorado and Raúl Carballeira formed the group 3 de Mayo. In 1948, he was arrested, tortured and sent to prison. Sarrau appears in the film '//Vivir la Utopia//' (Living Utopia) by Juan Gamero: "Liberto Sarrau evokes the injustice that led to the condemnation of Francisco Ferrer who was innocent of the crimes that were attributed to him. He praises the schools and the quality of teaching inspired by Ferrer. Sarrau then provides a logical explanation of the reasons for burning down some churches, which occurred only with priests who joined the police and soldiers shooting — from bell towers (as one can see in Ken Loach’s film, '//Tierra y Libertad//') — anyone they could aim at, including women and children, instead of shooting armed enemies. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/sarrau/sarrau.html libcom.org/history/royes-liberto-sarrau-1920-2002 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/sarrau-royes-liberto-1920-2001.html macoca.org/liberto-sarrau-royes-y-joaquina]

1921 - Isidre Guàrdia Abella aka Leopoldo Arribas, 'Codine', Juan Lorenzo, 'Viriato', Juan Ibérico, 'Isigual', etc. (d. 2012), Spanish writer, autodidact, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Orphaned at 10 years old, he was forced to work in numerous jobs (bellhop, busboy (waiter's assistant), apprentice barber, labourer, cashier, etc.), all the time trying to make up for his lack of schooling. In 1935 he joined the Sindicat Gastronòmic of the CNT. With the fascist coup in 1936, he joined the militia and was a member of the Joventuts Llibertàries in the Barri del Centre de València. On 2 August 1936, he participated in the assault on the headquarters of the Regiment de Cavalleria Lleuger Cuirassat (Light Armored Cavalry Regiment) 'Lusitania' No. 8, located on Passeig d'Àlbers in Valencia. During the civil war, he fought as a volunteer in the Primera Columna Confederal de Llevant and, following the militarisation of the brigades, he was appointed, aged 17, a sergeant in the 82 Mixed Brigade on the Teruel front, also writing for the brigades news sheet under the pseudonym Isigual. After Franco's victory, he was held in the Utiel concentration camp. After his release, he joined the clandestine struggle, becoming a member of the Comité Provincial del Movimiento Libertario in Valencia and, from November 1939, head of the Organización del Comité Provincial de la Agrupación Libertaria (which included the CNT, FAI and FIJL). On his 19th birthday, he was arrested by Franco's police for his involvement in the distribution of an Alianza Democrática Española manifesto that Francisco Ponzán Vidal had printed in France. On 8 November 1941, along with 32 members of the CNT and the FIJL, he was tried by court martial and sentenced to death for "conspiracy against the regime" and membership of the Agrupació Llibertària. The sentence was commuted to 30 years in prison in January 1942. During the 8½ years he spent in the central prison of San Miguel de los Reyes in Valencia, he was secretary of the Juventudes Libertarias for 4 years and a member of the prison's Comité Libertario for 4 years. In this period, in addition to expand his knowledge of French and Italian, he studied accounting, published the Boletín de CNT (Bulletin of CNT), edited the newspaper of the Juventudes Libertarias and was a correspondent with the anarchist press in exile, thanks to the assistance of Castor Garcia Rojo, a prison official who smuggled out his mail. He was released on October 7, 1950, after serving ten years, three months and twenty three days. In 1974, his testimony (under the pseudonym Juan Lorenzo) was included in the Cuadernos de Ruedo Ibérico (Journal of Iberian Arean ) entitled '//El movimiento libertario español//' (The Spanish libertarian movement). After the death of Franco, he participated in the reconstruction of the CNT and, from 1976, he was director of a chemical company, the same year as he was amongst the 10 finalists for the Planeta Prize for his unpublished autobiographical novel '//Saca//', later published as '//Otoño de 1941//' (1977). He was involved in various agricultural enterprises and continued to write for many libertarian publications e.g. '//España Libre//',' //Comunidad Iberica//', '//Frente Libertario//', '//Revista Iberoamericana de Autogestión y Acción Comunal//', '//Sindicalismo//', '//Umbral//', '//La Verdad//', etc. He is also author of '//Entre el ensayo y la historia//' (Between phases and history; 1976); '//La CNT ante el presente, pasado y perspectiva//' (The CNT to the past, present and perspective; 1977); '//Conversaciones sobre el movimiento obrero: Entrevistas con militantes de la CNT//' (Talk about the labour movement: Interviews with members of the CNT; 1978); '//Escritos del silencio//' (Writings of silence; 2005, articles written in prison); and '//Entre muros y sombras//' (Between walls and shadows; 2006). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3472 www.estelnegre.org/documents/guardiaabella/guardiaabella.html www.brigadamixta.com/?p=6159]

1942 - Vera Nikolaevna Figner (b. 1852), Russian revolutionary anarchist who plotted to blow up the Tsar and later directed the Kropotkin Museum, dies in Moscow at age 89. [see: Jun. 25]

1943 - Jules Dumont (b. 1888), French Communist militant, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and in the Résistance during WWII, is shot by the Germans at the Fort du Mont-Valérien, Suresnes, near Paris. [see: Jan. 1]

1966 - End of three days of Dutch Provo rioting, Amsterdam.

1968 - As part of their campus-wide medical struggle (izen gakutō), medical students occupy Yasuda Hall clock tower, the hub of the university, the administrative heart, containing the office of the University President as well as the main auditorium. [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

1974 - Sara Bard Field (b. 1882), American poet, pacifist, suffragist, Christian socialist and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [see: Sep. 1]

[C] 1974 - As part of their 'Stop the Asian Invasion' campaign, the NF holds a 'Send Them Back' march in London which is planned to culminate in a rally at Conway Hall in Red lion Square. Opposition was organised by the London Area Council of Liberation (formerly the Movement for Colonial Freedom) in the form of a counter-demonstration supported by the IMG, IS, CPGB and various anti-fascist and anarchist groups. The counter-demonstration assembled on the Embankment and marched to Red Lion Square without incident. They planned to hold an open-air meeting on the north side of the Square, away from Conway Hall. However, the IMG had planned a mass picket at the main entrance of the hall, thereby denying the NF access and, when their part of the march reached the police cordon blocking off access to the front of the Hall, the IMG tried to break through the cordon. pushing and scuffling followed. There were several charges and counter-charges. Special Patrol Group and mounted police reiforced the cordon and, after an order to disperse was ignored, the police charged the crowd. It was during this charge that Kevin Gately (b. 1953), a Warwick University student on his very first demonstration, was struck by a blow from a mounted policeman's baton that resulted in a cerebral haemorrhage, from which he later died in University College Hospital. Kevin was not a member of any political group but had joined the IMG section of the march as many of the Warwick University contingent were IMG members and photos of the demonstration show him appearing to try and flee the fighting. The police then forcibly cleared all remaining demonstrators from the Square just in time for the arrival of the NF march. The two sides were kept apart by a police cordon and, after a few minutes, the counter-demonstrators gathered at the junction of Vernon Place and Southampton Row were charged by mounted police from the direction of the Square. They and police on foot indiscriminately truncheoned the crowd, who were effectively trapped between 2 police lines. While this was happening, the National Front were allowed to enter Red Lion Square and go into Conway Hall. Events that day exposed deep divisions on the Left on the 'correct' tactics that should be used in countering the fascists. Further clashes between police and anti-fascist demonstrators occurred throughout the day, with the end result being that one person died, 46 policemen and at least 12 demonstrators were injured, 51 people arrested and the whole police operation had cost an estimated £15,000. In the ensuing Scarman Inquiry into Gately's death, the tribunal would largely absolved the police of any wrongdoing. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Kevin_Gately en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square_disorders hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/red-lion-square-and-the-death-of-kevin-gately/ www.academia.edu/197826/A_Bulwark_Diminished_The_Communist_Party_the_SWP_and_Anti-Fascism_in_the_1970s antifascistarchive.org/tag/international-marxist-group/ news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/15/newsid_2512000/2512725.stm www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jun/17/archive-dead-student-fell-under-the-crowd-1974 afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/a-bulwark-diminished.pdf]

1981 - Andrew Brons, NF Chairman, is ambushed by anti-fascists as he is on his way to work at Harrogate College of Further Education, where he is a lecturer in government and politics. [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

2001 - Large-scale riot in Kungsportsavenyn during the Goteburg EU Summit. Later that day, police fire shots during Reclaim the Streets at Vasaplatsen, critically injuring a rioter. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 16 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Thomas de la Mare is forced to surrender St Albans abbey's rights in a charter. The revolt against the abbey spread out over the next few days, with abbey property and financial records being destroyed across the county.

1827 - Élie (Jean-Pierre Michel) Reclus (d. 1904), anthropologist, journalist and militant anarchist. Participated in the Commune of Paris in 1871, born. Member of the great generational anarchist family, including Élisée Reclus and Paul Reclus. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Reclus dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/ishill/ishill46-50.html www.saintefoylagrandehistoire.com/galeries/oeuvre.php?val=137_18_elie+reclus+1827-1904]

1869 - In the small French mining town of Ricamarie troops are called in to suppress a workers' strike. They open fire on demonstrators protesting the arrest of 40 workers, killing 14 (including a 17-month-old girl in her mothers arms) and wound about 60 (including 10 children).

1894 - In Rome the anarchist Paolo Lega attempts to shoot the Italian prime minister, Francesco Crispi. Upon his first shot the pistol refuses to fire. The second shot misses and Lega is arrested. At his trial on July 19, 1894, he is sentenced to 20 years and 17 days in prison. [see: Dec. 9]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 3] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In defiance of the order banning meetings by the River Talka (Реки Талка), 3,000 workers gather for a meeting at which 2 Cossacks order them to disperse. The workers refuse. Half an hour later a group of soldiers and Cossacks headed by the police chief Kozhelovsky (Кожеловский) arrived, ready to attack the workers, who responded by throwing stones. The troops retreated to nearby trees and opened fire, forcing the workers to flee. Those that did not manage to flee were beaten by the soldiers and Cossacks, who did not distinguish between men and women. 20 people were arrested there. News of the beatings brought thousands of people out onto the streets. Clashes broke out with the police and workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burnt down a mill and the police chief's house. 80 people were arrested and many were injured, some fatally (some sources claim 28 women and children are killed during this and further clashes). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[A] 1923 - In Buenos Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a fanatical right-wing prison guard. He dies the following day and, despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a countrywide General Strike is called in protest.

1937 - In Spain members of the POUM Executive Committee and foreign activists are rounded up. POUM is outlawed and its militants persecuted by the Stalinists and the Republic's police.

1955 - Navy and Air Force fighters bombed Plaza de Mayo, wounding or killing several hundreds of civilians. In retaliation, extremist Peronist groups attacked and burned several churches that night, allegedly instigated by Vice-President Alberto Teisaire. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo]

1968 - Paris police clear the Sorbonne of some 200 occupying students.

1972 - Ulrike Meinhof is captured by West German police.

[D] 1976 - Student uprising in Soweto. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_uprising www.sahistory.org.za/topic/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising]

1986 - In South Africa, and despite arrests, millions stay home in a black trade union strike on the 10th anniversary of the Soweto uprising.

1995 - Ramón Domingo (b. 1901), Spanish anarchist propagandist and Civil War combattant, dies. [see: Aug. 31]

2001 - Heavily armed anti-terrorist police brutalise a hundred young protesters at the Schillerska Grammar School in Goteburg, under the pretext of a 'terrorist alert', forcing them to lay face-down on the ground for several hours.

2012 - 13 prisoners die from smoke inhalation at Sanliurfa prison in south-east Turkey after inmates set fire to their bedding in protest at poor conditions.

2013 - Berkin Elvan, a 14-year-old Turkish boy is hit in the head by a police tear-gas canister during the Gezi Park anti-government demonstrations as he goes out to buy bread for his family. He laspes into a coma and dies 269 days later. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_protests_in_Turkey] || The rebels assembled outside Norwich on June 17 and killed Sir Robert Salle, who was in charge of the city defences and had attempted to negotiate a settlement. The people of the town then opened the gates to let the rebels in, where they began looting buildings and killed Reginald Eccles, a local official. William de Ufford, the Earl of Suffolk fled his estates and travelled in disguise to London. The other leading members of the local gentry were captured and forced to play out the roles of a royal household, working for Litster. Violence spread out across the county, as gaols were opened, Flemish immigrants killed, court records burned, and property looted and destroyed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 17 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: In Norfolk, the revolt was led by Geoffrey Litster, a weaver, and Sir Roger Bacon, a local lord with ties to the Suffolk rebels. Litster began sending out messengers across the county in a call to arms on June 14, and isolated outbreaks of violence occurred.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: As news of the initial events in London also reach York, attacks break out on the properties of the Dominican friars, the Franciscan friaries and other religious institutions. The violence continued over the coming weeks, and on July 1 a group of armed men, under the command of John de Gisbourne, forced their way into the city and attempted to seize control. The mayor, Simon de Quixlay, gradually began to reclaim authority, but order was not properly restored until 1382.  [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

[1812 - Food riot at Horbury, West Yorkshire [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/17th-june-1812-food-riot-at-horbury.html]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 4] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following yesterday's clashes, angry gatherings of workers take place across Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский). Protest letter are submitted to the governor who givers the workers permission to hold two rallies on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка). The attempt to use force has been counter-productive, and the strike is even stronger. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Alexander Berkman released from prison for attempted murder of Henry Clay Frick. Emma Goldman and others address a crowd of 2,000 people who gather to greet Berkman.

1921 - Evelio Boal, Secretary General of the CNT, assassinated (//ley de fugas//) by the government. Part of the bloody repression of the anarcho-syndicalist union in the early 1920s, large numbers of cenetista leaders being jailed and/or assassinated.

1921 - The anarcho-syndicalist Salvador Sala Salsench attempts to assassinate Antonio Martínez Domingo, the mayor of Barcelona, in the Plaça St Jaume. The plan had been for a group of cenetistas to attack Severiano Martínez Anido, the Governor of Barcelona and the promoter of the //ley de fugas//, but he failed to show.

1923 - In Argentina Kurt Wilckens (b. 1886) dies after being shot in his prison cell yesterday by a rightwing guard. German anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), he was responsible for the attack on Varela (known as the 'Killer of Patagonia'). [see: Nov. 3]

1932 - Angelo Pellegrino Sbardellotto (b. 1907), Italian anarchist and antifascist, summarily tried and executed by a fascist firing squad, having admitted to the Fascist Special Tribunal (for the Defence of the State) his plan to assassinate Mussolini. His final words: "Viva Anarchia!" [see: Aug. 1]

1943 - Fritz Teufel (d. 2010), West Berlin Communard, political activist, author and active participant in the West German anti-authoritarian student movement in the 1960s, born. With Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, he was one of the founders of Kommune 1 which directed its activities against the prevailing social conditions and, mainly due to these deliberately provocative actions, attracted worldwide attention. He was also a leading member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (2nd June Movement). [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Teufel www.dadaweb.de/wiki/Fritz_Teufel_-_Gedenkseite www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/zum-tod-von-fritz-teufel-die-spaesse-die-ihr-kennt-11009216.html www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/fritz-teufel-german-radical-who-helped-to-establish-the-fun-guerrilla-movement-2042354.html www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/anarchisten-der-clown-mit-der-schrotflinte-a-281705.html www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530933.html]

1945 - Luigi Francesco Giovanni Parmeggiani aka Louis Marcy (d. 1945), Italian anarchist individualist expropriator, one-time apprentice typographer, shoemaker, and latterly a journalist, publisher, antiques dealer and forger of medieval and Renaissance caskets, jewellery and reliquaries, dies. [see: Apr. 2]

[A/D] 1953 - A workers Uprising in East Berlin and Leipzig sparks revolt all over East Germany; workers strike for democracy; revolutionary currents oppose Russian imperialism; USSR invades, sending in tanks "to restore law and order". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany libcom.org/history/workers-resistance-demise-east-germany-jeffrey-kopstein libcom.org/library/1953-working-class-uprising-east-germany-cajo-brendel www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2013-07-05/remembering-the-workers’-rising-in-east-germany-1953 www.opendemocracy.net/node/1325 adst.org/2013/06/the-east-berlin-uprising-june-16-17-1953/]

1968 - Riot police force Tokyo University medical students occupying the Yasuda Hall clock tower out. [see: Jun. 15] [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

[C] 1981 - Icchak Cukierma aka 'Antek' (b. 1915), Polish Jewish socialist member of Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organisation), who was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 and a fighter in the Warsaw Uprising 1944, dies. [see: Dec. 13]

[AA] 2011 - Venezuelan authorities manage to retake El Rodeo I, leaving 2 soldiers dead and more than 18 injured. Attempts to search the smaller El Rodeo II for contraband weapons are resisted by the 1,300 prisoners housed there and a stand-off ensues between soldiers with assault rifles and tanks and the armed prisoners. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states]
 * = 18 || 1849 - Palatine Uprising: Following the Battle of Ludwigshafen on June 15th and the Battle of Rinnthal two days later, the Palatine revolutionary army retreats over the Knielingen Rhine bridge towards Baden. Fighting on Palatine soil is practically over, as the revolutionary army's rearguard, the Willich Freikorps, follows it on June 19th.

[D] 1905 - [N.S. Jul. 1] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Cossacks attacked several thousand workers returning from a demonstration in the Łagiewniki forest (Lesie Łagiewnickim) as they march between the chapel of St. Anthony toward Bałucki Market Square (Bałuckiego Rynku) in Łódź. Around 10 people are killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 5] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Fifty Jews are killed in a pogrom at Staroselts, near Grodno. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

1913 - Stanisław Marusarz (d. 1993), Polish Nordic skiing competitor in the 1930s, born. After the German attack on Poland in 1939, he joined the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army) and fought for Poland's independence until 1940, when he was captured and, having refused to cooperate with the occupiers, who proposed him a job as a coach, he was sentenced to death. However, Marusarz successfully escaped from a German prison and fled to Hungary, where he stayed until the end of the war. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Marusarz pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Marusarz]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 1] Kerensky Offensive and anti-Provisional Government demonstrations. [see: Jul. 1]

1923 - In Argentina a countrywide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country. In Buenos Aires the protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers are killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) and 163 arrested; one policeman is killed and three wounded.

[1935 - Battle of Ballantyne Pier: Around 1,000 striking longshoremen and their supporters battle with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier libcom.org/history/1935-battle-ballantyne-pier]

[C] 1942 - Having been betrayed by one Karel Čurda, the Czechosolvak partisans whose ambush of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich on May 27 had led to his death on June 4, are tracked to the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague. At 16:15, the church is besieged by 800 soldiers of the Wehrmacht Heer and Waffen-SS. After a seven-hours fight, the outnumbered group of paratroopers, which included Gabčík, Kubiš, Opálka and Valčík, together with fellow combattants Josef Bublík, Jan Hrubý and Jaroslav Švarc, fell. All died, with Adolf Opálka committing suicide after having being injured by shrapnel. [see: May 27]

1970 - Lambeth Court, home of the Archbishop of Canterbury, is firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1977 - Fighting breaks out between National Front and Socialist Workers Party activists by the Clock Tower in Lewisham Town Centre, where both groups were selling papers. A socialist teacher from Deptford is knocked unconscious. [lewisham77.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/battle-of-lewisham-chronology.html]

1978 - In response to the previous weekend's rampage by skinheads through Brick Lane and the racist murder of Altab Ali, 4,000 people take part in an ANL and Bengali Youth Movement Against Racist Attacks, a short-lived alliance between three major Bengali youth organisations, hold a march in Tower Hamlets. [www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/1970s.html]

[AA] 1984 - The Battle of Orgreave: Police attack striking miners at the Orgreave coke plant in South Yorkshire on a picket organised to mark the 100th day of their strike. 95 miners are arrested, all later had their charges dropped. The official casualty count was 72 policemen given hospital treatment and 51 pickets injured, though many injured pickets avoided seeking medical treatment as it was an effective guarantee of arrest.

[A] 1999 - The Carnival against Capital shuts down the City of London. There are solidarity protests in 40 other countries. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 19 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: In the Somerset town of Bridgwater, an uprising breaks out led by Thomas Ingleby and Adam Brugge. The crowds attacks the local Augustine house and forces their master to give up his local privileges and pay a ransom. The rebels then turned on the properties of John Sydenham, a local merchant and official, looting his manor and burning paperwork, before executing Walter Baron, a local man. The Ilchester gaol was stormed, and one unpopular prisoner executed.

1821 - [O.S. Jun. 7] Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence: Following the dashing of Alexander Ypsilantis' hope that the Russians would intervene on his side (he had in fact been denounced by the Tsar, kicked out of the Russian army and ordered to lay down his arms) and the crossing of the Danube by 30,000 Ottomans troops, there followed a series of major battles that lead to the defeat of the Eteria's forces, culminating in the final defeat of Ypsilantis' Sacred Band (Ἱερὸς Λόχος) battalion at Drăgăşani on June 7 (O.S.). Ypsilantis fled to Austria with the remnants of his followers where, having failed to gain permission to cross the frontier despite several days negotiations with the Austrian authorities, and fearing capture by the Turks, he crossed in Austria and was promptly arrested. Ypsilantis was subsequently kept in close confinement for seven years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821]

1843 - Rebecca Riots: In May 1843 gates within the town of Carmarthen were attacked for the first time. The authorities warned that harsh penalties would be meted out to anyone found to be involved with "Rebecca", but Hugh Williams and others defended the riots in the local newspapers and, indeed, the activities of "Rebecca" not only continued but widened to include not only the Toll Gates but the property of people who spoke out against the rioting. The rioting also became more violent with gunshots being fired at Special Constables in the village of Blaen-y-Coed near Carmarthen. The supporters of "Rebecca" now felt strong enough to march in daylight to Carmarthen to present a petition to the Magistrates at the Guildhall and "rebecca" led a march of around 2000 people to the town on June 19, 1843 and were joined by some of the poor people of the town. In Carmarthen they marched to the Workhouse and demanded to be let in. The Master had little option but to open the gates to the yard and once inside the rioters laid hold of the Matron, Mrs Evans, and took the keys to the house from her. They then attacked the Master, broke up the contents of the house and ordered the children outside. They were preparing to burn the Workhouse when a rumour spread that soldiers were approaching. Meanwhile, the increased violence and the spread of the riots had eventually caused the Government to send in troops and a troop of the 4th Light Dragoons was sent from Cardiff to Carmarthen. They were approaching the town when they heard of the attack on the Workhouse and proceeded at a gallop, riding into town to find the destruction of the bulding taking place. The rioters panicked at the approach of the Dragoons and stampeded, some 60 being taken prisoner by the troops. [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]

1867 - In México Emperor Maximilian, overthrown on May 15, is executed.

[A] 1886 - Kangaroo trial of eight anarchists for the Haymarket bombing begins in Chicago.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar meets with liberals for the first time. Sergei Trubetskoy’s Zemstvo delegation urges the formation of a popularly elected legislature to avoid a revolution. The Tsar responds: "Cast away your doubts", and pledges to call an assembly. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трубецкой,_Сергей en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 6] Project 33 [проект 33-х]: In the Duma, a Draft Law of the Land, developed the private meeting of deputies of the Workers' group and based on the Project 104 (проект 104-х) draft, ir put forward by the SR faction. It calls for the immediate and complete abolition of private ownership of land, declared the equal right of all citizens to use the land (nationalisation) and the principle of communal land use with egalitarian redistribution of land for the normal uses of the workers, without compensation. [www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/chrest/x6_5_18.html www.ngpedia.ru/id651258p3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи_I_созыва ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

[1913 - [N.S. Jul. 1] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Serbian and Turkish forces are defeated by the rebels and retreat towards Velez (Велес). [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Zapatistas ratify the Plan de Ayala, whilst Pancho Villa and his forces arrive at Calera to begin the siege of Zacatecas.

[D] [1917 - [O.S. Jun. 6] In Sevastopol sailors arrest & disarm their officers as the Russian Black Sea fleet mutinies. [expand]

1922 - La Grève du Havre: A 110-day long strike by metalworkers in Le Havre begins following the decision by factory owners, who had gottten shamelessly rich through the war and buying up German companies under receivership cheaply, to cut workers wages. In early June, the Chambre Syndicale Patronale de la Métallurgie (Metallurgy Employers Trade Association) in Le Havre informed its workers that, from June 22nd, wages will be reduced by 10% on average. However, despite an already long revolutionary tradition, the metal workers in the city are not unionised. Furthermore, it begins at almost the same time as the founding congress of the CGTU signals the first major split in the French labour movement since 1914, dividing between a reformist CGT, headed by former anarchist Jouhaux, and the new confederation, founded by the minority of the organisation, communists and libertarians. The latter quickly establishes a metallurgy syndicate in Le Havre, which is still run by revolutionary trade unionists, as the Communists are still in the minority, which helps co-ordinate the strike. On Tuesday June 20, workers form a strike committee and the next day, 900 steelworkers on strike hold their first public meeting. The initial response of the bosses' Comité des Forges is to refuse to negotiate, betting on the strike's swift collapse. Additionally, the Préfet prohibits any public gatherings, to try and thwart the strikers' attempts at organising wider support for their actions. On June 23, 10,000 people, men and women march peacefully through the streets of Le Havre in what is the first of a long series of street protests. In the following days, the movement spreads quickly to all major sites in Le Havre. In protest against the military being summoned to the city and the ban on demonstrations, a general strike breaks out on August 25. Driven by a huge wave of solidarity, the city's radical socialist mayor and Freemason, Léon Meyer, pressed the municipality into running a free canteen to feed the children of strikers (and giving free milk to the under fours). And at the start of the school holidays, the old union tactic of having the children of strikers welcomed into the homes of supporters in surrounding towns, especially in Rouen and Quevilly, but even as far afield as Paris, was employed. as the steelworkers of Le Havre seek to continue their brave and stubborn struggle against the Forges Committee, as well as the combined forces of the state and its watchdogs, police, military and judiciary. On August 26, the Salle Franklin - the traditional seat of the Bourse du Travail and the trade unions - is ordered closed. As protesters gather outside the building, mounted police charge into crowds. The strikers respond by throwing stones and troops are ordered fix bayonets and load their rifles. The mounted police charge results in the death of three demonstrators aged 18, 21 and 22. A fourth died of his injuries a few days later. Many others are left injured. The following day many of the strike organisers are arrested and the city is placed in state of siege. With the closure of the Salle Franklin, steelworkers are forced to hold their meetings in the Forêt de Montgeon, the 'trou des métallos' (steelworkers hole), a grassed arena able to accomodate up to 20,000 people, and now a municipal park. The general strike in solidarity with the steelworkers continued until September 1st; but, with the prospect of the new school year and the threat of schools not opening their doors to the children of workers who had not returned to work, together with a hardeneding in the positions of some employers and their friends, including the landlords of some workers who threatened to evict them if they continued their strike, the Strike Committee decided that it was time to stop the struugle. The strike by the steelworkers of Le Harve however continued until October 9, 1922, when they to returned to work, after 110 days on strike, not having gained any concessions. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

[1925 - Hong Kong General Strike [省港大罷工]: In order to support the people of Shanghai May Thirtieth anti-imperialist movement, workers in Guangzhou and Hong Kong come out on strike in a protest that would last for 16 months, the longest in labour history. [zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/省港大罷工 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike baike.baidu.com/view/200614.htm zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/五卅慘案 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement baike.baidu.com/view/59626.htm]

1937 - The Women’s Day Massacre: Police use tear gas on the women and children sitting in chairs supporting a picket line during a strike at Republic Steel in Youngstown, Ohio.

1938 - Bloody Sunday: A month-long sitdown strike by unemployed men at the main post office in Vancouver, British Columbia, together with the Hotel Georgia and the Vancouver Art Gallery, both occupied on the afternoon of May 20, 1938, ends with a 05:00 assault on the post office building by the RCMP. The occupiers respond to the first round of tear gas by smashing the windows for ventilation and arming themselves with whatever projectiles they could find. The RCMP then entered the building and forcibly ejected the men, who were forced to run the gauntlet of a cordon of police armed with batons upon leaving the building. City police outside assisted the Mounties. Of the 42 hospitalised, only five were police and all of those were Vancouver police constables. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1938)]

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following the execution of another 2 FLN members, guillotined in Barberousse Prison, Abane Ramdane orders immediate reprisals against the French. Yacef Saâdi, who had assumed command in Algiers the arrest of Rabah Bitat in March 1955 is ordered to "Descendez n'importe quel Européen de 18 à 54 ans, pas de femmes, pas de vieux" (shoot down any European, from 18 to 54, no women, no children, no elders). Four days of random attacks in the city follow, with 49 civilians shot by the FLN between June 21-24. [see: Mar. 19 & Sep. 30] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-execution.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-rue-de-thebes.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1997 - Cops raid anarchist centres and homes across Italy. The Italian Anarchist Federation denounces the raids as a thinly veiled attempt to intimidate and criminalise the movement. At least 29 arrest warrants were issued and at least 39 people were informed that they were under official investigation including Jean Weir, Antonio Budini, Christos Stratigopulos, Eva Tziutzia and Carlo Tesseri, who were already in prison following a 1994 bank robbery near Trento. ||
 * = 20 || 1549 - Fences are torn down in Attleborough as a forewarning of the Kett's Rebellion. [see: July 9]

[D] 1791 - Fuite à Varennes [Flight to Varennes]: An angry mob invades the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Louis XVI and family try to do a runner during the night of June 20–21. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuite_de_Louis_XVI_et_arrestation_à_Varennes]

1792 - Journée Révolutionnaire du 20 juin 1792 [Demonstration of 20 June 1792]: The last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his policy of duplicity and to govern in sympathy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_of_20_June_1792 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journée_du_20_juin_1792 fr.vikidia.org/wiki/Journée_du_20_juin_1792 www.herodote.net/20_juin_1792-evenement-17920620.php]

1848 - Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising]: The commission exécutive of the Assemblée Constituante adopt a decree drawn up on May ordering the closure of the Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops). Costing nearly 200,000 francs a day to 'employ' its 115,000 registered workers at a time of continuing economic and social upheaval, the Ateliers Nationaux are a moral disgrace in the eyes of the ruling classes. Created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed, despite the fact that only low pay, dead-end jobs were provided, which barely provided enough money to survive, the workers of France have no option to protest their closure. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Dr Nicola Barbato is released from prison following the widespread outcry raised after his May 12th arrested. [see: May 12]

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 2] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Funerals of the victims of June 18 [N.S. Jul. 1], which are attended by large crowds, are held today and tomorrow. They escalate into major demonstrations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 9] Life Guards Regiment Mutiny: The elite Preobrazhensky Life Guards stage a mutiny in St. Petersburg following the dispatch of the Second Battalion of the Life Guards Regiment to combat potential unrest in the Kronstadt garrison. After evening roll call, the First Battalion soldiers began to gather in groups as rumours spread that they too might be sent to combat any Kronstadt rebellion. When ordered to disperse by an officer, Captain Starytsky (Старицкий), they refused to obey and began shouting at him and there was talk of drawing up a petition to present to Nicjolas II, who they were then guarding. Reports of the incident reached the head of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, General Sergey Ozerov (Сергей Озеров) and he in turn contacted his superior, General Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), the chief of police and gendarme corps. Ozerov was ordered to do nothing as the hierarchy believed that the incident could be hushed up. It should be noted that the increased activities of political agitators had at the time so expanded their activities that revolutionary circles even began to appear in some of the Guards regiments, something that the military top brass were deeply concerned about given the mutinies in other regiments and the navy. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm] gulevich.net/pirsonaly.files/gulevichaa2.htm old.redstar.ru/2006/08/23_08/6_01.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Преображенский_лейб-гвардии_полк ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гадон,_Владимир_Сергеевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васильчиков,_Сергей_Илларионович]

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 2] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: On the same day that a new Bulgarian government is chosen, about 30,000 Serbian army troops and irregulars led by Vasilije Trbić are sent to crush the uprising. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1922 - La Grève du Havre: Le Harve steelworkers form a strike committee. [see: Jun. 19]

1925 - Vassil Ikonomov (b. 1898), a significant figure in the Bulgarian anarchist movement and an anti-fascist partisan against the dictatorship of Stambolijski, dies. Tracked down by the army and paramilitary groups, the revolutionary guerilla is killed under mysterious circumstances today while bathing in a river close to the village of Bélitsa. [see: Aug. 9]

[A] 1985 - The TGV train lines are sabotaged in France in support of countrywide prison mutinies.

1991 - Residents chase poll tax bailiffs out of the Marsh estate, Lancaster. ||
 * = 21 || 1892 - Ravachol returns to court at the Loire Court of Assizes, two months after his April 26 trial for the restaurant Véry bombing. This time he is charged with the murder of the old hermit Chambles at St Étienne (18 June 1891), which he admits, and two others which he denies emphatically. He is convicted of all three and sentenced to death. He will be guillotined on July 11, 1892. Beala and Mariette Soubère who were tried as accomplices are acquitted.

[A] 1903 - In London, anarchists organise a massive demonstration among the Jewish labour movement to protest the Russian pogrom in Kishineff.

[D] 1905 - [N.S. Jul. 3] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: The first armed workers uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire, and a key event during the 1905 Revolution, breaks out. Funerals of the victims of June 18 [N.S. Jul. 1] continue. Rumours quickly spreas that one of the victims of Sunday's clashes was secretly buried by police. Outraged, within a few hours Łódź workers manage to get an estimated 50,000–70,000 people out on the streets. A demonstration forms and marches through the city centre. At the corner of Piotrkowska (ulica Piotrkowskiej) and Żwirki (ulica Żwirki) Streets they clash with Cossack cavalry, in what the demonstrators claim is a pre-prepared ambush. The crowd begins throwing stones, and the Russian cavalry returned fire, killing 25 people and wounding hundreds, many in the paniiced stampede that follows. As a result of the massacre, Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania / SDKPiL) called for a general strike on June 23 [N.S. Jul. 6]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 8] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: There are angry debates in the Duma on the government's involvement in the anti-Semitic pogroms. Meanwhile, the Council of Ministers decides to dissolve the State Duma in the event of any further escalating in the situation around the agrarian question, as the wide-ranging discussion in the Duma has led to increased public debate and the strengthening of the revolutionary movement. [see: May 23 & Jun. 19] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государственная_дума_Российской_империи]

1908 - Yun Bong-gil (윤봉길; d. 1932), Korean independence activist, teacher and poet, best known for orchestrating the deadly bombing of a gathering of Japanese dignitaries in the Shanghai International Settlement in April 29, 1932, the Japanese Emperor’s birthday, born. Yun was arrested at the scene and convicted by the Japanese military court in Shanghai on May 25. He was transferred to Osaka prison on 18 November, and executed in Kanazawa on December 19, 1932. Shot in the forehead by a single bullet, he took 13 minutes to die. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun_Bong-gil ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/윤봉길 yunbonggil.or.kr/language/english.html]

1910 - Henri Cler (b. 1862), French cabinet maker and anarchist, dies following a blow to the head, delivered by the police during a strike protest on June 13. Thes of thousands attend his funeral on June 26. [see: Sep. 21] [www.ephemanar.net/juin21.html#cler]

1914 - Errico Malatesta, wanted for his role in the Settimana Rossa, manages to flee Italy en rote to Geneva, where his will work on Luigi Bertoni's '//Le Réveil - Il Risveglio//' before leaving for London.

1916 - Battle of Carrizal / Revolución Mexicana: Skirmish between Americans and Carrancista garrison. 24-45 Mexicans killed and 43 to 53 wounded; 11 Americans killed, 11 wounded and 24 captured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carrizal]

1920 - Police shoot 14 Wobblies during a labour clash in Butte, Montana.

1922 - La Grève du Havre: 900 striking Le Harve steelworkers hold their first public meeting. [see: Jun. 19]

1934 - El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants]: The preliminary taking of the prosecution evidence takes place before the Consejo de Guerra (court-martial) in the Castillo de San Roque in Cadiz. [see: Jun. 25 & 26]

1937 - In Spain Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM, is murdered by Russian agents.

1939 - Salvador Gómez Talón aka 'Felipe de la Cruz Torres', Juan Baeza Delgado and José Tarín Marchuet, return to Spain to attempt to free Talon's brother Rafael and others from prison. Francisco Ponzán Vidal, aka 'Paco', 'Gurriato' & 'El gafas', and Juan Manuel Molina Mateo, aka 'Juanelo' (delegate of the Comissió General of the Moviment Llibertari Espanyol for the French concentration camps) had drawn up a plan to help. They were accompanied into Spain by three members of the Ponzán network - Pascual López Lagarta aka 'El Navarro', Francisco Ponzán and the guide Joan Català Balañà. As well as freeing prisoners, the job of the Gómez Talón group was to prepare the ground for CNT activity outside Barcelona. The printer Mario Marcelino Goyeneche and the engraver Manuel Benet Beltrán forged seals, stamps and official documents for the group. The cost of this was funded from hold ups the group carried out. Using the forged papers and dressed as Guardia Civil, the group managed to free dozens of prisoners. Eventually they were discovered and two soldiers were killed in the ensuing shoot out. The group then took to freeing prisoners as they were on the way to prison or were being transferred between prisons. One time ten prisoners on their way to execution were released from a van driven by Guardia Civil. On September 8, 1939, the group were arrested along with others, including Gomez's brother whom they had managed to free. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3243 www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2011/12/francisco-ponzan-vidalthe-anarchist-pimpernelb-oviedo-1911-d-buzet-sur-tarn-17-august-1944/ www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/516-la-historia-de-francisco-ponzan-vidal-qel-maestro-de-huescaq-un-heroe-de-la-resistencia-al-nazismo.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Molina_Mateo losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5212 www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/02/joan-catala-balana-1913-2012/ losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3426 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article841]

1942 - Agustín Remiro Manero (b. 1904), Spanish anarchist and member of the Durruti Column, is killed during an attempted escape from Madrid's Porlier prison. He was instrumental in setting up the guerrilla unit 'Los Iguales'. [see: Aug. 28]

1974 - '//Nada//', Claude Chabrol's classic film about an anarchist group's kidnapping of an American Ambassador, is released.

[C] 1975 - Jolanda Palladino, a young PCI anti-Fascist is burnt to death after a MSI fascist throws a petrol bomb into his car which was part motorcade celebrating the victory of the Communist Party in municipal elections.

1977 - The Brigate Rosse shoot Professor Remo Cacciafesta, dean of the Rome University Economic Department, in the legs for teaching students to be part of an immoral society. || [www.ephemanar.net/juin22.html#cremieux]
 * = 22 || 1836 - Gaston Crémieux (Isaac Louis Gaston; d. 1871), French radical Républican, Proudhonian socialist and member of the Commune de Marseille, born. Court-martialled and executed on November 30, 1871.

1848 - Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising]: The Comte de Falloux's commission du travail of the Assemblée Constituante issue a decree, published in the '//Le Moniteur//' (The Official Gazette), stating that the Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops), only set up on February 26, will be closed in three days time and that the options for its 115,000 registered workers are that young men (18-27 years old) could join the army, provincials could return home or they could simply be dismissed. That same day, the workers demonstrate against the 'décret de proscription' (decree of proscription) but they fail to wrest any concessions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]

1883 - Louise Michel, who was arrested following the looting of Paris bakeries on March 9, appears before the Seine Court of Assizes. Le président: "Vous prenez donc part à toutes les manifestations?" (So you took part in all the events?) Louise: "Hélas ! oui... je suis toujours avec les misérables. (...) Le peuple meurt de faim, et il n'a pas même le droit de dire qu'il meurt de faim. Eh bien! moi, j'ai pris le drapeau noir et j'ai été dire que le peuple était sans travail et sans pain. Voilà mon crime; vous le jugerez comme vous voudrez." (Alas, yes ... I'm still with the miserable. (...) The people are starving, and they did not even have the right to say they are starving. Well! me, I took the black flag, and I was saying that the people were without work and without bread. It's my crime, judge me as you like.) She is sentenced to six years in prison, followed by 10 years monitoring by the haute (political) police.

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 5] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: During the evening, an armed uprising breaks out. On Eastern Street (ul. Wschodniej), insurgents attack a company of infantry and 50 Cossacks. During the night (June 22-23 [N.S. Jul. 5-6]) the first of more than 100 barricades begin to appear in the streets of Łódź. Six regiments of infantry, two cavalry regiments and a regiment of Cossacks are hastily dispatched to the city to help put down the insurrection. In the area of ​​East street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on South Street was surrounded by the entire Russian Military Police unit. Located in several fires broke out as workers set fire to warehouses of alcohol. Soon after, government forces have made the first assault on the barricades, at first without a clear success. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1908 - Tokyo anarchists, after meeting a friend being released from jail, mount a demonstration and are attacked by police. 14 participants are arrested and imprisoned; they begin conspiring in what was to become 'The High Treason Incident'. [see: May 20 1910]

[D] 1911 - Revolución Mexicana / Second Battle of Tijuana: Outnumbered and outflanked by a large federal force, and seriously low on supplies, the Magónistas [150 Wobblies and 75 Mexicans led by Jack Mosby] holding Tijuana fought hard but are routed in only three hours as Tijuana is recaptured by 560 of Diaz's former Federal troops, now lead by Madero. The American Magónista Foreign Legion fled north to California and across the border where they were interned, having decided to surrender to the United States Army rather than facing a Madero firing squad. Among those getting away is Mosby's fellow IWW member, the famed hobo songwriter Joe Hill. Mosby was arrested and, having refused to incriminate Magón in court, was shot supposedly trying to escape - the the infamous ley de fuega excuse. The Mexican Magónista's, who included some native Americans in their number, slipped away into the surrounding countryside. In the battle only a few federal troops had been wounded but the Magónistas had suffered over thirty dead, most of whom were left on the battlefield when the Magónistas retreated. With the Partido Liberal Mexicano's power base in serious decline, Ricardo Flores Magón is told that: "It would take a forest of trees to hang all the Judases." Magón's dream of Baja California becoming the launching ground of an International Anarchist revolution had turned into a nightmare. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tijuana] www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/88winter/postcardsimages.htm www.todopormexico.org/t6806-invasion-filibustera-a-baja-california www.aftguild.org/free_speech/history/magonista-revolt.html]

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 4] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: The rebels are reinforced by the arrival of the insurrgents of the Hristo Chernopeev (Христо Чернопеев), and the Chaulev (Чаулев Чекаларов) and Vasil Chekalarov (Васил Чекаларов) groups. The Serbian army begins to burn many Bulgarian villages, and the villagers flee to Kavadarci, whilst he rebels fight fierce battles in the heights above the village of Palikura (Паликура) and along the Black (Черна) and Luda Mara (Луда Мара) Rivers. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - After numerous calls by some of the anarchist press for revenge on Standard Oil for the Ludlow Massacre, a bomb intended for the Rockefeller Mansion unintentionally detonates in the Ferrer Center today, killing three anarchists.

[C] 1921 - Ludwig-Karl Ratschiller (d. 2004), Italian geologist and anti-Nazi partisan in North-Eastern Italy during WWII, is born in the South Tyrol. [www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/ludwig-karl-ratschiller/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig-Karl_Ratschiller it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Karl_Ratschiller]

1934 - El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants]: "Once, when barbarism rules over the world after the Courts came sometimes the bonfires. Now are the bonfires, crimes, murders, preceding sentences. Casas Viejas was destroyed by the police. Casas Viejas witnessed terrified the murder of twenty peasants. who were the dead? According to Casares, according to Azaña, according to Rojas himself, it was the rebels, those who fired at the headquarters of the Guardia Civil, who caused the death of a sergeant and a guard. But those twenty corpses that were intended to avenge the death of two guards were not enough. They had to find more responsible; had to find someone to unload the full weight of the law upon. And they sought amongst who escaped, amongst those who had managed to escape death, among those who taken to the mountains to avoid the flames they reached them and shot ... " - Eduardo de Guzmán in '//Tierra//', June 22, 1934 [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html]

1955 - A wave of labour strikes begin in France, sparked by a wage dispute amongst soldiers in St. Nazaire.

[A] 1987 - 10,000 protesters form 10 mile long human chain around US airbase in Okinawa. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 23 || 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: Richard II and his army arrive in Waltham from London. Richard II's announces that he has cancelled the charters that he issued in London on June 14th.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: The news of the southern revolt reaches Scarborough where riots break out against the ruling elite, with the rebels dressed in white hoods with a red tail at the back. Members of the local government were deposed from office, and one tax collector was nearly lynched. By 1382 the elite had re-established power. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]

[D] 1653 - The radical anti-monarchist Ormée seize the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Bordeaux, the peak of revolutionary activity during the Bordeaux Fronde (1651-1653). [NB. Date sometimes given as June 25, 1652] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_de_l'Ormée fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Étude_critique_sur_l’Ormée_à_Bordeaux_et_le_journal_de_J._de_Filhot www.bordeaux-gazette.com/La-Republique-de-l-Ormee-une.html aborddormeelaverite.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/revolisation-bordeaux-lassemblee-de.html bertrand.meallet.pagesperso-orange.fr/isle/histoire/la_fronde.htm]

1725 - The Shawfield or Malt tax riots take place in Glasgow as the Excise offices are occupied in order to prevent the imposition of a new duty on malt. Glasgow MP Daniel Campbell's house is attacked after he calls the army in, who subsequently fire on the mob. Campbell is later compensated for damage to his house by the imposition of a tax on Glasgow's ale, which enabled him to buy the island of Islay.

1841 - Benoît Malon (d. 1893), French Bakuninist, member of the International, Communard and then a socialist, born. Author of the Commune history '//La Troisième Défaite du Prolétariat Français//' (1871). [www.ephemanar.net/septembre13.html www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/benoit-malon/]

[A/DD] 1848 - Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising]: Following a large rally outside the Bastille that morning, hundred of barricades are thrown up across Eastern Paris (thirty-eight in Rue Saint-Jacques alone, more than four hundred in all), blocking communications and halting movement. Spontaneous in character, the workers' uprising lacks leadership save for the the former seminarian Sergeant Pujol and the junior officers of the Garde Nationale units who had gone over to the uprising. "Du pain ou du plomb" (Bread or lead) quickly became the rallying call of the insurrgents as sections of Paris begin to burn. With only 3,000 members, the Parisian police were helpless to intervene and the Garde Nationale was called out to halt the rioting; this sparked fighting once the guard and protesters clashed in bloody fighting. The labourers had now become insurgents and were breaking stones to use as barricades. The numbers involved on the military's side were estimated to be well over 40,000 [at his disposal, General Louis Eugène Cavaignac had 25 000 soldiers of the French army, largely sons of peasants; 17,000 Gardes Nationale (shopkeepers and the bourgeois of Paris and its province), 15,000 gardes mobiles (recruited from the poorest parts of the Parisian proletariat) and 2,500 Garde Républicaine (ex-municipal) police]; however, the number of insurgents was estimated to be higher and was growing as they traveled from house to house recruiting other citizens to join them, threatening them with death if they refused. The insurgents also seized many armories to gather weapons, regardless they were still running low on ammunition. However, the revolutionaries would rather die than to return to their lives of poverty. Large amounts of blood were shed on the streets as the National Guard fired on the barricades, but the Gardes Nationale's men were not the only ones firing. The insurgents also inflicted heavy casualties to the Gardes, who lost many of their men. Les Journées de Juin lasts until the 26th, leaving over 10,000 people either killed or injured as the National Guard "restore order". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 6] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: Across Łódź all markets, workshops, shops and offices are closed and there was open clashes between workers and government forces. In the area of ​​Eastern Street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on Southern Street another group of workers were surrounded by an entire Russian Military Police unit. Several large fires broke out as workers set fire to alcohol warehouses. The most bloody battles take place on the barricades erected in the New City (Nowe Miasto) district on the corner of Eastern Street (Ulica Wschodniej) and Southern Street (Ulica Południowej) [now Revolution of 1905 Street (Ulica Rewolucji 1905 roku)], and on Northern Street (Ulica Północnej), near the Rokicińska highway (Szosy Rokicińskiej) and Źródliska Park (Parku Źródliska). On the same day SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) orders a general strike throughout the Polish Kingdom and the Tsar signs a decree introducing martial law in the city. Six infantry regiments and several regiments of cavalry also arrived from Częstochowa, Warsaw and several summer training camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 10] Life Guards Regiment Mutiny: Following yesterday's protests, General Ozerov arrived in Peterhof, hoping that he would be able to resolve any problems. He met with staff of the First Battalion, but the soldiers' representatives used this meeting to give thim their petition, a list of general demands that for the most part were of an economic nature (improving food, medical treatment, provision of linen, etc.), in addition to their political demands ("impunity for political convictions", "reading rooms for newspapers and magazines", etc.). During the meeting, the general promised that the soldiers would escape prosecution if they behaved according to the oath. This promise was contrary to the unanimous opinion of the regiment's officers, who demanded the arrest of the ringleaders, whose names were well known. When it was discovered that the soldiers had sent their list of demands to the press, Major General Vladimir Gadon (Владимир Гадо), commander of the Life Guards Regiment, asked Ozerov's permission to arrest the instigators of the rebellion and went for an audience with the Tsar. However, when he returned, the general learned that the Fourth Battalion intended to follow the example of the First. Alarmed, he wrote a report telling Ozerov that the regiment could no longer be trusted. Meanwhile, Ozerov dispatched a special team to disarm the regiment and to escort it back to their quarters. Two ringleaders were also arrested without any resistance on the part of their comrades. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm] gulevich.net/pirsonaly.files/gulevichaa2.htm old.redstar.ru/2006/08/23_08/6_01.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Преображенский_лейб-гвардии_полк ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гадон,_Владимир_Сергеевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васильчиков,_Сергей_Илларионович]

1908 - Anti-Diaz Magónista anarchist rebels attack Viesca, Coahuila.

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 5] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: The headquarters of the uprising sent an appeal to the Bulgarian High Command to send help. But rebel detachments received orders to retreat as Bulgarian army retreat to the east. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1922 - La Grève du Havre: 10,000 people, men and women march peacefully through the streets of Le Havre in what is the first of a long series of street protests. [see: Jun. 19]

1925 - Shaji (or Shakee) Massacre [沙基惨案](or Six Hundred & Twenty-three Event [六二三事件]): During a noisy demonstration on the Chinese island of Shamian troops under foreign command kill more than 50 Chinese protesters and wound almost 120 more, further exacerbating tensions that resulted in the Hong Kong General Strike (省港大罷工). [see: May 30 & Jun. 24] [zh.wikipedia.org/zh/沙基慘案 baike.baidu.com/view/59613.htm]

1934 - El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants]: "The prosecutor read his report exposing the anarchic situation in Spain at the time and referring specifically to the case of Casas Viejas says it was a movement prepared and organised by the leaders who will end pointing and calling the facts under the Code of Military Justice, having carried out constituent acts of aggression against the armed force. Consequently, he requested penalties of twenty-five years' imprisonment for Antonio Cabañas, Cristóbal Toro Domínguez, Francisco Rocha, Manuel Moreno, Salvador Jordan and Sebastian Pavon; six years for Manuel Vera, José Moreno, Antonio Pavón, Francisco Quijada, Miguel Pavón, Manuel Sánchez, Juan Jiménez, José Pérez, José González, Francisco Cantero, Esteban Moreno, Antonio Durán, José Monroy, Jose Rodriguez Quiros, and Francisco Quintero; and three years for Antonio Cornejo, Antonio Cruz and Diego Fernández, Francisco Quijada, Sebastián Cornejo and Sebastián Rodríguez." '//La Época//' June 23, 1934 [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html]

[C] 1937 - Following the Communist suppression of the anarchists and P.O.U.M., George Orwell flees Spain with his wife, Eileen O'Shaughnessy. ||
 * = 24 || 1859 - The Battle of Solferino in Italy brings 300,000 soldiers onto the battlefield, with French and Italian troops fighting Austrian troops. Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman and social activist, tours the battlefield after the battle and is appalled by the suffering of the wounded soldiers left lying on the battlefield. He organizes local people to help the injured soldiers, and spends his own money to buy supplies and set up makeshift hospitals. He convinces the people in the area to provide help to all the injured, regardless of what side they were on in the battle, adopting the slogan “Tutti fratelli” (All are brothers) coined by the women of a nearby town. Afterwards, Dunant begins a campaign that leads to the Geneva Conventions and the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

1894 - In Lyon, the Italian anarchist Santo Geronimo Caserio (Sante Jeronimo Caserio) stabs French president Sadi Carnot to avenge the execution of Auguste Vaillant. Carnot dies from the wounds and an hysterical mob plunders Italian stores. Caserio is arrested and guillotined on August 16, 1894. [ Costantini pic ]

1905 - [N.S. Jul. 7] Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]: At dusk (some sources claim noon on the 25th [Jul. 8]) the last of the barricades, on the Eastern Street and in Źródliska Park, fall to Tsarist troops - according to the sources. Over the following days there were many individual militant actions, such as attacks on police outposts or shooting at individual police patrols. In most cases, the Łódź insurgents were very poorly armed, fighting with a few revolvers, paving stones, boiling water and acid poured from the windows etc., and it was inevitable that they would succumbed to the overwhelmingly superior Tsarist police forces. They also had to combat the actions of the endecki [Narodowa Demokracja (National Democratic Party)] militias, as there was in effect a mini civil war during the June uprising between the workers associated with the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party) and the workers supporting the National Democracy movement, who resoundingly denounced the 1905 Revolution. The number of victims during the fighting is not known. Official reports claim 151 civilian deaths (55 Poles, 79 Jews and 17 Germans) and about 150 wounded, whilst historians estimate at least 200 dead and between 800 and 2,000 wounded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 6] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Realising that help will not be arriving, the rebels leave their positions and, as Serb troops enter Kavadarci, the entire population and all the refugees gathered there from nearby villages flee into the mountains. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1913 - Jan Kubiš (d. 1942), Czech soldier and resistance fighter, one of a team of Czechoslovak British-trained paratroopers who took part in Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of acting Reichsprotektor (Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia, SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, on May 27, 1942, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kubiš]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Victoriano Huerta and Pascual Orozco, Jr. are arrested in El Paso trying to enter Mexico.

1917 - Jean-Louis Pindy (b. 1840), carpenter, member of the Internationale, communard and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 3]

1935 - Luigi Fabbri (b. 1877), Italian writer, professor and theorist of the Italian anarchist movement, born. Fabbri and Pietro Gori participated in the review '//Il Pensiero//'. [see: Dec. 23]

1972 - Proceso 1001: The leadership of the clanestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.), is arrested in the convent of the Misioneros Oblatos de María Inmaculada in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid. They stand trial on December 20, 1973, the session coinciding with the assassination of Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco, which led to the suspension of proccedings for a few hours) and are sentenced to between 12 and 20 years in prison on December 30, 1973, reduced the following year due to a royal amnesty. [see: Nov. 25 & Dec. 20] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

[D] 1976 - The Polish government announces enormous staple food price rises. Countrywide strikes, public protests and rioting breaks out. In Radom demonstrators burn the Communist Party headquarters, build barricades and fight the police - injuring 75 cops.

1980 - A general strike in El Salvador protests against the death squads, military or paramilitary units which have been carrying out a vicious campaign of murders and intimidation as part of the Salvadoran government’s ‘counterinsurgency’ strategy. The government and its death squads rely on U.S. support and supplies to repress the population and crush resistance. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-June-24.htm]

1981 - More than 500 student and Anti-Nazi League campaigners march through Harrogate, taking over the college building where Brons is teaching. Six protesters are arrested, some during a fight between NFers and Manchester Squad members. A 'National Front Skins' banner is also taken and burnt to loud cheers from the demo. ['//No Retreat//']

1989 - Dewsbury riot: On the same day that copies of Salman Rushdie’s '//The Satanic Verses//' are being burnt in Bradford, the BNP had decided to hold a 'Rights for Whites' rally in Dewsbury, cashing in on the decision by some white parents to withdraw their children from a school where most of the pupils were Asian and no doubt hoping that the Scarborough Hotel, the public house where the boycott organisers had been temporary schooling there kids and which also just happenened to be a local thorn of contention between the 'traditional white population' and the local Muslim community (with additional racist undertones adding to the combustible mix), would be a target for local youths angry at the BNP's presence. Needless to say, they got their wish as the Muslim youths of Savile Town, who had been drawn to the Black Workers Group organised anti-BNP protest and been prevented from reaching the fash by the police, moved back across the Savile bridge over the River Calder into Savile Town and attacked the Scarborough. The interiro of the pub was trashed, as were vehicles in the carpark outside, and furniture set on fire. The pub's customers, who had sought refuge upstairs, managed to escape after the police had moved the crowd off. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Dewsbury_riot www.newenglishreview.org/Esmerelda_Weatherwax/The_Islamic_Republic_of_Dewsbury_-_Danny_Lockwood/ www.aryanunity.com/memoirs14.html]

2002 - Massive countrywide anarchist CGT demonstrations in Spain.

[A] 2002 - Long-term British anarchist prisoner Mark Barsnley released from prison following his railroading for the 'Pomona Incident'.

[C] 2012 - Gerhard 'Gad' Beck (b. 1923), German educator, author, anti-fascist resister, and the last known gay survivor of the Holocaust, dies just six days before his 89th birthday. [see: Jun. 30] ||
 * = 25 || X 1652 - The Ormée seize the Town Hall in Bordeaux. X [some confusion over the date]

1852 - Vera Nikolaevna Figner (d. 1942), Russian revolutionary anarchist who plotted to explode the Tsar and later directed the Kropotkin Museum, born. [expand] [www.fsmitha.com/h3/figner.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Widespread industrial strikes sweep Odessa, as the situation grows out of control. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 12] Ivanovo Soviet / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The authorities were forced to release 23 prisoners. Many of the mill owners have fled to Moscow. Neither side is willing to give in. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 7] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Early morning and police detachments and the IMRO withdraw towards Begnisht ( Бегнище). The city was plundered and burnt. 60 houses in Dukas (дюкана) were burnt to the ground, and 24 captured people were shot on the spot. Negotino (Неготино) suffered worse, with more than 800 houses and 750 shops burned. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - Battle of Orendain / Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon's Army of the Northwest defeats Victoriano Huerta's forces, who lose 2,000 and many supplies. Revolutionaries enter Guadalajara.

[D] 1926 - In Paris, three Spanish anarchists, Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti & Gregorio Jover, members of Los Solidarios, are arrested, accused of preparing to assassinate the Spanish king Alfonso XIII. Louis Lecoin mounts a major protest campaign to prevent their extradition and gains their release in July of 1927.

1934 - El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants]: The 2-day Consejo de Guerra (court-martial) begins in the Castillo de San Roque in Cadiz for the 26 of around 100 farmers and peasants that had original been arrested in the days following the January 1933 uprising. Two other campesinos, Francisco Gutiérrez Rodríguez aka 'Currestaca' and Juan Rodríguez Guillén, had also been charged but do not take part in the trial. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/los-26-procesados-en-el-juicio-los.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/el-juicio-los-campesinos-de-casas.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html www.benalupcasasviejas.es/opencms/export/sites/default/benalup/GaleriaFicheros/LISTADO_BOLSA_GENERAL_GRUPO_3.pdf]

[C] 1943 - Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising: Resistance fighters in Częstochowa's Small Ghetto did not know the exact date of the impending Aktion and were caught unaware as the ghetto was surrounded by a much greater number of SS and police over the 3 days between June 23-25. On the 25th the selection began, and the poorly armed ŻOB (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa / Jewish Fighting Organisation) members began their last-ditch but all-out demonstration of military resistance, barricading themselves in bunkers along Nadrzeczna Street. In the fighting and subsequent massacres 1,500 Jews died. Those who were captured, were immediately deported to Treblinka. The leader of the uprising, Mordechaj Zylberberg, committed suicide as the Germans were about to capture his bunker on Nadrzeczna. The uprising was suppressed on June 30, 1943, with additional 500 Jews burned alive or buried beneath the rubble of the Small Ghetto. The remaining 3,900 fugitives were rounded up and sent to a camp in Warta or incarcerated at the nearby work prisons, HASAG-Peltzery (the biggest forced labour camp in Częstochowa with a steel mill and textile factories) and Huta Częstochowa (another large steel mill). However, the Germans did not raze the ghetto, which had several factories, instead additional Jews were brought in as laborers from another Polish town. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/czest.html www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Czestochowa/cze039.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Częstochowa_Ghetto_Uprising www.deathcamps.org/occupation/czestochowa ghetto.html www.czestochowajews.org/eng_ghetto.htm ww.zchor.org/WWII.HTM]

1955 - The arrest in France of Pierre Morain, militant of the F.C.L. (Fédération Communiste Libertaire). Sentenced to prison for one year, released in March 1956. || The number of insurgents killed in the fighting has been estimated between 3000 and 5000 people, with approximately 1,500 shot without trial. There were about 25,000 arrests and 11,000 prison sentences, including deported to Algeria. According to the Police Commissioner Franz Joseph Ducoux in a report of October 8, fighting had left ​​1,460 dead, of which two thirds were from the army and the National Guard. The losses of the Garde Républicaine were 92, including two senior officers. Seven generals were killed and five injured. On July 3, General Cavaignac said that the number of insurgents were at most 50,000 and that the losses of the army are 703 dead or wounded. According to Ernest Lavisse and Philippe Sagnac ['//Histoire de France contemporaine depuis la révolution jusqu'à la paix de 1919//', 1922], the losses of the army were 800 dead and 1,500 wounded, those of the gardes mobiles 100 dead and 600 wounded, while those of the Gardes Nationale and insurgents are unknown. For Alain Bauer and Christophe Soullez ['//Une histoire criminelle de la France//', 2002], losses totaled 15,000 killed and wounded, including 1,800 deaths and 4000 injured on the side of the forces of law and order, and for the insurgents 25 000 fighters killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]
 * = 26 || 1848 - Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising]: Having seen some of the fiercest fighting of the 4 days, principally near the Faubourg St. Antoine, the Place Maubert, and in the vicinity of the Pantheon, the revolt ends with the fall of the last barricade, located in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. The revolution was over.

1886 - Charles Gallo, in court for sentencing for his attack of March 5, 1886 on the Stock Exchange, is expelled from the courtroom shouting "Death to bourgeois judges! Long live dynamite! Long live anarchy!" On July 15 Gallo receives a 20-year prison sentence.

1892 - Taiji Yamaga (d. 1970), Japanese advocate of Esperanto, militant and a long-time secretary of international relations for the Anarchist Federation of Japan, born. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html#yamaga]

1893 - The Imprisoned Haymarket anarchists - Oscar Neebe, Michael Schwab and Samuel Fielden - not executed the previous November (or, in the case of Louis Lingg, dead at their ownd hands) are pardoned by Illinois Governor Altgeld.

[A] 1897 - Royal Jubilee bonfires are prematurely ignited by anti-monarchist arsonists at Frinton-on-Sea, Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex) and Cleeve Cloud (Cotswolds).

[1905 - [O.S. Jun. 13]: Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Large scale rioting begins in Odessa. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 13] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Workers' Council convenes a meeting of the strikers, which adopts a resolution demanding the trial of the chief of police before a people's court and the release of all those arrested. Fearing complications, the authorities release 29 more people. The manufacturers decide to begin making partial concessions to: reduce the working day on average by an hour, raise wages by 7-10%. Then, seeing that this is not enough, they go on to declard that they will replace winter prices with those of summer, which means an increase in earnings of another 5%. The governor also cancelt his order prohibiting meetings at the Talka, but with the condition of political issues remain undiscussed. The strikers gathered at the Talka and decided to continue the struggle. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jun. 13] Life Guards Regiment Mutiny: Having returned to barracks, the battalion now became a target for those jealous of the privileges of the Life Guards Regiment, with demands for a show trial. The instigators and participants of the meeting with Major General Gadon on June 23rd appeared before a military court. Of the 400 psoldiers in the First Battalion, 190 were found guilty and sentenced to 1-3 years in a penal battalion. The First Battalion of the regiment was renamed the Independent Infantry Battalion (отдельный пехотный батальон), and deprived of all the privileges of the Guards and sent to the village of Medved (Медведь ) in the Novgorod (Новгородской) province. After a few months in Medved, the battalion's officers were allowed to retire or transfer to other army units and civilian agencies. The commander of the Guards Corps Prince Sergei Vasilchikov (Серге́й Васи́льчиков) was dismissed, and generals Gadon and Ozerov were expelled from the Tsar's retinue and dismissed without the right to wear the uniform. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm] gulevich.net/pirsonaly.files/gulevichaa2.htm old.redstar.ru/2006/08/23_08/6_01.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Преображенский_лейб-гвардии_полк ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гадон,_Владимир_Сергеевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васильчиков,_Сергей_Илларионович]

[1907 - [O.S. Jun. 3] The Bolsheviks stage an ‘expropriation’ in Tiflis, led by Kamo and directed by Stalin, that nets 250,000 rubles - the act produces a very sharp reaction among socialists; Lenin is denounced, Stalin is expelled from the RSDRP [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus05.htm]

1910 - In Paris, at the Pantin cemetary, funeral ceremonies are held for the //anarchiste// Henri Cler (killed during a series of confrontations between police and striking cabinetmakers on June 13) are marked by violence, once again, by a mass of police attempting to disperse the thousands of people present. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/henricler/henricler.html]

1919 - Winnipeg General Strike, begun on May 15, ends today as the Winnipeg Labour Council "officially" declares the strike over at 11 o'clock.

[C] 1920 - Troops revolt in Ancona, Italy, refusing to fight in Albania. Armed insurgents and sympathisers occupy city hall and new troops are ordered in to suppress the revolt.

1934 - El Juicio a los Campesinos de Casas Viejas [The Trial of the Casas Viejas Peasants]: At the end of the two-day trial, the Consejo de Guerra impose a six year sentence of imprisonment on Antonio Cabañas Salvador aka 'El Gallilnito' (The Cockerel), held to be the most dangerous of the defendants. Manuel Moreno Cabañas (or Cabeza) aka 'Rompemonte', #Francisco 'Migel' Rocha (or Rosa) Acevedo, Sebastián Pavón (or Pabón) Pérez and Cristóbal Toro Domínguez [also refered to as Antonio Toro Rodríguez] are sentenced to 5 years each; Salvador Jordán Aragón and José Monroy Romero aka 'Bailaor' (Dancer) get 3 years; José (or Juan) Jiménez Fernández aka 'el Boticario' (the Apothecary), Manuel Vera Moya aka 'Tragarranas', Francisco Cantero (or Quintero) Esquivel aka 'Pinganillo', Francisco Durán Fernández, Esteban Moreno Cano (or Caro) and Miguel Pavón Pérez all receive 2 years; and José Moreno Cabeza, Antonio Durán Fernández and José Rodríguez Quiros aka 'Pepe Pareja' receive 1 years imprisonment. Diego Fernández Ruiz aka 'el Tullido' (the Cripple), Francisco Quijada Pino, José Pérez Franco aka 'Patas de Paño', José González Pérez aka 'Pepe Pilar', Manuel Sánchez Olivencia aka 'Sardiguera', Antonio Pavón Pérez, Antonio Cornejo Delgado, Antonio Cruz García aka 'Tariero', Sebastián Cornejo Bancalero and Sebastián Rodríguez Quiros aka 'Pareja' are all acquitted. Those farmers who had been sentenced to two years or more, were sent to the prisons of Ocaña and Puerto de Santa María. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/los-26-procesados-en-el-juicio-los.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/el-juicio-los-campesinos-de-casas.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los_24.html historiacasasviejas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/el-juicio-de-junio-del-34-los.html www.benalupcasasviejas.es/opencms/export/sites/default/benalup/GaleriaFicheros/LISTADO_BOLSA_GENERAL_GRUPO_3.pdf]

1937 - Showing solidarity with P.O.U.M. militants being persecuted by the Stalinists and the Republic's police, the Bolshevik-Leninist Section calls for concerted action by the Section, the left of the P.O.U.M. and the anarchist Friends of Durruti.

1943 - Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising: As the Germans attempt the final liqidation of the ghetto, fighters from the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organisation) put up heavy resistance defending improvised bunkers in Nadrzeczna Street. In the ensuing fighting and the mass executions over the following 4 days, 1,500 Jews die. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Częstochowa_Ghetto_Uprising pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_w_Częstochowie www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/czestochowa/]

1948 - Raul Carbeillera Lacunza (b. 1918 [or poss. 1917]), an Argentinian anarchist who led CNT action groups against Franco's fascist state, is surrounded by police and the Guardia Civil in Barcelona's Montjuïc gardens, and dies at his own hands rather than face recapture by the police. Carbeillera had several times slipped into Spain to fight with the Resistance. [see: Feb. 28]

[D] 1954 - The Kengir Uprising ends after 40 days of freedom after the camp is stormed by Soviet tanks, leaving up to 700 prisoners dead.

1959 - Joëlle Aubron (d. 2006), French anarchist member of the group Action Directe, born. [www.ephemanar.net/mars01.html#aubron]

1975 - Shootout in which two FBI agents, Jack Coler and Ronald Williams, and AIM member Joe Stuntz are killed, for which Leonard Peltier gets 2 life sentences. || [www.ephemanar.net/juin27.html#long militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7586]
 * = 27 || 1890 - Jacques Raoul Pierre Émile Long aka Jacklon (d. 1921), French anarchist and partner of Jane Morand, born. [expand]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 14] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The French military attaché in St. Petersburg reports that Russian Chief of Staff Sakharov has said "If we were to get into a war with Germany... there would be nothing for us to do but kneel down and beg for mercy." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 14] Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Another 7 arrestees are released and the police chief Kozhelovsky (Кожеловский) is relieved of duty. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Jun. 14] Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: In what was the first case of armed rebellion in an entire military unit during the course of the 1905 Revolution, the crew of the Russian battleship Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky (Князь Потёмкин-Таври́ческий) mutinies in the early afternoon (13:00-15:00). Whilst on gunnery practice near Tendra Island off the Ukrainian coast many of Potemkin's enlisted men refused to eat borscht made from rotten meat partially infested with maggots when it was delivered to the warship by the Potemkin‍'​s escort, the destroyer No. 267 [sometimes referred to as the Ismail (Измаил)]. The ship's doctor Smirnov (Смирновым) was sent to inspect the meat and declared it fit for human consumption. The sailors, dissatisfied with this verdict, sent a deputation, headed by Grigory Vakulenchuk (Григо́рий Вакуленчу́к), a sailor and a member of the ship's Social Democrat organisation, to Captain Evgeny Golikov (Евгений Голиков). A confrontation followed when Ippolit Giliarovsky (Ипполи́т Гиляро́вский), the ship's second in command, threatened to shoot crew members for their refusal. He summoned the ship's marine guards as well as a tarpaulin to protect the ship's deck from any blood in an attempt to intimidate the crew. The captain ordered that the ringleaders to be shot but the marines refused to carry out the order. Giliarovsky then shot and killed Vakulinchuk, sparking the revolt, during which seven of the Potemkin‍'​s eighteen officers, including Golikov, Giliarovsky and the ship's doctor, were killed or thrown overboard, and the Ismail captured. The rest of the officers were locked in one of the cabins. They organised a people’s committee of 25 sailors, led by Afanasy Matushenko (Афана́сий Матюше́нко), a torpedo quartermaster and one of leaders of the ship's Social Democrats, to run the battleship and hoisted the red flag. The Potemkin left Sébastopol enroute to Odessa, accompanied by the destroyer No. 267, which had also mutinies, where the crew hoped to get support from striking workers, entering the harbour at 22:00. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/mutiny-potemkin cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - [N.S. Jul. 9] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: Those remaining at the Uprising's HQ quietly return home and, despite assurances on their safety negotiated by the priest Grigor Hadzhiyordanov (Григор Хаджийорданов), they are subjected to bloody reprisals: in Moklishte (Моклище) 18 people are killed; in Koreshnitsa (Корешница) - 19, and in Ribartsi (Рибарци) - 16. In Kavadarci (Кавадарци) 150 people are tied to stakes left for 30 hours without water and finally killed and left unburied. According to other sources, 363 civilians were killed in Kavadarci, 230 in Negotino (Неготино), and 40 in Vatasha (Ваташа). [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1921 - Wenceslao Jimenez Orive aka 'Wences' or 'Jimeno' (d. 1950), Zaragozan anarchist member of the 'Los Maños' guerrilla group in the resistance to Franco following the fascist victory in the Civil War, born. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5871 www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/manos.html]

[C] 1950 - Milada Horakova (b. 1901), Czech lawyer, social democrat, anti-fascist fighter, anti-Communist and a prominent feminist, is hanged with three others in Prague’s Pankrac Prison as a spy and traitor to the Czechoslovak Communist government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milada_Horáková www.ustrcr.cz/en/milada-horakova-en www.radio.cz/en/section/archives/milada-horakova-dignity-in-the-face-of-fanaticism-1 coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/i-leave-this-world-without-hatred.html]

[A] 1973 - The American Indian Movement occupies Wounded Knee, South Dakota. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_Revolt]
 * = 28 || [D] 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: King's soldiers defeat Essex rebels at Billericay. About 500 rebels are killed in the battle.

1816 - Luddite attack on Heathcoat and Boden's Mill at Loughborough.

1816 - After several gamekeepers have been clubbed to death, five men from Mill Pond, Ely, are hanged for poaching. Soon after the hangings, the butcher who owned the gallows cart is found suffocated head first in his own cess-pit and the coffin-maker is found dead in a large water pipe.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 15] Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: At 06:00, the body of Vakulenchuk was brought ashore by an honour guard and placed on a bier close to the Odessa Steps, a staircase that connected the port and the city, which twenty years afterwards would play an immortal and immensely magnified role in the famous ‘Odessa steps’ sequence of Sergei Eisenstein’s film. A paper pinned on the corpse’s chest said, "This is the body of Valenchuk, killed by the commander for having told the truth. Retribution has been meted out to the commander." By 10:00, some five thousand Odessans gathered there in support of the sailors, bringing food for the seamen and flowers for the bier. With the port authorities now threatening to disperse the crowd, the ship's crew raised the 'Наш' signal flag, indicating that it was willing to fire on the port if force was used to disperse the crowd. The gathering remained peaceful throughout the day, but toward evening (ca. 17:00) after troops had surrounded the port side, sealing off all the exits, rioting, looting, and arson broke out throughout the harbour front (inside and outside the cordon). The government responded with a violent pogrom against local Jews By 21:30, loyal troops occupied strategic posts in the port and started firing into the crowd, massacring thousands of demonstrators on the dockside. By the early hours of the following morning one quarter of the city has burned. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1913 - [O.S. Jun. 15] Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)]: An uprising against the Serbian government in Vardar Macedonia, planned by the by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation to take place behind the Serbian lines during the Second Balkan War after the Bulgarian Army had begun operations in the Tikveš region of Macedonia, starts prematurely after the secret uprising conspiracy had been betrayed to the local Serbian authorities. bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1914 - Austria's Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated by the Bosnian-Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The young revolutionary's two pistol shots are said to have touched off World War I, though the evidence for this is thin. Princip had been a member of Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), a student movement that espoused a heady mix of Nihilism, Pan-Slav nationalism and Russian anarchism, but was in fact a front for Narodna Odbrana (National Defence), a semi-official guerrilla group run by the Serbian government. Narodna Odbrana's terrorist hardcore, Ujedinjenje ili Smrt (Union or Death), and better known as Black Hand, had at it head Lieutenant-Colonel Dimitrijevitch, nicknamed Apis (Latin for bee) the head of Serbian army intelligence. It was he that organised the plot and teamed Princip up with two other teenage radicals, Nedjelko Chabrinovitch and Tyrifko Grabezh. When Cabrinovic bomb that he had thrown at the Archduke failed to explode,Franz Ferdinand continued with his journey and it fell to Princip to assassinate him with a Browning pistol provided to him from the Serbian military armoury at Krajujevac. Some 25 conspirators were brought to trial. Gavrilo Princip was sentenced to 20 years’ hard labour and died of disease and torture. At the trial, Cabribovic declared that his involvement in the assassination has been the result of his anarchist beliefs. He died of hunger and mental illness in prison, at the age of 20. Princip himself confessed at the trial to being a nationalist, yet he also declaimed class-based anarchism, which is where the claim that he was an anarchist originates. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/1c5bbd www.express.co.uk/news/world-war-1/465127/The-killing-of-Franz-Ferdinand-The-single-shot-that-unleashed-hell-on-earth]

1916 - 50,000 workers stage one day protest strike against trial of Karl Leibnecht.

1933 - Members of the Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit, a paramilitary movement for social credit that had grown out of the Kibbo Kift, hold a demonstration at the British Union of Fascists' Headquarters in Walworth Road and state that they are "out to discredit and smash Fascism." A rather odd organisation that advocated a form of rural primitivism, with some of their members adhering to conspiracy theories around "international Jewish finance" (though the organisation itself was far from anti-Semetic), and they had taken to turning up at BUF meetings and asking awkward questions about social credit and regularly gotten ito fights with Blackshirt stewards. They had also previously joined an April 1933 'united front' anti-fascist rally in Hyde Park. Mosley ended up banning Greenshirts from BUF meetings. [PR] [discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348858/1/327041.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbo_Kift]

1936 - Mosley and the BU hold a meeting in Hulme Town Hall. The meeting passes off quietly, but as the fascists try to leave the hall the crowd of 2,000-3,000 anti-fascists outside rush to attack Mosley's car. Police and Blackshirt stewards manage to clear his way but hand-to-hand fighting between fascists and anti-fascists breaks out, and a senior cops is struck in the face by a flying glass. Attempts are also made by the crowd to overturn fascist vans and set them on fire. Mosley and his retinue then went to the new fascist Club in nearby Tominson Street, which was then surrounded by another angry crowd. A Fascist flag was torn down from the building and windows were stoned. Attempts are also made by the crowd to overturn fascist vans and set them on fire. Mosley's car was also stoned as he left and the crowd made an unsuccessful attempt to stop it. All the windows of the club were later smashed with stoned. Besieged fascists in the Town Hall and Fascist Club were later forced to change in plain clothes in order to escape unnoticed. Disturbances in the area continued between fascist and anti-fascists through out the night and it took to the early hours of the next day before police restored order. Manchester Council would respond to what they feared as a potential street war by proscribing political uniforms. [PR] [newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19360710-1.2.34.aspx]

[C] 1941 - Red Friday: The Nazis burn down the Jewish Chanajki district of Białystok, together with the Great Synagogue, with 800 to 1,000 people locked inside killing about 5,000 Jews. [www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/bialystok/]

1944 - French résistance fighters killed Minister of Information and local Milice leader Phillipe Henriot. Milice leader in Lyon, Paul Touvier, was ordered to conduct reprisal killings.

1950 - Milada Horakova (b. 1901), Czech lawyer, social democrat, anti-fascist fighter, anti-Communist and a prominent feminist, is hanged with three others in Prague’s Pankrac Prison as a spy and traitor to the Czechoslovak Communist government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milada_Horáková www.ustrcr.cz/en/milada-horakova-en www.radio.cz/en/section/archives/milada-horakova-dignity-in-the-face-of-fanaticism-1 coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/i-leave-this-world-without-hatred.html]

1956 - A strike begins today in Poznañ with about 100,000 demonstrators shouting "Bread and Freedom". State offices are taken, including prisons, while police shoot from secret police headquarters killing people. The government sends 10,000 soldiers to the city. By tomorrow over 70 people are dead, a hundreds wounded and 700 arrested.

[A] 1969 - A police raid on the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village sparks the Stonewall Riots.

1976 - Elena Quinteros (b. 1945), Uruguayan teacher, militant of the Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) and Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo, is kidnapped on the grounds of the Embassy of Venezuela in Montevideo having escaped from military custody four days earlier. In August 1976 she is last seen in a military detention centre and subjected to torture before she is "disappeared" permanently. [see: Sep. 9]

1996 - Prisoners at Tripoli's Abu Salim security jail protest the harsh conditions. They take 2 guards hostage, one of whom dies. Prison guards open fire, killing 6 and wounding 20 prisoners. Prisoners present their demands and agree to further negotiations tomorrow. About 120 sick prisoners are taken away, allegedly for medical care.Instead, many of them are shot and killed. [see tomorrow & Feb 17, 2011]

2005 - The Zapatistas present the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle.

[CC] 2011 - Seven anti-fascists are convicted of 'conspiracy to commit violent disorder' after a 17 day trial in connection with an altercation on the platform of Welling train station between a couple of the anti-fascists and two fascists from a Blood and Honour gig at the Duchess of Edinburgh pub in Upper Wickham Lane on March 28, 2009. Andy Baker, Sean Cregan, Phil De Sousa and Ravinder Gill were immediately sentenced to 21 months in prison. Thomas Blak and Austen Jackson would later receive 18 and 15 months respectively following sentencing reports. Thoams was also facing deportation at the end of his sentence. [antifascistprisonersupportuk.wordpress.com/about-2/ leedsabc.org/all-nine-anti-fascists-acquitted-in-second-welling-trial/ transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/anti-fascists-jailed-after-welling.html] || [www.ephemanar.net/juin29.html#vallina militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7087 ita.anarchopedia.org/Pedro_Vallina_Martínez libcom.org/history/vallina-pedro-1879-1970 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3218-pedro-vallina-martinez-revolucionario-antimonarquico-y-anarquista.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Vallina]
 * = 29 || 1879 - Pedro Vallina Martinez (d. 1970), Sevillian medical doctor, prominent figure of Andalusian anarchism, Civil War fighter and militant, who was involved in the labour movement and spent much of his life in and out of prison and exile for his opposition to Spanish repression and fascism, born. [expand]

1892 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: The Fascio di Palermo is formed, and many of the local workers associations and mutual aid societies quickly disband and joined the Fascio, which within two months has 7,500 members. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 16] Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж]: After prolonged negotiations, the authorities allowed the burial of Vakulenchuk and at 14:00 twelve unarmed sailors were sent from the Potemkin as an honour guard. The funeral turned into a political demonstration and, when returning from the funeral, the honour guard of sailors was ambushed and fired upon by an army patrol - two sailors were killed and three arrested. In retaliation, the ship fired two six-inch shells at the theatre where a high-level military meeting was scheduled to take place, but missed. With the swelling of military numbers in Odessa, the commander of the Odessa Military District ordered artillery units to repare to shell the Potemkin if it try to approach the port. Meanwhile, an approach by the sailors to open negotiations was rejected and late in the day radio operators on board the Potemkin intercepted After radio operators "Potemkin" were intercepted radio messages between ships of the Black Sea Fleet [three battleships - the Tri Sviatitelia (Три Святителя), Dvenadsat Apostolov (Двенадцать Апостолов), and Georgii Pobedonosets (Георгий Победоносец), the cruiser Kazarsky (Казарского) and four torpedo boats] sent to capture the Potemkin in Odessa. heading towards Odessa. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Congress of City Councils in Moscow demands an elected legislature and civil liberties. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1919 - Pedro Fernández Eleta aka 'El Taxista' (the Driver)(d. 2006), Spanish taxi driver, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combattant, born. One of eight children, he began work as a baker and then as a mechanic. On 19 July 1936, he and his brother Cándido were distributing leaflets in Zaragoza calling for a general strike as the same time as the fascist uprising occurred. They had to go into hiding from the Fascists in the city for two months and witnessed the executions of their comrades by Franco's troops. On September 30, 1936, a group of 10 members of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) - among them Pedro and Cándido Fernández, Ángel Marí, Ángel Cebrián, Francisco Sanclemente Bernal, Ramón Maza and Santiago 'el Autobuserico' - armed with two pistols and a revolver, undertook the dangerous task of escaping to the Republican zone along the Utrillas railway line in the direction of Fuendetodos. They managed to reach the town the next day, after coming under machinegun fire from the Carlist militia and thanks to a group of CNT-FAI fighters who came out to meet them - amongst his rescuers was Francisco Fuster, a CNT comrade from Valdealgorfa, Teruel. Having recovered from his wounds, he joined the Regeneración century, the first Confederal Regiment. A proposal by Saturnino Carod Lerin and Buenaventura Durruti for a Aragonese Hundred of 300 militiamen trained in Puebla de Hijar for guerrilla attacks inside Zaragoza was dismissed by the High Command, in favour of classical war tactics and frontal attacks, which would exhaust all hope of military victory on the Aragon front. With the forced militarisation, he left the front and for Barcelona, ​​whilst his brother Cándido joined the Second Company of the Second Battalion as a lieutenant in the XXV Divisió Ortíz. Cándido Eleta Fernandez, fell in combat, aged 27, fell in La Batalla de Belchite, the failed offensive against Zaragoza in August 1937, during an attempt to take a position on Monte Sillero. Pedro Fernandez, meanwhile, toured all the war fronts as a driver in the Cos de Tren (Train Corps), which later became the Batalló de Transport Confederal. Based between Barcelona and Madrid, he was attached to the Combatiente del Este of the XXVI Divisió Durruti, accompanying two French journalists during the battle of Teruel, he transported supplies and troops from Mora to the Battle of the Ebro, and in the withdrawal tfrom Catalonia, he crossed the French border with a ​​truckload of refugees. Interned in the camps at Agde, St. Cyprian and Argeles, he was a forced labourer building a gunpowder factory in Saint Librade. Later, he was deported to Figueres by train, where everybody in the convoy was handed over to the Guàrdia Civil. Interned in several concentration camps (La Carbonera, Miranda de Ebro and Valdenocada), finally imprisoned in the dreaded Torrero prison in Zaragoza, where he was subjected to court martial and sentenced to death. This was later commuted to 30 years, then to 20 and having served nearly three years, he was released on probation attached to the Batallón Disciplinario no. 35, forced to build the rail connection to the airport. Finally, he was forced to do three years of compulsory military service in Jaca. In 1977, he went with a group of old CNT activists to participate in a rally in Toulouse, where he found colleagues who he had not seen for decades. Working as a taxi driver, he was actively involved in the reconstruction of the CNT in Aragón as a militant in the Sindicat de Transports. His life was the source of inspiration for the novel '//Los inocentes de Ginel//' (2005) by the writer Ricardo Vázquez-Prada. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2908.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2177-pedro-fernandez-eleta-en-el-frente-de-aragon.html aragon.cnt.es/en-memoria-del-companero-pedro-fernandez-eleta/]

1963 - Mass trespass on land at the Porton Down chemical and biological warfare facility.

[C] 1973 - An attempted coup d'etat in Chile - a test run for the real thing on September 11th.

[D] 1992 - Mohammad Boudiaf, the president of Algeria, is assassinated by his bodyguard during his first public appearance, in Annaba. A few seconds after uttering the words: "We are all going to die" ["We must know that the life of a human being is very short. We are all going to die. Why should we cling so much to power? Other peoples have overtaken us by technology and science. Islam -- "] uniformed Lambarek Boumaarafi raised his submachine gun and killed the Algerian head of state. It was his first trip outside Algiers since he took office after a military coup in January. In the confusion and panic that followed, 41 other people were wounded by gunfire and grenades. Boudiaf was succeeded by army officer Liamine Zeroual. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohamed_Boudiaf www.nytimes.com/1992/06/30/world/algerian-president-fatally-shot-at-rally.html]

[A] 1996 - Following yesterday's protests and deaths, nearly 1,200 prisoners in Tripoli's Abu Salim security jail are massacred in revenge for the protests and death of a guard. [see Feb 17, 2011] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parker_(sailor) www.napoleonguide.com/richard-parker.htm www.rmg.co.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/the-royal-navy/research-guide-b8-the-spithead-and-nore-mutinies-of-1797]
 * = 30 || [D] 1797 - Richard Parker (b. 1767), once court-marshalled and discharged Royal Navy officer who later re-enlisted, is hung for his role as president of the 'Floating Republic', the May 12-16, 1797 naval mutiny in the North Sea Fleet which took place at the Nore anchorage in the Thames estuary.

1882 - Robert Louzon (d. 1976), French engineer, revolutionary syndicalist and anarchist, born. In August 1936, commissioned by the CNT in Spain, he went to Morocco in order to try and prevent the recruitment of troops by Franco. In February 1937, he joined the Republican army and fought at the front as one of the oldest //milicianos//. On his return to France, he worked helping Spanish Republicans, as well as Italian and German emigrants as a member of the SIA (International Antifascist Solidarity) and working on its weekly. In 1939, he signed Louis Lecoin's leaflet 'Paix immédiate', which earned him a trial before the council of war despite having been awarded a Légion d'honneur. Arrested in 1940, he was interned in a camp in Algeria for a year. In 1947, he resumed his militant activity in Révolution Prolétarienne. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louzon revolutionproletarienne.wordpress.com/biographie-de-louzon/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/various-authors-news-of-the-spanish-revolution www.ephemanar.net/juin30.html#30]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 17] The Potemkin Mutiny [Потемкин Мятеж] / The Silent Battle [Немо́й бой]: At 08:40 the Potemkin sets sail to meet the approaching ships. At 09:00 Potemkin approached the first battleship group [three battleships - the Tri Sviatitelia (Три Святителя), Dvenadsat Apostolov (Двенадцать Апостолов), and Georgii Pobedonosets (Георгий Победоносец), the cruiser Kazarsky (Казарского) and four torpedo boats] but its commander Admiral F.F. Vishnevetzkogo (Ф. Ф. Вишневецкого) ordered it to turn around. It then rendezvous with the second squadron arrived with the battleships Rostislav (Ростислав) and Sinop (Синоп) and 3 torpedo boats later that morning and Vice Admiral Aleksander Krieger (Александр Кригер), acting commander of the Black Sea Fleet, ordered the ships back to Odessa. The Potemkin sortied again and sailed through the combined squadrons as Krieger failed to order his ships to fire. Suddenly from the upper deck of the Potemkin rang out the cry: "Long live freedom! Hurrah!" In answer to this, a mighty "Hurrah" burst like thunder from the three cruisers. Captain Kolands of Dvenadsat Apostolov (Двенадцать Апостолов) attempted to ram Potemkin and then detonate his ship's magazines, but he was thwarted by members of his crew. Fearing that the mutiny would spread through the whole squadron, Admiral Krieger ordered the squadron to steer at full speed through the open sea to Sevastopol. However, the crew of Georgii Pobedonosets (Георгий Победоносец) mutinied: "We won't fire! We won't man the guns! We refuse to engage the Potemkin." Dorofey Koshuba (Дорофей Кашуба), a member of the revolutionary Socialist-Democratic sailors' organisation Tsentralka (Централка), broke into the armoury, ordered Captain Ilya Guzevich to halt the ship. The ship halted, Guzevich pleaded with the sailors to go to Sevastopol, even offering to let the 70 revolutionaries onto Potemkin. Afanasi Matushenko arrived from the Potemkin with several revolutionaries who made a speech that inspired the sailors to arrest the officers. This was enough to make his second-in-command, Lieutenant Grigorkov, blow his own brains out. Apart from this, the seizure was bloodless. The sailors elected a committee (Koshuba and nine others), locked the officers in the stateroom and ripped off their epaulettes. The officers were put ashore in Odessa. It was decided that the petty officers should be put ashore too the next day. Senior Boatswain A. O. Kuzmenko became captain. The following afternoon loyalist members of Georgii Pobedonosets retook control of the ship and ran it aground in Odessa harbour and surrendered to the authorities. In August 1905, 75 mutineers were tried. Koshuba and two others were executed and 19 sailors got 185 years of hard labour. Other ships also began to mutiny and the government decided to temporarily deactivate the Black Sea. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_на_броненосце_«Потёмкин» ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Немой_бой militera.lib.ru/h/gavrilov_bi/03.html topwar.ru/15356-vosstanie-na-bronenosce-potemkin.html koshkindom.com.ua/html/see/potemkin.html www.litmir.info/br/?b=213373 flot.sevastopol.info/history/potemkin.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуленчук,_Григорий_Никитич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Матюшенко,_Афанасий_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голиков,_Евгений_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гиляровский,_Ипполит_Иванович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Georgii_Pobedonosets www.carleton.edu/curricular/MEDA/classes/media110/Severson/essay.htm www.marxist.com/revolt-armoured-cruiser-potemkin.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1923 Gerhard 'Gad' Beck (d. 2012), German educator, author, anti-fascist resister, and survivor of the Holocaust, born. Despite his father being Jewish and his mother a Jewish convert from Protestatism, Gad was not deported as were other German Jews (his Mischling, partial Jewish ancestry, saving him). In one incident he borrowed a neighbour’s Hitler Youth uniform, marched into the pre-deportation camp where his lover, Manfred Lewin, had been arrested and detained, asking the commanding officer for the boy's release for use in a construction project. Lewin was released but outside refused to abandon his family - both Lewin and his entire family were later murdered at Auschwitz. Beck joined an underground effort to supply food and hiding places to Jews escaping to neutral Switzerland. In early 1945, a Jewish spy for the Gestapo betrayed him and some of his underground friends. He was subsequently interrogated and interned in a Jewish transit camp in Berlin. After World War II, Beck helped organize efforts to emigrate Jewish survivors to Palestine, emigrating himself in 1947. Beck returned to Berlin in 1979, where he was the director of the Jewish Adult Education Center in Berlin. In 2000, Beck featured in a HBO documentary film, 'Paragraph 175', which chronicled the lives of gay men and one lesbian women who were persecuted by the Nazis. Also in 2000, Beck published his autobiography 'An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_Beck hmd.org.uk/resources/stories/gad-beck gaycitynews.com/gad-beck-the-last-gay-holocaust-survivor-is-dead/ www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/one-of-the-last-gay-jewish-survivors-of-the-holocaust/2012/06/26/gJQAlcHQ5V_story.html]

1934 - 'The Night of the Long Knives' takes place, as Hitler approves the elimination of the entire leadership of the Brownshirts.

[C] 1943 - Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising: The resistance in the Small Ghetto is suppressed and around 500 Jews are burned alive or buried beneath the rubble. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Częstochowa_Ghetto_Uprising pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_w_Częstochowie www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/czestochowa/]

1944 - Milice leader in French city of Lyon, Paul Touvier, selects 7 Jewish prisoners to be executed by firing squad as reprisal for the killing of Minister of Information and local Milice leader Phillipe Henriot two days earlier by the French Résistance.

[B] 1952 - During the first showing of Guy Debord's film '//Hurlement en Faveur de Sade//' (Howls in Favour of de Sade; 1952; 75mins, with voice-overs by Gil J. Wolman, Guy Debord, Serge Berna, Barbara Rosenthal and Jean-Isidore Isou), which is dedicated to Gil Wolman, a mass brawl involving the audience and the film club managers breaks out after a few minutes, leading to police intervention, and it does not receive a full showing until October 13. Several Lettrists then dissociated themselves from such a crudely extremist film. [mubi.com/films/howls-for-sade]

1970 - Kimber Road Army depot in London is firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1998 - A group of 100 people manages to enter the buildings of the Constitutional Council of France. One of them seizes an original specimen of the constitution, tears it, declaring: "The dictatorship of capitalism is abolished. The workers declare anarchist communism."

2015 - A riot breaks out at 12:00 at Melbourne's Ravenhall maximum security remand centre over a state-wide smoking ban due to be implemented in prisons across Victori from Wednesday, but which had been introduced a day earlier at Ravenhall. 200 staff were evacuated from the prison and all of the state's prisons went into lockdown as a precaution. The 15-hour riot, which involved 300 prisoners, caused extensive damage with fires being lit, walls and widows damaged, washbasins and toilets smashed, and furniture destroyed. Heavily armed police carrying shields eventually stormed the prison [www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jun/30/prisoners-riot-at-melbournes-ravenhall-remand-centre-over-smoking-ban www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-30/emergency-services-attend-melbourne-prison-riot/6583778 www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/victorian-jails-locked-down-after-prisoners-riot/story-e6frgczx-1227422525699 www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-33358585] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)

United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture 1856 - Max Stirner, author of 'The Ego and Its Own' (1844) and 'The False Principle of our Education' (1842), dies. 1920 - Troops revolt in Ancona, Italy, refusing to fight in Albania. 1954 - The Kengir Uprising ends after 40 days of freedom after the camp is stormed by Soviet tanks, leaving up to 700 prisoners dead. 1991 - The verdicts against the Maguire Seven were quashed by the Court of Appeals. 2010 - Jason Pearce dies of the mysterious new condition "excited delirium" whilst being arrested and restrained by two police officers in Market Drayton. No one is charged.philadie In university towns across germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschlan www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htm www.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html]