Labour+Movement+Jan-Feb

[www.ephemanar.net/janvier02.html#2 www.marxists.org/subject/utopian/cabet/index.htm]
 * = JANUARY ||
 * = 1 || 1788 - Étienne Cabet (d. 1856), French philosopher, lawyer, utopian socialist and founder of the Icarian movement, born. In 1839 he published a novel, '//Voyage et Aventures de Lord William Carisdall en Icarie//'. Influenced by the ideas of Robert Owen, it expounded Cabet's ideas about a communist ideal city, replete with a primitive Christian morality. [NB: dispute over exact date. See: Jan. 2]

1800 - Socialist planner Robert Owen assumes control of mills at New Lanark, Scotland.

1879 - Ben Reitman (d. 1942), American anarchist, physician to the poor (known widely as 'the hobo doctor'), advocate of women's right to control their own bodies and lover of Emma Goldman, born.

1881 - Louis Auguste Blanqui (b. 1805), French revolutionary socialist and president of the Paris Commune, dies in Paris. [see: Feb. 8]

[EE] 1886 - Ethel Carnie Holdsworth (d. 1962), English working class writer, socialist and feminist, who started working in the mills in Lancashire at the age of 11. Her poetry brought her to the attention of the editor of '//The Clarion//', Robert Blatchford, who helped her to get work as a writer. She wrote poetry, novels and children's stories, edited the '//Woman Worker//' as well as the anti-fascist monthly magazine '//The Clear Light//' (1920-25), with her husband Alfred. Her 1913 novel, '//Miss Nobody//', is widely believed to be the first published novel written by a working-class woman in Britain and another of her novels, '//Helen of Four Gates//', was filmed in 1920. She was also national organiser for the anti-fascist organisation the National Union for Combating Fascismo (NUCF), formed in 1924 by E. Burton Dancy. The composer Ethel Smyth set two of Holdsworth's poems in the song cycle 'Three Songs' (1913). Smyth dedicated '//Possession//' to Emmeline Pankhurst and 'O//n the Road: a marching tune//' to Christabel Pankhurst. She also published a series of sonnets in the early 1920s in the anarchist journal '//Freedom//', protesting at the imprisonment of anarchists in Soviet jails. Her works include poetry: '//Rhymes from the Factory//' (1907), '//Songs of a Factory Girl//' (1911), and '//Voices of Womanhood//' (1914); children stories: '//Lazy-Land, And Other Delightful Stories//' (1911), '//The Magic Shoe And Other Tales//' (1912), and '//The Lamp Girl, and other stories//' (1913); and novels: '//Miss Nobody//' (1913), '//Helen of Four Gates//' (1917), '//The Taming of Nan//' (1919), '//The Marriage of Elizabeth//' (1920), '//The House that Jill Built//' (1920), '//General Belinda//' (1924), '//This Slavery//' (1925), '//The Quest of the Golden Garter//' (1927), '//Eagles' Crag//' (1928), '//All On Her Own//' (1929), and '//Barbara Dennison//' (1929). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Carnie_Holdsworth www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/DEAL/Miss_Nobody.pdf www.wcml.org.uk/events/international-womens-day-2012/ www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/mar/08/neglected-women-writers-class-issue]

[1888 - Michele Guasco (d. unknown) [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0212.html]

[F1] 1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: 20 people were killed and many wounded in Gibellina and eight dead and 15 wounded in Pietraperzia during protests against taxes and the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system. [ Costantinni pic ] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1894 - Élie Reclus is amongst those arrested across France as police commissioners use the new //lois scélérates// to enact search warrants against known anarchists. The repression will continue throughout 1894, forcing many into hiding or exile. The higher profile anarchist arrested will be tried during the 'Procès des Trente' (Trial of the Thirty). [see Aug 6 - Oct 31]

1898 - At a conference in Stockholm called by the 1897 Scandinavian Labour Congress and the Swedish Social Democratic Party (Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetareparti) it is decided that Swedish trade union should cooperate or even merge. The Landsorganisationen i Sverige (Swedish Trade Union Confederation) was the outcome. In 1910 after the Storstrejken 1909, the syndicalists broke away to form the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation. [see: Jan 30 & Aug. 7] [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsorganisationen_i_Sverige en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation]

[1898 - [O.S. Dec. 22, 1897] __Ivanovo-Voznesensk Strike [Иваново-Вознесенские Cтачк__]: [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки]

1906 - The socialist-aligned Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen (Dutch Trade Union Confederation) founded. [expand] [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Verbond_van_Vakverenigingen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Verbond_van_Vakverenigingen]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 19 1905] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: With support dwindling and a brutal tsarist crackdown ongoing, the Moscow Committee of Social-Democratic Workers’ Party orders its comrades back to work. The commander of Presnia’s fighting unit Litvin-Sedoy issues a last communiqué: "We are ending our struggle… We are alone in this world. All the people are looking at us — some with horror, others with deep sympathy. Blood, violence and death will follow in our footsteps. But it does not matter. The working class will win." More than 1,000 workers and their family members have been killed during the Moscow uprising. Severe repression follows as the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 19 1905] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The remnants of the St. Petersburg Soviet call off their general strike. [see: Dec. 19] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1911 - __Grève de la Thune* [Thunder Strike__]: Following the week-long national strike of railway works the previous October, the Aristide Briand government now announces that "les grévistes de la thune" will receive an increase in their wages and that regulation of their pensions will be introduced. [see: Oct. 11] [* the nickname of the five-franc piece]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: A new labour law comes into effect in Massachusetts reducing the maximum weekly work hours for women and children under 18 from 56 to 54 hours. Workers welcomed the two-hour reduction, provided that it did not reduce their weekly take home pay, which for women and children averaged only $6.00 per week anyway. The first two weeks of 1912, the workers tried to learn how the owners of the mills would deal with the new law – a letter was sent from the small English speaking IWW branch to President Wood of the American Woollen Company asking how the new law would affect wages. Wood did not reply. Anger with the company increased when workers realised that a reduction of two hours pay would mean (as the IWW publicly pointed out) three fewer loaves of bread a week to put on the table. In fact, the American Woolen Company, the largest mill operator in Lawrence reduced its workers' wages by 3.5%, arguing that if workers' hours were to be decreased, then wages would have to fall in order to keep competitive with mills in New Hampshire, Vermont, and in the South, where wages were even lower. Mill owners had assumed that workers would accept the pay reduction without protest. Instead, textile workers would go out on strike, demanding a 15% increase in pay, maintenance of the 54 hour work week, double pay for overtime, and abolition of the bonus system, which encouraged workers to work longer hours and rewarded only the top performers. Soon after walking out, the Industrial Workers of the World arrived to help organise and lead the strike, and the mayor orders that a local militia patrol the streets. Local officers turn fire hoses on the workers. After two months, mill owners settle the strike, granting substantial pay increases. [IWW First 70 years: **conditions + pp. 54-5 1911 strike & recruiting campaign**] [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ www.workersbreadandroses.org/snap.html spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm womhist.alexanderstreet.com/law/doclist.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

[FF1] 1918 - __Huelga de Barranquilla__: After a period of relative calm in Colombia that coincided with the Great War and the revolutionary events in Russia, a militant strike movement broke out in the important ports of Barranquilla, Cartagena and Santa Marta, protests that would include the first general strike to occur in the country. In the main ports of the Colombian Caribbean region, strikers blocked public roads, will be picketing and prevent the use of blacklegs. The tactics of syndicalism – the general strike, direct action, sabotage and boycott – are used by the strikers: cutting the water supply in Puerto Colombia and taking up railway tracks. Army detachments and guardia civil patrols were dispatched to maintain "order" in the streets. Given the scale of protests by the revolutionary trade union movement, employers were obliged to grant a 50% increase on wages. The right of workers to strike in Colombia was later prohibit by law. In Barranquilla, the dock workers were the first to go on strike on January 1, demanding increases in wages, a cut in the working day from nine to eight hours and changes in the working day so that manual work would be carried out at more comfortable i.e. cooler times of the day. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0201.html ciruelo.uninorte.edu.co/pdf/huellas/11/Huellas_11_2_Barranquilla, 1920-1930.pdf ojs.udc.edu.co/index.php/taller/article/viewFile/395/328 www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-534504 www.unilibre.edu.co/CienciasEconomicas/Webcontaduria/estudie/Nomina/NomiDere.htm elforo.edicionesanarquistas.net/thread-355-post-438.html]

1921 - Mary Reid Macarthur (Mary Reid Anderson; b. 1880), Scottish suffragist and trades unionist, dies of cancer following two unsuccessful operations. [see: Aug. 13]

1924 - IWW Lumber Workers IU120 begins a strike in British Columbia, Canada against the lumber owners, calling for an 8 hour day with blankets supplied, minimum wage of $4 per day, release of all class war prisoners, no discrimination against IWW members and no censuring of IWW literature.

1925 - The first issue of the fortnightly (then monthly) syndicalist paper '//La Révolution Prolétarienne//' appears in Paris. It ceased publication on August 10, 1939, but reappeared in 1947 until the eighties.

1928 - The début in Paris of the newsletter '//Le Trait-d'Union Libertarian//'. Published by dissidents of L'Union Anarchiste Communiste, it announces the inaugural meeting of L'Association des Fédéralistes Anarchistes (AFA).

1929 - Insurrection in Chiapas. [expand]

1930 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: Several hundred Mexican and Filipino lettuce workers in Brawley, California, walk off their jobs in a spontaneous protest against declining wages and intolerable working conditions, vowing to strike until their demands are met. In less than a week they are joined by 5,000 other field workers, and the impromptu walkout of Imperial Valley lettuce workers turns into a serious strike, ushering in a decade of farmworker militancy that sent tremors throughout California's powerful agricultural establishment. Unorganised, the workers were initially represented by the Mexican Mutual Aid Society, a conservative and nationalistic workers' association that had replaced the Workers Union of the Imperial Valley following the collapse of the cantaloupe pickers' strike in 1928. The MMAS sought to peacefully negotiate with the Imperial Valley's vegetable and melon growers' organisation. However, the growers refused and the strike began to loose steam until the Communist Trade Union Unity League, having read about the strike in the Los Angeles Times, sent in three young organisers to take over leadership of the strike, attempting to organise the workers under the auspices of the Agricultural Workers Industrial League. Now the strikers produced a coherent set of demands that the growers had to meet before any return to work, including a fifty cent hourly wage, guarantee of minimum four hours pay, eight-hour work day with time and a half for overtime, and no discrimination based upon gender or race amongst other complaints. Feeling usurped, the leadership of MMAS, who were mostly local businessmen themselves, now switched sides, supporting the growers and threatening the strikers with the possibility of deportation as well as holding out the false promise of "free land" for those willing to return to Mexico, thereby splitting the strikers. With the strike again loosing momentum, on January 12, AWIL organisers were arrested on vagrancy charges and thrown in separate jails where they were subjected to brutal interrogation. The International Labor Defense Fund and the American Civil Liberties Union sent representatives to the valley to try to gain the release of the organisers, only to see them beaten up by the local sheriff. Eventually the AWIL organisers were released only to find that strike was on the verge of collapse, with the authorities having been able to block shipments of food and other strike relief effectively starving the strikers back to work. With the majority of the Mexican strikers either deported or back to work, the AWIL called off the strike on January 23, just over three weeks after it began, without winning any of the workers' demands. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Valley_lettuce_strike_of_1930 www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/pamphlets/imperial-valley.pdf digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/555/]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: The insurrection planned by the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña for the 8th begins early in a number of locations. In La Felguera, the home of the CNT in Asturias, a number of powerful explosions occur between 7-9 in the evening. Simultaneously, in Sevilla, street riots occur and are assaulted shops and bars. In the town of Real de la Jara rioters set fire to the local church. Looting also occur Lleida and confrontations take place in Pedro Muñoz (Ciudad Real), where trade unionists seize the city, proclaiming libertarian communism. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 ccec.revues.org/5399 www.abc.es/local-comunidad-valenciana/20130111/abci-cuando-valencia-protagonista-revoluciones-201301111208.html www.academia.edu/6089684/La_CNT_contra_la_República_la_insurrección_revolucionaria_de_diciembre_de_1933._CNT_against_the_Second_Republic_The_Revolutionary_Insurrection_of_December_1933]

1959 - Michel Onfray, French libertarian philosopher of 'post-anarchism', atheism and hedonism, born. Was a high school philosophy teacher for 2 decades and helped establish a tuition-free Université Populaire (People's University) at Caen.

1966 - __New York City Transit Strike__: Members of the Transport Workers Union and the Amalgamated Transit Union working for the New York City Transit Authority begin what would be a successful twelve day strike. An injunction issued later in the day under the 1947 Condon-Wadlin Act leads to the arrest of the TWU leader Mike Quill and eight other union leaders on Monday 3. Shortly before his arrest, Quill tells the waiting TV cameras, "The judge can drop dead in his black robes. I don't care if I rot in jail. I will not call off the strike." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_New_York_City_transit_strike www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/1/13/the-transit-strike-/ www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/lindsay-quill-the-transit-strike/ amny.com/transit/a-look-back-at-the-1966-transit-strike-that-1.11302919 archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/01/01/page/1/article/n-y-transit-strike-on]

[F2] 1974 - __Three-Day Week__: The Three-Day Work Order came into force at midnight on December 31, one of several measures introduced in the United Kingdom by the Conservative Government to conserve electricity, the generation of which was severely restricted owing to industrial action (a work-to-rule overtime ban) by coal miners in support of a 35% wage increase. Commercial consumption of electricity would be limited to three consecutive days each week. Rather than risk a total shutdown, working time was reduced to prolong the life of available fuel stocks. Television shut at 10:30 p.m. each night, and most pubs were closed (the last early closedown for television was on February 22). The order stayed in place until March 7, 1974. On January 24, 81% of NUM members voted to strike, having rejected the offer of a 16.5% pay rise. In contrast to the regional divisions of other strikes, every region of the NUM voted by a majority in favour of strike action. The only area that did not was the white-collar COSA section. In the aftermath of the vote, there was speculation that the army would be used to transport coal and man power stations. NUM vice-president Mick McGahey called in a speech for the army to disobey orders, and either stay in the barracks or join picket lines, if they were asked to break the strike. In response, 111 Labour MPs signed a statement to condemn McGahey. He responded "You can't dig coal with bayonets." The strike began officially on February 9, two days earlier Edward Heath had called the February 1974 general election, with his campaign emphasising the pay dispute with the miners, using the slogan "Who governs Britain?". Heath believed that the public sided with the Conservatives on the issues of strikes and union power. A few days before the election date, the Government's Pay Board reported that the NUM's case was basically sound in seeking to return miners' wages to the levels recommended by the Wilberforce Enquiry in 1972. The Tories lost their majority and, after they failed to secure enough parliamentary support from Liberal and Ulster Unionist MPs, Harold Wilson and Labour returned to power in a minority government. The new Labour government increased miners' wages by 35% immediately after the February 28, 1974 election [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Day_Week ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/lawrencestrike.html hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/40-years-since-the-beginning-of-the-three-day-week/ www.num.org.uk/page/History-NumHistory-Fall-Of-A-Government www.theguardian.com/politics/gallery/2009/apr/16/past-conservatives hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/40-years-since-the-beginning-of-the-three-day-week/ www.newhistorian.com/looking-back-three-day-week/2405/ www.itnsource.com/shotlistRTV/1974/01/26/BGY509060779/?s=mcgahey news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4054000/4054793.stm news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/newsid_4207000/4207111.stm]

1984 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (b. 1899), Italian-American agricultural worker and Galleanist anarchist, who earned the nickname the Dynamite Girl when she was arrested on a train from Steubenville to Chicago in January 1918 carrying a black leather case containing thirty-six sticks of dynamite and a .32 calibre Colt automatic, which were to be used to carry out revenge attacks for the arrests and persecution of the Milwaukee anarchists and the death in custody of Augusto Marinell on September 15, 1917, dies of cancer in Miami. [see: Sep. 10]

1984 - Augustin Souchy (b. 1892), German anarchist pacifist, dies. [see: Aug. 28]

2000 - Arthur Lehning (b. 1899), Dutch anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, archivist and historian of the anarchist movement internationally, dies. Co-founded in December 1919, with Rudolf Rocker and Augustin Souchy of FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland). Founder of the IISH (International Institute of Social History). [see: Oct. 23] ||
 * = 2 || 1788 - Étienne Cabet (d. 1856), French philosopher, lawyer, utopian socialist and founder of the Icarian movement, born. [Dispute over exact date. See: Jan. 1].

[A1] 1813 - __Luddite Timeline__: Trial of Luddites starts at York Castle. George Mellor, William Thorpe and Thomas Smith tried and found guilty of the murder of William Horsfall. Five men were being convicted for the attack on Rawfolds.

1843 - __Rebecca Riots__: "It was about midnight when a large crowd, this time all on foot, dressed in a variety of garments, faces blackened, and armed with the usual array of weaponry, walked up to the gate at Pwll Trap. They halted a few yards short, and the lady Rebecca - stooped, hobbling, and leaning like an old woman on 'her' blackthorn stick - walked up to the gate. Her sight apparently failing her, she reached out with her staff and touched it. 'Children,' she said, 'there is something put up here; I cannot go on.' 'What is it mother?' cried her daughters. 'Nothing should stop your way.' Rebecca, peering at the gate, replied 'I do not know children. I am old and cannot see well.' 'Shall we come on mother and move it out of the way?' 'Stop,' said she, 'let me see and she tapped the gate again with her staff. 'It seems like a great gate put across the road to stop your old mother,' whined the old one. 'We will break it mother,' her daughters cried in unison; 'Nothing shall hinder you on your journey.' 'No,' she persisted, 'let us see; perhaps it will open.' She felt the lock, as would one who was blind. 'No children,' she called, 'it is bolted and locked and I cannot go on. What is to be done?' 'It must be taken down mother, because you and your children must pass.' ......Rebecca's reply came loud and clear: 'Off with it then my dear children. It has no business here.' And within ten minutes the gate was chopped to pieces and the 'family' had vanished into the night." [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]

[EE] 1886 - Elise Ottesen-Jensen, aka 'Ottar' (d. 1973), Norwegian-Swedish sex educator, journalist, feminist and anarchist agitator, who was a member of the Swedish anarcho-syndicalist union Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and a pioneer of women's right to understand and control their own body and sexuality, born. She was one of the founders of the Riksförbundet för Sexuell Upplysning (Swedish Association for Sexuality Education) and the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Through her international contacts in the sex education movement, she helped many German sex educators, openly gay Germans and Jews to find refuge in Sweden. In the 1920s, Ottar was a regular writer for '//Arbetaren//', with her own column focusing on feminist issues. After a disagreements with the other editors of '//Arbetaren//' in 1925, she started her own paper, '//Vi Kvinnor//' (We Women). The paper did however not last for long. A few years later, she also wrote for the anarchist magazine '//Brand//' (Fire). "I dream of the day when every new born child is welcome, when men and women are equal, and when sexuality is an expression of intimacy, joy and tenderness." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen nbl.snl.no/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0201.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Ottesen-Jensen,-Elise-1886-1973]

1886 - Gaetano Gervasio (d. 1964), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, carpenter, painter and sculptor, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/gervasio/gervasio.html]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A farmer and soldier are left dead after protests against taxes and the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system in Belmonte Mezzagno. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[D1] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 21, 1904] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Four workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg are dismissed for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

[F1] 1905 - An informal conference of 23 industrial unionists, formally representing 9 organisations, in Chicago issues an Industrial Union Manifesto calling for an industrial union congress to be held in Chicago on June 27. The June congress became the founding convention of the Industrial Workers of the World. [www.iww.org/about/chronology/1]

1905 - Louis Dorlet (aka Samuel Vergine, Louis Dey, Serge and Louis Dorival; d 1989), militant French individualist anarchist, labour organiser and pacifist, born. Sent to prison in 1925 for desertion. Member of l'Union Anarchiste, organised among the unemployed and founded a consumer co-op. Dorlet wrote for many libertarian publications and was a co-editor of 'Le Libertaire'. Mobilised in 1939, he was captured and sent to a stalag. Released in 1945, he resumed his work with 'Le Libertaire'. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1313]

1911 - __Aberdare Miners Strike or 'Block Strike'__: Due to the need for repairs to the workings, the actual return to work was delayed until January 2, 1911. Only about half of the PD men had their jobs back. immediately. As further repairs went ahead more men had their jobs back, but by the end of 1911, 1,000 were still out of work, still on lock-out pay. The result of the strike was the temporary defeat and demoralisation of the labour movement in Aberdare. As might be expected. the victimisation of the PD men led to an increasing level of non-unionism in 1911. [see: Oct. 20]

[1913 - Amor Nuño (Ricardo Amor Nuño Pérez; Jul. 17, 1940) [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0212.html]

1916 - The first issue of the anarcho-syndicalist '//La Fuerza//' (The Force), "Periódico defensor de las sociedades obreras" (Newspaper advocating workers' societies) in Alcoy, Valencia. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0212.html]

1918 - __Huelga de Barranquilla__: In what had become effectively a general strike, direct action by the strikers had tied up large parts of the city and, caught by surprise by the scale and militancy of the striking workers, the authorities and employers agreed a 50% salary increase within days, and the strike was over by the 4th. Inspired by the success of the workers in Barranquilla, those in Cartagena would come out on strike on Janaury 7th.

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: Members of the Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú" (Workers' Union of Bakeries "Star of Peru") join the strike for the eight hour day began in December 1918 by cotton mill workers. A few days later, a coordinating committee organised solidarity strikes in newspapers, in the footwear industry, in transportation and other sectors in Lima and Callao. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1920 - __Palmer Raids__: The Palmer Raids go into full swing in the US, with a second and larger series of raids (following the first on November 7, 1919) across 30 cities as thousands of suspected anarchist, communist, unionist and radical Americans are rounded up sans warrants. Federal agents seize literature and detain people on the hope of finding 'fellow travellers'. The raids go on until the 6th. None of the 2,700 people arrested are charged with any explicit crime. In all, more than 6,000 are detained during this period. with follow up operations over the next few days [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids todayinclh.com/?event=crackdown-on-radical-leftists-the-infamous-palmer-raids archive.org/details/toamericanpeople00natiuoft spartacus-educational.com/USApalmerR.htm www.onthisdeity.com/2nd-january-1920-–-the-palmer-raids/ www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/jan_2_1920_palmer_raids_target_immigrants/ www.thenation.com/article/january-2-1920-anti-radical-raids-across-country-first-red-scare/]

[DD] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: An anarchist group led by Alfredo Fonte aka 'El Toscano' (the Tuscan) attack the El Campamento estancia in Patagonia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html]

[F2] 1922 - The first issue of '//Arbetaren//' (The Worker), the weekly paper of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union federation Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden), is published in Stockholm. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetaren en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetaren]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: The Guardia Civil in Barcelona discovers a cache of bombs which that attribute to the CNT. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1937 - In England Emma Goldman begins organising a publicity campaign about the Spanish revolution, including planning mass meetings in London and the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with and lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona.

1937 - The first issue of '//Alba Roja//' (Red Dawn) appears in Premiá de Mar, Catalonia. Subtitled "Organe du Syndicat Unique des Travailleurs de Premiá de Mar" "Organe du Bureau de Propagande Local de la CNT - FAI - FIJL". Eight issues were published until July 1937.

1937 - In Reus (near Tarragona, Catalonia) the first issue of '//Adelante//' (Front), "Paper of the CNT and FAI in Tarragona and Province, Spokesman of Workers in General". This anarcho-syndicalist weekly ceases publication on January 29, 1938 after 52 issues, including a special issue devoted to the first anniversary of the death of Durruti.

1966 - __New York City Transit Strike__: A judge orders the arrest of 9 union leaders under the previous day's injuction. [see: Jan. 1]

[B2] 1974 - Jean de Boe (b. 1889), Belgian anarchist militant, trade unionist and co-operativist dies in Anderlecht. Condemned as an accomplice to the Bonnot Gang, in February 1913, to 10 years hard labour in French Guiana. Escaped and returned to Belgium in 1922, where he was active in several strikes and he founded 'Les Arts Graphiques' (The Graphic Arts) co-operative. [see: Mar. 20]

1980 - __British Steel Workers Strike__: With an inflation rate of 17% and an offer of 0-2% base rate increase in wages from British Steel Corporation, steel workers stage their first national strike for more than fifty years in support of the steelmen's demand for a 20% pay rise. The management has offered a 6% increase, with tough conditions attached. At the same time, the unions were also concerned about the British Steel Corporation plans to close some plants with the loss of thousands of jobs. 90,000 members of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation and the 14,000 members of the National Union of Blastfurnacemen began picketing at local plants. The steel strike lasted nearly 14 weeks, January 2 - April 2 1980. After beginning in the nationalised sector, the stoppage gradually spread to the privatised steel works. The plants reopened after the Lever inquiry recommended a package worth 16% in return for an agreement on working practices and productivity deals. Later that summer, 17,000 of the 24,000 South Wales steel workers were put on short time and in September, the Consett works in County Durham was shut down with the loss of 3,400 jobs. By the end of 1980, BSC had completed the closure of a number of outdated and loss making plants and reduced its workforce to 130,000 - compared with a total of 268,500 employees at the time of nationalisation. This photo shows steel workers on March 9, 1980 on the TUC demonstration in opposition to the Conservative Government's economic and social policies and also to the Employment Bill. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-steel-workers-defend-wages-against-threatened-decrease-1980 news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/2/newsid_2478000/2478393.stm steelvoices.wordpress.com/2015/01/02/the-1980-steel-strike-thirty-five-years-on/]

1999 - André Arru (Jean-René Saulière; b. 1911), French anarchist and pacifist, underground organiser during WWII, and a member since 1983 of the ADMD (an association for the right to die in dignity), dies. He ended his life, at age 87, refusing to subject himself to the risks and dependency of advancing age and disease. [see: Sep. 6]

2006 - __Sago Mine Disaster__: An underground explosion traps thirteen miners in a coal mine in Sago, West Virginia, for nearly two days; only one survived, with the other twelve mostly having died from asphyxiation. However, after mining officials released incorrect information on January 3, many media outlets had initially reported, erroneously, that 12 survivors had been found alive. The mine had been cited more than 270 times for safety violations over the preceding two years but. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_Mine_disaster] || Hours later Crispi declares a state of siege throughout Sicily. Whether the anarchist manifesto played any part in Crispi's announcement, history does not record. Army reservists are recalled and General Roberto Morra di Lavriano is dispatched with 40,000 troops. The old order is to be restored through the use of extreme force, including summary executions. The Fasci are outlawed, the army and the police go on to kill scores of protesters, and hundreds. Thousands of militants, including all the leaders, are put in jail or sent into internal exile. Some 1,000 persons are deported to the penal islands without trial. All working-class societies and cooperatives are dissolved and freedom of the press, meeting and association is suspended. Novelist and socialist Edmondo De Amicis on the conditions suffered by the rural poor at the time: "Hundreds of families do not anything to live on other than grasses and prickly pear." [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]
 * = 3 || [D1] 1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: In Palermo a secret meeting of anarchists takes place where a manifesto is drawn up calling for among other things, the abolition of taxes on flour, inquries into public administration on the island, and expropriation of large estates with fallow fair compensation to the owners. The manifesto is communicated via telegraph to the new prime minister Francesco Crispi.

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: In response to Crispi's announcement of the state of siege, the Comitato Centrale dei Fasci (Central Committee) meets in Palermo to discuss its response to the order. Two factions quickly emerge - those, who support the need to take advantage of the situation of unrest and provoke a revolution on the island. This group is led by the Socialist politician and journalist Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida, who was known for his anarchist tendencies. A second larger group take the opposite view, arguing the need to proceed peacefully. The meeting eventually agrees to condemn the violent incidents in various parts of the island, and launches an appeal to stay calm and not to retaliate, drawing up an appeal: "La nostra isola rosseggia del sangue dei compagni che, sfruttati, immiseriti, hanno manifestato il loro malcontento contro un sistema dal quale indarno avete sperato giustizia, benessere e libertà ..." (Our island is red with the blood of comrades who, exploited, impoverished, have expressed their discontent with a system from which you hoped in vain justice, prosperity and freedom. ...), to be published the following day. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1893c.htm mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

[FF2] 1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A large crowd gathered at the headquarters of the Fascio di Marineo (founded in May 1893 by Marretta Antonino, Bongiorno Francesco, Giordano Carmelo and Giordano Alfonso) pending a decision by the Municipal Council about the abolition of the duty on flour (tassa sul macinato). When the council decided to maintain the //status quo//, one of the leaders of the Fascio, Francesco Palazzo, led the crowd in a demonstration. Matters were further inflamed by attempts by the police, supported by field guards, to arrest people. The crowd continued its rally towards the Town Hall and, under the excuse of fearing an assault on the building, the soldiers opened fire. Those left dead in the street included Concetta Lombardo Barcia 40 years old, Giorgio Dragotta 26, Matteo Maneri 36, Filippo Barbaccia 65, Giovanni Greco 34, Antonino Francaviglia and Filippo Triolo 43 years old, Ciro Raineri 42 and Michele Russo 25 years old. Those who were seriously injured, and who died in the following days: Anna Oliveri 1 year old, Maria Spinella and Antonino Salerno both 2 years old, Giuseppe Daidone 40, Antonino Manzello 32, Giuseppe Taormina 46, Cira Russo and Santo Lo Pinto 9 months old. In total, 18 people, including 4 women and 5 children died. [www.aziendasupporter.com/ilblogdimauro/i-fasci-siciliani-e-la-strage-di-marineo-a-cura-di-tony-milioto/ sciliastato.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/il-massacro-di-marineo.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1898 - [O.S. Dec. 22, 1897] __Ivanovo-Voznesensk Strike [Иваново-Вознесенские Cтачк__]: The strike of 1897–98, in which more than 14,000 textile workers participated, began on Dec. 22, 1897. The causes were hard work conditions and the cutting of holidays by the entrepreneurs. The workers’ demands included maintenance of the number of holidays and the establishment of workers’ control over the expenditure of the fines fund. Members of the Workers' Union (Рабочего Cоюза) set up in Ivanovo-Voznesensk participated in the strike leadership (including K.N. Otrokov and D.S. Yashin). The workers E.N. Zaitsev, K.M. Makarov, and A.V. Volkov were prominent in agitating for the strike demands. The strike was noteworthy for its level of organisation and its persistence. The Union of Workers maintained ties with the Moscow League of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class (Союзом борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса). On December 27 and 28 [N.S. Jan. 8-9, 1898], 700 soldiers and 200 cossacks were sent out to suppress the strike. Despite the repression, the strikers achieved some concessions from the entrepreneurs, and on Jan. 13 [N.S. 25], 1898, they resumed work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки]

1899 - Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (d. 1939), French anarchist militant, born in Oran, Algeria. Took part in the 1919 Mutinerie des Marins de la Mer Noire (Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea), refusing to fight against the Russian revolutionaries during the Allied intervention. Sentenced to 10 years in prison, he escaped, was recaptured and given another five years. Released August 1926, he was active with the international 'Black Group' (Groupe Noir) and a member of the CGT-SR. Cannone fought on the anarchist fronts with the CNT and FAI during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. [www.militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article611 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/cannone-alphonse-sauveur.html]

1901 - Miguel Chueca Cuartero (d. 1966), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/201210 www.estelnegre.org/documents/chueca/chueca.html]

1903 - Jack Frager (Yankel or Yakov Treiger; d. 1998), American anarchist and labour activist, born in the Ukraine.

1904 - Ricardo Flores Magón, with his brother Enrique, seeking to escape constant repression by the dictatorship, leaves México for the United States.

[D2] 1906 - [O.S. Dec. 21 1905] __Rostov Uprising__: Following the loss of many of its fighters and their weapons, the uprising is finally suppressed as clear the remaining rebels from the Temernik distirct. Many of the rebellion's members are arrested and imprisoned. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 21 1905] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Prime Minister Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) urges that army be re-organised to enable it to crush national unrest. The sadistic Lt. General Alexandr Meller-Zakomelsky (Александр Меллер-Закомельский) leads a punitive expedition eastwards from Moscow along the Trans-Siberian Railroad. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меллер-Закомельский,_Александр_Николаевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1908 - Higinio Carrocera Mortera (d. 1938), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who played a prominent role in both the 1934 Asturias uprising and the Civil War, earning the title the hero of Mazucu in the latter, born in a village in the Asturian mining area. He began working in the Sociedad Metalúrgica Duro Felguera rolling mills aged just 13 following the death of his father, using his brother's identity documents as he was too young to legally work there. He also joined the CNT, the majority union amongst metallurgists in La Felguera. During the Jaca Uprising of Decmember 12, 1930 precipitated by the army captains Fermín Galán Rodríguez and Ángel García Hernández, he and other La Felguera militants were involved in an armed class with the Guardia Civil in Sama de Langreo, for which he was imprisoned for the first time. According to his friend Solano Palacios, "From then until his assassination participated in numerous revolutionary strikes in La Felguera, the Nalón basin and the rest of Asturias, frequently suffering persecution and imprisonment." During a 9-month strike in 1932, he was involved in a number of acts of sabotage on the powe grid and attacks on security forces. In July 1932, a month before the end of the strike, Carrocera was jailed for his part in these actions. At the beginning of the October Revolution of 1934, he actively participated in the attacks on the barracks of the Guardia Civil in La Felguera and Sama, and, as soon as the first armoured trucks bearing the emblems of the FAI, CNT and UHP painted white markings on their sides emerged from the Duro Felguera factory, he led a column of 200 anarcho-syndicalist fighter to Oviedo. Arriving on October 6, he was at the forefront of the fight and his militia group attacked the Carabineros headquarters and took the city's Fábrica de Armas (arms factory), and later halted the advance of government forces. At El Berrón he fought against forces commanded by the then Colonel Solchaga, who he would face again 3 years later in the Battle of Mazucu. Following the surrender of the insurrectionary forces, he fled into the mountains, like many others, to try and escape the inevitable repression that followed, but not before he and his comrades buried dozens of rifles and several machine guns that he had liberated from the arms factory. These would prove essential in the early stages of the 1936 uprising. After a period in hiding, he travelled to Zaragoza with the intention of going into exile in France but was arrested there on August 7, 1935, along with Constantino Antuña Huerta by Investigación y Vigilancia police. The 'ABC' newspaper announced his capture: "According to sources, Higinio Carrocera acted in Asturias as a revolutionary leader and signed several documents. He is considered a dangerous bomber." Charged with promoting and being a leader of the revolution, he was taken to the prison in Gijón to await judgement. However, he gained his freedom after he participated in a mutiny of prisoners in the aftermath of the victory on February 16, 1936, of the Popular Front. An amnesty for those convicted of political or social crimes was a key part of its election manifesto and in the days immediately following its win pressure built for it to declare an amnesty date. The government officially decreed the amnesty on the 21st, but Carrocera and his fellow prisoners in Gijón had engineered their release a day earlier. Carrocera returned to La Felguera and spent the following months raising funds to support the families of political prisoners. With the outbreak of the fascist uprising, he and his CNT comrades were ready. Having dug up their weapons cache, they positioned themselves in a church steeple overlooking the Guardia Civil Barracks in La Felguera and their decisive action prevented the guards from being able to set up defensive positions outside the barracks. They eventually surrendered and, with La Felguera in their hands, Carrocera led a column of 400 centitas to Gijón where they were among the first proletarian reinforcements arrived there. In Gijón they laid siege to the Simancas infantry Barracks for the next month and, following it fall, they immediately set off for the Western Front to try to head off the Galician columns advancing dangerously towards Avilés and Grado. He was in all the heavy fighting that took place in the Malleza area and was injured quite serious in an attack on San Cristobal on the Luiña-Faedo front. Back in La Felguera, he underwent surgery a number of times and took the opportunity to rebuild his unit, which took the name Battalion Carrocera. The battalion fought on Monte de los Pinos and then at Belmonte, where Carrocera was wounded twice. After 6 months on the front in Belmonte he was given command of a brigade, consisting of four battalions, and a few months later command of the 192 Brigada Móvil del Ejército Popular Asturiano, comprising 3 CNT batallions. All through this period he foungth on the fronts at La Espina, La Cabruñana, Grado and Prania. He also took part in the Battle of El Mazuco, one of the most brutal of the war. On September 1, 1937, more than 33,000 Nationalist troops supported by artillery and airpower, including German aircraft of the Condor Legion, began an advance against hugely outnumber Republican forces. The defenders never exceeded 6,000 troops but they held up the thrust of the Navarre Brigades for 15 days and Higinio Carrocera played a key role. With the front lines under threat and the Condor Legion carpet-bombing the ridge [the first recorded instance of its use] that the republican occupied, Higinio Carrocera received the order on September 8, 1937, to take command of the troops in the frontline at El Mazuco, replacing José Fernández, the head of the 12th Brigade killed in action while covering with a machine gun withdrawal of his men. Higinio and his men managed to hold the Fascists off for a further week despite running short of ammunition, allowing their comrades to withdraw safely before the Republican leadership, aware that his troops were being massacred, ordered a retreat. On October 3, 1937, he was honoured as a hero for his courage in Battle of Mazucu with the Medalla de la Libertad. A new Republican defensive line on the Eastern Front was established along the Sella River only to fall back under the Nationalist advance. Higinio Carrocera and his men were in position at the Siege of Oviedo when the Consejo Soberano de Asturias y León (Sovereign Council of Asturias and León) decided to give the evacuation order on October 20, 1937. Carrocera refused to evacuate with the rest of the Council and leave until all his men were safe. Instead he boarded on the steamer Llodio with two hundred other people, one fifth of them women and children, and was one of the last to leave El Musel. Off Cape Peñas the Llodio was intercepted by an Italian warship acting as part of Franco's navy. Having given his captors gave a false name: Vidal Fernández Fernández, he and the other prisoners were moved to Ribadeo and then to La Coruña. In the Romaní concentration camp was identified by some visiting Phlangists and on January 2, 1938, he was handed over to the Guardia Civil for transfer to Oviedo. On January 21, an Emergency Council of War similarily sentenced to death along with thirty-five other men and eight women. On May 8, shortly before being transferred to the cemetery to be executed, he removed his four gold teeth from his jaws with a spoon in order to get them sent to his mother, still safe in Catalonia. He also hastily wrote a short note in a locket with a picture of her niece Olga containing the date of his death and the text: "I die for freedom". His final words before before he stood in front of the firing squad were: "I die with the greatest peace of mind that in you can have in moments like these, since nothing is on my conscience, other than the condition that my mother and my sisters remain in." Higinio Carrocera was then buried in a mass grave with 260 other anti-fascists. [www.asturiasrepublicana.com/muertescarrocera.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Carrocera es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_El_Mazuco asturiesllibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/higinio-carrocera-mortera.html www.atlanticaxxii.com/1759/higinio-carrocera-el-miliciano-anarquista-que-nunca-reculaba canales.elcomercio.es/guerra-civil/carrocera.html www.losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1427]

1913 - __Little Falls Textile Strike__: The state Board of Mediation and Arbitration, who had held three days of public hearings in Little Falls at the end of December, announces its terms for the ending of the strike. They are largely favourable to the strikers: (1) The companies are to reinstate all workers (2) There is to be no discrimination against strikers (3) All men and women working 54 hours are to receive pay formerly paid for 60 hours. The IWW had prevailed and the strike was over. However, some of the strikers including organisers such as Ben Legere, who had been arrested on October 30, 1912 and charged with stabbing a detective "in the seat of the pants", when police had attacked the strikers' daily parade, remained in prison a full six months til his trial on May 13-21, during which he was sentenced to "not less than one year nor more than one year and three months in Auburn prison". [see: Oct. 9] [libcom.org/files/No.22.pdf www.marxistsfr.org/history/usa/pubs/industrialworker/iw/v5n10-w218-may-29-1913-IW.pdf]

[F1] 1925 - Mussolini puts an end to the parliamentary system and issues a decree ordering the dissolution of the anarcho-syndicalist USI (Unione Sindacala Italiana).

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: At mass meeings in Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide of Australian timber workers, held in the wake of the December 23, 1928, Arbitration Court decision to reduce the wages and increase the hours for 20,000 timber workers from a 44-hour week to a 48-hour week, the decision is taken to work to rule, not working extra four hours stipulated by Judge Lukin's award, with many workers not working on Saturday mornings throughout January 1929. Thus began a ten-month dispute and, following the February 2 lock-out, the first Australian strike of the Great Depression. The employers responded to the work to rule by applying to the court that a strike existed and the Arbitration Amendment Act was envoked. [wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/orgmanagement/WorkingPapers/WP104.pdf scratchingsydneyssurface.wordpress.com/tag/timber-workers/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Australian_timber_workers'_strike www.takver.com/history/myunion/myunion11.htm#1929]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: Another arsenal of explosives is discovered by the Guardia Civil in a garage in Barcelona: ​​five boxes full of bombs, ready to be sent to various locations; a car bomb and cartridges, and in several rooms, devices, ammunition clips, fuses and 10 carbines. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1937 - In Valencia (Spain), the first issue of the newspaper '//L'Indomptable//' (The Indomitable), organ of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Federación Anarquista Ibérica, appears. Published weekly in French. At least 39 issues appeared until 7 October 1937. Issue number 19 (13 May 1937) containing an article on the recent murder of Camillo Berneri by the Communists was heavily censored by Republican authorities.

1961 - François Rose (b.1879), French anarchist, trade unionist (CGT, UD, CGTU), dies. Served on the editorial board of '//Germinal//' and was a salesman for '//Libertaire//'. Organised support for the Black Sea Mutineers in 1921.

1966 - __New York City Transit Strike__: At the Americana Hotel in Manhattan, where the Transit Authority meetings are being held, Michael J. 'Mike' Quill,Matthew Guinan, Frank Sheehan, Daniel Gilmartin, Ellis Van Riper, and Mark Kavanagh of the TWU and John Rowland, William Mangus, and Frank Kleess of the ATU are arrested for violating an injunction to end the strike, which had been issued on January 1 under the 1947 Condon-Wadlin Act. Quill, who is in obvious ill-health, states to the waiting press outside immediately before his arrest, "The judge can drop dead in his black robes. I don't care if I rot in jail. I will not call off the strike." Shortly after being jailed, Quill goes into cardiac arrest and is admitted to hospital on Jan. 4, where he remained, helping negotiate a 15 percent wage increase for more than 30,000 workers from his oxygen tent. The strike officially ended on January 13. Quinn himself, was released on the 25th, giving a victory speech to the victorious strikers and another press conference at the Americana. Three days later on January 28 he was dead. [see: Jan. 1]

[F2] 2014 - Police opened fire with AK-47 rifles, killing five workers and injuring dozens more in a violent crackdown on demonstrating garment workers in a factory neighbourhood of Phnom Penh. Thousands of workers had been holding a series of demonstrations since December 29, 2013, demanding a minimum wage increase up to $160 per month to keep up with the cost of living in Cambodia. Hundreds of military police are deployed to deal with the demonstrators, with some firing live rounds into crowds of demonstrating workers, who threw stones at police in the Canadia Industrial Zone. Demonstrators also attacked a local clinic after it refused to treat the injured. Following the attack, the government banned all demonstrations and used military force to clear the streets. At least 39 workers were detained and held in unknown locations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013–14_Cambodian_protests www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25585054 www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-protest-idUSBREA0203H20140103 www.voacambodia.com/a/four-killed-as-riot-police-fire-on-demonstrators/1822935.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler spartacus-educational.com/YALDdeathTyler.htm]
 * = 4 || 1341 - Wat Tyler (1341-1381), one of the leader of the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 in England, born.

1856 - (Jean Valérien) Maurice Mac-Nab (d. 1889), French poet, songwriter, performer and postal worker, born. Famed for his ironic songs of working-class life performed at the Club des Hydropathes, at the the literary club Café de l'Avenir, in the Latin Quarter, and at Le Chat Noir in Montmartre. Many of his popular songs, such as '//L'Expulsion//' and '//Le Grand Métingue du Métropolitain//', were explicitly anarchist in sentiment and were sung at demonstrations. [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1857 - Émile Cohl (Émile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet; d. 1938), French caricaturist, cartoonist, and animator, born. Disciple of André Gill, member of the Hydropathes and of the largely forgotten Les Arts Incohérents (Incoherents), which included Eugène Bataille (Sapeck) and Jules Levy. Prolific animator whose work embraced his clearly libertarian political views, including the series '//Les Aventures des Pieds Nickelés//' (Adventures of the Leadfoot Gang) may have been the best work of Cohl's career. It was based on a working class comic strip by Louis Forton, about a gang of anarchistic youngsters constantly getting into trouble with both the criminal underground and the law. See also his character Toto, who featured in a short entitled '//Toto Devient Anarchiste//' (1910). [1895.revues.org/2283 www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents.html www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1865 - Lorenzo Panepinto (d. 1911), Italian politician and teacher, born. He was the founder of the Fascio dei Lavoratori (Workers League) in his hometown Santo Stefano Quisquina, editor of the newspaper '//La Plebe//' and member of the Comitato della Federazione Regionale Socialista. He was assassinated in front of his in Santo Stefano Quisquina, with two gunshots in the chest. At the funeral, over 4,000 people followed the open coffin in procession. His killers were identified among the gabelloti with links to the Mafia, but the material killer was released by the Court of Catania in April 1914. No one has ever been convicted for the crime. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Panepinto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Panepinto]

[C] 1886 - Armand Guerra aka José Silavitse (José Maria Estivalis Cabo; d. 1939), Spanish anarchist, scenario writer, filmmaker, actor, typesetter and member of the young C.N.T., born. In 1913 he created the Paris film co-operative Le Cinéma du Peuple, which made a number of films social nature, including '//La Commune//' (1914) and '//The Old Docker//'. Guerra was both a producer and actor in these films and used old Communards and anarchists in them. After a 12 year period living in Germany, working on all aspects of the film industry (editor, dubbing director, producer, director, screenwriter, actor), he returned to Spain following the rise of Hitler. There he made his first full-length film during the summer of 1936, before going to the front to fight fascism with a camera. '//Carne de Fieras//' (Flesh of Wild Animals) was never released, and thought lost forever, until a negative was discovered and released in 1993. He also wrote a diary of his Civil War years entitled '//A Través de la Metralla: Escenas Vividas en Los Frentes y en La Retaguardia//' (Through Shrapnel. Vivid scenes at the Fronts and in the Rearguard), 1937. Filmography: '//Un cri dans la jungle//' (A cry in the jungle; 1913); '//Les Misères de l'Aiguille//' (The miseries of the needle; Dec. 1913), the story of a seamstress who, after the death of her husband, to escape misery, attempts suicide with her ​​baby, staring the rench actress, film director and writer, Musidora (Jeanne Roques) in her first role; '//Le Vieux Docker//' (The Old Docker; Feb. 1914); '//La Commune//' part 1 (1914); '//Sommernachtstraum//' (A Midsummer Night's Dream; 1925), as actor; '//Luis Candelas o El bandido de Madrid//' (Luis Candelas or The Bandit of Madrid; 1926); '//Batalla de Damas//' (1928); '//Die Geschenkte Loge//' (The Gift of the Lodge; 1928), banned by the German censors on the pretext that a gardener busy watering his garden appeared to be urinating; '//El Amor Solfeando//' (1930); '//La Alegría que Pasa//' (Joy Happens; 1934), playing the part of a clown; '//Carne de Fieras//' (Flesh of Wild Animals; 1936); and '//Estampas Guerreras//' Nos. 1&2 (Warrior Prints; 1937), shot with the 'España Libre' Column. [see also: Mar. 10] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/9s4nhh recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuerraArmand.htm militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6467 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Estívalis_Cabo www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2014/09/a-traves-de-la-metralla-escenas-vividas-en-los-frentes-y-en-la-retaguardia-por-armand-guerra-en-espanol-edicion-kindle-2-53e3-21/ www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS-qDh_1v6Q www.fundanin.org/jarry1.htm en.anarchopedia.org/Armand_Guerra]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Central committee members Giuseppe De Felice, Nicola Petrina (Fascio di Messina) and Giacomo Montalto (Fascio di Trapani) are arrested after attending a meeting of the Revolutionary Committee. [see: Jan. 3] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[F1] 1909 - The Irish Transport and General Workers Union is formally launched and registered as a trade union. It founding is a direct result of the suspension of James Larkin from the Liverpool-based National Union of Dock Labourers union on November 7, 1908 and his success as a union organiser in Ireland, where he had led strikes and organised NUDL branches in Belfast, Dublin, Cork and Waterford, almost singlehandedly reviving the moribund union in the country. Following his suspension, he had called the Irish Executive of the union to a meeting at the Trades Hall in Capel Street, Dublin on December 28, 1908, at which it was decided to found a new 'Irish Union'. The ITGWU was the result. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union en.citizendium.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union spartacus-educational.com/IRElarkin.htm www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19555]

1918 - __Huelga de Barranquilla__: The dock workers in the port return to work having won a 50% pay increase. Inspired by the success of the workers in Barranquilla, those in Cartagena would come out on strike on Janaury 7th.

1918 - José Expósito Leiva (b. 1918), Andalusian journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. During the Civil War, he joined the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), becoming secretary of the propganda committee in 1938 and editor of '//Juventud Libre//'. In 1938 he published a lecture on Buenaventura Durruti in the collective book '//Hora Durruti. Conferencias pronunciadas ante el micrófono de Unión Radio//'. At the end of the conflict, he was arrested at the port of Alicante and imprisoned in the fortress of Santa Bàrbara. Sentenced to death on 24 February 1940 before a court martial in Madrid, the penalty was commuted to 30 years in prison in the October of that year because of his youth. In September 1943, he was released on parole and joined the clandestine struggle with the CNT and the Aliança Nacional de Forces Democràtiques (National Alliance of Democratic Forces; ANFD). Secretary General of the Ninth National Committee of the CNT between May and July 1945, after the arrest of his predecessor Sigfredo Catalá Tineo. Then he went to occupied France and then to Mexico on behalf of the CNT, where he was given the portfolio of the Minister of Agriculture in José Giral Pereira's first (August 1945 - March 1946) and second (April 1946 - January 1947) governments of the Second Republic in exile in Mexico, which drove a wedge between anarchist militants and the collaborationist wings of the CNT/MLE. He also signed a declaration of support for the call for a plebiscite in Spain and one in 1948 in favour of turning the MLE into a political party. In 1949 he settled in Venezuela, where he remained on the margins of the CNT. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2314 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Expósito_Leiva www.katesharpleylibrary.net/tb2swc libcom.org/history/solidaridad-obrera-clandestinity-transition-1939-1987]

[DD] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: During the first armed confrontation of the general strike in rural Patagonia, four policemen and a worker are killed in an ambush by the strikers, and two policemen and a gendarme are taken hostage near El Cerrito. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1960 - United Steel workers end longest strike in US, begun on July 15, 1959.

[F2] 1961 - Danish barbers’ assistants in Copenhagen end their 33-year long strike. According to the '//Guinness Book of World Records//', the strike – which began in 1928 – was the world’s longest. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1965 - Eight thousand social workers represented by two different unions in New York City go on strike over workload and wages. Two locals led the strike: the independent Social Services Employees Union, a militant union that had just won bargaining rights for 6,000 caseworkers, and DC 37’s Local 371, which represented supervisors and clerical workers. Mayor Robert Wagner fired all of the strikers and threw nineteen leaders in jail for two weeks, but the workers won the strike after twenty-eight days. Supported by organised labour, the civil rights movement, and a community coalition that organised among welfare recipients, it was the longest labour action by public employees in the history of New York City. Among the strikers’ gains were 9 percent raises, impartial arbitration, 100 percent city-paid health insurance, the first union education fund for city workers, the right to bargain on a wide range of issues, and an automatic clothing grant for their clients. [www.dc37.net/news/PEP/3_2015/the_strike.html jewishcurrents.org/january-4-social-workers-on-strike/]

[1966 - __St. John's University Strike__: [til Jun 1967] after autumn dismissal of 31 faculty members / ended in failure] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John's_University_strike_of_1966–67]

1976 - A wave of wildcat strikes, which at its height involves more than 500,000 workers, begins in Spain. || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet22.html#gonzalezprada recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GonzalezPradaManuel.htm www.marxists.org/espanol/gonzalez_prada/]
 * = 5 || [B] 1844 - Manuel González Prada (d. 1918), noted Peruvian poet, literary and social critic, anarchist thinker, writer and polemicist, born. Numerous of his articles on anarchism and related themes appeared in the Lima newspaper '//Los Parias//' (1904-1909) under the pseudonym Anarquía. Briefly head of the National Library of Peru, he resigned following the coup d'etat in 1914. Several of his collections of poetry were published or translated during his lifetime and after.

1877 - Giuseppe Fanelli (b. 1827), Italian revolutionary Bakuninite anarchist involved in the establishing of the First International, dies. A one-time nationalist and mason, he allegedly originated the 'circle A' symbol. [see: Oct. 13]

1881 - The funeral in Paris of the revolutionary Auguste Blanqui is attended by a large crowd including Louise Michel. Neither an anarchist or a Marxist, he was the author of the phrase "Neither God, nor master".

1885 - Alternative date given for the birth of Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; d. 1953), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist. [see: Dec. 5]

[F2] 1891 - __Australian Shearers' Strike / Great Shearer's Strike of 1891__: Sheep shearers in Queensland, Australia, go on strike when the manager of the Logan Downs Station sheep ranch demands that they accept the ranchers’ new contract of 'free labour' that undermines their union security, hours, and wages. One of Australia's earliest and most important industrial disputes, the 1891 shearers' strike was in response to the Queensland Pastoralists’ Employers Association, representing the pastoralist squatters, attempts to smash rural unions, in this case the Australian Shearers’ Union. The union, which boasted tens of thousands of members and had unionised thousands of sheds, prohibited its members from working with non-union workers. The QPEA however, had set about organising thousands of non-unionised wool workers, blackleg shearers and 'free labourers' who they would employ alongside union members, thereby precipitating a strike, and then replace the striking unionised workers. The strike resulted in the formation of large camps of striking workers, and acts sabotage and violence on both sides, leaving Queensland was on the verge of civil war as the government set to brutally suppressing the strike. Troops were sent in to escort and protect the scabs, and union leaders and strikers subjected to brutal arrests. In support of the striking sheaers, the Maritime Union called a black ban on wool shorn by non-union labour, but the strike was poorly timed, and when the union workers ran out of food and money, they were forced to come to terms. The strike was officially declared off on June 15 and, although the strike had failed, it had far reaching effects on the Australian labour movement. Amongst the many strikers that were arrested during the dispute, thirteen union leaders were charged with sedition and conspiracy and, following a protracted trial in Rockhampton, the were convicted and on May 20 the men sentenced to three years hard labour on St. Helena Island in Moreton Bay. The legitimacy of the arrests and fairness of the trial has been heavily debated by historians over the years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Australian_shearers'_strike www.qhatlas.com.au/content/great-shearers’-strike-1891 www.gattonmurders.com/Strikes.pdf www.australianworkersheritagecentre.com.au/10_pdf/shearers_strike.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearers'_Strike_Camp_Site,_Barcaldine]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Following a peaceful demonstration the previous day, at midday the population begin to meet outside the Fascio di Santa Caterina headquarters in the Piazza Garibaldi with flags, portraits of the king and queen and a crucifix, before planning to spread out through the streets of the town. Meanwhile, lieutenant of police Colleoni has deployed in the piazza the military reinforcements that had recently arrived from Caltanissetta. With the president of the Fascio Lo Vetere absent and Joseph Celestino, the vice president of the fascio, and Eugenio Bruno, its treasurer, claiming that they resigned, refused to intervene to disperse the crowd. Leaderless and unaware of the proclamation of the state of siege of January 3rd, the protesters arrived in the Piazza Garibaldi. The commander then ordered them to disperse, but, whilst some of them returned to their own homes, about 2,000 men and women continued to shout and protest. After three useless trumpet blasts, the order to fire was given and a massacre ensued: ten dead and twenty wounded men, women, old people and children. Four of the injured will die over the following month. [siciliaisoladaamare.wordpress.com/la-figura-di-filippo-lo-vetere-1868-1931-di-leonardo-fiandaca/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1913 - __Fight for the 8-Hour Day in Peru__: In Peru the Unión General de Jornaleros (General Union of Day Labourers), a constituent organisation of the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru), demanded an eight-hour working day, a salary increase, medical coverage in labour accidents, and other claims, giving a period of 24 hours before initiating an indefinite general strike. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/peru-8-horas-de-trabajo-conquistada-en-1919/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

[F1] 1914 - The Ford Motor Company raised its basic wage from $2.40 for a nine-hour day to $5 for an eight-hour day. When asked why he had done so, Henry Ford claimed that higher wages were necessary to retain workers who could handle the pressure and the monotony of his assembly line; he was buying higher quality work from all his employees: "If the floor sweeper’s heart is in his job he can save us five dollars a day by picking up small tools instead of sweeping them out." In fact, his problem was the high turnover of staff - in 1913, Ford hired more than 52,000 men to keep a workforce of only 14,000. That level of turnover is hugely expensive: not just the downtime of the production line but obviously also the training costs: even the search costs to find them. It can indeed be cheaper to pay workers more but to reduce the turnover of them and those associated training costs. [www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2014/01/03/history/post-perspective/ford-doubles-minimum-wage.html www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/03/04/the-story-of-henry-fords-5-a-day-wages-its-not-what-you-think/#38fd9a89766d

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: More bombs go off in La Felguera and Gijón, and the strikes in Valencia amongst typographers, metallurgical and employees of the Electra company worsen. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1962 - Marcelle Capy (Marcelle Marques; b. 1891), French journalist, writer, militant syndicalist, libertarian socialist, pacifist and feminist, dies. [see: Mar. 26]

1970 - The bodies of Joseph Albert 'Jock' Yablonski, unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat William Anthony 'Tough Tony' Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers of America, his wife Margaret, and his 25-year-old daughter Charlotte, are discovered in the Yablonski home in Clarksville, Pennsylvania. They had been shot dead five days earlier on December 31, 1969, as they slept by three 'hitmen' hired on Boyle's behalf by UMWA executive council member Albert Pass. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Using $20,000 Boyle had embezzled the money from union funds, he hired Paul Gilly, an out-of-work house painter and son-in-law of a minor UMWA official, and two drifters, Aubran Martin and Claude Vealey, to do the job. The murder was postponed until after the election, however, to avoid suspicion falling on Boyle and after three aborted attempts to murder Yablonski, the killers did their job. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Boyle was later convicted of the killing in April 1974 and sentenced to three consecutive life terms in prison, where he died in 1985. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yablonski en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Boyle newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/thedigs/2013/04/26/murder-of-the-yablonskis/ www.newhistorian.com/cronyism-mining-and-murder-the-death-of-jock-yablonski/5708/]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: After three months of negotiations with the National Coal Board, the NUM rejects the NCB's 7.9% pay rise offer and their promise of a backdated deal for an increase in productivity. Two days later the NCB announces it was withdrawing its pay offer as it was now clear that the miners were intent on striking. [see: Jan. 9]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The United Farm Workers union submits a series of economic demands to growers, and publishes them in the Mexicali newspaper, 'La Voz'. The UFW demanded 42% wage increases for field workers, bringing the entry wage from $3.70 to $5.25; 60 percent wage increases for tractor drivers and irrigators, from $3.75 to $6 per hour; and a 53 percent increase in the piece rate for harvesting lettuce, from $0.57 per 24-head carton to $0.87 per carton. The UFW also proposed a percentage formula for the medical plan rather than an hourly formula – as a way to deal with the fewer hours worked per day in the lettuce fields, five more paid holidays, paid union reps, an increase in the pension plan, gas expenses, per diem for travel, guarantee of earnings for the first week of the harvest, and standby and reporting pay. [libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/MillerArchive/062 The 1979 Lettuce Strike.pdf archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/02/25/page/8/article/bloody-fight-in-lettuce-fields/index.html libcom.org/library/account-conditions-leading-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/violence-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/lettuce-strike-apparently-succeeding-despite-odds libcom.org/library/feb-26th-1979-report-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike www.lettucewars.net/p/in-lettuce-fields-timeline.html www.chavezfoundation.org/_cms.php?mode=view&b_code=001008000000000&b_no=15&page=1&field=&key=&n=7 ww.nytimes.com/1979/08/11/archives/chavez-acts-to-rekindle-flickering-farm-strike-began-with-selective.html?mcubz=1 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=130&page=2 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/ufwarchives/foodjustice/01_Dec84_001.pdf]

1981 - __Huelga Policial en Ecuador [Ecuador Police Strike__]: Police in Ecuador go on strike at 07:00 over the issues of their unpaid salary for December 1980 and Christmas bonuses. Coordinated between the Ecuadorian National Police of Quito and Guayaquil, the main focus of the mutiny was the Quito Regiment No. 1 in the capital city. Clashes between the troops and the officers, which included a teargas incident in Guayaquil, broke out. The insubordinate policemen also demanded the removal of the Minister of Government Carlos Feraud Blum, who was in charge of the crisis and had said that the government would not yield to their demands. At 21:30 the same day, Feraud reported that the conflict had been resolved, with the government deciding to accelerate the payment of the outstanding remunerations in addition to improved meal allowance being paid. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_policial_en_Ecuador_de_1981] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новороссийская_республика dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/12244/НОВОРОССИЙСКАЯ]
 * = 6 || [D1] 1906 - [O.S. Dec 24 1905] __Novorossiysk Republic [Новороссийская республика__]: The Tsarist government sends a large punitive detachment, supported from the sea battleship Three Saints (Три святителя), to suppress the workers' and peasants' Novorossiysk Republic (Dec 25, 1905 - Jan 7, 1906 [O.S. Dec. 12-25 ]).

1906 - __Pohjolan Tukkityöläisten Lakko [Nordic Timber Workers' Strike__]: Finnish skilled workers for the Kemi Oy company wood processing industry in Lapland town of Kemi submit a list of 12 demands on pay and condition, which included the right to belong to a union, as well as health care provision and the prices in the monopoly company shops on site. The company did not respond to the demands and on January 24, 1906, about 2,200 men went on strike in Sodankylä and Salla. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjolan_tukkityöläisten_lakko]

[A] 1907 - Emma Goldman is arrested by the New York City Anarchist Police Squad while delivering a lecture entitled '//False and True Conceptions of Anarchism//', which she had successfully presented the previous month at a meeting organised by the Brooklyn Philosophical Association. She is charged with publicly expressing "incendiary sentiments". Berkman and two others are also arrested.

1914 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Rabotnitcheska Missal//' (Workers' Thought) appears in Sofia, Bulgaria. Initially subtitled 'Journal of pure unionism' and from issue number 13 (August 20), 'Journal of revolutionary syndicalism' - an anarchist journal whose aim is to promote libertarian ideas among the workers and the formation of anarcho-syndicalist unions.

[F2] 1923 - The first issue of '//Solidaridad Obrera:// //Semanario sindicalista. Órgano de la Confederación Regional de Galicia y portavoz de la CNT//' is printed in La Coruña, Galicia.

1961 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: Liège witnesses the worst fighting of the strike. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles. Two injured strikers died a few days later. The following weekend sabotage increased in the provinces of Liège and Hainaut. A train was derailed and there were attacks on bridges and high-voltage lines. Some 3,000 Belgian troops were brought in from Germany to protect rail and electricity infrastructure. [see: Dec. 20]

1974 - David Alfaro Siqueiros (born José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros; b. 1896), Mexican social realist painter, muralist, trades union organiser and one-time anarchist, dies. [see: Dec. 29]

1975 - 12,000 workers strike at Vaal Reefs gold mine in South Africa.

[F1] 2014 - The Director of Human Resources Bernard Glesser and Production Manager Michel Dheilly are the subject of 'séquestration' ('bossnapping') by angry employees, mostly members of the CGT, and held for over 30 hours at the Amiens-Nord Goodyear tyre factory, which they had occupied following the announcement of the closure of the site and the laying-off of its 1,143 employees. Workers at the idle factory in the northern French city of Amiens have been trying to negotiate redundancy terms with management for nearly a year, after Texan tyre tycoon Maurice Taylor withdrew a potential rescue bid on the grounds that French workers were lazy - triggering a political storm. The bossnapped executives were finally released unharmed on January 7. Eight of the workers, including five CGT activists, were prosecuted in January 2014 for "séquestration et violences en réunion" (kidnapping and violence in meetings) and sentenced to 24 months in prison, provoking widespread protests. On appeal in January 2017, one of the eight had his appeal dismissed, whilst the other seven were given suspended sentences of between two and twelve months. [uk.reuters.com/article/us-france-bossnapping-idUKBREA060GG20140107 www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/01/07/goodyear-taylor-traite-les-salaries-de-maboules-et-de-pirates_4343782_3234.html tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/social/20140106.OBS1468/goodyear-deux-dirigeants-de-l-usine-d-amiens-nord-sequestres.html en.rfi.fr/france/20160204-french-workers-strike-oppose-jail-sentence-goodyear-bossnapping-activists en.rfi.fr/americas/20160113-french-court-sentences-trade-unionists-jail-goodyear-bossnapping www.ladepeche.fr/article/2017/01/11/2494240-sequestration-goodyear-amiens-nord-decision-tres-attendue-mercredi-cour-appel.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossnapping] ||
 * = 7 || 1884 - Arturo M. Giovannitti (d. 1959), Italian-American IWW activist, anarchist socialist, anti-fascist agitator and poet, born. He was involved in the IWW's organisation of the 1912 Lawrence 'Bread and Roses' textile strike (also known as the 'Strike for Three Loaves'), alongside Joseph Ettor, during which a woman striker named Anna LoPizzo, was killed as police broke up a picket line. Joseph Caruso, a striker, was charged with her murder (even though the fatal shot was fired by the police). Giovannitti and Ettor, who were not present, were later arrested and charged as accessories to murder as part of the authorities' attempts to break the union.

"A man may lose his soul for just one day Of splendor and be still accounted wise,  Or he may waste his life in a disguise  Like kings and priests and jesters, and still may

Be saved and held a hero if the play Is all he knew. But what of him who tries With truth and fails and then wins fame with lies? How shall he know what history will say?

By this: No man is great who does not find A poet who will hail him as he is With an almighty song that will unbind

Through his exploits eternal silences. Duce, where is your bard? In all mankind The only poem you inspired is this. "

- 'To Mussolini//'//

[www.eclipse.net/~basket42/arturo.html www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&c=whist&d=HASH013432f9fd02cb7f734dd466&dt=simple&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse]

1906 - [O.S. Dec 24 1905] __Novorossiysk Republic [Новороссийская республика__]: The thirteen day old workers' and peasants' republic is suppressed by overwhelming Tsarist forces. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новороссийская_республика dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/12244/НОВОРОССИЙСКАЯ www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1913 - __Fight for the 8-Hour Day in Peru__: The strike to demand the eight-hour day in Peru begins after workers reject the employers' proposals. In El Callao, there is a total stoppage of works as gasworkers, mill workers, typographers, bakers and other guilds come out on strike. [see: Jan. 5]

1918 - __Huelga de Cartagena__: Cartagena grinds to a halt as a strike by more than a thousand workers organised by the city's Sociedad de Artesanos y Obreros (Artisans and Workers' Society) forces a halt to all port and business activity in the city. Braceros, labourers who shifted cargo on the Cartagena-Calamar railway, along with carreteros (wagon drivers), and the port workers and freighters on the La Bodeguita dock, stopped working for three days demanding increases in wages and reduction of the working day from nine to eight hours, in a petition initially addressed to the United Fruit Company and then extended to the rest of the shipping companies and industries of the city. They wanted an increase on their 70 centavos wage, arguing that excessive taxes had increased the cost of living, food, beverages and other necessities, and therefore their income should increase. The extensive working days (06:00 to 18:00, with extra shifts from 18:00 to 24:00 p.m. and from 24:00 to 06:00), likewise they should be organised at more comfortable or appropriate times under a new fair wage scheme. On January 7, at 08:30 carreros were already on the street emploring their fellow workers to come out on strike: "hoy no se mueve ni una paja" (today, not a straw is to be moved). Workers toured the factories and businesses, bringing out their workers and forcing the bosses to close them down for the day. Those who refused to participate in the strike were taken to task, one carter having his wagon unhooked, his mule set free and his load scattered across the street. By 11:00, 2,000 strikers were on the streets having closed down the factories of Jabones La Palma, Villareal, Sombreros y Perfumes Lemaitre, the ice manufacturers Franco y Co., the brickworks and pottery. An hour later all the factories of the city were at stand still, including the printing presses. All canteens, bars, and bodegas were closed. In order to avoid a total paralysis of the port, and consequently of the city, the civil authorities, in the guise of the governor Dr. Enrique J. Arrázola, together with General Lácides Segovia, in a joint meeting with the industrialists and the workers, initiated discussions on possible solutions to the conflict. The discussion continued into the following day. [ojs.udc.edu.co/index.php/taller/article/viewFile/395/328 www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-534504 www.unilibre.edu.co/CienciasEconomicas/Webcontaduria/estudie/Nomina/NomiDere.htm elforo.edicionesanarquistas.net/thread-355-post-438.html]

1918 - __IWW & Espionage Act__: The Federal Grand Jury meets to hear the evidence against the 55 Wobblies held in Sacramento, California for violation of the Espionage Act. [see: Dec 22 & 31] [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ debs.indstate.edu/a505t7_1922.pdf]

[F] 1918 - __IWW & Espionage Act__: An article in the '//Sacramento Bee//' claimed that Germany was financing the IWW in a plot to destroy the industrial plants and crops on the Pacific coast. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

[DD/AA] 1919 - __Semana Trágica__: The beginning of the 'Tragic Week' in Argentina when, in response to a police ambush on workers, the anarchist inspired Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) called a General Strike. Rightist agitators and the police fought anarchist and communists (as well as attacking exiled Russian Jews), precipitating the declaration of martial law. Hundreds of workers were killed and injured in the fighting (estimates range between 100-700 killed and 400-2,000 injured). The police lost 3 dead and 78 wounded. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(Argentina) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina) www.elortiba.org/semtrag.html www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/movimiento_obrero_hasta_1943/la_semana_tragica.php archivohistorico.educ.ar/content/manifiesto-de-la-fora-sobre-semana-trágica?frame=1&lista=indice www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/files_mf/1293026680lasemanatragica.pdf anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.com/2012/12/semana-tragica-agenda-de-reflexion.html]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: CNT militants manage to escape from the Modelo prison in Barcelona through a tunnel dug into the city's sewers, a prelude to the insurrectionary strike that was to break out across Spain the following day. [see: Jan. 8]

1937 - __Great Flint Sit-Down Strike__: The first violent confrontations between police and strikers take place after police across the street from Chevrolet's Plant 9 at West Kearsley and Asylum streets arrest two strikers. The arrests precipitate what '//The Flint Journal//' reported was a "pitched battle" (though the paper reversed the sequence of events, claiming the arrests occurred after the "pitched battle"). Heavily armed police later dispersed a crowd of around 200 that had gathered outside Flint police headquarters to demand the release of the two workers. [pic] [www.mlive.com/auto/index.ssf/2012/01/75_years_ago_violence_police_b.html]

1945 - Halfdan Jønsson (b. 1891), Norwegian trade unionist, vice chair of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions and resistance member, dies in the Dachau concentration camp. [see: May 15]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The National Coal Board withdraws its 7.9% pay rise offer after its rejection by the National Executive Committee of the NUM two days earlier. A miners' strike was now inevitable. [see: Jan. 9]

[1973 - María Rodríguez (b. 1913), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was born to parents who were CNT militants [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0701.html]

1998 - Queen Silver (b. 1910), US office worker, court reporter, "girl scientist", feminist, freethinker, and social activist and orator, dies. [see: Dec. 13] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811_German_Coast_Uprising www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/slave-insurrection-of-1811 ushistoryscene.com/article/german-coast-uprising/]
 * = 8 || [F] 1811 - __German Coast Uprising__: The largest slave revolt in U.S. history begins on Louisiana’s German Coast sugar plantations. Armed primarily with hand tools, the men marched toward New Orleans, setting plantations and crops on fire and adding to their numbers as they went. The uprising of an estimated 300-500 people lasted for two days before it was brutally suppressed by the military.

1813 - __Luddite Timeline__: Mellor, Thorpe and Smith executed for the murder of William Horsfall, as were later the five from the Rawfolds assault. A further nine Luddites were put to death for stealing arms or money and a further 6 were transported for giving in receiving illegal oaths. The Luddite rising in Yorkshire is over. [see: Apr. 27]

1864 - Mary Kenney O'Sullivan (d. 1943), U.S. dressmaker, bookbinder and organiser in the early U.S. labour movement, first in the Chicago Women’s Bindery Workers’ Union, then as the AFL's first female organiser and later as the founder of the Women's Trade Union League, born. She also worked alongside the IWW during the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike when the AFL ordered the WTUL to withdraw its support for the strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kenney_O'Sullivan spartacus-educational.com/USAWkenney.htm scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9823761/]

1871 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper '//La Revolucion Social: Organ of the Federation of the Palma International Workingmen's Association//' is published in Palma de Mallorca.

1883 - In Lyon the trial of members of the International Workers' Association, known as 'The 66', begins. The 66 are accused of promoting workers' strikes and the abolition of the rights of property, family, fatherland, religion and thus attacking the public peace. Stiff sentences were handed down: 'Leaders' such as Peter Kropotkin, Émile Gautier, Joseph Bernard and Toussaint Bordat received four years in prison; 39 of their cohorts received sentences ranging from six months to three years.

1890 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: With the resolve of the strikers crumbling and many workers now trying to get their old jobs back as their hardship and that of their families gets ever more desperate, the strike committee is thrown out of their offices. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 27, 1904] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg hold meetings following the dismissal of four workers for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н). Their demands that the four be rehired and the foreman who had discharged them be fired are also published in today's '//Revolutsionnaya Rossiya//' (Революционная Россия), the paper of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1911 - Pietro Gori (b. 1865), Italian anarchist, labour activist and lawyer, who was an ardent legal defender of numerous anarchists, dies. He was also renowned as a poet and songwriter - author of some of the most famous anarchist songs of the late 19th century, including ' Addio a Lugano' (Farewell to Lugano), 'Stornelli d'Esili' (Exile Songs) and 'Ballata per Sante Caseri' (Ballad for Sante Geronimo Caserio). Published a number of books of poetry, including 'Prigioni e Battaglie' (Jails and Battles; 1891) and 'Alla conquista dell'Avvenire' (Conquering the Future; 1892). [see: Aug. 14]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The San Diego Common Council passes Ordinance No. 4623, which called for a restricted zone of 49-square blocks (more than that which was requested by San Diegans) in the middle of San Diego, encompassing all of 'soapbox row'. [expand] After the passage of the ordinance, Chief of Police Keno Wilson announced he would wait until January 10 before he enforced it. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1918 - __Huelga de Cartagena__: In addition to the on-going talks to find a solution to the strike, some employers began shipping in workers from Turbaco to continue the loading and unloading, something that enraged the workers further. Meanwhile, after extensive deliberations, the following agreement was reached: reduction of the working day from nine to eight hours, and increase of 50% for wages under $ 1.50; 40% for those up to $ 1.70; 30% for $ 1.90, 25% for $ 2 or more. The crowd that had waited anxiously in the street received the pact details with great expectancy, and went back to their homes. However, the strike was far from over.

[D1/DDD] 1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: The date chosen by the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña (Regional Defence Committee of Catalonia), based upon an idea proposed by Joan Garcia Oliver, for an insurrectionary general stike in Catalonia. [see: Dec. 1] The insurrection did not have a very wide following. The Army and Civil Guard took strategic positions in places where disorders and union leaders were detained were expected. In some neighborhoods of Barcelona there were clashes between anarchists and law enforcement. There were strikes, explosives incidents and proclamations of libertarian communism in some locations such as Aragón, Robres, Bellver de Cinca, the Comunidad Valenciana, Bugarra, Ribarroja, Bétera, Benaguacil, Utiel and Pedralba. In the latter town a guardia civil and a guardia de asalto (assault guard) were killed during the insurrection; when the Guardia Civil restored order it killed ten civilians. The National Committee of CNT, which had not called the strike, said on January 10th that the insurrection had been "de pura significancia anarquista sin que para nada haya intervenido en ellos el organismo federal" (purely anarchist, without significance [and] that they, the federal agency, had not participated), although they or their confederal paper 'Solidaridad Obrera' [12/01/33] did not condemned it "con un deber de solidaridad y de conciencia" (out of a duty of solidarity and conscience). But that it was not the revolution that will "con garantías... a la luz del día" (guarantee... the light of day). On January 9, the official journal of the CNT in Madrid published an editorial 'Esta revolución no es la nuestra' (that is not our revolution), followed up two days later with the claim "Ni vencidos ni humillados" (Neither loser nor humiliated), and blamed the uprising on "la política represiva… sectaria de los socialistas que detentan el poder y usan de él contra los intereses de los trabajadores" (the repressive sectarian politics ... the socialists who use power against the interests of the workers.) The riots "existen y aumentarán por razones de injusticia bien patentes" (exist and flourish because of patent injustice). Therefore, "vencida una insurrección surge otra, resuelta una huelga, otra se produce; apaciguado un motín, estalla otro mayor" (defeat one insurrection another pops up, settle a strike, another occurs; pacify a riot another major one breaks out.) At the end of the insurrection, 9,000 CNT members have been jailed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ita.anarchopedia.org/Casas_Viejas www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20130128/54358893204/anarquismo-espana-alzamientos-casas-viejas-cadiz-republica-1933-gobierno-azana.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:cuatrotragediascasasviejas&catid=6:memoria-historica&Itemid=19 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm www.abc.es/fotos-archivo/20140111/matanza-casas-viejas-anarquistas-1511736797923.html]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: During the evening anarcho-syndicalist groups tried to approach the Carabanchel, Cuatro Vientos, de la Montaña and de María Cristina barracks in Madrid but are driven back. Large explosions in Levante and in less than 2 hours during Sunday night more than 20 explosions are heard in Valencia, where the police prevented the burning of churches. There is unrest in many towns in the Valencia province, including Ribarroja, Bétera , Benaguacil and Utiel. In Gestalgar several bombs explode. In Bugarra after heavy fighting with the police, which leaves five guardia civil and guardia de asalto dead, the anarchists take the town and proclaim libertarian communism. Bloody fighting also takes place in Gandia, Tabernes de Valldigna and Pedralba. In Catalonia serious clashes occur in Sardañola, Tarrasa, Ripollet and Sallent. In Lérida an assault attempt is made on the barracks of the 25th Infantry Brigade, leaving one sergeant dead and seven sergeants and corporals injuried. Five attackers are killed. In Barcelona attacks take place on the Cuartel de Atarazanas, calle de Arco de Teatro, the calle Castaños and at the Mercado de San José. At 20:05 an attack was launched on the San Agustín barracks of the regimiento de Infantería nº 10, setting off a bomb and commandeering a tram to use as a barricade in front of the barracks from which to fire from. At 21:00, two bombs explode in the basement of the police, wounding a guardia civil and two police drivers. The turmoil also spreads to Zaragoza, Murcia, Oviedo and other provinces, reaching its greatest resonance in Andalucía, where numerous strikes break out. In Seville cars and trams are set on fire, and the police are shot at several time. In La Rinconada libertarian communism is proclaimed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1934 - Paul Auguste Bernard (b. 1861), French bakery worker, metallurgist, anarchist and trade unionist, dies. [see: Dec. 26]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: With talk of a strike doing the rounds, the management of the Coronation Brick and Tile factory outside Durban, South Africa, issues leaflets claiming that talk of an upcoming strike is the work of communist agitators. However, the workers had already been promised a raise in a speech by King Goodwill Zwelithini the year before and may well have heard rumours that studies by the Wages Commission for the Wage Board had stated that their wages were very low. Attempts by both management and the Bantu Labour officer for Durban to convince he workers to elect a representative body that would negotiate on their behalf had already been rejected by the workers, who feared leaders would be victimised. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events]
 * = 9 || 1831 - Twenty-three workers from Buckingham are sentenced to death for destruction of a paper machine by one of a number of Special Commissions sent to East Anglia to suppress insurgent workers by the Whig Ministry. [Luddites]

1857* - [O.S. Dec. 28, 1856] Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; d. 1925), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, is born into a wealthy and privileged Jewish merchant family. A natural scholar, she studied a number of foreign languages under private tuition before, in 1871, being sent to study engineering at the Zürich Polytechnic, where she also took courses in philosophy, Swiss universities being a prominent destination for the young Russian women who were denied the right to further education in the Empire. There, in a new-found environment of intellectual and political freedom, her nascent interest in political ideas developed after encountering narodnist and anarchist ideas. In 1873 Anja abandoned her studies and married the Russian revolutionary Pyotr Makarevich (Петра Макаревича), a member of Bakunin's circle. Forced to return to Russia following an order from the tsar, who feared the spread of revolutionary ideas from Switzerland via the Empires youth studying there, she and Makarevich joined the revolutionary movement, first in the Odessa group known as the Tchaikovsky Circle, or the Grand Propaganda Society (Чайковцы, Большое общество пропаганды) around Nikolai Vasilyevich Tchaikovsky (Никола́й Васи́льевич Чайко́вский) and Felix Vadimovich Volkhovsky (Феликс Вадимович Волховский), a populist (narodnist group based on the idead of Bakunin who pursued a "go to the people" ideology (and amongst whose members was Peter Kropotkin). In 1874, Makarevich was sentenced to five years hard labour in 1874 for his activities and Anja, fearing possible arrest, fled Odessa, living underground in Kiev and later in Kharkov, often singing in public parks to earn a living. In Kiev she joined a Zemlya i Volya group engaged in armed resistance against the Tsarist regime as well as agitation in peasant communities, including participating in the failed 'Chigirinsky Plot' (Чигиринский заговор) in 1876. When her Zemlya i Volya comrades were arrested, she managed to escape and in April 1877 she fled Russia for Switzerland using someone else's passport. There she changed her name to Kuliscioff (Russian for a labourer) to avoid being traced by Tsarist spies and became involved in anarchist circles. She also met and became the partner of the Italian anarchist Andrea Costa, a turbulent relationship that lasted for five years of constant separation through imprisonment and exile. In Paris the following year she was arrested for her political activities but was released following the intervention of the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, who was fascinated by her beauty and personality, and deported from France, ending up in Italy. There she and Costa became active in the anarchist movement but was arrested in 1879 in Florence on charges of conspiracy against the institutions of the State. She spent thirteen month in prison before being acquitted at her trial, during which she was to describe herself as a revolutionary socialist. Whilst in prison this time round she also contracted tuberculosis. Ejected to Switzerland, they soon returned clandestinely to Italy where they were arrested in Milan in April 1880, where they had begun the publication of the //'Rivista Internazionale del Socialismo//'. In the '//Programma//' of the paper, Kuliscioff had written for the first time about the need for women's involvement in the transformation of society towards socialism. Upon her release, she was escorted to the Swiss border and settled in Lugano until the following year, when she returned to Italy and was reunited with Andrea Costa in Imola. There she gave birth to her daughter Andreina in December 1881. Anna's relationship with Costa however had begun to break down due to his 'traditional' and repressive attitude to women, despite his avowed support for women's suffrage, etc.. Anna eventually left him, taking with her their infant daughter, in order to study medicine in Bern against Costa’s wishes. In Switzerland, she reacquaints herself with Russian socialist circles, meeting Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (Гео́ргий Валенти́нович Плеха́нов) and becomes involved in the Marxist Emancipation of Labour (Освобождение труда) group. In January 1884, her state of health forced her to transfer from the Faculty of Medicine in Bern to that in Naples, a move supported by the academic Arnaldo Cantani. Her arrival coincided with an outbreak of cholera, brought back from the Crimea by army veterans and which results in 3,500 deaths over a fifteen day period. She also met Errico Maltesta during this time whilst he was in hiding from the authorities. Despite her poverty, she graduated as a doctor of medicine in November 1886 (one of the first woman to do so in Italy), having taken additional courses in Turin and Pavia to complete her specialisation in obstetrics and gynaecology. Her doctorate dissertation was on the aetiology of puerperal fever, a major cause of postpartum deaths, and her research on its bacterial origin, conducted in Pavia in collaboration with the future Nobel laureate in medicine Camillo Golgi, opened the way to a discovery that would save the lives of millions of women whilst giving birth. To combat the academic ostracism that she was subject to in Naples (she was the first female graduate from its Faculty of Medicine), she moved to Turin for further studies in gynaecology. At this time, and having finally ended her relationship with Costa, she began a new one with the young lawyer socialist Filippo Turati, with whom she had begun corresponding at the suggestion of the prominent Italian feminist Anna Maria Mozzoni. Following another rejection, this time from the university medical clinic in Padua, she returned to Milan, where she opened a medical practice, caring for working women and the poor, working alongside the philanthropist Alexandrina Ravizza and earning herself the name "dottora dei poveri". In 1889, Anna and Turati founded the Lega Socialista Milanese, and two years later in 1891, they founded the socialist news magazine 'Critica Sociale', of which Anna would become the editor. That same year she was forced to abandon her practice due to her ongoing ill health, as well as fulfilling a desire to devote herself to politics. On April 27, 1890, she made her first appearance on a public platform on the feminist question, speaking at the Circolo Filologico in Milan. The talk, entitled 'Monopolio dell'uomo' (The Monopoly of Man), which stressed the differences between her standpoint and those of Mozzoni and other early feminists, went into print immediately and swiftly became an influential feminist tract. Kuliscioff argued not only for women’s education and social equality, but for their political rights, for equal pay for women and protested against women’s exploitation by both their employers and their husbands, even arguing that women should be paid for housework as an occupation; ideas totally new in Italy at the time. In this she was showing her ardent support for August Bebel, who had introduced "the women's question" into Marxism, arguing that the working class and women were two subject peoples whose liberation would coincide. 'Monopolio dell'uomo' cemented Anna Kuliscioff's position as one of Italy’s leading feminists of the period and her views caused her to clash regularly with other leading Marxists and socialists of the period, including her partner Turati. Despite this, in 1892 Kuliscioff particiapted in the convention that resulted in the foundation of the Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani, the forerunner of the Partito Socialista Italiano. All this political activity inevitably attracted the attention of the State and on May 8, 1898 an armed group broke into her by now famous salon in the Portici Galleria, where the 'Critica Sociale' was laid out and celebrities and 'lowly' workers rubbed shoulder and discussed the issues of the day, arresting her on charges of crimes of conscience and subversion. In December she was released during an amnesty, but Turati remained in prison a further year. Despite this arrest, she participated in the drafting of legislation on children's and women's work, the Legge Carcano, sponsored through parliament by the PSI in 1902. In 1911, together with the prominent syndicalist and feminist Maria Goia, Anna participated in the organisation of the Comitato Socialista per il Suffragio Semminile (Socialist Committee for Women's Suffrage). In January 1912, she also helped found the bimonthly magazine '//La Difesa delle Lavoratrici'// which she ran for two years until the advent of the war, which was to cause a falling out between her and the other editors. The same year, however, saw the introduction of the so-called legge di Giolitti, the Legge elettorale italiana del 1912, which widened universal male suffrage to all men over 30, even to those who were illiterate, and to men over 21 who had served in the army or had an elementary school education (increasing the electorate from 7% to 23% of the population), but continued to exclude women from the vote. The new law and her on-going ill health (down in large part to her earlier repeated spells in prison) plunged Anna into a period of despondency, during which her relationship with Filippo Turati, whom she had always been more radical than, ended. The advent of Fascism, which brought serious political and emotional difficulties for anti-fascists like her, also had the effect of further destabilising her self-belief. Anna Kuliscioff died on December 27, 1925, in Milan and was buried in the cemetery Chimitero Monumental di Milano. In anticipation of her funeral procession, large crowds had gathered under her window on the Piazza del Duomo, but the procession itself was disrupted, attacked by Fascisti thugs who destroyed the flowers and wreaths sent by well-wishers. As the historian Luigi Salvatorelli said at the time: "Fascism did far worse things, but perhaps nothing revealed more clearly its irrevocable moral repugnance." [* NB. There is some dispute over the exact year and it may have been ani between 1853 and 1857] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кулишёва,_Анна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Kuliscioff www.fondazioneannakuliscioff.it/anna_kuliscioff/chi_e/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kuliscioff-anna cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/annakuli.htm www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-kuliscioff/ silkandmettle.com/sito_g000024.pdf it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_elettorale_italiana_del_1912]

1904 - First issue in Berlin of the anarchist newspaper '//Der Freie Arbeiter//', subtitled "Wissen und Wollen" (Knowledge and Desire). From 1919 to 1933 it would be the paper of the Föderation Kommunistischer Anarchisten Deutschlands (Federation of Communist Anarchists of Germany). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Föderation_Kommunistischer_Anarchisten_Deutschlands www.anarchismus.at/zeitungen-bis-1945/der-freie-arbeiter]

[A] 1905 - Louise Michel (b. 1830), French anarchist, member of the 1871 Paris Commune and co-founder of the Women's Batallion, dies. Her funeral will be attended by 100,000 mourners.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 28, 1904] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following yesterday's meetings of workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg in protest at the dismissal of four workers for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg, The Assembly convenes a mass meeting of workers from 11 factories. Representatives of the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries are invited by some of the more radical workers, who also attempt to push the Gaponite leaders to take a more militant stance. The meeting decides to send a delegation with a petition to the management, the factory inspectors and the authorities in St Petersburg, setting forth the workers’ grievances. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The California Free Speech League is founded at a meeting of 18 free-speech advocates in the office of attorney E. E. Kirk, a well known San Diego socialist. The 18 represented various groups including the Wobblies, Socialists, church groups, single-taxers, the AFL and other trade unions. The League attempted to take a legal stand against the free speech restrictions by holding up the Constitution and defending the rights of non-property owning peoples. They chose 12 "martyrs" to "mount the corner rostrum, bait the cohorts of Captain Sehon", and go to jail gladly. Among those chosen for the "sacrificial altar": socialists, George W. Woodbey and Kasper Bauer; Wobblies, Laura Payne Emerson, Wood Hubbard, and Jack White. The group not only decided the order of the arrests, but at what intervals they would occur. Then they named "disinterested witnesses" from the community. Sheriff Jennings, Councilman Woods, Judge Sloane, Rabbi Erlinger, and three ministers would report how the police behaved. Kirk proposed a ban of the businesses that petitioned for the ordinance. And the group even chose to invite their ongoing foe the Salvation Army – Joe Hill called them the 'Starvation Army' – to join the struggle. Above all else, Kirk concluded, "Violence, unless necessary in self-defense, will not be offered by the speakers. [We are] emphatically against that." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1913 - __Fight for the 8-Hour Day in Peru__: The President of the Republic exhorted the workers to lift the strike and sent troops to resume order; The workers rejected the president's demand and continued the strike. The company running the docks yields to the workers demands and also offer a 10% increase in wages. Other workers receive similar offers to return to work. [see: Jan. 5]

1918 - __Huelga de Cartagena__: The day began with expectancy but two incidents occurred which reignaited the workers' protests. The first was when the whistle of the American-owned railway workshop sounded at six o'clock in the morning, when it was supposed to be at the new time of seven o'clock, since the day had been reduced by one hour. The second was due to the refusal of many shopkeepers or foremen to comply with the agreement (wage increases and decreases in working hours). Both incidents caused the strike to restart. Unrest spread across the city. Many of those involved in the previous day's decision were booed and barracked. When a crowd arrived in front of the workshops of Messrs. Franco and Co., Diego Martínez y Co. and Pombo Hermanos, they broke down the doors and set about destroying and looting property, and the destruction of the symbols of oppression and misery too became a part of the spontaeous popular uprising. Police units were dispatched to surround the city and sieze key points such as the Plaza de la Aduana, the Plaza de Bolivar, and the Plaza de los Coches in order to suppress the protests. With fixed bayonets, they demanded that the rights of private property be respected, but the people ignored the police's warnings by continuing their actions. The police opened fire at several locations where the crowd was concentrated, such as in the Portal de los Dulces, the Boca del Puente and part of the Camellón, resulting in four deaths, three protesters and a police officer, and several injured. The unofficial death toll was closer to twenty five. Posters were later put up throughout the city on which the governor reiterated once again the pact agreed the day before. The mayor, likewise, considered that the agreement should be made effective and compliant by all parties. Public opinion was deeply shocked by the magnitude and characteristics of the strike. Even left-wing editorialists in the liberal press condemned the attack on property. Therefore, when the government declared the troubled peace on the Caribbean Coast, the press of all political shades applauded the measure that set such a dangerous precedent. When later having declared a State of Siege, the government was able to prohibit the meetings of any permanent strike committee. Decree 2 of 1918 established that no worker could be represented by a non-person who belonged to his guild or who did not belong to the same company, and those who did not comply with this were imprisoned, which effectively prohibited permanent strike committees, demonstrations and strike pickets. [ojs.udc.edu.co/index.php/taller/article/viewFile/395/328 www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-534504 www.unilibre.edu.co/CienciasEconomicas/Webcontaduria/estudie/Nomina/NomiDere.htm elforo.edicionesanarquistas.net/thread-355-post-438.html]

[1918 - Sol Chick Chaikin (d. April 1 1991), U.S. trade union organiser. He served as president of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union from 1975 until 1986.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Chick_Chaikin]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: The official journal of the CNT in Madrid publishes an editorial '//Esta revolución no es la nuestra//' (that is not our revolution), followed up two days later with the claim "Ni vencidos ni humillados" (Neither loser nor humiliated), and blamed the uprising on "la política represiva… sectaria de los socialistas que detentan el poder y usan de él contra los intereses de los trabajadores" (the repressive sectarian politics ... the socialists who use power against the interests of the workers.) The riots "existen y aumentarán por razones de injusticia bien patentes" (exist and flourish because of patent injustice). Therefore, "vencida una insurrección surge otra, resuelta una huelga, otra se produce; apaciguado un motín, estalla otro mayor" (defeat one insurrection another pops up, settle a strike, another occurs; pacify a riot another major one breaks out.) [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933 www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.generalisimofranco.com/GC/casas_viejas/00a.htm]

1943 - Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) (b. 1856), Italian anarchist who founded the two cooperative communities of Cittadella (Italy) and La Cecilia (Brazil), dies. [see: Jan. 11]

1950 - Wenceslao Jimenez Orive aka 'Wences' & 'Jimeno' (b. 1922), Asturian industrial designer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who led the 'Los Maños' guérilla group in the resistance to Franco following the fascist victory in the Civil War, is shot down in the street without any warning, Seriously injured, he had just enough strength left to take the cyanide capsule, which he always carried with him, so as not to fall into the hands of the police alive. [see: Jan. 28]

1961 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: Belgian security forces begin arresting strikers to prevent any attempt of revolt. Some of the 2,000 strickers who were arrested are sentenced to one or more months in prison. [see: Dec. 20]

1963 - Matilda Gertrude Robbins (Tatania Gitel Rabinowitz; b. 1887), Russian-American labour organiser, editor, poet, socialist and Wobbly, dies. [see: Jan. 21]

[FF] 1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: In the post-war period, British miners' pay had risen significantly higher than the average wage across the manufacturing sectors. However, throughout the 1960's that differential had gradually decreased to be below the manufacturing average and, at the 1971 NUM Annual Conference, it was decided to demand substantial weekly wages increases from £35 to £40 for faceworkers, £19 to £28 for underground workers and £18 to £24 for surface workers, representing 17%, 47% and 44% increases respectively, in order to help restore that differential. However, at the time the Tories' had introduced a wage restraint policy with a target of 7% to 8% and were offering only £1.60 per week for all wage grades. The offer was rejected by the union's National Executive Committee who recommended to a special Delegates Conference on October 21 that an overtime ban should be imposed from November 1 and that a simultaneous ballot on the issue of strike action be held. In late November 1971, 58.8% voted in favour of taking strike action if their pay demands were not met. On December 21, the NCB made a last ditch offer of 7.9%, but it was rejected on January 5, 1972, and the NCB withdrew their offer two days later. The strike was now inevitable. Shortly after midnight on the night of January 8-9, Britain's 280,000 coal miners walk off of the job in what was the first official national miners' strike since the General Strike in 1926, a strike that was generally considered to be one that the miners "could not possibly win". Woodrow Wyatt, writing in the '//Daily Mirror//', said: "Rarely have strikers advanced to the barricades with less enthusiasm or hope of success... The miners have more stacked against them than the Light Brigade in their famous charge." However, the government were eventually forced to make the miners a 'special case' and swiftly set up a court of Inquiry under Lord Wilberforce to settle the dispute. Picketing was suspended when the Inquiry recommended a 20% rise and, following last minute talks at Number 10 during which the Coal Board were forced to make further compromises, the miners eventually came out of the dispute with a 21% pay increase, together with further concessions on overtime rates, shift allowances and transport. The result of the strike was that the miners' wages became almost the highest amongst the working class. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners'_strike_(1972) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saltley_Gate libcom.org/files/1972-miners-strike.pdf www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/events/1972_1974_strikes.asp www.marxist.com/britain-1972-miners-strike-tories-thrashed.htm allerton-bywater.synology.me/memorial/1972 strike.html www.chroniclelive.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/how-roots-great-miners-strike-6764345]

[F] 1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: On January 8th and with talk of a strike doing the rounds, the management of the Coronation Brick and Tile factory outside Durban, South Africa, had issued leaflets claiming that talk of an upcoming strike is the work of communist agitators. However, the workers had already been promised a raise in a speech by King Goodwill Zwelithini the year before and may well have heard rumours that studies by the Wages Commission for the Wage Board had stated that their wages were very low. Attempts by both management and the Bantu Labour officer for Durban to convince he workers to elect a representative body that would negotiate on their behalf had already been rejected by the workers, who feared leaders would be victimised. The following day on January 9th, workers making a minimum wage considerably lower than the poverty line at the Coronation Brick and Tile factory outside Durban, South Africa, begin what will be a successful strike, demanding that their wages be increased form R8.97 to R20.00 a week. Employees living in the brickworks factory’s hostel marched to a nearby stadium after they were woken at 03:00 and asked by fellow workers to join the strike. Workers from small packaging, transport and ship repairs companies in the city and beyond followed suit, and by the end of January, the newspapers could no longer give precise details of the various strikes, and the 'Natal Mercury' printed a list of 29 firms affected by strikes. Employer representatives flew to Cape Town to discuss the strikes in parliament, which was reopening. The Minister of Labour blamed agitators, but came under fire from the British press, which blamed employers for paying low wages, and focused particularly on Philip Frame of the Frame Group. Even the Natal National Party’s mouthpiece, 'Die Natalier', blamed "shocking wages" and industrialists for the labour unrest. By early February, 30,000 South African workers were on strike demanding increased wages and better working conditions. The strikes signalled the beginning of a turning point in the long struggle of Black, Coloured and Indian workers to build non racial trade unions and to open up the possibility of mass struggle against the Apartheid regime. At the end of March 1973, close on 100,000 mainly African workers, approximately half of the entire African workers employed in Durban, were on strike. South Africa’s Apartheid Government and its White capitalist allies were shaken by, presumably, what looked like a spontaneous strike, which had its beginnings in the complex mix of low wages, the humiliation of pass laws, the hardship of migrant labour, forced removals and the denial of the right to organise, the denial of basic human rights and racism that was the bedrock of Apartheid legislation. Through songs and marches, Durban workers made their demands heard - the first time since the political 'stay at home' of the 1950s – and to exercise the power of factory based mass action. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973] || Of the some 600 workers employed in the factory, over 400 lived - either escaping as the building collapsed or rescued from the rubble. An estimated 90 to 145 people were killed in the disaster, either crushed in the initial collapse or burnt to death in the fire. The disaster prefigured that of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in New York City, in which 146 workers perished It was later found that the hollow cast-iron pillars used in the building for structural support were shoddily manufactured and, as too few were used in the building's designed, were badly overloaded and gave way. The owners escaped all blame, which fell instead on the foreman of the foundry that manufactured the inferior pillars, as well as Charles Bigelow, the architect. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberton_Mill www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/pemberton-mill-disaster/ timeline.com/pemberton-mill-collapse-women-92b896164c51]
 * = 10 || 1860 - The Pemberton Mill – a five-story brick textile factory in Lawrence, Massachusetts – collapses from excessive load, killing dozens of workers instantly and trapping many more in the rubble. An estimated 145 workers died and 166 were injured in the collapse and subsequent fire that broke out, the majority of whom were young Irish women. Following the collapse, rescuers set to pulling survivors from the rubble but four hours into the rescue one of the rescuers lanterns set fire to the broken timber and oil-soaked cotton from the looms and other machinery that the owners had overloaded the building with.

[F] 1874 - The First International is declared illegal by the new government of General Francisco Serrano. After the events of Alcoy and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, the cantonal insurrection, the resumption of The Carlist war and the resurgence of the independence rebellion in Cuba, the president Emilio Castelar y Ripoll had asked for an extension of his semi-dictatorial powers. He subsequently lost a motion of confidence and on January 3, General Manuel Pavía (Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque) had rebelled against the Republic in Madrid and dissolved Parliament [Golpe de Estado de Pavía] in order to prevent a radical republican government taking over. Pavía offered to restore Castelar, but he refused and instead General Francisco Serrano y Domínguez ended up heading a 'republicanos unitarios' cabinet of conservatives and radicals. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Internacional_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_de_Pavía]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 29, 1904] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following the previous days' meetings amongst workers at the Putilov Ironworks (arms factory) in St. Petersburg protesting the sacking of four workers dismissed for their membership of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg aka 'The Assembly', headed by Fr. Georgii Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н), petition the management of the plant on the workers' demands that the four be rehired and that the foreman who had discharged them be fired. The demand was rejected by the management. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 28 1905] __Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: After two failed attempts in March and October 1905, the Russian expeditionary forces, who had been strongly reinforced by Colonel Krylov's troops, finally brutally suppress the uprising in the Georgian province of Guria, putting an end to the Gurian Republic. [See: Feb. 20] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock lifts martial law for a second time. It will be reimposed on February 10 following a number of attacks on Mucklow by striking miners. [see: Nov. 15]

1914 - The date on which two men were killed during a grocery store robbery in Utah, for which IWW labour organiser and folk singer Joe Hill, coiner of the phrase "pie in the sky", was railroaded and executed in Salt Lake City, Utah.

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: Rioting, bombings and gunfighting continue throughout the country as the Revolution spreads to the southern cities. Anarchists and Syndicalists besiege Barcelona. Armed anarchist risings in Barcelona (January-February) and several other cities are defeated by the Republican government; left-right polarisation develops further in Spain. The insurrection breaks out in Castellón de la Plana following the killing of a guardia civil and an assault guard. [see: Jan. 7 & 8] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: On the night of January 10 and in the early hours of January 11, a group of CNT-affiliated farm labourers gather in the Ateneo Libertario in Casas Viejas, a town of about 2000 inhabitants, and quite unaware that they were isolated and that the uprising had failed in other nearby locations, embark upon an uprising during the January 1933 anarchist insurrection. Telephone wires are cut, trenches dug to prevent the movement of vehicles and control points set up at intersections and roads into the town. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm www.batallasdeguerra.com/2014_09_01_archive.html hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: Following rioting in the province of Cádiz organised by the anarchists, the government decide to send in a company of guardias de asalto under the command of Captain Manuel Rojas Feijespán. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas]

1938 - The final edition (issue 13) of '//Informa Bulteno//', the "Information Bulletin of the CNT - AIT - ISP" in Esperanto, is published.

1943 - __Uprising in the Forced Labour Camp of Mińsk-Mazowiecki__: The final liquidation of the Mińsk-Mazowiecki Ghetto is ordered but when the first group of around 300 of the remaining Jews resist their German overseers at the Camp Kopernikus as they are being taken to be killed at the nearby Jewish cemetery. The remained lock themselves in the building, throwing bricks, tools and stones at Germans. The building is shelled and they are burned alive in their barracks. [www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/minsk-mazowiecki en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mińsk_Mazowiecki_Ghetto]

1950 - Clovis-Abel Pignat (aka Tschombine Pategnon) (b. 1884), Swiss militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, dies*. [poss. died on 13 Jan]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: With the strike at the Coronation Brick and Tile factory on-going, workers at the transport firm AJ Keeler stop work, demanding a wage increase of R2.00 a week but management rejects the demand on the grounds that workers were being paid R2.00 more than the Government stipulated minimum wage. The workers fail to mount a full-blown strike and retunr to work after only 45 minutes. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973] || Fifty-five workers in Norwich are convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers. Three workers in Ipswich are convicted of extorting money by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers. Twenty-six workers in Petworth are convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers. "Upwards of thirty" workers in Gloucester are convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers. Twenty-nine workers in Oxford are convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events]
 * = 11 || [F]1831 - __Luddite Timeline__: Three workers in Dorset are sentenced to death for extorting money and two workers are sentenced to death for robbery by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.

1856 - Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) (d. 1943), Italian anarchist who founded the two cooperative communities of Cittadella (Italy) and La Cecilia (Brazil), born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/rossi/rossi.html it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Rossi_(anarchico)]

1874 - General Arsenio Martínez-Campos Antón, the capitán general of Catalonia, follows up on yesterday's banning of the First International in Spain by the new government of General Francisco Serrano, by also declaring the Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT, then based in Barcelona, illegal too. [see: Jan. 10] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ www.veuobrera.org/index06.htm]

1907 - Joan Dalmau Ferran aka Joan de la Castanyola (d. 1941), Catalan farmer, Master builder and anarcho-syndicalsit militant, born. Member of the CNT, during the revolution he was a member of the CNT agricultural collective in Puigpelat. On May 25, 1937 he was a delegate to the plenary of the Régional de Sindicats, Seccions i Collectivitats and to the regaional plenum of the CNT on January 8-9, 1938, both held in Barcelona. After the war, he went into exile in France and eventually enlisted in a Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE) to work on the fortifications of the Maginot Line. Taken prisoner by the Germans, he was deported to Mauthausen concentration camp and died on August 28, 1941 in the Gusen concentration camp (aka Mauthausen II) in Austria. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html]

1908 - General Strike by workers in Buenos Aires.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike aka The 'Strike for Three Loaves'__: Beginning of the IWW-organised 'Bread & Roses' textile strike of 32,000 women and children at Lawrence, Massachusetts – a workforce made up mainly of Portuguese, French-Canadian, English, Irish, Russian, Italian, Syrian, Lithuanian, German, Polish, and Belgian immigrant families who lived in overcrowded, highly-flammable wooden tenements and whose average wage was $8.76 a week. The first to walk out were a group of Polish women textile workers at the Everett Mill who, upon collecting their pay and finding it short by thirty-two cents, exclaimed that they had been cheated and promptly abandoned their looms. The '//Lawrence Eagle Tribune//' reported on a strike meeting held that Friday, January 11. "Voting unanimously to walk out if their pay for 54 hours is less than that received for 56 hours, several hundred Italians, Poles, and Lithuanians, who are employed in the local mills, met last evening at Ford’s Hall. A majority of those who attended the meeting will receive their pay today. A mass meeting will be held Saturday afternoon at 2 o’clock in the City Hall at which speakers in English, Italian, Polish, and French will be present." [NB: Helen Schloss & Matilda Robbins (Tatiana Gitel Rabinowitz)] [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ www.workersbreadandroses.org/snap.html spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1924 - In the premises of the union CGTUnitaire at 33 Rue de la Grange-aux-Belles in Paris, a bloody confrontation takes place during a meeting of the Communist Party. Anarcho-syndicalist militants opposed to the use of the local union for political purposes are fired on by young communist stewards, killing 2 anarcho-syndicalist workers, Adrien Poncet and Nicolas Clos.

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: In Casas Viejas libertarian communism and common ownership of the land is declared, the town's archive and the property deeds are set on fire and its food store distributed. Early that morning María Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' and her friend Manuela Lago y Gallinito, both anarchist militants, march through the village with a red and black flag. The town's mayor is dismissed and, armed with shotguns and the odd handgun, the insurgents surround the Guardia Civil barracks, and its three guards and one sergeant are called upon to to surrender. When they refused, an exchange of gunshots erupts and the sergeant and one of the guards are seriously wounded. At 14:00, a team of twelve Guardia Civil under a Sergeant Anarte arrive in Casas Viejas, free their colleagues, who had been left behind in the barracks and take over the village. Three hours after that, a further batch of police reinforcements arrive under the command of Lieutenant Gregorio Fernández Artal: they comprise 4 Guardia Civil and 12 Guardias de Asalto. They promptly set about arresting those allegedly responsible for the attack on the civil guards barracks, two of whom after torture, point the finger at two sons and a son-in-law of Francisco Cruz Gutierrez, nicknamed Seisdedos (Six Fingers), a 70 year old charcoal maker and CNT member, who had sought refuge in his home, a mud-and-stone shack, alongside his family. On attempting to break down the door to Seisdedos’s home, one assault guard is shot dead on the doorstep and another is seriously wounded. An unsuccessful attempt to storm the shack is made at ten o’clock that night. Sometime after midnight, Captain Rojas ordered his men to open up on the shack with their rifles and machine-guns and later gave the order for it to be torched, killing all but one inhabitant. [see: Jan. 12] [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

1937 - __Great Flint Sit-Down Strike__: Twelve days into the Great Flint Sit-Down Strike in Michigan, a riot broke out when General Motors' company police attempted to prevent food deliveries reaching the strikers occupying the Chevrolet Fisher Body No. 2 plant. Having shut off heat to the plant, they then seized control of the factory gates, padlocking them shut and removing the ladder used to supply food to the strikers. The strikers forced open the gates and confronted the company cops who were forced to call on Flint police for their won protection. In the resulting riot, known as the 'Battle of the Bulls Run', city police fired tear gas and buckshot at the strikers, who retaliated by launching car parts and water from fire hoses at them. Both sides suffered casualties, with 16 workers and 11 policemen injured, but the plan ultimately failed and the Women’s Emergency Brigade was able to continue organising the supply of food to the strikers. The United Automobile Workers strikers also took the opportunity to take over and occupy the adjacent Fisher Two plant. Frank Murphy, the city’s governor, responded to the clash and the increasing popularity of the strikers’ cause (as well as the unpopularity of the city's police) by calling in the National Guard. The folling day '//The Detroit News//' reported: "The rioting at Flint resulted in injury to 16 strikers and spectators and 11 officers. The condition of one striker was reported to be critical. Most of the strikers were injured by buckshot fired from riot guns by the Flint police. The officers were injured principally by missiles thrown from the plant by the stay-in strikers... A pitched battle raged at the gates of the plant for 20 minutes, with 30 to 40 policemen opposing several hundred enraged strikers. The strikers pelted the officers with iron nuts, bolts and milk bottles and spurted thick streams of water on them from fire hoses. The police retaliated with tear gas and riot guns. The battle ended with the strikers in complete control of the gates. A crowd of nearly 2,000 watched the struggle. The plant lies in a valley, on the north side of the Flint River. The onlookers stood on both slopes of the valley, well out of harm’s way. There was little to be seen from these points of vantage. The clouds of tear gas obscured the batttlefield. After the fighting had subsided, the crowd grew to about 5,000. They stood there most of the night, awaiting new developments which did not come." [www.newhistorian.com/flint-sit-down-strikes-turn-nasty/5745/ blogs.detroitnews.com/history/1997/06/22/the-historic-1936-37-flint-auto-plant-strikes/ www.mlive.com/auto/index.ssf/2012/01/75_years_ago_today_sit-down_st.html]

[C] 1943 - Assassination of the Italian-born anarchist militant Carlo Tresca (b. 1879) in New York City by unknown assailants. Forced into exile following his involvement in the newspaper '//Il Germe//' (The Origin), he emigrated to the USA via Switzerland. In New York he published an Italian language paper, '//La Plèbe//', became involved in IWW union activities and in 1917 started '//Il Martello//' (The Hammer), a newspaper he published until his death. In 1923, he was sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a book on birth control, but due to large demonstrations in his support his sentence was reduced to four months. Later he organised resistance to Italian blackshirts in America. Tresca's funeral, which was held on January 16 in Manhattan Center, was attended by over 5000 anti-facists. [see: Mar. 9] [www.improntalaquila.org/2013/vita-morte-ed-eredita-di-carlo-tresca-51977.html www.politicamentecorretto.com/index.php?news=55626 osservatoriodiconfine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/confini-mafia-e-informazione-carlo.html]

1949 - Paco Ignacio Taibo II (born Francisco Ignacio Taibo Mahojo), Mexican intellectual, historian, professor, journalist, social activist, union organiser and world-renowned writer, born. Widely known as PIT, his working-class anarchist family fled Spain in 1958 to escape the Franco regime. In Mexico he became involved in the student movement of 1968 and later an organiser working with independent trade unions. Creator of Héctor Belascoarán Shayne, a one-eye anarchist detective from Mexico City who has appeared in 6 novels including the most recent, '//The Uncomfortable Dead//' (2006), co-written with Subcomandante Marcos. Another novel, '//De Paso//' (1986) published in English as '//Just Passing Through//' (2000), is the story of an exiled Spanish anarchist, Sebastián San Vicente [a real historical figure] in 1920's post-revolutionary Mexico. He is also the author of '68' (2004), a study of the Tlatelolco Square massacre. [see: Oct. 2]. [www.vespito.net/taibo/index-es.html www.notbored.org/taibo.html www.thrillingdetective.com/shayne_hector.html bostonreview.net/BR21.2/Sherman.html]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: Workers at a tea packing company, TW Becket & Co, go out on strike, demanding an increase of R3.00 a week. Police are called in and the workers told to return or face dismissal. Of the 150 strikers, about 100 decide to continue the strike. By January 25 the company agreed to raise wages by R3.00 a week and agreed to reinstate most of the dismissed workers, although 'troublemakers' were left out in the cold. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973] ||
 * = 12 || 1791 - Slave revolt in Louisiana. [expand]

1876 - Jack London (d. 1916), US author of '//The Iron Heel//', '//The Sea-Wolf//' and '//People Of The Abyss//' amongst other works, born. A passionate advocate of unionism, socialism and considered by many as a "pre-mature anti-fascist" though, like many of his peers, he too feared the "the yellow peril". His classic definition of a scab: "After God had finished the rattlesnake, the toad, the vampire, He had some awful substance left with which He made a scab. A scab is a two-legged animal with a cork-screw soul, a water-logged brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue. Where others have hearts, he carries a tumor of rotten principles."

[EE] 1881 - Mary Eleanor Gawthorpe (d. 1973) British teacher, suffragette, socialist, trade unionist and co-editor of the radical periodical, '//The Freewoman:A Weekly Feminist Review//' (1911-12), born. Disillusioned with the Nation Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the Women's Labour League, Mary joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in October 1905. The following year she gave up teaching and became the full-time organiser of the WSPU in Leeds and one of the Union's main speakers. Imprisoned on several occasions for her political activities, Gawthorpe was also badly beaten, suffering serious internal injuries after heckling Winston Churchill in 1909. In January 1910 on Polling Day in Southport, Gawthorpe and her fellow suffragettes Dora Marsden and Mabel Capper were the subject of a violent assault whilst demonstrating at the polling booths. Gawthorpe emigrated to New York in 1916 and was active in the American suffrage movement and later in the Trade Union movement, becoming an official of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union. In 1962 Mary Gawthorpe published '//Up Hill to Holloway//', the story of her life up to her release from prison in November 1906. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe spartacus-educational.com/Wgawthorpe.htm]

1883 - In Lyon at the trial of members the International Workers' Association, known as 'The 66', the '//Anarchist Declaration//' is read out to the court. Likely written by Peter Kropotkin, it is a summary of the ideals of the accused.

1909 - Celso Ceretti (b. 1844), Italian anarchist contemporary of Bakunin involved with the founding conference of the Italian Federation of the International Association of Workers, dies. [see: Jan. 13]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Following the walk out of women workers at the Everett Mill yesterday, workers in the Washington Mill of the American Woolen Company also found that their wages had been cut. Prepared for the events by weeks of discussion, they walked out, calling "short pay, all out." A mass meeting is held in the City Hall after which the Italian language branch of IWW Local 20 decided to send a telegram to New York City for Joseph Ettor, an Executive Board member and the organisation's top Italian language leader, to come to Lawrence and help organise the strike. Ettor arrived the following day along with Arturo Giovannitti, secretary of the Italian Socialist Federation, a language federation within the Socialist Party of America, and editor of the socialist newspaper '//Il Proletario//', who was not himself at the time a member of the IWW. 1970 - The bodies of Joseph Albert 'Jock' Yablonski, unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat William Anthony 'Tough Tony' Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers of America, his wife Margaret, and his 25-year-old daughter Charlotte, are discovered in the Yablonski home in Clarksville, Pennsylvania. They had been shot dead five days earlier on December 31, 1969, as they slept by three 'hitmen' hired on Boyle's behalf by UMWA executive council member Albert Pass. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Using $20,000 Boyle had embezzled the money from union funds, he hired Paul Gilly, an out-of-work house painter and son-in-law of a minor UMWA official, and two drifters, Aubran Martin and Claude Vealey, to do the job. The murder was postponed until after the election, however, to avoid suspicion falling on Boyle and after three aborted attempts to murder Yablonski, the killers did their job. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Boyle was later convicted of the killing in April 1974 and sentenced to three consecutive life terms in prison, where he died in 1985. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ www.workersbreadandroses.org/snap.html spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1913 - The creation of the Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT), an anarcho-syndicalist organisation based on direct democracy, in Costa Rica. [archivo-periodico.cnt.es/292junio-agosto2003/ait/index.htm]

1913 - __Fight for the 8-Hour Day in Peru__: The Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru) and the newspaper '//La Protesta//' organise a meeting in El Callao to celebrate the victories gained so far and to mark the continuation of the struggle. After speeches from a number of prominent militants, the crowd toured the streets of the city celebrating the triumph of the workers. The struggle for the 8-hour working day spread to other parts of the country, sparking a wave of strikes. There were conflicts in Talara, Lagunitas, Loritos and Negritos, and FORP also carried out a strike against Fox Duncan and Co., for the reinstatement of 60 redundant workers, who ended up going back to their old jobs. The 8-hour day would not be implemented throughour Peru until after the general strike in 1919.[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/peru-8-horas-de-trabajo-conquistada-en-1919/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1918 - [O.S. Dec. 30, 1917] The Latvians declare their independence from Russia but find it hard to celebrate while occupying Germans are still sitting in their laps.

[F] 1922 - __Chinese Seamen's Strike__: Chinese seamen from Hong Kong and Canton (now Guangzhou) went on strike for higher wages. Led by the Seamen’s Union after shipping companies refused to increase salaries by 40%, the strike quickly garnered over 30,000 participants, greatly disrupting everyday colonial life and food shipments to Hong Kong. Though the strike was declared illegal by the Hong Kong government, negotiations eventually took place after 52 days, with employers capitulating on March 5, 1922 and agreeing to wage increases of 15-30%. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamen's_strike_of_1922]

1926 - Pedro Augusto Mota (b. 189?), Brazilian graphics worker, journalist, militant anarchist and labour activist, dies. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1201.html]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: Sometime after midnight, a company of 40 Guardias de Asalto arrives in Casas Viejas under the command of Captain Rojas who is under orders from the Director-General of Security, Arturo Menéndez, to close in from Jérez and stamp out the uprising by pouring "merciless fire at any who open fire on the troops". Captain Rojas orders his men to open up on the shack with their rifles and machine-guns and later gives the order for it to be torched. Two of the occupants, a man and a woman, are cut down as they ran outside to escape the flames. Six people are burnt to death inside the shack: Seisdedos; his two sons, Perico Jiménez aka Pedro (36 years old) and Francisco 'Paco' Cruz Jiménez (43); Josefa Franco Moya, Seisdedos' 41-year-old widowed daughter; her children Francisco (18) and Manuel García (almost 13 years); Jerónimo Silva González aka 'Zorrito' (38, CNT treasurer); and Manuela Lago Estudillo (17 years old), Maria Silva Cruz's friend and comrade from their anarchist youth group Amor y Aarmonía. María Silva, Seisdedos‘s grand-daughter, who was known as 'La Libertaria', one of only two survivors of the conflagration (the other being a neighbour's child who Maria rescued from the flames). At around 04:00, Rojas orders three patrols to scour the village and arrest all the leading militants, instructing his men to shoot at the first sign of resistance. They go on to kill a 74-year-old man, Antonio Barberán Castellar, and arrest a dozen others, leading them in handcuffs to the burnt-out shell of Seisdedos‘s shack. There, Captain Rojas and his men murdered them in cold blood in the little pen. Only one of the 12, Fernando Lago, had actually taken part in the attack on the barracks on the 11th. Shortly after that, they pulled out of the village. The slaughter was over. Nineteen men, two women and a child had perished. As had three guards. All told, 28 people including 2 from heart failure, died during the insurrection and ensuing retribution. As a result of these events lots of locals were later subjected to torture and wholly arbitrary imprisonment. The last victim was María Silva Cruz, 'La Libertaria', Seisdedos‘s grand-daughter; in July 1936, the area fell into the clutches of the fascist rebels. María was then living in Paterna, a nearby village. They sought her out there, carried her off and murdered her. [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/las-victimas-mortales-de-los-sucesos-de_21.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qbzmzm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2ngfp2 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

1942 - President Franklin Roosevelt reinstates Woodrow Wilson’s National War Labor Board in an attempt to forestall labour-management conflict during WWII and prevent strikes which would slow industrial production and impede the war effort. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1970 - The bodies of Joseph Albert 'Jock' Yablonski, unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat William Anthony 'Tough Tony' Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers of America, his wife Margaret, and his 25-year-old daughter Charlotte, are discovered in the Yablonski home in Clarksville, Pennsylvania. They had been shot dead five days earlier on December 31, 1969, as they slept by three 'hitmen' hired on Boyle's behalf by UMWA executive council member Albert Pass. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Using $20,000 Boyle had embezzled the money from union funds, he hired Paul Gilly, an out-of-work house painter and son-in-law of a minor UMWA official, and two drifters, Aubran Martin and Claude Vealey, to do the job. The murder was postponed until after the election, however, to avoid suspicion falling on Boyle and after three aborted attempts to murder Yablonski, the killers did their job. The day after the bodies of the Yablonskis were discovered, 20,000 miners in West Virginia walked off the job in a one-day strike in protest, convinced Boyle was responsible for the murders. Boyle was later convicted of the killing in April 1974 and sentenced to three consecutive life terms in prison, where he died in 1985.

[A] 1971 - Thousands of people strike and march against the Industrial Relations Bill. The home of Robert Carr, Minister of Employment, in Hadley Green Road, Barnet, is bombed. The action is claimed by the Angry Brigade.

1983 - 6th CNT-AIT anarchist Congress, Barcelona (January 12-16th).

2000 - Antonio Zapata Córdoba (b. 1908), Spanish construction worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Spanish Civil War fighter, dies during the night of Jan 12-13. [see: Oct. 27] || On Monday morning, January 13, 1794, an estimated crowd of fourteen hundred women and men, approximately one quarter of the cigarette rollers, shouted demands for a repeal of the order as they marched on the viceregal palace. Witnesses later testified that protesters stood in front of the manufactory and pelted compliant workers with stones as they passed by to enter. Troops arrived to disperse demonstrators and return them to the manufactory. By 10:30, reportedly, everybody had returned to work. and two weeks after the protest, management reversed its decision in the workers’ favour.
 * = 13 || 1794 - __'Paper Riot'__: In an attempt to rationalise production and reduce theft and waste of cigarette paper by the owners of Mexico City's tobacco monopoly, the management had introduced new rules preventing cigarette rollers from taking home each evening in order to be able to prepare it for the following workday. This paper came from Spain, but, as wars and embargoes interrupted shipments, the situation called for efficient use and stockpiling. 'Appropriation' of the increasingly expensive item by workers and waste through unskilled rolling exacerbated the shortage. A petition to reverse the ruling fell on deaf ears and the workers responded.

1844 - Celso Ceretti (d. 1909), Italian anarchist contemporary of Bakunin involved with the founding conference of the Italian Federation of the International Association of Workers, born. [expand] [www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/celso-ceretti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Ceretti www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=21773:ceretti-celso&lang=it]

1848 - Hippolyte Ferre (d. 1913), French communist, internationalist member of the Jura Federation and later an anarchist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/janvier13.html]

1874 - __First Tompkins Square Police Riot__: 7-10,000 mostly unemployed workers from all over the city assembled in Tompkins Square for a planned march on City Hall, which was taking place in the middle of the so-called 'Panic of 1873' - a full-fledged economic depression that began in 1873 and lasted for several years, leaving many people unemployed and suffering - to demand unemployment relief from the city authorities. The demonstrators planned to insist that then-Mayor William Havemeyer establish a public works program by giving $100,000 to a Labor Relief Bureau to be established by the Committee for Public Safety itself. Anti-labour newspapers warned of the "menace" the committee represented, spreading the wildest of unfounded rumors, including one that weapons had been bought with jewels stolen in Paris by Communards. However, unbeknownst to the demonstrators, permission for the rally at City Hall had been withdrawn over night and the end point of their march changed to Union Square. So, as the various workers' groups gathered in the morning's bitter cold, there was confusion about what direction they should take. But before they were able to organise themselves, legions of police on horseback plowed into the crowd, indiscriminately clubbing adults and children, leaving hundreds of casualties ying on the ground as they pursued shocked protesters through the streets. Future American Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers, who was at the demonstration, described the police attack as "an orgy of brutality". This officially instigated violence was directed against political action outside the traditional boss and party framework, with the city government wanting to curb 'freedom of the streets' which could undermine its efforts to maintain order in the face of a rapidly changing popular culture and an increasingly fragmented political geography. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Riot_(1874) www.boweryboyshistory.com/2014/01/the-ragged-rebellious-history-of.html www.lespi-nyc.org/history/a-history-of-tompkin-square-park.html]

[D] 1894 - __Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana__]: In Lunigiana, Tuscany protests in support of the victims of the 'state of siege' declared across Sicily ten days earlier and in solidarity with those of the Fasci Siciliani arrested turn into an insurrection led by armed groups of anarchists. Having armed themselves, miners and stone carvers from the stone and marble quarries of nearby Massa and Carrara, hotbeds of anarchism, cut telegraph lines, set up barricades on the road between Massa and Carrara and clash with police and strikebreakers, and loot police armouries. In Avenza during the first armed confrontation a policeman and a demonstrator are killed. That night rebels gather in Becizzano, Codena and Miseglia and march to the city, shouting "Long live Italy! Long live the revolution!", in the belief that it had broken out across the country. Anarchist Luigi Molinari, author of the '//Inno della rivolta//' (Hymn of the uprising), which is dedicated to the insurgents of the Lunigiana, including Pasquale Binazzi and Galileo Palla, is later arrested [see: Jan. 16] on charges of inciting insurrection for his part in the insurrection. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/Moti_anarchici_della_Lunigiana_(1894) ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani repubblicautopia.altervista.org/castelpoggio/storia-anarchia.php www.anpimontignoso.it/index.php/storia/31-gennaio-1894,-i-moti-di-lunigiana.html www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 31, 1904] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: A collective agreement is concluded guaranteeing a nine-hour working day, with night shift and drilling crews winning an eight-hour day; four paid days off per month; a raise in wages; improvement of working and living conditions; payment for the days of the strike; and other changes.

1914 - Joe Hill arrested on a trumped-up murder charge. [Some sources erroneously put the date as Jan 19 1915]

1919 - Under the influence of the anarcho-syndicalist unions, a two-day general strike to demand the introduction of the eight hour day begins, paralyzing Lima and El Callao. Initiated by the weavers, it was quickly supported by the other unions, as well as the students of San Marcos. There are a series of fierce clashes with the forces of order, until the government signed a decree legalising the eight hours - although this decree did not apply widely, it was an important workers' victory.] The Federación de Trabajadores en Tejidos del Perú (Federation of Textile Workers of Peru), the Graphic Federation (Federación Gráfica) and the Federation of Drivers (Federación de Choferes), were all formed the same month as direct results of the movement. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1933 - __Insurrección Anarquista de Enero de 1933__: '//Solidaridad Obrera//' fails to condemned the January insurrection "con un deber de solidaridad y de conciencia" (out of a duty of solidarity and conscience). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrección_anarquista_de_enero_de_1933]

[C] 1957 - Kadar government in Hungary declares that striking workers will face the death penalty.

1961 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: The Single Act was passed in the House by 115 votes to 90, with one abstention. [see: Dec. 20]

1966 - __New York City Transit Strike__: At 01:35, TWU Secretary-Treasurer Doug MacMahon announces that the union negotiators had agreed to a settlement package from the mediators and would recommend that the union executive board approve it. The Transit Authority announced its acceptance two hours later, and at 06:25, MacMahon made it official. Within minutes, subways and buses began to roll. Quill and his fellow prisoners were released later in the day, though Quill remained in hospital till the 25th. [see: Jan. 1]

2009 - In Riga between 10-20,000 people attend an opposition and trade unions organised rally demanding the dissolution of the parliament. During the evening the peaceful rally turns violent. Fifty people are injured and 100 arrested for overturning police cars and looting stores. The crowd also attempted to force into the Latvian parliament building, but was repelled by riot police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Riga_riot] ||
 * = 14 || 1888 - Maurice Dommanget (d. 1976), French historian of the labour movement and militant syndicalist, born. He is the author of numerous books on the French Revolution: '//Manifeste des Enragés//' (Manifesto of the Enraged; 1948) and '//Babeuf et la Conjuration des Égaux//' (Babeuf and the Conspiracy of Equals; 1969); books on Blanqui, the Paris Commune and the history of socialism; plus titles such as '//Histoire du Drapeau Rouge//' (1966) and '//Histoire du Premier Mai//' (1953).

1893 - Independent Labour Party founded in Bradford.

1914 - The trial of IWW members Herman 'Hook Nose' Suhr and Richard 'Blackie' Ford begins. Blamed for instigating a strike that led to the Wheatland Hop Riot on August 3, 1913, they are charged with the murders of the 4 people who died during the riot.

[F] 1926 - __Sierra Leone Railway Strike__: From January 14 to February 26, 1926, all grades of the African workers within the Railway Department of the Sierra Leone Government participated in a strike. This strike represented the first time a trade union in Sierra Leone was effective in politically organising with a set organisational structure. It is also the first strike and act of political disobedience in which the Krio elite identified with and supported the strikers and the working class against the British colonising power. On January 14, 1926, the strike officially began and the government, adopting a staunch resistance policy, placed Freetown under police and military surveillance, prohibiting te sale of intoxicating liquors for specific periods, etc. In the days that followed, starting on January 17, strikers were arrested for acts of violence and other perceived misconducts and on January 18 the railway management began dismissing many strikers from their posts. The workers responded with the use of sabotage, including the removal of rails in front of the general manager’s train, removing the rails on curves or steep banks and at the approach to a bridge, and pulling down telegraph poles and cutting wires, cutting telegraphic communication Freetown and the rest of the protectorate. The Krio intelligentsia, the majority of the municipality, openly supported the workers against their colonial masters but their attempts to intervene on behalf of the strikers in setting up negotiations between the strikers and the government and the setting up a Strike Relief Fund at a 'Support the Strike Meeting' on February 8, 1926 to support the workers’ demands and show solidarity with their strike, were thwarted because of the African's lack of leaverage with the White colonialists. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Railway_Strike_of_1926]

1938 - Ethel Mannin and Emma Goldman speak on '//The Betrayal of the Spanish People//' at a CNT-FAI program in London; the audience turns against the Communists when they attempt to break up the meeting.

1962 - Justin Olive (b. 1886), French militant anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 26]

1963 - __Reesor Siding Strike__: One of the defining labour conflicts in Canadian history, resulting in the shooting of 11 union members, three of whom were killed, during a violent confrontation occurred near the small Francophone hamlet of Reesor Siding in Northern Ontario. Fifteen hundred members of the Lumber and Sawmill Workers Union, Local 2995 of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, walked out on strike on January 14, 1963, effectively halting operations at the Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company which relied on their logs for wood pulp. The people responsible for the shooting were not police officers or company henchmen; they were farmers who believed they were protecting their livelihood with the sale of fiber to Spruce Falls. This strike that lasted 33 days often put brothers in conflict against brothers and even fathers against sons in this predominantly francophone region. The strikers were objecting to the farmers’ doings because their logs were allowing Spruce Falls to continue operations despite the strike. This was evidently weakening the Union in their negotiations, which prompted the Union members on strike to use different tactics in attempting to convince the farmers to stop supplying the paper mill. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reesor_Siding_strike_of_1963 www.kapuskasingtimes.com/2013/02/13/50-years-later-the-reesor-siding-incident ejlavoie.wordpress.com/2016/05/06/incident-at-reesor-siding/]

1970 - Spanish government drafts 55,000 postal workers to crush strike. [expand]

1970 - Ammon Ashford Hennacy (b. 1893), Irish American pacifist, Christian, anarchist, social activist, member of the Catholic Worker Movement and IWW, dies. [see: Jul. 24]


 * CHECK** [D] 1970 - Riots in Polish Baltic ports begin, continuing until the 18th.**??** [Sparked by a strike in the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk against the dismissal of militant crane driver Anna Walentinowicz.**ERROR**]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: With deadlock between the workers and management having been the rule and the strikers having rejected the earlier offer of Goodwill Zwelithini to represent the workers if they returned to work, the workers elected a committee headed by Nathaniel Zulu. They met with management and rejected the first offer of an increase of R1.50, but agreed to a second offer of R2.07, which brought the minimum wage to R11.50 a week. The offer was made to the workers on a plant by plant basis, meaning they were unable to meet and decide en masse, and the offer was grudgingly accepted. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973]

1976 - Wildcat strike wave spreads across Spain to Barcelona, resulting in the formation of workers' general assemblies and defiance of the unions and government. || "Whoever puts his hand on me to govern me is a usurper and a tyrant. I declare him my enemy."
 * = 15 || 1809 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (d. 1865) born in France.

[D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: First indication of Luddism in Yorkshire: magistrates dispersed a crowd gathered in Leeds, some of the men having blackened faces. One was arrested and the magistrates learned of a plot to attack machinery.

1842 - Paul Lafargue (d. 1911), French revolutionary socialist author of '//The Right to Be Lazy//', as well as being Marx's son-in-law, born.

1870 - The first issue of the weekly Bakuninist newspaper '//La Solidaridad//', "Órgano de la Asociación de Trabajadores de la sección de Madrid" (paper of the Spanish anarchist section of the AIT) appears in Madrid. Founded by Anselmo Lorenzo,, it was the first publication of the AIT and, starting from issue no. 29 (July 30, 1870) its subtitle became "Órgano de las secciones de la Federación madrileña de la Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores" (paper of the Madrid Federation sections of the International Association of Workers). The final issue (no. 49) appeared on January 21, 1871, when the Madrid Federation stopped editing the publication for economic reasons and it was taken over by comrades from the Barcelona Federation. brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Solidaridad_(Madrid) www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1501.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html]

1881 - Pierre Monatte (d. 1960), French anarcho-syndicalist and founder of Révolution Prolétarienne, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin27.html#27 www.pelloutier.net/glossaire/detail.php?id=4]

1888 - Jean-Baptiste Godin (d. 1817), French utopian socialist thinker and Fourieriste founder of Familistère Guise.

1894 - __Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana__]: Following the breakout of the insurrection two days earlier, further clashes take place including one between workers on the road between Fossola and Carrara, where on of the insurgents is killed by a cavalry unit. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani repubblicautopia.altervista.org/castelpoggio/storia-anarchia.php www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 2] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: About 600 workers from the Putilov and other factories gather at the Narva office of The Assembly in St. Petersburg to confirm the strike decision and work out new demands. These include the introduction of an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage ,and the formation of an elected workers’ committee that would work jointly with the management to resolve workers’ grievances. The factory management rejecet these demands as well. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: 20,000 workers, with many women to the fore, are now out on the picket lines as the mayor calls in the state militia, who class with pickets outside the Pacific Mills. After other early incidents where some scabs were attacked, the strikers embraced Joseph Ettor’s emphasis on nonviolent direct action without ever diminishing their militancy. Meanwhile, the strike committee draws up their four demands: 1) 15% pay raise for all mill workers; 2) double pay for overtime; 3) an end to the hated 'bonus system' that paid extra money for meeting special, elevated production targets; and 4) amnesty for strikers.

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: What began in mid-December as a textile workers’ strike and evolved into a general strike that shut down Lima, Peru, ends when the Federal Minister of Development meets with the strike committee and its student allies and is convinced to support the workers’ demand for an eight-hour day. Shortly afterward, President Jose Pardo issues a decree establishing the eight-hour day for all Peruvian workers. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/peru-8-horas-de-trabajo-conquistada-en-1919/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

[A] 1919 - __Great Boston Molasses Flood__: A 58 ft. high metal tank, 90 ft. in diameter, filled with 2.5 million gallons of crude molasses bursts in Boston, and the explosion sends a 40 ft. tall tidal wave of molasses and debris crashing down Commercial Street. What became known as the Boston Molasses Flood killed 21 workers and residents and injured another 150. After many years of litigation, the United States Industrial Alcohol Company was eventually found culpable and forced to pay a million dollar settlement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Molasses_Flood www.newscientist.com/article/2114116-incredible-physics-behind-the-deadly-1919-boston-molasses-flood/ www.theguardian.com/science/2017/feb/25/study-reveals-why-so-many-met-a-sticky-end-in-bostons-great-molasses-flood]

[E] 1919 - Rosa Luxemburg (b. 1871), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, is captured along with Karl Liebknecht by the Freikorps' Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision. They are brutally questioned by Captain Waldemar Pabst and Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung. Luxemburg is beaten with a rifle butt by soldier Otto Runge, then shot in the head, either by Lieutenant Kurt Vogel or Lieutenant Hermann Souchon. Her body is then flung into Berlin's Landwehr Canal. In the Tiergarten Karl Liebknecht is later shot and his body, without a name, taken to a morgue. It is not until June 1, 1919, that Luxemburg's corpse is found and identified. [see: Mar. 5]

1919 - Karl Liebknecht (b. 1871), German socialist and co-founder, with Rosa Luxemburg, of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany, is captured along with Karl Liebknecht by the Freikorps' Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision. They are brutally questioned by Captain Waldemar Pabst and Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung and Luxemburg is shot in the head and her body is then thrown into Berlin's Landwehr Canal. Later, the car that is transporting Karl Liebknecht, is stopped in the Tiergarten, and he is summarily shot in the back. His body, without a name, ends up in a morgue. [see: Aug. 13]

1919 - The first issue of '//Freedom//' is published in New York. Initally subtitled 'A Revolutionary Journal Dedicated to Human Freedom', from number 4 April-May 1919 it is changed to 'A Journal of Constructive Anarchism'. The final issue has the numbers 9-10 October-November 1919.

[FF] 1925 - __Lossmen-Ekträsk-konflikten [Lossmen-Ekträsk Conflict__]: During what would become the longest lockout in Swedish labour history [1924-31], locked-out workers carrying out a blockade in the forests around the Swedisn towns of Lossmen and Ekträsk in an attempt to prevent the bringing in of scab workers, respond to just such an attempt to bring in blacklegs from nearby villages, including Villvattnet, by organising a demonstration in Ekträsk. The strike had begun the previous year when the Holmsund, Sandvik and Mo & Domsjö forestry companies delivered an ultimatumn to the Lossmen-Sävsjöns and Ekträsks Lokal Samorganisation (Local Co-operation) syndicates, local syndicalist workers organisations within the anarcho-syndicalist Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden), to either dissolve their organisations or to become unemployed i.e. to order a lockout. Despite the fact that the companies were effectively the only employers in the area, the workers refused and began their own blockade of the forests in the area in an attempt to prevent scab workers from carrying out any logging. Following the demonstration in Ekträsk, which had included 400-500 people who had turned up from nearby Norrland, the protesters split up into groups and went out into the forest to search for those trying to breach their blockade. Two company officials who turned up to try and persuade the workers to give up were driven off but returned later with police reinfocements. In the meantime, the blacklegs had given up and gone away and, instead of protecting the strike breakers, they arrested a number of the striking workers. Found guilty and fines, they workers were unable to pay and, after a few day of further intense conflit, a stalemate was reached. With the strikers facing economic hardship, SAC and the Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund set up solidarity funds. After the spring of 1925, the companies broke off all forest felling in the blocked forest areas. Only in the spring of 1930 did the Holmsunds company succeeded in restarting cutting, with much help from the police and the local authorities. That autumn Sandvik also recommenced cutting, sparking an increase in the conflict. Eventaully, on May 21, 1931, company officials at the Sandvik works in Kalvträsk got in contact with the syndicalists to tell them that they would recognise their union and had accepted their salary demands. Shortly afterwards, the other companies agreed terms with the syndicalists and the conflict was over. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossmen-Ekträsk-konflikten www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Arkiv/Textarkiv/Texter-om-SAC/Lossmenkonflikten-1924-1930/(language)/swe-SE sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Arbetares_Centralorganisation]

1937 - Emma Goldman and Ethel Mannin address a public meeting on '//The Spanish Revolution and the CNT-FAI//' held in London and chaired by Fenner Brockway of the Independent Labour Party. It was one of the many meetings that Goldman made as propagandist of the Spanish Revolution, always in contact with the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and Federación Anarquista Ibérica. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1801.html]

[F] 1978 - A demonstration organised by the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist union, the CNT official declared legal six months previously, draws 10,000 protesters in Barcelona, opposing the Moncloa pacts, which allows only the communist CC.OO. and socialist UGT the right to represent workers.

1997 - A general strike is called by a coalition of labour unions in South Korea. The unions claim 600,000 workers observe the strike call, the government claims it is "only" 100,000. || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_de_Tejedores_de_Barcelona es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España]
 * = 16 || 1843 - Following the uprising in Barcelona in November 1842, the Sociedad Mutua de Tejedores de Barcelona (Mutual Society of Weavers of Barcelona) is banned by the capitán general of Catalonia, Antonio Seoane Hoyos. It continued its activities clandestinely under the name of the Compañía Fabril de Tejedores de Algodón (Cotton Knitting Factory Company), running its cooperative workshops that had been organised by the weavers the previous year. [see: Sep. 26]

1880 - Paulette Brupbacher (d. 1967), Swiss physician, militant feminist, anarchist, author and member of the central committee of International Workers' Aid, is born in Pinsk, in what is now Belarus. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/brupbacher/brupbacher.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette_Brupbacher]

1894 - __Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana__]: On the outskirts of Lunigiana, close to the Dogali barracks, a march of 400 demonstrators, armed with pruning hooks, pitchforks and some rifles, are met by a company of soldiers. Eight demonstrators are killed, many others wounded as the protesters scatter. Some groups flee to the mountains where they are rounded up in the following days. The same day the Italian Prime minister, Francesco Crispi, also declares a state of seige in Lunigiana. Mass arrests followed with around 680 people investigated. Of the 553 who stood trial, 300 faced sedition charges, including more than 200 anarchists. The 208 military tribunal trials that followed ended with a total of 464 convictions, and sentences totalling over 2,500 years in prison were handed down. Luigi Molinari, probably the best known of those sentenced, was also one of the most heavily penalised, given 23 years (reduced to seven and a half on appeal). Later that year on June 16, the anarchist Paolo Lega made an unsuccessful attempt on Crispi's life in Rome (Lega's gun misfires). Arrested, he was later sentenced to 20 years and 17 days in prison. Paolo Lega was found dead just two years later, at the Cagliari Agricultural Penitentiary Colony. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm]

1894 - __Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana__]: Luigi Molinari, author of the '//Inno della rivolta//' (Hymn of the uprising), which is dedicated to the insurgents of the Lunigiana, inclduing Pasquale Binazzi and Galileo Palla, is arrested on charges of inciting insurrection for his part in the revolt. At his trial on January 31 before the military court in Massa, he was sentenced to twenty three years in prison, which was reduced at a new trial on April 19 to seven and a half years. However, after spending nearly two years in prison in Oneglia, he was released on September 20, 1895 following massive public protests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Dr Nicola Barbato, organiser of the Fascio in Piana dei Greci, and Bernardino Verro, founder of the first Fasci in Corleone, along with fellow Fasci di Palermo leader Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, are arrested on board the steamship Bagnara as they try to escape to Tunis. [see: Jan. 3] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1900 - Juan López Sánchez (d. 1972), Spanish construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist theorist, minister in the Generalitat and one of the founders of the 'treintistas' Federación Sindicalista Libertaria, born. Son of a member of the Guardia Civil, his family moved to Barcelona when he was 10 and there he came into contact with anarchist circles. He began working aged 11 and joined the Sociedad de Moldistas y Piedra Artificial, becoming secretary of it Board (1916-17). The union was eventually incorporated into the Sindicato de la Construcción of the CNT. He began his militant union activity in 1920 in the era of the difficult years of gangsterism, and on 29 July, 1920 was involved in a shootout with agents of the employer and was arrested with a comrade, Joaquím Roura Giner. After several attempts of trial, was finally sentenced on February 24, 1923 to one year and a day for manslaughter and one year, eight months and 20 days on firearms offences. Roura was acquitted. On Decmeber 7 that year, he appeared before a military tribual gave him to six-year sentence for having fired at the police whilst trying to prevent his arrest. Imprisoned in the Ocaña reformatory, he became an autodictat Released from prison in 1926, under an amnesty, in 1928 he joined the the anarchist group Solidaridad along with Juan Peiro and Angel Pestana. However, López Sánchez was always more of a unionist rather than an anarchist and, during his work within the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo he always tried to steer the organisation away from its adherence to anarchism. However, he continued to clandestinely fight against the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera as a CNT member, participating in its congress and helping negotiate the legal reconstruction of the organisation, as well as signing the Manifesto de los Treinta, the document of the treintista faction of the union. From 1930 to 1931, he edited the journal 'Acción'. In September 1932, the trentistas were expelled and in 1933 helped found the Federación Sindicalista Libertaria, becoming its general secretary, and joined the Partido Sindicalista, led by Ángel Pestaña. During this period, he was also editor of the papers '¡Despertad!' in Vigo and 'Sindicalismo' in Barcelona and Valencia. After the failure of the Aliança Obrera, he favoured the rfturn of the Sindicats d'Oposició to the CNT and attended the May 1936 Congress of Zaragoza that brought about the reconciliation. On July 18, 1936 he was chosen to be part of a strike committee that had to face the disturbing indecision of the army quartered in the city but only played a minor role. He however did found the newspaper 'Fraga Social' during this period. On 4 November 1936, at the proposal of the National Committee of the CNT, was appointed Minister of Commerce in the second government (Govern de Concentració) chaired by the Socialist Francisco Largo Caballero. In February 1937, he drew up a decree which defined and regularized the operation of factories, businesses and commerce. This helped to reassure the owners of enterprises that had been nationalized and collectivised. He became the first anarchist minister to visit a foreign country when he visited Paris for meetings with the French government. After the events of 'May 1937' resigned his ministerial position along with fellow ministers Frederica Montseny Joan Peiró and John Garcia Oliver. On March 7, 1939 in Valencia was appointed member of the National Committee of the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) and traveled to Paris to inform Maria Rodriguez Vazquez (Marianet) of its creation. López was forced to flee from Spain when General Francisco Franco and the Nationalist Army took control of the country in March 1939. He went to England and during World War II he worked in radio broadcasting in Spanish from the BBC. He remained there until 1954, when he then moved to Mexico where he stayed until returning to Spain in 1966 and even joined the Organització Sindical Espanyola. In these years he adhered to the reformist 'Aliança Nacional de Forces Democràtiques (National Alliance of Democratic Forces; ANFD), a broad Republican/Socialist/CNT alliance whose original purpose was to peruse the parliamentary road and restore again the Second Republic in Spain, and which later became the Consell Nacional de la Democràcia Catalana. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_López_Sánchez exiliadosmexico.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/lopez-sanchez-juan.html www.it.anarchopedia.org/Juan_Lopez_Sanchez archivoweb.carm.es/archivoGeneral/arg.muestra_detalle?pref_id=2300554 libcom.org/history/solidaridad-obrera-clandestinity-transition-1939-1987 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/tb2swc ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliança_Nacional_de_Forces_Democràtiques]

1902 - Antonio Blanco Blanch (d. 1941), Spanish chocolatier, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Member of the CNT, he was imprisoned several times during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera for his significant union activity. Member during the civil war of the Ministry of Industry and from 1937 to the end of the war was rresponsible of collectivised chemical plant Casa Gros in Badalona. Exiled in France, he was interned in various camps and incorporated into a Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers working on the fortifications of the Maginot Line. Captured during the German breakthrough, he was interned in Stalag I-B Hohenstein (Poland) and, on August 9, he was deported with 168 other Spanish Republicans to the Mauthausen concentration camp. On January 24, 1941, he was transferred to Gusen sub-camp, where he died on November 19, 1941. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1760 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/201311 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1602.html]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 3] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following the rejection of the workers demands that four sacked workers be reinstated and that the foreman that sacked them is himself fired, together with the subsequent demands for an eight-hour workday, a minimum wage, and the formation of an elected workers’ committee to present workers' grievances, all 13,000 workers at the the Putilov Ironworks go out on strike. The only people still inside the plant were two police agents. The strikers demanded an eight-hour day, a ban on overtime working, improved working conditions including the sanitary facilities, free medical aid, higher wages for women workers, permission to organise a representative committee and payment of wages for the period of the strike. On the 17th, workers at the Franco-Russian Factory join the strike. The following day workers at the Neva Shipbuilding Factory and other factories also come out on strike. 26,000 St. Petersburg workers are by then out on strike. Meanwhile, the St. Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) have been busy attempting to turn the Putilov workers' strike into a general strike of the St. Petersburg proletariat. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1908 - Jean Bourguer (d. unknown), French textile worker, militant anarchist, anti-militarist, anti-clerical and revolutionary syndicalist, born.

1919 - The 'Bloody Week' general strike in Argentina ends, leaving hundreds of workers dead and injured in the fighting (estimates range between 100-700 killed and 400-2,000 injured). The police lost 3 dead and 78 wounded. The militant Argentinian anarchist movement is decimated by the repression which follows and trade union reformists gain control of the workers' movement.

1919 - Late on January 16, 1919, General Joaquín Milans del Bosch, the Captain General of Catalonia, fearing the rising power of the Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña and the possibility of industrial action coinciding with Catalan Nationalist agitation creating a 'perfect storm', manages to persuade the Spanish Prime Minister Álvaro de Figueroa to suspend constitutional privileges in Barcelona. The would remain in place uninterrupted until March 1922. Confederal premises are raided and unionists arrested. Workers found at or frequenting the homes of prominent militants are jailed. Imprisoned in the Cárcel Modelo, they are later transferred to the boats 'Pelayo' and 'La Giralda,' which serve as floating prisons in the harbour. All newspapers are censored, so that there is no voice in defence of the prisoners. The CNT is forced to operate underground. Milans also allows the formation of anti-labour, para-military urban militias in the city known as Somatenes. Elsewhere, police are forcefully removing quadribarrada ties from young Catalans. Chasing one protester Catalan police entered a bakery in the carrer del Pi, broke windows and wounded an elderly woman and her granddaughter. An attorney was arrested when he protested against the police action on Las Ramblas. [www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919pelay.htm www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf manelaisa.com/articulo/articulo-29-1920s-society-in-turmoil-2nd-draft-barcelona-1917-1923-2/ revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatén]

1926 - The first issue of the weekly anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//Vida Sindical: Periodico de los Trabajadores//' is published in Barcelona under the military dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and whilst the CNT is illegal. It is probably directed by Angel Pestaña.

1950 - Poss. alternate date for the death of Clovis-Abel Pignat (aka Tschombine Pategnon) (b. 1884), Swiss militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist. [see: Jan.. 10]

1958 - Eusebio Carbó Carbó (b. 1883), Spanish militant anarchist, editor and director of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in 1930s as well as secretary of the IWA, dies in exile in Mexico. Active and very much a globe-trotting internationalist, he saw the inside of nearly sixty prisons around the world from the age of 18 onwards. [see: Dec. 31]

[F] 1997 - Militant Indian trade union leader and politician Dr. Datta Samant is murdered by hired gunmen. Samant led nearly 250,000 textile workers in Mumbai on a year-long strike in 1982. The New York Times described him as having a “reputation for rough tactics – threatening companies with strikes and agitation that often resulted in violent clashes, winning the loyalty of workers with heft wage increases, and ousting older, established labour leaders.” [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutta_Samant] || [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]
 * = 17 || 1890 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Will Thorne, chair of the National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers reiterates that the strikers "had come out for eight hours and they would go back for eight hours", and that "they were not going to creep and crawl to Livesey for work, they would become revolutionists – a revolt of every working man in England to overwhelm the country". This despite little support from other unions and all the gas workers' overtures to the company being ignored.

1891 - Pablo Manlapit (d. 1969), Filipino labour organiser, lawyer, and migrant-rights activist, born. He moved to Hawaii as a young man and worked on several sugar plantations before pursing a law degree. Hawaii’s first Filipino lawyer, Manlapit worked tirelessly to represent Filipino workers. He helped organize the Filipino Labor Union and was a leading figure in the plantation workers’ strikes of 1920 and 1924 Manlapit was deported in 1935. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Manlapit www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/home/LaborBios.html#manlapit efilarchives.org/pdf/social process vol 33/kerkvliet_manlapit.pdf]

1898 - Two day General Strike and riots in Ancône, Italy following an increase in bread prices. The army occupies the city. Errico Malatesta (publishing the newspaper L'agitazione), Luigi Fabbri and several other anarchists are charged (tried on April 21-28, 1898), with a "criminal conspiracy" against public security and property.

1904 - The first edition of '//L'Action Syndicale: Organe des Travailleurs du Pas-de-Calais//' is published in Lens. 261 issue are published up til 2 October 1910.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 4] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The striking Putilov workers are joined by the workers at the Franco-Russian Factory.

[B] 1905 - Artur Streiter (d. 1946), German graphic artist, painter, writer, literary critic, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Influenced by Gustav Landauer, Leo Tolstoi and Erich Mühsam and a member of FAUD (Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands), he maintained close ties with Gregor Gog and his FAUD-aligned international movement Bruderschaft der Vagabunden (Brotherhood of Vagrants). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Streiter www.dadaweb.de/wiki/Artur_Streiter hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=1574 www.literaturport.de/index.php?id=26&user_autorenlexikonfrontend_pi1[al_opt]=1&user_autorenlexikonfrontend_pi1[al_aid]=1983&cHash=0961e3e9b758fff7d65e3409ab729135 www.moz.de/artikel-ansicht/dg/0/1/255347]

1911 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: In Damery, the neighbouring village, the loading of a truck is totally thrown into the Marne, and the cellars and cellar of the fraudulent merchant are sacked by 2,000 to 3,000 angry winemakers. A similar incident occurred the next day at Hautvillers. [see: Nov. 4]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Up to ten thousand strikers parade through city streets. Somewhat incongruously they march behind an American flag singing '//The Internationale//' and are met and dispersed by soldiers with bayoneted rifles.

[A] 1915 - Anarchist Lucy Parsons leads hunger march in Chicago. [expand]

[F] 1915 - Artist, writer, and Industrial Workers of the World activist Ralph Chaplin, in Chicago for a demonstration against hunger, completes writing '//Solidarity Forever//', which he had begun writing the previous year during the Kanawha miners' strike in Huntington, West Virginia. [iww.org/history/icons/solidarity_forever/1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_Forever unionsong.com/u025.html]

1919 - Late on January 16, 1919, General Joaquín Milans del Bosch, the Captain General of Catalonia, fearing the rising power of the Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña and the possibility of industrial action coinciding with Catalan Nationalist agitation creating a 'perfect storm', manages to persuade the Spanish Prime Minister Álvaro de Figueroa to suspend constitutional privileges in Barcelona. The suspension would remain in place uninterrupted until March 1922. Confederal premises are raided and unionists arrested. Workers found at or frequenting the homes of prominent militants are jailed. Imprisoned in the Cárcel Modelo, they are later transferred to the boats 'Pelayo' and 'La Giralda', which serve as floating prisons in the harbour. Many of those arrested faced deportation to prisons in Spanish colonial prisons in Africa. Twenty five CNT leaders are detained, among them is Salvador Seguí, aka 'el Noi del Sucre' (Sugar Boy), and journalist Jaume Brossa. They were imprisoned on the Pelayo in the harbour. The newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' is also banned and all other newspapers are censored, so that there is no voice in defence of the prisoners. The CNT is forced to operate underground. Some authors have argued that the arrest of twenty-five leaders of the CNT by the governor of Barcelona on the same day that constitutional guarantees were suspended on January 17 was a provocation intended to trigger a reaction amongst the working classes to disrupt and overshadow the autonomy movement. However, exactly the opposite is more likely as the //sindicats// were far better organised than the nationalist organisations, and therefore far more of a threat to order. At the same time, Milans also allows the formation of anti-labour, para-military urban militias in the city known as Somatenes. Elsewhere, police are forcefully removing quadribarrada ties from young Catalans. Chasing one protester Catalan police entered a bakery in the carrer del Pi, broke windows and wounded an elderly woman and her granddaughter. An attorney was arrested when he protested against the police action on Las Ramblas. The die is cast and the Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Cataluña would respond to the crackdown by calling a strike at the earliest opportunity in order to demonstrate its ability to fight back against the threatening and repressive regional government. This would result in the Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense general strike in Barcelona the following month. [www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919pelay.htm www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatén]

1920 - __Palmer Raids__: S.S. Buford, transporting 250 labour activists, anarchists and radicals including Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman deported from the Land of the Free on 21 December 1919, lands at Hangö. On January 19 the deportees are met at the Russo-Finnish border by Russian representatives and received warmly at a mass meeting of soldiers and peasants in Belo-Ostrov.

1921 - Crackdown on Barcelona cenetistas involved with the Comité Pro-Presos de la CNT (Pro-Prisoner Committee).

1927 - Simultaneous General Strikes in Santiago and Valparaiso, Chile. ||
 * = 18 || 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 5] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Workers at the Neva Shipbuilding Factory and other factories also come out on strike. 26,000 St. Petersburg workers are now out on strike.

[F] 1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: The strike begins when members of the Australian Tramway Employees Association employed by Brisbane Tramways, owned by the UK firm General Electric Company, are fired for wearing their union badges to work in a protest at a management ban. At midday, a large crowd of sightseers had gathered in Queens Street to watch the tramway employees don their union badges at an appointed time. The manager of Brisbane Tramways, Joseph Stillman Badger, addressed the wearers at the depot, and gave them the choice of removing the badges or not working. Most who were confronted chose the right to wear the badges. As a result, the company was left short of trained staff. The dispute had been simmering for nine months since Badger, who refused to allow the formation of any industrial union among the company employees, had forbidden the wearing of any sign of membership of the union to work. That night, an estimated 10,000 people rallied in Market Square (now King George Square) to hear speeches from Federal and State Labour members and from the union leaders. Many other large gatherings were held not only at the Square, but also at various parts of South Brisbane and at Red Hill during the following nights. By the end of the month, 43 unions in the city were out on Queensland’s first general strike, which lasted five weeks. [Jan. 18-Mar. 6] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Brisbane_general_strike libcom.org/history/1912-brisbane-general-strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/australians-general-strike-right-unionize-brisbane-australia-1912 www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Brisbane_General_Strike_1912.htm independentaustralia.net/australia/australia-display/100th-anniversary-of-1912-brisbane-general-strike,3898 www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbanes-great-strike-remembered-20120118-1q64v.html www.marxists.org/archive/childe/how-labor-governs/ch09.htm]

1914 - __Dublin Lock-out__: The lock-out comes to an end after the TUC in Britain rejects James Larkin and James Connolly's request for a sympathy strike. Most workers, many of whom were on the brink of starvation, went back to work and signed pledges not to join a union. The ITGWU was badly damaged by its defeat in the Lockout, and was further hit by the departure of Larkin to the United States in 1914 and the execution of Connolly, one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. [see: Aug. 26]

1919 - The crackdown on the CNT and the arrest of its leaders by the military continues. [see: Jan. 17] [www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919pelay.htm]

1921 - In a series of reprisals between the CNT and Barcelona police, police are ordered to murder ('Ley de Fugas') cenetistas currently being held in jail. Valencian cenetistas Juan Villanueva, Antonio Parra, Juli Peris, and Ramón Gomar - arrested the previous day while delivering funds to aid political prisoners in Barcelona - are among those shot down. Police announce all are killed in an attempted jailbreak.

[D] 1932 - Libertarian Communism is proclaimed in the Catalonia mine fields of the High Llobregat (Alt Llobregat), in Berga, Cardona, Fígols, Sallent and Súria. The insurrection is suppressed within the week and over 100 militants, including the anarchists Francisco Ascaso and Buenaventura Durruti, are sent to the Rio de Oro prison colony. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_l'Alt_Llobregat fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_de_l'Alt_Llobregat www.naciodigital.cat/manresainfo/generapdf.php?id=24258 www.memoria.cat/la-revolta-de-lalt-llobregat www.memoria.cat/republica/content/la-revolta-de-l’alt-llobregat www.memoria.cat/republica/content/la-revolta-de-l%E2%80%99alt-llobregat-documents]

[C] 1934 - CGT Portuguesa calls a General Strike against the dictatorship of Antonio Salazar.

1943 - Mary Kenney O'Sullivan (b. 1864), U.S. dressmaker, bookbinder and organiser in the early U.S. labour movement, first in the Chicago Women’s Bindery Workers’ Union, then as the AFL's first female organiser and later as the founder of the Women's Trade Union League, dies ages 79 years old. [see: Jan. 8]

1966 - Eleuterio Quintanilla Prieto (b. 1886), Spanish anarchist, member of the Asturian CNT, Freemason and rationalist teacher, active in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and the Orto group in the FAI, dies. [see: Oct. 25]

1977 - __Egyptian Bread Riots__: On January 17, 1977, the government announced plans to cancel around LE277 million (around £30 million) worth of subsidies, especially on food, as well as the cancellation of bonuses and pay rises for state employees. This immediately led to rapid price increases. Reaction to the announcement was immediate. On the morning of the 18th workers in factories around Cairo walked out. At Helwan, an industrial city just south of the capital, workers rushed out of the factories and on to the streets in spontaneous demonstration against the government. Workers in Shoubra el Kheima, to the north of Cairo, did much the same, in many cases occupying their workplaces. Students of engineering at Ain Shams University held mass meetings and organised a march on parliament, which was joined by civil servants and students from Cairo University. A delegation of students entered parliament to present a set of demands to MP’s, and when they did not return for some time clashes broke out between demonstrators and police, leading to the rally being broken up by force. Opposition to the state’s new economic plans were not confined to Cairo. Factory workers in Alexandria led demonstrations and strikes with support from students of Alexandria University, and in a few days unrest had spread to Mansoura, Quena, Suez, Aswan and many other urban areas around the country. Incidents of violence between protesters and the police increased, as did acts of sabotage. Railway lines were cut and tracks blocked, railway stations were set on fire and police stations attacked. Hotels, shops, casinos and upper-class districts became targets of popular anger, as did the headquarters of the ruling Egypt Arab Socialist Party in Cairo, which was attacked and set on fire. Crowds attempting to reach the Ministry of the Interior were violently dispersed and fired upon by troops. In some areas, arms and ammunition were seized from police stations by demonstrators. Strikes and demonstrations in industrial districts grew in intensity, with workers in a single factory often walking out and touring other plants in the area to convince others to join them. An example of this was in Giza, where striking workers from the textile factories were joined by thousands from print shops, wool factories, silk factories and military plants. In Helwan large-scale rioting broke out, with the railway lines between the city and Cairo being cut. Attacks on shops, banks, and government buildings were met with brutal force from the police, fearful of demonstrators seizing control of arms from sieged police stations. Government buildings in Cairo were ransacked, and another attempted march on the parliament building in Cairo was met with violence, as was a march on the presidential palace, and demonstrators were again fired upon, leaving many people dead.Fighting continued until the next morning, with rioting taking place throughout the night leading to the deaths of many demonstrators and arrest of many more. Within just two days rioting and strikes had occurred in most major cities and industrial towns of Egypt. In an attempt to contain unrest, it ordered a military crackdown and deployed army units in to the streets who responded to unrest ferociously. Owing to the savagery of the state response to the insurrection, it is estimated that around 800 people were killed during the uprising with hundreds more injured. Shocked by the intensity and rapid spread of the protests, the government cancelled its economic decrees on the night of the 19th after only forty-eight hours. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots libcom.org/history/1977-egypts-bread-intifada]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: On January 18, 1979, the growers responded to our economic proposals. Claiming that they would not break President Carter’s wage guidelines, they said they couldn’t offer anything beyond 7%. In addition to offering only 2¢ for the medical plan, they wanted to cut parts of the contract covering the good standing of union members and maintenance of standards. The UFW respond by calling its Cal Coastal workers out on strike from the 19th. [libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/MillerArchive/062 The 1979 Lettuce Strike.pdf archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/02/25/page/8/article/bloody-fight-in-lettuce-fields/index.html libcom.org/library/account-conditions-leading-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/violence-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/lettuce-strike-apparently-succeeding-despite-odds libcom.org/library/feb-26th-1979-report-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike www.lettucewars.net/p/in-lettuce-fields-timeline.html www.chavezfoundation.org/_cms.php?mode=view&b_code=001008000000000&b_no=15&page=1&field=&key=&n=7 ww.nytimes.com/1979/08/11/archives/chavez-acts-to-rekindle-flickering-farm-strike-began-with-selective.html?mcubz=1 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=130&page=2 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/ufwarchives/foodjustice/01_Dec84_001.pdf]

1982 - __Great Bombay Textile Strike__: Nearly 250,000 mill workers and more than 50 textile mills go on strike in Bombay. The strike, called by the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh trade union under the leadership of Dutta Samant, was to obtain bonus and increase in wages. After a prolonged and destabilising confrontation, the strike finally collapsed in the middle of 1983 with no concessions having been obtained for the workers. The closure of textile mills across the city left tens of thousands of mill workers unemployed and, in the succeeding years, most of the industry moved away from Bombay after decades of being plagued by rising costs and union militancy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bombay_textile_strike indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bombay-textile-industry-owners-rejoice-as-strike-called-by-datta-samant-ends/1/371785.html libcom.org/history/long-haul-bombay-textile-workers-strike-1982-83-rajni-bakshi]

1984 - A 24-hour general strike called for by the Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores in Uruguay demands wage increases, union rights for public employees, the release of political prisoners, and respect for democratic liberties. The strike shut down the capital city and is followed by a series of other strikes that successfully united opposition against the military government. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/uruguayans-general-strike-against-military-government-1984 www.lahaine.org/mm_ss_mundo.php/uruguay-a-40-anos-de-la-huelga-general-d en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay www.pitcnt.uy/el-pit-cnt/acerca-de/historia/item/6-breve-historia-del-pit-cnt] ||
 * = 19 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddites torch Oatlands Mill in Yorkshire.

1853 - Émile Jean-Marie Gautier (d. 1937), French journalist, Doctor of Law, Social Darwinist, follower of Jules Vallès, anarchist activist and theorist, born. Arrested in 1882, he was involved in the Procès des 66 where he defended himself, refuting the existence of an international anarchist conspiracy. Sentenced on 19 January 1883 to five years in prison, a 2000 franc fine, ten years of monitoring and four-year ban of civil rights, he renounced his politics in prison, earning a pardon in 1886. Released, he became a journalist under the pen name Raoul Lucet, popularising science. "La prison telle qu'elle est organisée est un véritable cloaque épanchant dans la société un flot continu de purulences et de germes, de contagion physiologique et morale; elle empoisonne, abrutit et corrompt." (The prison is organized as a cesspool pouring in a steady stream of society and corruptions of germs, contagion physiological and moral; poisons her, brutalized and corrupt.) - 'Le Monde des Prisons' (The World of Prisons; 1889). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2055 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Gautier_(journaliste)]

1865 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (b. 1809), French anarchist philosopher and printer, dies. [see: Jan. 15]

1883 - The trial to suppress the anarchists involved in the First International, begun on January 8, concludes in Lyon, against those known as 'The 66'. Peter Kropotkin, Émile Gautier, Joseph Bernard, Pierre Martin and Toussaint Bordat are sent to prison for four years, while others receive sentences ranging from six months to five years on charges which include "membership in the International Workers Association". [EXPAND]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 6] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Father Georgy Gapon decides to lead a mass march to the Winter Palace to present the workers’ petition to the Tsar.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Police 'find' dynamite in three different locations in Lawrence: in a tenement house, in an empty lot, and in a shoemaker's shop next door to the print shop where Joseph Ettor receives his mail. The press and the police are quick to assign guilt to the strikers. An editorial in the '//New York Times//' declares: "The strikers display a fiendish lack of humanity which ought to place them beyond the comfort of religion until they have repented." The IWW claim, however, that the 'BostonAmerican', a Hearst paper, was off the press and on sale in Lawrence with the details of the dynamite discovery before the sticks of dynamite had actually been found. Soon after, John A. Breen, a local undertaker and a member of the Lawrence school board, was arrested and charged with planting the explosives in a plot to discredit the workers. He was fined $500 and released on bail. It was later discovered that William Wood, the president of the American Woolen Company, had paid Breen $500. Another man, Ernest Pitman, who claimed that he had been present in the company offices in Boston when the plan was developed, committed suicide before he could give evidence in court. Wood was unable to explain why he had given Breen the money but charges against him were eventually dropped. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ www.workersbreadandroses.org/snap.html spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: On the second day of the strike, more than 25,000 workers, many of who had taken to wearing red ribbons as a mark of solidarity, marched eight abreast in a procession three kilometres long from the Brisbane Trades Hall to Fortitude Valley and back — with more than 50,000 supporters watching from the sidelines. A contingent of 600 women marched with the strikers. By now, the strike had begun to spread throughout Queensland, with many regional centres witnessing their own demonstrations. Other unions quickly joined the action. Altogether, 43 unions joined the Brisbane General Strike on January 30. [see: Jan. 18]

[F] 1915 - __Roosevelt Massacre__: Fifty guards employed by the Agricultural Fertilizer Chemical Company in Chrome, New Jersey (then part of the borough of Roosevelt but now a district of Carteret), open fire on 250 unarmed striking workers, killing two people and wounding eighteen others. The two who died were named in the media as either Desederio Alesandro or Alesandro Tessitore, 28-years-old, shot in the leg and back, and Carman Patty or Kalman Batyi, 38, shot in left arm and abdomen. The next day, 31 deputy sheriffs were arrested, charged with first degree murder, and held without bail. The workers eventually won a wage increase and nine of the deputies were convicted of manslaughter and received sentences of between two and ten years each [www.dailykos.com/story/2015/1/26/1359959/-WE-NEVER-FORGET-The-Roosevelt-Massacre-of-January-19-1915 www.dailykos.com/story/2015/1/20/1358944/-Hellraisers-Journal-Strikers-Shot-Down-at-Roosevelt-New-Jersey-by-Deputized-Company-Gunthugs]

1919 - Almost the entrie leadership of the CNT has been arrested, everyone that is except Ángel Pestaña, editor of 'Solidaridad Obrera', who managed to evade the police. Members of the Spanish Patriotic League shoot and wound a young seventeen year old Catalan nationalist worker Manuel Miralpeix on the carrer de Valldoncella. He died the following day. His funeral was attended by councillers consellers Ulled and Mestres on behalf of the Mancomunitat, the president of the council, Vallès i Pujals and a representation of the Ajuntament de Barcelona.

[D] 1932 - Armed miners' uprising in Barcelona region in response to anarchist uprisings in Catalonia. "Libertarian communism" declared, including the abolition of money and property, followed by general strikes and armed uprisings throughout Spain over the next five days.

1941 - Paul Reclus (b. 1858), French anarchist militant, engineer and professor, dies. [see: May 25]

1941 - Władysław Głuchowski (b. 1911), Polish teacher, anarcho-syndicalist activist and anti-Nazi fighter, dies of infected wounds as prisoner no.17710 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [see: Jul. 27]

[A] 1976 - The Spanish government drafts 70,000 railway workers to crush strike.

1977 - __Egyptian Bread Riots__: The rioting that broke out yesterday following the government announcement on January 17, 1977 that it planned to cancel around LE277 million (around £30 million) worth of subsidies, especially on food, as well as the bonuses and pay rises for state employees, continued through out the night and had spread to most major cities and industrial towns across Egypt. In an attempt to contain unrest, it ordered a military crackdown and deployed army units in to the streets who responded to unrest ferociously. Official figures claimed that 79 people died in the riots, 556 were injured, and over 1,000 people were arrested but, owing to the savagery of the state response to the insurrection, it is estimated that around 800 people were actually killed during the uprising with hundreds more injured. Shocked by the intensity and rapid spread of the protests, the government cancelled its economic decrees on the night of the 19th after only forty-eight hours. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots libcom.org/history/1977-egypts-bread-intifada]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The UFW begins its selective strike in the Imperial Valley against California Coastal Farms in El Centro following the growers' negative response to the union's demands. [see: Jan 18]

1999 - Vasilis Evangelidis (Βασιλης Ευαγγελίδης), unemployed Greek teacher and anarchist, announces a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment and in solidarity with the student protest movement, occupations and demonstrations across the country. [flag.blackened.net/blackflag/217/217grk.htm www.ainfos.ca/99/feb/ainfos00164.html]

2005 - Carlos Cortez (b. 1923), US anarcho-syndicalist, poet, graphic artist, photographer, muralist and political activist, who was active for six decades in the Industrial Workers of the World, dies. [see: Aug. 13] || [www.labottegadelbarbieri.org/evviva-i-fasci/ contropiano.org/news/cultura-news/2015/01/21/20-gennaio-1893-i-fasci-siciliani-e-la-strage-di-caltavuturo-028670 ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]
 * = 20 || 1893 - __Strage di Caltavuturo [Caltavuturo Massacre__]: A watershed event for the Fasci Siciliani movement, the massacre was a direct result of the endemic corruption associated with the gabello system in semi-feudal Sicily. Rural 'entrepreneurs' or //gabellotti// [named after the //gabella//, a tax or duty on produce that sometimes correlated to a unit of farmland] leased lands from absentee aristocrats and then rented out small parcels of it to sharecropping farmers on a short-term basis or employed peasant labourers or //jurnatara// to farm it on their behalf. Many of these gabellotti were associated with, even if they were not actual members of, the Mafia (even those employed by the Church, which also owned large holdings of land) and they ruthlessly exploited the tenant farmers who relied. One of these absentee landowners was the The Duke of Ferrandina, the owner of 6,000 acres of land. Following protracted negotiation, he had granted a share of his idle land to the municipality of Caltavuturo as settlement of 'civic uses' [//usi civici// – feudal rights due to rural communities and to farmers, with respect to the use of land, water, wood from woodlands]. Administrators, however, instead of distributing these 'common lands' to the peasants, entrusted then to the local bourgeoisie, including the Town Clerk, and the gabelloti. The peasants had long been asking for the allocation of these lands, and the mayor had finally aceeded to the request. However, he failed to carry out his promise to redistribute the lands and, at dawn on January 20, 1893, 500 farmers symbolically occupied the fields but the arrival of the military later in the day persuaded farmers to leave the occupied land. Instead, they went to demonstrate in front of the Town Hall and seek a meeting with the mayor. He refused to appear and, turning to leave and reoccupy the land, the crowd was attacked from behind by the military using rifle fire and bayonets. Thirteen people lost their lives. The dead were left on the road until nightfall, prey to the town's dogs, and people were prevented from helping the wounded. The Strage di Caltavuturo provoked widespread solidarity demonstrations, both locally and nationally. The Fasci di Palermo also launched a subscription campaign to raise funds for the families of the victims.

1901 - Fransesco Giovanni (Frank) Fantin (d. 1942), Italian-Australian anarchist and anti-fascist, who was murdered by fascist fellow internees in an Australian internment camp, born. [www.takver.com/history/fantin_fransesco.htm adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fantin-francesco-giovanni-frank-12912 faberfantin.com/in_search_of.htm]

1902 - Juan García Oliver (d. 1980), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndialist and Minister of Justice in the Republican government, born. [expand]

1904 - Jean Celestin 'Cointot' Renaud (b. 1841), French anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 27]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 7] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Over the 20th and 21st the Putilov workers' strike becomes a general strike across St. Petersburg. According to the incomplete data of the factory inspectorate, it now affects 456 enterprises with 113,000 workers (150,000 according to some sources), roughly two-thirds of the workforce. No newspapers are published in St. Petersburg, and the city’s industrial and commercial life was paralysed. Troops are being rushed into the city as the government issues warnings against the planned workers’ march and threatens to use force. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1911 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: The prefect pledged to "stop the purchase of foreign wines", thus calming the revolt. [see: Nov. 4]

1911 - Julia Miravé Barrau [sometimes rendered as Miravet, Mirabé Vallejo, Mirabé Barreau, etc.] aka La Maña (d. 2000), Spainish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2001.html]

1918 - [O.S. Jan. 7] At the First All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions (I Всероссийском съезде профсоюзов) – Jan. 20-27 [Jan. 7-14] – the permanent leading centre of the trade union movement, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов) is elected. It replaced the Provisional All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов), founded July 3 [Jun. 20], 1917, and was replaced in turn on November 11, 1924 by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ВЦСПС en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union]

[A] 1934 - The Nazis adopt the Gesetz zur Ordnung der nationalen Arbeit (Act on the Regulation of National Labour) aka the Arbeitsordnungsgesetz (Work Order Act), replacing independently negotiated collective bargaining agreements. The act read, in part, "The leader of the plant makes the decisions for the employees and laborers in all matters concerning the enterprise…. He is responsible for the well-being of the employees and laborers. [They] owe him faithfulness." [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_zur_Ordnung_der_nationalen_Arbeit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Order_Act en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_labour_law www.marxists.org/archive/petroff/1934/german-slavery.htm]

1935 - The first Syndikalistiske Kvinnegruppe Samhold (Syndicalist Women's Group) is formed in Norway when the Nordstrand Lokal Samorganisation (Local Co-operation) syndicate hold a meeting at which local women decide to form an "organisering av husmødrene" (organisation of housewives [sic]). They then established a joint section for the women in Oslo and Nordstrand connected to Nordstand LS as a member organisation of the Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (Norwegian Syndicalist League). When the Oslo and Nordstrand sections split, the name Syndikalistiske Kvinnegruppe Samhold was adopted. [no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_syndikalistiske_kvinnegruppe_Samhold]

1981 - 10,000 Mexican farmers in southeastern Chiapas block roads to major oil fields to protest pollution of their fields and crops fields by the State Oil Company. Lasts several days.

2000 - __Charleston Five__: 600 heavily armed police are deployed to protect scabs unloading freight in Charleston, South Carolina, during an International Longshoremen’s Association strike. The striking longshoremen arrived at the docks to picket and a fight ensued; police drove into the crowd, fired smoke grenades, and attacked with wooden batons. Five longshoremen – who became known as the 'Charleston Five' – were indicted for felony riot. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Five www.facingsouth.org/2015/07/flashback-the-charleston-five-and-the-black-strugg www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/look-back-charleston-five] || Her career as an organiser began with an unsuccessful attempt to organise her fellow workers at the corset factory where she was employed, and where the younger women looked to marriage to free them from the drudgery of their work. The local American Federation of Labor chapter to whom she turned for help was equally uninterested in her organising efforts. She first encountered the Wobblies during the 1912 strike in Lawrence, MA, in which she played a small supportive role, leaving her job as a statistical assistant on a survey about working women in Boston to help the workers directly. After the strike, she offered her services to the IWW and in November 1912 Vincent St. John, the General Secretary of the IWW sent her to Little Falls, N.Y. to lead the strike which had broken out in the textile mills there. She replaced the IWW organisers who had previously been on the scene and who had been jailed, running the strike office, organising a strike kitchen, raising money and legal aid, and making sure the picket line stood strong, over the course of fourteen weeks. Amongst those she worked along side was Helen Schloss, 'The Red Nurse'. The strike lasted three months and, when settled, resulted in some small gains for the workers. After this, Matilda was hired as an organiser by the Wobblies – alongside Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, the only other IWW woman organiser – later becoming a national organiser for the Textile Workers Industrial Union, and spent three years traveling from one labour battle to another as a speaker and organiser. Later she became a national organiser for the Textile Workers Industrial Union and she was sent by the IWW to other strikes to help by speaking and organising. Among them were the 1913 Studebaker strike in Detroit and the cigar makers strike in Pittsburgh of the same year. Robbins was briefly jailed while in Detroit. In 1914 she worked organising textile workers in Greenville, S.C. She ceased working as an organiser for the IWW in 1915. In 1919 her daughter, Vita Robbins Legere, whose father was fellow IWW organiser Ben Legere, was born, with Matilda going on to raise Vita on her own. She later worked for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers on the Staff of Advance and for the Co-operative Society in E. St. Louis, Mo. She was also secretary of the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense League. Robbins later moved to California with her daughter where she lived in Los Angeles, Fresno, and the San Francisco area. Matilda remained an active socialist and served as the executive secretary of the Los Angeles chapter from 1945 to 1947. She wrote regularly for the 'Industrial Worker', including 'The Barb' column, until her death on January 9, 1963 [jewishcurrents.org/july-8-matilda-robbins-and-the-iww/ jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/biographies/robbins-matilda cjm.nonprofitsoapbox.com/storage/documents/Exhibitions/2015/chasing_justice/2_ChasingJustice_CompleteWallText.pdf upstateearth.blogspot.co.uk/2016/06/new-glimpses-of-little-falls-strike.html bportlibrary.org/hc/labor/a-labor-of-love/ margins.fair-use.org/note/Matilda_Robbins reuther.wayne.edu/files/LP000143_0.pdf reuther.wayne.edu/node/12932 reuther.wayne.edu/node/12907]
 * = 21 || [F] 1887 - [O.S. Jan. 9] Matilda Gertrude Robbins (Tatania Gitel Rabinowitz; d. 1963), Russian-American labour organiser, editor, poet, socialist and Wobbly, born in Litin, Russia. She arrived in the United States in December 1900, along with her mother and four brothers and sisters, to join her father there, and adopted the name Matilda. The following year, she joined the workforce as a 'finisher' in a shirtwaist factory, trimming the threads off finished garments. The family settled in Connecticut where she completed her education at the eighth grade level and became an apprentice in a millinery (hat) store. By the age of 16, she was self-supporting, working in a variety of different jobs – from shirtwaist and corset factories to grocery and department stores to nursing and childcare. She became concerned with economic conditions as they affected the working class and with her brother, David, joined the Socialist Party. She was allied with the industrial union faction of that party which opposed the older craft union group. She became active in Socialist Party leadership but resigned in 1911 for a time during the dispute between the two factions.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 8] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: 120,000-140,000 St. Petersburg workers are now out on strike, and the city has no electricity and no newspapers whatsoever. All public areas are declared closed. During the morning prominent liberals meet with Interior Minister Pyotr Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Пётр Святопо́лк-Ми́рский) and warn against the use of violence on the marchers. Troops are deployed around the Winter Palace and at other key points and, despite his own advice to the Royal family, the Tsar leaves the city for for Tsarskoye Selo. A cabinet meeting, held without any particular sense of urgency that same evening, concludes that the police should publicise his absence and that the workers would accordingly probably abandon their plans for a march. A warrant is issued for the arrest of the head of the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers, Father Georgy Gapon, and at midnight troops in St. Petersburg are issued live ammunition and extra vodka. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Putilov+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Собрание_русских_фабрично-заводских_рабочих_г._Санкт-Петербурга hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putilov_ai.php]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: 35,000 shipyard workers were employed by the Emergency Fleet Corporation of the U.S. government and shortly before the war ended in November 1918 the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, which was created in August 1917 to arbitrate labour disputes between employers and workers in an effort to keep defence production running as smoothly as possible, issued a ruling setting wages for skilled and unskilled workers in shipyards across the country. The award effectively cut the pay of unskilled workers, the vast majority of the workforce, when they moved jobs with a maximum of $4.64 a day for unskilled workers and $6 a day for skilled workers, regardless of whether they had previously earned a higher wage for the same work at another shipyard. Most shipyard owners were bound by the terms of this award, and if they failed to comply they faced the threat of the government pulling their contracts, crippling their operations if not putting them out of business entirely. However, having been subjected to two years of strict wage controls imposed by the federal government, less than two weeks after the November 1918 armistice ended WWI the unions in Seattle's shipbuilding industry demanded a pay increase across the board but with special emphasis on unskilled workers. The Seattle Metal Trades Council, an alliance of more than 20 local metal-trades unions (representing welders, sheet metal workers, and the like), demanded a pay scale of $6 a day for unskilled workers, $7 for craftsmen, and $8 for skilled workers such as mechanics. The employers turned them down and instead set to trying to split the workers by offering an increase to $6.92 a day for mechanics and the Metal Trades Council voted on January 16 to call a strike for January 21, 1919. At 10:00 on January 21 more than 25,000 metal-trades workers walked out of Seattle's shipyards [Jan. 22]. The shipyard workers appealed to the Seattle Central Labor Council to call a general strike the following day. A resolution to have local unions poll their members about a general strike passed without opposition. Within twenty-four hours, eight local unions unanimously endorsed the strike. Within two weeks, 110 union locals had endorsed the strike. Many of these local unions were threatened by their national union leadership if they joined the strike. The strike was to be run by the 300-member General Strike Committee consisting mostly of rank-and-file workers. Workers in various trades organised to cover essential and emergency services. Vehicles authorised to operate bore signs "Exempted by the General Strike Committee". Both employers and government officials sought exemptions from the committee. As the strike approached, many Seattleites armed themselves and stockpiled ammunition and supplies in their homes. Shelves were stripped bare in stores as a siege mentality took hold. Workers organised 35 neighbourhood milk stations after purchasing milk from small local dairies. A voluntary commissary served 30,000 meals a day to strikers and others in the community. A Labor War Veteran’s Guard was organised to keep peace in the streets. They were to carry no weapons and to use the power of persuasion only. Other veterans proudly wore their uniforms as they too took part in the strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/seattle-workers-general-strike-fair-wages-1919 depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/ depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/news.shtml www.wwfor.org/the-seattle-general-strike-of-1919/ www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/unitedstates/washington.html www.historylink.org/File/11158 libcom.org/history/articles/seattle-general-strike-1919 old.seattletimes.com/special/centennial/march/labor.html americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/prosperity/text6/seattlestrike.pdf]

1920 - __Palmer Raids__ U.S. Attorney General Palmer's 'Red' Raids target labour activists and radicals for U.S. government repression.

[DD] 1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: Striking workers seize the Estancia La Anita, making hostages of their owners and the Deputy Police Commissioner Pedro J. Micheri; they then take the Estancia La Primavera. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1946 - __Great Post-War Strike Wave__: 750,000 steelworkers walk off the job, joining what would become known as the Great Strike Wave of 1946. The post-World War II strike wave was not limited to industrial workers; there were more strikes in transportation, communication, and public utilities than in any previous year. By the end of 1946, 4.6 million workers had been involved in strikes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_wave_of_1945–46 libcom.org/history/world-war-ii-post-war-strike-wave www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/cochran/1946/05/strikewave.htm modeducation.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/labor-history-timeline-wwii-and-post.html]

1956 - Ricardo Peña Vallespín (b. 1908), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, and novelist, who was part of the artistic and theatrical group Mistral, dies. [see: Nov. 15]

1967 - Workers and peasants clash with Red Guards in Kiangsi.

[D] 1999 - Striking Romanian coal miners, backed by residents, use stones, clubs and homemade explosives to force their way through riot police in a ravine, and swept closer to Bucharest in a determined push to continue their march upon the capital. At least 40 people were injured and up to 50 police were taken prisoner in the fierce assault as 7,000 miners overran government roadblocks on a central highway leading to Bucharest. For two hours, police defended their positions with smoke bombs and tear gas - but outmanned and outmaneuvered, the 3,400 police finally retreated. [ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriada_din_ianuarie_1999 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriad en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_Valley news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/260629.stm] || [www.ephemanar.net/janvier22.html#22 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C%C5%93urderoy libcom.org/library/terrorism-or-revolution-introduction-ernest-coeurderoy-raoul-vaneigem sites.google.com/site/historicalanarchisttexts/ernest-coeurderoy/days-of-exile/i-a-couple-of-words-that-are-well-worth-two-volumes]
 * = 22 || 1825 - Ernest Coeurderoy (d. 1862), French writer and Socialist with anarchist leanings, born.

1858 - Beatrice Webb (d. 1943), Fabian socialist socialite, born.

1871 - __Soulèvement du 22 Janvier 1871 [Uprising of January 22, 1871__]: Armed with a rifle, Louise Michel fires her first shot in anger during the siege of Paris. Her target is the Breton Gardes mobiles of General Louis Jules Trochu who have just fired on the crowd protesting in front of the Hôtel-de-Ville during the early stages of the uprising that would see the establishment of the Paris Commune. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulèvement_du_22_janvier_1871]

1880 - Alphonse Tricheux (d.1957), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and pacifist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre06.html#tricheux militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6018 penselibre.org/spip.php?article483]

[C] 1900 - Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Busch (d. 1980), German singer and actor, born. Joined the Sozialistische Arbeiter-Jugend (SAJ; Socialist Workers Youth) in 1916 and the Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD; Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany) following the November revolution. Noted for his cabaret performances, his interpretations of political songs, including those of Erich Mühsam and Kurt Tucholsky, and for his theatre and silent film work. In 1928 Ernst Busch joined the Berlin Volksbühne, the workers' theatre of the workers and the Piscator-Bühne, acting in plays by Friedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Ernst Toller and Erich Mühsam, including the latter's '//Judas. Arbeiter-Drama in fünf Akten//' (Judas. Workers drama in five acts; 1921) and '//Staatsräson. Ein Denkmal für Sacco und Vanzetti//' (For reasons of State. A Monument to Sacco and Vanzetti; 1929). He was lucky to escape one of the first SA raids at the artists' colony in Berlin-Wilmersdorf on 9 March 1933. Fleeing Germany, he first went to Holland, and from there to Belgium, Zurich, Paris, Vienna and finally the Soviet Union. In 1937 he travelled to Spain as a singer with the International Brigades where he gave out song books ('//Brigada de las Canciones Internacionales//'), sang before members of the International Brigades and recorded records and performed on the radio. '//Das singende Herz der Arbeiterklasse//' (The Singing Heart of the working class) - Hanns Eisler [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(Schauspieler) www.ernst-busch.net/ zerogsound.wordpress.com/2012/03/15/ernst-busch-zeit-leid-streitgedichte-erich-muhsam-klabund-aurora-1966/]

1903 - Helmut Rüdiger aka Rodriguez, Ivar Bergegren; Dashar, Stefan Stralsund (d. 1966), German author, journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and staunch anti-communist, and theorist of federalism, born. Rudiger fought in Spain with other German anarchists, such as Karl Einstein (Albert Einstein's nephew), and participated in the 'International Group' of the Durruti Column. [expand] Having witnessed at first hand the ruthless liquidation of the CNT by the Stalinist in Spain, he is quoted as saying: "Since 1937 I hate the Communists as my actual mortal enemies." [libcom.org/history/rudiger-revolutionary-movement-spain www.anarchismus.at/anarchistische-klassiker/biografien-von-anarchisten-und-anarchistinnen/5928-helmut-ruediger-biografie www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Rüdiger,-Helmut-1903-1966 www.estelnegre.org/documents/rudiger/rudiger.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rüdiger]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Jan. 9] __Bloody Sunday [Крова́вое воскресе́нье] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In the pre-dawn winter darkness of the morning of Sunday, 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1905, striking workers and their families began to gather at six points in the industrial outskirts of St Petersburg. Holding religious icons and singing hymns and patriotic songs (particularly "God Save the Tsar!"), large crowds [est. 100,000] proceeded without police interference towards the Winter Palace. The troops, who now numbered about 10,000, had been ordered to halt the columns of marchers before they reached the palace square but in practice these orders were followed in an inconsistent manner and confusion reigned. Individual policemen saluted the religious banners and portraits of the Tsar carried by the crowd or joined the procession. Army officers variously told the marchers that they could proceed in smaller groups, called on them to disperse or ordered their troops to fire into the marchers without warning. When the crowds continued to press forward, cossacks and regular cavalry made charges using their sabers or trampling the people. There was no single encounter directly before the Winter Palace, as often portrayed, but rather a series of separate collisions at the bridges or other entry points to the central city. The column led by Gapon was fired upon near the Narva Gate. Around forty people surrounding him were killed or wounded although Gapon himself was not injured. Maxim Gorky would later report: "Gapon by some miracle remained alive, he is in my house asleep. He now says there is no Tsar anymore, no church, no God. This is a man who has great influence upon the workers of the Putilov works. He has the following of close to 10,000 men who believe in him as a saint. He will lead the workers on the true path." [see below] The first instance of shooting occurred between 10:00 and 11:00. As late as 14:00 large family groups were promenading on the Nevsky Prospekt as was customary on Sunday afternoons, mostly unaware of the extent of the violence elsewhere in the city. Amongst them were parties of workers still making their way to the Winter Palace as originally intended by Gapon. A detachment of the Preobrazhensky Guards previously stationed in the Palace Square where about 2,300 soldiers were being held in reserve, now made its way onto the Nevsky and formed two ranks opposite the Alexander Gardens. Following a single shouted warning a bugle sounded and four volleys were fired into the panicked crowd, many of whom had not been participants in the organised marches. The number killed is uncertain but numbers vary from 96 dead and 333 injured [the Tsar's officials' estimate] to the more than 4,000 dead claimed by anti-government sources. A truer figure would be around 1,000 killed or wounded, both from shots and trampled during the panic. Amongst the Putilov factory workers take part in the peaceful march to the Winter Palace, some 45 were killed and 61 were seriously wounded. The massacre enraged the workers, and the strike continued. Work at the plant was resumed only on January 31. That evening 459 St. Petersburg intellectuals sign a letter denouncing the regime, declaring: "It is impossible to continue to live this way." Gorky cables Hearst’s 'New York Journal: "The Russian Revolution has begun." As reports spread across the city, disorder and looting breaks out, especially of liquor and guns. Gapon's Assembly was closed down that day, and Gapon quickly left Russia. In exile he established ties with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and, utilising his fame, met many prominent Russian emigrees including Georgy Plekhanov, Vladimir Lenin, Peter Kropotkin, and the French socialist leaders Jean Jaurès and Georges Clemenceau. He found sanctuary in Geneva and in London he shared a house with anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Rudolf Rocker at at 33 Dunstan House, Stepney. Following the October Manifesto, Gapon returned to Russia in November 1905 and resumed contact with the Okhrana Secret Police. Back in St. Pertersburg Gapon soon revealed to an SR member Pinhas Rutenberg (Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг) his contacts with the police and tried to recruit him. Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders and Gapon was assassinated by the order of the Combat Organisation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party on April 10 [O.S. Mar. 28], 1906. The immediate consequence of Bloody Sunday was a strike movement that spread throughout the industrial centres of the Russian Empire, marking the beginning of the first Russian Revolution. Strikes began to erupt outside of St. Petersburg in places such as Moscow, Riga, Warsaw, Vilna, Kovno, Tiflis, Baku, Batum, and the Baltic region. Polish socialists in both the PPS (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna / Polish Socialist Party) and the SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) called for a general strike. In all, about 414,000 people participated in the work stoppage during January 1905 and at its height in February it had spread to 122 cities and towns. Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, 93.2% in Poland. Tsar Nicholas II attempted in August to appease the people with a Duma at which the workers were not represented. Inevitably, the autocracy resorted to brute force near the end of 1905 in order to curtail the burgeoning strike movement that continued to spread. It is estimated that between October 1905, when the second wave of strikes began (with more than 1 million strikers demanding an eight hour day, civil liberties, an amnesty for political prisoners and a Constituent Assembly) and April 1906, 15,000 peasants and workers were hanged or shot, 20,000 injured, and 45,000 sent into exile. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петиция_рабочих_и_жителей_Санкт-Петербурга_9_января_1905_года opeterburge.ru/history-147-245.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 9] Ivan Vasilievich Vasiliev (Ива́н Васи́льевич Васи́льев; b. 1880), Russian labour movement activist and chair of the Assembly of the Russian Factory Workers of the City of St. Petersburg (Собрания русских фабрично-заводских рабочих г. Санкт-Петербурга) is killed during the Bloody Sunday (Крова́вое воскресе́нье) protests at the Narva Triumphal Gates (Нарвские триумфальные ворота). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Васильев,_Иван_Васильевич_(рабочий)]

[E] 1905 - The funeral of Louise Michel takes place in Paris. The procession starts out at 08:00 from the Gare de Lyon but a crowd of more than 100,000 people along the route means that it takes 9 hours to reach the Levallois-Perret cemetery.

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 9] Vladivostok experiences an armed uprising (Jan. 22-23). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: Following the dismissal of Brisbane Tramways employees on January 18 for wearing union badges, a notice appears today in the daily press calling for the workers to report to work without their badges, and stating that those who did not show up would be seen as to have vacated their positions. That same day, John Moir, an organiser for the Brisbane Trades and Labour Council, who would become secretary of the soon-to-be formed Combined Unions’ Committee of Brisbane and District, requested a conference between Badger and the Tramway Union. Badger refused saying he was willing to talk with the employees, but not with unionists. This rebuff from Badger drew attention from many other union organisations, who all saw it as being a direct attack on the structure of unionism and the possibility of general strike began to be discussed. [see: Jan. 18]

1913 - Helmut Kirschey (d. 2003), German construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Originally a Social Democratic, he lost his father in World War I. His mother then joined the USPD, serving on the Elberfeld council for the KPD up to her death in 1924. All four of her sons became members of the Communist Youth Federation. In 1931, Kirschey joined the anarcho-syndicalist Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany; FAUD). He was arrested in March 1933 and imprisoned for several months, emigrating to Holland in November 1933. He went to Spain in August 1936, initially working in the German anarcho-syndicalists’ police service in Barcelona, which was put in charge of all German-speaking foreigners. Kirschey joined the International Company of the Durruti Column in February 1937. He took part in the May battles in Barcelona on the anarchist side. Kirschey was arrested along with other German anarcho-syndicalists in June 1937, and put into communist secret prisons in Barcelona and Valencia, and imprisoned in Segorbe from April 1938. After that he spent some time in France and Holland. In early 1939, Kirschey managed to enter Sweden, where he was not granted a residency permit and did not receive permission to work during the first years of his stay. Nevertheless, he continued to fight National Socialism in conjunction with the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF), and survived the war. In 2006 a one-hour documentary, 'A las Barricadas' about Helmut Kirschey's life by Volker Hoffmann, Dieter Nelles, Jörg Lange and Angelika Feld was released on DVD. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2201.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/kirschey/kirschey.html www.gdw-berlin.de/de/vertiefung/biographien/biografie/view-bio/kirschey/ www.anarchismus.at/texte-zur-spanischen-revolution-1936/spanienkaempfer-innen/773-das-leben-des-anarchosyndikalisten-helmut-kirschey www.fau-duesseldorf.org/nachrufe/helmut-kirschey-1913-23-08-2003 www.graswurzel.net/262/barricadas.shtml libcom.org/history/kirschey-helmut-1913-2003 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kirschey www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/20242 www.federativsforlag.se/helmut-kirschey-en-antifascists-minnen/ www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/tag/helmut-kirschey/ www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_fuZXytrcw]

1917 - [O.S. Jan. 9] On the twelfth anniversary of Bloody Sunday (9 January) 150- 200,000 workers hold a one-day general strike. Factories in the Vyborg (Выборгском) and Nevsky (Невском) districts, as well as the majority of enterprises in the City District (Городском районе) and on the Petrograd (Петроградской) side, and several enterprises on Vasilievsky Island (Васильевского острова) are effected. Amongst those involved are the Pulitov Works (Путиловские завод), the Arsenal (Арсенал), Obukhov (Обуховский), Nevsky (Невский), Alexander (Александровский), Phoenix («Феникс»), Nobel (Нобеля), and Lessner (Лесснера) factories and many other St. Petersburg companies, with workers holding mass rallies, processions with red banners and the singing of revolutionary songs. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Февральская_революция www.agitclub.ru/hist/1917fevr/fevral01.htm egor-23.livejournal.com/292271.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: In Catalonia the Minister of Interior orders the governors of Lerida and Tarragona to arrange for the guardia civil to monitor the installations of La Canadiense and to guard Barcelona's gas and water supplies.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The Seattle Central Labor Council, the presiding union body in Seattle, voted to hold a referendum with a tentative strike date set for February 1, allowing affiliated unions to vote on whether or not to join in a general strike. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1932 - Peasant uprising in El Salvador leading to the 'Matanza Massacre' of 30,000.

[FF] 1952 - __Ekibastuz Prisoners' Strike [Экибастузская Забастовка Заключённых__]: The first major strike of prisoners, which became widely known across the camp system, begins. Here the //zeks// made the fatal mistake of declaring a hunger strike as well as a work strike. Even the //goners// – the //wicks//, the garbage-eaters – joined the hunger strike. This technique is only effective where the authorities scruple to let their prisoners die: but in Ekibastuz it only weakened the strikers’ physical strength and facilitated repression. This was, apparently, also the last mass hunger strike in the Stalin gulag. The events are largely known in the West due to their having featured in Alexander Solzhenitsyn's '//One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich//' (1962), which was based on his experiences at Ekibastuz, and in '//The Gulag Archipelago//' (1974). The strike began on the evening of the 22nd as part of the long-running battle of the prisoners against spies and informers amongst the prison population, when prisoners of the 1st lagging unit, using the broken bunks of one of the barracks closest to the BUR (high-security barracks) attempted to break down the fence to attack the informers held there. May of the prisoners were badly injured by guards wielding iron pipes and truncheons. The guard towers then opened fire randomly in the darkness, killing a peaceful old man lying on his bed in the ninth barrack, just a month before the end of his ten-year sentence. Two days later, the hunger strike was launched with the following demands To judge the perpetrators of the shooting. Remove the locks from the barracks [barracks were only locked at night in the osobolagah (особлагах) or special camps]. To remove numbers [numbers were worn on clothes by political prisoners only in osobolagah]. Review of ОСО (special NKVD courts) sentences in open courts [the demand was put forward by some barracks of the striking camp]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Экибастузская_забастовка_заключённых 22-91.ru/statya/donosy-solzhenicina-ehkibastuzskoe-vosstanie/05.04.2012 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Экибастузский_лагерь]

[F] 1960 - Labour Law No. 696 issued in Cuba, establishing labour control offices. All workers - employed and unemployed - are required to register under threat of punishment.

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: Truck drivers at Motor-Via in Pinetown, near Durban, begin picketing for wage increases. Management take a hard line and call in the police, and when workers refused the first wage offer 250 workers were dismissed. By January 25 workers returned to work, but 100 had been dismissed. Long distance truck drivers also go out on strike demanding R40.00 a week, and 250 of them are dismissed when they refuse the management’s wage offer. Most return to work by January 25 but 100 are dismissed. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973]

2004 - Chea Vichea (ជា វិជ្ជា), leader of the Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia (FTUWKC), is assassinated. He had recently been fired by a garment factory in reprisal for helping to establish a union at the plant and had experienced numerous threats on his life for years because of his efforts to organise workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chea_Vichea] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brousse en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brousse fra.anarchopedia.org/Paul_Brousse dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/brousse/PBbio.html]
 * = 23 || 1844 - Paul Brousse (d. 1912), French medical doctor, anarchist and socialist, member of the Jura Federation (IWMA), born. [expand]

1844 - Celso Ceretti (d. 1909), Italian anarchist contemporary of Bakunin involved with the founding conference of the Italian Federation of the International Association of Workers, born.

1891 - Antonio Gramsci (d. 1937), Italian philosopher/communist, born. [expand]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 10] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The events of Bloody Sunday caused an immediate reaction on the part of the working class. St. Petersburg’s power stations are closed down by strikes and barricades appear in its streets. The government urges local officials to use "decisive measures" to restore order; widespread arrests follow and Father Gapon’s Assembly union is suppressed. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кровавое_воскресенье_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петиция_рабочих_и_жителей_Санкт-Петербурга_9_января_1905_года opeterburge.ru/history-147-245.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon spartacus-educational.com/RUSgapon.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 10] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A proposal is presented to the cabinet to allow the army to use the most extreme measures against rural unrest; it is quickly adopted, despite protests from War Minister General Aleksandr Rediger (Алекса́ндр Ре́дигер). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Редигер,_Александр_Фёдорович]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The IWW strike committee opens the first of a series on fifteen relief stations and (eleven) soup kitchens to feed strikers and their children. [www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/strike.htm]

1913 - Joe Hill's song '//Mr. Block//' appears in the '//Industrial Worker//'.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: During a parade in the city of units of the 96th Division, the first local troops to return from France, the troops cheered loudly as they passed the strike headquarters in the Collins building in Pioneer Square. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6] [americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/prosperity/text6/seattlestrike.pdf www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/strikes/time]

1919 - First Regional Conference of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents (anarchist Makhnovists), held in Bolché-Mikhailovska, Ukraine.

[C] 1921 - In response to fascist attacks in Italy, the Unione Anarchica Italiana launches a manifesto '//Against Reaction and Its Political Victims//' which concludes with the call "Workers! Comrades! Defend the political victims and defend yourself to!". During January the trades councils in Modena, Bologna and Vicenza are damaged or destroyed as well as the office of the socialist newspaper '//La Difesa//' in Florence.

1930 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: With the majority of the Mexican strikers having either been deported or returned to work, the strike is called off just over three weeks after it began, without winning any of the workers' demands. [see: Jan. 1]

[F] 1933 - 196,000 workers – led by metal finishers – walk off the job over wage cuts at Briggs Manufacturing Company, sparking a strike wave of 15,000 auto body workers that paralyzes Detroit’s auto industry. With scabs trucked in and finished products trucked out under police escort, the company quickly resumed production. When the strike was called off on May 1, strikers were not rehired, but their collective action forced wage increases in the industry. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1945 - Nikolaus Groß (b. 1898), German Christian trade unionists, leaders in the Katholischen Arbeiterbewegung (KAB; Catholic Worker Movement), resistance fighter against the Nazis and Nazi victims, who was later beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2001, hanged at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin following the July 20 plot to kill Hitler. [see: Sep. 30]

1951 - __Huelga Ferroviaria en Argentina__: Against the backdrop of the continued intervention of the CGT in the UF and a total lack of progress in the introduction of the December agreements, a Congreso Extraordinario of delegates of all the different railway lines declared an indefinite strike from that date demanding: 1- Immediate application of the modified scale for peons and gatekeepers; 2- Immediate modification of the current roster with the participation of the Comisión Consultiva de Emergencia; 3- Cessation of the CGT intervention and elections in a term no longer than 60 days. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_ferroviaria_de_1950_en_Argentina historiapolitica.com/datos/biblioteca/3jornadas/mengascini.pdf www.docutren.com/HistoriaFerroviaria/PalmaMallorca2009/pdf/030114_Contreras.pdf]

1961 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: The strike finally ends with "à une rentrée disciplinée des derniers grévistes" (a disciplined re-entry of the last strikers) [Pierre Tilly]. [see: Dec. 20]

1978 - A nationwide strike, involving both the public and private sectors, begins in Nicaragua, demanding the end to Anastasio Somoza’s dictatorship. The general strike paralyzed both private industry and public services for ten dates. The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) overthrew Somoza’s U.S.-backed dictatorship the following year. ||
 * = 24 || 1869 - In Madrid, Giuseppe Fanelli (sent by Bakunin) gathers the first Spanish group to join the First International and sows the seeds of anarchism among the peasants and workers, with lasting effect for over the next century.

1871 - Émile Roger (d. 1905), Ardennes anarchist, member of 'Les Desherities' (The Wretched) and 'Les Libertaires de Nouzon', born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5225]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 11] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Moscow, Vilno, and Kovno are paralysed by general strikes. The Tsar appoints the reactionary Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov (Дми́трий Фёдорович Тре́пов), hated Chief of Moscow Police, as Governor General of the St Petersburg Governorate with full power to forbid all congresses, associations, or meetings. Gorky and other liberals that met with Mirsky on Jan.21 are arrested. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 11] Rebels create the Vladivostok Republic. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1913 - __Fight for the 8-Hour Day in Peru__: The government took strong measures against the strike movement. A decree of January 24, 1913, prohibited strikes, prescribing severe penalties or those engaging in them. The employers took the offensive, and lock-outs were declared in the brewery, metallurgical, and other industries. [see: Jan. 5] [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The Seattle Retail Grocers' Association discontinues food credit to idle workers. At the same time, the union-owned Cooperative Food Products Association extends credit, but its offices are raided by the police, allegedly looking for alcohol. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1919 - __Calais Mutiny__: Royal Army Ordnance Corps and the railwaymen at Calais go on strike, demanding the released of Private John Pantling, arrested for allegedly making a "seditious speech to an assembly of soldiers". On pay night (Friday 24) the men at Val de Lievre smashed open the jail and let Pantling out. The authorities tried to recapture him. When this failed, fresh military police were brought in. They arrested the sergeant of the guard for failing to prevent the prisoner's 'escape'. Anger was now rising. The Commanding Officer - by now a very frightened man - released the sergeant, and called off the attempt to recapture Pantling. He also agreed to a meeting with the men to discuss their grievances. The next day many concessions were made, including shorter hours. While this was taking place there was a distinct hardening of the attitude of the officers. The soldiers spent the weekend organising the other camps into Soldiers Councils. On Sunday the officers struck back and rearrested Pantling. The news spread quickly. [archive.org/stream/anarchomex2011/mutinieswwi_djvu.txt libcom.org/history/articles/calais-mutiny www.marxist.com/1919-britain-on-the-brink-of-revolution.htm]

1920 - __Palmer Raids__: 3,000 arrested in a series of Red Scare raids across the US, most without cause or warrants, their homes and businesses invaded and destroyed.

1937 - The first issue of the '//Boletin del Sindicato de la Industria Textil y de Badalona Fabril y su Radio//' (Bulletin of the Union of Industry and Textile Factory of Badalona and Environs), a CNT-AIT monthly, is published.

1952 - __Ekibastuz Prisoners' Strike [Экибастузская Забастовка Заключённых__]: Two days after the prisoners had broken into the BUR (high-security) barracks as part of their long-running battle against the spies and informed housed there and during which the watchtowers had opened fire indescriminately, killing an innocent old man lying on his bunk, the prisoners launch a hunger strike, with the following demands: To judge the perpetrators of the shooting. Remove the locks from the barracks [barracks were only locked at night in the osobolagah (особлагах) or special camps]. To remove numbers [numbers were worn on clothes by political prisoners only in osobolagah]. Review of ОСО (special NKVD courts) sentences in open courts [the demand was put forward by some barracks of the striking camp].

[C] 1967 - Renato Castiglioni (b. 1897), Italian socialist, anarchist, trades unionist and anti-fascist, who fought in Spain but was deported back to Italy and internal exile in 1940, dies. [see Mar. 29]

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike / Three-Day Week__: Having demanded a 35% pay increase to return miners wages to the levels set by the 1972 Wilberforce Enquiry, and having already rejected the offer of a 16.5% pay rise, the NUM holds a strike ballot. Support for the strike is overwhelming, with 81% of its members voting in favour of the strike. In contrast to the regional divisions of other strikes, every region of the NUM voted by a majority in favour of strike action. The only area that did not was the white-collar COSA section. In the aftermath of the vote, there was speculation that the army would be used to transport coal and man power stations. NUM vice-president Mick McGahey called in a speech for the army to disobey orders, and either stay in the barracks or join picket lines, if they were asked to break the strike. In response, 111 Labour MPs signed a statement to condemn McGahey. He responded: "You can't dig coal with bayonets."

[CC] 1977 - __Matanza de Atocha [Massacre of Atocha__]: Neo-fascists shoot dead five and injure four other leftists in Madrid during the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of Franco. The attack takes place in an office (55 Calle de Atocha) where specialists in labour law, members of the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) trade union, and of the then-clandestine Communist Party of Spain (PCE), have gathered. Armed with Ingram M-10 sub-machine guns, the assassins are looking for Communist leader Joaquín Navarro, head of the CC.OO.'s Transport Syndicate. Failing to find him, the assassins decide to open fire on those present, killing five and injuring four. They first ran into Ángel Rodríguez Leál, an administrator who had returned from a nearby bar to retrieve some papers he had left in the office. After he is shot and killed, the attackers search the rest of the floor and discover eight lawyers in one of the offices. They line them up against the wall and shoot all eight. Labour lawyers Enrique Valdevira Ibáñez, Luis Javier Benavides Orgaz are killed instantly. Fellow labour lawyer Francisco Javier Sauquillo Pérez del Arco and law student Serafín Holgado de Antonio die shortly after being taken to hospital. Four others Alejandro Ruiz-Huerta Carbonell, Miguel Sarabia Gil, Luis Ramos Pardo and Dolores González Ruiz, partner of Francisco Sauquillo, are serious injured. The joint funeral of the five was attended by over one hundred thousand people, the first mass demonstration on the left since the death of the dictator Franco. Within days of the shootings, three men - Carlos García Juliá, José Fernandez Cerrá y Fernando and Fernando Lerdo de Tejada (nephew of the personal secretary of far-right party Fuerza Nueva's leader Blas Piñar) - were arrested for having carried out the attack, while Francisco Albadalejo Corredera, provincial secretary of the official transport union Sindicato Vertical, was arrested as the mastermind of the attack. Fernández Cerdá and García Juliá were sentenced to 196 years in prison each, and Albadalejo Corredera to 63 years. Tejada went on the run in 1979 whilst on bail, escaping to France, and then Chile and Brazil. Also arrested were Leocadio Jiménez Caravaca and Simón Ramón Fernández Palacios, veterans of the División Azul (Spaniards who volunteered to fight for the Nazis during WWII) who supplied the weapons, and Gloria Herguedas Herrando, the partner of Juliá, who was sentenced to a year in prison. García Juliá went on the run in 1994 whilst on parole and was arrested 2 years later in Bolivia on charges of trafficking 15 kilos of cocaine. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Massacre_of_Atocha es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_Atocha_de_1977 www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/148.html www.el-mundo.es/cronica/2002/327/1011609777.html www.fundacionabogadosdeatocha.es/webabogadosdeatocha/ ccoomadrid.es/webmadrid/Conoce_CCOO:Fundaciones:Fundacion_Abogados_de_Atocha:Historia:93641--Los_abogados_laboralistas_del_despacho_de_la_calle_Atocha,_historia_viva www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/fin-de-semana/el-asesinato-de-los-abogados-de-atocha-1276229745.html www.afar2rep.org/memoria/atocha.htm www.anticapitalistes.net/spip.php?article3554]

1978 - Robert Proix (b. 1895), French socialist, anarchist and pacifist, who was born in Jean-Baptiste André Godin's Familistère de Guise, a industrial workers community based on the principles of Fourier, dies. During WWII, he was interned in the Fort du Hâ in Bordeaux for helping Jews escape persecution. [see: Jan. 9]

1981 - Millions of Polish workers boycott their jobs in support of a demand by Solidarity for a 5-day work week.

[F] 1986 - __News International Strike / Wapping Dispute__: Beginning of the 54-week strike as 6,000 newspaper workers go on strike after protracted negotiations with their employers News International fail. On January 21, 'The Sun' NUJ chapel (the journalists had been offered a £2,000 bribe by the company) had voted 100-8 to move to Wapping despite NUJ instructions to the contrary. On the 23rd, the NUJ declared that 82% of its members had voted in favour of a strike. Police are moved into position around the Times Newspaper building. The following day [24th], the union declares a strike. Rupert Murdoch's company responds by issuing dismissal letters to all print union members and starts production at Wapping, preciptating the historic Wapping print dispute. In solidarity with the sacked workers some, 'the refuseniks', decide not to move to the new Wapping site. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_dispute www.wapping-dispute.org.uk/node/10 www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping.htm www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping_files/HaldaneNI.htm www.coldtype.net/Assets/pdfs/Wapping1.pdf www.metaltype.co.uk/stories/story5.shtml www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_7.php www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/news-international-strike-1986 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-printers-strike-their-jobs-unions-wapping-dispute-1986-1987] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5225]
 * = 25 || 1871 - Émile Roger (d. 1905), Ardennes anarchist, member of 'Les Desherities' (The Wretched) and 'Les Libertaires de Nouzon', born.

1891 - Jules Chazanoff aka 'Chazoff' (d. 1946), French electrical worker, proofreader, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-fascist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] In 1936, Louis Lecoin entrusted Lucien Haussard and him with the mission to find weapons and ammunition on behalf of the Committee of Supply for the anti-fascist militias and the CNT. In January and February 1939, he and Haussard were sent by Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste to the Pyrenean border to provide assistance to refugees fleeing Spanish fascism. The pair wrote a striking account ('Visions d'horreur et d'épouvante') of the living conditions in these camps for the newspaper 'SIA' in February 1939, and he later intervens to free Haussard who had been arrested in Perpignan for "fraudulent introduction of foreigners into France". During the occupation, he reorganised the syndicat des correcteurs in the 'union-free zone' of the Lyon area (zone libre). Denounced as a communist for his work with the syndicat des électriciens, he was arrested by the Germans and interned at the Tourelles barrackes from July 2 to October 16 1941. During his detention he fell ill and had his stomach removed - the German Major in charge of the sick at Tenon hospital told him to "go off and die on your own" when releasing him. He then worked in the restaurants sociaux in the rue Pierre Lescot in Halles. November 18, 1943, he was arrested again after being denounced as a Jew, and interned at Drancy camp (north of Paris) in January 1944. He was released by the Allies on August 18, 1944, but having contracted tuberculosis, he could not now work and he died September 19, 1946. [www.ephemanar.net/janvier21.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6543]

1894 - Ramon Murull, a 37 year old bricklayer, attempts to assasinate Ramon Larroca i Pascual, the civil governor of Barcelona, in revenge for the crackdown against anarchist circles and the resulting torture inflicted on those detained following the attack on the Gran Teatre del Liceu of 7 November 1893. His first shot grazes the governor's cheek and before Murull gets a chance to fire again he is arrested. Murull claims that "My attack was not against Mr. Larroca, but against the civil governor, head of the anti-anarchist campaign". He gets 17 years in prison for his efforts.

1899 - Vincenzo Perrone (d. 1936), Italian railway worker, sales representative and anarchist, born. He fought in the Italian army during WWI and was sent to Tripoli during military operations against the Libyan revolt. Discharged from the army in December 1920, he enrolled in the Salerno section Combattenti ed ex Arditi di Guerra. A functionary in the State Railways, he attend some strikes and was fired for his political activities. As a suspected member of the anti-fascist Italia Libera (Free Italy), he was arrested on April 29, 1925 in a group of communist militants as they tried to hold a May Day demonstration. In July 1925, he and the militant anarchist Gerardo Landi left Salerno and settled in Milan, where he frequented libertarian circles, and became an anarchist. He returned to Salerno in August 1926 and was caught up in one of the numerous fascist police raids 2 months later and was sentenced to 15 days in prison for "carrying a knife". Upon his release, he was sentenced to five years confinement and sent to various prison colonies (Favignata, Ponça and Lipari). With comrades Emilio Lussu, Francesco Fausto Nitti and Carlo Rosselli, he participated in a project to escape from the island of Lipari. In August 1928, he was brought before a Special Court for "communist activities", but was eventually acquitted for lack of evidence. In February 29, 1932 he was released and, in November 1933, crossed clandestinely in France and then into Switzerland, where in Geneva he contacted Luigi Bertoni. In March 1934, he went to Tunisia where, with the help of fellow anarchist militants Luigi Damiani, Antonio Casubolo and Giulio Barresi, to obtained permission to reside there, working as a sales representative and making numerous trips to France. In July 1936, when he was in Paris when war broke out in Spain, and he was in the first group of Italian anarchists (including Camillo Berneri, Mario Girotti, Giuseppe Bifolchi, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini, Enzo Fantozzi, etc.) who went to Catalonia to fight the fascist uprising. He enlisted in the Batalló Giacomo Matteotti in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, led by Carlo Roselli and Mario Angeloni, and fought on the Aragon front. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Fosco Falaschi and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html]

1901 - Hippolyte Prosper Olivier Lissagaray (b. 1838), French independent revolutionary socialist, republican, literary journalist, lecturer and member of the Paris Commune in 1871, dies. [see: Nov. 24]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A railway strike began in Saratov, in Central Russia, where Governor Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин) enforces a tough policy against strikers. The railway strike quickly spread to the other railway lines, extending the revolutionary wave outwards to the most backward provinces. Kiev is shut down by a general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

1911* - Carme Millà i Tersol (d. 1999), Catalant artist (line drawing), designer, publicist and anarcho-syndicalist poster artist, born. Following the fascist military coup in July 1936, she was one of the creators in August 1936 (along with Enric Money, Gustau Cochet, Frank Alpresa, Ricardo Fernández, Lluís Alsina, Enrique del Amo, Enric Saperas, Josep Ballús, Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, Joaquim Cadena, Josep Company, Eduard Badia Vilató, Albert Sanmartí, etc.) of the Secció de Dibuixants, Pintors i Escultors (Designers, Painters and Sculptors Section) of the Sindicat Únic de Professions Liberals (Single Union of Liberal Professions) in the CNT in Barcelona, known as the 'Dibuixants CNT' (CNT Designers), and a member of the section's Secretariat. In July 1936, she wrote the statutes of the Comitè de l'Escola Nova Unificada (Committee of the New Unified School) and designed its poster '//Escola Nova: Poble Lliure//'. In October 1936, along with Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, appointed on behalf of the CNT to the Standing Liaison Committee of the Sindicat de Dibuixants Professionals (Union of Professional Designers), affiliated to the Unión General de Trabajadores. In May 1937, following the bloody events that took place in Barcelona, ​​she signed along with other CNY and UGT militants, a manifesto demanding the end to all violence amongst the workers; on the same date, she was appointed professor of art by the Catalan Generalitat. In 1938 she married her fellow anarcho-syndicalist artist Ramon Saladrigas Balbé and in March that year was appointed vice president of the 'Dibuixants CNT' (with Ramon as president). In April 1938 he signed, along with her fellow cenetistas Ramon Saladrigas, Eugenio Vicente, Ramon Arqués, Felipe Prado, Emili Freixes, Josep Company, Gaietà Marí i Joan Abellí, a manifesto addressed to the people of Catalonia calling on then to resist the fascist onslaught. With the fascist victory, she and Ramon left for France and eventually left for the Americas, arriving on July 27, 1939 in the port of Veracruz, Mexico. In 1941, along with Pere Calders and Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, she held an exhibition of her work in Veracruz. She also illustrated numerous books, including Jaime Félix Gil de Terradillos - '//Los Senderos Fantásticos//' (1949) and Josep Maria Francés - '//13½ Cuentos//' (1954), and led the editorial group on the '//Diccionario enciclopedico U.T.E.H.A.//' (Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Union Tipografica Editorial Hispano Americana), that was eventually published in 1967. In 1959, she returned to Barcelona, where in May she held an exhibition of her Mexican water colours in the Selecciones Jaimes gallery. She returned to Mexico in 1960 but returned permanently to Barcelona the following year, working in advertising. Carmen Millà Tersol died on December 1, 1999 in Barcelona. [* many sources cite 1907] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2501.html cartellistes.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/els-cartellistes-del-sindicat-de.html andalucia.cnt.es/node/3942]

1915 - In Coppage v. Kansas, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds "yellow dog" contracts, which forbid membership in labour unions, finding that state law, in this case Kansas, cannot outlaw companies from banning union membership amongst their employees. denied to states as well the power to ban yellow-dog contracts. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppage_v._Kansas law.jrank.org/pages/13587/Coppage-v-Kansas.html]

1923 - Kurt Gustav Wilckens, German anarchist pacifist emigrant, assassinates Colonel Varela aka the 'Killer of Patagonia' (so named for his role in the rounding up and summary execution of 1,500 workers, many of them anarchists) in Buenos Aires.

[F] 1926 - __Passaic Textile Workers' Strike__: Textile workers in mills in and around Passaic, New Jersey, go on strike over wages, hours, and working conditions. The strike ended on March 1 of the following year after the final mill being picketed signed a contract with the striking workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Passaic_textile_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-textile-workers-strike-against-wage-cuts-passaic-nj-1926-1927]

1950 - John William 'Chummy' Fleming (b. 1863), Britiah-born bootmaker, pioneer Australian unionist, agitator for the unemployed, and prominent Melbourne anarchist, dies aged 86 during the night of January 25-26. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chummy_Fleming www.takver.com/history/chummy.htm www.bastardarchive.org/?p=137 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fleming-john-william-6189]

1962 - Lucy Fox Robins Lang (b. 1884), US anarchist and labour activist, dies. [see: Mar. 30]

1964 - Alternate date for the death of Gregorio Jover Cortés (b. 1891), Spanish militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist and fighter against Franco, according to the Ateneu Llibertari Estel Negre. [see: Mar. 25 & Oct. 25]

1972 - 18-year old Nan Freeman – a college student at New College in Sarasota, Florida and native of Wakefield, Massachusetts, who had responded to appeals for help by striking farm workers at the Talisman Sugar plant near Belle Glade, Florida – is struck and killed by a double trailer truck driven by a scab driver. Pickets had complained to the police about scab drivers speeding by the picket lines through stop signs at the plant gates to splash rain and mud on the striking workers. Cesar Chavez wrote of Freeman, "…she is a sister who picketed with farm workers in the middle of the night because of her love for justice…to be honored and remembered for as long as farm workers struggle for justice." [chavez.cde.ca.gov/ModelCurriculum/Teachers/Lessons/Resources/Documents/Eulogy_Nan_Freeman.pdf]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: Workers at the Frametex textile company downed tools, demanding R20 a week – they were being paid between R5 to R9 a week. The British press in their coverage of the strikes blamed employers for paying low wages, and focused their reporting in large part on Philip Frame of the Frame Group. By February 2, workers at other Frame Group companies joined the strike, some 6,000 in total. By the time they accepted a wage offer, workers at yet other Frame Group companies went on strike, and textile workers at other factories, both large and small, joined in. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973]

2001 - In Davos, under massive police protection the World Economic Forum meets as anti-Globalisation protesters (having slipped through closed borders) try to disrupt the Forum.

2001 - The first World Social Forum begins in Oporto Alegre, Brazil. ||
 * = 26 || 1817 - Jean-Baptiste Godin (d. 1888), Utopian socialist thinker, Fourieriste and founder of Familistère (Social Palace) utopian community in Guise, northern France, born.

1840 - Édouard Vaillant (d. 1915), Paris Communard revolutionary, co-editor of the '//Affiche Rouge//' (Red Poster) and member of the Blanquist tendency of the First International, born.

[F] 1886 - In Decazeville, France, the pitiless sub-manager of Watrin Mines, who had forced a 10% reduction in workers' wages, ignores their protests. Attacked by an angry crowd, he barricades himself in his office and, still under attack, dies when he jumps from his window.

1901 - Marguerite Aspès (d. 1937), French anarchist militant and revolutionary syndicalist, born. www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2601.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7622]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 13] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In Riga 60,000 workers stage a political general strike in response to a call the previous day by the Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku Partija (Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party) to protest against the Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg. ["Now that the snow bridge in St. Petersburg have the blood of our comrades - a disgrace to work and shed sweat for the benefit of the exploiters. At this important moment in our duty, the duty of all workers to quit work and join the St. Petersburg comrades! We declare a general strike." - LSDWP leaflet] The strike quickly spread across Latvia to Liepaja, Venstspils, Jelgava and Daugavpils, lasting for 12 days. In Riga itself, 15-20,000 workers staged a protest march. Starting from the city's Moscow suburb, the workers marched along Great Moscow Street towards the city centre singing revolutionary songs and carrying red flags and banners. At the then Iron Bridge (Dzelzs tilts) over the river Daugava [rebuilt and renamed as the Railway Bridge (Dzelzceļa tilts) after it was destroyed by WWII bombing] the protesters were stopped by a company of Riga junior officer school soldiers. Ordered to disperse, the crowd continued to press forward. Climbing onto the bridge, some began to pelt the troops with rocks whilst other tried to disarm the soldiers. Meanwhile, a second junior officer company had arrived from another direction, hemming-in the protesters on the bridge. Under orders from the blood-thirsty Russian governor general, Baron Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky (Александр Николаевич Меллер-Закомельский) — another target of the workers' ire, along with the rest of the Tsarist ruling class — to fire on the crowd, three volleys of turned the snow on the bridge bright red. Panic set in and many attempted to jump on the icy river Daugava to escape, but the ice was too thin and many drowned. More than 70 people were shot dead and over 200 injured. An unknown number were also drowned. Meller-Zakomelsky was proud of the way his men had handled the situation and later wrote to the Tsar suggesting that if more local authorities were willing to act with such decisiveness there would be no further trouble. In the teeth of such ferocious repression, the strike movement continued to sweep like wildfire through Poland and the Baltic states. A similar situation existed in the Caucasus where a political general strike broke out. The movement cut across all national lines: Polish, Armenian, Georgian, Lithuanian and Jewish workers expressed their solidarity with their Russian counterparts in the most practical way — by fighting against the hated Russian autocracy. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._gada_revolūcija_Latvijā www.delfi.lv/news/vaidelote/lekcija-15/piekta-gada-kaujinieks.d?id=49545429 www.mfa.gov.lv/en/component/content/article?id=43173 www.marxist.com/archive/lenin/works/1905/jan/25.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меллер-Закомельский,_Александр_Николаевич]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: At a meeting of executive officers of local unions, it is recomended to the Central Labor Council that any general strike should be governed by a Strike Committee composed of three delegates from each striking union. The Seattle Central Labor Council holds a mass meeting, at which a motion to endorse the strike is carried by a unanimous vote. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1978 - __Jeudi Noir [Tunisian Black Thursday__]: Demonstrations organised by the Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens (UGTT; General Union of Tunisian Workers) in Tunis led to clashes between state security forces and striking workers. Scores of demonstrators are killed and injured, and hundreds of UGTT members, including its leadership under Habib Achour, are arrested. The demonstrations were also an expression of the growing protest movement against the worsening economic crisis in Tunisia brought on by state policies as framed in the Five-Year Plan of 1973–1977. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeudi_noir_(Tunisie) www.citoyensdesdeuxrives.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=897:le-26-janvier-1978-la-greve-generale-et-le-l-jeudi-noir-r&catid=122:dune-rive-&Itemid=128 blogs.mediapart.fr/salah-horchani/blog/250115/26-janvier-1978-le-jeudi-noir-tunisien-ses-victimes-ne-les-oublions-pas-ce-sont-aussi-des-martyr www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tunisia/politics-1978.htm]

1989 - Llum Gil Domènech (b. 1901), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. Introduced the libertarian movement at a young age by her father, she was particularly active in the CNT from the 1930s in the Sindicat Tèxtil. In 1976 she joined the CNT's Sindicat de Jubilats (Pensioners Union) in the Verneda neighborhood of Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2601.html] ||
 * = 27 || 1513 - African slaves are introduced into the island of Puerto Rico.

1842 - François Dumartheray (d. 1931), French anarchist communist and member of the First International, born. [fra.anarchopedia.org/François_Dumartheray fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Dumartheray libcom.org/history/dumartheray-francois-1842-1931]

1850 - Samuel Gompers (d. 1924), Anglo-American cigar-maker, conservative US labour union leader and Freemason, who as president of the American Federation of Labor strongly opposed the IWW ("rainbow chasers") and any thing that smacked of socialism in his defence of craft unionism, is born in London, England. "We want more school houses and less jails; more books and less arsenals; more learning and less vice; more constant work and less crime; more leisure and less greed; more justice and less revenge; in fact more of the opportunities to cultivate our better natures, to make manhood more noble, womanhood more beautiful and childhood more happy and bright." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/samuel-gompers spartacus-educational.com/USAgompers.htm www.gompers.umd.edu/IWW.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_philosophy_and_tactics terpconnect.umd.edu/~jklumpp/ARD/Gompers.pdf]

[E] 1882 - Poss. date [see also: Jul. 27] for the birth of Hélène Brion (d. 1962), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she is given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of '//La Voie Féministe//' (1978) who never finished her monumental '//Encyclopédie Féministe//', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time. [expand]

1908 - In Adair v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court rules a law banning discrimination against union labour is unconstitutional, upholding employers’ "yellow-dog" contracts, which forbade workers from joining a union as a condition of their employment. In this case, William Adair, a master mechanic who supervised employees at the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, had fired O. B. Coppage in 1906 for belonging to labour union called the Order of Locomotive Fireman. Adair's actions were in direct violation of Section 10 of the Erdman Act of 1898 which made it illegal for employers to "threaten any employee with loss of employment" or to "unjustly discriminate against an employee because of his membership in ... a labour corporation, organization or association." Yellow-dog contracts were finally outlawed in 1932 in the U.S. under the Norris-LaGuardia Act. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adair_v._United_States www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/208/161]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Every mill in town is now closed and the number of strikers has swelled to 25,000, including virtually all of the less-skilled workers. The owners, contemptuous of the ability of uneducated, immigrant workers ability to organise themselves and survive the lack of wages, do not bother to recruit scabs, certain they will prevail quickly. By the time they realised they had a fight on their hands, the strikers were so well-organised that importing scabs was a far more difficult proposition. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

[F] 1913* - __Paterson Silk Strike__: One of the oldest industrial cities in the United States, Paterson, New Jersey, was known as the "Silk City of America" with more than one-third of its 73,000 workers holding jobs in the silk industry. It also had a long history of conflicts between mill owners and textile workers, but the silk strike of 1913 was the biggest, longest, and most dramatic strike in Paterson’s history, during which approximately 1,850 strikers were arrested, including Industrial Workers of the World leaders William Dudley Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and five people, both strikers and non-strikers, killed. The strike began when 800 silk workers, almost the entire work force at the Doherty Silk Mill, walked off the job following the sacking of four members of a workers committee. The mill's owner Henry Doherty had increased the number of looms each weaver had tended from two to four and, although Doherty had promised that wages would increase under the new system, their wages had not been increased and the weavers also anticipated that the four-loom system would eventually increase unemployment and job competition and decrease wages. They had therefore attempted to organise a meeting with the company's management to discuss the four-loom system on January 27, 1913, but following the dismissals, the workers had spontaneously struck. The workers however were largely unorganised. Being mostly foreign-born, non-English-speaking, unskilled workers, the AFL's United Textile Workers did not want their dues but the smaller National Industrial Union of Textile Workers' Local 152 of the IWW, which had gradually grown in size through the efforts of local organisers, Ewald Koettgen and Adolph Lessig, were asked for their help. The local agreed and, with Doherty refusing to bargain with the strikers, Local 152 request help from IWW headquarters in Chicago. On February 25, 1913, [the date regularly and erroneously given as the beginning of the strike] IWW national [sic] organisers Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlos Tresca and Pat Quinland arrived to speak at a mass meeting, where all three were arrested that night at the meeting. A prominent feminist, Gurley Flynn would go on to be the most important of the IWW organisers in Paterson, along with Big Bill Haywood who arrived later that week. She was on the site of the pickets every day, delivered numerous speeches, and organised Tuesday night meetings for the female silk workers, who compromised half the strikers, and for the wives and daughters of male strikers. Flynn’s efforts helped cultivate female organisers, Italian and Jewish women like Carrie Golzio and Hannah Silverman joined the traditional local leadership of male weavers (Adolf Lessig, Louis Magnet and Evald Koettgen). Silverman, a seventeen-year-old mill worker who became an effective public speaker and also led the Paterson Strike Pageant parade up Fifth Avenue on June 8 to Madison Square Garden, where the strikers themselves reenacted scenes form the strike in a play organised by Greenwich Village artists in an effort to raise funds for the strikers. The strike also itself proved to be extraordinary in that it was a general strike that unifyied the skilled and unskilled, the English-speaking with the Italians and Jews, and all the distinct crafts. Every morning workers gathered at Turn and Helvetia Halls to meet with the Central Strike Committee and plan the day’s picketing, to get food to strikers, and to respond to whatever events may happen that day. In the end, the strike only proved to be a partial victory for the workers. Although the dyer’s helpers did not gain the 8-hour day, the weavers did protect the two-loom system and preserve the right of free speech, both on the streets and in the factory. In 1919, Paterson silk workers won the 8-hour day, but by that time Paterson’s silk industry was already in decline. [NB: Some sources give the date as euither Jan. 23 or 24.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Paterson_silk_strike patersongreatfalls.org/silkstrike.html njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/striking-out/ www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=302118.xml www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/21/1202513/-Anti-Capitalist-Meetup-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-and-the-Paterson-Silk-Strike www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/6/1199616/-Hellraisers-Journal-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-Reports-From-Paterson caucus99percent.com/tags/paterson-silk-strike-1913 www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-paterson.pdf www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_strike.html spartacus-educational.com/USApaterson.htm www.thehistorygirl.com/2013/03/gathering-for-cause-botto-house-and.html engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=clhist_facpub canvas.instructure.com/courses/907618/files/31984004/download?wrap=1 www.kean.edu/~NJHPP/proRef/silkStrike/pdf/silkStrikeLesson.pdf]

1917 - Founding of the first trade union organisation representing workers within the SNCF, as the Syndicat National des Chemins de Fer (National Union of Railwayworkers), the Fédération des Mécaniciens et Chauffeurs (Federation of Mechanics and Drivers), the Association des Agents de Trains (Association of Train Agents), the Association Générale du Personnel de l'État (General Staff Association of the State) and the Association Générale du Personnel des Chemins de Fer du PLM [Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée] (General Association of Railway Personnel of the PLM) merge to form the Fédération Nationale des Travailleurs des Chemins de Fer de France, des Colonies et des pays de Protectorat (National Railway Workers' Federation of France, the Colonies and Protectorate Countries) within the CGT. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_des_travailleurs_cadres_et_techniciens_des_chemins_de_fer_CGT www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du www.humanite.fr/syndicalisme-un-siecle-de-bataille-du-rail-631207]

1919 - __Calais Mutiny__: The newly organised Soldiers Councils called a strike, which was coordinated by a strike committee, the Calais Soldiers' and Sailors' Association. Not a single man turned up for reveille. The sentries were replaced by pickets. That same morning, at another camp in nearby Vendreux, over 2,000 men came out in sympathy. Later that morning they marched to the Calais camp as a gesture of solidarity. After a mass meeting both camps marched behind brass bands towards the headquarters, where Brigadier Rawlinson was stationed. By now the mutineers totalled 4,000. The headquarters were quickly surrounded and a deputation entered. They demanded the release of Private Pantling. The authorities capitulated and promised that he would be back in his camp within twenty-four hours. [archive.org/stream/anarchomex2011/mutinieswwi_djvu.txt libcom.org/history/articles/calais-mutiny www.marxist.com/1919-britain-on-the-brink-of-revolution.htm]

1920 - First meeting of the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

1968 - Following the Harumi Incident (Harumi Jiken)[see: Jan. 19], medical students hold a series of meetings a decide to begin indefinite strikes and to boycott examinations and to disrupt the graduation ceremonies scheduled for late March unless the Medical Faculty reverses its decision over the intern system or the punishments. [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

2012 - Adela García Murillo (b. 1919), Spanish anarchist, who joined the CNT when the Columna Maroto, headed by Francisco Maroto del Ojo, arrive in Güéjar Sierra, dies. During the war, along with her son-in-law José Barcojo and other militants, she participated in the reorganisation of the clandestine CNT in Granada and was involved in the post-1939 maquis support networks. Arrested following a tip-off, pent 10 years in a women's prison and, upon her release, she devoted herself to the reorganisation of the confederation in the city of Granada. After the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, she actively participated in the reappearance of the CNT in Granada. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/6m9146 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/actividades-no-sindicales/1515-adela-garcia-murillo.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2701.html] || She became famous in 1913, when only seventeen, and having been mentored by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, for her leading role in the Paterson, NJ. Silk Strike of 1913. Her life is obscure before 1913, and after 1913 it becomes obscure again. Only in the months during and immediately after the Paterson Strike was she a public figure. But in that brief period she became a symbol of what women could do in labour conflicts, if given the opportunity. Silk was Paterson's biggest industry, and strikes at one or another of the almost 300 silk mills were a common occurrence. The 1913 Strike was different because all the mills went out on strike together, and because the strikers invited the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) to help them. When the strike began, late in February 1913, Silverman was working at the Westerhoff silk mill, which she enthusiastically joined in picketing. By April 25, 1915, she had become the captain of the pickets around the mill. So when the police arrived on that day and attempted to disperse the crowd, it was to the seventeen-year-old that they turned. She refused to cooperate, and they arrested her, before arresting 47 of her fellow picketers. She was charged with "unlawful assembly" and spent the night in the city jail. But she was undaunted. Out awaiting trial, she returned to the picket line and was arrested again, and again. In May, she and six other girls were charged with harassing two female strike-breakers. Silverman, in recognition of her growing leadership, was given the stiffest sentence, 60 days in the county jail. Cheered by hundreds along the way to jail, she and the six other girls sang union songs to show that they were unrepentant. A writ was filed on her behalf and she was freed on $5,000 bail after only two days. Not satisfied, Silverman threatened to take the case to the upper courts and to bring suit for false arrest. The charge was quietly dropped. Speaking that Sunday from the balcony of the Botto house, in nearby Haledon, to tens of thousands of silk-workers and their relatives and friends, she said she had been to the county jail three times but that the police could not keep her away from the picket lines. Now she was beginning to acquire a reputation as the incarnation of the fierce pride, resilient spirit, and idealistic hopes of the silk strikers. She came to trial on the original charge of unlawful assembly early in June 1913, while the strike continued. The prosecutor, hammering away on the theme of outside agitators from the IWW stirring up local workers, tried to use her to make his point. He demanded that she tell what the IWW really was and admit that "Big Bill" Haywood. the famous labour agitator, was really the lWW. "Haywood is Haywood," declared the unflappable Silverman. "The workers in the mills are the IWW." The next day, while waiting for her trial to resume, she was seated in the rear of the courtroom when the judge gave an unusually harsh sentence to another striker. Some accounts say Silverman gasped and others say she hissed, but the judge was furious and slapped her with a 20-day sentence for disorderly conduct. Lawyers secured her release from county jail in time for her to lead the massive Paterson Strike Pageant parade to Madison Square Garden on June 7, where the strikers acted out the drama of their strike before an overflow crowd. "One of the leading lights in the present strike" was the way a Paterson newspaper described the seventeen-year-old. Opinions of Silverman varied according to attitudes held toward the strike. Described by a defence lawyer as a "mere slip of a girl, in fact only a kid," she was denounced as the "little agitator" by an assistant prosecutor and as an "impudent girl” by the judge. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, the IWW organiser who encouraged Paterson women to come forward and be leaders, called Silverman "the heroine of the strike" and cited her in an article two years later as an example of what women could do in strikes, once given the chance. But the strike was lost. Silverman was almost certainly blacklisted. It is not clear how she spent the next nine years. In 1922 she married a 39-year old Lithuanian Jew named Harry J. Mandell, who did not come from Paterson. She became a homemaker. The family, which included Robert and Jack, their two children, struggled economically during the Depression. In 1935 they moved from Paterson to Brooklyn, where Harry Mandell tried to make a living running a candy store. After it went bankrupt they were dependent on relief for several years. Eventually, Silverman's husband bought a new Store in Paterson, and she worked alongside him. She never spoke of her role in the strike in front of the children, though she and her husband frequently made mention of Haywood, Flynn, and the IWW and he sometimes teased her about her strike activities. Silverman‘s own family reflected the social and political divisions in the Jewish community. Her older sister Bertha married a mill owner who moved his business out of State to escape Paterson’s labour militancy. Her younger brother Harold worked as a mill hand in Paterson and continued to denounce the owners. Silverman was particularly kind to him. Always proud of her Jewish heritage, she was never religious. She lived out her life with quiet integrity, but without special excitement or attention, and without an arena for her proven abilities as a speaker and leader. In the 1967 school board election in Wayne, her son Jack, who was not aware of his mother's activity in the 1913 Strike, bravely withstood anti-Semitic attacks and became (like his mother) briefly famous. Silverman herself had died seven years earlier on July 17. 1960. from a heart attack. She is buried in King Solomon's Cemetery in Clifton, NJ. [bestteenagersever.com/tag/hannah-silverman/]
 * = 28 || 1896 - Hannah Silverman, later Hannah Mandell (d. 1960), US silk worker and labour activist, born in New York City. Morris Silverman, her father, was an American-born Jew of German parentage. Sarah (Sarna) Silverman, her mother, was a Polish Jew born in the manufacturing city of Lodz, where her family worked in textiles. There were thirteen children in the Sarna family. Hirsh Sarna, their father, brought his wife, Fannie, and eight or nine children to the United States, where Sarah met and married Morris Silverman. Silverman was the second of their four children.

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: A meeting is held at the Trades Hall at which 43 unions are represented. By 18:00, they had decided to issue an ultimatum to Badger and the company. This Combined Unions' Committee (of the 43 unions) appointed a Strike Committee, with Harry Coyne (Australian Labor Party MLA) as its president, and John Moir the secretary. Meanwhile, the unions organised to meet the needs of the strikers and issued permits to businesses allowed to carry on with restricted union labour. [see: Jan. 18]

1914 - The Edmonton city council in Canada agrees to demands from the Industrial Workers of the World’s Unemployed League that the city assist the unemployed. The city council provided a large hall for the homeless, passed out three 25-cent meal tickets to each unemployed man daily, and employed 400 people on a public project.

1917 - __Bath Riots__: 17-year old house cleaner Carmelita Torres leads what will become known as the 'Bath Riots' at the Juarez / El Paso border, refusing the gasoline and chemical 'bath' imposed on Mexican workers crossing the border into the U.S.. Torres and 30 other women resisted and several hundred people quickly joined in the demonstration. Troops eventually quelled the riot and Torres was arrested. The practice continued for decades. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Bath_Riots zinnedproject.org/materials/ringside-seat-to-a-revolution/ www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5176177]

1918 - __Januarstreik [January General Strike__]: General strike in major German cities. At a rally in Munich, Erich Mühsam calls the 10,000 workers present for a continuation of the strike. He is arrested by police and placed under house arrest.

1918 - __Januarstreik [January General Strike__]: During the First World War the German civilian population suffered greatly from the poor food supply, the resort to the use of the Arbeitsdienst (Work Service) and its often degrading working conditions. Their willingness to accept hunger, deprivation, and state repression fell rapidly as a result of the lack of military success in the course of the war years, and against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution. Thus, at the end of January 1918, for the first time since the beginning of the war in 1914, a political mass strike ensued, involving around one million people in the entire German Reich. Their main demand was "Frieden und Brot!" (Peace and Bread!). The strike began on January 28, 1918, called by the Spartakusbund and the allied metalworkers' union. As a result, workers from the armaments and ammunition industry were the first to go on strike, other industries soon followed. The strike is now seen as a "forgotten uprising", a "rehearsal for the November revolution". In Berlin alone, 400,000 workers, mainly from the armaments and ammunition industry, followed the call and marched through the city. At a meeting in the Berlin Gewerkschaftshaus (Trade Union House) during the afternoon, a 414-strong Groß-Berliner-Arbeiterrat (Grand Berlin workers' council) was elected, who met in the trade union building and formed an action committee consisting of eleven members. The chair of the committee was Richard Müller, a leading head of the Revolutionären Obleute (revolutionary councilors). The Aktionsausschuß (Action Committee) also included the leaders of the two main Social Democratic parties: Philipp Scheidemann, Friedrich Ebert and Otto Braun from the SPD as well as Wilhelm Dittmann, Georg Ledebour and Hugo Haase from the USPD. In order not to lose their own influence over the workers, the SPD was particularly concerned not to leave the strike leadership solely to the Spartacus League. By participating in the strike, however, the SPD burdened its relationship with the other parties in the Reichstag on a lasting basis. After the strike in Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and other large cities, as well as in the Ruhr, with an increasing numbers of work stoppages, a tightening of the state of siege in Berlin was imposed on January 31, 1918, as the government and the military feared an insurrection in the capital. As a result, demonstrations and rallies were violently suppressed, where there were both many deaths and injuries. Seven of the city's largest companies were now placed under military control and a deadline of February 4 was set for the strikers to return to work or face arrest and facing military courts. With mass arrests already leading to up to 500 workers per day being sentenced to war service, on February 3 the Action Committee announced the ending of the strike, which had unequivocally expressed the weariness of the war to the wider population. Many of the strike leaders were also arrested but the government's attempts to curb the revolutionary potential in Germany that February eventually proved to be in vain, with the November revolution breaking out later that year. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januarstreik de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Müller_(Politiker,_1880) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionäre_Obleute www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/erster-weltkrieg/innenpolitik/januarstreik-1918.html www.novemberrevolution.de/maintext.php?cap=januarstreik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918–19 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_de_janvier]

[F] 1919 - __Calais Mutiny__: On Tuesday morning Private Pantling was returned. But by now some 20,000 men had joined the mutiny and the strike was spreading French workers were cooperating and a total embargo was placed upon the movement of British military traffic by rail. In fact the rail stoppage was a significant factor in the escalation of the struggle. 5,000 infantrymen due to return home, finding themselves delayed, struck in support of their own demand for immediate demobilisation. In an attempt to intimidate the mutineers General Byng and fresh troops were sent for. Unfortunately Byng made the mistake of arriving before his men. His car was immediately commandeered by the mutineers and replaced by a modest Ford. Byng's troops were delayed for a further two days by Lhe blacking of British transport. When they arrived machine guns were placed at strategic points, such as food stores and munition dumps. Byng's troops, in the words of a participant, were "bits of boys who were sent out just as the war ended."

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: As the Great Depression affected Romania, in 1932, the government introduced a series of austerity measures at the Căile Ferate Române (Romanian Railways) Grivița Workshops in Bucharest, firstly reducing the salaries of clerks, then cancelling rent and expenses allowances for blue collar workers, which amounted to a 25% pay cut. The final spark that triggered the revolt was when on January 20, 1933, at CFR Grivița Workshops in Bucharest, the administration announced that workers would be paid only if they brought proof that they had paid all their taxes for the previous three years. The following day, 700 workers from the train wagon workshop (who worked in the open air without cover) were dismissed until the weather improved. When the cleaners at the Saturn workshop went out on strike, the sindicatul roşu (red union, controlled by the Communists) decided to organise a solidarity protest strike. On January 28, head of the communist-dominated 'comitet de fabrică' Panait Bogătoiu led the wagon workshop and the temporarily dismissed workers out on strike at 10:30, and submitted a list of demands to the company. These included the cessation of wage cuts and a pay increase of 20%; payments for periods when employees are unable to work because of the breakdown of machinery; payment for apprentices for the time they spent in school; re-employment of workers returning from the army; increasing women's salary; ensure a minimum wage for porters; and the re-introducing of the rent allowance. Especially important was the recognition of the factory committee chosen by all the workers regardless of what political party to they belonged to. 3,000 workers from other parts of the plant swiftly joined the walkout. The Liberal-Fascist Minister of Communications, Eduard Mirto, now intervened in the dispute, becoming involved in the mediation process between the workers and the Administration Council of the Romanian Railroads. Mirto approved all the economic demands of the workers: granting a minimum wage of 4000 lei and re-introducing the rent allowance. The leaders of the social-democratic union announced that they're content with the results of the negotiations but the remainder of the workers did not trust the authorities' promises. Despite the talks and concessions gained, the CFR Grivița Workshop workers remained in dispute. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1946 - At Bulmes Square (Santiago, Chile) eight workers are murdered by police and many more seriously injured by the police dogs. ||
 * = 29 || 1888 - Jean-Baptiste Godin (b. 1817), Utopian socialist thinker, Fourieriste and the founder of Familistère (Social Palace) utopian community in **​**Guise, northern France, dies. [see: Jan. 26]

[DD] 1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Mexicali, Baja California, a border town with several thousand inhabitants, is taken in a pre-dawn raid by a group of about thirty, mostly Mexican Magónista revolutionaries led by Jose Maria Leyva. The sole casualty is the town's jailor. The American journalist John Kenneth Turner, who supported and supervised the movement from the American side of the border, began a solidarity campaign with the Mexican Revolution known as "Hands Off Mexico!", to denounce the movement of United States troops toward the border. under Simón Berthold and José María Levya. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Mexicali libcom.org/history/uprising-baja-california www.pacarinadelsur.com/home/oleajes/694-la-revuelta-magonista-de-1911-en-baja-california www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/99winter/magonista.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Berthold]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike / Death of Anna LoPizzo__: At one of the largest demonstrations of the Bread & Roses strike, IWW Executive Board member Joseph Ettor addresses a mass meeting on the Lawrence Common, urging the strikers to be peaceful and orderly, and leads them on a march through the business district. At one of the mills, a company of militiamen refuses to let them pass. Ettor averts a conflict by waving the paraders up a side street. They follow, cheering him for his good sense. During the evening, independent of the earlier demonstration, Anna LoPizzo, a woman striker, is shot and killed by a police officer (Oscar Benoit) firing into the crowd as police attack a peaceful picket line. Nineteen witnesses claim to have seen Benoit murder Ms. LoPizzo. Despite being three miles away at the time talking to a meeting of German workers, Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti are arrested as "accessories to the murder" and charged with inciting and provoking the violence. They were refused bail and imprisoned for eight months without trial. In April, Joseph Caruso, an Italian striker, was arrested and jailed in an attempt by Lawrence police to find the man who had fire the fatal shot – this despite the fact that had not even heard of either Ettor or Giovannitti at the time of his arrest and was at home eating supper, as witnessed by his landlord, his child's god-father and his wife, when he was supposed to have shot Annie LoPizzo. Martial law is enforced following the arrest of the two IWW strike leaders. City officials declare all parades, open air meetings, and gatherings of three or more illegal, and Governor Foss (also a mill owner) calls out an additional twelve companies of infantry and two troops of cavalry to patrol the streets. A fifteen-year old Syrian striker, John Ramay [also variously given as Ramey, Rami and Ramy], is bayoneted in the back by a militiaman and later died during another clash between strikers and police the following day. The arrest of Ettor and Ciovannitti was aimed at disrupting the strike. However, the IWW sent Bill Haywood to Lawrence, and with him came IWW organisers William Trautmann, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and, later, Carlo Tresca, an Italian anarchist. More than 15,000 strikers met Haywood at the train station and carried him down Essex Street to the Lawrence Common, where he addressed a group of 25,000 strikers. Group by group, they sang the 'Internationale' for him in their various tongues. Looking down from the speaker's stand and seeing the young strikers in the crowd, Haywood roared in his foghorn voice: "Those kids should be in school instead of slaving in the mills." [www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/12 dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/strikers/caruso-ettor-and-giovannitti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_James_Ettor en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Giovannitti]

[F] 1919 - __Fort Leavenworth Prison Strikes__: A 'gang' of 150 workers, some of the approximately 400 conscientious objectors still being held in military prisons and serving long sentences, decide to stop their required daily work in the middle of the day, the beginnings of a labour strike. The prisoners as a group were undecided about the specific goals of the strike. That night three prisoners started a fire and burned parts of the quartermaster’s warehouse, causing $100,000 of damage. It is unclear whether these actions were related to the present strike or to prison tension. The next day of 30 January 1919, 2,300 prisoners refused to work, and during the strike leaders of the prisoners, like H. Austin Simons, urged non-violence. The prisoners were sent back to the prison and used the rest of the day to organise. Committees and elected leaders from each wing of the prison drafted a list of demands for the prison authorities. Their demands were as follows: 1.Colonel Rice recommend to the War Department the immediate release of military prisoners; 2. Immunity from punishment for all men who had participated in the strike; 3. Recognition of a permanent grievance committee consisting of prisoners which would connect the prisoner’s to the prison authority and try to improve prisoner grievances (called the General Prisoners Conference Committee or the Prisoners’ Committee.) [libcom.org/history/1919-prison-strikes-fort-leavenworth aintmarching.net/tag/strike-at-fort-leavenworth/]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: At a meeting held at the headquarters of the railroad union in Grivița to discuss the situation, the workers assembled there are attacked by the police. Several workers are injured and two others killed; the government had now shown that it was fully determined to employ drastic measures in order to stifle the workers' struggle. However, this act of repression did not have its intended effect. In Iasi, Galati, Braila, Cluj, Sibiu, etc., there followed a series of popular gatherings to protest both the bloody crackdown on January 29 and the government ban on the congress of civil servants. For the railway engineers it became clear that they could not win their claims without a fight.

1936 - After Firestone Tire & Rubber in Akron, Ohio, arbitrarily fires a worker, workers stage a fifty-five-hour sit-down occupation of the plant. It was one of three occupations that happened in January of the largest tire companies that refused to recognize the United Rubber Workers of America union and ignored demands for fair work rules. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1952 - __Ekibastuz Prisoners' Strike [Экибастузская Забастовка Заключённых__]: The prisoners' hunger and work strike is called off. [see: Jan. 22 & 24]

1968 - General strike in Sardinia, involving 80,000 workers.

1972 - Benjamin J. Legere (b. 1887), US actor and IWW organiser, who played an important role in the Little Falls strike in 1912 and the 1922 Lawrence textile strike, dies. [see: May 30]

1993 - __Dundee Timex Strike__: Workers at the Timex factory in Dundee, Scotland, go on strike against proposed layoffs, a wage-freeze, and reduction in benefits. They were subsequently locked out and replaced with scabs. Six months later, the factory closed. [til Aug. 29] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timex_strike www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/timex-closes-dundee-factory-company-leaves-city-after-bitter-dispute-1464205.html www.oocities.org/capitolhill/senate/7672/ECN/timex.html socialistpartyscotland.org.uk/2013/01/21/timex-when-workers-fought-the-bosses-to-a-standstill/ www.scotsman.com/news/remembering-the-timex-factory-dispute-1-2747666]

2000 - Police fire tear gas at World Economic Forum protesters, Davos. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lefrançais]
 * = 30 || 1826 - Gustave Adolphe Lefrançais (d. 1901), French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, and a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation, born.

1837 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having been pardoned on March 10, 1836, on condition of good conduct, and given free passage home following a mass campaign back in England, George Loveless had had to delay his departure by several months until he was certain his wife Elizabeth had not set sail to join him. Only now does George Loveless set sail from Van Diemen’s Land on board the Eveline, arriving back in England on June 13, 1837. His five comrades are even more delayed as the authorities in New South Wales had been far more dilatory in conveying the government's instructions and offer to them, not setting sail until September 11.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 17] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: 160,000 workers are on strike in 650 factories in the capital. The spontaneous mass movement in solidarity with the St Petersburg workers swept across the whole country. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Jan. 17] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military District General Fedor Fedorovich Gryaznov (Фёдор Фёдорович Грязнов) is assassinated in Tiflis (Tblisi) by a bomb thrown by a Menshevik railway worker, Arsene Dzhordzhiashvili (Арсен Джорджиашвили). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Грязнов,_Фёдор_Фёдорович profsouz.moy.su/index/0-18]

[F] 1910 - Founding congress in Lund of the anarcho-syndicalist Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden). [www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Arbetares_Centralorganisation en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Organisation_of_the_Workers_of_Sweden]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Anti-Diaz, and later anti-Madero and pro-Huerta, Mexican revolutionary leader Pascual Orozco attacks federal garrison in Ciudad Juarez. Garrison relieved by federal troops 3 days later. Orozco initially aided the Magónistas, supplying them with arms, and at various points had Pancho Villa as his subordinate.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: A fifteen-year old Syrian striker, John Ramay [also variously given as Ramey, Rami and Ramy], is bayoneted in the back by a militiaman and later dies. With the death being blamed on the strikers themselves, Joseph Ettor from his jail cell comments: "Bayonets cannot weave cloth." [pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/501862405.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+31%2C+1912&author=Sibley%2C+Frank+P&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+%281872-1922%29&desc=DEAD+NOW+NUMBER+TWO--ETTOR+AND+HIS+RIGHT+HAND+MAN+ARRESTED+ON+MURDER+CHARGE]

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: With no response from Badger and Brisbane Tramways, the strike committee declare a general strike. They declared that until the demands of the unionists are met, the strike would continue peacefully. The Strike Committee also decide to issue full publicity of the view of the strikers through a daily bulletin. By the following day Brisbane is practically at a standstill: the trains are not running, hotels are closed, and food shops are closing down rapidly. By Saturday 4th, a Citizen’s Automobile Corps had been formed to assist governmental works. The strike leaders sought to keep the strikers busy with daily speeches, processions through city streets, sporting contests, and more speeches. The strikers generally wore red ribbons to show solidarity. The strikers formed a Vigilance Committee that recruited 500 Vigilance Officers in order to keep order among the strikers. They also set up an ambulance brigade. The government decided not to continue granting permits for processions and to issue a proclamation prohibiting them. [see: Jan. 18]

1919 - __Calais Mutiny__: The mutiny ends when General Byng finally surrounded Calais with troops equipped with armoured cars and machine guns. However, fraternisation continued between the forces. General Haig wanted the leaders of the Calais mutiny shot. However, the government feared provoking an explosion. There was no soldier punished for the incident despite the fact that mutiny was punishable by death. The only reprisals were in the navy, where one sailor was sentenced to two years’ hard labour, three to one year and three to ninety days’ detention for refusing to go to sea, taking over the patrol vessel HMS Kilbride at Milford Haven, hauling down the white ensign and hoisting the red flag instead. Within three months demobilisation began in earnest - only just in time to avert another wave of mutiny. The lesson that the military machine could be beaten had been learnt. Churchill commented at the time that "if these armies had formed a "united resolve", if they had been seduced from the standards of duty and patriotism, there was no power which could have attempted to withstand them." [archive.org/stream/anarchomex2011/mutinieswwi_djvu.txt libcom.org/history/articles/calais-mutiny www.marxist.com/1919-britain-on-the-brink-of-revolution.htm]

1919 - __Fort Leavenworth Prison Strikes__: Following the refusal of 150 conscientious objector prisoners to work the previous day, 2,300 prisoners now refused to work, and during the strike leaders of the prisoners, like H. Austin Simons, urged non-violence. The prisoners were sent back to the prison and used the rest of the day to organise. Committees and elected leaders from each wing of the prison drafted a list of demands for the prison authorities. Their demands were: 1.Colonel Rice recommend to the War Department the immediate release of military prisoners; 2. Immunity from punishment for all men who had participated in the strike; 3. Recognition of a permanent grievance committee consisting of prisoners which would connect the prisoner’s to the prison authority and try to improve prisoner grievances (called the General Prisoners Conference Committee or the Prisoners’ Committee.) [libcom.org/history/1919-prison-strikes-fort-leavenworth aintmarching.net/tag/strike-at-fort-leavenworth/]

1935 - Ludovic M é nard (Charles Ménard; b. 1855), French anarchist, syndicalist and founder of the slate workers union, dies. Signatory of the Charter of Amiens, adopted by the Confédération Générale du Travail in 1906. [see: Sep. 9]

1940 - Heinrich Bartling (b. 1880), German locksmith, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [see: Sep. 22] ||
 * = 31 || 1869 - Italian (Bakuninist) section of the International founded.

[E] 1885 - Luisa Landová-Štychová (d. 1969), Czech journalist, populariser of science, pioneer feminist, atheist, anarchist and then communist politician, born. Politically active pre-WWI, especially among the Northern Bohemian miners, joining the Česká Anarchistická Federace (Czech Anarchist Federation, or ČAF) in 1907 and participating in its anti-militarist campaigns. In 1912 she became known for her radical feminist views and is arguable the first Czech anarchist to promote feminist views. Landová-Štychová participated as a member of the Committee of the Socialist advice in the preparation of the general strike on the 14th October 1918. Initially organised by the Socialist Council as a demonstration in protest against the export of food and goods to Austria, it mutated into all-out revolt across the country aimed at creating a republic. Between 1918-1923, Landová-Štychová was a member of the Revolučním Národním Shromáždění (Revolutionary National Assembly) for the ČSS but disputes between the anarcho-communist wing and the ČSNS rump over issues such as forming a Left front with the KSČ erupted and Landová-Štychová lost her parliamentary seat and the anarchist were marginalised. Finally, the more radical Vrbenský wing was expelled in 1923 for voting against the Law on Protection of the Republic and stripped of parliamentary mandate. Later that year she co-founded the Independent Socialist Workers Party (Neodvislá Socialistickou Stranu, or NZS), with Vrbenský, which went on to closely cooperate with the Neodvislá Radikální Sociálně Demokratická Stranou (Independent Radical Social Democratic Party), forming the Socialistické Sjednocení (Socialist Unification), which ultimately fell apart at its first congress the following year. In 1925 the vestiges merged with the KSČ. Landová-Štychová went on to be a Member of Parliament (1925-29) for the KSČ, member of the Svazu Proletářských Bezvěrců (Union of Proletarian Atheists), the Vice-President (1928-31) of Mezinárodní Dělnický Pomoc (International Workers' Aid), and, in 1925, President of Mezinárodní Rudá Pomoc (International Red Aid). An active anti-fascist, she helped organise support for anti-fascists in the Spanish Revolution and provided support for German anti-fascists escaping Nazi Germany and seeking asylum in in Czechoslovakia. After 1945 he devoted herself to the popularisation of scientific knowledge (the author of several publications and pamphlets). [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Landová-Štychová www.cojeco.cz/index.php?s_term=&s_lang=2&detail=1&id_desc=51581 cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus_v_Česku cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodvislá_socialistická_strana_dělnická]

1894 - __Lunigiana Revolt [Moti Anarchici della Lunigiana__]: At his trial before the military court in Massa, Luigi Molinari is hastily sentenced to twenty three years in prison, which is reduced at a new trial on April 19 to seven and a half years as the instigator of the insurrection earlier this month in Lunigiana. However, after spending nearly two years in prison in Oneglia, he is released on September 20, 1895 following massive public protests. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt ita.anarchopedia.org/insurrezione_in_Lunigiana ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani www.arivista.org/?nr=211&pag=211_07.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-molinari_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]

1897 - '//El Perseguido//' (The Hunted), an anarchist-communist labour periodical, ceases publication in Argentina.

1899 - Aristide Lapeyre (d. 1974), French hairdresser, anarchist, militant pacifist and néo-Malthusian, born. Worked in the CNT-FAI propaganda office during the Civil War and helped many escape the clutches of the Gestapo during WWII and was captured by the Nazis for his pains. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8678 www.ephemanar.net/mars23.html anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_AristideLapeyre.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Lapeyre]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 18] __Putilov Strike / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following the Bloody Sunday massacre during which around 45 Putilov workers were killed and 61 were seriously wounded as they tried to present a petition to the tsar that they helped write, the enraged workers only resume work today. Coincidentaly, the tsar meets with a delegation of industrial workers and declares that he has "forgiven them". [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Революция_1905—1907_годов_в_России www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/19051907.php]

1914 - Australian IWW newspaper '//Direct Action: Paper of the Industrial Workers of the World//' first appears in Sydney. [libcom.org/history/1914-2000-the-australian-iww-and-direct-action www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/biogs/E000607b.htm]

[F] 1918 - __Januarstreik [January General Strike__]: After the strike in Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and other large cities, as well as in the Ruhr, with an increasing numbers of work stoppages, a tightening of the state of siege in Berlin was imposed on January 31, 1918, as the government and the military feared an insurrection in the capital. As a result, demonstrations and rallies were violently suppressed, and a demonstration of members of the police and mounted gendarmerie that had been organised by the Aktionsausschuß (Action Committee) was violently resolved. According to the police, there was one dead and 21 injured. Seven of the city's largest companies were now placed under military control and a deadline of February 4 was set for the strikers to return to work or face arrest and facing military courts. With mass arrests already leading to up to 500 workers per day being sentenced to war service, on February 3 the Action Committee announced the ending of the strike, which had unequivocally expressed the weariness of the war to the wider population. Many of the strike leaders were also arrested but the government's attempts to curb the revolutionary potential in Germany that February eventually proved to be in vain, with the November revolution breaking out later that year.

1919 - __Fort Leavenworth Prison Strikes__: The prison guards did not try to make the prisoners go to work and left them in the prison. Colonel Sedgwick Rice agreed to meet with the leaders of the committee and seventeen other prisoners to discuss further negotiation. At this meeting, the prisoners gave Colonel Rice their list of demands. Colonel Rice agreed to give immunity to prisoners involved in the strike, and to give the prisoner’s request to the War Department. The next day, he left for Washington D.C. to deliver the message in person to the War Department and the Secretary of War. The prisoners voted unanimously to return to work. In response, the War Department appointed a committee called the the Judge Advocate Review Board (also called the Pardoning Board or the Clemency Board) to review the cases and sentencing of the prisoners.... [libcom.org/history/1919-prison-strikes-fort-leavenworth aintmarching.net/tag/strike-at-fort-leavenworth/]

[A] 1919 - __Battle of George Square__: Following the declaration of a strike in support of a 40 hour week on Monday 27 January, 60,000 workers gathered for a mass picket in George Square, Glasgow. A mass battle broke out between strikers and the Glasgow police that spread across the whole city. The government, claiming a "Bolshevist uprising", ordered 10,000 troops armed with machine guns, tanks and a howitzer into Glasgow on the Friday night and Saturday to occupy the city's streets.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Workers from the CFR Grivița Workshops elect a strike committee, which declares an immediate 4-hour 'grevă demonstrativă' protest strike. 7,000 workers take part but there is no response from management, and the action committee decides to call a strike for February 2.

1938 - 12,000 pecan shellers in San Antonio, Texas, walk off their jobs at 400 factories in what would become a three-month/37-day strike against wage cuts. The pecan-shelling industry was among the lowest paid in the country; workers made between $2-$3 a week. [libcom.org/history/emma-tenayuca-1938-pecan-shellers-strike www.expressnews.com/150years/major-stories/article/Pecan-shellers-strike-an-iconic-Great-Depression-6281620.php tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/oep01 archive.org/stream/thepecanshellers00unit/thepecanshellers00unit_djvu.txt]

1945 - Wiesław Protschke aka 'Wieslaw' (b. 1912), Polish syndicalist and anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 13]

1966 - Police kill two striking mine workers in Belgium. ||

[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pardiñas_Serrano www.mundohistoria.com.ar/manuel-pardinas-serrano-y-un-magnicidio-exitoso-contra-canalejas/]
 * = FEBRUARY ||
 * = 1 || 1886 - Manuel Pardiñas Serrano (d. 1912), Spanish anarchist gunman who assassinated President José Canalejas in 1912 for his role in suppressing a rail strike, then turned the gun on himself, born.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 19] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsar receives a hand-picked delegation of workers - he says of the victims of Bloody Sunday: "...I forgive them their guilt." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 19] Vladivostok Republic overturned by Tsarist forces. [see: Jan. 24] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1911 - Étienne Faure aka 'Cou Tordu' or 'Cou Tors' (b. 1837), French member of the Commune de Saint-Étienne, militant anarchist and propagandist, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

1912 - IWW free-speech fight begins in San Diego, California.???

1921 - The first issue of the monthly newspaper '//The Industrial Pioneer//' is published in Chicago by the general executive board of the IWW. It succeeds the '//One Big Union Monthly//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industrial_Pioneer depts.washington.edu/iww/newspapers.shtml]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Following the sounding of the lunch break siren, the wagon and locomotive class I and II workers gathered in the large hall by the Workshops to begin a protest against the wage cuts, moving on to the administrative building. Having received the workers' list of grievances, the employers' representatives asked the workers that they would have to wait for the employers' response. Meanwhile, a struggle was going on between the communists and social democrat elements within the workers, with the latter arguing that the strikers should proceed with caution in order not to give the any excuse to provoke a fight. The communists disagreed and would go on to do just that, engaging in a number of shoot-out with the forces of law and order. At around 16:00, workers left the workshops //en masse// in anticipation of the following day's strike. The newspaper '//Scânteia//' (Spark) reported that "In Bucharest the army and the police did not even dare to intervene against the strikers."

[F] 1952 - __Grève Générale en Tunisie__: A General Strike called against the French colonial rulers in Tunisia begins. Following the suppression of demonstrations against the French colonial government by Tunisian nationalists in Bizerte, Mateur, Sousse, Teboulba, and Tunis on January 16-23, 1952, which had resulted in the deaths of 30 nationalists; the arrest by French police Habib Bourguiba and five other Neo-Déstour [the Nouveau Parti Libéral Constitutionnel (New Constitutional Liberal Party / الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد)] leaders on January 18, 1952; and the deploying of around 28,000 troops and police across the Cap Bon in Tunisia between January 26 and February 11, 1952 in a //ratissage// (campaign of terror) of rape, looting and murder, the Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail and Néo-Destour had called a general strike from February. The French responded by demanding the opening of all shops, a demand that singularly failed before the widespread display of Tunisian solidarity. The Foreign Legion was then sent in to small towns and villages across the country to avenge the honour of the tricolor in a series of round-ups that provoke further rioting. [watchingtunisia.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/materi-bensalem-capbon-08-090252.pdf fresques.ina.fr/independances/fiche-media/Indepe00034/troubles-et-repression-en-tunisie.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_générale_tunisienne_du_travail fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destour archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n058.pdf archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n059.pdf archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n060.pdf]

1984 - Lucien Chardonneau (b. 1896), French roofer and lead worker, militant anarcho-syndicalist and trade unionist, dies. [see: Sep. 18] || [libcom.org/history/dulcet-marti-rosario-1881-2012 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0202.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Dolcet_Martí militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1372 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5751-libertad-rodenas-y-rosario-dulcet-biografia-de-dos-mujeres-anarquistas.html]
 * = 2 || 1881 - Rosario (Roser) Dulcet Martí, aka 'Dolcet' (d. 1968), Catalan textile worker, anarcho-syndicalist militant and propagandist, born. [expand]

1891 - The United Mine Workers union, formed only the previous year, organises a strike against the Henry Clay Frick-owned Morewood Mine & Coke Works in Pennsylvania, a strike for higher wages and an eight-hour work day that would result in the Morewood Massacre on April 3. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morewood_massacre patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/morewood2.html explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2CB old.post-gazette.com/neigh_westmoreland/20000924markers6.asp]

1894 - Román Delgado (d. 1952), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who was active in Cuba (expelled for inciting the workers of the sugar to go on strike), North America and Mexico, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier02.html#2 puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2847-roman-delgado-anarquista-gallego.html]

[FF] 1912 - __Black Friday / Brisbane General Strike__: With the Strike Committee now effectively an alternative government, the 'real' government decided to attempt to re-establish their control in the city by refusing to grant permits for processions and to issue a proclamation banning them. So, when the Strike Committee requested a permit for a march to be held on Friday February 2, the police commissioner Patrick Cahill refused to issue it. So, when an estimated crowd of 15,000 assembled in Market Square despite the lack of march permit, the police and specials attacked the crowd under the direction of Cahill, who shouted, "Give it to them, lads! Into them". A large contingent of foot and mounted police beat and arrested many protesters including many elderly people, women, and children who were walking peacefully. This event was initially called Baton Friday, but later came to be known as Black Friday. It created bitterness and hatred towards the police that would exist for several decades. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Brisbane_general_strike libcom.org/history/1912-brisbane-general-strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/australians-general-strike-right-unionize-brisbane-australia-1912 www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Brisbane_General_Strike_1912.htm independentaustralia.net/australia/australia-display/100th-anniversary-of-1912-brisbane-general-strike,3898 www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbanes-great-strike-remembered-20120118-1q64v.html www.marxists.org/archive/childe/how-labor-governs/ch09.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The origins of the conflict, dated back to late January 1919 when the company Regs i Força de l'Ebre, a branch of Barcelona Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd., which produced 70% of the electricity consumed in Catalonia, introduced changes in the working conditions of clerical staff at the Anglo-Canadian financed 'La Canadiense' hydroelectric plant in Barcelona, changes that amounted to a cut in wages. On February 2, with a number of temporary staff due to have to be taken on on permanent contracts, they were moved on to the lower wage rate [their monthly salary of 150 pesetas cut to 125 and 125 cut to 105], prompting protests from some of them who happened to be CNT members. Eight were sacked (five being from the billing section) for these protests and their attempts to form a union in the company [Fraser Lawton, the director of la Canadenca in Catalunya, had forbidden the formation of unions amongst his workers]. Three days later on February 5, 117 [other sources claim 140] clerical staff in the billing section held a sitdown strike demanding the reinstatement of their colleagues. They later took to the streets and went to see the regional governor who promised to intercede on their behalf if they agreed to return to work. When they returned to the factory, however, they were blocked from entering by a police cordon and were all told that they had been fired. The company refused to provide further explanation other than a statement from one of the foreign managers, Mr. Coulton, who said they were inept and that was due to the dismissal. Instead, they attempted to replace them with staff from other sections, whilst at the same time refusing to recognise the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT (Single Union of Water, Gas and Electricity of the CNT) as an interlocutor. They were followed three days later on Februart 8 by virtually the whole workforce under the strategic approach adopted at the Congrés de Sants [June 28-July 1, 1918], marking the beginning of the most successful strike action in Spanish labour history. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo directed strike led to a city-wide general strike in Barcelona, involving more than 100,000 workers and all efforts to break the strike were unsuccessful and the CNT’s demands were met, including the eight-hour day, union recognition, the reinstatement of all fired workers, and wage increases in some industries. [revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca madrid.cnt.es/historia/auge-de-la-cnt/ chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.llibertat.cat/2015/04/catalanistes-ultraespanyolistes-i-anarcosindicalistes-a-la-campanya-autonomista-de-1918-19-30559 blogs.sapiens.cat/socialsenxarxa/2011/03/02/la-conflictivitat-social-a-catalunya-sindicalisme-vaga-de-la-canadenca-i-pistolerisme-1917-1923/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/11_Diari d'un obrer revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 revistamemoria.mx/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memoria-255-web.pdf historia2mariam.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/la-vaga-canadenca-1919.html lacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2019_02_01_archive.html www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.scribd.com/fullscreen/40749381?access_key=key-1lzt42sr3s2ugb43th8k nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-workers-win-general-strike-economic-justice-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-la-canadiense-and-barcelona-general-strike www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919vaga-c.htm enlluita.org/articles/la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-un-exemple-de-lluita-i-sindicalisme/ www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/285135/jcmb1de1.pdf;jsessionid=1A813107B6FFCD0E0941909C9F554FDC?sequence=1]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The General Strike Committee, made up of 300 members from 110 local unions, meets for the first time and takes control of running the strike. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1921 - __Tambov Rebellion__: The Soviet leadership announced the end of the policy of Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка - confiscation of grain and other agricultural produce from the peasants for a nominal fixed price according to specified quotas), and issued a special decree directed at peasants from the region implementing the 'prodnalog' (Продналог - 'tax in kind') policy. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog]

1926 - Jules Leroux (b. 1860), French anarchist co-operativist activist, dies. [see: Aug. 10]

[F] 1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: 3,000 timber workers are locked out of nearly 70 timber mills in New South Wales, Australia, when they refuse to accept a judge’s order for a longer work week and reduced wages. The workers remained out for eight and a half months, with the support of other unions and the community. [wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/orgmanagement/WorkingPapers/WP104.pdf scratchingsydneyssurface.wordpress.com/tag/timber-workers/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Australian_timber_workers'_strike www.takver.com/history/myunion/myunion11.htm#1929]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Following the strike signal at 09:00, a long blast on the work's siren, more than 5,000* workers occupied the Atelierele CFR Grivița workshops and barricaded themselves in. Meanwhile a further 6-7,000 people, members of the strikers' families and workers from other industries, as well as ordinary people, many of them unemployed from the local neighbourhood, gather in front of the workshops in defence of the strike and to provide material and moral support. The police and representatives of the authorities were prevented from entering the workshops by the strikers, who set up self-defence teams to guard the workshops and prevent conflicts amongst the strikers themselves. Out of the 5,000 workers, only about 200 had began working that morning; but they were soon convinced to stop too. The unions announced their new demands: an "inflation allowance", a 40% increase in salaries and the recognition of the factory committees. As the workshops were surrounded by the gendarmes and the Army, the social-democratic unions announced that they do not support these new demands and they accused the communists of creating unrest in the workers' movement. The authorities refused to negotiate until the workers stopped their strike. At the same time, members of the communist union distributed a manifesto in the neighbouring areas, in which they announced that they believed that the government would not respect its promises and demanded the recognition of factory committees. In Bucharest that day short strikes and solidarity meetings were held at the Balcani, Vulcan, Herdan and RMS works, with whole factories coming out in support of the CFR Grivița workers. At 18:00, the Liberal-Fascist Minister of Communications, Eduard Mirto, met a delegation of workers, led by Traian Bogătoiu. Their talks ended at 21:00 and it was announced that some of the workers' claims have been accepted. The delegation returns to the strikers at the Ateliere. At 23:00, the strike was called off. However, the government was not planning on honouring its promises and had been using the talks as a delaying tactic to allow it time to put in place it's own plans. [* estimations of numbers from sources vary from around 5,000 to 8,000, possibly as some of the strikers outside of the barricades Workshops were included in the numbers given.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.omniscop.ro/80-de-ani-de-la-marea-greva-a-muncitorilor-ceferisti-din-romania/ www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

2009 - In Greece riot police fired tear gas at farmers to prevent them from driving their tractors to Athens as part of a protest demanding government financial help. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 3 || 1842 - Pierre Joseph Proudhon is summoned to appear before the assizes of Doubs following the publishing of his third memoir, '//A Notice to Proprietors, or a Letter to M. Victor Considerant, Editor of 'La Phalange', in Reply to a Defence of Property//'.

1906 - Acquisition of a house at 165 Jubilee Street in Whitechapel, which becomes the Workers' Friend Club & Institute, a place in London for meetings, a print shop, and an anarchist school.

[E] 1909 - Simone Weil (d. 1943), French philosopher and writer, one-time Marxist, pacifist, trade unionist, then anarchist miliciana, Christian mystic and humanist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article3722 libcom.org/history/international-volunteers-poum-militias comptoir.org/2015/06/22/avec-simone-weil-george-orwell-pour-socialisme-vraiment-populaire/ www.bib.ub.edu/fileadmin/bibs/filosofia_geo_hist/Weil/Simone_Weil.pdf]

1911 - Robert Tressell (pen name of Robert Croker, latterly Robert Noonan; b. 1870), Irish writer best known his novel '//The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists//', dies. [see: Apr. 17]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: 32,000 textile mill workers are now involved in the Bread & Roses strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

1913 - The Casa del Obrero Internacional opens in Los Angeles.

1918 - __Januarstreik [January General Strike__]: With seven of the city's largest companies now having been placed under military control and a deadline of February 4 set for the strikers to return to work or face arrest and facing military courts, on February 3 the Action Committee announced the ending of the strike, which had unequivocally expressed the weariness of the war to the wider population. Many of the strike leaders were also arrested but the government's attempts to curb the revolutionary potential in Germany that February eventually proved to be in vain, with the November revolution breaking out later that year.

1918 - Streetcar (tram) workers in St. Louis go on strike. Three strikers were shot and wounded during riots following the call of the strike when strikers and their supporters stoned streetcars. The workers demanded the absolute unionisation of the company's employees, an increase in wages, and reduction in hours of continuous daily employment. Police raided the headquarters of the IWW and arrested thirty men. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19180204.2.441]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The official strike notice appears in the city's newspapers. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Whilst negotiations had been taking place at the headquarters of the Ministry yesterday, a meeting of the Council of Ministers, which had begun at 20.00, approved, at the insistence of Armand Călinescu, Undersecretary of State at the Interior, a draft law authorising the government to proclaim a state of siege for the reason that the country faces the imminent danger of a Communist Revolution. The draft law on the state of siege now had to go through all its various stages, from King Charles II's assent to adoption in Parliament. So the vote in the Chamber of Deputies ends at 12 noon. The Senate debates the draft law at 12.30 and votes it at 14:00. For the Law to enter into force on February 4, 1933, the presses of the 'Official Gazette' had to work through the night, with the special edition of the Law finally appearing the following morning. On Saturday, February 4, the Government met from 18.00 to 22.00 to prepare a decree for the establishment of a state of siege in Bucharest, Cernăuţi, Galaţi, Iaşi, Ploieşti, Timişoara, as well as in the Prahova county industrial areas under the auspices of the new law. The decree is countersigned by the King the following day, February 5th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.omniscop.ro/80-de-ani-de-la-marea-greva-a-muncitorilor-ceferisti-din-romania/ www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1948 - __Queensland Railway Strike__: In response to a limited strike over wages of workers at railway workshops and locomotive depots in Queensland, the government orders a lock out under the 1938 State Transport Act in an attempt to try and bully the workers back to work. An earlier offer of six shilling a week was abruptly withdrawn and workers were told the dispute would only be resolved in the arbitration court once they returned to work – the Queensland rail unions covering rail workshop employees had made a claim to the state arbitration court for the increase the previous October and, when it came before the court on December 21, the hearing had been djourned for two months, leading the unions to resort to industrial action. To break the effectiveness of the strike the government began implementing an emergency transport plan. They also deliberately held up food distribution, but blamed the strikers. They also tried to create divisions amongst rail workers by seeking (and winning) permission from the courts the power to lay off workers not gainfully employed. The Federal Labor government did their bit by putting bureaucratic obstacles in the way of the laid off workers from getting any social security. Meanwhile the striking workers where told they risked forfeiting their jobs and accrued leave entitlements. The corporate media did everything they could to play up the issue of communist influence and turn the public against the strike. The government hoped these measures would demoralise workers and force the unions to retreat. But the resolve of the workers only grew. When they didn't, Hanlon proclaimed a State of Emergency on Friday February 27. This proclamation armed the Government and police with wide powers to attack picketing and to strike at the morale of the strikers. Hanlon expected the workers to return to work on the Monday, but the Central Disputes Committee met on the Saturday and voted to defy the law and stay out until their demands were meet. They also voted to strengthen the pickets and to broaden the dispute to wharfies, coal miners and more. A meeting of the Trade and Labor Council on Sunday backed the Disputes Committees stand. At 10:00 that morning, mass meetings of rail workers across the state voted overwhelmingly to continue the strike. Wharfies’ mass meetings up and down the coast also voted to join the strike. The Seamen’s Union placed a ban on all shipping into Queensland. In the following days, coalminers met, voting to black ban coal trains while rail workers in NSW, Victoria and South Australia joined the campaign to isolate Queensland. Despite the widespread use of agent provocateurs, under cover cops, indiscriminant state violence and intimidation, including mounted police used to charge and trample over demonstrators, failed to break the strike. On April 1 the government blinked first, meeting with the disputes committee to reach an agreement. Skilled workers would receive a 12 shilling and fourpence rise, with proportional increases for semi-skilled and non-skilled workers, back-dated to September 16. The government also conceded the claim for weekend penalty rates, leaving the courts’ endorsement a formality. And there would be no victimisations. [www.takver.com/history/railq48/railqld.htm]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: The '//Birmingham Evening Mail//' reports there is a milelong traffic jam as "lorries from all over the country waited at Saltley". [see: Feb. 4]

[F] 1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Freddie Matthews, a miner from Hatfield Main Colliery, near Doncaster, is crushed to death under the wheels of a scab lorry outside Keadby Power Station in Lincolnshire. [see: Feb. 8] [www.thornegazette.co.uk/news/doncaster-miner-s-heartbreak-over-death-of-brother-on-picket-line-1-7141397 www.minersadvice.co.uk/hatfieldmain.htm]

1994 - The third General Strike within a year in Ecuador is declared and involves 500,000 workers. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haywood law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/hay_bhay.htm spartacus-educational.com/USAhaywood.htm iww.org/history/library/Haywood www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/big-bill-haywood-wobbly-giant]
 * = 4 || 1869 - William Dudley 'Big Bill' Haywood (d. 1928), U.S. labour activist, founding member of the IWW, and member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America, born. [expand]

1890 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Losing sympathy on all sides, the Gas Workers went to the London Trades Council and asked them to help find a solution. The trades council co-ordinated a meeting between the union, the Coal Porters, and the Sailors and Firemen. Today it is announced that an agreement had been reached and, at a mass meeting at the Hatcham Liberal Club, accepted. "That except where mutually agreed to the contrary the company reverts to the eight, hour system – that in the event of any vacancies arising the directors will give their former workmen the opportunity of returning to their employment in preference to strangers." The Union added that they hoped the Company would take back men with families first. The strike had officially been called off. In a letter to 'The Times', Livesey explaining that a ballot had been held at the various works on the subject of the shift system and that men at most works had voted to go back onto the eight hour day. If the twelve hour system was to remain it was because the workers had voted for it themselves. He was quite happy, he added, to take back old workers - he had indeed already taken many back. Unfortunatly spring was coming and vacancies would be few. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1896 - The International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers is founded at a meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with 16 delegates from the local iron workers unions in Boston, Massachusetts, Buffalo, New York, Chicago, Illinois, Cleveland, Ohio, New York City, New York, Detroit, Michigan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh representing construction workers, as well as shipbuilding and metal fabrication employees. It was at the forefront of the battle by manufacturers' National Erectors' Association to destroy craft unions in the industry in the first decade of the twentieth century through the 'open shop' (hiring without reference to union membership) and driving down industry wages. Officially, the union used the strike tactic to defend its rights but running along side this was a bombing campaign run by some of its members and others, in which up to 150 bombings were carried out between 1906 and 1911, mainly targeting non-union (110) works but many no doubt also carried out by the bosses in an attempt to blacken the unions name. The most famous of these being the the '//Los Angeles Times//' bombing on October 1, 1910, targetted because of the owner Harrison Gray Otis' vehemently anti-union stance, and the Llewellyn Iron Works bomb in the early hours of December 25 that year. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-part-2-bombs-betrayal-and-the-election-of-1911]

1900 - Labour strikes in Belgium and Germany mining areas lead to riots. [expand]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: Anna Louise Strong's '//No One Knows Where!//' editorial appears in the '//Seattle Union Record//'. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

[F] 1921 - __Matanza de San Gregorio [Slaughter of San Gregorio__]: The massacre in San Gregorio, Chile leaves 565 nitrate miners dead. [expand] [www.luisemiliorecabarren.cl/?q=node/2472 www.archivochile.com/Historia_de_Chile/sangreg/HCHsngreg0002.pdf www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/chile/040226balart.htm]

1931 - __Duchcovská Stávka [Duchcov Strike]__: Protest march against the reduction of wages and rising unemployment, composed mainly of unemployed workers and miners was at a local railway viaduct forcibly stopped intervening cops During the ensuing skirmish policemen started firing in which four protesters died and several others were injured. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchcovská_stávka]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The Bulgarian Government meets from 18.00 to 22.00 to prepare the decree for the establishment of a state of siege in Bucharest, Cernăuţi, Galaţi, Iaşi, Ploieşti, Timişoara, as well as in the Prahova county industrial areas. [see: Feb. 3]

1952 - __Grève Générale en Tunisie__: During the general French police and demonstrators clash in Tunis on February 4, 1952, resulting in the deaths of three people.

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: From the beginning the NUR blacked the pits and power stations, dramatically reducing the movement of coal. ASLEF told their members not to move anything unusual. The docks were solid, refusing to move imported coal. The TGWU lorry drivers were solid, refusing to cross picket lines. The TUC agreed that all trade union members should respect picket lines. It was decided that 'flying pickets' should be sent out around the country to stop coal movements to power stations and other key industrial targets. Mass picketing was shutting down the energy supplies to power stations around the country. The police were becoming desperate to get the supplies through. Nechells* Gas works in Nechells Place, Birmingham became a flashpoint in the dispute. The NUM and the government had agreed that coking works should only supply priority customers like hospitals during the dispute. Saltley, unlike other coke depots, was owned by the West Midlands Gas Board and they decided that the guidelines didn’t apply to them as the gas industry was not on strike. As a result hundreds of trucks from all over the country headed to Saltley, out of which tens of thousands of tons of coke were being distributed nationwide, causing a mile long queue waiting to get into the depot. Attempts to close it down became a pivotal, and symbolic, event during the strike and forcing its closure helped secure victory for the National Union of Mineworkers. The Midlands NUM had known about activity at the depot for a fortnight, but it was a small, politically cautious part of the union and it had not the manpower or the will to block the site. After negotiations with the Gas Board had failed, picketing at the depot began on the Friday 4 February 1972. However, over the following two days the 50 pickets had little success in stemming the flow of lorries entering the depot [596 lorries entered the depot that Frday]. Eventually the right-wing Midlands area NUM secretary, Jack Lally, appealed to NUM headquarters for extra pickets. [* The confrontation actually took place at the gate for Nechells Gas works. The Saltley Gas works and its 'gates' were on the other side of the Saltley Viaduct adjacent to the Nechells works. The press, and the media kept insisting on calling it Saltley Gate, due in part to their being a locality next to Saltley gas works where there used to be a tollgate that is still called 'Saltley Gate' and when people were trying to close the gas works which was in the district of Saltley, they assumed that it was one of the same.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saltley_Gate sites.google.com/site/saltleygate/home sites.google.com/site/saltleygate/images-of-saltley-gate news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9694000/9694645.stm libcom.org/history/1972-miners-strike-popular-agency-industrial-politics-britain www.bristol.ac.uk/history/media/docs/ug-dissertations/2010kellaway.pdf]

2000 - __Cochabamba Guerra del Agua [War over Water__]: During the fight by the people of Cochabamba, the third most populous city in Bolivia, against the privatisation of municipal drinking water supply between January and April 2000, riot police attack peaceful protesters with tear gas, injuring an estimated 175 and blinding two. Fed up with government inaction, the Coordinadora por la Defensa del Agua y la Vida (Coordinator for the Defence of Water and Life) called for a "peaceful taking" of the city for Friday, February 4. It must have been a peaceful march to the main square - symbolic centre of power in the city - followed by speeches. On that day the city dawned. And with reinforcement of troops transferred from La Paz, the government violently repressed the protesters, declaring that they would not be allowed to enter the square. The state violence only encouraged the tenacity of the demonstrators, who would not rest until the "take" about 30 hours later. During February 4 and 5, the government "fought" for a symbolic area of 4 blocks around the square, while the people controlled the rest of the city and the region. The siege was unsustainable: people took the square at 11:30 on Saturday 5th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_agua_(Bolivia) www.derechoalagua.cl/ web.archive.org/web/20100214234224/[http]docencia.izt.uam.mx/egt/publicaciones/libros/nvosactores/capituloiv.pdf www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html] ||
 * = 5 || 1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Guadalupe, Chihuahua is captured by the Liberal Party column of Prisciliano G. Silva.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Following the sacking of eight workers (including five from the billing section) for protesting against the pay cut they received when there contacts were normailised three days earlier, 117 clerical staff in the billing section held a sitdown strike demanding the reinstatement of their collegues. They later took to the streets and went to see the regional governor, Puig i Cadafalch, and they also spoke with the mayor Manuel Morales Pareja and the governor González Rothwos to demand that they act as mediators. Puig i Cadafalch promised to intercede on their behalf if they agreed to return to work. When they returned to the factory, however, they were blocked from entering by a police cordon and were all told that they had been fired. The company refused to provide further explanation than a statement from some of the foreign managers, Mr. Coulton, who said they were inept and that was due to the dismissal. Instead, they attempted to replace them with staff from other sections, whilst at the same time refusing to recognise the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT (Single Union of Water, Gas and Electricity of the CNT) as an interlocutor. Workers at another Barcelona plant stage a sit-in later in the week in support of their comrades. [revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.llibertat.cat/2015/04/catalanistes-ultraespanyolistes-i-anarcosindicalistes-a-la-campanya-autonomista-de-1918-19-30559 blogs.sapiens.cat/socialsenxarxa/2011/03/02/la-conflictivitat-social-a-catalunya-sindicalisme-vaga-de-la-canadenca-i-pistolerisme-1917-1923/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/11_Diari d'un obrer revistamemoria.mx/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memoria-255-web.pdf historia2mariam.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/la-vaga-canadenca-1919.html www.scribd.com/fullscreen/40749381?access_key=key-1lzt42sr3s2ugb43th8k nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-workers-win-general-strike-economic-justice-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-la-canadiense-and-barcelona-general-strike www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919vaga-c.htm enlluita.org/articles/la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-un-exemple-de-lluita-i-sindicalisme/ www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/285135/jcmb1de1.pdf;jsessionid=1A813107B6FFCD0E0941909C9F554FDC?sequence=1]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The decree to establish a state of siege in Romania is countersigned by King Charles II. [see: Feb. 3]

1938 - Hans Achim Litten (b. 1903), German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic, commits suicide after having spent more than 5 years in Nazi concentration camps, enduring torture and many interrogations. [see: Jun. 19]

[F] 1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: Upon receiving the call at 16:00 on Saturday, a little known Yorkshire NUM official called Arthur Scargill, who was then the branch delegate to the Barnsley Area, had 200 pickets on their way to Saltley in coaches, within 3 hours and another 200 to follow. This action was carried out independently of the NUM executive. [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Factories begin to lay off workers because of power shortages. Four days later, BBC local radio stations were warning of domestic power cuts. [see: Jan. 9]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: On Monday, 5 February, 3000 Durban Corporation workers employed by the cleaning, electricity, road and drain departments stopped work. By the next day 16,000 workers from the Corporation’s other departments joined the strike, and garbage soon began piling up, affecting businesses and the city’s essential services. By Wednesday 30,000 Corporation workers were on strike, and as other workers in Pietermaritzburg and Port Shepstone downed tools, a general strike loomed. But by February 8 the municipal workers returned, and by the next day, the wave of strikes lost their momentum, although sporadic strike activity continued unabated over the next year. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973]

1982 - Neil Aggett (b. 1953), white South African medical doctor, trade union organiser and anti-Apartheit activist, is 'suicided' after having been held in detention for 70 days without trial and tortured by the South African Security Police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Aggett www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/22/death-anti-apartheid-campaigner-neil-aggett] || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet17.html#desplanq www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Desplanques]
 * = 6 || 1877 - Charles Desplanques (d. 1951), French anarchist, trade unionist and anti-militarist, born.

[F] 1881 - __Congreso Obrero de Barcelona de 1881__: The new Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española is formed at a Conferencia Regional Extraordinaria (Extraordinary Regional Conference) held in Gracia [Feb. 6-9]. During the period in which the FRE-AIT had had to operate clandestinly (1874-1881), ideological and strategic differences had emerged within it and now, planning to take advantage of the pledge by the new liberal government chaired by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta to recognise freedom of association, a group within the Barcelona Local Federation of the FRE de la AIT (Josep Llunas i Pujals, Rafael Farga Pellicer , Antoni Pellicer i Paraire and Eudald Canivell i Masbernat) who proposed to change the policy of the Federal Commission, which had "moved away from the idea of ​​great labour movements, in favour of secret groups, partisans of direct action" called an extraordinary regional conference. The congress, which coincided with the passing of new freedom of association legislation [Real Decreto de 3 de febrero de 1881 (effective as on Apr. 1, 1881)] was attended by representatives of 39 local federations of the 'regions' of Eastern Andalusia, Western Andalusia, Valencia, Castile New, Old Castile and Catalonia. Of the members of the Federal Commission, only its secretary Anselmo Lorenzo attended. The Conference decided upon the dismissal of the Federal Council, the dissolution of the FRE of the AIT and the reconstruction of a powerful trade union movement. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1881 madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-de-trabajadores-region-espanola/ www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/lec.html]

1910 - __Philadelphia Shirtwaist Strike__: The strike by shirtwaist workers – primarily immigrant women and girls – in Philadelphia’s garment sweatshops ends. Having faced mass arrests, intimidation, scabs, and media blasts against them, the workers had refused to back down until their demands for improved working conditions, reduce working hours, increased wages, and union recognition were met. The strike ended with all manufacturers agreeing to increases in wages, reduction of work week hours, end of the practice of charging workers for needles, and recognition for unions. Tthe terms for ending the strike were negotiated on the February 5th, with all manufacturers agreeing to increases in wages, reduction of work week hours, end of the practice of charging workers for needles, and recognition for unions (though ultimately they refused to implement union recognition). The following day the terms were presented to strikers and accepted. Two days later on the 8th, the strikers marched in parades to celebrate the end of the strike and mark the ratification of the agreement. [www.motherjonesmuseum.org/solidarity-and-sisterhood-in-philadelphia-1909-1910-by-jana-knezovic/ philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/shirtwaist-strike-1909-10/ ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/uprising.html]

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: With the Strike Committee facing problems with a lack of finances and of food, as they had not been well prepared enough, workers were beginning to drift back to work out of the neccesity of feeding their families. So, when the Employers' Federation agreed there would be no victimisation of strikers from Badger and the company, the strike was over. The combined committee did not disband despite the end of the strike. The committee felt that it was its responsibility to stay put until all the strikers were back at work, but the committee then had trouble in trying get the workers who had struck re-employed. The company dismissed the tramway employees who had struck and refused to ever re-hire these workers. In 1922, the Queensland Government acquired the tram system, and reinstated the workers. Until 1980, wearing of union badges on uniforms, the cause of the strike, was forbidden. [see: Jan. 18]

1915 - Teofilo Navarro Fadrique aka 'Negro', 'Le Vieux' and 'Zapatero' (d. 2008), Spanish shoemaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born. An anarchist activist and member of the CNT from the age of 15, at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1936 he volunteered in the Durruti Column, later becoming a member of the 26th Division until the end of the war. Following Franco's victory, he and his partner Dolores Jiménez Álvarez, aka 'Blanca', entered France on February 11, 1939, via Puigcerda and Le Perthus. During his exile in France in Cordes and Toulouse, he was active in the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE), Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA),the Juventudes Libertarias and in the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), occupying various positions of responsibility in both the MLE and SIA between 1945 and 1955. During the 1940s, he was also a member of the Comisión de Defensa and the group of guides who assisted the passage of men and materials into Spain. A supporter of direct action, he and his wife Dolores Jiménez (with whom he had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca) collaborated with with many of the various action groups - especially with Francisco Sabaté Llopart and José Luis Facerías, crossing several times into Spain himself in 1946. In Toulouse he ran a shoe repair shop and was also responsible for a collective of cobblers, set up thanks to financial support from Cerrada Laureano Santos - mounted with silver furniture provided by Laureano Cerrada Santos (aka the 'anarchist entrepreneur'), before withdrawing after management had been questioned by some comrades. Between 1950 and 1962, he and Blanca ran a FIJL arts youth group in Toulouse and, in the 1970s, they continued to support the armed struggle in Spain. In particular, they helped supply the comrades of the Defensa Interior (DI), Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista (GARI) and Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), with weapons seized from the fleeing Nazi army during WWII and provided safe houses. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/navarrofadrique/navarrofadrique.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2588-teofilo-navarro-fadrique-de-la-columna-durruti.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5647 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

[E] 1915 - Soledad Estorach Esterri (d. 1993), Catalan anarcho-feminist militant and founding member of Mujeres Libres, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1496 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3181-soledad-estorach-esterri-mujeres-libres.html www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2036 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneo/index.php/Soledad_Estorach_Esterri www.collectif-smolny.org/article.php3?id_article=1649 www.nodo50.org/mujeresred/libertarias.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Despite press censorship (in place since January 17 and the suspension of the constitutional guarantees in the province of Barcelona), an article in the 'Diario de Barcelona' claims that La Canadiense workers have gone on strike and have talked with the governador civil, Carlos González Rothwos, and with Josep Puig i Cadafalch, president of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya (Commonwealth of Catalonia) and leader of the Lliga Regionalista. The Sindicato Único de Artes Gráficas proposes a 'censura roja'

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: At 10:00 on the morning of February 6, 1919, Seattle, a city of 315,000 people, stopped working as 25,000 mostly union men and women walked off their jobs in solidarity with the 35,000 shipyard workers already on strike over attempts to cut their wages. Earlier that morning units of the army had been called in by Seattle's mayor Ole Hanson to support the city's police, who had organised their own machine gun units in the run-up to the strike, and hired 2,400 special deputies, students from the University of Washington for the most part. On the 7th, Hanson threatened to use 1,500 police and 1,500 troops to replace striking workers the next day if the strikers did not return to work, but the strikers called his bluff. The strike had an immediate and dramatic effect. The city was shut down for several days. Streets were quiet. Most newspapers ceased publication, stores closed, public transport stopped running, and industry ground to a halt, with most of those not directly involved in the strike left idle. But for the average citizen the strike's consequences were not as severe as predicted. No babies were deprived of milk, and local residents, though inconvenienced, were not without food, lights or heat. Above all, there was no violence, no revolution in the streets. The Seattle General Strike was not the first to take place in America, but it was the first city-wide labour action to be proclaimed as such, and whilst the General Strike Committee tried to maintain the solidity of the strike as well as coordinate vital services in the city, events moved quickly beyond their control. In fact, the general strike was doomed almost from the start. It did not have widespread support, with many in Seattle seeing it as a workers' revolution, but a bigger problem was that the strikers had set few clear goals for the strike to achieve. Instead, as acknowledged by the socialist Anna Louise Strong, editor of the 'Seattle Union Record', in the paper two days before the strike began, there was only a "road that leads -- NO ONE KNOWS WHERE!". Without a clear vision, the strike soon began to stagnate. Seattle's streetcar workers defected two days into the strike, and over the next few days more workers returned to work as the sustained pressure from national and international officials of the AFL unions came to bear on its rank and file members taking part in the strike. Seattle's general strike fizzled out after five days and officially ended at noon on February 11. But the shipyard workers' strike continued for another month, though the strikers battled dissent in their own ranks much as the general strikers had battled dissent in theirs. On the same day the Seattle General Strike ended, Tacoma's shipyard strikers submitted a proposal for ending the shipyard strike, but only in Tacoma. Aberdeen strikers also threatened to go their own way. Ultimately, both cities stayed in until the bitter end. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/seattle-workers-general-strike-fair-wages-1919 depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/ www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/strikes/time www.wwfor.org/the-seattle-general-strike-of-1919/ www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/unitedstates/washington.html www.historylink.org/File/11158 www.historylink.org/File/11101 www.historylink.org/File/255 libcom.org/history/articles/seattle-general-strike-1919 old.seattletimes.com/special/centennial/march/labor.html digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/pioneerlife/id/9191 americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/prosperity/text6/seattlestrike.pdf]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike]__: The 'Manifestul guvernului către ţară' (The Manifesto of the Government to the Country) is published. It begins: "Romanians, A great danger lies in our country. It is trying to destroy us through anarchy and violence. Hidden communist organisations are working to overthrow state order. In pursuit of that plan, some turmoil had broken in some regions...." Meanwhile, the government announces the cancellation of the agreement signed with the workers on February 2. The scene is set for another confrontation and the government side is better prepared now.

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: Sunday morning around 2000 miners had arrived from Yorkshire, South Wales and the Midlands. [see: Feb. 4] ||
 * = 7 || 1872 - The first agricultural labourers' union meeting is held in Wellesbourne, near Stratford. One of the organisers, Joseph Arch, is portrayed as 'the Arch Apostle of Arson.'

1889 - Louis Louvet (d. 1971), French anarcho-syndicalist member of the Syndicat des Correcteurs d'Imprimerie involved in the printing of numerous anarchist publications, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier07.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Louvet]

[F] 1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Miners of the Western Federation of Miners-affiliated Free Coinage Union go out on strike after the mine owners (who had begun implementing a ten-hour day) refused to respond to the union's Feb. 1 demand that the eight-hour day at the $3.00 wage be reinstated. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar, and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out. By the end of February, every smelter in Colorado was either closed or running part-time. At the beginning of March, the Gold King and Granite mines gave in and resumed the eight-hour day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek www.rebelgraphics.org/wfmhall/rastall00.html sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Mucklow is again attacked by miners with at least one casualty. In retaliation that evening, the Kanawha County Sheriff Bonner Hill and a group of detectives attacked the Holly Grove miners' settlement with an armoured train, called the 'Bull Moose Special', attacking with machine guns and high-powered rifles, putting 100 machine-gun bullets through the frame house of striker Cesco Estep and killing him. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek–Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912 www.wvcoalmining.com/coal-news/looking-back-paint-creek–cabin-creek-strike-1912.html www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1798 www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/west-virginia-1912.htm www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/mother-jones-coal-west-virginia/ www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/motherjonesstrikingcoalminers1912.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Censorship of newspapers on the subject of the strike only 'Diario de Barcelona' has published a story about the extension of the strike. Newspapers and other publications receive the letter from the Sindicat d'Arts Gràfiques, Paper, Cartró i Similars (Union of Graphic Arts, Paper, Cardboard and Similar) outlining their plans for a 'censura roja', stating that their workers will not print newspapers that attempt to publish news contrary to the interests of the workers on strike. The arrest of Daniel Rebull i Cabré, aka 'David Rey', is an important blow to the clandestine anarcho-syndicalist networks because it disarmed one of the publishing and distribution networks of 'Solidaridad Obrera', which had to be replaced by a network of 20 to 30 smaller clandestine presses. [vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/vols-saber-ne-mes_02.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6771 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rebull www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0054570.xml]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: With the picketing bolstered by the arrival of the 2000 additional pickets from Yorkshire, South Wales and the Midlands, only 47 out of 91 lorries were loaded that Monday. 150 workers from S.U. Carburettors, a British Leyland subsidiary in Birmingham, and Bryant‟s and McAlpine's building sites, also struck in support of the miners and some joined the picket line at Saltley gate. However, it was becoming clear that many more pickets were needed to close Saltley, and other miners were busy picketing elsewhere. [see: Feb. 4]

[D] 1974 - A General Strike in Grenada forces Britain to recognise its independence.

2008 - A huge explosion and fire at the Imperial Sugar refinery northwest of Savannah, Georgia, kills 14 and injures 38 people. The explosion was fueled by massive accumulations of combustible sugar dust throughout the packaging building. An investigation by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board stated that the explosion had been "entirely preventable", noting that the sugar industry had been aware of the risk of dust explosions since 1926. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Blanqui n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/blanqui.htm www.ephemanar.net/fevrier01.html www.marxists.org/reference/archive/blanqui/]
 * = 8 || 1805 - Louis Auguste Blanqui (d. 1881), French revolutionary socialist and president of the Paris Commune, born. Author of the famous phrase "Ni Dieu, Ni maître" (Neither God, nor Master). [expand]

1878 - Severino Albarracín Broseta (b. 1850), Spanish teacher, anarchist internationalist and prominent figure in the Federación Regional Española, dies. Leading participant in the insurrectionary strike of Alcoy in July 1873, where nearly ten thousand workers seized the city. Arrested for his role in the insurrection, he eventually goes into exile in Switzerland. [epheman.perso.neuf.fr/fevrier08.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Albarracín_Broseta]

[A] 1886 - __'Black Monday'__: Rival political groups the London United Workmen's Committee and H.F. Hyndman's revolutionary Social Democratic Federation organise separate meetings in Trafalgar Square to protest unemployment. Both pass off peacefully despite the potential for violence but 5,000 workers then run amok in Pall Mall and St James' as the majority of the 600 police officers on duty mistakenly go to protect The Mall and Buck House. A further rally in Hyde Park sees Oxford Street looted and (according to the Mets' own official history) 17 "brave coppers" manage to restore order. The following morning the press labelled the rioters a "class of loafers who are unemployed for the simple reason that they have never done a day’s work in their lives."

1910 - __Philadelphia Shirtwaist Strike__: Two days after the ending of their strike, Philadelphia’s shirtwaist workers march in celebration of their victory. [see: Feb. 6]

[F] 1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The San Diego Free Speech Fight began officially on February 8, 1912, when an ordinance banning street-speaking within a six-square-block "congested" area went into effect... That night, police arrested 38 men and three women and charged them with "conspiracy to commit a crime". [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: 'La Canadiense' strike in Barcelona begins. Taking its name from the principle electrical company involved, it lasts 44 days and extends to other companies, becoming a General Strike — paralysing the whole city and industry. The government declares martial law and imprisons 3,000 striking members of the CNT. By mid-March the company has agreed to reinstate all workers with wage increases and introduce an 8-hour day; those imprisoned during the strike are also to be released. Over 20,000 people turn out to greet the release of the CNT leaders and hear them (including Salvador Segui) speak. The end of the strike is declared, but in the face of the refusal of the army to release a score of still imprisoned militants, the workers go on strike again on March 24, 1919, in a display of their solidarity, which ends April 14 with the victory of the strikers.

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: A motion to set up a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas is defeated by 123 votes to 81. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

[D] [1936 - During a 5-week General Strike against French colonial rule in Syria, 3 are killed in Homs protests against the slaughter of 40 protesters in Hama 2 days before. [uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: On the picket lines that day, miners were joined by car delivery workers, 200 workers from H. F Ward and delegations from the British Leyland, Tractors and Transmissions, Thorn Electrical and Thorn Radiation plants. Only 39 out of 50 lorries managed to be loaded on the Tuesday, but if the NUM were going to completely close the Nechells coke depot they would need the additional support. With other miners busy picketing elsewhere, it was vital to secure the support of the local Birmingham workers to help achieve this. A meeting was therefore called of the AUEW East District shop stewards and Arthur Scargill addressed the meeting, asking for a one day strike and mass picket. Scargill later reported: "I told them if they wanted to give us a quid to ease their conscience, then stuff it, we didn’t want it. We wanted physical support, we wanted strike action." [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: 5,000 miners attended the funeral of Hatfield Main miner Freddie Matthews, who was crushed to death under the wheels of a scab lorry outside Keadby Power Station in Lincolnshire five days earlier on February 3. ||
 * = 9 || 1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Miners carry out another raid on Mucklow, during which at least two people are killed. [see: Feb. 7]

[F] 1932 - Last issue of the 'Syndikalist' published by the Dresden FAUD (anarcho-syndicalist Free Worker's Union of Germany), is suppressed by the Nazis.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: In response to the government's cancellation of the February 2 agreement, workers re-occupy the Atelierele CFR Grivița workshops and barricade themselves in. [archive.li/PuidD]

1934 - A gathering of thousands of Le Havre factory workers is held in the Place, at which a response to the recent fascist mobilisation is called for Thiers. Police attack the gathering. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: On Wednesday afternoon 200 AUEW stewards and convenors voted to support the call. [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: A state of emergency is declared after the weather turns cold unexpectedly and voltage is reduced across the entire National Grid. [see: Jan. 9] || The uprising began in Jinju with the capture of the magistrate Baek Nakshin, and the landowners Jeong Namseong, Seong Buin, and Choe Jinsa were burned at stake. Their sons were killed as well while attempting to save their fathers. The revolts soon spread to most of Southern Korea, and continued until January, 1863. The people of Gwangju even rode to Seoul. The revolts were extremely severe in Jeolla Province, the later abode of the Donghak Revolution, in which 38 of 54 towns actively revolted. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution]
 * = 10 || [D] 1862 - __Imsul Peasant Revolt__: A large-scale revolt against taxation breaks out simultaneously in 71 towns. The government often taxed for dead people or infants, although only those over fifteen were to be taxed. Moreover, most of the remainder were given to the landowner.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal__: Amadeo I of Spain abdicates. An ephemeral monarch, he had almost no popular support whose two year reign was beset with problems, including the war in Cuba, the outbreak of the Third Carlist War, the opposition of the Alfonsin monarchists, who aspired to Bourbon restoration, and various republican insurrections, when he was finally caught between the government of Ruiz Zorrilla, who wanted him to sign an decree ordering the reorganisation of the Cuerpo de Artilleros, and the army itself who wanted him to head an anti-government coup. Forced to sign the decree and unable to contitute a government of reconciliation, he abdicated.

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 29] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The government establishes the Shidlovsky Commission to investigate workers’ grievances. On Feb. 19 & 26, St. Petersburg workers pick delegates to the commission, in the first free elections that Russian workers have ever participated in. [see: Mar. 5] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The first group of 119 children leave the city from the Franco-Belgian Hall (Lawrence IWW offices) bound for New York, under a scheme organised by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, to be temporarily fostered at supporters homes in the city for the duration of the strike. They are met by 5,000 members of the Italian Socialist Federation and the Socialist Party singing the '//Marseille//' and the '//Internationale//'. Seventy are Belgian or French-Canadian. One such child was a French girl named Marthe and in a letter printed in '//L'Emancipation//', she recalled, "The great strike . . . prompted my exodus," and that her parents greatly benefited from the strike. She became close friends with the daughter of the family that took her in. Everyone of the 119 children sent to New York was found on physical examination to be suffering from malnutrition, in some form. As Bill Haywood most eloquently put it, "Those children had been starving from birth. They had been starved in their mothers' wombs. And their mothers had been starving before the children were conceived." [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek__ __Miners' Strike__: Following the attacks on Mucklow by miners over preceding days, martial law is imposed for the third and final time. [see: Feb. 7 & 9]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: There is no light on the streets of Barcelona and the La Canadiense management gives an ultimatum to the strikers to return to work.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: With only two unions, cooks and longshoremen, having voted the previous day to continue the strike, the General Strike Committee votes to end the strike at noon the following day. [see: Feb. 6]

1932 - CNT proclaims a General Strike; insurrections follow. Within the week the Catalan city of Terrassa is taken over and anarchist communism is declared. [expand]

[FF] 1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: 15,000 pickets, of which an estimated 12,000-13,000 were Birmingham trade unionists, assemble and march to the Nechells Gas works. Those on the picket lines watched as thousands of workers marched towards them from five different directions following their union banners. Seeing the lines approaching and the fact that the 700 police present were heavily outnumbered, the West Midlands Chief Constable ordered the works' gates closed. A Cabinet meeting, where the law on picketing was being discussed, was interrupted with the news that the Chief Constable had been obliged to "request the closure" of the depot. Cabinet concluded that this outcome, with the depot closed and no further stocks leaving, "represented a victory for violence against the lawful activities of the Gas Board and the coal merchants". "Saltley Coke depot was closed today as 10,000 demonstrators surged towards the gates. A sea of faces stretched for as far as the eye could see, below trade union banners and there was a great roar as the gates shut for the first time since picketing began last week. Scores of factories were closed or totally disrupted as workers responded to the strike call from the AUEW and the National Union of Vehicle Builders. From early morning the contingents, hundreds strong, began arriving at the depot. Finally Nechells Place, scene of earlier violence, St Clement’s Road, which runs past the depot gates, and the main Saltley Road, were completely thronged with singing, chanting crowds waving banners and placards. Others came from the Valor factory, the GEC, the Rover car works and several other British Leyland factories. Others marched under the red banner of the East District of the AUEW. Crowds of women from the SU Carburettor factory, the GEC and Valor swelled the ranks. An hour after the huge crowds had massed outside the depot the gates were closed and locked by Gas Board security men. Tumultuous cheering broke out as Mr Scargill climbed onto the roof of a nearby building and told the crowd through a loud hailer “if working people are united they can achieve anything." ['//Evening Mail//' Feb. 10, 1972] With Saltley only containing a small fraction of the coal and coke needed to supply the power stations that had already been forced to slow or cease the generation of electricity, the effect of its forced closure was actually "symbolic, it was psychological, and it helped to impress the establishment" according to Labour MP Dennis Skinner. Nevertheless, the solidarity shown by the workers of Birmingham had helped win the striker for the miners. [see: Feb. 4] [* The confrontation actually took place at the gate for Nechells Gas works. The Saltley Gas works and its 'gates' were on the other side of the Saltley Viaduct adjacent to the Nechells works. The press, and the media kept insisting on calling it Saltley Gate, due in part to their being a locality next to Saltley gas works where there used to be a tollgate that is still called 'Saltley Gate' and when people were trying to close the gas works which was in the district of Saltley, they assumed that it was one of the same.]

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike / Three-Day Week__: British miners go on strike following their January 24 ballot, in which 81% of its members voted in favour of the strike following the rejection of a 16.5% pay rise offer by the NCB. Three days earlier Edward Heath had called a general election, with his campaign emphasising the pay dispute with the miners, using the slogan "Who governs Britain?". Heath believed that the public sided with the Conservatives on the issues of strikes and union power. Instead, he lost his majority and Labour ended up forming a minority government and giving the miners their 35% wage increase. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4054000/4054793.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_February_1974]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: According to the UFW there are 4,300 workers now on strike, and there was a great deal of violence and property destruction, as strikers attempted to intimidate strike breakers and to flood fields by sabotaging irrigation canals. Growers hired replacement workers as well as security guards, and a UFW striker, Rufino Contreras, is killed February 10, 1979 by a foreman near a field owned by Mario Saikhon. Reflecting the tensions of the time, Gov. Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown Jr., a close ally of Chavez, marched in the funeral procession for Contreras, while Imperial County authorities ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute the foreman for killing Contreras. [libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/MillerArchive/062 The 1979 Lettuce Strike.pdf archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/02/25/page/8/article/bloody-fight-in-lettuce-fields/index.html libcom.org/library/account-conditions-leading-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/violence-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/lettuce-strike-apparently-succeeding-despite-odds libcom.org/library/feb-26th-1979-report-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike www.lettucewars.net/p/in-lettuce-fields-timeline.html www.chavezfoundation.org/_cms.php?mode=view&b_code=001008000000000&b_no=15&page=1&field=&key=&n=7 ww.nytimes.com/1979/08/11/archives/chavez-acts-to-rekindle-flickering-farm-strike-began-with-selective.html?mcubz=1 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=130&page=2 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/ufwarchives/foodjustice/01_Dec84_001.pdf] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]
 * = 11 || 1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal__: Following Amadeo I's abdication, the Spanish Congress and the Senate, constitutuent bodies of the National Assembly, proclaim the Primera República Española by 258 votes to 32.

1911 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: The State prohibits the use of wines not coming from the appellation area to benefit from the name 'champagne'. [see: Nov. 4]

1913 - "You don’t have to die to get to hell. Just come to Akron, Ohio, and get a pass to enter any one of the many rubber shops." Workers at the Firestone factory walk off the job over the imposition of a new piece-rate scale. Four days later, nearly 15,000 workers were on strike in the city. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Following yesterday's ultimatum by the La Canadiense management, a handful of workers have returned to work. Now, workers at the Astilleros Minguell SA shipyards begin a sympathy strike. Santiago Pascual, a 29-year-old union delegate from Tarrasa, who had been attacked several times before by the police, is ambushed by comany pistoleros and seriously injured.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: After five days the strike officially ends at noon. The shipyard workers' strike continued for another month elsewhere, though the strikers battled dissent in their own ranks much as the general strikers had battled dissent in theirs. [see: Feb. 6]

1922 - Gino (Biagio) Cerrito (d. 1982), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist historian, born. Professor d'Història Contemporània a la Facultat de Magisteri de la Universitat de Florència. Author of 'L'Antimilitarismo Anarchico in Italia nel Primo Ventennio del Secolo' (Anarchist Antimilitarism in the First Two Decades of the Century; 1968), 'Le Origini del Movimento Operaio in Italia' (The Origins of the Labour Movement in Italy; 1969) and many other books. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1102.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Overngiht [10-11] there are a series of mass arrests as participants in the Feebruary 2 strike are hunted down, stirring up mass resentment amongst those living in the neighborhood of the Grivița works. A workers' delegation go to the government asking for the release of the arrested. It is brutally rebuffed.

1937 - The __Great Flint Sit-Down Strike__ ends. [see: Dec. 30] [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike libcom.org/history/flint-sit-down-strike-1936-1937-jeremy-brecher nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/michigan-autoworkers-win-strike-union-rights-1936-37 www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/02/16/fln2-f16.html www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sit-down-strike-begins-in-flint reuther.wayne.edu/node/7092 www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/February/flint.html www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2016/02/vintage_photos_from_the_1936-3.html]

1943 - Carlo Tresca (b. 1879), Italian-born American newspaper editor, orator, labour organiser, prominent Industrial Workers of the World activist and anti-fascist, is shot in the back and the head, killing him instantly. His assassin is believed to have been Carmine Galante, acting on the order of Frank Garofalo, Maffia underboss to Fascist sympathiser Joseph Bonanno. [see: Mar. 9]

1963 - __Reesor Siding Strike Incident__: At approximately 00:30 that morning between four and five hundred strikers arrived at the siding after hearing that a large load of wood supplied by independent local farmer-settlers had been loaded onto waiting railway wagon at midnight. Within a few minutes three strikers were shot and killed and eight were wounded by the farmers. Twenty settler farmers were there ready to defend the lumber and they were openly ready and prepared to use any levels of violence deemed necessary to do so. Around 20 officers of the Ontario Provincial Police were also present at the loading station in order to protect the lumber and the angry settler farmers. The police had erected a simple line made from chains in an attempt to keep the two groups apart. However, the union members breached the small police cordon and as the union members continued toward the stockpiled pulp wood, a number of the farmers hidden in a hut by the tracks stepped out from their concealment and began shooting before the union members reached the chain. Eleven union members were shot: Fernand Drouin, and brothers Irenée and Joseph Fortier were killed; eight others were wounded: Harry Bernard, Ovila Bernard, Joseph Boily, Alex Hachey, Albert Martel, Joseph Mercier, Léo Ouimette and Daniel Tremblay. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reesor_Siding_strike_of_1963 www.kapuskasingtimes.com/2013/02/13/50-years-later-the-reesor-siding-incident ejlavoie.wordpress.com/2016/05/06/incident-at-reesor-siding/]

[F] 1968 - __Memphis Sanitation Strike__: In the wake of the crushing to death of two sanitation workers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker on February 1, 1968, 700 of their fellow black sanitation workers (half the 1300 black workers employed in the city's sanitation department) meet and agree to strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/memphis-tennessee-sanitation-workers-strike-1968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Echol_Cole_and_Robert_Walker]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The government announces that a court of inquiry would be set up due to the breakdown of negotiations between the National Coal Board and the trade union. Employment Secretary, Robert Carr, sets up a committee of inquiry under Lord Wilberforce and states that the miners should return to work an the basis of the Coal Board's last offer and any pay increase awarded by the Court of Inquiry would be paid retrospectively to the date of the return to work. The NUM rejects Carr's demands and states that they will not be bound by the inquiry's findings. The same day in a television interview John Davies, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, states that within 10 to 14 days industry will grind to a halt. He also says that it would eventually become necessary to mobilise troops because of the worsening crisis. [see: Jan. 9]

1981 - Ramón Lafragueta (b. 1905), Spanish railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Aug. 24] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3872-francesca-saperas-miro-militante-anarquista.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Saperas_i_Miró dbd.cat/?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2038 www.revistaigualada.cat/ImatgesArticles/2009/26.07.14.pdf]
 * = 12 || 1851 - Francesca Saperas i Miró (d. 1933), Catalan seamstress, and militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. In 1869, she married anarchist shoemaker Martí Borràs Jover, first director of the paper 'Tierra y Libertad', on which Francesca also worked. In 1889, she helped organise a large rally in Barcelona's Plaza Cataluña in solidarity with striking German workers but the organisers were arrested and the demonstration never took place. In 1894, she was widowed when her partner committed suicide in jail after having written a letter to his wife saying goodbye affectionately. She then turned her house in the Calle Tallers into a shelter for persecuted anarchists and worked on the newspaper 'La Justicia Humana' (1895). Later she became a partner of Ascheri Fossati, who was sentenced to death in 1897, accused of being responsible for the attack on the Corpus Christi procession. A few hours before the execution, Francesca and Ascheri were married in his dungeon. During her time in Montjuïc prison she, like other comdemned women prisoners, were tortured. In 1897, she was exiled to France, where she actively participated in the international campaign against the regime in Montjuïc, but returned the following year. Later she began a relationship with Francisco Callis, another victim of Montjuïc who would also commit suicide, unable to overcome the psychological effects of the suffering inflicted upon him. She emigrated to the Americas and lived between 1912-14 in Buenos Aires, later spending time in Mexico and the United States, returning to Barcelona permanently in 1923. During the late 1920s, she suffered from paralysis and a 1929 committee was set up to aid her. She died in August 1933 and only 5 of her 10 children outlived her.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Within three days of Amadeo I's abdication on February 10, 1873, disorder had broken out in Sanlúcar de Barrameda. A revolutionary committee composed of the local anarchist council, perhaps including men such as Trinidad Gonzalez, who directed both the shoemakers' and masons' unions, had replaced the city council, imprisoned the police, and destroyed notarial records. This attack upon the government, clearly orchestrated by local anarchists, attempted to transform social relations in one town, and represented a sharp break with the Intransigent Republican pattern of insurrection, which limited its goal to mere political autonomy from the state, leaving social relations intact. "... on the night of February 12 to 13, 1873, the mob assaulted the City Council producing wreckage and condemning to the pyre, among other symbolic objects of the previous power, marks of the fifth, At the same time as it burned the faithful destined to collect the most hated indirect taxes, the consumptions, suppression several times retracted by the governments of the Sexenio ". The city council presided over by Jose Maria Hontoria is dismissed. A Revolutionary Committee takes over the city government. The police are imprisoned and the notary records destroyed ..." [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

[F] 1917 - [O.S. Jan. 31] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: A new wave of strikes and meetings following those held on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22 [O.S. Jan. 9]) are held in Petrograd factories: the beginning of the run up to the February Revolution (Mar. 8-12 1917 [O.S. Feb. 23-27]). Petrograd is starving. The city stockpile for flour will last only 10 more days. Meat supplies are completely depleted. Massive queues for food form, despite excrutiatingly cold temperatures. Crowds of women sporatically break into stores. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Fearing sympathy strikes amongst the company's workers, the director of Tramvies de Barcelona SA grants the eight-hour day to its factory workers and nine hours for those working on its trams. The Astilleros Minguell SA strike has also been resolved overnight. However, the La Canadiense strike situation remains the same whilst police have begun drawing up a list of the homes of the striking La Canadiense workers in anticipation of further repressive measures. In the San Martin neighborhood, Luis Más Tarrades, a textile foreman who acted as a police provocateur is ambushed and shot at 10:00 by unknown attackers, leaving him with a serious injury to the lumbar region and an exit wound in the abdomen, which caused his death a day later. He accused two members of the grupo de los metalúrgicos, Luis Prida and Jaime Sabanés Parés, the later a 24-year-old former president of the Sociedad La Constancia, who had just been released from prison after being falsely accused by Bravo Portillo of having taken part in an attempt on the industrialist Josep Albert Barret i Moner and had been tried in absentia for a second attack. Sabanés and Prida were arrested and spent eight months in prison before being declared innocent.

[FF] 1920 - The first strike by textile workers at the Fábrica de Hilados y Tejidos (Fabricato) works in Bello-Antioquia, Colombia directed by their fellow worker Betsabé Espinoza Corría. The 400 striking women did not have the support of their (120) male peers. The strike ended on March 4, with Betsabé Espinosa, who was an excellent speaker, having managed to negotiate a 40% increase in wages and an agreement for 9 hours and 50 minutes working day, as well as the supply of espadrilles and the promise of the cessation of sexual harassament by bosses. She also helped set up women's self-defence squads ('swarms') to fight police repression as well as a Comité de Solidaridad to help finance the strike and support the women during it. This was the first big strike perpetuated solely by women in Colombia. [ojosparalapaz-colombia.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/betsabe-espinosa-joven-rebelde-primera-mujer-en-dirigir-una-huelga-obrera-en-colombia.html www.revolucionobrera.com/emancipacion/recordando-a-betsabe-espinoza/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Factory committees are banned by the government as they resemble the Soviets set up during the 1917 Russian Revolution. All communist unions are also banned, with the government accepting only the representatives of officially registered social-democratic trade unions in negotiations. The state of emergency is now enacted.

1934 - A one day anti-fascist general strike takes place in Le Havre as a result of the February 9 meeting. 600 port workers of the Union Locale Autonome, 5 000 municipal and public service workers of the Union Locale Confédérée, and 2,000 metal, building and rail workers of the Union Locale Unitaire take part. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

1959 - __Newfoundland Loggers Strike__: With the dispute now six weeks old and public opposition to the International Woodworkers of America reached such a pitch following the media campaign against it by both the Anglo-Newfoundland Development and the Newfoundland Loggers' Association, eagerly supported by the Newfoundland press, Premier Joseph Smallwood intervenes in the strike. He declared he would drive the IWA out of Newfoundland and take over the labour talks himself. On March 6, Smallwood and his government passed legislation that allowed them to order the immediate cessation of labour talks and picketing by the workers. This statute also allowed them to disband all trade unions in the province, thus making the IWA void of any power that it had possessed. The Canadian Labour Congress, International Labour Organisation and much of the Canadian media community responded, condemning Smallwood for "his attempt to destroy free trade unionism". [see: Dec. 31] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hammersmark]
 * = 13 || 1872 - Sam Hammersmark (Samuel Tellefson Hammersmark; d. 1957), Norwegian-American book publisher, trade union organiser, political activist, and Communist Party functionary, born. Hammersmark is best remembered as a political lieutenant of William Z. Foster in the Chicago anarcho-syndicalist and communist movements of the 1910s through the 1930s and as a candidate of the Communist Party for public office.

[D] 1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Revolutionary José Luis Moya's forces defeat a federal force and occupy San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango.

[F] 1913 - After West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock declares martial law to put down the coal miners’ strike in Kanawha county, 83-year old activist and organiser Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones is arrested. She was tried and convicted by a military court and sentenced to twenty years in prison. “Whatever I have done in West Virginia,” she said, “I have done it all over the United States. And when I get out, I will do it again.” She was released and pardoned after serving 85 days. Three days after West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock had declared martial law for a third time during the coal miners’ strike in Kanawha county, 83-year old activist and organiser Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones is arrested in Charleston and charged before a military court in Pratt with inciting a riot (reportedly for attempting to read the 'Declaration of Independence'), and, later, conspiracy to commit murder. She refused to recognise the jurisdiction of the military court, and refused to enter a plea, but was convicted and sentenced to twenty years in the state penitentiary, where she acquired a case of pneumonia. "Whatever I have done in West Virginia," she said, "I have done it all over the United States. And when I get out, I will do it again." She was released and pardoned after serving 85 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek–Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars www.motherjones.com/about/what-mother-jones-our-history/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: An advert promoting the sale of bonds for Barcelona Traction Light & Power appears on the front page of the 'Diario de Barcelona'! [vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/blog-post.html]

[AA] 1921 - Peter Kropotkin's funeral held in Moscow — the last public anarchist gathering and the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years — as Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolsheviks begin their crackdown to secure their power over the working class. On passing Butyrki jail, incarcerated political prisoners strike up an anarchist hymn to the dead. Under pressure of the libertarians, anarchist prisoners are allowed to attend Kropotkin's funeral. A crowd estimated at 30-100,000 follows the coffin to the cemetery. Black flags are deployed and banners proclaiming: "Where there is authority, there is no freedom" "The anarchists ask to be released from the prison of socialism" Emma Goldman, among others, delivers a public remembrance at Kropotkin's funeral in Moscow.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The now clandestine sindicatul roşu ('red union', controlled by the Communists) at CFR Grivița secretly reorganises a factory committee (factory committees having been banned the previous day by the government) made up of 250 workers. It is led by separate two executive committees composed of Communists.

1934 - Anarcho-syndicalist CNT calls for the socialist UGT in Spain to clearly and publicly state its revolutionary objectives. It meets with no reply, leaving the CNT, in effect, to be used as cannon-fodder to help produce another government that would attack the CNT.

1997 - Ricardo Mestre (b. 1906), Catalonian anarcho-syndicalist, construction worker, CNT and FAI member, dies in México. One of the founders of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), he was exiled following the Revolution of 1936. [see: Apr. 15] ||
 * = 14 || 1886 - Angel Pestaña Núñez (d. 1937), Spanish watchmaker and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Head of the newspaper 'Solidaridad Obrera' and repeatedly Secretary of the National Committee of the CNT. Anti-union Pistoleros try to kill him on August 25, 1922, but despite being seriously wounded, he recovers. In 1929 he is forced to resign from the National Committee of the CNT becuase of his reformist position, later to take part in atttempts to legalise the union and abandon revolutionary action, he is expelled from the union.

[E] 1898 - Angela Bambace (d. 1975), Italian-American garment worker, feminist, anti-fascist, anarchist, communist, and labour organiser for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union for over fifty years, born in Brazil. She helped organise garment workers, including the 1919 Dressmakers and Waistmakers strike in New York City and the 1932 Amagamated Clothing Workers strike in Elizabeth, New Jersey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bambace unite-archive.library.cornell.edu/resources/womeninunite.html]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: After several months waiting to see how the revolution was unfolding, Francisco I. Madero crosses the border into Mexico to take charge of the movement, establishing its headquarters in Guadalupe, Chihuahua. He also plans to break off relations with the PLM and demand that Magónista forces place themselves under his command.

[F] 1912 - __Bridport Wildcat Strike__: A group of women workers in the Gundry's net and rope factory walked out on unofficial strike against changes to their pay and conditions, and marched through Bridport singing the Suffragette anthem 'Shoulder to Shoulder'. A collection to help the women raised nearly £10 (about £650 in today’s money). The workers refused arbitration from the local MP, and only return to work after a London trades union official came down, signed them up and settled the dispute. [libcom.org/history/bridport-wildcat-strike-1912 www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11801347.Bridport_Wildcats_recreate_historic_protest/]

1912 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: Nearly all of the fifty-four defendants indicted in connection with the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers 'Dynamite Conspiracy' are arrested. [see: Oct. 1]

1913 - Jimmy Hoffa (James Riddle Hoffa; disappeared July 30, 1975), US labour union leader, author and mafia stooge, who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1958 until 1971, born. He vanished in late July 1975 and "sleeps with the fishes". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Three days after the attack on Santiago Pascual, a grupo de acción made up of three masked men with handkerchiefs, shoots and seriously injures a blackleg La Canadiense meter reader, Joaquim Baró Valero, on the Calle Calabria. He died the following day off his wounds. Baró was the only collector who had refused to collaborate with the strikers in not reading light meters and not passing bills on to consumers. The only scab at the department. The company offered a reward of 10 thousand pesetas (10 years salary for an average worker) for information on the assassins. They did not get any takers. Elsewhere, acts of sabotage destroy wiring supplying power to the city's street lights.

1929 - __Rothbury Miners' Strike__: With the colliery owners on the Northern New South Wales coalfields having combined as the Northern Collieries Association, the mine employers now give their 9,750 employees 14 days' notice, demanding that the miners should now accept the following new conditions: "A wage reduction of 12½ per cent on the contract rates, one shilling ($0.10) a day on the 'day wage' rate; all Lodges must give the colliery managers the right to hire and fire without regard to seniority; all Lodges must agree to discontinue pit-top meetings and pit stoppages". The miners and their union, the Miners Federation, refused to accept these terms, and on Saturday March 2, 1929, all miners were 'locked out' of their employment. They were to remain closed for 15 months. 10,000 miners, pit boys and their families now found themselves without a job, forced to subsist on government handouts and charity. In September 1929, the NSW State Parliament introduced an Unlawful Assembly Act designed to suppress the miners, which authorised police to break up any gatherings. On December 16, 1929, about 4,000 miners demonstrated against the introduction of non-union labour into the Rothbury mine by the conservative Bavin government, which had taken over the colliery. The government called in 400 New South Wales police officers from districts outside Newcastle to protect the colliery and allow the entry of non-union labour. Angry miners marched to the mine gate led by a pipe band. When they charged the gate, the miners were met with baton charges by the police and there were hand-to-hand clashes. Then the police drew their revolvers and shot into the crowd. One miner, Norman Brown, received a fatal wound. 15-year-old Joseph Cummings, the youngest miner present, risked his life, dodging bullets as he ran for the doctor, in a futile effort to help save Brown's life. Approximately forty-five other miners were wounded. The miners would remain out until June 1930, when they capitulated and returned to work on reduced contract wages. However, the lockout failed to break the resolve or organisation of the miners union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothbury_riot www.lockout.tv/the-story.php www.coalandcommunity.com/rothbury-riot.php www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000085.pdf monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/government/dissent/display/22596-rothbury-riot-memorial]

[C] 1936 - The CNT issues a prophetic manifesto warning that right-wing elements are ready to provoke a military coup.

1937 - An extraordinary congress of Aragon collectives creates the Federación de Colectividades de Aragón.

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: 2,000 coal miners and their supporters attempt to prevent South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB) employees from entering Longannet power station in Fife. The miners – from Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, the Lothians, Stirlingshire and Clackmannan as well as Fife – are held back by 400 police officers as the Longannet workers arrived in cars for the morning shift. The road remained open, although numerous cars were turned back, and three officers were injured, one sustaining a broken ankle. Thirteen pickets were arrested on the serious and highly unusual charge of ‘mobbing and rioting’. The miners viewed this as vindictive; they were further antagonised when, after the thirteen had been held overnight, James Douglas, Procurator Fiscal at Dunfermline Sheriff Court, successfully resisted their bail application. Douglas ordered police to clear 150 miners from outside the court and the accused were taken, handcuffed, to Edinburgh’s Saughton prison. Alex Eadie, MP for Midlothian and chairman of the miners’ group of Labour MPs, described the situation as ‘explosive’, and led a deputation of Scottish mining MPs to the Lord Advocate, Norman Wylie, the UK government’s chief law officer in Scotland. Wylie was asked to intervene to secure the early release of the accused, which he did, travelling to Edinburgh and holding meetings on 16 February with James Douglas, representatives of the Crown Office and Fife’s Chief Constable, Robert Murison. Normal procedures were duly and considerably accelerated. Instead of a further period of weeks on remand, to allow investigations to be completed prior to committal for trial, the accused were brought back to Dunfermline Sheriff Court on 17 February and granted bail at £20 each. celebratory crowd of 1,000 miners, gathered five or six deep in Dunfermline’s narrow High Street, welcomed the thirteen outside with the triumphalist football chant, "Easy, Easy". These scenes were repeated on 16 June when the men were acquitted after an eight-day trial at the same court, the jury’s innocent verdict reached after just 23 minutes of deliberation. [libcom.org/files/1972-miners-strike.pdf] ||
 * = 15 || 1872 - The first issue of the fortnightly newsletter (weekly from July 1873) 'Bulletin of the Jura Federation' of the AIT is published in Switzerland. The newsletter has a major influence during the rise of anti-authoritarian ideas within the International, despite its modest circulation of 600 copies.

1883 - Following the formation on December 15, 1882, of the Tailoresses' Association of Melbourne, Australia's first female trade union, in response to attempts by the Melbourne clothing manufacturer Beith Shiess & Co. to reduce piece-rate wages, a strike is called after clothing manufacturers had not responded to the union's log of claims. As each manufacturer accepted the log, employees resumed work. The strike is generally regarded as instrumental in the establishment of the Shops Commission and the eventual passage of the Factory Act. When the new Factory Act was passed in 1885, the recommendations of the March 1884 Royal Commission regarding outwork were not incorporated and working conditions in the industry were not substantially affected by its operation. In 1906, the Tailoresses' Union amalgamated with the Tailors' Society. [www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0632b.htm www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0966b.htm monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/30683-tailoresses-union]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The workers meet with La Canadiense executives to present their demands. The blackleg La Canadiense meter reader, Joaquim Baró Valero, shot on the Calle Calabria by a three-man grupo de acción yesterday, dies of his wounds during the morning.

1932 - Before dawn in the Catalan city of Terrassa, workers openly launch an insurrection, raiding the J. Carner armoury on carrer Sant Francesc and laying seige to the Guàrdia Civil barracks on carrer de Sant Leopold. Meanwhile, the town's mayor, Avellí Estrenjer, and two aldermen (Francesc Devant and Francesc Casas) were taken prisoner and having occupied the Town Hall (Ajuntament), the revolutionaries hoisted the red and black flag of anarcho-syndicalism over the building. However, attempts to take prisoner the president of the Institut Industrial, Pere Amat, and the deputy mayor Samuel Morera, failed and the pair allerted the Guàrdia Civil in the nearby town of Sabadell. As the fighting began to spread through out Terrassa, Guàrdia Civil units from Sabadell and 50 soldiers of the Tercera Companyia de Infanteria (Third Infantry Company) from Barcelona eventually surrounded the town hall and a three-hour fire-fight took place. When, at 10:00 that morning, it became clear that the government troops were about to shell the town hall, the last group of revolutionaries holding out in Terrassa decided to surrender. Amazingly, there were hardly and casualties on either side and those revolutionaries who had been arrested were carted off to Barcelona for trial. Over the following days in Terrassa over a series of indiscriminate arrests of militants of the CNT and the Bloc Obrer i Camperol (Workers’ and Peasants’ Bloc) took place as the republican government sought to weed-out the 'trouble makers'. [joaquimverdaguer.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/els-fets-del-1932-terrassa_9.html historiesdeterrassa.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/febrer-de-1932-els-anarquistes-prenen_10.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/julian-abad-guitart-anarquista-de.html]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Overnight the authorities decided to arrest the leaders of the sindicatul roşu at CFR Grivița. Until then, the Government had hesitated to take action against the Communists because it did not want to further inflame the mood of the workers, but by secretly reconstituting the factory committee, the Communist syndicalists had violated the terms of the state of siege. Amongst those arrested were the main leaders of the communist trade union from CFR Grivița: Panait Bogatoiu, Constantin Doncea, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, etc. The arrest of the Communist trade unionists did indeed aggravate the mood amongst the workers at the CFR Grivița workshops and, on the morning of February 15, the vast majority of workers refused to start work, bringing out many of those who had not initially associated with the strike in sympathy. The remaining members of the (February 13) 'factory committee' still at liberty then presented the director of wagon workshops, the engineer Atanasiu, with a set of the strikers' demands, which included the release of the syndicates arrested a day ago, as well as the raising of the state of siege, the recognition of the communist organisations that had been dissolved by the decree of February 12, and the recognition of 'factory committees'. The director of wagon workshops refused to negotiate with the factory committee, claiming that workers were legally constituted in trade unions and that they would only discuss with their 'official' representatives. Meanwhile, the army, equipped and ready for combat, occupied the neighbouring areas around the CFR Grivița works. Machine guns were installed in firing positions around the workshops. At the same time, more than 10,000 people, mostly women, children and elders (relatives and neighbouring residents), had gathering around the workshops site. The works' siren sounds long and hard, further racking up tension. That evening, unidentified elements wreck and set fire to the shops along the Calea Griviţei in central Bucharest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/istorii-feroviare-16-februarie-1933--evenimentele-grivita-posteritatea-lor-1_54e1af24448e03c0fda90cfb/index.html iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1939 - Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (b. 1899), Algerian-born militant, one of the anarchist participants in the Black Sea Mutiny of 1919 and combatant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. [see: Jan. 3]

1951 - __New Zealand Waterfront Strike__: Dock workers (or 'wharfies') in New Zealand are locked out by their employers after weeks of negotiations for a wage increase. Prime Minister Sidney Holland declared a state of emergency and the military was brought in to perform the wharfies’ work. An estimated 22,000 workers (in a country of only 2 million people) were involved in the lockout and sympathy strikes that lasted until July 15. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/new-zealand-waterfront-workers-strike-better-wages-and-shorter-hours-1951]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The first day of Lord Wilberforce's committee of inquiry, 1.2 million workers had been laid off, 5% of the country's workforce. By the second and final day of the inquiry twelve power stations had been closed and continuing cold weather was forecast. The inquiry subsequently recommended substantial pay increases to all wage grades but this still fell short of the union's demands. [see: Jan. 9]

[F] 1986 - __News International Strike / Wapping Dispute__: 5,000 people gather near Rupert Murdoch's scab printing operation in Wapping, London for a mass demonstration, during which police deploy riot equipment and horses for the first time, as running battles break out between police and striking printers during the worst outbreak of violence of the 3-week strike so far. Fifty-eight (or 61, depending on the source) people are arrested and eight police officers 'injured' (no figures for the number of pickets). An ITN camera crew was attacked by police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_dispute news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3455000/3455083.stm www.wapping-dispute.org.uk/node/10 www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping.htm www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping_files/HaldaneNI.htm www.coldtype.net/Assets/pdfs/Wapping1.pdf www.metaltype.co.uk/stories/story5.shtml www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_7.php www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/news-international-strike-1986 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-printers-strike-their-jobs-unions-wapping-dispute-1986-1987] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre20.html#guillaume]
 * = 16 || 1844 - James Guillaume (d. 1916), English-born historian of the First International and anarchist active in the Swiss Jura Federation, born. Aligned with Mikhail Bakunin, with whom he was kicked out of the International Workingmen's Association in a coup by Marx and his followers.

1854 - William Charles Owen (d. 1929), India-born Anglo-American teacher, journalist, militant and anarchist individualist propagandist, born. Member of the IWA, collaborated on the newspaper 'Free Society' and Emma Goldman's 'Mother Earth'. In 1911 he was involed with the Magon brothers newspaper 'Regeneración' and later became editor of his own newspaper 'Land and Liberty' (1914-15). Initially influenced by Kropotkin (he was the first to translate 'Paroles d'un Révolté' into English), he came under the influence of Benjamin Tucker and anarchist individualism. During WWI he went to England where he took part in the newspaper 'Freedom', in 1926 withdrew to a small co-operative colony close to Storrington in Sussex. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/owen/owen.html www.ephemanar.net/juillet09.html#owenwc recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/OwenWilliam.htm]

1870 - Leonora O’Reilly (d. 1927), U.S. feminist, suffragist, and trade union organiser, born. Started work aged eleven in a collar factory (1881); inducted into the Knights of Labor (1886); formed the Working Women's Society (1886); joined the Synthetic Circle (1888) and the Social Reform Club (1894); organized a women's local for the United Garment Workers Union (1897); was a founder of the National Women's Trade Union League (1903) and a member of its executive committee (1903-15); was a founding member of the New York Women's Trade Union League (1904); was a founder of the group that became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909); joined the Socialist Party (1910); appointed chair of the industrial committee of the New York City Woman Suffrage party (1912); served as a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Women (1915); was a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Working Women (1919). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_O'Reilly spartacus-educational.com/USAWoreilly.htm]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: In Sanlúcar de Barrameda the city's doctor, Antonio González Peña, dismissed the alcalde (mayor) and became President of a Ayuntamiento Republicano (Revolutionary Committee), supported by 39 armed men of the Guardia Municipal Republicada (Republican Municipal Guard), headed by Eduardo Franco. [NB: the supposedly libertarian 'republic' wish to still pay its workers on differntial scale: seven reales for each sergeant, 6 for each corporal, and 5 for each ordinary soldier.] He removed Mayor Jose Maria Ontoria and the entire Municipal Corporation, imprisoned the police of the old Town Hall and burned the notary records. He also asked the Governor of Cadiz for enough weapons and money to put a thousand men under arms. He also sought to explain to the rural labourers that their pay for working the vines could not exceed the income from the wine itself, which obviously displeased the day labourers, who wanted their wages at all costs, whether the money was there or not. As a moderate revolutionary, he seized the Colegio de los Escolapios (Piarists or Poor Regular Clergy college), demolished two convents, readaptled churches to convert them into schools and barracks, and municipalised the local cemetery. [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1904 - Augustus Marcel Le Lann (d. 1974), Breton boilermaker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3258 www.ephemanar.net/septembre27.html]

1911 - Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana: Prisciliano G. Silva is arrested by Madero in Guadalupe, Chihuahua for refusing to recognise him as provisional president of Mexico.

1917 - A bill introduced into the Washington state legislature in Olympia, Washington defined "criminal-syndicalism" as advocating by word of mouth or writing sabotage, violence, or other unlawful methods of bringing about industrial or political revolution and making the offense a felony. [archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt leg.wa.gov/CodeReviser/documents/sessionlaw/1919c3.pdf]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: In the pages of 'La Publicitat' workers claim that their strike is fully justified. The company tries to bring in strikebreakers but all the time more and more workers are joining the strike.

[C] 1921 - The Fascists attempt to break a strike in Livorno, Italy by operating the trams. But they meet mass resistance, with one tram load attacked by over 400 people. This is just one of thousands of bloody confrontations all across Italy between anti-fascists and fascists this month as the latter try to impose their presence on the streets and in the workplaces across the country. [www.ainfos.ca/01/oct/ainfos00198.html]

1933 - __Masacrul de la Griviţa [Grivița Massacre] / Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: At 04:30, the siege begins, as gendarmes and army troops move in and surround CFR Griviţa Roşie workshops. The workers fail to react, so at 06:00, the operation commander, Lt.-Col. Romulus Hotineanu, called upon the strikers to surrender. The authorities later claimed that the reaction of the workers then turned violent, retaliating with gunfire inside the workshops. At 06:30, the authorities announce that if the strikers do not surrender within five minutes, they would pay in full. At that point, some of the strikers jumped the fence around the CFR Workshops Griviţa Roşie, making a break for it. After the expiration of the announced time, a warning shot was fired. The official communiqué argued that no more than two volleys of shots were fired by their side, and that the workers had also used firearms against the troops. After 15 minutes, gendarmes and soldiers entered the workshop yard. At 07:30, about half of the strikers surrendered. From the workshop yard, troops recovered three dead. Thirty four injured were taken to CFR Witting, Filantropia, Colentina, Militar and Brancoveanu hospitals. Four of these subsequently died of their wounds. Another 20 light-weight workers were taken to the Public Guard Corps headquarters where they received medical help. Among the troops, two soldiers were killed - one of which was shot dead by an officers after he had addressed his fellow soldiers: "Do not fire on the workers, comrades! We can not be the killers of our brethren! We can not crush them in bloody battles, in order to safeguard the interests of our enemies - the landowners and bourgeoisie!". A public guard had also died the previous day. The funeral of the seven dead workers was carried out in secrecy, fearing the emergence of new disturbances. Their bodies were guarded by soldiers, and rumours circulated in the press that they had been buried secretly at night. In the end, the authorities organised the funerals at the Ghencea Cemetery, with access limited to only their families. After the suppression of the revolt from CFR Griviţa Roşie, the army took control of the works and arrested the remaining strikers. Those detained were paraded at bayonet point along the Calea Griviţei in central Bucharest en route to the Malmaison military prison. The investigations were focused on find those believed to be responsible for instigating the strike. On March 3 1933, the Military Prosecutor's Office announced that 380 workers of the 2,000 originally on strike and considered to be organisers and agitators during the conflict would be brought before a military court, as the strike had taken place during the state of siege. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/istorii-feroviare-16-februarie-1933--evenimentele-grivita-posteritatea-lor-1_54e1af24448e03c0fda90cfb/index.html iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1958 - Victor Arendorff (b. 1878), Swedish writer, journalist, poet, lyricist, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 27]

1968 - __Memphis Sanitation Strike__: The local chapter of the NAACP endorsed the sanitation workers strike, asking the City Council to intervene. The newly elected mayor of Memphis, Henry Loeb, III, declared the strike illegal. Though he refused to meet with black officials from Local 1733, he did agree to a meeting with the national officers of American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees who were in Memphis to support the striking workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/memphis-tennessee-sanitation-workers-strike-1968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Echol_Cole_and_Robert_Walker]

[F] 1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: With miners now into the sixth week of their strike over pay, mass picketing of power stations and all other sources of fuel supply have forced the Central Electricity Generating Board to announce that homes and businesses will be without electricity for up to nine hours a day from today. Electricity will be switched off on a rota basis between 07:00 and 24:00 every day, which means that consumers will face longer power cuts, up from six to nine hours. The shortage of electricity is forcing more and more factories and businesses to close. Edward Heath's Conservative government had already imposed a three day week and a report in today's 'Times' newspaper claims 1.2 million workers have now been laid off. Imperial Chemical Industries, one of the country's leading industries, has given a week's notice to all its 60,000 weekly-paid staff as a precautionary measure. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/16/newsid_2757000/2757099.stm] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович]
 * = 17 || 1870 - [O.S. Feb. 5] Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н; d. 1906), Russian Orthodox priest, and founder and leader of the Assembly of the Russian Factory Workers of the City of St. Petersburg (Собрания русских фабрично-заводских рабочих г. Санкт-Петербурга), who was later exposed as a police informant and killed by members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), born. [see: Apr. 10]

[F] 1881 - A circular of the Spanish Ministerio de la Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior) announces that workers' associations are no longer illegal and are now able to quit the world of 'clandestinity'. [losojosdehipatia.com.es/cultura/historia/historia-del-derecho-de-asociacion-en-espana/ noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/lec.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

1906 - Idaho police and Pinkertons kidnap IWW leader Bill Haywood and two others in Denver, Colorado, from their bedrooms, for alleged involvement in the Steunenberg bombing; thus the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) leaders Haywood, Moyer and Pettibone framed on murder charges in Idaho.

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Silva's men, who are now mixed with the Maderists, are disarmed because they too [see: Feb. 16] refusing to recognise Madero as provisional president of Mexico. Many of them will later be executed. At the same time Guitierrez de Lara, together with a small column of U.S. volunteers, joins the Maderists.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: A second children's exodus takes place, this time to two separate destinations. A small group of 35 was sent to the mountains of Barre, Vermont, where they were met by "three brass bands and a large crowd" before marching to the Barre Socialist Hall. Flynn accompanied another group to New York.

1918 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (1899-1984), the Dynamite Girl, is arrested. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/88/ lakecountyhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/gabriella-antolini-dynamite-girl.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: 80% of workers in the textile industry walk out. In addition to striking in support of the laid off workers at La Canadiense, the textile workers demand recognition of their union, and a recognition by the authorities of the eight hour day. Metallurgists of the Sarriá Railway also on strike and, with no access to their workshops, the company is no longer able to carry out repairs. Soon after, the majority of other electrical workers in the city declared themselves on strike, also demanding a wage increase. Police break into a union meeting in the centro obrero on the Calle San Pablo claiming that they have no permit. 62 film company workers there are arrested. They had been planning to extend the strike to the entertainment sector. Fraser Lawton, the manager of La Canadenca, gives in and hold his first meeting with the union. The first negotiations are to be held in the La Canadiense building. But when the strike committee of five delegates from the CNT, headed by Simó Piera arrive, Lawton discovers that there is a CNT member amongst their ranks and he walks out without beginning the discussions.

1922 - In San Julian, Patagonia, five prostitutes in the La Catalana brothel refuse the custom of soldiers of Lieutenant Colonel Varela (who executed and tortured more than 1,500 striking workers), shouting: "Garbage! We do not go to bed with murderers."

1941 - Dutch shipyard workers go on strike on February 17 and 18, preventing the Nazis from deporting Dutch workers to Germany for forced labour there. On the first day, the leadership of the Communistische Partij van Nederland discussed calling a general strike for the 18th, but the German occupiers managed to persuade Berlin to suspend the transfer of Dutch workers, thereby bringing about an end to the docks strike. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/dutch-citizens-resist-nazi-occupation-1940-1945 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance]

1944* - Laurentino Tejerina Marcos (b. 1895), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndcalist, dies. [expand] [* or 1942] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1701.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/laurentino-tejerina-marcos.html www.ephemanar.net/janvier17.html]

1944 - 18 Jews escaped from the Krasnik Labour Camp, also known as WIFO and Skret, in Poland. The head of production, Alois Gröger, then chose 18 prisoners, relatives of the escapees, and ordered that they be shot. In a short time, four of the escapees were caught one by one. Each time, Gröger issued a special roll call for the prisoners. They had to be present during the execution of the escapees by hanging, carried out by Gröger's own hands. The fourteen who escaped are: Lejba Brener, Shmuel Lejzer Brener, Hersh Datum, Szaja Datum, Adam Diament, Yisroel Moshe Szor, Moshe Sztolhamer, Yisroel Yankl Sukman, Yankl Szwarcbard, Gabrial Rajnsztajn, Asher Bruchirer, Daniel Feder, and Leib Hecht. Moshe Sztolhamer's son, Semmy Stahlhammer, wrote a book 'Kodnamn Frisör' (Codename Barber; 2007), about the incident. [www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/krasnik/kra293.html www.semmystahlhammer.se/book.html chelm.freeyellow.com/budzyn.html]

2006 - 800 postal workers in Belfast, Northern Ireland, end an eighteen day wildcat strike over bullying, harassment, and intimidation by managers at Royal Mail when management agrees to an independent review of industrial relations. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1619]
 * = 18 || 1847 - Jean Baguet (aka Jean Bayet; d. unknown) born. French anarchist exiled to Switzerland to avoid arrest following demonstrations at Montceau-the-Mines in August 1882. Sentenced in absentia to five years prison at the Trial of the 66, January 1883.

1851 - A crowd of Boston Negroes break into the federal prison, rescue Frederick Jenkins, a southern slave jailed under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act, and spirit him away to freedom in Canada.

1887 - Juan Peiro Belis (d. 1942), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist theorist and militant in the CNT, born. In November 4, 1936, he was one of the CNT's four ministers (Minister of Industry) in the new government headed by Largo Caballero. He sought refuge in France in 1939, but was extradited back to Spain by Pétain. Refusing to cooperate with Franco, he was shot in Valencia on 24 July 1942.

1912 - __National Coal Strike__: Following a long-running strike in South Wales that ended in defeat when the Miners Federation of Great Britain refused to call a national strike, the MFGB reluctantly hold a ballot on establishing a minimum wage, in which miners vote four-to-one for a national strike.

1946 - Start of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, a turning point in the struggle against British rule over India. It starts when Indian sailors based in Bombay harbour go on strike against the British. The strike becomes a full-fledged revolt, encompassing 78 ships, 20 on-shore facilities, and 20,000 sailors in various ports. Though the revolt is eventually suppressed by force by the British, it becomes a decisive factor in the British decision to grant India independence. Realizing that it can no longer rely on colonial troops to enforce their rule over India, Britain concludes that it is better to make a deal with the bourgeois pro-independence organizations than to risk being overthrown by a popular uprising. The revolt also frightens the mainstream independence movements, who are working towards the partition of India, because it succeeded in unifying Hindus and Muslims in a common cause outside their control. Mohandas Gandhi issues a statement condemning the strikers for acting on their own without the "guidance" of their "political leaders" and calling their actions "unholy". Prime Minister Clement Attlee would later cite the mutiny as a decisive factor in the British withdrawal from India. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-02-February.htm]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The NUM's NEC rejects the committee of inquiry's pay offer but further negotiations with the government and the N.C.B. were unsuccessful in securing any advancements on pay. However, other fringe benefits were eventually negotiated and the NEC finally accepted the offer. The media immediately jumped on this, thereby short-circuiting any chance of anyone opposing the terms. The resulting ballot on the issue returned a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9]

[F] 1981 - Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Government withdraws plans to close 23 pits, its first major u-turn since coming to power two years ago, following the threat of a strike. With existing coal stocks only enough to last six weeks and the country facing a potential shut down and the inevitable demands from the wider population for concessions, Thatcher saw that the time was not righ for a confrontation and that she would need at least a six months supply of coal to win any major strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners'_strike_(1984–85) www.users.ic24.net/~terrynorm/Justice/chronology.htm www.ncm.org.uk/downloads/104/The_1984-5_Miners_[]_Strike_Resource_[]_hi_res_.pdf collierycommunities.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/a-timeline-of-the-1984-85-miners-strike/ cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline/latest/embed/index.html?source=0AkuScjwCE0JPdGthNkxwVHd3MU1CUUcyVmRjb05jX0E&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650 www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_Narr_Display_2.php?Where=NarTitle+contains+'The+1984-85+Miners+Strike'+ www.timetoast.com/timelines/nhd-2015-major-events-of-the-1984-uk-miners-strike libcom.org/library/notes-on-the-miners-strike-1984-1985] ||
 * = 19 || [A] 1855 - Bread riots in Liverpool.

1901 - Aristide Rey (b. 1834) militant Blanquist, internationalist, Bakuninist, Communard, dies. [expand]

1910 - __Philadelphia General Strike__: The Philadelphia Rapid Transit trolley company fires 173 workers, all members of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, and replaces them with scabs from New York City. Immediately after the firings, the union leadership ordered the strike, taking their respective trolley cars off the streets effective at 13:00 that afternoon. Street battles, demonstrations, and a general strike ensued in the city that lasted for 57 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: In the Bread & Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 200 police draw their clubs and go after 100 women pickets, knocking them to the ground and beating them.

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Idaho introduces a criminal syndicalism bill into the Idaho legislature. A relatively brief document, the statute described criminal syndicalism as the "doctrine which advocates crime, sabotage, violence or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform." It made the "advocacy of such doctrine" a felony and then went on to criminalise not only advocating criminal syndicalism, but also publicising criminal syndicalism; "[o]penly, wilfully and deliberately justif[ying], by word of mouth or writing, the commission or the attempt to commit crime, sabotage, violent methods of terrorism;" establishing or holding membership in any organisation committed to teaching or advocating criminal syndicalism; assembling to teach or advocate criminal syndicalism; and providing a physical forum for the advocacy of criminal syndicalism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicalism archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt archive.org/stream/jstor-1112089/1112089_djvu.txt scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Gonzalez Rothwoss, the governador civil de Barcelona, meets with the bosses. Rumors say they are ready to enter the La Canadiense plants in the city and take action against the workers, taking over electriciy generation and distribution with the army. There are strikes in the slums of Gracia and Sans.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: In response to the dismissal of the trade unionist Jean-Baptiste Campanaud, a militant at the Villeneuve-Saint-Georges workshop, who had gone to a meeting of the Administrative Commission of the Network Union (Association Générale du Personnel des Chemins de Fer du PLM [Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée]), 1 500 railway workers go out on strike. During the following five months, waves of strikes followed one after another, increasing the splits between the reformist unionists and the revolutionaries, culminating in the split of the CGT, with the radicals creating the Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du]

1946 - Karen Gay Silkwood (d. 1974), US chemical technician, union activist and whistleblower, who famously died in "mysterious circumstances" while en route to hand over evidence to a 'New York Times' investigative reporter and an Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union health and safety staffer that Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corporation, the company she worked for, had falsified quality control records of nuclear fuel rods at the Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site nuclear facility, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Silkwood]

1947 - Pierre Besnard (b. 1886), French railway worker and anarcho-syndicalist, who was co-founder and Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), prominent in the setting up in August 1936 of the Comité anarcho-syndicaliste pour la défense du prolétariat espagnol (which provided financial and material support to the CNT-FAI), became secretary of the Conference of these committees in October 1936 and later Secretary of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, and co-founder of the Confédération Nationale du Travail in December 1946, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

1948 - Joseph James 'Smiling Joe' Ettor (b. 1885), U.S. IWW union organiser and famed activist in the Lawrence Bread & Roses Strike of 1912, dies. [see: Oct. 6]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: At 01:00, miners' leaders finally agree to a £95m pay package with additional fringe benefits. During the talks at Number 10, the union claims to have wrung about 15 extra pay concessions from the Coal Board – over and above the Wilberforce inquiry recommendations. The media immediately jumped on this, thereby short-circuiting any chance of anyone opposing the terms. The resulting ballot on the issue on February 25 returned a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9]

[F] 1981 - __Prowokacja Bydgoska [Bydgoszcz Events__]: Attempts by farmers to register their own newly formed 'Rural Solidarity', NSZZ RI Solidarność (Independent Self-Governing Trade Union of Individual Farmers Solidarity), are foiled by the authorities, leading to a strike in Bydgoszcz on March 16, 1981. This forced the authorities to finally hold the meeting of the Voivodeship National Council, a governing body of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, with representatives of Bydgoszcz Solidarność present in order to explain the reasons for the strike. However, the Council decided not to discuss the issues related to agriculture, which led to the members of Solidarity to protest. The authorities responded by calling in the Citizen's Militia and the ZOMO, who entered the Council building and brutally attacked the delegates of Solidarity. On March 24 Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the violence aimed at the delegates. The authorities bowed down and on March 25 the deputy prime minister Mieczysław F. Rakowski held a meeting with the leaders of the Solidarity. This led to the signing of the so-called Warsaw accords on March 30, 1981. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowokacja_bydgoska en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/historyk-z-ipn-kryzys-bydgoski-w-1981-r-nie-byl-prowokacja en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland] || [alexaraeburk.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/the-phenomenon-of-the-lowell-mill-girls/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Mill_Girls americanantiquarian.org/millgirls/files/original/227784c927cb2d3782fa1345a302d3df.JPG staceyrdevlin.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/the-appropriation-of-revolutionary-rhetoric-by-lowells-mill-girls.pdf www.aflcio.org/Issues/Civil-and-Workplace-Rights/Working-Women/Working-Women-in-Union-History/Lowell-Mill-Women-Create-First-Union-of-Working-Women www.massaflcio.org/1834-lowell-mill-girls-%2526quot%3Bturnout%2526quot%3B-protest-wage-cuts www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/4.htm csivc.csi.cuny.edu/americanstudies/files/lavender/lowell.html archive.org/stream/lowell92nati/lowell92nati_djvu.txt]
 * = 20 || [F] 1834 - __First Lowell Mill Girls Strike or 'Turn-Out'__: About 800 female employees of the Lowell Mills go on strike to protest a 15% wage reduction announced to begin on March 1. When the wage cuts had been announced, the female textile workers held a series of meetings at which they organised their 'turn-out' or strike. The women involved in 'turn-out' immediately withdrew their savings causing a run on two local banks. The events were described in 'Boston Transcript' on February 20, 1834: "A procession formed, and they marched about the town, to the amusement of a mob of idlers and boys… We are told that one of the leaders mounted a stump and made a flaming Mary Wollstonecraft speech on the rights of women and the iniquities of the ‘monied aristocracy." The next day being Sunday, the mill girls cooled down, and by Monday most of the girls were back tending to the looms Other quit their jobs and left town, looking for better paid jobs elsewhere. The Boston Manufacturing Company continued with their wage cut and on March 1 it came into effect with no further protests, but the 'turn-out' had been an indication of the determination among Lowell's female textile workers to take labour action. This dismayed the agents of the factories, who portrayed the turnout as a betrayal of femininity. William Austin, agent of the Lawrence Manufacturing Company, wrote to his Board of Directors, "notwithstanding the friendly and disinterested advice which has been on all proper occassions [sic] communicated to the girls of the Lawrence mills a spirit of evil omen… has prevailed, and overcome the judgment and discretion of too many." The women's second strike in October 1836 produced a similar outcome despite the mill girls being better organised.

[E] 1875 - Mary Barbour (Mary Rough; d. 1958), Scottish political activist, community leader and social policy pioneer, who played an outstanding part in the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915, born. An active member of the Kinning Park Co-operative Guild. Her political activism began in earnest during the Glasgow rent strikes of 1915, when she actively organised tenant committees and eviction resistance. The protesters became known as 'Mrs Barbour's Army'. Barbour was also a founder of the Women's Peace Crusade (WPC) at the "Great Women's Peace Conference" in June 1916, and in 1920 she stood as the Labour candidate for Fairfield ward in Govan, and was elected to Glasgow Town Council, becoming the one of the city's first woman councillors. In 1925, Barbour helped create the first family planning centre in Glasgow - the Women's Welfare and Advisory Clinic, and from 1924-27 Barbour served as Glasgow Corporation's first woman baillie and was appointed as one of the first woman magistrates in Glasgow. [NB: Some sources give her d.o.b. as Feb. 22.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barbour remembermarybarbour.wordpress.com]

1887 - Oregon becomes the first state of the United States to make Labor Day, the first Saturday in June, an official public holiday. That year it fell on June 4. Following the deaths of workers at the hands of U.S. Army and U.S. Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the U.S. Congress unanimously voted on June 28 to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the strike had ended on August 3, believing it was a populist move that would help ensure his re-election. It didn't. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/]

1894 - Enrico Arrigoni (aka Frank Brand; d. 1986), Italian American individualist anarchist lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist and political activist influenced by the work of Max Stirner, born. During the Spanish Revolution, he went to fight with the anarchists but was imprisoned and Abe Bluestein, Selma Cohen & Emma Goldman played a part in his escape from prison in Spain. [expand] "The “Frank Brand” I knew was an illegal. That is, he lived in the USA as an illegal immigrant. He was also an illegalist — that is, a law-breaker by conviction & principle. He used pseudonyms (Frank Branch, Harry Arrigoni, Harry Goni) & false papers to hide his past as a militant revolutionary anarchist in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Russia, Hungary, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, & Spain. At the same time, however, he was completely open about his beliefs & even about his identity — he even wrote his books under his own real name, Enrico Arrigoni, although his friends often addressed him by his nom de guerre..." - Peter Lamborn Wilson. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=68&PHPSESSID=308e2d2d492fa431f0b8dd5887f80bc2 www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/enrico-arrigoni]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Feb. 7] __Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A Tsarist official warns that the government has lost control of much of Georgia to the 'Gurian Peasant Republic' (Гурийская крестьянская республика). formed in mid. 1903). Underdeveloped and rather poor part of the Kutais guberniya Guria, officially called the Ozurgeti district (Ozurgetsky uyezd), was known not only for its oppositionist stance towards the Russian rule, but also for the unprecedented support for the Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party. The unrest began as the peasants' boycott of the local estate of Prince Machutadze in 1902. The so-called agrarian movement involving landless peasants evolved almost into an overt revolt early in 1903. The peasants stopped paying taxes and refused to work for the landlords. After a harsh official reaction, the peasants initiated a boycott of all government services. By summer, local government in the area had almost completely disintegrated. Nicholas II took no action against Guria throughout 1904, assuming that the cost of dealing with the rebellion would not be justified. After the beginning of the 1905 Revolution, however, the revolt began spreading throughout Georgia and the Gurian revolution proceeded even in a more radical way. The peasants sent away all the authorities, and, nominating their own judges, they organised independent village communities (деревенские общины) and armed red detachments (Red hundreds / красные сотни), also known as forest brothers (Память Азова), embodying a whole territory. The Gurian peasant women at village meetings adopted resolutions demanding political equality with men. The revolutionaries largely used terrorism against the Tsarist officers and loyal landlords. By February the whole of Guria was in the power of the revolutionaries, perhaps the world’s first Marxist national-liberation movement. In March, the government declared martial law and a force of 10,000 soldiers was sent to the rebellious province. The Gurians offered a fierce resistance to the expedition and General Maskud Alikhanov-Avarsky (Максуд Алиханов-Аварский), unable to regain control, had to withdraw in July. The Gurian Committee of the RSDLP then created a Military Revolutionary Committee to lead the uprising and when the Russian forces returned in October, they were severely defeated at Nasakirali. In November 1905, the rebels, who now controlled the region's mail, telephone and telegraph services and which had dismantled the railway system, took Ozurgeti, the capital of the region, and announced the creation of the Gurian Republic. Several attempts to negotiate the conflict yielded no result, and on January 10, 1906 major reinforcements commanded by Colonel Krilov attacked the province and ruthlessly crushed the insurrection, putting an end to the Gurian Republic. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: With both the Sindicat Únic de la Construcció (Single Union of Construction), led by Simó Piera, and the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT having already initiated a series of localised strikes in solidarity with clerks after the company refused to negotiate or speak to the Catalan CNT, and with more sectors also demanding the 8-hour day, the CNT now extends the strike across the whole of La Canadiense, so Barcelona and some Catalan towns are now without electricity, which means a total paralysis of nearly all other companies. In the late afternoon, the governor telegraphs the government insisting that he and the company want them to send in the troops. A minister responds, asking if there is really no other option. The gobernador later replies that the capitán general Milans del Bosch had already sent in the guardias civiles but that the workers had told them that if they did not leave, they would immediately shut the generators down. The governor reluctantly withdrew the police and claims that the only other option is to send the army in. At 01:30 the following morning the governor is informed that the Consejo de Ministros have ruled out the mobilisation of the army but that they have ordered the siezure of the works by the state at 15:00, with the agreement of the La Canadiense board. The workers' demands are rejected and the strike continues in the same state.

1926 - Jules Gustave Durand (b. 1880), French anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the Le Havre coalmen's union, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

1942 - Norwegian teachers begin successful nonviolent strike against Nazification of schools.

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The group of 26 growers gave their final offer to the UFW. The UFW responded with a counteroffer on February 28 and the growers declared impasse the same day; many of the growers making unilateral changes after the declaration of impasse. [see: Feb. 10] ||
 * = 21 || [F] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Placards are posted up in conspicuous places around the village of Tolpuddle. They purport to be cautions from the magistrates, threatening to punish with seven years' transportation any man who should join the labourers' Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers. [see: Feb. 24]

1848 - The 'Communist Manifesto' published in German in London.

1898 - Felisa de Castro Sampedro (d. 1981), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist militant, born. Recognising the need for a specifically feminist organisation within the libertarian movement, she joined together with other women from within the syndicalist and libertarian ateneo movements, including Maruja Boadas, María Cerdán, Nicolasa Gutiérrez, Soledad Estorach, Elodia Pou and Conchita Liaño, and in late 1934 the Grupo Cultural Femenino de Cataluña was formed in Barcelona with the help of prominent militants Pilar Grangel, Libertad Ródenas and Áurea Cuadrado. One of their immediate initiatives was to set up rotating childcare arrangements so the women with children could attend meetings. The lack of usable spaces limited their scope for action. They did however manage to organise a successful rally at the Teatro Olimpia in Barcelona, ​​for which they requested the help of Frederica Montseny but, always reticent about groups specificly for women, she rejected the invitation. They also collaborated actively in the solidarity campaign organised by the CNT during the general strike in Zaragoza in 1934, when many Catalan families welcomed the children of the strikers, by contacting the Catalan women with Zaragozan mothers. In 1936 the Grupo merged with the Agrupaciones Mujeres Libres de Madrid to form a countrywide Mujeres Libres organisation. After the defeat of the Revolution, she went into exile in France where she met other comrades from the CNT and Mujeres Libres (especially Pepita Carpena and Pilar Grangel) whilst being held in the Clermont l'Hérault concentration camp. In 1943, she was living in Bordeaux. She died on November 16, 1981 in Caracas, Venezuela. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier21.html#castrofelisa www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2838-felisa-de-castro-fundadora-del-grupo-cultural-femenino.html]

1918 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: A criminal syndicalism law is approved in Montana. Entitled 'An act defining criminal syndicalism, and the word sabotage; prohibiting the advocacy, teaching or suggestion thereof; and prohibiting the advocacy, teaching or suggestion of crime, violence, or the commission of any unlawful act or thing as a means to accomplish industrial or political ends, change or revolution; and prohibiting assemblages for the purpose of such advocacy, teachings or suggestions: declaring it unlawful to permit the use of any place, building, rooms or premises for such assemblages in certain cases; and providing penalties for the violation thereof.', it defines sabotage as: "malicious, felonious, intentional or unlawful damage, injury or destruction of real or personal property of any form whatsoever, of any employer, or owner, by his or her employee or employees, or any employer or employers or by any person or persons, at their own instance, or at the instance, request or instigation of such employees, employers, or any other person." Oregon, Utah, Oklahoma and California copied the law almost wholesale into their state leginslation. [archive.org/stream/lawsofstateofmon1918mont/lawsofstateofmon1918mont_djvu.txt www.gutenberg.org/files/45758/45758.txt]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: At 01:30 the governor is informed that the Consejo de Ministros have ruled out the mobilisation of the army but that they have ordered the siezure of the works by the state at 15:00, with the agreement of the La Canadiense board. At 16:00, the CNT declared the strike across the La Canadenca, 1,200 workers at the La Canadiense transformer station on the Avinguda del Paral·lel suspend electricity distribution. Barcelona and some Catalan towns continue to have no electricity supply, resulting in a near total paralysis of industry [70% of the factories in the province of Barcelona are unable to operate]. The German company Energía Eléctrica de Cataluña however,continues to supply energy to its subscribers and some companies are able to continue working including the newspaper 'Las Noticias'. Three is now what amounts to a general strike in Barcelona as the city is plunged into a blackout, at dusk police forces are forced to patrol with torches and lamps. The company responds by sending senior officials to talk to the strike committee [Simó Piera, Josep Duch, Camil Piñón, Saturnino Meca, Vicenç Botella and Salazar i Peña]. Up to sixty trams remained stranded in the city streets but the remainder, about 700, had time enough to return to their garages; shops are closed; there is no lighting in the civil government building; factory workers gathered on Las Ramblas; and police break up groups on the Avinguda del Paral·lel. Six more workers are detained. The government immediately responded by siezing the company, becoming administrator and temporary operator of La Canadenca. The army was immediately sent in to occupy the transformer station and try to make it operational again. In response to the army being sent in, the Sindicat Únic appealed to all workers stand together, extending the strike to cover all of electricity, gas and water companies in Barcelona. The Secretaría de Marina (Secretary of the Navy) appoints technicians and officers and sends them to Barcelona. Military engineers arrive that night and set to trying to resore some supplies to the city.

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike / Three-Day Week__: The Pay Board released a report on miners' pay, which unexpectedly revealed that they were paid less in comparison with other manufacturing workers, contrary to the claims of the National Coal Board. This came as a severe blow to the Conservative position. [see: Feb. 10] ||
 * = 22 || [D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Assault on the workshop of Joseph Hirst of Marsh in Huddersfield in which shearing-frames destroyed. Also attack on the premises of James Balderson of Crosland Moor.

1886 - Saverio Friscia (b. 1813), one of Michael Bakunin's most ardent advocates in Italy at the time, along with Carlo Gambuzzi, Giuseppe Fanelli and Alberto Tucci, who together formed the Neapolitan section of the First International, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1894 - Marius Monfray (b. 1866), French anarchist trade unionist, plasterer and painter, dies. In November 1886, he was sentenced to eight days in prison for organising an illegal lottery (providing support funds for Toussaint Bordat, a defendant in the 'Trial of the 66'). His shout in response — "Vive l'anarchie!". For such impudence, 'contempt of court', got him two years in prison tacked on to his eight days. [see: Jul. 4]

[F] 1918 - Textile mill owners in Ahmedabad, India, lock out their workers over a cost-of-living wage dispute – the mill owners had decided to replace 'bonus' by a 20% wage increase, whilst the weavers had asked for a 50% increase. Indian independence leader Mohandas K. Gandhi was asked to intervene and proposed a compromise between what the workers, resulting in an arbitration board being set up. However, a strike by a few workers caused a lock-out by the mill owners, resulting in 10,000 weavers being without work for 4 weeks. Gandhi decided to put pressure on the mill owners and began his first "fast unto death". It lasted for four days until the mill owners had agreed to a 35% wage increase. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ahmedabad-textile-laborers-win-strike-economic-justice-1918 www.atmaahd.com/roles2.htm www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/story-of-gandhi/chapter-16-ahmedabad-mill-workers-satyagraha.php]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: At 02:00, the company succeeds in restoring light to some of the main city thoroughfares. supply is abnormal and with great interruptions. There are numerous faults and half voltage, and there is only a supply to the streetlights until 8 at night. The Hospital Clínico (Clinical Hospital) has serious problems with its lighting. In the city there are strong rumours that two soldiers have been electrocuted. The government later denies the news, but finally in an article that escaped censorship a week later, it is admitted that they were killed. Coal supplies are stuck on the docks as the sindicato de transportistas refuses to handle them and military do not have the correct vehicles to transport the supplies themselves. The La Canadenca manager Fraser Lawton publishes a letter in the city's newspapers stating that he had not received any concrete demand from the strikers.

1921 - Wave of strikes in Petrograd protesting factory conditions and the discipline of 'war communism'.

1921 - The Confederación General de Trabajadores is founded in Mexico during a workers' convention that took place in Mexico City from February 16- 22. The congress was called by the Comité de la Federación Comunista del Proletariado Mexicano to draw together anarcho-syndicalist and other union organisations who opposed the more moderate, pro-government Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana. [www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/22021921-CGT.html www.conampros.gob.mx/historiasind_06.html historico.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/hisder/cont/14/cnt/cnt3.htm archive.org/stream/LaCgt1921_1931Antologia/LaCgt1921_1931Antologia_djvu.txt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Workers_(Mexico)] || In 1891 he emigrated to Buenos Aires, Argentina where he ran a professional journal entitled 'Éxito Gráfico i La Noografía' and was president of the Instituto Argentino de las Artes Gráficas. As a writer, he wrote a number of Obrerista (Workers' Theatre) plays in Catalan including '//En lo Ball//' (In The Dance), '//Celos//' (Jealosy), '//Jo Vaig//' (I), '//La Mort de la Proletàri//a' (Death of the Proletariat) and '//Sense Esperança//' (No Hope).
 * = 23 || 1851 - Antonio Pellicer i Paraire (d. 1916), Catalan Bakuninist anarchist, typographer, writer and playwright, born. Member of the Spanish Regional Federation of the AIT and secretary of the Unión of Noógrafos of Barcelona. Between 1871 and 1875 he lived in Mexico, Cuba and the United States In exile?). Helped found the Sociedad Tipográfica in 1879 and the later La Solidaria, a breakaway from the Sociedad Tipográfica, in 1881. He edited the weekly newspaper '//Acracia//' between 1886 and 1888, and was on the steering and editorial committees of other newspapers such as '//La Crónica de los Trabajadores//', '//La Revolución Social//', '//Revista Social//' and '//El Productor//', collaborating with Ricardo Mella [see 21 Apr] amongst others.

[F] 1864 - 19-year-old Irish immigrant Kate Mullany leads members of the Collar Laundry Union – the first all-female union in the United States – in a successful strike in Troy, New York, for increased wages and improved working conditions. Women working in commercial laundries spent 12 to 14 hours a day ironing and washing detachable collars with harsh chemicals and boiling water and were paid about $3-$4/week. [www.katemullanynhs.org/node/15 thelaborhalloffame.org/collar-laundry-union-cofounder-kate-mullany-2016-hall-fame-inductee en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mullany en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_Laundry_Union]

[B] 1882 - B. Traven (d. 1969), German anarchist writer and novelist, aka Ret Marut, Hal Croves, Bruno Traven, Traven Torsvan, Otto Feige, born in Poznañ, Poland. Spent a portion of his life hiding his tracks, changing identity, country and jobs. [This is the best guess for the date and location of this mysterious author's birth.] [libcom.org/history/ret-marut-early-b-traven-james-goldwasser libcom.org/history/art-weapon-frans-seiwert-cologne-progressives-martyn-everett latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-scrittori-libertari-pierre-afuzi-marut-traven-l-homme-de-l-ombre-etait-homme-de-lumiere-da-a-contretemps-n-23-gennaio-2006-47918762.html]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: In Montceau, a dynamite explosion blows in the window of the house of a miner named Saunier. This attacks is the first of a series of six or seven actions that take place over the following two months against informers providing information to the police. [see: Apr. 23] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1883 - Pat Quinlan (Arthur Patrick L. Quinlan; d. 1948), Irish-American trade union organiser, journalist, and socialist political activist, born. Quinlan is best remembered for the part he played as an organiser for the Industrial Workers of the World in the 1913 Paterson silk strike – an event which led to his imprisonment for two years in the New Jersey State Penitentiary. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_L._Quinlan]

1903 - Jean-Baptiste Clément (b.1836) dies. Communard, poet, singer and author of the famous Commune songs '//Le Temps des Cerises//' (The Time of Cherries) and '//La Semaine Sanglante//' (The Bloody Week) - though most of his other songs have been lost. Prior to 1870 he had spent several periods in prison for his newspaper articles (in Jules Vallès' '//Le Cri du Peuple//' amongst others), his own (single issue?) satrical political magazine '//Les Carmagnoles//' (1868) and pamphlets such as '//La Lanterne du Peuple//' and '//89 !... Les Souris. Dansons la Capucine//' (both 1868). On 28 May he was with Varlin and Ferré on the last of the Commune barricades but manages to evade capture, before finding refuge in England, via Belgium. Sentenced to death in absentia in 1874, he returned to France after the amnesty of 1879.

1909 - Isabel Hernández Marichal, aka 'La Tabaquera' (The Snuffbox) (d. 1983), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist is born in the Canary Islands. The eldest of three children, her father emigrated to Cuba when she was very young and the rest of the family moved to Tenerife. At 12-years-old, she began working in the tobacco factories and, aged 16, she joined the CNT's Sindicat de Tabaquers d'Ambdós Sexes, participating in numerous strikes, labour disputes and meetings, such as the celebrated 1936 May Day event in the Plaça de Toros in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Her militancy led to a number of arrests and following the fascist coup on July 18, 1936, she went into hiding. She was amongst the 64 CNT members arrested and tried for the uprising on January 23, 1937, that resulted in 19 workers being shot dead. She was convicted of the "crime of rebellion" and sentenced to 12 years and one day in prison. However, she managed to go underground in Las Palmas, hiding out in friends' aprtments for 5 years and, using her sister Rosa's identity paper, worker again in tobacco factories. She established a romantic relationship with Blas Pérez Sicilia in 1943, with whom she had two daughters, Josefa and Nieves. With the 1945 pqardon for those not convicted of "delitos de sangre" (crimes of blood), the couple returned to Tenerife in 1949. Blas was pardoned in 1951, later emigrating to Venezuela. Following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, she participated in the revival of the CNT and spoke at the first public meeting to be held after the Franco regime on May 1 1978 at the Palais Royal in Tenerife. She was also appointed Coordinadora Feminista and participated in the commemorations of March 8, 1979. In his later years senile dementia decimated her powers. Isabel Hernández Marichal died on June 23, 1983 in Tenerife. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/hernandezmarichal/hernandezmarichal.html www.revistacanarii.com/canarii/5/isabel-hernandez-marichal puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4697-isabel-hernandez-marichal-anarcosindicalista-conocida-como-la-tabacalera.html]

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 10] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1917 - [N.S. Mar. 8] __February Revolution [Февральская Революция__]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Energía Eléctrica de Cataluña also joins the strike, but the power cuts are shortlived and their dispute is resolved an hour later. The unions are informed of the seizure of the company by the lawyer Montalvo, and respond by writing to the governor to tell him that, as the government has brought about the suspension of constitutional guarantees in the province, ​​the interruption of the free exercise of trade unions rights and the detention of workers, the strike committee "will only deal with the government" when they decide to end the repressive measures, and on the other hand with the company regarding the demands presented. The Sindicatos d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat (Water, Gas and Electricity), Madera (Wood), Construcción (Construction) and Metalurgia (Metallurgy) are signatories to the letter. At 23:00, the military manages to get a small part of the city relit. Thanks to this, some newspapers are distributed, but anything approaching a steady electrical supply was not achieved until the following morning, although the voltage still remains low and variable.

1935 - __Huelga de Marzo__: The Comité de Huelga Universitario calls for a strike in support of increased government funding for public schools. By February 25, 4,000 teachers and 100,000 students were on strike. They were soon joined by the students of the University of Havana, who organised a strike committee, appealing to the general population to join the movement in a General Strike. [libcom.org/history/1935-cuban-general-strike www.ecured.cu/Huelga_de_Marzo_de_1935] || [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk dorset-ancestors.com/?p=2561 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373 www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm kmflett.wordpress.com/2016/07/12/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-history-work-in-progress/ www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/07/10/tolpuddle_story_feature.shtml www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106426.html www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2011/10/tolpuddle-–-a-photographic-essay/]
 * = 24 || [FF] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: At day break shortly after he had left his house to begin his day's work, Dorset farm labourer and Methodist lay preacher George Loveless is met by James Brine, constable for the parish, who tells him that he has a warrant from the magistrates for his arrest for supposedly taking an illegal oath. He and his five fellow labourers, James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless' brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas' eldest son John Standfield, walked with the constable the seven miles to Dorchester, to the house of a magistrate, where Legg gave evidence and the six labourers were immediately sent to prison. [see: Dec. 9]

1849 - Nicolas Thomassin (d. 1919), French weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in Sans Patrie (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc., born.

[F] 1866 - __Sheffield Grinders' Strike__: A combined strike by Sheffield's filesmiths' and grinders' unions leads to the issuing of lock-out notices, which take effect on February 24th. [Association of Organised Trades of Sheffield and Neighbourhood (AOTSN)] [expand] [sheffieldtuc.co.uk/history/ www.tuc.org.uk/about-tuc/union-history/section-events-led-first-tuc en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/sheffield-outrages.html spartacus-educational.com/TUsheffield.htm]

[E] 1882 - Marie Ferré (1852), French poet, florist, libretarian and Pétroleuse, who was a close friend of Louise Michel and had exhausted much of her energies rescuing imprisoned Communards, dies of heart problems. The sister of fellow communard Théophile Hippolyte, she was dragged from her bed and arrested at the end of the Commune in May 1871 whilst suffering from typhus. On December 28, 1871, Marie wrote her 'Citoyens proscrits' letter appealing for the return of exiled communards. She also acted as a repositary for Michel's writing when she was deported from France. She was buried on February 26, 1882 in her family vault in the : Cimetière de Levallois-Perret, Île-de-France, along side her executed brother, Théophile. Louise Michel would later be buried there also. Amongst those who attended the funeral were Louise Michel, Henri Rochefort, Clovis Hugues, Hubertine Auclert, Camille Blas, Émile Eudes, J. B. Clément, Kapt, Hoffman, Courapied, Martinet, Crié, Breuille, Wilhem, Combes, Acker, Avronsart, Josselin, Bérard, Hémery-Dufoug, Vasillat, Amouroux, Cadolle, Émile Digeon, Edmond Chamollet, Alphonse Humbert, Jules Allix, Émile Gautier, etc. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/marieferre/marieferre.html hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH02550.1007?locatt=view:pdf lrf.revues.org/1403]

1907 - Inauguration of the libertarian Social School of the Campinas League of Workers in Brazil. Militante anarquista Adelino de Pinho begins teaching here in 1908.

[C/EEE] 1909 - Ethel MacDonald (d. 1960), Glasgow-based anarchist activist who was labelled the 'Scots Scarlet Pimpernel' by the British press for her activities in Spain in 1937, born. One of nine children, the 'Bellshill Girl Anarchist' left home at sixteen to become a lifelong activist in the working class and women's movements, joining the Independent Labour Party, (ILP). Working as a waitress and shop assisstant, in 1931 she met Guy Aldred and left the ILP to become active in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). In 1933 she accepted his invitation to work as his secretary, and together they formed the United Socialist Movement (USM) in June 1934. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and announcer and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [expand] [www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Ethel_MacDonald. www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SRB15209.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_MacDonald educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=15097 www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3733.html aberdeenanarchists.wordpress.com/category/ethel-macdonald/ spartacus-educational.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/ethel-macdonald-and-bob-smillie.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPmacdonaldE.htm iberianature.com/barcelona/history-of-barcelona/barcelona-radical-history/ethel-macdonald-in-barcelona/ www.spanishcivilwarfilm.com/thefilm/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bkv5]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Following the adverse publicity the authorities were getting as the families of strikers in Lawrence were forced to temporarily foster out their children, they ordered that no more children could leave for their temporary foster homes. To try and prevent them from leaving, fifty policemen and two militia companies were used to surround the Lawrence railroad station and the city marshal ordered the families of the 100 children gathered there to disperse. When defiant mothers still tried to get their children on board the train and resisted the authorities, police dragged them by the hair, beat them with clubs and arrested them as their horrified children looked on in tears. 30 women were detained in jail. When newspapers reported this ugly scene, complete with photographs of cops clubbing women and children, the reaction around the country was visceral and marked a turning point in the Bread and Roses Strike. President Taft asked his attorney general to investigate, and Congress began a hearing on the strike on March 2, hearing testimonies from children involved. As a result of the strikes and protests, employees gained improvements in wages, conditions, and work hours in textile mills not only for themselves but also for thousands of workers to follow. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org zinnedproject.org/materials/lawrence-1912-singing-strike/ queencityma.wordpress.com/tag/bread-roses-strike/ network23.org/wsol/files/2013/10/BR1912A5.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2012/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-24-1912 griid.org/2012/02/24/the-day-in-resistance-history-100th-anniversary-of-the-lawrence-textile-strike/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

[A] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 11] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers. Nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike. The new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and putting and end to the war. Striking workers fraternise with soldiers and cossacks, while bitterly hating the police. A large crowd marched through the streets of Petrograd breaking shop windows and shouting anti-war slogans. The bread riot turns to revolution as soldiers refuse to fire on demonstrators and instead turn on their officers. The arsenal is taken; 20,000 automatic pistols are handed out; the police stations are torched, and the prisons stormed and liberated.

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: The Cortes finally approves by 173 votes to 130 a government motion creation of a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas. [see: Feb. 8]

1939 - Vázquez and Herrera's circular letter announces that the CNT-FAI will cease activities abroad and thanks the international community for its efforts on behalf of the Spanish anarchists.

1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: Following the pogrom of the previous two days, an open-air meeting was called by the Communistische Partij van Nederland on the Noordermarkt to organise a two-day strike to protest against the pogrom as well as the forced labour in Germany. [see: Feb. 25]

1982 - Lucien Tronchet (b. 1902), Swiss anarchist and trade unionist whose anti-fascist activities landed him in prison, dies. [see: Oct. 4]. || [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier25.html#dave]
 * = 25 || 1845 - Victor Dave (d. 1922), Belgian member of the Internationale and militant anarchist, born.

1847 - Samuel Fielden (d. 1922), English-born American militant anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. Fielden was one of the three Haymarket Martyrs sentenced to death but not executed. Fielden's crime was to be stepping down from the speaker's platform when a bomb went off, wounding him. His sentence was commuted to life in prison on November 10, 1887, he eventually pardoned on June 26, 1893. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fielden libcom.org/library/fielden-samuel-autobiography spartacus-educational.com/USAfielden.htm robertgraham.wordpress.com/2010/10/04/the-chicago-anarchists-samuel-fielden/]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Following local organisers of the National Industrial Union of Textile Workers, Local 152 in Paterson having requested help from IWW headquarters in Chicago, national [sic] organisers Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlos Tresca and Pat Quinland arrive in the town to speak at a mass meeting. At the meeting that evening, Gurley Flynn spoke on the importance of uniting strikers across racial boundaries, warning them to guard against being divided by the police and manufactures and not to be "tricked by racial prejudice, for they’ll tell you that the Jews are going to work and then they’ll tell you that the Italians have gone back to work". Tresca also spoke but Patrick Quinain of the Socialist Party was late and, as he walked down the aisle in Turn Hall, all three were arrested and charged with inciting violence through radical speech. Strikers from the meeting followed them to the jail and held a rally outside the jail, singing and shouting for their release. Women shouted, "When the strike is won, Gurley Flynn will be the boss!" All three were relesed on bail, with hefty sureties pledged. By the time 'Big Bill' Haywood arrived, later that week, the strike had spread to silk mills all across Paterson. 300 mills were shut down, and 25,000 silk workers were on strike. Haywood advised the strikers: "fold your arms or put your hands in your pocket and let the manufacturers do the worrying." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Paterson_silk_strike patersongreatfalls.org/silkstrike.html njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/striking-out/ www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=302118.xml www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/21/1202513/-Anti-Capitalist-Meetup-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-and-the-Paterson-Silk-Strike www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/6/1199616/-Hellraisers-Journal-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-Reports-From-Paterson caucus99percent.com/tags/paterson-silk-strike-1913 www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-paterson.pdf www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_strike.html spartacus-educational.com/USApaterson.htm www.thehistorygirl.com/2013/03/gathering-for-cause-botto-house-and.html engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=clhist_facpub canvas.instructure.com/courses/907618/files/31984004/download?wrap=1 www.kean.edu/~NJHPP/proRef/silkStrike/pdf/silkStrikeLesson.pdf]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Newspaper censorship remains in place but '//La Veu de Catalunya//' claims that the Consell del Govern has asked the Ajuntament (City Council) to become involved, whilst the '//Diario de Barcelona//' claim that factories are working normally and that La Canadiense has reinstated 30 sacked employees.

[F] 1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: The two-day general strike begins in Amsterdam and expanded to the Zaanstreek, Haarlem, Velsen, Hilversum and the city of Utrecht and the immediate area – the first large-scale resistance action against the German occupier in the Netherlands. On the morning of February 25, 1941, the trams stopped in Amsterdam, followed by other city services as well as companies like De Bijenkorf and schools. At the same time, the hastily printed CPN manifesto '//Staakt, staakt, staakt!!!//' (Stop, Stop, Stop !!!) was distributed by its supporters, spreading the strike call throughout the city. Eventually 300,000 people joined in the strike, bringing much of the city to a halt and catching the Germans by surprise. Though the Germans immediately took measures to suppress the strike, which had grown spontaneously as other workers followed the example of the tram drivers, it still spread to other areas, including Zaanstad, Kennemerland in the west, Bussum, Hilversum and Utrecht in the east and the south. The strike did not last long. By February 27, much of it had been suppressed by the German police. Although ultimately unsuccessful, it was significant in that it was the first and only direct action against the Nazis' treatment of Jews in Europe. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike www.dedokwerker.nl/februaristaking.html historiek.net/februaristaking-1941-protest-jodenvervolging/7124/ www.historien.nl/februaristaking-25-februari-1941/]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The ballot by miners on the revised Wilberforce inquiry pay recommendations, which include the additional fringe benefits wrung out of the NCB on the 18th, is held and returns a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer of a 21% pay increase, together with concessions on overtime rates, shift allowances and transport, thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9] ||
 * = 26 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: An attack in Huddersfield on dressing-shop of William Hinchliffe of Leymoor. All machinery destroyed. Committee of manufacturers and merchants formed to endeavour to suppress Luddites.

[F] 1912 - __National Coal Strike__: The Alfreton pit in Derbyshire, one of the best conducted pits in the country, comes out on strike following the expiry of local 'price-list' notices. The then complicated pay rates, which were negotiated in part district by district, made it impossible for a collier, however skilled, to earn a fair day's wage and which the miners had been trying for years to replace with a nationally negotiated minimum wage. The strike spread slowly as local notices expired, with the great majority of the Nottinghamshire collieries due to expire the following day. It becomes a general, nationwide strike on March 1. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_coal_strike_of_1912 www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nostalgia-100th-anniversary-national-miners-4413682 www.petergill7.co.uk/pieces/lawrence/national_coal_strike.shtml www.marxists.org/archive/quelch/1912/03/coal-strike.htm www.marxist.com/1912-the-great-unrest.htm]

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The State of Washington's criminal syndicalism legislation, "An Act defining the crime of criminal syndicalism and prescribing the punishment thereof", is passed by its Senate. It was later passed by the House of Representatives on March 6 but vetoed by the Democrat Governor Ernest Lister (who had help bring the eight-hour work day to the Pacific Northwest during the IWW's 1917 Lumber Workers' strike, though he was also active in repressing the IWW) two weeks later on March 20. It finally pssed into law, over the veto, early in the next legislative session on January 14, 1919. [archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt leg.wa.gov/CodeReviser/documents/sessionlaw/1919c3.pdf]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: With the strike committee refusing to talk to the president of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya (Commonwealth of Catalonia), Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and the mayor of Barcelona, ​​Manuel Morales Pareja, other workers decide to visit Cadafalch and Pareja to try and solve the conflict. Once again the electricity is suspended in Barcelona, ​​cuts in the water supply. Some factories and workshops are able to operate but with continuous interruptions of theie electricity supplies. There are still no trams on the streets. The governor seizes the water companies. The clandestine strike committee refuses to hold a public interview with the mayor Manuel Morales Pareja who wishes to mediate.

[D] 1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: The revolutionary Kronstadt sailors send delegates to Petrograd find out about strikes occurring there. The delegation visits a number factories and return on the 28th, when things begin to heat up as they protest the Bolshevik counter-revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - The first issue of '//Redencion//' (Redemption), an anarcho-syndicalist weekly newspaper of unions in Alcoy, a city in the Alicante region of Spain, and official voice of the CNT is published. A total of 131 issues appeared until Sept. 26, 1923.

1926 - __Sierra Leone Railway Strike__: After six weeks of strike, the workers returned to work, forced to accept the government’s terms. Less than a dozen people were arrested. Of the 200 people dismissed during the strike, 37 were pensionable workers, some with over twenty years’ worth of experience, and twenty daily wagers were dismissed from the railway. The Secretary of the Railway Workers’ Union, President of the Bo branch, and other Protectorate workers, were also dismissed. The President of the union was demoted and reassigned, and ended up resigning from the department. The job vacancies were filled with West Indian and local workers. Three months after the strike ended, all worker-paid daily wages were returned to their previous incremental rates. After the end of the strike, the union suffered from a lack of leadership and was replaced by a government-approved Railway Staff Committee. [see: Jan. 14]

1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: The second day of a two-day strike to protest against the anti-Jewish pogrom of the 22nd-23rd as well as the use of Dutch forced labour in Germany.

1949 - __Royal Canadian Navy Mutinies__: On a fuelling stop at Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, ninety Leading Seamen and below – constituting more than half the ship's company – on board the destroyer HMCS Athabaskan locked themselves in their messdecks, and refused to come out until getting the captain to hear their grievances. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy#1949_'mutinies']

1993 - The first bombing of the World Trade Centre.

1995 - Barings Bank collapses following the Walter Mitty-like actions of working-class spiv Nick Leeson. ||
 * = 27 || 1848 - First anarchist journal, Proudhon's 'Le Representant du Peuple', appears in France. It claims that the emancipation of the working class can only be achieved by the working class itself – without the assistance of governments. Sells 40,000 copies.

1888 - __Burlington Railroad Strike__: 97% of the 15,000 members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen employed by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad go out on strike at 04:00 in support of the union's demands that the railway honour its own work rules and implement a uniform pay scale that did not discriminate against newly hired workers, a policy impleneted by the notoriously anti-union president of the CB&Q Railroad, Charles Elliott Perkins. Engineers and firemen across the CB&Q Railroad abandoned their engines at their terminal points, halting their routes and returning to the nearest terminal point if they were already on the road. The company, having been formally notified of the strike date only the day before and believing that more time remained for negotiations, was taken by surprise. Company officials in Chicago immediately determined that their top priority was to keep suburban commuter trains running if possible, with the line standing as the second largest suburban commuter line in the region. No freight traffic would be run until passenger service was restored, company officials determined, something that was particularly damaging to the massive Chicago meatpacking industry. Strikers anticipated that the railroad could not function without them and anticipated a speedy settlement on favorable monetary terms, with some of them leaving personal belongings in the roundhouses after the strike deadline. However, the management made every effort to keep the passenger service running, drafting in company employees from the telegraph and water services, superintendents, conductors, and several brakemen, whilst they hastily began signing up scab engineers and firemen. Pinkerton agents were brought in to protect the balcklegs. On March 5, the union asked unionised workers on other railroads to boycott the CB&Q by refusing to load freight onto its trains; Perkins went to federal court on March 8, to seek an injunction that would require the other railroads to load freight onto the CB&Q, which was granted on the 13th. The strike was effectively broken within a month, but it lingered in some western states for another 10 months. The local leader in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen was Eugene V. Debs, and the strike marked the beginning of his radicalisation and political career. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_railroad_strike_of_1888 www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1886/860700-debs-thebofleandtheboflf.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/880600-debs-recordofthecbqstrike.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/880800-debs-thecbqandpinkertonconspiracy.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/881100-debs-thecbandq.pdf]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Antonio I. Villarreal deserts the Junta Organizadora del Partido Liberal Mexicano and joins Francisco I. Madero.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Workers at the Dos Rius company and the Tramvies de Barcelona SA join the strike. The '//La Veu de Catalunya//' and '//Diario de Barcelona//' publish articles on the effects of the strike on gas and electricity supplies, as well as carrying news that many companies are now hitting back hard against the strike movement and that the position of the strikers is getting ever more desperate, especially financially as the increases in numbers of workers now claiming strike pay (20-30 céntimos per week each) is a drain on the unions' strike funds. The city council proposes that the local government accept the three conditions of the strike committee: reinstatement of guarantees, freedom for detainees and recognition of trade unions. The Catalanists abstained. There is a focus on the suspension of constitutional guarantees in Lérida are in anticipation of hydroelectric workers joining the strike with the provincial governor there claiming that if the strike breaks out in the power plants there, he does not have the military means to cope. Speaking to journalists, President of the Mancomunitat Josep Puig i Cadafalch claims that he has been unable to intervene as a mediator, since he has only ever been visited by workers (on February 5) who had given him some directions as to the reasons for the strike but that that they hadn’t stipulated in writing who they represented of what their demands (if any) were, so therefore he could begin negotiations (despite the workers having claimed at the time that he had agreed to help mediate). In fact, the city authorities stood back and did not get involved until the strike and the consequent absence of electricity had paralysed city life and industry, and the CNT had already taken the dispute into its own hands as a lever to force the authorities and employers to recognise unions and to release the CNT members and leaders that had been imprisoned a month previously. Following the rejection of a regional referendum during a vote in Congrés, Prime Minister Romanones [Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres-Sotomayor, 1st Count of Romanones] closes the Spanish Parliament and suspended constitutional guarantees throughout Spain.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: Henri Sirolle and Gaston Monmouseau, militant members of the Fédération Nationale des Travailleurs des Chemins de Fer de France, des Colonies et des pays de Protectorat (National Railway Workers' Federation of France, the Colonies and Protectorate Countries) in the Paris region threaten the federation with creating a parallel steering committee that would take charge of extending the movement throughout the territory unless it supports the striking Association Générale du Personnel des Chemins de Fer du PLM members. Only them did the Fédération agree to call for strike action on five demands: respect for trade union rights, the setting of a scale of salaries, extensions of joint commissions to smaller companies (still in existance), research into the running of the railways, no sanctions for strikers. The network directors give way on the first four claims, but it was necessary for Alexandre Millerand, President of the Council of Ministers [i.e. Prime Minister], to intervene in order for the networks to conceded to the last demand. The strike was called off during in the night of March 1-2.

[F] 1948 - __Queensland Railway Strike__: Hanlon proclaimed a State of Emergency on Friday February 27. This proclamation armed the Government and police with wide powers to attack picketing and to strike at the morale of the strikers. [see Feb. 3]

[D] 1989 - __Caracazo__: A wave of protests, riots, looting, shootings and massacres begins in the Venezuelan capital Caracas and surrounding towns. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo]

2007 - The European Court of Human Rights upholds the right of the ASLEF (Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen) to choose its members. The Trades Union Congress general secretary Brendan Barber called it an “important and welcome judgment” and that it was “common sense” that unions “should not be forced to accept into membership people opposed to the basic principles of trade unionism.” The person in question was a member of the fascist British National Party. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Society_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Firemen_v_United_Kingdom www.aslef.org.uk/article.php?group_id=3870 www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/articles/european-court-upholds-trade-union-right-to-veto-members] || [lanavadelaasuncion.galeon.com/socidades.htm hispanoteca.eu/Landeskunde-Spanien/Historia/Cronolog%C3%ADa%20movimientos%20obreros%20siglo%20XIX.pdf]
 * = 28 || 1839 - In Spain a Royal Order authorises the formation of associations of mutual aid. It remains a milestone in the history of associationism in Spain, although it only endorsed the constitution in a very restricted way and subject to the inspection of civil authorities, based upon an exclusive model of association, that of mutual aid (...) defining such as "corporations whose institute is mutually assisting in their misfortunes, illnesses, etc., and to bring together the product of their economies in order of appealing to their future needs."

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Against a backdrop of noisy parliamentary opposition to the crackdown on Sicily, prime minister Francesco Crispi presents to the chamber his 'evidence' for what he claims is a widespread conspiracy. There are two items: the first, the so-called Trattato internazionale di Bisacquino (International Treaty of Bisacquino), is a 'treaty' allegedly signed by the French Government, the Czar of Russia, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the Vatican, and was supposed to turn the island into a Franco-Russian protectorate, thereby securing a naval base for the Russians to the south-west of Italy. It is named after its true author (rather than the location of its signing), one Inspector Sessi, Director of Public Safety in Bisacquino. The second piece of 'evidence' presented is an alleged proclamation of the "insurrezionale di Petralia Soprana" (insurrection in Petralia Soprana), which supposedly invites Fasci "gli operai, figli dei Vespri ... Quando le campane della Matrice e del Salvatore suoneranno ..." (workers, children of Vespers ... When the bells of the Matrice and the Salvatore [churches] will play ...), and which had been found in the possession of a pasta maker in Petralia. The opposition in parliament ridiculed Crispi's 'evidence' and the call to insurrection eventually turned out to have been written by a deputy clerk of the district court in Petralia and sent to the pasta cook, whose wife he was in love with, in order to get him into trouble. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

[F] 1903 - __Oxnard Strike__: Traditionally, the Japanese and Mexican labourers, as well as all ethnic groups, had been pitted against each other by the farm owners and employers in order to keep wages artificially low and rendered workers powerless. On February 11, 1903, 500 Japanese and 200 Mexican labourer sought to overcome the barriers of langauge by becoming the charter members of the Japanese-Mexican Labor Association. After a series of meetings they decide to oppose the Western Agricultural Contracting Company on the following matters: 1. They accused the WACC of paying less than they had promised 2. They opposed the subcontracting system because it forced workers to pay double commissions. 3. They called for the freedom to buy goods wherever the desired and avoid the unreasonable prices at the company store. Following a series of further meetings, the JMLA membership decided to remedy these issues by ceasing to work through the WACC, essentially declaring a strike that came at an important time in the sugar beet season, the staple crop of Oxnard Plain agriculture, when the labour-intensive and yield-defining work of thinning the seedlings needed to be carried out over the following few weeks. The JMLA members walked out on February 28* and, by the end of first week in March, the JMLA had recruited more than 1,200 workers, over 90% of the county's beet industry labour force, including most of the WACC's contracted workers, bringing the sugar industry to a standstill. On March 23, 1903, the strike reached its turning point, when a group of white farmers opened fire on a JMLA picket line. One of the Mexican strikers, Luis Vasquez, was shot dead and four other workers, two Mexican and two Japanese, were wounded. The media blamed the JMLA for the incident and the inquest into the death blamed the violence and shooting on the strikers, although witness after witness testified that armed farmers shot into the crowd. A farmer, Charles Arnold, was arrested for Vazquez’s murder but, even though he was obviously guilty, the all-white male jury obviously failed to convict him. The JMLA upped the ante, engaging in more aggressive actions to win the strike. In one action, 50 Mexican strikers wearing masks went to a scab camp, cut down their tents, and forced them to leave the farm. They also managed to win a lot of the scabs being brought from elsewhere over to the strike by the simple tactic of talking to them. In the aftermath of the violence, with the JMLA showing continued success and the beets needing their trimming, the farm owners finally agreed to a deal, which the union made more likely by threatening to take all their workers out of the county if they did not agree. On March 30, they signed the agreement. The wages for thinning were reset to $5 and then up to $6 an acre. The JMLA won union recognition and the right to represent workers on 5000 acres of farms through Ventura County, excluding only one large farm. Japanese and Mexican contractors retook control over the hiring process. The Oxnard Strike of 1903 represented a historical moment in the American labour movement because it was the first time in American history that members of different racial heritages allied together to form a cohesive labour union. Following the initial victory, the secretary of the Mexican branch, J.M. Lizarras, applied for membership in the American Federation of Labor under the name of the Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union of Oxnard. Impressed by the Oxnard victory, the AFL president Samuel Gompers replied that he would indeed let the Mexican sugar workers join the AFL, provided that the Japanese not be associated with the labour union. In a letter to Lizarras, Gompers stated the "union must guarantee that it will under no circumstances accept membership of any Chinese or Japanese." Lizarras responded by stating, “We are going to stand by the men who stood by us in the long, hard fight that ended in a victory over the enemy.” Gompers refused them membership, thereby effectively signing the death warrant the JMLA who, unable to sustain itself without broader affiliation and support, had quietly disappeared by the end of the decade. [* various sources incorrectly give the dates of Feb. 3 – before the JMLA was actuallt formed – and Feb. 11 for the start of the strike.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_strike_of_1903 densho.org/japanese-mexican-americans-agricultural-allies-adversaries/ www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S03 - The 1903 Oxnard Strike.htm www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2017/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-11-1903 nowandthen.ashp.cuny.edu/2012/02/in-support-of-mexican-american-studies/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Both the '//La Veu de Catalunya//' and '//Diario de Barcelona//' publish the manifesto of the Federación local de Sociedades Obreras de Resistència de Barcelona explaining why the strike began. The '//Manifiesto de la Federación Local de Barcelona//' also reiterates the workers' three demands.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: After three years of the privations of War Communism, the Bolsheviks appeared to be winning the war, with the White forces beginning to withdraw and Ukraine now under control following the betrayal and defeat of the Makhnovshchina. Yet there widespread discontent was still on the increase amongst the Russian populace, particularly within the peasantry. The main focus of this was the Communist party's grain requisitioning policy known as Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка) - the forced seizure of large portions of the peasants' grain crop used to feed urban dwellers, which often resulted in the peasants refusing to till their land, and was one of the main factors behind the continued mass outbreaks of peasant uprisings - more than a hundred in February 1921 alone. Workers in Petrograd had also held a series of strikes that month, sparked by the reduction of bread rations by one third over a ten-day period, and which were followed by the typical brutal Bolshevik repression of strikers in Petrograd. It was against this backdrop that the crews of the battleships Petropavlovsk (Петропавловск) and Sevastopol (Севастополь) held an emergency meeting on February 28, at which they set out a list of 15 demands: 1. Immediate new elections to the Soviets; the present Soviets no longer express the wishes of the workers and peasants. The new elections should be held by secret ballot, and should be preceded by free electoral propaganda for all workers and peasants before the elections. 2. Freedom of speech and of the press for workers and peasants, for the Anarchists, and for the Left Socialist parties. 3. The right of assembly, and freedom for trade union and peasant associations. 4. The organisation, at the latest on 10 March 1921, of a Conference of non-Party workers, soldiers and sailors of Petrograd, Kronstadt and the Petrograd District. 5. The liberation of all political prisoners of the Socialist parties, and of all imprisoned workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors belonging to working class and peasant organisations. 6. The election of a commission to look into the dossiers of all those detained in prisons and concentration camps. 7. The abolition of all political sections in the armed forces; no political party should have privileges for the propagation of its ideas, or receive State subsidies to this end. In place of the political section, various cultural groups should be set up, deriving resources from the State. 8. The immediate abolition of the militia detachments set up between towns and countryside. 9. The equalisation of rations for all workers, except those engaged in dangerous or unhealthy jobs. 10. The abolition of Party combat detachments in all military groups; the abolition of Party guards in factories and enterprises. If guards are required, they should be nominated, taking into account the views of the workers. 11. The granting to the peasants of freedom of action on their own soil, and of the right to own cattle, provided they look after them themselves and do not employ hired labour. 12. We request that all military units and officer trainee groups associate themselves with this resolution. 13. We demand that the Press give proper publicity to this resolution. 14. We demand the institution of mobile workers' control groups. 15. We demand that handicraft production be authorised, provided it does not utilise wage labour. What would come to be known as the Kronstadt Rebellion (Кронштадтское восстание), an event that would once and for all show the world the true face of the Bolshevik party and their contempt for the workers and peasants of Russia, had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Miners return to work after the 96.5% vote in favour of accepting the revised Wilberforce inquiry pay recommendations three days earlier. [see: Jan. 9]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The UFW made a counteroffer to the growers' Feb. 21 final offer, with the latter declaring impasse the same day. Many of the growers went on to make unilateral changes after the declaration of impasse. [see: Feb. 21] || Author of '//A los Anarquistas de España y de Cuba//' (1893), '//Socialismo Anarquista. La Ley. La Violencia. El Anarquismo. La Revolución Social//' (1902), '//Reflexiones Sobre el Movimiento Obrero en México//' (1911), '//Reformismo, Dictadura, Federalismoll//' (1922), etc.. Partner of the Italian American anarchist-feminist, speaker, writer and labour activist Maria Roda (1877-19??). [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier29.html]
 * = 29 || 1866 - Pedro Esteve (d. 1925), Spanish-born French typographer, anarchist propaganist and militant, born. Active in Barcelona’s famous Arte de Imprimir, he helped co-found Barcelona’s principal anarchist newspaper '//El Productor//' in 1887. Emigrated to the U.S. in 1892, where moved between New York, where he organised seamen, Colorado, where he participated in union forming activities with miners, and Tampa, Florida, where he organised cigar makers. He frequently shared the platform with Emma Goldman and acted as her interpreter. In addition to intermittently editing '//La Questione Sociale//' between 1899 and 1906, Esteve also edited 'El Despertar' (Paterson, 1892–1895?, 1900), '//El Esclavo//' (Tampa, 1894–1898?), and '//Cultura Obrera//' (New York, 1911–1912, 1921–1925), as well as writing for the likes of 'Mother Earth', 'Doctrina Anarquista Socialista', etc..

1956 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki; b. 1891), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', legendary Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter who killed police chief Ramon Falcon and his secretary with a bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 14, 1909, dies. [see: Oct. 10 or Nov. 10] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: 'Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism' - Dave Hann (2012) [C] Text-to-speech function is limited to 200 chara

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 * || Detect languageAfrikaansAlbanianArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSerbianSesothoSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSundaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshYiddishYorubaZulu ||  || AfrikaansAlbanianArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSerbianSesothoSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSundaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshYiddishYorubaZulu ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

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