Labour+Movement+Nov-Dec


 * = NOVEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1851 - [N.S. Nov. 13] Élisabeth Dmitrieff [Елизавета Дмитриева] (Elizaveta Loukinitcha Koucheleva [Елизавета Лукинична Кушелева] d. 1910 or 1918*), Russian actress and feminist activist and Pétroleuse, who fought during the 1871 Commune de Paris, born. [see: Nov. 13]

[A / D] 1870 - Proclamation of a 'Revolutionary Commune' in Marseille. It lasts a mere 3 days.

1890 - The first issue of the French language newspaper '//Le Réveil des Mineurs//', "Nous réclamons le droit à l'aisance" (We demand the right to affluence) - changing in January 1892 to "Organe des travailleurs de langue française de l'Amérique" and later to "Organe des travailleurs de langue française des États-Unis", is published in Hastings, Pennsylvania. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0111.html]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 19] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Street fighting breaks out in St. Petersburg between Black Hundreds and workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 19] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Then Chairman of the Committee of Ministers Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) revives and empowers the Council of Ministers, with himself as Chairman i.e. Prime Minister. The newly 'disenfranchised' Tsar calls Witte’s government "a lot of frightened hens". The St. Petersburg Soviet proclaims freedom of the press, but outlaws government newspapers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[F] 1910 - __Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: All 12,000 men employed in the Cambrian Combine's pits stop work in solidarity with the Ely pit in Penygraig, firmly believing that the lock-out there was the first move in a plan to undercut their piece-rate wages. Already having to exist on starvation wages, their frustrations would spill over into the Tonypandy riots and a ten-months-long strike. [see: Sep. 1]

1910 - At the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Barcelona, the second Congress of the regional Confederation of Solidaridad Obrera [Oct. 30 - Nov. 1] closes after having taken the historic decision to found the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo. [see: Oct. 30]

1919 - In 1918, amid wartime conditions, coal operators obtained rising profits, but union members' pleas for wage increases went unheeded by Fuel Administrator Harry Garfield and President Wilson. The United Mine Workers of America leadership and its membership, although resentful about this decision, decided against striking during wartime. The end of the war increased the distress of the coal miners, who experienced declining income and a rising cost of living. These conditions convinced the union leadership to demand higher wages and shorter hours as well as nationalization of the mines. The rejection of these demands by the coal operators led to a nationwide coal stoppage that begun on November 1, 1919, when about 400,000 rank-and-file UMWA miners struck nationwide, despite the fact that Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer had invoked the Lever Act, a wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of necessities, and obtained an injunction against the strike on October 31. In Indiana County not a man at the organised mines appeared for work, and some of the unorganised miners also struck. At the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal Company, the dominant producer in the county, all mines closed, and 4,500 miners walked out. At the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Company, another major producer, almost all miners struck. Independent and non-union mines, however, continued operation. Facing criminal charges, union head John L. Lewis withdrew his strike call, though many strikers ignored his action. As the strike dragged on into its third week, coal supplies were running low and public sentiment was calling for ever stronger government action. A final agreement that provided for a 27% wage increase came on December 10. [journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/viewFile/44619/44340]

1920 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: In the aftermath of WWI, the price of wool had dropped significantly, provoking an economic crisis in sheep-breeding Argentine Patagonia. In August and September 1920 there had been a number of strikes in the province of Santa Cruz, organised by the Sociedad Obrera de Río Gallegos, affiliated to the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina an led by Spanish anarchist Antonio Soto, against police repression and in support of better working conditions and increased wages. The bosses organisation, the Sociedad Rural, rejected the demands and a general strike (the first Patagonia Rebelde strike) was declared on November 1, with most of the strikers being shearers and rural workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The car that is carrying Antonio Soto's comrades Luis Sambucetti, Severino Fernández and Pedro Mongilnitzki into Rio Gallegos is stopped by the Police and they are taken prisoner. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

[FF] 1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: In their on-going pay dispute with the unions, employers in the Rhineland-Westphalian iron industry carry out their threat and precipitate the largest and most complete lock-out during the Weimar Republic, affecting around 230,000 workers. The lock-out lasts until December 3, and although it was confined to the Rhine-Westphalian industrial area, it had consequences for the entire empire. On September 24, the metalworkers' unions in the Rhineland-Westphalian iron industry, the socialist Deutsche Metallarbeiter-Verband (DMV), the Christian Metallarbeiterverband and the liberal Gewerkverein Deutscher Metallarbeiter, had announced a collective demand of a wage increase of 15 Pfennig per hour for all workers aged over 21 years old to be agreed by the employers' association, the Nordwestgruppe of the Vereins deutscher Eisen- und Stahlindustrieller (Association of German Iron and Steel Industries) aka the Arbeit-Nordwest, by the end of September. In response, the Arbeit-Nordwest offered to extend the previous collective agreement for a year and to slightly improve 1% of their workers' incomes. Both sides then took part in the Reichsarbeitsgericht official conciliation procedure but to no avail, and on October 13 the employers' side announced that they would terminate all employment contracts and lock-out their employees on November 1. On October 26, the state conciliator Wilhelm Joetten announced a 6 Pfennig increase in the hourly rate and 2 Pfennigs on the piecework rate. Five days later, the trade unions accepted the arbitration, despite their "serious doubts". The Arbeit-Nordwest refused to endorse it and locked out around 230,000 workers on November 1. On November 12, the Arbeit-Nordwest managed to persuade the Duisburg Arbeitsgerichtes (Labour Court) to throw out the Joetten arbitration award and, as a result, the union side made a series of concessions. However, the employers' decision and ensuing behaviour had caused indignation in the Reichstag and the SPD and KPD now demanded state support for the locked-out workers. On November 17 the Reichstag decided by a large majority to support the sacked workers with public funds. With the locked-out workers now receiving state aid and the Duisburg court decision being overturned by the Landesarbeitsgerichtes (National Labour Court) in Düsseldorf on November 28 and, with the state now on their side, the unions withdrew their previous concessions. However, the employers, who had the support of the Verband Deutscher Arbeitgeberverbände (Federation of German Employers' Associations) and the Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie (National Federation of German Industry) remained steadfast. After separate discussion with both sides, representatives of the Reichsregierung (government) announced on November 30 a new conciliation procedure to be conducted by the Social Democratic Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing. The employers quickly accepted the process, believing that it would favour their side and come up with a lower offer than that of Joetten, a possibility that the socialist DMV very much feared. However, they could not risk rejecting the government's offer and reluctantly agreed on December 2, despite considerable resistance from within its own ranks. The morning of the following day, the iron and iron-processing industries on the Ruhr re-opened their doors and the workers returned to work. On December 21, 1928, Severing delivered his decision: wages were increased by between one to six Phennigs and working time reduced from 60 to 57 or 52 hours, much worse than the original arbitration and a major blow to the unions. The Reichsarbeitsgericht ratified Severing's decision on January 22, 1929. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhreisenstreit www.astridbrand.homepage.t-online.de/products/ruhreisenstreit.html www.gewerkschaftsgeschichte.de/1928-der-ruhreisenstreit.html]

1939 - The 40th anniversary of New York's Yiddish anarchist weekly, the '//Freie Arbeiter Stimme//' (Free Voice of Labour).

[E] 1943 - Suzanne Masson (b. 1901), French industrial designer, trade unionist and communist activist, is guillotined by the Nazis in Hamburg, having been given two death sentences for her Résistance activities. [see: Jul. 10]

2011 - Fanny Edelman (Fanny Jabcovsky; b. 1911), Argentine textile worker, music teacher, Communist and feminist, who was active in International Red Aid and a member of the International Brigades in defence of the Second Spanish Republic, as well as honorary president of the Communist Party of Argentina, dies just four months short of her 101st birthday. [see: Feb. 27] || [tafel.levillage.org/politic/portraits d'anars.htm]
 * = 2 || 1847 - Georges Sorel (d. 1922), French anarcho-communist, theorist of revolutionary syndicalism and direct action, author of '//Reflections on Violence//', born.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 20] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: In Moscow an immense armed funeral processions for the slain Bolshevik Nikolai Bauman (Никола́й Ба́уман) [see: Oct. 31] and for the slain demonstrators in Revel [see: Oct. 29] takes place. The police are directed to avoid using the emergency powers that were granted to them by Trepov on October 27th. A grandiose demonstration, used by the Bolsheviks to emphasise their growing power, his coffin is draped in red with 6 party members in leather as pall bearers and a man in black at its head swinging a palm branch. 100,000 followers were behind, the party leaders in front carrying flags, wreaths and banners. At the Conservatory a student orchestra played 'You Fell Victim to a Fateful Struggle'. By night torches were lit and Bauman's widow made a speech urging vengeance on the Tsarist government. Fights broke out with Black Hundred gangs. Street fighting in St. Petersburg also continues between Black Hundreds and workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Bauman]

1909 - __Spokane Free Speech Fight__: The Industrial Workers of the World formally begins the Spokane free-speech fight – the first of a series of free speech fights that lasted up til the wartime repression of the IWW began in 1917 – begin a continuous series of street speeches in defiance of the recently introduced ordinance that banned street speeches, an ordinance directed against IWW organising. On this day, one by one, IWW members mount a soapbox (an overturned crate) and begin speaking, upon which Spokane police yank them off the box and take them to jail. On the first day, 103 Wobblies are arrested, beaten, and incarcerated. Within a month, arrests will mount to 500, including the fiery young Wobbly orator Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. The Spokane free-speech fight will end with the City revoking the ordinance. It will inaugurate free-speech fights in other cities, and is considered one of the most significant battles to protect freedom of speech in American history. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech_fights#Spokane_free_speech_fight www.historylink.org/File/7357 depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1909.shtml washingtonhistoryday.wikifoundry.com/page/Spokane+Free+Speech+Fight nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/industrial-workers-world-campaigns-free-speech-spokane-washington-usa-1908-1910 lumberstrikeof1917.weebly.com/industrial-workers-of-the-world.html www.mnopedia.org/event/iww-lumber-strike-1916-1917 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_Workers_Industrial_Union web.archive.org/web/20080609004144/..tp:www.reuther.wayne.edu/exhibits/iww.html]

1910 - __Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: South Wales authorities enquire about the procedure for requesting military aid, in the event of disturbances caused by the striking miners. The Glamorgan Constabulary resources were stretched, as in addition to the Cambrian Combine dispute, there was a month-old 'Block Strike' in the neighbouring Cynon Valley; and the Chief Constable of Glamorgan, Lionel Lindsay, had by Sunday November 6 assembled 200 imported police in the Tonypandy area. [see: Sep. 1]

1910 - __Aberdare Miners' Strike or 'Block Strike'__: In Aberaman on November 2 the first major scenes of violence had occurred. This, plus the appeal by the leaders, made the Aberdare strike headline news. Even '//The Times//' devoted a long article to it on the 4th. The overtly hostile coverage of the strike by the '//Western Mail//' was attacked by Stanton, and on the 3rd a '//Western Mail//' reporter was chased off the railway station by a crowd of strikers. The violence at Aberaman had happened when a train carrying about 100 labourers who were still working at the pits was stormed at the Tonllwyd Crossing and several of the occupants were "badly mauled". Later the same day, the houses of many colliery officials who were still working were stoned. By the 4th every colliery and most of the officials' houses were being picketed. [welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1326508/llgc-id:1326905/llgc-id:1326931/getText www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/new-history-wales-dr-louise-1889456 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_strike_1857–58 newspapers.library.wales/view/3397589/3397595/29 newspapers.library.wales/view/3294338/3294344/30]

1915 - Emilio Covelli (b. 1846), Italian anarchist organiser involved in the Matese insurrection of 1877, member of the Fédération Italienne de l'AIT, dies. [see: Aug. 5]

1927 - Assault by the Portuguese government on the anarchist Confederação Geral do Trabalho (General Confederation of Labour), including arrests, attacks on union offices, and restriction of labour activities. [expand] [repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/17967 colectivolibertarioevora.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/cgt_anos30_pguimaraes.pdf periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/mundosdotrabalho/article/viewFile/1984-9222.2009v1n2p195/11101 digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/36539/1/O%20Sindicalismo%20Revolucionario%20em%20Portugal%20no%20primeiro%20quartel%20do%20seculo%20XX.pdf?ln=pt-pt www.iwa-ait.org/content/cgt-portuguesa-e-fundacao-da-associacao-internacional-dos-trabalhadores www.jornalmapa.pt/2014/02/28/a-revolta-de-fevereiro-de-1927/ pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Batalha]

[F] 1928 - Police protecting scabs clash with 2,000 striking waterfront wharf workers at Prince’s Pier in Melbourne, Australia. As the workers were retreating from the onslaught by the baton-wielding police, the commander ordered the police to open fire. Three workers were shot in the back, one fatally wounded. Several unions demanded an inquiry, but the government refused to investigate the shootings. [www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/truth-was-first-casualty-of-1928-war-on-the-waterfront-20101105-17hib.html]

2011 - General strike in Oakland, USA, shuts down the port and the city. Kayvan Sabehgi, a former US Army Ranger who served tours in both the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, on his way home after participating in the General Strike is detained and severely beaten by Oakland police. He suffers a ruptured spleen and is hospitalised in an intensive care unit as a result of the beating. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0311.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gustav_Wilckens libcom.org/history/wilckens-kurt-gustav-1886-1923 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article12031 www.ephemanar.net/juin17.html#17]
 * = 3 || 1886 - Kurt Wilckens (d. 1923), German anarchist, member of the IWW and a pacifist, born. [EXPAND]

[F] 1902 - __New Orleans Dock Strikes__: New Orleans dockworkers maintained a long-standing tradition known as '50-50' or 'half-and-half', under which both black and white workers insisted that any work crew hired by ship owners be 50% black and 50% white. Workers would work side by side, performing the same job for the same pay, as a way of preventing employers from undermining one group by playing them off against the other. The only area of exception to this was the 'screwmen', the highly skill cotton bale compactors, a critical task that put them at the top of the labour force on the docks and allowed them to insist on the highest wages. Up until the turn of the twentieth century, the white screwmen had insisted on limiting the number of black screwmen employed but the advent of new shipping technologies, larger ship size, and the shippers’ search for non-union labour was undermining their position of power. In the autumn of 1902, black and white screwmen finally agreed to embrace the '50-50' rule and to negotiate new 50-50 work-sharing agreement, would not recognise any foreman who was not a member of either the black or white screwmen’s unions, and would resist the 'speed-up' of the new 'shoot-the-chute' loading scheme (loading only 100 to 120 bales of cotton a day, as opposed to the 400 and 700 under shoot-the-chute). From 1902 through 1903, they launched a series of strikes (and responding lock-outs from employers) that ended in the acceptance of their production rate and 50-50 demands, protests that enjoyed the backing of other waterfront unions – both black and white – and the newly formed Dock and Cotton Council (set up in October 1901 by the separate black and white unions to coordinate union activities on the docks). The first strike began on November 3, 1902 when screwmen struck all employers who did not adhere to the new joint contract demands. Despite the fact that employers accused black unions of breaking the terms in their earlier separate contract and threatened them, the strike remained united and ended in early December 1902; by December 25, screwmen were packing on average 110 bales per day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_dock_workers_and_unionization]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 21] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: The St Petersburg Soviet orders an end to the general strike. Strikers return to work in disciplined ranks. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1915 - Bernardino Verro (b. 1866), Sicilain socialist and syndicalist, who helped found Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone) in 1892 and became the first Socialist mayor of Corleone in 1914, is assassinated by a Mafia gunman as he returns home. [see: Jul. 3]

[D] 1920 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: Antonio Soto, organiser of the Sociedad Obrera de Río Gallegos and leader of the ongoing strike in Patagonia, survives an assassination attempt. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde] ||
 * = 4 || 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: After a brief lull, Luddites destroy six more knitting frames in Bulwell, near Nottingham, UK.

1839 - __Newport Rising__: Thousands march on Newport, Wales, to demand the release of imprisoned Chartist leader Henry Vincent and others. More than 20 people died and 50 were injured in the ensuing battle with the military. Hundreds of Chartists were arrested; leaders of the Newport Rising were found guilty of treason. Chartism was the first modern mass labour movement in England; its central issue was universal suffrage for men. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Rising www.peoplescollection.wales/content/newport-rising-1839 www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/chartists1/historicalsources/source9/newportrising.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vincent spartacus-educational.com/CHvincent.htm www.visionofbritain.org.uk/travellers/Vincent www.chartists.net/tag/henry-vincent/]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: Representatives of gas company managements from all over London meet National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers representatives at the Cannon Street Hotel for discussions concerning the union's demands for double time on Sundays. The Union representatives agreed to ask their membership to consider a compromise for some reduced hours and double pay in return for a shorter working day and the meeting broke up to re-convene a week later on November 11. Instead, Livesey introduced plans to smash the union, reduce costs and implement his grand and long dreamt of scheme for partnership of consumer, shareholder and workforce – the latter had been put to the board in the past and rejected but was now seen as a useful tool to help 'divide and rule' the workforce. Many workers signed the 12-month agreement (which implicitly removed their right to strike, forfeiting their bonus if they broke the agreement) for membership of the profit sharing scheme at once, sending their thanks "to the Employers – for their generous concession". However, these workers would now become company-owned blacklegs, continuing to work whilst their former union colleagues were out on strike defending the NUGWGL. [see: Sep. 5] [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1897 - Cipriano Mera Sanz (d. 1975), French anarcho-syndicalist, militia leader and army commander in the Spanish Revolution, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre24.html#mera www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Cipriano_Mera_Sanz www.katesharpleylibrary.net/kwh83j recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MeraCipriano.htm autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/julian-vadillo-texto-publicado-en.html www.generalisimofranco.com/VIDAS/cipriano_mera/001.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 22] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Black Hundred outrages continue in Moscow, with two dozen workers and students killed. The newly installed Prime Minister Witte vigorously condemns the right-wing violence. In St. Petersburg the Soviet cancels a mass funeral/demonstration that was set for November 5th, for fear of police action. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[F] 1910 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: A tax strike is proclaimed in several municipalities of the Marne. 'Manifestations punitives' are organised, destroying caves and cellars of several traders labelled as 'fraudsters' selling non-appellation Champagne, notably in Ay and Epernay. At the request of the préfect of the Marne, the 31e Régiment de Dragons, as well as four other regiments, are brought in as reinforcement, in particular to cut access to towns and protect wine merchants. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_vignerons_de_la_Champagne_en_1911 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_Riots www.cumieresenchampagne.com/historique/revolte-de-1911/ www.ay-champagne.fr/index.adml?s=33891206011251896248539&r=179]

1921 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy aka Victorine B (Victorine Malenfant; 1838-1921), French member of the International, Communard, militant anarchist and and socialist educator, dies. [see: Sep. 4]

1936 - Four leaders of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT - Juan Garcia Oliver (Justice), Juan Peiro (Industry) Juan Lopez Sanchez (Trade), Federica Montseny (Health; she is the first woman minister in a Spanish cabinet) - split the Spanish anarchist movement by joining the new Republican Popular Front government as Cabinet Ministers.

1954 - Stig Dagerman, (b. 1923), Swedish playwright, novelist, poet and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 5]

1988 - __Greve de 1988__: A meeting of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) metalworkers decides to hold a peaceful strike beginning on November 7 in support of the demands of a salary readjustment based on the inflation index released by DIEESE, the Inter-union Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies (Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos), reemployment of those workers dismissed during the previous year, the creation of a Comissão Interna de Prevenção de Acidentes (Internal Commission for the Prevention of Accidents) elected by the workers, a 40-hour working week, the implementation of the 6-hour shift and the end to persecution for union activity. The directorate of the Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Volta Redonda also proposes an occupation of the company works to prevent work during the strike. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_de_1988 www.vermelho.org.br/noticia/198679-8 almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano_10nov1988.htm www.abcdeluta.org.br/materia.asp?id_CON=328 www.estudosdotrabalho.org/anais-vii-7-seminario-trabalho-ret-2010/selmo_nascimento_a_luta_de_classes_no_brasil_no_final_do_seculo_xx_texto_completo.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_CSN_strike www.internationalist.org/BRAZIL.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs iww.org/history/biography/EugeneDebs/1 debsfoundation.org/index.php/landing/debs-biography/ www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/vodebs.htm www.marxists.org/archive/debs/]
 * = 5 || 1855 - Eugene Victor Debs (d. 1926), US locomotive fireman, wholesale grocery salesman, city clerk, union leader, editor, founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World and jailed seditionist, who stood five times as the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States, born. Author of the prison critique, partly written whilst incarcerated, '//Walls and Bars: Prisons and Prison Life In The 'Land Of The Free''// (1899-1922). Debs appeared as a historical figure in John Dos Passos '//U.S.A Trilogy//' and the lead character and narrator, Eugene Debs Hartke, in Kurt Vonnegut's novel '//Hocus Pocus//' is named in his honour. [expand]

1883 - Elmer T. Allison (d. 1982), U.S. socialist political activist, IWW member and newspaper editor, who was active in the Seattle Free Speach Fight of 1907 and is best remembered as the longtime editor of '//The Cleveland Socialist//' and '//The Toiler//', forerunners of the official organ of the Communist Party, USA, '//The Daily Worker//', born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Allison]

1885 - Diego Rodríguez Barbosa (d. 1936), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, anarcho-naturalist propagandist, writer, poet and novelist, born. Wrote under a selection of pseudonyms (including Ile Gales, Juan de la Barre and Silvestre del Campo) for the libertarian press e.g. '//Ética//', '//Germinal//', '//Iniciales//', '//El Luchador//', '//La Madre Tierra//', '//La Revista Blanca//', '//La Semana//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//', '//Solidaridad Proletaria//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//La Voz del Campesino//', etc. His output included poetry and 5 novels, published in the '//La Novela Libre//' and '//La Novela Ideal//' series: '//La Hija del Sepulturero//' (The Gravedigger's Daughter; 1929), '//Desahuciados//' (Homeless; 1933), '//Pastora//' (Shepherd; 1933), '//Amor, Sacrificio y Venganza//' (Love, Sacrifice and Revenge; 1935) and '//Bohemia//' (1935) - all written whilst he was in prison and published by La Novela Libre and La Novela Ideal. [puertoreal.cnt.es/es/recordando/quienes-son/234.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0511.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/diego-rodriguez-barbosa-anarquista-de.html ultimabarricada.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/fue-un-22-de-agosto-de-1936.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2007/05/articulo-de-diego-rodrguez-barbosa.html fal.cnt.es/sites/all/documentos/bicel/Bicel13/9.htm]

1898 - Ricard Sanz i García aka Ricardo Sanz Asensio (d. 1986), Valencian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist fighter against Franco, born. He participated in the founding of the anarchist group Los Solidarios with Buenaventura Durruti and Juan Garcia Oliver. Author. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre25.html#sanzricardo www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0511.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Sanz_ García guerracivildiadia.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/ricardo-sanz-1898-1986.html]

1908 - The dissident supporters of the SLP of the rival 'Detroit IWW' set up the Workers' International Industrial Union at a conference convened at Paterson, New Jersey. [see: Sep. 24] [depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1908.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_International_Industrial_Union www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/pdf/1908/sep27_1908.pdf www.slp.org/pdf/de_leon/eds1912/feb28_1912.pdf]

[F] 1916 - __Everett Massacre / Shingle Weavers' Strike__: Following the brutal attack on their fellow workers six days previously in Everett, when 41 Wobbly free speech campaigners had been rounded up by a force of more than 200 armed vigilantes and forced to run the gauntlet whilst being beaten with clubs, axe handles, guns, whips and rubber hoses loaded with shot, before being run out of town and forced to walk the 25 miles back to Seattle, the Wobblies planned to keep their promise to return in greater number. On November 5, 1916, a group of about 300 young IWW members met at the IWW Hall in Seattle and then marched down to the docks, where they boarded the steamers Verona and Calista (260 had bought tickets for the Verona and 40 for the Calista) ,which then headed the 20 miles north to Everett. Meanwhile in Everett, where some helpful person had started out a rumour that the Wobblies were planning to burn the town, Sheriff Donald McRae had lined up well armed 200-250 'citizen deputy' vigilantes in order to repel the "anarchist reds". The Verona arrived at Everett first and as they approached the Everett City Dock in the early afternoon, the Wobblies began to sing 'Hold the Fort'. As it pulled up on the dock, Sheriff McRae stepped forward and raised his hand, calling out "Boys, who's your leader?" The IWW men laughed, replying "We're all leaders," and they started to swing out the gang plank. McRae thenn drew his pistol and told them they could not land. At that point a single shot rang out (its source was never publicly identified but, given the imbalance in weaponry, it is highly likely that it came from a trigger-happy vigilante), followed by a massive volley of gun fire that lasted for about ten minutes. Most came from the vigilantes on shore as only a hndful of Wobblies were armed. Those on board the Verona, who included ordinary non-IWW passengers, rushed to the opposite side of the ship, nearly capsizing the vessel. The ship's rail broke and a number of passengers fell into the water, an unknown number of whom drowned. Over 175 bullets pierced the pilot house alone, and the captain of the Verona, Chance Wiman, was only able to avoid being shot by ducking behind the ship's safe. The captain then managed to back the boat away from the dock, then headed back to Seattle. Out in the harbour, Wiman warned off the approaching Calista and then raced back to Seattle. On the dock two local businessman-deputies, Jefferson Beard and Charles Curtis, lay dying, shot in the back by their fellow vigilantes. Twenty others, including Sheriff McRae, were wounded. Wobblies Hugo Gerlot (1893-1916); Abraham Rebenovitz, often misspelled Rabinowitz (1886-1916); Gustav Johnson (1894-1916); and John Looney (1891-1916) lay dead on the Verona's deck. Another, Felix Baran (1894-1916), lay dying. While the 'official' count of IWW casualties was five dead and 27 wounded, an unknown number had fallen into the water and died of their wounds or were shot as they floundered in the water after the boat had hastily pulled away, their bodies later recovered surreptitiously from Port Gardner Bay. There were also non-IWW casulties on board the Verona including Oscar Carlson, who was shot 11 times and unsuccessfully sued the steamboat company for his injuries. When the Verona and Calista returned to Seattle, 294 men were arrested and either detained in the King County jail or hospitalised. Ultimately most were set free, but seventy-four were back to the Snohomish County jail in Everett, imprisoned, and ordered to stand trial for murder. In the town itself, after the Verona and Calista had made good their escape, the local Everett Wobblies started their street rally anyway, and as a result, McRae's deputised citizens rounded them up and hauled them off to jail and for the following few days terror hung over Everett for several days as armed deputies policed the streets. As a result of the shootings, Governor Ernest Lister of the State of Washington sent companies of militia to Everett and Seattle to help maintain order. Teamster Thomas H. Tracy was the first brought to trial on March 5, 1917, charged with conspiracy to commit the murder of Sheriff's Deputy Jefferson Beard. Originally he was also charged with the murder of Deputy C.O. Curtis, but forensic evidence later indicated that Curtis was most likely killed by one of his fellow deputies, so that charge was quietly dropped. Tracy was found not guilty on May 5 after a two-month trial and the other 73 Wobblies were released without trial shortly afterwards. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_massacre libcom.org/history/everett-massacre-1916-walt-crowley www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0511.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/everett-massacre.html content.lib.washington.edu/pnwlaborweb/ www.historylink.org/File/9981 www.newspapers.com/newspage/83612240/ depts.washington.edu/iww/everett_story.shtml depts.washington.edu/iww/faces_of_iww.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/emerson.shtml depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/weaversdoc.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_weaver guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341845&p=2299873]

1920 - Eugene Debs, Prisoner No. 9653, receives nearly one million votes as Socialist Party presidential candidate while occupying a jail cell. [www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/spusa/1920/1023-hapgood-debsinprison.pdf www.idsnews.com/812magazine/?p=8163]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The business of every Estancia in southern Santa Cruz is paralyzed by the strike. Workers dominate the roads, moving in columns of 60, 100 and 200 men marching with red and black flag. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde] ||
 * = 6 || 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: About a 1000 men from Arnold, Hucknall and other surrounding villages gathered at the seventh milestone on the Mansfield to Nottingham road to launch a new wave of attacks.

1887 - Eugène Edine Pottier (b. 1816), French poet, revolutionist, participant in the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1881, author of '//L'Internationale'//, dies. [see: Oct. 4]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 24] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The St. Petersburg City Council authorises a popular civic guard to replace the police. Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) officially becomes the first Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire, prime minister of the new constitutional monarchy. The Association of Manufacturers is formed in St. Petersburg; it adopts a hard line policy against strikers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1910 - __Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: By now, strikers had successfully shut down all the local pits, except Llwynypia colliery. On November 6, miners became aware of the owners' intention to deploy strikebreakers, to keep pumps and ventilation going at the Glamorgan Colliery in Llwynypia. This would lead to volent clashes between strikers and police over the following days.

[F] 1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: Following five days of hearings, the President’s Labor Mediation Commission finish their investigation into the July 12, 1917 Bisbee deportations. The 'Report on the Bisbee Deportations. Made by the President's Mediation Commission to the President of the United States' concludes that the deportations were "wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal." Nevertheless, no individual, company, or agency was ever convicted in connection with the deportations. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/primarysources/reports/]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: With Lieutenant Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela and 200 troops well-armed troops of the Regimiento 10° de Caballería (10th Cavalry Regiment), the 'Húsares de Pueyrredón', rapidly approaching Antonio Soto's locale, a meeting of the strikers is called during the night of November 6-7. Chilean worker Juan Farina, proposes surrender and the vast majority of rural labourers support his motion. Another worker, Pablo Schulz, argued that they should fight the army. Soto, seeing that such a fight was unlikely, argues that it is necessary to continue the strike, and finally suggests that they send two men with a white flag to parley with army troops to discuss conditions and guarantees, in addition to demanding compliance with the terms of the agreement negotiated last year. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: The coastal city and the main port of the country, Guayaquil, known as the 'Perla del Pacífico', was a centre of rank and file workers struggle in Ecuador, with a strong anarcho-syndicalist stream. Its economy was based almost exclusively on cacao exportation for its export revenue and the collapse of international prices during and after WWI and the increased [the price of 100 pounds of cocoa fell from 26 sucres, in January of 1920, to 5.75 sucres, in December of 1921] competition from other cacao-producing countries led to deteriorating economic conditions in Ecuador, and especially in Guayaquil. Added to that, the loss in value of the sucre (Ecuador’s national currency) and rampant inflation meant that by 1922 the prices of basic foodstuffs such as flour, rice, and sugar were astronomical, rent rates rose, and employment opportunities fell. On October 15, 1922, the Federación de Trabajadores Regional Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Regional Federation Of Workers), Ecuador’s largest radical labour federation, was formed at the initiative of the Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones') in Guayaquil in opposition to the reformist artisan-orientated Confederación Obrera del Guayas (Guayas Confederation of Workers), who had largely ignored the rural and industrial workers. Two days later on October 17, the workers of the U.S.-owned Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company in the neighboring city of Durán issued a set of demands, drawn up on their behalf by the assembly of Trabajadores del Ferrocarril del Sur (Southern Railroad Workers), that they presented to the United States company that owned and managed the railroad. When no response was forthcoming, the workers went on strike on October 19th. The General Manager J.C. Dobbie refused to negotiate and brought in strikebreakers, but the workers continued to strike which, with the support of the Federación Regional de Trabajadores del Ecuador – the country’s largest radical labour federation, which had been formed earlier that year in opposition to the reformist artisan-orientated Confederación Obrera del Guaya, who had largely ignored the rural and industrial workers – motivated the other associations to join in. Hundreds of workers from Guayaquil also came to show their support and after a few days, Dobbie agreed to meet their demands. The workers of Guayaquil took inspiration from this successful show of worker solidarity. From November 6-8, 1922, workers from Empresa de Carros Urbanos (Urban Tram Company), Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica (Light and Electrical Power Company), the gas and water works, and shipyard workers met, largely led by a man named Adolfo Villacrés, president of the Asamblea General de Trabajadores, and issued a set of demands on the 8th. Tram workers were in a particularly bad position, earning barely subsistence wages, working long hours, and being required to watch the trolleys on Sundays (the one day they did not have to work), because any damage to them was paid for by their wages. The assembly of workers issued 28 demands in total, which were swiftly rejected by company management. In response, the workers struck, shutting down public transportation and much of the city’s power. Meanwhile, the military moved soldiers into the city. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2014-12-04/the-guayaquil-general-strike-1922 www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/revolucion-del-15-de-noviembre-de-1922/ www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/guayaquil/10/la-historiografia-de-la-huelga-general-de-1922 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-workers-guayaquil-engage-general-strike-economic-rights-1922 www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/contenido/15_de_noviembre_de_1922_bautismo_de_sangre_obrera 21centurymanifesto.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/remembering-the-1922-guayaquil-massacre/] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoît_Broutchoux libcom.org/history/benoit-broutchoux-1879-1944 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0711.html www.ephemanar.net/juin02.html#2]
 * = 7 || 1879 - Benoît Broutchoux (d. 1944), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist propagandist, neo-Malthusian and 'free love' advocate, born.

1884 - __La Bande Noire__: The miner Brenin, who had been recruited as a police spy and agent provocateur by police Commissioner Thévénin, persuades Gueslaff to try a second attempt on the life of Etienney, the publican from Ciry-le-Noble who is a prosecution witness in the Montceau trial. However, Brenin had set up a trap for Gueslaff and, ambushed by gendarmes, he opens fire on the police, seriously wounding three officers. Knowing himself betrayed, Gueslaff denounced many of his Bande comrades. Many are arrested and appear at a second trial of the Bandes Noire in May 1885, and eleven of the 30 or so in the dock are found guilty and sentenced to between 2 and 20 years - the longer sentences being of forced labour. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 25] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Fearful of handing police powers over to the left, the Moscow city City Council, unlike its St. Petersburg counterparts [see: Nov. 6], refuses to authorise a popular militia. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[FF] 1910 - __Tonypandy Riots / Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: Having heard the previous day that the owners planned to bring in blacklegs to maintaining the pumps and other machinery at the Llwynypia colliery, thousands of striking miners from across the Rhondda valley surrounded and picketed the Glamorgan Colliery in Llwynypia, to prevent strikebreakers from entering. This resulted in sharp skirmishes with police officers posted inside the site. One striker, a miner named Samuel Rhys, was killed by a blow from a police baton, as mass pickets failed to stop the police from 'scab herding' the scab workers that had been bussed in from Cardiff to keep the colliery running. Although miner leaders called for calm, a small group of strikers began stoning the pump-house. A portion of the wooden fence surrounding the site was torn down. Fierce hand-to-hand fighting with the police took place and after several baton charges the miners were pushed back into the square at Tonypandy, just after midnight. There they were charged by mounted police from Cardiff and there were several injuries on both sides. This led Glamorgan's chief constable, Lionel Lindsay, supported by the general manager of the Cambrian Combine, to request military support from the War Office. Churchill, as Home Secretary, now learned of this movement and, after a brief conference with the War Office halted it. He rightly surmised that the local authorities were over-reacting and certainly hoped that a Liberal government could calm matters down. However, he did accede to the extent of despatching Metropolitan police officers (foot and mounted) and some troops (the cavalry) did proceed to Cardiff that day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonypandy_riots libcom.org/history/1910-cambrian-combine-miners-strike-and-tonypandy-riot www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/22f1fd75-bf86-392e-8131-93284ff5db85 www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=CYMRU_1&targetdoc=Welsh%20history%20and%20its%20sources&targetptr=pdf005_002 teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/remembering-1910-cambrian-combine.html www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/22f1fd75-bf86-392e-8131-93284ff5db85 newspapers.library.wales/view/4224955/4224957/25]

[B] 1912 - Ernest Riebe's Mr. Block, IWW labour comic strip, makes it's first appearance in the '//Industrial Worker'.// [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Riebe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Block picturebook.nothingness.org/pbook/mrblock/display_contents/1]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: Arriving at Cerro Comisión, the commander of the detachment of soldiers Captain Viñas Ibarra is surprised to find two Chilean delegates from last night's strikers meeting calling for an interview with the head of the troops, as equals, to talk about the conditions of the arrangement. Outraged that two "ragged and smelly" foreign-raised bandits dared to ask for conditions, Viñas Ibarra had the two envoys immediately shot. When the troops reached the estancia La Anita, Viñas Ibarra demanded the unconditional surrender to all the strikers. Soto takes a dramatic speech to continue the fight but is ignored by most of the strikers, who decide to surrender and end the strike. Varela's troops will shoot a good number of these strikers. Soto and twelve men flee on horseback to Chile. Never be caught by the authorities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: In Guayaquil, Empresa de Carros Urbanos' tram (trolleybus) drivers and conductors are on strike, largely paralyzing the city. They would be followed over the next few days by workers from the mule-pulled trolleybuses, tram maintenance, train drivers, gas, electricy, water, and shipyard workers, as large sections of the working class came out in support of their own demands or in solidarity with their fellow workers. At a meeting of workers, the FTRE proposes setting up a Gran Asamblea de Trabajadores that, together with the existing workers in dispute, would draw up a list of demands for all the guayaquileños workers. Meanwhile, Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica (Light and Electrical Power Company) workers come forward with their own set of demands: 8 hours of work, salary improvement, notice in case of dismissal with 30 days notice, etc. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2014-12-04/the-guayaquil-general-strike-1922 www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/revolucion-del-15-de-noviembre-de-1922/ www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/guayaquil/10/la-historiografia-de-la-huelga-general-de-1922 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-workers-guayaquil-engage-general-strike-economic-rights-1922 www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/contenido/15_de_noviembre_de_1922_bautismo_de_sangre_obrera 21centurymanifesto.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/remembering-the-1922-guayaquil-massacre/]

1925 - The first issue of the Barcelona anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist weekly '//El Productor//', "Periódico de ideas y crítica", is published by the group of the same name. The paper will be banned by the authorities in March 1926 and cease publishing. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/premsa/elproductor1925/elproductor1925.html]

1931 - At the Labor Temple in Ybor City, Tampa, Police Officer David Wilson is hit on the head by a brick and Police Officer J. N. Byrd is wounded in the shoulder by a bullet. Thirteen men and two women were arrested in connection with the incident and sentenced to a total of fifty-three years – chain-gang and county-farm sentences in sweat-box jails, under circumstances of such brutaltiy that three of the prisoners went insane. The National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners and the International Labor Defense organisations, together with the Ybor City Labor Temple and local members of the Tampa Tobacco Workers Industrial Union, took up campaigning for their release. The tobacco workers would hold a three-day strike at the end of the month to demand the prisoners release. [see: Nov. 27 & 28]

1949 - Judi Bari (d. 1997), US environmentalist and labour activist, feminist, musician and the principal organiser of Earth First! campaigns against logging in the ancient redwood forests of Northern California in the 1980s and '90s. She also organised efforts through the EF!-IWW Local 1 to bring timber workers and environmentalists together in common cause, born. On May 24, 1990, in Oakland, California, the vehicle used by Bari and her partner, fellow musician and environmentalist Darryl Cherney, with whom she wrote 'Spike a Tree for Jesus' and 'Will This Fetus Be Aborted', was blown up by a powerful pipe bomb, seriously injuring Bari. She was arrested by the FBI whilst still in critical condition in hospital with a fractured pelvis and other major injuries, as the Bureau tried to pin eco-terrorism charges on the pair, accusing them of knowingly carrying a bomb for use in an act of terrorism. However, despite a full-blown FBI investigation, no evidence aginst the pair of non-violent activists was ever found or charges filed. Eventually, the charges against Bari and Cherney were dropped, the FBI having discovered that the bomb was placed directly under Bari's seat and after someone signing themselves 'The Lord's Avenger' had claimed the attack, having targetted Bari followig her defence of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Ukiah, California. In May, 1991, a year after the bomb blast, Bari and Cherney filed a federal civil rights lawsuit against the "illegal, politically-motivated instigation of the FBI." Judi Bari died of breast cancer on March 2, 1997. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Bari www.judibari.info/ www.iww.org/history/biography/JudiBari/1 www.judibari.org whobombedjudibari.com/]

[F] 1988 - __Greve de 1988__: The strike in Volta Redonda, Argentina begins, with more than 10,000 metallurgists demanding better working conditions and more decent wages drawn up aganst the leadership of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, the Polícia Militar and the Army. The strike lasted 17 days, and for the first two days the workers occupied the company. [see: Nov. 4] ||
 * = 8 || 1892 - Anarchist Émile Henry places a bomb at the Carmaux Mining Company in Paris. It is discovered and taken to a police station, where it explodes, killing five officers.

1892 - __New Orleans General Strike__: Approximately 25,000 workers in New Orleans – half the city’s workforce – begin what will be a three day general strike in support of a strike by three other unions over hours, wages, and job security. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_New_Orleans_general_strike]

1899 - __Syndicats 'Jaunes'__: A new 'syndicat jaune', the Syndicat des Corporations Ouvrieres, is set up by employers in rebellious mining commune of Montceau-les-Mines in an attempt to stem the tide of industrial militancy amongst its coal miners. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalisme_jaune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_nationale_des_Jaunes_de_France fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines www.ecomusee-creusot-montceau.fr/spip.php?rubrique55 books.openedition.org/pressesmines/1437?lang=fr syndicaliste.phpnet.org/spip.php?article400 www.histoire-image.org/etudes/greve-creusot-1899]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 26] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: On their own initiative, St. Petersburg factory workers begin introducing eight-hour workdays over the following two days. The workers' increasingly radical demands are beginning to isolate them from the bourgeois liberals factions. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[FF] 1910 - __Tonypandy Riots / Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: The strikers returned to the pit at Llwynypia on November 8, and again heavy fighting between police and miners began. Some two hours into the fighting, mounted police succeeded in dispersing the miners into two groups, one of which headed for the middle of Llwynypia, the other heading again for Tonypandy. Fighting intensified in Tonypandy as the mounted police failed to disperse miners in the town, who began to smash shop windows. Homes in Tonypandy were left untouched by the angry miners, and a small police presence might have deterred window-breakages, but police had been moved from the streets to protect the residences of mine owners and managers. It should be noted that the social elite of the township of Tonypandy was, above all others, the shop-owning class. The angry, wealth-producing crowd turned against the symbol of social attainment, the conspicuous, wealth-making shops. And they did so in a manner that expressed contempt and resentment rather than greed and fear. The shops were smashed systematically but not indiscriminately. The amount of looting was not so important as the display of bravado enacted on the streets. Goods were scattered about on the road. Clothes were worn in parade – top hats and overcoats in a festival atmosphere – and mufflers, braces and caps (more useful items to colliers) pinched and exchanged as trophies. Women and children were involved in considerable numbers, as they had been outside the Glamorgan colliery. No police were seen until the Metropolitans arrived around 22:30 (almost 3 hours after the riots began) and then the disturbance fell away of its own accord. Some shops were completely untouched – the most famous exception to the general damage done to chemists’ establishments being that of Willie Llewellyn who had the good luck to be known as Wales’s greatest wing-three quarter of the day! At 01:20 on November 9, orders were sent to Colonel Currey at Cardiff, to despatch a squadron of the 18th Hussars to reach Pontypridd at 08:15. Upon arrival, one contingent patrolled Aberaman and another was sent to Llwynypia, where it patrolled all day. Returning to Pontypridd at night, the troops arrived at Porth as a disturbance was breaking out, and maintained order until the arrival of several hundred extra police from London. Although no authentic record exists of casualties, since many miners would have refused treatment, from fear of prosecution for their part in the riots, nearly 80 police and over 500 citizens were injured. One of them, a miner named Samuel Rhys, who sustained head injuries from a policeman's baton, later died of his injuries. Authorities had reinforced the town with 400 policemen, one company of the Lancashire Fusiliers, billeted at Llwynypia, and the squadron of the 18th Hussars. Thirteen miners from Gilfach Goch were arrested and prosecuted for their part in the unrest and the authorities, fearing more trouble, transformed Tonypandy and the surrounding area into a near military camp. The trial lasted for several days and on each day 10,000 men marched through the valley and held mass meetings outside the town in support of their friends in jail, despite the streets being filled with soldiers and policemen. Eventually, several of the miners standing trial were sentenced to prison terms ranging from two to six weeks, while the others were fined and released. Sporadic fighting continued for several more weeks and on November 22 a group of picketing miners were forced by soldiers with bayonets drawn onto a hillside near Penygraig, where they fought alongside the women of the community for several hours with troops and police. A local newspaper running a story on the event commented on the actions of the women: "Women joined with the men in the unequal combat, and displayed a total disregard of personal danger which was as admirable as it was foolhardy. But these Amazons of the coalfield resorted to other and more effective methods. From the bedroom windows came showers of boiling water, which fell unerringly on the heads of police, while in one case a piece of bedroom ware found its billet on the skull of a Metropolitan policeman." Major disturbances were also reported at the town of Blaenclydach in April 1911, where heavy fighting took over the centre of the town with shops being looted as they had been in Tonypandy. The strike however, ended several months later with the miners, feeling the strain of being without pay for so long, being forced to accept a small pay increase. They returned to the pits in early September, exactly a year after the strike had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonypandy_riots libcom.org/history/1910-cambrian-combine-miners-strike-and-tonypandy-riot www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11655470 teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/the-tonypady-riots-and-why-winston.html www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=CYMRU_1&targetdoc=Welsh%20history%20and%20its%20sources&targetptr=pdf005_002 www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/22f1fd75-bf86-392e-8131-93284ff5db85 newspapers.library.wales/view/4224955/4224957/25]

1910 - __Aberdare Miners' Strike or 'Block Strike'__: On November 8, following a meeting in the Miners' Institute, Aberaman, where the educationalist, socialist, and campaigner for free, compulsory, secular education and free school meals Mary Bridges-Adams had been speaking, those attending had assembled in front of the Institute where their numbers swelled to about 2,000, including many women and children. A contingent of 500, in a diversionary move, proceeded to attack the Aberaman Colliery where they were kept at bay with fire hoses. The rest of the crowd, preceded by an advanced guard of 200 youths, marched to the colliery power station and washery at Cwmbach, which were still in operation, and began to stone the buildings. Several attempts were made to storm the power station, but the 29 policemen inside kept the crowd at bay by electrifying the perimeter fence and by hosing the rioters with hot water from the boilers. As the demonstration was breaking up in confusion, the police charged, injuring 60 and pushing many into the nearby canal. Somehow, the people of Aberdare did not appreciate what the police were doing for them. The following day a train was stoned and there was a disturbance at Aberaman when two mounted police tried to disperse a crowd of women and children by riding into them. Attacks on colliery officials and their houses became daily occurrences. The following Sunday, a chapel service was interrupted by the congregation and a colliery official was removed from their midst. [welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1326508/llgc-id:1326905/llgc-id:1326931/getText www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/new-history-wales-dr-louise-1889456 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_strike_1857–58 newspapers.library.wales/view/3397589/3397595/29 newspapers.library.wales/view/3294338/3294344/30]

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: Three days after the Everett Massacre, the Shingle Weavers at Jamison Mill vote to end the six month strike in the hope of establishing peace in their home town. No concessions of any kind are made by the mill owners. [see: May 1]

1918 - __IWW & Espionage Act__: Suffering from the Spanish influenza, the trial of Dr. Marie Equi on charges of violating the Espionage Act begins in Portland, Oregon. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1918.shtml]

1920 - The head of the Spanish Government Eduardo Dato appoints Severiano Martínez Anido to the civil and military governorship posts following pressure from the Sometent, the Lliga Regionalista, the Unió Monàrquica, the Foment del Treball Nacional and the Cambra Mercantil for the appointment of a strongman with the same widereaching powers then in practice in Valencia and Zaragoza. Thus begins one of the darkest period of repression of the working class, revolutionary and anarchist movements in Spanish history. Between November 11 and 14, more than 400 trades unionists were detained, with a policy of arbitary detention and deportation quickly developing into one of murder and summary execution. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0811.html]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: Workers from the Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica (Light and Electrical Power Company) and those of the Empresa de Carros Urbanos (Urban Tram Company) present their employers with their demands. The claims submitted by electic electric tram drivers and conductors were in essence the same as those of the Durán rail workers submitted on October 17: The law of 8 hours, and payment of overtime; Increase in wages; Employment stability; Strict compliance with the Ley de Accidentes de Trabajo (Law for Accidents at Work); Specific approaches: regulation on number of routes, permits, tickets, cars, drivers' responsibilities, etc. Workers on trolleybuses pulled by mule also submitted demands: to establish shifts every 12 hours with 6 alternatives given, payment of overtime that exceeded 8 hours, cessation of layoffs, wage increase, compliance with insurance law and accidents. Over the next few days more and more sectors were added to the strikes. One of the signatories to the demands document said: "There is a law that determines the daily working time, eight hours in most situations, and yet we are forced to work 18 and 20 hours a day." The management then agreed to talk with the strikers' represntatives, so the Gran Asamblea de Trabajadores selected two lawyers, Dr. J. José Vicente Trujillo and Dr. Carlos Puig Vilazar, to represent them. The city's newspapers, 'El Universo', 'El Telégrafo' and 'El Globo', all of a liberal persuasion picked up on the story with coverage largely sympathetic to the plight of the workers. The railway workers of Durán also sent representatives to join the assembly. However, from the beginning, the assembly did not have much control over the working population of the city. Without consulting the assembly, the printers union printed leaflets encouraging all workers (unionised and not unionised) to join the strike. A group of drunken workers also tried to make their way into the power plant to turn off the city’s power, but assembly members stopped them. Within the first few days, the Gran Asamblea de Trabajadores had grown to 3000 members, and they began holding large outdoor rallies. Negotiations were proceeding well and an agreement was close, but the assembly then raised the issue of the devaluation of the sucre. Pay raises would become meaningless within a few months due to its decreasing value. Hence, they proposed an artificial control on the exchange rate, a suggestion that 'El Universo', one of the daily newspapers, swiftly endorsed. President of Ecuador José Luis Tamayo was then prompted to make his way from Quito to Guayaquil to address the exchange rate issue. On November 10, factory workers joined the strike, followed the next day by artisans and builders.

[F] 1927 - 270 men, mainly miners from South Wales, take part in a hunger march through London against the Government's new Unemployment Bill. The march had been called by A. J. Cook, the miners' leader at the time, during a demonstration on September 18 – Red Sunday in Rhondda Valley – to be timed to London to arrive on November 8 (when Parliament re-opened). Initially supported by the South Wales Miners' Federation (SWMF), it withdrew its support but the march went ahead [in October, date unknown] in spite of hostility from the trades unions, press and government. They did, however, gain support from Trades Councils in every town and village they passed through (which included Pontypridd, Newport, Bristol, Bath, Chippenham and Swindon). Arriving in London, the march was harassment by various Fascists, causing the organisers to be met by an armed escort of 100 members of the Labour League of Ex-Servicemen (LLX) at Chiswick. Wal Hannington from the LLX later wote in a pamphlet entitled 'The March of the Miners: How we Smashed the Opposition' about the event. [www.museumwales.ac.uk/2053/]

[A] 1984 - Stainforth police station in South Yorkshire is attacked by striking miners. || [www.nls.uk/learning-zone/politics-and-society/labour-history/fenwick-weavers cets.coop/moodle/pluginfile.php/89/mod_folder/content/0/Co-operative%20history/Fenwick%20Weavers.pdf]
 * = 9 || 1769 - First recorded workers' co-operative, the Weavers' Society of Fenwick, formed in March 1761 establishes the first known consumer co-operative to purchase victuals to sell to members and non-members, along with the provision of 4 weeks credit if a member needed it.

[E] 1839 - Paule Mink (or Minck) (Adèle Paulina Mekarski; d. 1901), French writer (stories, poems and plays), journalist, seamstress, franc-maçonne (female Freemason), prominent feminist, revolutionary socialist Pétroleuse of Polish descent, who participated in the Paris Commune and in the First International, born. Daughter of Polish nobles and friend of Louise Michel and Marie Ferre, she joined the First International and founded, with her friend André Léo, the Société Fraternelle de l'Ouvrière (Female Workers' Fraternal Society), an organisation based on Proudhon's mutualist principles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Mink fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Minck www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr/Femmes-de-la-Commune-et.html www.ephemanar.net/novembre9.html#minck libertarian-labyrinth.org/booklets/Frondeuse-3-np.pdf www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article587 www.estelnegre.org/documents/mink/mink.html chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=1421]

1885* - Delfín Lévano (Delfín Amador Lévano Gómez; d.1941), Peruvian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, journalist and baker worker, as well as a poet, clarinetist and lecturer, born. His parents were the prominent anarchist activist, Manuel Caracciolo Lévano, aka Manuel Chumpitás or Comnalevich, and Hermelinda Gómez, a worker and social activist. Lévano was founder and editor of the newspapers 'La Protesta' (1911-21) and 'El Proletariado', founded in 1921, in addition to other publications and anarchist groups. Along side his father, and despite suffering persecution and imprisonment, he was a constant campaigner and prolithetiser for the eight-hour day, which the Limean unions – led by the Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú" (Federation of Baker Workers "Star of Peru"), of which Lévano was a leader – would succeed in securing in 1919 after years of arduous struggle. He was also prominent in the founding of the .Federación Obrera Regional del Perú in 1912. [expand] [* some sources mention Nov. 4] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0911.html]

1899 - Acácio Tomás de Aquino (d. 1998), militant Portuguese anarco-syndicalist who was active in the Confederação Geral do Trabalho and the Organização Libertária Prisional, born. He spent the period 1933-1949 in various prisons and concentration camps after having been sentenced to 12 years in exile by a Military Tribunal for being involved in an attempted inssurection (it was claimed he was delivering bombs to another militant when arrested). [see: Dec. 11]**​** [www.ephemanar.net/novembre09.html#aquino www.estelnegre.org/documents/aquino/aquino.html]

1910 - __Tonypandy Riots / Cambrian Combine Miners' Strike__: It was not until the morning of November 9th, that soldiers eventually arrived on the scene, patrolling without serious incident in the Tonypandy and Llwynypia areas. There were clashes in Porth and Pontypridd but, generally speaking, the soldiers were – at the time, at least – more welcome than the policemen from outside the valley. Other than the death of Samuel Rhys, no reliable casualty record exists, since many miners would have refused treatment, from fear of prosecution for their part in the riots, but nearly 80 police and over 500 citizens were injured. Thirteen miners from Gilfach Goch were arrested and prosecuted for their part in the unrest. The trial of the thirteen occupied six days in December. During the trial, they were supported by marches and demonstrations by up to 10,000 men, who were refused entry to the town. Custodial terms of two to six weeks were issued to some of the defendants; others were discharged or fined. The strike ground on for several months although the violence of the initial riots in Tonypandy was rarely repeated. The strike finally ended in August 1911, 12 months after the lock out that had begun it. It left bitter scars on the community of the Rhondda, particularly as the miners were forced to return to work after agreeing to a paltry figure of just two shillings and three pence per ton of coal extracted.

1918 - __Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublikthe__]: Revolutionary uprising of workers, sailors and soldiers spreads throughout Germany. The Weimar Republic is declared in Berlin as Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates and the Chancellor, Max von Baden, hands power over to Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (German Social Democrat Party). Rosa Luxemburg is released from prison. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/bayern1918]

[F] 1935 - The Committee for Industrial Organization is formed by 8 AFL-affilated unions to promote industrial unionism within the American Federation of Labor and to organise – on an industry-wide basis – unorganised and often unskilled workers. On September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended the then 10 CIO member unions. At the CIO's first convention, held in Pittsburgh, November 14-18, 1938, the organisation changed its name to the Congress of Industrial Organisations, and elected John L. Lewis its first president. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations thetwentiethcentury.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/1938-congress-of-industrial.html www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1744.html]

1988 - __Massacre de Volta Redonda / Greve de 1988__: Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional refuse to negotiate with the unions and on the morning of November 9, the acting president of Brazil, José Sarney, authorises the army under the command of General José Luiz Lopes to invade the factory. At about 19:00, around 600 soldiers begin dispersing a peaceful public demonstration in front of the CSN Central Office, turning the centre of Vila Santa Cecília into a battlefield before attempting to invade the CSN site. During the military action, three workers are killed by the security forces: Carlos Augusto Barroso (19 years old), Walmir Freitas Monteiro (27 years old) and William Fernandes Leite (22 years old); as well as hundreds of wounded. Barroso is killed by a blow to the head from a rifle butt as he llies on the ground. The other two are shot, in the back in Walmir's case. The following morning the remaining strikers in the plant peacefully withdrew and the army were fully able to occupy the plant. In the wake of the army attack and general repression of the strike, the workers vow to stay out and the lack of compromise on both sides leads the then Minister of Industry and Commerce, Roberto Cardoso Alves, to threaten to close the works down. On November 22, in response to the appeals of trade unionists and other representatives of civil society, the population of Volta Redonda gives a symbolic "hug" around the 12 km of the Presidente Vargas Steelworks as a way of showing their support for the movement. Two days later at a new meeting, the workers decided to end the strike, due to the exhaustion of the movement and the international repercussions that had followed in reaction to the intervention of the Army. Due to the actions of the Army on the 9th, the trade union movement began to refer to the 1988 strike as the Volta Redonda Massacre. The Memorial 9 de Novembro, a monument designed by Oscar Niemeyer and erected in honour of the victims, was inaugurated on May 1, 1989 and partially destroyed by a bomb the following day. It was only in 1999 that it was discovered that the army had bombed the monument. [see: Nov. 4] [almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano_10nov1988.htm pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_de_1988 www.vermelho.org.br/noticia/198679- www.abcdeluta.org.br/materia.asp?id_CON=328 www.estudosdotrabalho.org/anais-vii-7-seminario-trabalho-ret-2010/selmo_nascimento_a_luta_de_classes_no_brasil_no_final_do_seculo_xx_texto_completo.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_CSN_strike www.internationalist.org/BRAZIL.html] ||
 * = 10 || [F] 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddites destroy machinery and the house of Edward Hollingworth, a hated hosiery boss, at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. One of their number is shot and killed.

1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: Following the intervention of the préfet du Rhône in the canuts' attempts to negotiate a fixed price for their labours, the manufacturers reject the salary claims of the canuts, which they considered to be exorbitant. This attitude infuriated much of the working class. [see: Oct. 18]

1871 - In the worldwide atmosphere of hysteria that followed in the wake of the Paris Commune, a vote is taken in the Cortes, in which 192 deputies - Unionists, 'Sagastinos' Progressives and Carlists - are in favour of the prohibition of the FRE-AIT and 38 (Federal Republicans) against. However, in a circular issued by the Tribunal Supremo prosecutor on Nov. 23, it was pointed out that the right of association of the AIT was enshrined in the Constitución de 1869. The Minister of Justice responded by dismissing the prosecutor. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT]

1887 - Chicago Haymarket defendant Louis Lingg (b. 1864), cheats the state the day before he and the other anarchist's scheduled execution, commiting suicide in his prison cell with the use of a blasting cap smuggled in by another prisoner, which he places in his mouth and lights. [see: Sep. 9] "...I despise you. I despise your order, your laws, your force-propped authority. Hang me for it!"

1891 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) (d. 1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', Ukrainian-born legendary Polish anarchist freedom fighter, born. One of the best-known prisoners of the penal colony in Ushuaia, where he was held for the assassination of Ramón Lorenzo Falcón, a head of police responsible for the brutal repression of Red Week in 1909 in Buenos Aires. Radowitzky was pardoned after 21 years, he left Argentina and fought with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. [poss. alternate d.o.b. Oct. 10] [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier29.html#radowitzky libcom.org/history/simon-radowitzky-1891-1956 www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/r/radowitzky.php www.katesharpleylibrary.net/s4mxfw recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RadowitzkySimon.htm]

1893 - [N.S. Nov. 22] Grigori Petrovich Maximov (Григорий Петрович Максимов)[also rendered as Gregory or G.P. Maximov or Maximoff] aka Gr. Lapot (Гр. Лапоть)(d. 1950), Russian-American anarcho-syndicalist propagandist and author, born. [see: Nov. 22]

1910 - __Germania Hall Incident__: Attempting to organise a commemoration of the Chicago Haymarket victims' hangings of 1887, IWW Local 13 was met with police resistance, as Germania Hall, where the event was to be held, was forcibly closed by authorities to prevent the gathering. Members then proceeded to continue the festivities unabated by moving into the streets of the business district, where they were promptly arrested and released after a brief but embarrassing detainment that included fingerprinting and photographing them. This incident was a foretaste of what would come during the San Diego free speech fight, beginning on February 1, 1912. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight#Germania_Hall_incident www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1919 - After forty-one hours of deliberation jurors informed Judge Cole that they could not reach a verdict in the trial of Charles Krieger. Cole declared a mistrial and ordered Krieger’s bail to be set at $2500. The second trial was to occur six months later and would lead to an acquittal in June 1920.

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: Colonel Varela returns to Rio Gallegos, where striking laborers and workers ending up before firing squads. With the Chilean government working with Argentine forces, the army pursues fleeing strikers, with those caught subject to summary execution. In total, around 1500 workers and strikers were killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: Factory workers join the strike. [see: Nov. 6 & 8] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Saverio_Friscia www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/saverio-friscia_(Dizionario-Biografico)/]
 * = 11 || 1813 - Saverio Friscia (d. 1886), Sicilian physician and anarchist, born. One of Michael Bakunin's most ardent advocates in Italy at the time, along with Carlo Gambuzzi, Giuseppe Fanelli and Alberto Tucci, who together formed the Neapolitan section of the First International.

[A] 1887 - Haymarket Martyrs August Spies [see: Dec. 10], Albert Parsons [see: Jun. 20], Adolph Fischer [see below] and George Engel [see: Apr. 15] are hanged. [expand]

1887 - Adolph Fischer (b. 1858), German- born American anarchist propagandist and Haymarket Martyr, dies. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre11.html#fischer dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Fischer.html www.chicagohistory.org/hadc/books/b01/B01S004.htm]

1894 - Emma Goldman speaks at a poorly attended commemoration of the Haymarket martyrs in New York; other speakers include Charles Mowbray, German anarchist and barkeeper Justus Schwab, Voltairine de Cleyre, Max Baginski, and John Edelmann, editor of the anarchist journal '//Solidarity'.//

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 29] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: St. Petersburg workers are frantically arming themselves in response to rumours of a pogrom. Despite some reservations, the St. Petersburg Soviet proclaims an eight-hour working day. Employers respond with massive lock-outs. By the end of the month the Soviet has abandoned its eight-hour working day campaign. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

[F] 1919 - __Centralia Massacre__: American Legion 'patriots' attack and destroy an IWW labour hall in Centralia, Washington. Five of their number are killed. Later the same day, Wesley Everest, a WWI veteran and IWW organiser, is seized from the local jail, tortured and lynched. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_massacre_(Washington) content.lib.washington.edu/iwwweb/read.html content.lib.washington.edu/iwwweb/ web.archive.org/web/20110605065146/ www.iww.org/PDF/Centralia.pdf www.spunk.org/texts/places/us/sp001274.txt tlmlabor.org/the-centralia-massacre/ www.ourplacearchive.org/items/browse?collection=10]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: Artisans and builders now join the strike. [see: Nov. 6 & 8]

1924 - At the Sixth Congress of Trade Unions (VI съезд профсоюзов), November 11-18, 1924, the first following the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов) is renamed as the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов). It would remain in place until October 29, 1990, when it was abolished. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ВЦСПС en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union]

1964 - Juan de Dios Filiberto (Oscar Juan de Dios Filiberti Rubaglio;b. 1885), Argentine anarcho-syndicalist, instrumentalist (piano, guitar, violin and harmonium), conductor, poet and composer, who became prominent in the Argentine tango genre, dies. [see: Mar. 8]

1989 - Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist, member of the IWW and life companion of Sam Dolgoff, dies. [see: Jan. 7 / Dec. 25]

2000 - Julia Miravé Barrau [sometimes rendered as Miravet, Mirabé Vallejo, Mirabé Barreau, etc.] aka La Maña (b. 1911), Spainish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, dies. [see: Jan. 20] ||
 * = 12 || 1871 - The anarchist Jura Federation adopts a constitution designed to counter the Marxist influence within the First International.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 30] __Vladivostok Uprising [Владивостокские Восстания__]: A ban imposed on junior ranks attending meetings and rallies and leaving the barracks to go to the city aroused general indignation. So, when 2,000 sailors appeared in the streets, they were joined by 10,000 soldiers of the Khabarovsk Reserve Regiment (by the fall of 1905 the Vladivostok garrison numbered 60,000 men). Rioting broke out spontaneously, and shops in the bazaar were smashed up and set on fire. The small military units called up by the garrison commander refused to shoot at the rebels, and some soldiers crossed over to the other side. In the evening, the rebels continued to set fire to parts of the city. Matrosskaya Sloboda (Матросская слобода), the district military court, the Orsk Assembly(орское собрание), and numerous shops were burned. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1912 - __Black Tuesday / Waihi Miners' Strike__: In May 1912 the New Zealand Federation of Labour, aka the 'Red Feds', had gone on strike in protest at the formation of a breakaway union for engine-drivers, which they alleged was backed by the company. The local police had adopted a low profile in the dispute, but were overruled by the tough Police Commissioner John Cullen, who ordered extra forces to be sent to the town. Eventually about 80 police – 10% of the New Zealand Police Force – were deployed in the town. Leading strikers were arrested, and more than 60 were imprisoned. The Red Fed leaders began to lose control of the strike as workers influenced by the radical American-based Industrial Workers of the World demanded more militant action. In October the company reopened the mines with non-union labour. Travelling to and from work under police protection, the 'scabs' were showered with stones and taunts by the striking miners and their wives, who took an increasingly prominent role. Escalating violence in Waihi culminated in the dramatic events of 'Black Tuesday', when a crowd of strike-breakers and police stormed the miners' hall, at the time defended by just three or four men. Amongst them was Fred Evans, one of the leading strikers wo had faced arrest during the strike. Both sides were armed. What happened next is still disputed, but during a struggle at the door, a scab called Thomas Johnston was shot in the knee, possibly by Evans or another striker. A police constable, Gerald Wade, was shot in the stomach, but managed to fell Evans with his baton. According to some witnesses, Evans went down under a barrage of boots and blows. Left for an hour and a half in police cells before being taken to hospital, Evans never regained consciousness and died the next day. Johnston's injuries were slight, but Constable Wade faced a long, difficult recovery, carrying a bullet near his spine for the rest of his life. As the strike collapsed, strikers and their families were hunted through the streets by armed mobs. The violence was as vicious as any seen in a civil conflict in New Zealand, and hundreds of people fled Waihi over the following days. The Red Feds gave Evans a massive political funeral in Auckland. If Evans had shot a policeman as was claimed, Red Fed leader Bob Semple thundered, then he was "doing his duty and should have shot more of them." Each year a commemorative service is held at his grave in Auckland's Waikaraka Cemetery. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihi_miners'_strike www.waihimuseum.co.nz/museum-and-research/waihi-history/the-waihi-strike-1912/ nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/black-tuesday/the-1912-waihi-strike iso.org.nz/2012/10/09/review-the-significance-of-the-1912-waihi-strike/]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: The two lawyers chosen to represnt the strikers' Gran Asamblea de Trabajadores returned to the assembly to get the workers' approval of a settlement in which the management agreed to their demands, but would double trolley fares. At the same time, members of Confederación Obrera del Guayas (Guayas Confederation of Workers) presented a petition to the assembly calling for a moratorium (limit) on exchange rates. The assembly rejected the settlement, and added the call for the moratorium to their list of demands, in addition to a call for a seven-person governmental committee (four of whom would be workers) to work on helping solve the economic crisis. Governor Pareja promised to send this new demand on to President Tamayo. [see: Nov. 6 & 8]

[F] 1928 - __Matanza de las Bananeras [Banana Massacre] / Santa Maria Massacre__: One of the most notorious strikes by United Fruit workers breaks out on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, near Santa Marta. During early November, the discontent among the more than 25,000 workers on the banana plantations of the United Fruit Company had turned into a united effort with a well-organised strike against the massive American corporation, with demands for a direct written contract with the company, six-day working weeks, eight-hour days, medical care and the elimination of scrips, food coupons that were only good at company stores, that were paid to the workers instead of cash. The strike ended on December 6 with the Matanza de las Bananeras, when up to 2000 people were mown-down by the army's machineguns, an event that took centre stage in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s 1967 masterwork '//One Hundred Years of Solitude//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_massacre es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_las_Bananeras www.banrepcultural.org/node/32971 dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4653950.pdf modernfarmer.com/2014/07/latest-old-time-farm-crime-banana-massacre/ ufcincolumbia.weebly.com/santa-marta-massacre-of-1928.html]

1940 - Jacky Toublet (b. 1940), French anarcho-syndicalist, militant, director of the weekly '//Le Monde Libertaire//', son of Julien Toublet, born. He worked on Radio Libertaire and on the CNT's '//Les Temps Maudits'//. [www.ephemanar.net/aout27.html#jackytoublet fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Toublet libcom.org/history/toublet-jacques-jacky-1940-2002]

1968 - Jules-Félix Grandjouan (b. 1875), French libertarian, revolutionary syndicalist, painter, caricaturist, illustrator and poster artist, dies. [see: Dec. 22]

1990 - A march of 100,000 school students through Paris demanding better education provision ends in looting and rioting. ||
 * = 13 || 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: Mass Luddite attack at Sutton-in-Ashfield.

[EE] 1851 - [O.S. Nov. 1] Élisabeth Dmitrieff [Елизавета Дмитриева] (Elizaveta Loukinitcha Koucheleva [Елизавета Лукинична Кушелева]; d. 1910 or 1918*), Russian actress and feminist activist and Pétroleuse, who fought during the 1871 Commune de Paris, born. The illegitimate daughter of German nurse and a Tsarist officer and land owner, from a young age she was invloved in socialist circles in St. Petersburg. In 1868, Elizaveta contracted a marriage to a retired Colonel M.N. Tomanovski (М.Н. Томановским), who was already terminally ill with tuberculosis (and who died soon after, in order to go abroad. Soon after, she moved to Switzerland where she participated in the creation of the Russian Section of the International (AIT). In late June 1870 Elisabeth moved to London, where she became friends with Karl Marx and his daughter Jenny and was active in the AIT there. Following the proclamation of the Paris Commune, Élisabeth Dmitrieff, then still only 20 years old, was sent to the French capital in March 1871 by Karl Marx on a fact-finding missions. There she participated in the unionisation of workers and was one of the most active leaders, along with the likes of Nathalie Lemel, with whom she was the main facilitator, of the Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins des blessés (Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and the care of the wounded), dealing with policy issues and especially with the organisation of cooperative workshops. She later took part in the street fighting during the Semaine Sanglante, after which she managed to escape and return to Russia, possibly via Geneva. She later married Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovsky (Ивана Михайловича Давыдовского), who was eventually deported to Siberia in 1877 for his criminal activities, despite the intervention of Marx. Élisabeth followed him there and in 1905, when Davydov was pardoned, the family returned to Moscow. Nothing is know of Élisabeth Dmitrieff after that date, and she is presumed to have died in either 1910 or 1918. [*sources vary] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Dmitrieff www.esperanto.mv.ru/wiki/Марксизм/Дмитриева www.toropets.net/modules.php?name=History&pa=showpage&pid=52 chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4-2.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.commune-rougerie.fr/les-femmes-de-1871,fr,8,58.cfm www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article326 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=552 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Клуб_червонных_валетов]

1887 - Over 20,000 workers join the funeral march for the Haymarket anarchists.

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A fascio dei lavoratori is formed in Giardinello with a peasant Giuseppe Piazza named as its president. Immediately after his election as president, Piazza had submitted a request for reduction of taxes on bread, on vehicles and on duties of consumption. The Mayor Angelo Caruso, after promising to ease the harshest levies, actually tightened enforcement. The first explosion of discontent occurred December 3, 1893 with the demonstration of protest against the mayor who had signed an agreement with the Duke of Aumale about the waters from the Scorsone spring without provision for the building of public washing facilities promised by the Duke, a washhouse was essential for the needs of the population. [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 31] __Vladivostok Uprising [Владивостокские Восстания__]: The rebels, many of whom were now drunk, captured the brig, the military prison and guard house, destroying them and freeing the prisoners. By the end of the day nearly all of Vladivostok was in their hands. However, despite the fact that the Tsarist troops sent against them refused to fire on them, they were unable to take advantage of the situation. The sailors and soldiers did not have strong leadership and the revolutionary organisations in the city were weak and few in number. So, whilst they spontaneously rioted, smashing everything around them, the authorities managed to easily put down the rebellion by simply promising to fulfill some of the requirements of the rebels, thereby quietening the revolutionary mood of the riots. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1909 - The first issue of '//Solidaridad Obrera//', "Periódico Sindicalista - Organo de las Sociedades Resistencia Gijónesas", is published in Gijón. It replaces the paper of the same name published in Barcelona which was forced to move after the Semaine Tragique. Initilly fortnightly, it becomes a weekly from issue number eight (29 January 1910).

1912 - Wiesław Protschke aka 'Wieslaw' (d. 1945), Polish syndicalist and anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi fighter, born in Lemberg, Lwiw, the son of an architect. Graduated from the law faculty of Jan Kazimierz University in Lwiw. During his studies, he co-operated with the '//Sygnaly//' (Signals) periodical. From 1935-39, he was an activist in Związku Polskiej Młodzieży Demokratycznej (ZPMD; Union of Polish Democratic Youth) and the Robotniczego Instytutu Oświaty i Kultury (RIOK; Workers Institute of Education and Culture). Great propagator of cooperative ideas of the political philosopher Edward Abramowski (a famous Polish anti-state socialist). A member of the Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) and of the editorial staff of '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front), '//Głos Pracownika Umysłowego//' (Intellectual Workers’ Voice), the ZZZ paper (1934-37), and '//Przebudowa//' (Reconstruction), the ZPMD paper. His article '//Bakunin – the freedom fighter//' in '//Front Robotniczy//' was the cause of his conflict with Stanisław 'Cat' Mackiewicz (famous conservative and monarchist editor of the paper '//Słowo//') who appealed for police intervention against "Bolsheviks in ZZZ". In November 1939, together with Bolesław Stein, he founded the underground anti-Soviet organization Rewolucyjny Zwiazek Niepodleglosci i Wolnosci (Revolutionary Union of Independence and Freedom) which was created by syndicalists, socialists and peasant organisation members. The organisation was destroyed in January 1940 as a result of the arrests of the NKVD. From 1940, Protschke was chair of the Central Committee of the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolność' (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation 'Freedom'). During WWII, he was working in publishing cooperative Czytelnik (Reader) in Krakow. Protschke, together with Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Tomasz Pilarski', represented SOW-a on the Centralny Komitet Ludowy (CKL; Central Committee of the People). After unification of the military division of SOW-a with the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army), he became a political officer of AK. In September 1944, during Warsaw Uprising he was arrested and sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, then to Mauthausen, where he was murdered in the Melk sub-camp in January 1945. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesław_Protschke pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność" pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Robotniczy_(dwutygodnik_syndykalistyczny) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucyjny_Związek_Niepodległości_i_Wolności]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: The Federación Regional de Trabajadores del Ecuador seizes control of the city's urban centre of the city, assuming the functions of police security, although they did not force the withdrawal of the public force. The Assembly declares a general strike across the city. [see: Nov. 6 & 8]

[A] 1973 - The Heath government declares a state of emergency (the fifth in 3 years) following a ban on overtime by electricity and coal workers.

[F] 1974 - American chemical technician, union activist and whistleblower Karen Gay Silkwood (b. 1946) dies under "mysterious circumstances" while en route to a meeting with an Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union health and safety staffer and a 'New York Times' investigative reporter. She was bringing them documents proving that the company she worked for – Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corporation – had falsified quality control records of nuclear fuel rods. [see: Feb. 19] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Silkwood] || [*NB: Interpretations of the papyrus texts vary and another possible date is Nov. 23 1170 BCE] [ ^ Prt, the Season of the Emergence = winter in a 30 day / 12 lunar month / 3 season year.] [www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/turin_strike_papyrus.htm dianabuja.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/food-strikes-in-ancient-egypt-the-turin-strike-papyrus-etc/ www.ancient-egypt.co.uk/Deir el Medina/pages/deir_el_medina_4.htm ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_vaga en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Medina libcom.org/history/records-of-the-strike-in-egypt-under-ramses-iii]
 * = 14 || [FF] ca. 1152 BCE* - __Strike at Deir el-Medina under Ramses III__: On the 10th day of the second month of Prt ^, in the 29th year of Ramesses III's reign (ca. 1184–ca. 1153 BC), the scribe Amennakhte personally delivered a formal complaint about this situation to the Temple of Horemheb, part of the large administrative complex of Medinet Habu. Although a payment was forthcoming soon after, the poor conditions continued and in the sixth month of that year*, the men of the two work gangs, hereditary craftsmen who worked on the Royal Necropolis and other pharaonic tombs at Deir el-Medina (in the area known as the Valley of the Kings), stopped worked and marched together to one of the royal mortuary temples, perhaps Tuthmosis III, where they staged what would now be called a sit-in, the first recorded strike in history. They wrote a letter to the vizier complaining about the lack of wheat rations. Village leaders attempted to reason with them but they refused to return to work until their grievances were addressed. They responded to the elders with "great oaths". "We are hungry", the crews claimed: "Eighteen days have passed this month" and they still had not received their rations. They were forced to buy their own wheat. They repeated their protests on the following day within the complex of another temple, possibly Ramesses II, and possibly a third, that of Seti I, until the men's complaints were recorded by the priests and sent across the river to Thebes. Only then were the rations owed finally distributed, but the events of this strike would be repeated before the reign of Ramesses III ended.

1848 - Zamfir Constantin Arbore (Zamfir Ralli; d. 1933), Romanian amateur historian, geographer, ethnographer, member of the International Workingmen's Association, international anarchist and a disciple of Mikhail Bakunin, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfir_Arbore www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qz625d chisinaul.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/zamfir-arbore-1848-1933-scriitor.html]

1869 - The foundation by Eugène Varlin, delegate of the AIT and president, with Nathalie Lemel, of the Société d'Épargne de Crédit Mutuel des Relieurs (Saving Society of Credit Mutuel of Binders), of the Fédération Parisienne des Sociétés Ouvrières (Parisian Federation of Workers' Societies) based on the pre-existing Société de Solidarité des Ouvriers Relieurs de Paris (Solidarity Society of Bookbinding Workers of Paris). It goes on to become the nucleus of the future national Confédération générale du travail. [www.lesenrages.antifa-net.fr/tag/societe-civile-des-relieurs/ www.commune1871.org/?Eugene-Varlin-Aux-origines-du fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)]

1897 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper '//La Cravache//' (The Whip), "Organe International des Travailleurs", is published in Roubaix.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 1] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) calls a second general strike to show solidarity with the Kronstadt rebels and to protest the lock-outs and government repression in Poland and in support of the struggle for the eight-hour day. The bosses put up stiff resistance and the strike ends in failure, with the Soviet calling off the strike on November 25 [O.S. Nov. 12]. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906]

1907 - In Rome the republican, socialist, and anarchist leagues threaten to hold a General Strike unless the government releases 50 anarchists.

1909 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki;1891-1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', legendary Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter, assassinates local police chief Ramón Lorenzo Falcón with a bomb in Buenos Aires. Falcon had ruthlessly suppressed a rent strike and the (Red Week) workers' May Day celebrations. [see: May 1 & Nov. 10]

1917 - __Suomalainen Yleislakko [Finnish General Strike__]: The success of the Bolshevik takeover in Russia following the October Revolution emboldened the Finnish workers to begin a general strike on November 14, 1917, and within forty-eight hours they controlled most of the country. The most radical workers wanted to convert the general strike into a full seizure of power, but they were dissuaded by the SDP leaders, who were still committed to democratic procedures and who helped to bring an end to the strike by November 20. Already there were armed clashes between the Red Guards and the White Guards; during and after the general strike, a number of people were killed. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1917_yleislakko www.sak.fi/this-is-sak/history/timeline?selectedPageIndex=6 countrystudies.us/finland/15.htm]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: In the vicinity of Punta Alta the Regimiento 10° de Caballería (10th Cavalry Regiment), the 'Húsares de Pueyrredón' commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela, attack a poorly armed (with a few firearms, most having only knives) group of a hundred strikers with, killing 5 strikers and taking prisoners about 80, of which they shot about half. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: The city of Guayaquil is totally paralysed, with the whole city now engaged in what was Ecuador's first general strike. Businesses were closed, electricity and gas were turned off, and all transportation stopped. Even the newspapers had ceased publication. Workers took to the streets, holding large rallies downtown, and passed out leaflets calling for the moratorium, an end to tobacco and salt taxes, the turning over of unused farmland to landless peasants, and opposition to the proposed trolleybus fare rises. At 14:00, more than thirty thousand striking workers marched to the Governorate, and handed over to Jorge Pareja, the governor, a manifesto with their petitions. They gave a deadline of 24 hours for a response from President José Luis Tamayo. However, Tamayo had already decided upon his response. As Fernando Falconí wrote in an editorial in the 'El Telégrafo' newspaper at the time: "The 'gran cacao', the bankers and merchants ordered their puppet, Jose Luis Tamayo, to restore 'order' in Guayaquil. Obediently, he did." On November 14, 1922, he ordered the head of the Zona de Guayaquil, General Enrique Barriga, by telegram [as revealed by José Alejo Capelo Cabello, one of the FRTE leaders, in his book 'El 15 de Noviembre de 1922' (Dec. 1922)]: "I hope that tomorrow, at six o'clock in the afternoon, you will inform me that you have restored tranquility to Guayaquil, by whatever means necessary, for which you are authorised." Later in the day 3,000 troops of the Batallón Marañón and Cazadores de los Ríos arrived in the city. [www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/revolucion-del-15-de-noviembre-de-1922/ www.llacta.org/notic/041114b.htm]

1927 - A rally takes place in Quadrado do Congresso (Congress Square) in Buenos Aires demanding the release of Simon Radowitzky on the eighteenth anniversary of his gesture of social revenge.

1949 - Juan Vilella, José Bartobillo and José Puertas are taken to the nearby Vilada bridge and murdered (ley de fugas). [see: Nov. 11]

[F] 1951 - 75 members of the CNT are tried in Seville prison, accused of reorganising their union and aiding guerrilleros, in particular the attempted evacuation a group of guerillas by sea in 1949. Two are sentenced to death, others get eight to thirty years’ imprisonment.

1952 - Agustín Rueda Sierra (d. 1978), Spanish militant anarchist, who was active in the Coordinadora de Presos en Lucha (COPEL) whilst imprisoned following his arrest together with a number of his comrades on explosive charges following their betrayal by an informer, born. Following the discovery of an escape tunnel at Carabanchel prison, he was beaten and tortured together with 7 other prisoners and dies from his injuries in the early hours of March 14, 1978. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_Rueda_Sierra www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1411.html www.todoporhacer.org/a-35-anos-del-asesinato-en-prision-de-agustin-rueda www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2932-agustin-rueda-preso-anarquista-asesinado-en-la-carcel-en-1978.html www.forumperlamemoria.org/?Agustin-Rueda-Sierra-asesinado-el laamapolalibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/asesinato-de-agustin-rueda-1978.html]

2003 - Ramón Álvarez Palomo 'Ramonín' (b. 1913), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Mar. 7] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre15.html#marpauxalfred www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1511.html]
 * = 15 || 1862 - Alfred Marpaux (d. 1934), French militant federalist, syndicalist, co-operativist and typographer, born. Author of 'L'Évolution Naturelle et l'Évolution Sociale' (1894).

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 2] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Despite the weak and patchy response from the exhausted workers to yesterday's call by the St. Petersburg Soviet for a second general strike to show solidarity with the Kronstadt rebels and to protest the lock-outs and government repression in Poland, the majority of the capital’s industries and railroad junctions are affected today and tomorrow. Premier Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) attempts to prevent the general strike with a telegram beginning "Brother workers!" [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1908 - Ricardo Peña Vallespín (d. 1956), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, and novelist, who was part of the artistic and theatrical group Mistral, born. He wrote a large number of novels which were published by La Novela Libre and La Novela Ideal. Among these were: '//Llamas de Odio//' (Flames of Hate; 1926), '//La Virgen Tonta//' (The Silly Virgen; 1927), '//El Asedio//' (The Siege; 1929), '//Cerebro y Corazón//' (Mind and Heart; 1930), '//La Propia Obra//' (The Work Itself; 1930), '//¡Qué Salga el Autor!//' (The Exit of the Author; 1930), '//La Hechizada//' (The Bewitched; 1931), '//El Amo//' (Master; 1932), '//Índice Rojo. Novela Histórica//' (Red Index. Historical novel; 1933), '//Redención//' (Redemption; 1933), '//De la Vida que Pasa//' (The Life that Passes; 1934), '//Tribunal de Amor//' (The Court of Love; 1934), '//Cómo se Debe Amar//' (How to love ; 1935), '//Las Leyes del Mal//' (Las Laws of Evil; 1936), etc. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4533 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1511.html]

1910 - The first issue of '//The Agitator'//, "A Bimonthly Advocate of the Modern School, Industrial Unionism and Individual Freedom", is published in Home (Lakebay, Washington) by the members of the Home anarchist colony.

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Martial law is re-imposed. [see: Sep. 2 & Oct. 15]

[A / F] 1919 - __Palmer Raids__: The IWW headquarters in New York City is destroyed in one of a series of anti-radical / trades union organisations raids organised by US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

[B] 1920 - Ernst Toller's play '//Masse Menschen//' (Mass Man), about the armed workers' struggle against was profiteers, premières in the Stadttheater Nürnberg directed by Friedrich Neubauer.

1922 - __Guayaquil Massacre / Huelga General de Guayaquil__: The city had now been without electricity for three days, food essentials were running low and the atmosphere in the city was becoming increasingly restless. By 13:00, 30,000 men, women, and children had gathered downtown for a scheduled 15:00 rally, one of two massive strikers' rallies. Whilst en route to Guayaquil, President Tamayo had appointed a commission of government officials and workers in Guayaquil to write up a moratorium decree on the 15th. By 13:00, they had drawn up the decree and sent it as a telegram to Tamayo for approval. Dr. Carlos Puig Vilazar now read the decree to the assembly and was met with cheers. The assembly then sent Governor Pareja a note saying the rally and strike would stop once Tamayo signed the decree into law. Meanwhile, Dr. Jose Vicente Trujillo had delivered a fiery political speech, in which he said: "¡Compañeros! Ha llegado el día de estar hoy día ya no vestidos de lana de borregos sino con piel de tigre" (Conrades! The day has come to be today no longer dressed in sheep's wool but in tiger's skin), which he follwed up by announcing that the government had decided to release two labour leaders from jail. The crowd then set off toward the police station in celebration. Members of the military were there and grew increasingly nervous as the crowd approached. One soldier fired his weapon, and the others soldiers joined in. As soon as the crowd began to panic, the soldiers opened fire on the crowd, shooting down anyone they could, putting Tamayo's order to General Barriga into full effect. Affluent members of the city also joined in from their balconies, firing on workers in the street. Oscar Efrén Reyes, in his 'Historia del Ecuador', says of the massacre: "The masses were surrounded and the soldiers carried out a terrible carnage in the streets, in the squares and inside the houses and warehouses. The massacre did not end until late in the afternoon. As many groups as possible were saved only by a speedy escape. Then, at night, numerous trucks and carts were dedicated to pick up the corpses and throw them into the estuary." Elsewhere other groups of workers decided to try and disarm the public force, whilst others allegedly incited looting of stores. On Avenida 9 de Octubre the looting was answered by the police, first with shots in the air and then with lethal fire. By 17:00, the violence had lessened. 15 soldiers were wounded, though none had been killed. The civilian death toll was unclear, but estimated range from 300 at the low end up to a more realistic 1000-1500. With the Police and military now in control, the bullet-riddled corpses were gathered up and buried in hastily dug common graves, which up to today still have not been located, or their bellies opened up so that they did not float when they were thrown to the river Guayas. Subsequently, those who had demanded that the full might of the state be used to control the excesses of the workers were silent when they saw the magnitude of the repression, forcing General Enrique Barriga to declare "I am the sole responsible for these events". José Luis Tamayo would even go as far as later claiming that the Guayaquil massacre was justified on the grounds that "looters" and "delinquents" had fired first. After the massacre, the assembly broke up and the strike subsided. Within a few days, the majority of the city was functioning again. However, the events in Guayaquil had stirred workers elsewhere, who staged a series of strikes across the country from November 15-20. The people of Guayaquil commemorate the massacre every November 15th, when they launch crowns of flowers and buoys with crosses on the Guayas River. [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992 www.anarkismo.net/article/10956 www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/ecuador_recuerda_el_15_de_noviembre_de_1922--64880 www.llacta.org/notic/041114b.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_de_noviembre_de_1922 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2014-12-04/the-guayaquil-general-strike-1922 www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/revolucion-del-15-de-noviembre-de-1922/ www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/guayaquil/10/la-historiografia-de-la-huelga-general-de-1922 www.laizquierdadiario.com/A-92-anos-de-la-primera-huelga-general-del-Ecuador-y-la-masacre-de-Guayaquil nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-workers-guayaquil-engage-general-strike-economic-rights-1922 www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/contenido/15_de_noviembre_de_1922_bautismo_de_sangre_obrera hazteverecuador.com/la-verdadera-historia-del-15-de-noviembre-de-1922/ 21centurymanifesto.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/remembering-the-1922-guayaquil-massacre/]

1926 - The founding congress (15th-16th) of the Confédération Générale du Travail - Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (C.G.T-S.R), the new Pierre Besnard instigated anarcho-syndicalist reaction against the power of the stalinist CGTU. Its newspaper, 'Le Combat Syndicaliste', will go on to produce important analysis of the Spanish Revolution.

1947 - During a general strike by peasants and protest march in Cerignola, Foggia, against neo-fascist outrages and widespread unemployment, police opened fire, killing Domenico Angelini and Onofrio Perrone. In response, the protesters attack the local agricultural offices of M. Cirillo and the party offices of the Democrazia Cristiana, FUCI (Federazione Universitaria Cattolici Italiana), Partito Democratico del Lavoro, the Don Minzoni cooperative and EU agriculture office. The police announce a state of siege as 2 cops are killed and a number of protesters are wounded. 114 workers are arrested.

1950 - __Huelga Ferroviaria en Argentina__: The 1950-51 railway strikes in Argentina stemmed from a claim for salary increase and that came from union members outside the ranks of the Peronist lackies at the top of the Unión Ferroviaria union, which organised the majority of rail workers. The strikes then continued despite the fact that the government of President Juan Domingo Perón declared it illegal and the intervention of the Confederación General del Trabajo against the strikers, and the workers only returned to work when, under a Perón decree of January 25, 1951, the workers were drafted (came under military law). Hundreds of workers were imprisoned for taking part in the strike and about 2,000 of them were fired. The Railway Union's Board of Directors refused to file a claim for a salary increase that came to them from the rank and file workers, arguing that the "existing price and wage balance" should not be broken and, later, they expressed their repudiation of the movement and claimed that it was a purely political action. A group of workers who came to the union offices to demand the resignation of the leaders were violently dispersed by the police. The state-owned railway authorities, the Unión Ferroviaria and the Confederación General del Trabajo, along with the official press, all lined up against the strikers to condemn the strikers and their demands. Conducted by an elected Comisión Consultiva de Emergencia (Emergency Advisory Committee), on November 15, 1950, the workers of the Ferrocarril General Roca, one of the Argentinian state railway divisions, began a strike in persuit of a wage claim. By the 21st, the Ferrocarril Roca was at a standstill. The following day the strike had extended to three other lines and on the 23rd ended when a meeting of the Emergency Committee with senior officials of the Ministerio de Trabajo reached a "gentlemen's agreement" according to which the workers would return to work on the 24th, would be granted a salary increase (starting salary of $ 550, increasing to $700 after 10 years service) and no reprisals would be taken against the strikers. However, in the first week of December the authorities of the Union Ferroviaria took action against eight of its branches that had been involved in the strike. The Secretario de Transportes also reduced the agreed wage increases following a meeting on the 7th between the Board of Directors, Eva Perón and himself, and some the leaders of the strike movement were dismissed and imprisoned. Disagreeing with the efforts made by the transport minister, Colonel Juan Castro, Perón made him resign on January 16, 1951. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_ferroviaria_de_1950_en_Argentina www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/1313318 www.docutren.com/HistoriaFerroviaria/PalmaMallorca2009/pdf/030114_Contreras.pdf] ||
 * = 16 || 1871 - Élisée Reclus is sentenced to transportation for life for his role in the Paris Commune; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer and anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.

[F] 1883 - Arthur Caron (d. 1914), French Canadian anarchist and a member of the Industrial Workers of the World, born. He was part of a plot to assassinate John D. Rockefeller using a bomb constructed from dynamite obtained by Carl Hanson and Charles Berg, two members of the Lettish section of the Anarchist Black Cross. While building the device, he was killed along with Hanson and Berg on July 4, 1914 when it exploded prematurely. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Caron en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_explosion www.writersofwrongs.com/search/label/Arthur Caron archives.chicagotribune.com/1914/07/05/page/1/article/leader-of-i-w-w-killed-by-bomb]

1884 - Clovis-Abel Pignat (aka Tschombine Pategnon) (d. 1950), Swiss militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/janvier10.html#pignat militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4654 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=654 www.estelnegre.org/documents/pignat/pignat.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 3] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The government desperately calls on peasants to cease their disorders, and halves their redemption payments for 1906. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 3] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The general strike in St. Petersburg continues, somewhat patchily. It is clear that the workers are too tired and that their hearts are not in it. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1920 - Antonio Navarro Velázquez (d. 1999), Castillian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, born. Known as 'Antonio el Zapatero' or simply 'Zapatero', he was 12 years old he joined the CNT in Caravaca de la Cruz. In 1935 he moved to Barcelona, where he became a militant in an anarchist group. With the fascist military coup in July 1936, he tried to join the CNT militia, but one had to be at least 17 ​​years old, and from 1937 served in the Ejército Popular (People's Army) of the Second Republic. With Franco's victory went to France and took part in the Résistance, fighting against the Nazi occupation. In 1947 re-entered the Peninsula but was arrested the following year. He was sentenced to a long prison term, spending time prison in Zaragoza, San Miguel de los Reyes and finally in Burgos. In 1960 he was paroled. In Barcelona, ​​with José Navarro Muñoz and Joaquín Amores Ortiz, participated in the organisation of the anarchist group Perseverancia (Perseverance) which, until 1970, helped colleagues sought by Franco's police to escape to France. A few months before the death of dictator Franco, went himself returned to France fleeing arrest. He was also a member of the National Committee of the CNT, and was close to Manuel Saldaña de la Cruz. In the mid seventies he participated in the reorganisation of the CNT in Barcelona. On March 30, 1978 he was arrested, along with three other colleagues (Francisco Rodríguez Meroño, José Luis López Moreno and Ana María Álvarez López ), accused of being the 'brains' of a "specific group" (Grupos Autónomos Libertarios) of the FAI and of shooting-up, on March 19, 1978, the barracks of the Policía Armada (Armed Police) in Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona. In the nineties he was active in the CNT in Barcelona and, shortly before his death, in the Local Federation of the CNT in Cornellà with the intention, with Manuel Saldaña, of forming a new union. His partner was Carmen Edo. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1611.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4147-antonio-navarro-velazquez-del-grupo-anarquista-perseverancia.html]

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: President Tamayo signed the decree, but the massacre would forever overshadow that success.

1952 - Román Delgado (b. 1894), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who was active in Cuba (expelled for inciting the workers of the sugar to go on strike), North America and Mexico, dies. [see: Feb. 2]

1981 - Felisa de Castro Sampedro (d. 1981), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and femnist militant, who was involved in the founding of the Grupo Cultural Femenino and of Mujeres Libres, dies in Caracas, Venezuela. [see: Feb. 21] ||
 * = 17 || 1858 - Robert Owen (d. 1771), English industrialist and utopianist-socialist, dies. [see: May 14]

1866 - __Sheffield Outrages__: The Combination Laws passed in 1799 made trade unions illegal. The 1825 Combination Act narrowly defined the rights of trade unions as meeting to bargain over wages and conditions. Anything outside these limits was liable to prosecution as criminal conspiracy in restraint of trade. Trade unionists were banned from obstructing or intimidating others. During the 1840s - 1860s, some of the newly-formed unions used intimidation and violence where they believed workers were being under-paid or non-union or workhouse labour was being used at very low wages. Similarly, workers who refused to pay their union fees were ‘rattened’ - the belt which drove their grindstone would be removed or cut so the worker could not work. Sheffield became one of the main centres for trade union organisation and agitation in the UK. In the 1860s, the conflict between capital and labour reached new heights culminating in a series of explosions and murders carried out by union militants. These actions, which came to a head in 1866 - 1867, became known as the Sheffield outrages. According to an article in '//The Anarchist//' (1895): 'Sheffield, then the capital of English trade unionism, was the only town where the decrees of the union were enforced by the blowing up of factories or shooting capitalists. Nor were these outrages the peculiar invention of William Broadhead [secretary of the Saw Grinders Union, who was heavily implicated]. Like machine smashing or rick burning, they were an inheritance of the evil days of oppression and coercion. When strikes are criminal offences, and unions are smashed with all the might of law, what method is there left but outrage?' William Leng, proprietor of the conservative '//Sheffield Morning Telegraph//' believed the outrages were committed for mercenary reasons alone, and that a sufficiently large reward would bring forth the evidence. He called for a full investigation into the outrages. On November 17, 1866 a delegation, which included members of the Sheffield Trades Council and the London Trades Council, requested that the Home Secretary take the necessary measures to investigate. On May 23, 1867, a Royal Commission on Trade Unions was appointed in response to the outrages to make an inquiry respecting Trade Unions and other Associations of Employers or Workmen. It was given 'extraordinary’ powers. They could give a free pardon to anyone who made a full confession, and send any man to prison that refused to answer questions or committed perjury. It found that William Broadhead, treasurer of the Associated Trades of Sheffield (and landlord of the Royal George Inn, Carver Street) had organised the outrages. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages spartacus-educational.com/TUsheffield.htm youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/3-UNION.TXT sheffieldtuc.co.uk/history/ www.tuc.org.uk/about-tuc/union-history/section-events-led-first-tuc www.sheffieldcitykayakclub.co.uk/Documents/resource_pack/UDWT_Resource/10%20The%20Sheffield%20Outrages.doc www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Outrages Study Guide v1-4.pdf www.sheffieldhistory.co.uk/forums/topic/10892-william-broadhead-outrages/ archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-october-1866/15/the-trades-unions archive.spectator.co.uk/article/29th-june-1867/1/the-inquiry-into-the-sheffield-outrages-has-contin]

[F] 1893 - __Great Lock-out of 1893__: By November 17, the 16 week lock-out was over. The Prime Minister now decided to intervene and he invited representatives from both sides to meet and terms were agreed between Lord Rosebery and the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain. However there were still some miners out on strike by December 7 and out of a total of 8,850 some 170 Nottinghamshire miners were still out. This was the first occasion on which the British government had been directly involved in an industrial dispute. [www.farnhill.co.uk/History_Docs/1893 - miner's strike.pdf]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The first trial under the Criminal Syndicalism Law of California begins against IWW member James McHugo in Oakland, California. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

1989 - __Sametová or Nežná Revoluce [Velvet or Gentle Revolution__]: The Socialistického Svazu Mládeže (Socialist Union of Youth), a proxy of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, a majority of whose members were privately opposed to the Communist leadership, and the Nezávislé Studentské Sdružení (Independent Student Association) had organised a mass demonstration in Prague to commemorate International Students Day. At about 19:30, the 15,000 demonstrators were stopped by a cordon of riot police at Národní Street. They blocked all escape routes and attacked the students. Once all the protesters dispersed, one of the participants – secret police agent Ludvík Zifčák – was lying on the street. Zifčák was not physically hurt or pretending to be dead; he was overcome by emotion. Policemen carried his motionless body to an ambulance. The atmosphere of fear and hopelessness gave birth to a hoax about the dead student. That same evening, students and theatre actors agreed to go on strike. The following day the strike spread, with theatres opened their stages only for public discussions. At the initiative of students from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the students in Prague went on strike. This strike was joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia. Theatre employees and actors in Prague supported the strike. Instead of going on stage, actors read a proclamation by the students and artists to the audience, that called for a general strike on November 27. Home-made posters and proclamations were posted. As all media were strictly controlled by the Communist Party and this was the only way to spread the message. In the evening, Radio Free Europe reported that a student (named as Martin Šmíd) was killed by the police during the previous day's demonstration. Although the report was false, it heightened the feeling of crisis, and persuaded some hesitant citizens to overcome their fear and join the protests. [expand] [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/czechoslovakians-campaign-democracy-velvet-revolution-1989 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sametová_revoluce] || [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]
 * = 18 || 1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: A meeting is held with delegates from all South Met's works to explain the profit sharing scheme to those men who had already signed the agreements. At it Livesey states, "to speak quite plainly the Company intends to have some protection out of it", making it explicitly clear to the men that the signing of the agreements was built into the scheme in order to persuade men not to strike. The profit sharing bonus conditional on this.

1907 - __Grève de Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges__: The quarry workers of the Draveil sand pits had launched a successful strike in July 1907 and, having obtained a wage increase of 50 cents per hour, they demanded a contract that would guarantee the wage increase for all the worksites, relaunching the strike at Vigneux on November 18, 1907. With all the building work currently going on on the Paris metro, the quarry companies were beneficiaries and could afford to pay their workers better. At the end of the four day strike, the workers launched the Syndicat des carriers-puisatiers-mineurs de Chevreuse. In response, In front, 26 quarry companies came together to form the Société des Carrières de la Seine, and refuse any negotiation with the union, signing a pact on May 18, 1908. They also agree to use '//renards//' (foxes or blacklegs) to break any strikes. [Jun. 2 & Jul. 30] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_de_Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges rebellion-sre.fr/syndicalisme-revolutionnaire-a-pied-doeuvre-greves-de-draveil-meru/ www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1969_num_24_2_422071_t1_0538_0000_2 www.vigneuxhistoire.com/greve.html vindrisi.free.fr/VIGNEUX/GREVES/1908/PDF/GREVES_D.PDF www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Juillet-1908-Draveil-Villeneuve-la fr.novopress.info/166502/memoire-ouvriere-les-emeutes-de-draveil-1908-par-pierre-taburet/ aujourdhui.pagesperso-orange.fr/draveil/pages/pagesgreves/chronologie.html]

[F] 1929 - __Port Arthur or Shabaqua Strike__: Viljo Rosvall (b. ca. 1898) and Janne Voutilainen (b. unknown), two Finnish-Canadian unionists and members of the Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada from Thunder Bay, Ontario, are last seen alive on Onion Lake, some twenty miles north of the city of Port Arthur. Rosvall was an organiser for the LWIUC and Voutilainen a trapper who was acting as his guide. Both were Finns, and both were Communists. They had been delegated to recruit sympathetic bushworkers at a logging camp north of Onion Lake to join a strike against the timber companies which had been in progress since October 22. The camp belonged to the Pigeon Timber Company. The strike had actually begun at Shabaqua, to the north-west of the Lakehead. The two men had last been seen at about 13:00 by Pigeon Timber employees who were manning a supply depot halfway up the lake. The jobber in charge of the camp, Leonard Pappi Maki, was among them. Five months later, on April 19, 1930, the body of Voutilainen was discovered at the north end of the lake, in shallow water. He had apparently drowned. A few days later, Rosvall’s body was also discovered, again in shallow water, about half a mile upstream from Voutilainen’s, in a creek which ran into the lake. The community suspected that they had been murdered by company thugs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosvall_and_Voutilainen fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosvallin_ja_Voutilaisen_tapaus www.thunderbaymuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-Case-of-Rosvall-and-Voutilainen.pdf journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/LLT/article/viewFile/5100/5969 journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/LLT/article/download/2634/3037 hubpages.com/politics/Rosvall-And-Voutilainen-Are-Dead www.biographi.ca/en/bio/rosvall_viljo_15E.html]

1989 - __Sametová or Nežná Revoluce [Velvet or Gentle Revolution__]: Following the attack on the International Students Day demonstration in Prague the previous day and the decisions by students and theatre actors to go on strike, the strike spreads with theatres opened their stages only for public discussions. At the initiative of students from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the students in Prague went on strike. This strike was joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia. Theatre employees and actors in Prague supported the strike. Instead of going on stage, actors read a proclamation by the students and artists to the audience, that called for a general strike on November 27. Home-made posters and proclamations were posted. As all media were strictly controlled by the Communist Party and this was the only way to spread the message. In the evening, Radio Free Europe reported that a student (named as Martin Šmíd) was killed by the police during the previous day's demonstration. Although the report was false, it heightened the feeling of crisis, and persuaded some hesitant citizens to overcome their fear and join the protests. [expand]

2002 - Britta Gröndahl (b. 1914), Swedish writer, French language teacher, editor, translator, feminist and anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation, dies. [see: Mar. 8] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre19.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1006 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1911.html www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2010/02/bagnard-raciste-homophobe-et-anarchiste/]
 * = 19 || 1862 - Liard-Courtois (Auguste Courtois; 1918), French painter and decorator, anarchist activist, neo-Malthusian and propagandist for the tactic of the general strike, born. [expand]

1901 - Pavlos Argyriadis (Παύλος Αργυριάδης; b. 1849), Greek journalist, writer and member of the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Aug. 15]

1910 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Francisco Madero crosses the border into México after Pancho Villa captures Chihuahua. Madero and Villa meet for the first time.

[A / F] 1915 - Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill (b. 1879), Swedish-American labour organiser, folk-poet, songwriter and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, is executed by firing squad in Utah. His final word? "Fire!" [Popular sentiment has it that his final words were: "Don't mourn, organise", but these were taken from a telegram to Big Bill Haywood: "Goodbye, Bill, I die like a true blue rebel. Don't waste any time mourning. Organise!"] [www.joehill.org/joesbio.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hill libcom.org/history/1915-the-murder-of-joe-hill www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/garrett/1939/08/hill.htm zinnedproject.org/2015/11/joe-hill-is-executed/ www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/joehilllastwill.html] || [www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4267 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Farmers'_National_Alliance_and_Cooperative_Union www.u-s-history.com/pages/h858.html todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]
 * = 20 || [F] 1891 - __Cotton Pickers Strike__: African American sharecroppers affiliated with the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Union go on strike for higher wages and an end to peonage in Lee County, Arkansas. Organised by Ben Patterson of Memphis, Tennesseeas part of the alliance's white founder and spokesman R. M. Humphrey's plan for a strike of black cotton pickers in order to demand a minimum wage of $1 per 100 pounds of picked cotton. The strike was crushed by a mob of local white vigilantes – led by the local sheriff – resulting in the death of fifteen strikers, including several who were lynched.

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: With the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers now nearly bankrupted by the strike and with only 192 out of more than 3,800 strikers in attendance, the Homestead chapter of the AA votes, 101 to 91, to return to work.

1896 - [N.S. Dec. 2] Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; d. 1965), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, born. From a family of grain merchants, Pesotta was well educated and influenced by the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and eventually adopted anarchist views. Pesotta emigrated to New York City at the age of 17 (1913), and found employment in a shirtwaist factory, she joined the International Ladies' Garment Workers Uion very soon after. The ILGWU was a union that represented mostly Jewish and Latina female garment workers. She was elected to the all male executive board of ILGWU Local 25 in 1920. Pesotta went to Brookwood Labor College for two years in the 1920s. In 1933 the union sent her to Los Angeles to organise the garment workers there. The organising of the Mexican immigrant garment workers lead to the Los Angeles Garment workers Strike of 1933. As a result of this success, she was made vice-president of the union in 1934, and sent to Puerto Rico to organise seamstresses. In 1944, she resigned from the General Executive Board of the union in protest of the fact that, despite 85% of the union's memebership were women, she was the sole female executive member. She returned to shopfloor organising in disgust. Rose Pesotta died in Miami, Florida on December 6, 1965. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/64039242 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pesotta libcom.org/history/pesotta-rose-1896-1965 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/pesotta/rosebio.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pesotta-rose jwa.org/blog/10-things-you-should-know-about-rose-pesotta www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pesotta-rose theanarchistlibrary.org/library/rose-pesotta-bread-upon-the-waters]

1906 - Lucile Pelletier (Lucile Louise Simone Pelletier; d. 1991), French public service worker, anarchist an revolutionary syndicalist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4529 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html]

1916 - James Guillaume (b. 1844), English-born historian of the First International and anarchist active in the Swiss Jura Federation, dies. [see: Feb. 16]

1919 - Twenty two IWW members were indicted in Portland, Oregon for the violation of the criminal syndicalist act. Eleven were held in connection with the Centralia Incident and charged with first degree murder. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

1920 - The Spanish government declares the anarcho-syndicalist CNT illegal and 64 union leaders are jailed. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 21 || [AA / DD] 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: Several hundred weavers tour the then independent commune of Croix-Rousse. They force the few weavers still at work to close their workshops. and head into Lyon where they are confronted by members of the Première Légion of the Garde Nationale, made up mostly of of traders, who bar their passage and fire on the crowd. Three workers are killed and several others injured. The silk workers head back to Croix Rousse and alert the people, shouting "Aux armes, on assassine nos frères" (To arms, they are murdering our brothers). Having armed themselves with picks, shovels, sticks, and some with guns, barricades are erected and workers march on Lyons, black flag with the inscription: "Vivre en travaillant ou mourir en combattant" at their head. The weavers of Croix-Rousse are soon joined by those of Brotteaux and Guillotière.

1872 - [N.S. Dec. 3] Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; d. 1956), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, born. [see: Dec. 3]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: A meeting is held in the Board Room at Old Kent Road of delegates of those workmen who had signed the agreements. Representatives of the Union had been invited to attend as observers, but none came. The proceedings of the meeting were taken down verbatim and circulated later to the men. The meeting began with Livesey explaining some current difficulties in working - of a practical nature concerning the price of coal. He talked about the threat from electricity and eventually came to the stokers' demands. They were now asking for double time on Sundays, but "the orange has been squeezed dry". He went on.. "now the time has come when it is necessary to have something more than the mere labour of the worknen - we want his interest and we want to give him a share of the profits earned by the Company in order to purchase that interest as well as his labour". A week after the scheme had been announced the union said that they would enforce 'Rule XVI' which concerned union recognition. The company replied that the Union could not be recognised and their 'own men' would be preferred. The press began to report increased protest meetings. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1897 - [N.S. Dec. 3] Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; d. 1980), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist labour activist, born. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), and by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp and fled to Mexico with long-time companion Senya Fleshin. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre21.html#steimer www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2111.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/steimer-mollie libcom.org/history/mollie-steimer-1897-1980-paul-avrich www.infoshop.org/library/mollie-steimer-profile]

1899 - Fosco Falaschi (d. 1936), Italian brickmaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. As a child, his family emigrated to Argentina and settled in Buenos Aires. In 1916, he began working in a brick factory. In 1919, he became a member of the Societat Obrera dels Treballadors in Bòbila, affilated to the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation; FORA), becoming secretary of the union in 1923 as well as editor of it newspaper '//El Obrero Ladrillero//', "Órgano del Sindicato de Obreros Ladrilleros y Anexos". That same year, he was arrested for the first time for "incitement to strike" and went on to be arrested numerous times between 1929 and 1933. He was also a member of Umanità Nova, the coalition of anarcho-syndicalist, militant and anarchist groups, of the Alleanza Antifascista Italiana (AAI) and worked on the newspaper '//La Protesta//' and its literary supplements. The authorities linked him to the group of Severino Di Giovanni who was, in December 1932, involved with other anarchist groups in the uprising organised by Colonel Atilio Cattáneo. Arrested in January 1933, he was expelled on June 23 that year for "subversive activities". Disembarking in Genoa, he was moved against his will to Città di Castello. A few days later, he fled but in September 1933 he was arrested by Carabinieri in Moncenisio as he tried to cross illegally in France. After another unsuccessful attempt to leave Città di Castello, he managed to cross into France in August 1934 and then on to Spain. In Barcelona, he worked on '//Solidaridad Obrera//' and '//Tierra y Libertad//', where he used the pseudonyms 'FF' and 'Gino Fosco'. Francisco Ascaso, of the Catalonia Regional Committee of the CNT, proposed him as director of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' when its then editor, Manuel Villar, was imprisoned after the anarchist uprising in December 1933. After moving to Madrid, he worked on '//Revolución Social//'. After the events of October 1934, he was arrested and jailed in Madrid. Following a broad support campaign, he was released in early 1936 after the amnesty that led to the triumph of the electoral Popular Front. Back in Barcelona, he joined the Ascaso Column following the military coup. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Michele Centrone and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon Front. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html www.antifascismoumbro.it/personaggi/falaschi-fosco]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 8] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Lenin return from Geneva to St Petersburg after months of delaying. He immediately calls for an armed uprising, not really caring whether it succeeded or not: "Victory?!...That for us is not the point at all...We should not harbour any illusions, we are realists, and let no-one imagine that we have to win. For that we are still too weak. The point is not about victory but about giving the regime a shake and attracting the masses to the movement. That is the whole point. And to say that because we cannot win we should not stage an insurrection-that is simply the talk of cowards." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[D] 1921 - Columbine Mine Massacre: **ERROR**

1922 - __Huelga General de Guayaquil__: Management and workers settle the strike, with the workers gaining their pay raises, shorter hours, and the rest of their demands, though the fare increase that had prevented the agreement being accepted on November 12 was also part of the settlement.

1922 - Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (b. 1874), noted Mexican anarchist, dies in Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas whilst serving 20 years for "obstructing the war effort", a violation of the Espionage Act of 1917. [see: Sep. 16]

[F] 1927 - __Columbine Mine Massacre / Colorado Miners' Strike__: State Rangers and national guardsmen, attack 500 unarmed striking coal miners and their families with tear gas, automatic rifles and machine guns under the direct orders of the governor of Colorado, Billy Adams. Colorado's miners had been striking for five weeks and strikers had been holding morning rallies for the previous two weeks in the company town of Serene, close to the Columbine mine, as Columbine was one of the few coal mines in the state that remained in operation. The strike was so peaceable that Josephine Roche, daughter of the recently deceased owner of Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, the picketers had been served coffee and doughnuts on previous mornings. However, with winter fast approaching, the governor of Colorado feared a state-wide coal shortage and resolved to quash the strike. He ordered his Rangers, who had officially been disbanded before the strike largely due to their reputation for being used as an employer’s armed force but reactivated by Adams, to dress in civilian clothing so as not to alert the strikers, and positioned them on the Columbine mine slag heap. In the ensuing bloodbath, six miners were killed and dozens more injured. But, despite scores of witnesses, the authorities denied the use of machine guns, the press covered up all evidence to the contrary and, with typical authoritarian shamelessness, the strike leaders were themselves arrested and charged with the responsibility for the deaths. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre libcom.org/history/1927-colorado-miners-strike-and-columbine-mine-massacre www.onthisdeity.com/21st-november-1927-–-the-first-columbine-massacre/ www.rebelgraphics.org/columbinestory.html digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/social/field/subjec/searchterm/Columbine Mine Massacre, Serene, Colorado, 1927/mode/exact libcom.org/history/blood-coal-colorado-strike-1927-patrick-murfin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_philosophy_and_tactics#Colorado_coal_strike_.28a_case_study.29 southerncoloradohistory.wikispaces.com/1927+Colorado+Fuel+and+Iron+Strike guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341845&p=2299872 www.rebelgraphics.org/serene.html]

1936 - The first issue of the weekly anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//El Productor//', "Órgano de la Federación Local y Comarcal de Sindicatos Únicos", is published by the CNT in Onteniente. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 22 || 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: In Lyon the Revolt of the silk workers continues with a bloody battle at the Pont Morand, the oldest bridge in the city across the Rhône. The Garde Nationale is defeated, giving up control of central Lyon and allowing the workers to seize the fortified Bon Pasteur barracks and loot its armouries. Several units of the Garde militaire and the Garde Nationale are attacked, and when the infantry intervened it too was forced to retreat under a hail of tiles and bullets. The Garde Nationale, most of which was recruited from amongst the canuts, changed sides, joining the insurgents, leaving the insurgents in control of the town. The bloody battle left 100 dead and 263 injured on the military side, with 69 dead and 140 injured on the insurgents' side. That night General Roguet, commander of the 7e Division Militaire, and the mayor, Victor Prunelle, fled the town.

1850 - Camille Camet (d. unknown), Lyon weaver, anarchist and member of the International Workers Association, born. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre22.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11346 fra.anarchopedia.org/Camille_Camet]

1893 - [O.S. Nov. 10] Grigori Petrovich Maximov (Григорий Петрович Максимов)[also rendered as Gregory or G.P. Maximov or Maximoff] aka Gr. Lapot (Гр. Лапоть)(d. 1950), Russian-American anarcho-syndicalist propagandist and author, born. [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Максимов,_Григорий_Петрович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_Maximoff www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1011.html socialist.memo.ru/anniv/y04/maksimov.htm militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3798 www.ephemanar.net/novembre10.html#10 libcom.org/history/maximov-grigori-petrovitch-1893-1950 libcom.org/library/bio-gregori-maximov-rudolf-rocker]

1902 - In Buenos Aires the Argentine government passes a so-called 'law of residence' which will allow it to persecute any social movement that acts against the apparatus of state, and therefore the anarchist movement. The law creates the ability "to expel any foreigner whose conduct might jeopardize national security, public order or disrupt social peace (...)", via arrests and mass deportations. On 26 May 1910, it will be reinforced by another new repressive law the "Social Protection Act".

1904 - David Antona Domínguez (d. 1945), Spanish bricklayer, militant anarcho-syndicalist and one-time Secretariado del Comité Nacional CNT, born. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article434 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Antona puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4173-david-antona-dominguez-militante-de-la-cnt-y-fai.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/biografia-david-antona-dominguez.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 9] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Rostov-Nakhichevan Council calls for a general political strike. However, almost immediately the 12 members of the Board and the management of railway bureaus are arrested. [hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm]

[FF] 1909 - __Uprising of the 20,000 / New York Shirtwaist Strike__: Members of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union go on strike in New York City against sweatshop conditions. The strikers win the support of other workers and the women’s suffrage movement for their persistence and unity in the face of police brutality and the capitalist courts. A judge tells arrested pickets: "You are on strike against God." 20,000 garment workers, mostly young Jewish and Italian women and girls, abandoned their sewing machines, needles, and scissors. They’d been summoned to strike by Clara Lemlich, a 23-year-old firebrand who had already helped organise a fledgling shirtwaist workers union. During the struggle that followed, Lemlich was arrested seventeen times for picketing, and hospitalised with six broken ribs. She would recount her story in our magazine as follows, half a century later: "[S]ince every strike we called was smashed by the bosses, the union decided to call a meeting at Cooper Union. The hall was packed. On the platform was Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor, Leonora O’Reilly of the Women’s Trade Union League, B. Feigenbaum of the Jewish Daily Forward. Each one talked about the terrible conditions of the workers in the shops. But no one gave or made any practical or valid solution." Lemlich then asked for the floor. "I am a working girl, one of those who suffers from and is on strike against the intolerable conditions portrayed here," she said in Yiddish. "I am tired of listening to those who speak in general terms…. I move a general strike – now." Some 2,500 workers in attendance pledged themselves to the strike, the Uprising of the 20,000 – which would last for eleven painful weeks. Ninety percent of the strikers were Jews. Seventy percent were women. Yet they withstood fierce opposition from the bosses, hired thugs, and the legal system, and by February 15, 1910, when the strike was called off, the strikers had forced 339 of the 353 struck firms within the Waist and Dress Manufacturers’ Association to sign contracts granting a 52-hour week, four annual paid holidays, no deductions for tools or supplies, and equal division of work during slack seasons. The Triangle Company and some of the other larger firms resisted. Most importantly, by the strike’s end, 85 percent of all shirtwaist workers in New York had joined the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Clara Lemlich’s Local 25, which had launched the strike with 100 members, now had 10,000. [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/uprising-of-20000-1909 ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/uprising.html www.nyu.edu/projects/mediamosaic/thepriceoffashion/pdf/frank-miriam.pdf jewishcurrents.org/a-visual-history-of-the-american-jewish-left-part-one/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909 www.laborarts.org/exhibits/thetrianglefire/3-the-uprising.cfm]

[F] 1910 - __Aberdare Miners' Strike or 'Block Strike'__: After the November 8th protest that was violently attacked by police, more violence followed at Aberaman on November 13th, at Cwmbach on the 14th, and again at Aberaman on November 22, when a crowd gathered to look for blacklegs coming home from work. 1,500 people, mainly women and children, followed one blackleg on to Aberaman railway station and "shouted uncomplimentary remarks", struck and kicked him, and eventually allowed him to go home only to smash his windows once he had got there. Other officials were caught and tarred and twelve policemen were injured. The following day, a furniture van was held up by pickets and the contents were left strewn across the road in the pouring rain. The owner had been supplying the troops with provisions. These incidents were not on the scale of the Tonypandy riots, but they demonstrate the involvement of the wider community in the attempt to prevent any blacklegging. [welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1326508/llgc-id:1326905/llgc-id:1326931/getText www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/new-history-wales-dr-louise-1889456 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_strike_1857–58 newspapers.library.wales/view/3397589/3397595/29 newspapers.library.wales/view/3294338/3294344/30]

1988 - __Greve de 1988__: The population of Volta Redonda, in response to the appeals of trade unionists and other representatives of civil society, gives a symbolic "hug" around the 12 kilometers of the Presidente Vargas Steelworks as a way to show support for the movement. Two days later, following a new strike assembly, the workers decided to end the strike, given the exhaustion of the movement and the repression that followed in the wake of the Army's intervention. [see: Nov. 4] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 23 || 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: Having occupied the town hall and prevented any looting, the workers are in control of the city but events have overtaken them - what was once a strike with the sole intention of making sure the fixed rate on silken goods was being applied correctly, they now have an insurrection on their hands and do not know what to do next, especially as they avow all revolutionary aims and their attempt at an insurrectionary government lacks clear authority and the support of the silk workers.

[C] 1911 - Benito Mussolini, Pietro Nenni, and Aurelio Lolli, arrested on October 14th in connection with the September 27th general strike, are convicted on all charges - attack on the freedom to work (picketing), resisting the police (forza pubblica) and inciting class hatred - and transferred to prison to await the appeal in Bologna. [see: Feb. 19] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Nenni www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html digilander.libero.it/fiammecremisi/approfondimenti/socialisti.htm alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti both deliver closing statements at the end of the two-month trial. [libcom.org/library/trial-new-society-justus-ebert archive.org/stream/ettorgiovannitti00etto/ettorgiovannitti00etto_djvu.txt]

1931 - The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) of the Soviet Union (Sovnarkom) announces that the five-day week introduced under 'Nepreryvka' is to be replaced by a six-day week.

[F] 1936 - Tahar Acherchour, a 28-year-old Algerian worker and CGT member on strike and picketing the Cusinberche soap and candle factory in Clichy is shot by black-legs led by Paul Cusinberche, the owner's son and a member of the nationalist veterans organisation, the Croix-de-Feu aka the Association des combattants de l'avant et des blessés de guerre cités pour action d'éclat. Acherchour died of his wounds a day later in the hôpital Beaujon. The November 24 edition of the Communist daily 'L'Humanité' published three columns on its front page : "At the Cusimberghe soap factory, at Clichy, at the head of a fascist band, the boss assaults his workers and fires on them. His bullets kill one, and seven others are wounded with batons." His assassination aroused great emotion at a period marked by the Front Populaire. More than 200,000 people attended his funeral. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_de_Tahar_Acherchour merlerene.canalblog.com/archives/2014/04/28/31965705.html merlerene.canalblog.com/archives/2014/08/23/30483192.html]

1943 - 2,000 workers take time off work to protests Mosley's release from internment outside the House of Commons.

1955 - Milly Witkop Rocker (b. 1877), Ukrainian-born Jewish anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist writer and activist, dies from a heart attack. [see: Mar. 15] || [www.ephemanar.net/janvier25.html#25]
 * = 24 || 1838 - Hippolyte Prosper Olivier Lissagaray (d. 1901), French independent revolutionary socialist, republican, literary journalist, lecturer and member of the Paris Commune in 1871, born. Best known for his '//L'Histoire de la Commune de 1871//' (1876), which was republished in Paris in an expanded version in 1896. During his post-Commune exile in London (1871-80), had a lengthy affair with Eleanor Marx, youngest daughter of Karl Marx, and Eleanor was the translator of the '//History of the Commune of 1871//' into English.

1875 - The United Cigar Makers of New York affiliates with the Cigar Makers’ International Union to form CMIU Local 144. Samuel Gompers was elected first president of the local and served several terms before going on to serve as the international’s vice president. “[W]e are powerless in an isolated condition,” Gompers said, “while the capitalists are united; therefore it is the duty of every Cigar Maker to join the organisation.” [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_Makers'_International_Union digital.lib.umd.edu/archivesum/actions.DisplayEADDoc.do?source=MdU.ead.histms.0075.xml socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6cw7vf1 todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti is forced to resign as a result of the Banca Romana scandal and is replaced by Francesco Crispi. He however is unable to form a government for another 3 weeks, during which the rioting that had spread through Italy triggered by the killing of a number of migrant workers in the salt pans of Aigues Mortes in southern France on August 16-17, and which then had escalated into a more generalised working-class revolt supported by anarchists an violent riots in Rome and Naples, together with the unrest in Sicily, had brought Italy near to collapse. As a result, he launches a campaign of severe repression in Sicily based on bogus evidence of an international conspiracy and impending insurrection. [see: Jan 3 & Feb. 28] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandalo_della_Banca_Romana en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 11] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Martial law is declared in Tambov, Chernigov and Saratov Provinces. Requests to the central government for the imposition of martial law are sent from many other provinces. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: President Woodrow Wilson's special labour commission made their report on the deportation of IWW members from Bisbee, Arizona public. The commission severely criticised the persons responsible for deporting the IWW members and found that the deportations were planned by Bisbee citizens, including officials of the Phelps-Dodge and Calumet and Arizona mining interests. The commission also found that deportation interfered with operation of the draft law and the leaders of the deportations used the local office of the Bell Telephone Company to and attempted to exercise censorship over parts of interstate telephone and telegraph lines. The committee suggested that action should be taken against the Bisbee citizens who deported the IWW members. Nevertheless, no individual, company, or agency was ever convicted in connection with the deportations. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/primarysources/reports/]

1988 - __Greve de 1988__: Striking Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional workers hold a meeting and, exhausted by the constant repression by the military, decide to return to work. [see: Nov. 4]

[F] 1995 - __Grèves de 1995__: A general strike is called in France to protest against the 'plan Juppé', Prime Minister Alain Juppe’s plan to increase premiums for healthcare, cut welfare to the unemployed, and make changes to the pension eligibility age for public sector workers. The widespread strike ended in mid-December, when the government agreed to abandon the pension reform part of its plan. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grèves_de_1995_en_France en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_strikes_in_France] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 25 || 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: In Paris, the news of the riot and the occupation of France's second largest city caused astonishment and consternation. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order.

1901 - The Federación Obrera Argentina, the pluralist forerunner of the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina, is founded as Argentina's first national labour confederation at a meeting in Buenos Aires of around 50 delegates representing 35 workers' societies. With the socialist elements within FOA becoming increasingly isolate, from FOA's fifth congress, held on August 26-30, 1905, it renamed itself the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina to express its internationalism and fully adopted an anarcho-communist position. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/federacion-obrera-regional-argentina.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) calls off the general strike. Announced on November 14 [O.S. Nov. 1] in support of the struggle for the eight-hour day, it has largely proved to be a failure due to the lack of enthusiasm from the workers, as well as the stiff resistance put up by the bosses. [see: Oct. 26 & Nov. 14-16] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 12] __Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание__]: A general strike begins in Sevastopol. A significant portion of the naval division's sailors and the soldiers of the Brest regiment now supported the rebels. During the morning, the first meeting of the Council of Sevastopol takes place. By evening, the rebels have developed demands that include the establishing of a Constituent Assembly, the introduction of the 8-hour day, the release of political prisoners, the abolition of the death penalty, lifting of martial law, and the abolition of military service. An executive body of the Council - the Sailor's Commission (Матросская комиссия) - is established. It includes: NF Kassesinov (Н. Ф. Кассесинов) and PK Kudymovsky (П. К. Кудымовский), both 28th naval crew; ID Fishing (И. Д. Рыбалка), 29th naval crew; P. Fomenko (П. И. Фоменко) and MF Schepetkov (М. Ф. Щепетков), both training squad; and others. That night, the government withdrew the Brest Regiment from the city to the Bialystok Regiment's camp. Martial law was declared in the city and the fortress placed under a state of seige. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905]

1910 - Jules Durand, liberterian and revolutionary trade unionist, is sentenced to death in Le Havre, a victim of corrupt witnesses and smears by the local press. He was retied in 1918 and was fully exonerated. Unfortunately, by this time he had gone insane from being kept subdued in a strait jacket for 40 days, and he spent the rest of his life in an asylum.

1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Emiliano Zapata proclaims Plan of Ayala land reform to take hacienda lands. Hacienda owners pressure Francisco Madero to subdue Zapata.

1918 - Second All-Russian Conference of Anarcho-syndicalists meets in Moscow (November 25-December 1).

1919 - Department of Labor orders anti-war activist and anarchist Alexander Berkman's deportation to Russia. Emma Goldman's deportation order follows on Nov. 29.

1964 - Gaetano Gervasio (b. 1886), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, carpenter, painter and sculptor, dies. [see: Jan. 2]

1965 - Angelica Balabanoff (or Balabanova)(Анжелика Балабанова; b. ca. 1878), Ukrainian-Jewish socialist and Italian labour organiser, who later joined the Bolshevik Party, becoming secretary of the Communist Third International in 1919, and later, disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, a social democratic (PSDI) activist, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Balabanoff www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01917.html]

[F] 1975 - __Proceso 1001__: Following the amnesty by royal decree, signed by Juan Carlos, the leadership of the clandestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) have their sentences reduced to: Marcelino Camacho 6 years; Nicolás Sartorius 5 years; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón 2 years; Pedro Santiesteban 2 years; Eduardo Saborido 5 years; Francisco García Salve 5 years; Luis Fernández 2 years; Francisco Acosta 2 years; Juan Muñiz Zapico 4 years; and Fernando Soto Martín 4 years in prison. [see: Jun. 24 & Dec. 20] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

1988 - Louis Ségeral (b. 1928), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, engineer, Résistance fighter, poet, painter and novelist, dies. [see: May 24] ||
 * = 26 || 1895 - Arthur Arnould (b. 1833), anarchist, journalist, novelist, member of First International and the Paris Commune, friend of Michael Bakunin, dies. [see: Apr. 17]

[F] 1911 - Paul Lafargue (b. 1842), wayward son-in-law of Karl Marx, born. Better known for being the author of '//Le Droit à la Paresse//' (The Right to Be Lazy), written in 1893 whilst in Saint Pélagie Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lafargue fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lafargue theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-lafargue-the-right-to-be-lazy www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1883/lazy/]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Union leaders Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti and their co-defendant Giuseppe Caruso, all charged with the murder of Anna LoPizzo, a striking textile worker taking part in a peaceful protest on January 29, 1912 during the Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike are acquitted and released, [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1916 - In response to the Conde de Romanones (Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta) government having ordered the arrest of the signatories of the 'Pacto de Zaragoza', signed by representatives of the UGT and CNT on July 17, 1916, both organisations call for a 24-hour general strike on December 18 in protest. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 historia-urbana-madrid.blogspot.com/2016/12/huelga-general-madrid-18-diciembre-1916.html historiadelmovimientoobrero.blogspot.com/2012/03/historia-de-las-huelgas-generales-1916.html]

1931 - __Tampa Cigar Makers' Strike__: Cigar factory owners in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida ban what they thought of as their biggest enemy – the lector (la lectura). According to the '//Tampa Daily Times//', they were a source of Communist propaganda: "Originally the practice was a beneficial and instructive one, the readers sitting all day in the factories and reading aloud newspapers, novels and instructive works. The result was that the Tampa cigar maker was probably better posted on current events than the average American workman in any other industry. But in recent months the readers have turned to the reading of red-hot radical publications and anarchistic propaganda, with the result that widespread unrest developed among the cigar workers.... in the past, manufacturers had entered into an agreement with workers, allowing the reading of educational or instructional information, articles, or books, but the abuse of this privilege, and starting this morning, reading aloud is eliminated…the manufacturers will not allow readers to read anything in the factories, and no collection will be permitted in the factories".

1971 - Ángel Falco (b. 1885), Uruguayan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist propagandist, one-time career soldier, diplomat, journalist, writer and poet, dies. [see: Sep. 21]

2009 - Vicky Starr aka Stella Nowicki (b. 1916), US maid, cook, feminist, working class activist and labour union organiser, dies. She was one of the 'union maids' whose testimonies were included in the oral history '//Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers//' (1973) by Staughton and Alice Lynd. [libcom.org/library/november-we-remember-vicky-starr www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/starrbackyards.html archive.org/details/pacifica_radio_archives-WZ0123] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5056]
 * = 27 || 1841 - Jean Celestin 'Cointot' Renaud (d. 1904), French anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Member of the Fédération Révolutionnaire Lyonnaise.

[D] 1911 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Emiliano Zapata disavows support for Francisco Madero for not giving land to peasants.

1920 - Andrés Nin and Josep (or José) Canela attacked by pistoleros (death squads directed by Barcelona Governor Martinez Anido as part of the campaign to establish pro-capital syndicat libre, 'free' unions', against the power of the CNT) in Plaza Buensuceso, Barcelona. Nin is unscathed but Canela dies.

1922 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Arthur Berg, a thirty-eight-year-old itinerate oil field and harvest worker, is arrested by railroad police in Haileyville, Oklahoma and booked on vagrancy charges. However, when a police search of his person turned up IWW literature, a membership book, and other documents, he was also charged with criminal syndicalism. Early the following year, Berg was formally charged with advocating criminal syndicalism and with criminal syndicalism by membership in the IWW. While he did admit to membership in the IWW, Berg denied being an organiser. The ensuing prosecution featured the usual claims about the IWW's radicalism, including the introduction of IWW literature and the ubiquitous preamble, combined with testimony designed to prove that Berg was in fact an organiser and not simply a member. Berg, who was indeed an organiser, was convicted and sentenced to ten years in prison and fined $5000.

1931 - __Tampa Cigar Makers' Strike__: The lector's stands* in the factories are dismantled on the orders of the factory owners, because "all the trouble has been originating from anarchistic publications poured into the workers... We had agreed to allow ... the reading of informative articles or educational books ... but the abuse of this privilege has obliged the manufacturers to retire it immediately." A walkout followed. Next day a seventy-two-hour strike was called involving 10,000 workers, both to demand the return of the lectors and the release of the thirteen prisoners sentenced after the November 7 incident at the city's Labor Hall. The 3-day strike turned into a two-week lock-out, during which time there were some rioting, many arrests, and a raid on the union headquarters, police confiscating its files, membership books, and two cigar boxes containing $750 which had been collected for the defence of the prisoners.

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_cigar_makers'_strike_of_1931 libcom.org/history/jose-yglesias-remembers-solidarity-cigar-makers-their-lectors-studs-terkel www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/pamphlets/tampa-terror.pdf www.tbo.com/lifestyle/readers-played-important-role-in-cigar-factories-616780]
 * One of the unique features of the cigar-making floors in Florida's Ybor City factories was The Lector (La lectura), a practice that had originated in Cuba and had followed the migrant tobacco workers to Tampa. The lector was paid by the factory's workers to read to them from local Spanish-language newspapers, such as '//La Traducción//', or translate on the fly English-language papers such as '//The Tampa Tribune//' or the '//Tampa Daily Times//'. They even read novels, including '//Don Quixote//', '//The Count of Monte Cristo//' and '//Les Miserables//'. The works of Kropotkin and radical newspapers such as '//The Daily Worker//', the '//Socialist Call//', '//El Internacional//' and '//La Voce Dello Shiavo//' (The Voice of the Slave) were also read. The lector read while seated on la tribuna, a raised platform, so all of the workers could see and hear him or her. La lectura (the reading) provided an education for the workers, but it also caused friction between the workers and the factory owners. Beginning with the first time a lector took his seat in an Ybor City factory in 1886, owners saw them as a negative influence on their workers. Lectors were blamed for the workers' growing socialist views, slowdowns and strikes. Yet the workers revered the lector. Generally, the factory workforce elected a committee of workers to audition, select and pay the lector for their factory. The committee usually consisted of three members: a secretary, a treasurer and a presidente de la lectura. During the audition, the prospective lector would have to have both an excellent reading voice – in proper Castilian Spanish – and the ability to almost act out the roles in the novels he read. Each worker contributed to the lector's pay, which approached $75 a week during the heyday of the cigar industry. Factory workers earned approximately $20 a week.

1937 - Frida Davydovna Glagolovskaya (Фрида Давыдовна Глаголовская (1894-1937), Russian anarchist-communist, who had been an active participant in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Moscow and other Russian cities since the Revolution of 1917, and has suffered repeated arrests, is shot in Yaroslavl (Ярославле). [s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1065-anarchist-chronograph-november-part-2.html]

[B] 1953 - Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (b. 1888), Irish American playwright, Wobbly, socialist and philosophical anarchist, dies. [see: Oct. 16]

2007 - __South Africa Miners' Strike__: The National Union of Mineworkers announce that South African mineworkers plan to hold a one-day strike to protest unsafe working conditions in the country's mining industry. Held on December 4, 2007, the strike affected over 240,000 workers in 60 of the nation's mines. It was the first ever industry-wide miners' strike in South African history. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_Africa_miners'_strike]

[F] 2010 - __Scottish Football Referee Strike__: The Scottish Senior Football Referees' Association hold a two day strike over the weekend of November 27-28 in the face of what they consider the Scottish Football Association lack of action over what the referees thought of as being unfair crticism and questions over their integrity from football clubs, leading to increasing fears for their personal safety as controversial decisions were debated by the media and fans. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_referee_strike] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2811.html bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/2132
 * = 28 || [1864 - Adelmo Smorti (d. 1921) [expand]

[1889 - Antonio Rosado López (d. 1978) [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2811.html]

[F] 1900 - __Catastrophe des Mines d'Aniche__: An illegal store of 258kg of dynamite 500m below ground at the Fosse Fénelon pit owned by the Compagnie des mines d'Aniche in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais mining region detonates, killing 21 workers and seriously injuring 11 others. At the trial, the mine company directors and engineers, were fined 200-400 francs each. NB: see Jean Graves' comments. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_d'Aniche_de_1900]

1908 - The success of James Larkin in revivifying the moribund Irish branches of the Liverpool-based National Union of Dock Labourers, his opening up of new ones and use of the union's funds to support an unofficial strike of dock workers in Cork that year, had brought him into conflict with the union executive and, in particular, its general secretary, James Sexton. On November 28, 1908, Sexton won executive authority to suspend Larkin at any time, implementing this by circular to all branches on December 7. This set in process the founding of the setting up of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union, as well as signalling the beginning of the end of the NUDL. [see: Dec. 28] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union en.citizendium.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union spartacus-educational.com/IRElarkin.htm www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19555]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Charlotte Anita Whitney is arrested and charged with "criminal syndicalism" in violation of the California Criminal Syndicalism Act following a speech at the Hotel Oakland to the Oakland Civic Club on behalf of the Communist Labor Party of America. A pre-trial hearing was held in the case on January 6, 1920, less than a week after the 'Palmer Raids', the US Department of Justice's mass crackdown on alien radicals, and the case went to trial in Oakland on January 27, in the Alameda County Superior Court. Whitney was charged with five counts of having violated the state's Criminal Syndicalism law by her membership in the Communist Labor Party. Since Whitney freely admitted her status as a charter member of the CLP, the burden of the prosecution was in attempting to demonstrate the association of the organisation with the syndicalist IWW and the Communist International, organisations held to be illegal under California law. Both Whitney's defense attorney, Thomas H. O'Connor, and a female jury member were taken ill and died of the Spanish flu during the trial. Whitney was found guilty on Feb. 20 on the first count, of having organised and joined an organisation formed for the purpose of advocating criminal syndicalism, but failed to convict her on the other four. Four days later, with the jury stil deadlocked over the other four charges, they were dismissed and Whitney was sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of from 1 to 14 years in prison at San Quentin Penitentiary. After 11 days imprisonment, Whitney was permitted to post $10,000 bail pending appeal but only after three physicians had given testimony that her continued incarceration would present a danger to her health. After various unsuccessful appeals, the case finally made its way to the US Supreme Court on July 13, 1922, but it would be more than three years before the case was actually heard. On May 16, 1927, Whitney's conviction was unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court in Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927). A little over a month later on June 20, 1927, California Governor C. C. Young granted Whitney an unconditional pardon. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Anita_Whitney en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_v._California scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles todayinclh.com/?event=charlotte-anita-whitney-arrested-heads-for-supreme-court en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act]

1931 - __Tampa Cigar Makers' Strike__: Following the previous day's walk-out and call for a seventy-two-hour, 10,000 cigar workers begin their three-day strike, both to demand the return of the lectors and the release of the thirteen prisons sentenced after the November 7 incident at the city's Labor Hall. The strike turned into a two-week lock-out, during which time there were some rioting, many arrests, and a raid on the union headquarters, police confiscating its files, membership books, and two cigar boxes containing $750 which had been collected for the defence of the prisoners. [see: Nov. 27]

[1940 - Miguel Abós Serena (b. 1889) [see: Sep. 29]

1943 - Mass demonstration by 35,000 workers in war industries marches in the pouring rain to Trafalgar Square in condemnation of Herbert Morrison's decision to release Oswald Mosley from internment. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article833&lang=fr]
 * = 29 || 1896 - Raoul Chenard (d. 1960), French militant anarcho-syndicalist, born.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/sac.1904.1917.htm]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Following the sacking of three organisers in the Union of Postal-Telegraph Employees in Moscow, telephone and telegraph workers go out on strike. Despite presenting employers with demands for improved wages and working conditions, the main thrust of the strike is political as the union also demand the release of members of the Peasants Union arrested in St Petersburg, the removal of the minister of internal affairs and the national director of the postal-telegraph service, and the right to form a union. However, the disruption of the communications network also makes it impossible for revolutionary groups to coordinate armed revolts. [Charters Wynn - '//Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870-1905//', 2014]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] __Chita Republic [Читинская республика] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Serious unrest among soldiers and workers in Chita in south-eastern Siberia in the Chita main railway workshops held a meeting soldiers and Cossacks. Active promotion of the regional committee of the RSDLP in fact led the rebels five thousand garrison of Chita.the area is soon fully controlled by the RSDRP [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Republic ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Читинская_республика ez.chita.ru/encycl/person/?id=5094]

1946 - The Central All-Indonesian Workers Organisation (Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia) is founded in Jakarta. Closely linked to the Communist Party of Indonesia, it was the first trade union federation to emerge after the Second World War, and was the largest trade union federation in the country until suppressed along with the PKI after the 1965 coup that installed the New Order regime. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_All-Indonesian_Workers_Organization id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentral_Organisasi_Buruh_Seluruh_Indonesia]

1997 - Manuel Chiapuso Hualde (b. 1912), Basque anarcho-syndicalist writer, teacher, historian and activist, dies. [see: Apr. 14] ||
 * = 30 || [D] 1830 - Agricultural labourers riot in Shaftesbury, Dorset, to secure the release of five imprisoned comrades. Simultaneously, in Banwell, Somerset, paupers riot at the poorhouse, then follow up with an attack on the lock-up and release its prisoners.

1871 - Gaston Crémieux (Isaac Louis Gaston; b. 1836), French radical Républican, Proudhonian socialist and member of the Commune de Marseille, is executed at 07:00 by firing squad following his June 28 court-martial. [see: Jun. 22]

1915 - Fellow Worker Elizabeth Gurley Flynn is found "not guilty" of inciting to riot in Paterson, New Jersey on February 24, 1913. [see: Feb. 24] [caucus99percent.com/content/hellraisers-journal-elizabeth-gurley-flynn-acquitted-inciting-riot-paterson-new-jersey caucus99percent.com/content/hellraisers-journal-elizabeth-gurley-flynn-and-her-long-free-speech-contest-paterson caucus99percent.com/content/hellraisers-journal-paterson-praised-acquittal-elizabeth-gurley-flynn-inciting-riot]

1917 - Louise Olivereau, a Seattle anarchist working as the stenographer for the Seattle Lumber Workers branch of the IWW, is found guilty on six counts of "attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny and refusal of duty in the military" and three for unlawfully using the mails to distribute treasonable literature in Seattle, Washington. Earlier in August Olivereau had sent out a circular to drafted men in Seattle that urged them "obedience to your own conscience...we do not ask you to resist the draft IF YOU BELIEVE THE DRAFT IS RIGHT." [see: Dec. 3] [www.historylink.org/File/3483 features.crosscut.com/a-woman-found-guilty-of-thinking- www.seattlestar.net/2013/11/november-30-1917-louise-olivereau/ libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sarah-ellen-sharbach-louise-olivereau-and-the-seattle-radical-community-1917-1923]

1920 - The CNT's labour lawyer Francesc Layret is assassinated and 36 more union leaders imprisoned (including Narcís Vidal, Miguel Abós Serena and Salvador Caracersa). Part of the government's bloody campaign to destroy the CNT. [see Nov 27]

1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: Following talks with both sides in the ongoing pay dispute, the Reichsregierung (government) announces a new conciliation procedure to be conducted by the Social Democratic Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing. By November 2, the employers and unions, reluctantly on the part of the Deutsche Metallarbeiter-Verband, had agreed to abide by the process and the following morning the lock-out is over and the workers return to work. [see: Nov. 1]

[F] 1930 - Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones (b. 1837), Irish-American schoolteacher, dressmaker, founder member of the Industrial Workers of the World and a militant leader of miners and other union workers, dies at the age of 93. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones libcom.org/library/autobiography-mother-jones www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/mary-harris-mother-jones/ www.motherjones.com/about/what-mother-jones/our-history www.socialwelfarehistory.com/organizations/labor/jones-mary-harris-mother/ www.iww.org/history/library/MotherJones www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Mother-Jones-1837-1930]

1938 - Pierre Quiroule (pseudonym of Joaquin Alejo Falconnet; b. 1867), French-born Argentinian militant anarchist, writer, playwright, journalist and novelist, dies. Born in Lyon, his family moved to Argentina when he was a child, possibly because of the post-Commune repression. There he joined a number of Kropotkin-inspired anarchist groups. With the arrival of Malatesta in Buenos Aires, where he organised guilds of shoemakers and bakers, many groups changed to a more pro-propaganda by deed line. This was reflected in the pages of '//El Perseguido//' (The Hunted), on which Quirole worked between 1890 and 1897, and the French language '//La Liberté//', which he co-founded in 1893 with Jules Alexandre Sadier and Émile Piette, and which he edited for a year. He also worked on '//La Revista Blanca//', '//Sembrando Ideas: revista quincenal de divulgación sociológica//' (Planting Ideas: biweekly journal of sociological outreach) and other libertarian and anarchist journals. His anarchist ideals are reflected in the 3 utopian novels that he wrote: '//La Ruta de la Anarquía//' (The Path of Anarchy; 1909), '//La Ciudad Anarquista Americana//' (The American Anarchist City; 1914) and '//En la Soñada Tierra del Ideal//' (In the Fabled Land of the Ideal; 1920); and, to an extent, the numerous plays, essays and works of philosophical and scientific, as well as environmentalism (of which he can be considered a precursor), stories and detective novels that he wrote later in life, after he had ceased to be an active militant. [edant.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2009/12/15/_-02101485.htm]

1984 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: On the A465 at the Rhymney Bridge roundabout in South Wales, two striking miners drop a concrete block from a footbridge onto David Wilkie's taxi he is driving David Williams, a strike-breaking miner from his home in Rhymney to the Merthyr Vale mine, killing Wilkie instantly. Wilkie, accompanied by two police cars and a motorcycle outrider, was driving the same route as he had done for the previous ten days. Dean Hancock and Russell Shankland were arrested and on May 16, 1985 were found guilty of murder by a majority verdict and sentenced to life imprisonment. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_David_Wilkie]

1998 - Acácio Tomás de Aquino (b. 1899), militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist who was active in the Confederação Geral do Trabalho and the Organização Libertária Prisional, dies. [see: Nov 9 & Dec 11] ||

The strike ended on January 24, 1870, with the defeat of the miners. Many of them were refused re-employment nad ended up being forced to leave the area. For the liberal trade unions, the defeat was a major setback, from which they would never recover. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenburger_Bergarbeiterstreik de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bergarbeitergewerkschaften]
 * = DECEMBER ||
 * = 1 || [F] 1869 - __Waldenburger Bergarbeiterstreik [Waldenburg Mineworkers' Strike__]: On October 1, 1869, the mine owners in Lower Silesia, fearing the consequences of the degree of recruitment carried out amongst the Waldenburg miners by the recently formed moderate Gewerkverein Deutscher Bergarbeiter (German Miners' Trade Union), had refused to recognise the union and issued a warning to its workers about union membership. The union replied by raising the demands of the miners for shorter working hours, better treatment by superiors, and fixing a minimum wage. In response, workers involved in the union were disciplined and refused access to company housing (werkswohnung). On December 1, Waldenburg's miners downed tools in what was the first large-scale mining strike in German history, and of the 7,400 miners in the region, around 6,400 joined the stoppage. A government commission travelled to the strike area, where they demanded that the workers quit the union, otherwise they could not continue in employment. The strikers sent a delegation to Berlin to present Wilhelm I to the demands of the workers but the kaiser did not receive the deputation. Funds arrived from across Germany but not enough to effectively support the miners and their families. Some miners tried to find work in the neighbouring Austrian Silesia, but the authorities blocked the border. Other ended up in the distant Ruhr mining area.

1898 - The first issue of '//La Cuña//' (The Cradle), "Periódico defensor de los obreros del ramo de elaborar madera de España" (Supporting newspaper of the workers of the wood processing branch of Spain) is published in Sabadell, Catalonia. It lasted 138 issues, the last on February 1, 1913. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0112.html]

1900 - The first edition of '//La Voix du Peuple//', "journal syndicaliste: organe de la Confédération générale du travail", is published. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_générale_du_travail www.cairn.info/revue-societes-et-representations-2000-2-page-309.htm www.cgt.fr/Reperes-chronologiques.html placard.ficedl.info/mot7119.html?lang=fr]

[1904 - W. A. 'Tony' Boyle, United Mine Workers (UMW) president, born.]

1907 - The first issue of the fortnightly '//Le Combat Social//', subtitled "Organe révolutionnaire des syndicalistes, socialistes antiparlementaires et libertaires", is published in Limoges. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0112.html]

1908 - Whilst politicians in Brazil and Argentina threaten war between the two countries, worker's organisations and anarcho-syndicalists in both countries jointly organise a day of protest against the possibility of a conflict.

1911 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: John McNamara pleads guilty to first degree murder in the '//Los Angeles Times//' bombing and his brother James pleads guilty to bombing the Llewellyn Iron Works. [see: Oct. 1 & Dec. 25]

[1912 - Rustling card system put in place by the Anaconda Mining & Smelter Company .??]

1925 - Joseph Jean-Marie Tortelier (b. 1854), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, dies. [see: Dec. 26]

1931 - The anarcho-syndicalist Confederación General de Trabajadores is founded in Chile by various anarchist and syndicalist groups including the defunct Federación Obrera Regional de Chile and the Chilean section of the IWW. At its peak it exerted great influence in guilds such as graphic workers, leather and footwear, electricians, carpenters, etc. and had around 20,000 members. [see: Dec. 27] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_General_de_Trabajadores_(Chile) revistahistoria.uc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Sanhueza-Jaime-30.pdf www.blest.eu/biblio/barria/crono.html]

1931 - With the failure of '//Nepreryvka//' (non-interruption), the five-day week [introduced 26 August 1929, commenced 1 October 1929, the Soviet calendar officially changes to the six-day week [announced 23 November 1931 as replacement for 5-day week]. Like the five-day week, this measure is sabotaged by workers and peasants taking both the banned Sundays and the new rest days off.

1932 - In a plenary session of the Regional CNT held in Madrid, the sindicato de ferroviarios (railway union) requested support to declare a general strike in support of wage increases. In the end the //sindicato// backed out as more than half of their union locals thought the strike would be a failure, but the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña (Regional Defence Committee of Catalonia) having taken up the idea of an insurrectionary general strike, as proposed by Joan Garcia Oliver, was ready to implement the "gimnasia revolucionaria" (revolutionary gymnastics) that would precipitate the insurrectionary action needed to prevent the consolidation of the República Burguesa (bourgeois republic). The date chosen was January 8, 1933.

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: An attempt is made to end the month-long strike by sales clerks to gain union recognition at Oakland's two biggest downtown department stores, Hastings and Kahn’s, precipitates the 1946 Oakland general strike, the last of six that occurred that year and the last to occur in the United States. The strike had followed a month-long organising campaign in the summer by the Retail Clerks Local 1265, during which 425 members of the largely female workforce had signed union cards at two downtown stores – Hastings, a haberdashery, and Kahn's, a department store situated across the street. (The fact that both stores were in the same block would be an important factor in what was to happen later.) The Retail Merchants Association (RMA), representing 28 non-union stores, refused union recognition. With the holiday shopping season nearing, Hastings workers went on strike Oct. 23. Picket lines were set up a week later at Kahn's. The Alameda AFL labour council issued a call for members of its 142 affiliated locals to honour the lines, as did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Most importantly, drivers who were members of teamster local 70 refused to make deliveries. As the stock on store shelves had nearly disappeared by the peak holiday shopping period a month later, the city's power structure decided to take drastic measures to deal with the situation. RMA leaders, William Knowland (then Republican Renate majority leader), the police chief, the county sheriff, the district attorney and the head of the Central Bank, met secretly and decided to use strike-breakers to move a half a million dollars worth of goods into the stores. In the pre-dawn hours of Sunday, Dec. 1, six downtown blocks around the stores were roped off by hundreds of Oakland policemen. The 'solidarity picket' – mostly AFL union officers and members who had been in place following an agreement with the Oakland police that they would be forewarned of any deliveries and be allowed to search strike-breaking truck drivers for weapons – were beaten black and blue, as 150 of Oakland's finest in a wedge formation wielding their billyclubs against pickets and bystanders alike, at 06:00 began clearing the streets around Kahn’s and Hastings. Half an hour later, 250 more police marched in platoons out of nearby City Hall and, in the same manner secured a much larger area. The police also set up machine guns right in the middle of the square facing Kahn’s. To add insult to injury, the union members' cars, which they had been given permission to park next to their picket, were towed away by the police and their transmissions deliberately damaged. Effectively, the overnight picket and 75 AFL business agents who had largely made it up, had been set up and betrayed by the cops and, as a result, the unions would go on to withdraw all co-operation with the police. At about 07:00, a streetcar stopped at the police line at 17th Street and Broadway. The police ordered the car man to take it through. However, Al Brown, president of the car men’s union, was standing in the street outside the line and he climbed up into the streetcar to join the driver. "This is a police picket line", he said, "I’ve never crossed a picket line in my life, and I won’t now." Removing the control mechanism, Brown and the driver stepped from the car. By noon, four dozen stalled buses and streetcars were lined up from Oakland’s downtown centre, effectively typing up traffic. The General Strike had begun. Shortly after 07:00, a convoy of delivery trucks (which the overnight picket had been waiting for) and Berkeley and Oakland police in squad cars and motorcycles arrived, crossing police lines to make deliveries to Kahn’s and Hastings. At 10:30, a second convoy of twelve trucks carrying merchandise through picket lines at the entrances of Kahn's and Hastings' entrances. The trucks, owned by the Veterans Trucking Co. of Los Angeles, a professional strike breaking organisation set up by the RMA, had driven 400 miles from Los Angeles with their 'blackleg' cargoes and Oakland police escort. At midday, with the police lines withdrawing once the scab trucks had been unloaded, the streetcars and buses returned //en masse// to their depots. Soon after a meeting of around 75 union officials took place at the Labor Temple to discuss the situation. With those demanding an immediate general strike ranged against various calls for the strike to be postponed until the Tuesday in order to give the unions time to reach and organise their ranks for action, it was decided to call a larger meeting for Monday. Meanwhile, the downtown streets filled with crowds, trapping strike-breaking employees inside the two stores, as the momentum behind a general strike continued to build. [see: Dec. 3]

1999 - Carme Millà i Tersol (b. 1911*), Catalan artist (line drawing), designer, publicist and anarcho-syndicalist poster artist, dies. [see: Jan. 25] [* many sources cite 1907] || [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html#quesnel maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article156609]
 * = 2 || 1883 - Henri Arthur Gaston Quesnel (d. 1966), French metal turner, libertarian trades union activist and anarchist, who was secretary of the Le Havre UL-CGTU from June 1922 to June 1923 and of the UL-CGT after the Liberation, born. [expand]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: With the majority of union members not having signed Livesey's agreement, they now stated that they were not prepared to work with those who had, the Union now ask for the removal of three retort house workers at Vauxhall who had signed the agreements. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1896 - [O.S. Nov. 20] Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; d. 1965), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, born. From a family of grain merchants, Pesotta was well educated and influenced by the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and eventually adopted anarchist views. She emigrated to New York City at the age of 17 (1913), and found employment in a shirtwaist factory, she joined the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union very soon after. The ILGWU was a union that represented mostly Jewish and Latina female garment workers. She was elected to the all male executive board of ILGWU Local 25 in 1920 and attended Brookwood Labor College for two years in the 1920s. In 1933 the union sent her to Los Angeles to organise the garment workers there. The organising of the Mexican immigrant garment workers lead to the Los Angeles Garment workers Strike of 1933. As a result of this success, she was made vice-president of the union in 1934, and sent to Puerto Rico to organise seamstresses. In 1944, she resigned from the General Executive Board of the union in protest of the fact that, despite 85% of the union's membership were women, she was the sole female executive member. She returned to shopfloor organising in disgust. Rose also wrote and published two memoirs, 'Bread Upon the Waters' (1944) and 'Days of Our Lives' (1958). Rose Pesotta died in Miami, Florida on December 6, 1965. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2011.html beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/64039242 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pesotta libcom.org/history/pesotta-rose-1896-1965 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/pesotta/rosebio.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pesotta-rose jwa.org/blog/10-things-you-should-know-about-rose-pesotta www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pesotta-rose theanarchistlibrary.org/library/rose-pesotta-bread-upon-the-waters]

1926 - Première issue of '//Combat Syndicaliste//', journal of the Confédération Générale duTravail - Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), French anarcho-syndicalist section of the AIT.

1932 - Le Havre dockers strike to respond to the fall in their wages [til January 18, 1933]. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

[F] 1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: 84% of the 22,000 employees in the Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft workforce participate in a strike ballot organised by the communist Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition (Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition). 14,471 workers vote for the strike, while 3,993 voted against it. The strike begins the following day, paralysing the German capital for four days and proves to be one of the most significant strikes during the final months of the Weimar Republic. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik_bei_der_Berliner_Verkehrsgesellschaft_1932 www.150-jahre-spd.de/meilensteine/93830/1932_bvg_streik.html www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecialgeschichte/d-55573688.html archiv2007.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/kpf-mitteilungen/view_html?zid=4531&bs=1&n=10 www.exberliner.com/features/lifestyle/eighty-years-ago%3A-when-the-bvg-went-on-strike/ kommunisten-online.de/Archive/historie/bvg-streik.htm de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionäre_Gewerkschafts-Opposition]

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: Following yesterday's attempts by the Retail Merchants Association to break the month-long retail clerks strike and economic blockade of two downtown Oakland stores – Hastings, a haberdashery, and Kahn's, a department store – when large crowds had taken to the streets after police had attacked pickets and passersby indiscrimiately as they tried to clear the streets for the dilivery of merchanise by blackleg drivers, large crowds once again take to the downtown streets, with at one point an estimated 10,000 people showing their support for the hundreds of Retail Clerks’ pickets around the two stores. The strike meeting that had been suspended yesterday, is reconvened at the Labor Temple at 10:00 by union officials in the knowledge that the calls for a general strike, which had spread out overnight across the city to its factories, shops and freight terminals, had now gained an irresistible momentum amongst the rank and file. Finally, after twelve hours of disagreement, a strike call was made. However, with the local leaderships of the various unions equivocating amid fears of reprisals and the potential loss of control over the increasingly militant street-level feeling, the meeting was unable to agree a unified position. The turnout of the 'Labor Holiday' the following day would be massive, as the workers seized control of the city's streets in a joyous celebration of solidarity. [see: Dec. 3] || The workers were thus left no better off. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 3 || 1831 - __Première Révolte des Canuts__: The army enter the city without any blood being shed and with no negotiation or agreements being made. The fixed rate is abolished, the prefect dismissed, the Garde Nationale disbanded, and a large garrison stationed in the town. The government then decided to build a fort to separate the commune of Croix-Rousse from the town of Lyon. 90 workers were arrested, 11 of whom were prosecuted and acquitted in June 1832.

[DD] 1854 - __Eureka Rebellion__: Gold miners in the Ballarat region of Victoria, Australia, take part in the Eureka Rebellion (Battle of Eureka Stockade), one of the most significant stuggles against British colonial rule in Australia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/eureka-stockade]

1872 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; d. 1956), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, born. In the revolutionary movement since the early 1890s, member of the St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса). Head in 1898 of the Ekaterinburg Urals' Social-Democratic group (Уральскую группу социал-демократов), the successor to the Ural Workers' Union (Уральского рабочего союза). Member of the Soviet Writers' Union (Союза писателей СССР) from 1939. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эссен,_Мария_Моисеевна]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Following the formation of the Fascio di Giardinello on November 13, 1893, and its demands for the reduction of taxes on bread, on vehicles and on duties of consumption, refused by the Mayor, the first serious explosion of discontent takes place in the commune. The target of the protest is the mayor, who had signed an agreement with the Duke of Aumale about the waters from the Scorsone spring without provision for the building of public washing facilities promised by the Duke. The washhouse was essential for the needs of the population. [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[E] 1897 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; d. 1980), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist labour activist, born. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), and by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp and fled to Mexico with long-time companion Senya Fleshin. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre21.html#steimer www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2111.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/steimer-mollie libcom.org/history/mollie-steimer-1897-1980-paul-avrich www.infoshop.org/library/mollie-steimer-profile]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 20] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: St. Petersburg janitors protest being forced to act as police informers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[1905 - [O.S. Nov. 20] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Serious unrest by workers and soldiers in Irkutsk / to Jan. 2.1906. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1910 - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Brotherhood of Timber Workers Union, a racially integrated union, is formed in Louisiana and East Texas.

1916 - Seven Wobblies in Australia are sentenced to 15 years in prison for their anti-war efforts during WWI. Others IWW members are sentenced to five and 10 years. In August 1917 IWW is made illegal and membership rolls made available to employers (blacklisted). Despite widespread government and business repression, the IWW helps lead the General Strike of 1917.

1917 - Louise Olivereau, who was convicted on November 30 1917 for mailing out a circular which questioned the draft, is sentenced to ten years in prison at Cañon City, Colorado, the only federal prison for women in the west of the United States. She served 28 months in the state penitentiary in Cañon City, Colorado, before being paroled. The IWW provided no support for Olivereau or her case because of her anarchist pronouncements. Her case was barely mentioned in IWW newspapers. After her release, Olivereau worked at a variety of clerical and sales jobs in Oregon and California. She settled in San Francisco in 1929 and worked as a stenographer. She died there in 1963. [features.crosscut.com/a-woman-found-guilty-of-thinking- www.seattlestar.net/2013/11/november-30-1917-louise-olivereau/ libcom.org/history/olivereau-louise-1883-1963 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sarah-ellen-sharbach-louise-olivereau-and-the-seattle-radical-community-1917-1923]

1928 - __Ruhreisenstreit [Ruhr Iron Dispute__]: Employers in the Rhineland-Westphalian iron industry lift their lock-out of workers following the agreement by the Deutsche Metallarbeiter-Verband union to agree to the special arbitration. On December 21, 1928, the government-appointed arbitrator Carl Severing, the Social Democratic Minister of the Interior, delivered his decision: wages were increased by between one to six Phennigs and working time reduced from 60 to 57 or 52 hours, much worse than the orginal arbitration and a major blow to the unions. The Reichsarbeitsgericht ratified Severing's decision on January 22, 1929. [see: Nov. 1]

1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: Just three months before Hitler came to power, thousands of Berlin transport workers paralyse the capital for four days in what was one of the most significant strikes in the last days of the Weimar Republic. Initially, the employers, the Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft (BVG), had demanded a reduction of 14 to 23 Pfennig an hour, the fifth wage cut since 1929, but the communist Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition (Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition / RGO) union had succeeded in reducing the cut to 2 pfennigs per hour. Of the 22,000 employees of the BVG, about 1,200 of them were RGO members, one fifth of the entire organisation. About 1,200 employees also belonged to the Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation (National Socialist Operational Cell Organization / NSBO) but the majority of BVG employees were unorganised. The RGO however, had been organising so-called Einheitsausschüsse (Unified Committees) within the BVG workforce, which included NSBO and unorganised workers as representative of the various committees and these committees recruited a delegation conference, which met on October 29. Egged on by the KPD and the NSDAP, who were normally sworn enemies, had agreed to cooperate on the issue as both parties recognised that a strike immediately before the Reichstag election of November 6, 1932, would prove an opportunity to obtain new votes in the respective electoral district of the political opponents, they agreed to ballot the entire workforce about a strike, rather than just union members as was the normal practice. On November 2, 84% of the workforce participated. 14,471 workers voted for the strike, while 3,993 voted against it. On November 3, the strike was solid. Not a single subway or bus went out of the depots – there were only a few trams sent on "demonstrative trips" in order to create the impression that everything was normal. But these trams were mostly empty, since riders were scared of the mobs of strikers throwing rocks and breaking windows. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik_bei_der_Berliner_Verkehrsgesellschaft_1932 www.150-jahre-spd.de/meilensteine/93830/1932_bvg_streik.html www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecialgeschichte/d-55573688.html archiv2007.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/kpf-mitteilungen/view_html?zid=4531&bs=1&n=10 www.exberliner.com/features/lifestyle/eighty-years-ago%3A-when-the-bvg-went-on-strike/ kommunisten-online.de/Archive/historie/bvg-streik.htm de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionäre_Gewerkschafts-Opposition]

[F] 1941 - __Union Minière du Haut Katanga Strike__: Black mine workers at various sites in the Belgian Congo province of Katanga go on strike, demanding that their pay be increased from 1.50 francs to 2 francs to compensate for rising living costs, in addition to other grievances against the colonial order including segregation. Whites of the colony were allowed to form trade unions for the first time during the war, and their requests for better wages and working conditions were often imitated by black workers. In October 1941, white workers in the colony unsuccessfully attempted a general strike across the colony. On December 3, black miners in the uranium, copper, cobalt, radium, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin mines owned by the Belgian mining company, Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, around Jadotville and Élisabethville followed suit and downed tools. By the following day 1,400 black workers were on strike. From the start, the colonial authorities attempted to persuade the strikers to disperse and go back to work. When they refused, they were fired on. In Jadotville, 15 strikers were shot dead by the military. In Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi), the strikers, including their leader Léonard Mpoyi, were invited to negotiations at the town's stadium on December 9, where they were offered various concessions, including a 30% pay rise. When the workers refused, the Governor of Katanga, Amour Maron, shot Mpoyi, killing him. The Governor then ordered his soldiers to fire on the other strikers in the stadium. Between 60 and 70 strikers were killed during the slaughter, although the official estimate was around 30. The miners returned to work the following day. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Congo_belge_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II#Strikes]

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: The Oakland General Strike begins after attempts to break a long strike by clerks (mostly women) at two major department stores in the city. In a city-wide act of solidarity, 130,000 workers from 142 unions, including workers from factories, industries, services, retail stores, transportation systems, etc. – the entire population of Oakland was a little more than 405,000 at the time! – declare a "work holiday" and walk off their jobs in an expression of support for striking department store clerks and outrage at police intervention that was facilitating strike breaking activity. The Oakland General Strike lasted for 54 hours, ending at 11:00 on December 5, on the basis of the Oakland City Manager's promise to union officials that police would not again be used to bring in scabs. However, the clerks were ultimately left to fend for themselves. The 1946 Oakland general strike began with a dispute at two downtown department stores, Hastings’ and Kahn’s, where 425 clerks (mostly women) were on strike for union recognition. This followed a month-long organising campaign in the summer by the Retail Clerks Local 1265, during which the mostly female workforce had signed union cards at two downtown stores – Hastings, a haberdashery, and Kahn's, a department store situated across the street. (The fact that both stores were in the same block would be an important factor in what was to happen later.) The Retail Merchants Association (RMA), representing 28 non-union stores, refused union recognition. With the holiday shopping season nearing, Hastings workers went on strike Oct. 23. Picket lines were set up a week later at Kahn's. The Alameda AFL labour council issued a call for members of its 142 affiliated locals to honour the lines, as did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Most importantly, drivers who were members of teamster local 70 refused to make deliveries. As the stock on store shelves had nearly disappeared by the peak holiday shopping period a month later, the city's power structure decided to take drastic measures to deal with the situation. RMA leaders, William Knowland (then Republican Renate majority leader), the police chief, the county sheriff, the district attorney and the head of the Central Bank, met secretly and decided to use strike-breakers to move a half a million dollars worth of goods into the stores. In the pre-dawn hours of Sunday, Dec. 1, six downtown blocks around the stores were roped off by hundreds of Oakland policemen. The 'solidarity picket' – mostly AFL union officers and members who had been in place following an agreement with the Oakland police that they would be forewarned of any deliveries and be allowed to search strike-breaking truck drivers for weapons – were beaten black and blue, as 150 of Oakland's finest in a wedge formation wielding their billyclubs against pickets and bystanders alike, at 06:00 began clearing the streets around Kahn’s and Hastings. Half an hour later, 250 more police marched in platoons out of nearby City Hall and, in the same manner secured a much larger area. The police also set up machine guns right in the middle of the square facing Kahn’s. To add insult to injury, the union members' cars, which they had been given permission to park next to their picket, were towed away by the police and their transmissions deliberately damaged. Effectively, the overnight picket and 75 AFL business agents who had largely made it up, had been set up and betrayed by the cops and, as a result, the unions would go on to withdraw all co-operation with the police. At about 07:00, a streetcar stopped at the police line at 17th Street and Broadway. The police ordered the car man to take it through. However, Al Brown, president of the car men’s union, was standing in the street outside the line and he climbed up into the streetcar to join the driver. "This is a police picket line", he said, "I’ve never crossed a picket line in my life, and I won’t now." Removing the control mechanism, Brown and the driver stepped from the car. By noon, four dozen stalled buses and streetcars were lined up from Oakland’s downtown centre, effectively typing up traffic. The General Strike had begun. Shortly after 07:00, a convoy of delivery trucks (which the overnight picket had been waiting for) and Berkeley and Oakland police in squad cars and motorcycles arrived, crossing police lines to make deliveries to Kahn’s and Hastings. At 10:30, a second convoy of twelve trucks carrying merchandise through picket lines at the entrances of Kahn's and Hastings' entrances. The trucks, owned by the Veterans Trucking Co. of Los Angeles, a professional strike breaking organisation set up by the RMA, had driven 400 miles from Los Angeles with their 'blackleg' cargoes and Oakland police escort. At midday, with the police lines withdrawing once the scab trucks had been unloaded, the streetcars and buses returned en masse to their depots. Soon after a meeting of around 75 union officials took place at the Labor Temple to discuss the situation. With those demanding an immediate general strike ranged against various calls for the strike to be postponed until the Tuesday in order to give the unions time to reach and organise their ranks for action, it was decided to call a larger meeting for Monday. Meanwhile, the downtown streets filled with crowds, trapping strike-breaking employees inside the two stores, as the momentum behind a general strike continued to build. On the Monday, large crowds – at one point growing to 10,000 people – assembled downtown, augmenting the hundreds of Retail Clerks’ pickets around the two stores. Union officials began the recalled strike meeting at 10:00 that day, in the knowledge that the calls for a general strike, which had spread out overnight across the city to its factories, shops and freight terminals, had now gained an irresistible momentum amongst the rank and file. Finally, after twelve hours of disagreement, a strike call was made. However, with the local leaderships of the various unions equivocating amid fears of reprisals and the potential loss of control over the increasingly militant street-level feeling, the meeting was unable to agree a unified position. On Tuesday morning, the turnout was massive, with an estimated twenty-thousand people arriving downtown to join the pickets. Some workers joined the strike in organised contingents, marching from their union halls, whilst roving squads of Teamsters and the Seaman's International Union members patrolled the streets and highways, bringing most commercial transport to a halt. Other groups fanned out into the industrial districts, calling out those workers who were ignorant of, or had not heeded the strike call. Drivers from the Teamsters' local 70 also refused to deliver Oakland's three daily newspapers, thereby closing off the most important avenue of the city's ruling circle to undermine strike support. However, confusion reigned over whether to keep open restaurants and other food outlets and it was said that the AFL negotiating committee had to send to San Francisco for sandwiches. But, despite the confusion, a holiday mood prevailed during the 'Labor Holiday', as many were calling it. Juke boxes from the downtown bars, which remained open, much to the relief of many, were carried out onto the sidewalks, with couples danced to songs like the then No. 1 'Pistol Packin’ Mama' whilst others broke out into bouts of community singing. The cops also gave up trying to police Oakland's largely peaceful streets – police records show only 86 arrests over a 36 hour period, and only two of those were for robberies, and only one involved assault with a deadly weapon. A mass strike meeting was held Tuesday night at the Oakland Auditorium. It had been called before the General Strike in order to build support for the clerks but a huge crowd estimated at between 15,000 and 35,000, attended, despite the absence of public transportation and a driving rainstorm. The hall wasn’t big enough to accommodate the crowd and thousands had to stand outside in the rain, listening to the speeches over loudspeakers. The Seaman's International Union president, Harry Lundeberg, received the biggest cheer of the night when he denounced the use of police to escort scabs as "fascism in America" and claimed that the "strike breakers were "… just the average finks" and that "… the super finks are the city administration." On Wednesday 4th, the downtown crowds grew at one point to 35,000 people. With many of the strikers as determined as the day before to "fight to the finish" amid rumours that the strike might spread to San Francisco and that the CIO, who had not come out in support of the strike, might join. Alameda County CIO had already giving vocal support to the strike, and their members were honouring AFL picket lines. The union had also called a mass membership meeting for Thursday night to decide whether its 30,000 members would join the strike, thereby cutting off the city's gas, telephones, electricity and water, if the dispute hadn’t been settled by then. Others feared that the National Guard might be called out. However, the first major setback to the general strike came when West Coast and national leadership of the Teamsters came out against the strike, calling it "a lot of foolishness". Dan Tobin, President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, telegraphed the Local 70: "The International Brotherhood of Teamsters is bitterly opposed to any general strike for any cause. I am therefore ordering you and all those associated with you who are members of our International Union to return to work as soon as possible … No general strike has ever yet brought success to the labour movement, On the contrary, the only result of the general strike is to persecute and inconvenience the public and seriously injury the thousands of fair employers with whom we have contracts." The Teamsters' West Coast vice president Dave Beck ordered the teamsters back to work by midnight Wednesday. With the Teamster leadership so publicly against the strike, the employers knew that they then held all the cards. At a meeting of AFL business agents and officials at the Labor Temple on Wednesday, Einar Mohn, a Teamster International organiser in Los Angeles and Beck's man on the spot, together with Harry Lundeberg, managed to persuade those gathered that the strike was doomed despite the then widespread rank and file optimism. That night, the AFL negotiating committee met with Oakland City Manager, Jack Hassler, and the employers, who still refused arbitration on any but their own terms. However, after the employers had left the meeting about midnight, the union and Hassler continued to negotiate. Finally, at 04:00 the meeting broke up – Hassler had pledged that in the future police would not escort strike-breakers and would be impartial in bargaining disputes, and that the Veterans Trucking Co. would be removed from the Bay Area. Pending a vote of AFL officials, the strike was over. At this point the employers, "in light of last night’s events", decided to withdraw from any further discussion of arbitration. The store clerks would not benefit from the settlement. Despite Beck's order, Local 70 instructed its members to stay on strike until the settlement could be voted by the AFL business agents Thursday morning – the teamsters would not break ranks and cause a stampede, even if their leaders had bowed to pressure for breaking the Strike. At 10:30, Thursday, the AFL business agents voted to end the strike. The committee issued a statement: "… our civil liberties have been restored by the appointment of a responsible executive head to our city government. We have the assurance from Mr. Hassler that the causes of the general walkout have been removed." When news of the settlement reached the thousands of clerks, teamsters, car men and other unionists on the picket line, it was greeted with anger. One teamster told reporters that Beck had "stabbed us in the back". The clerks felt especially betrayed. They were to be left to fight on alone. For the rest of the day the picket lines remained, with hundreds of AFL rank and filers continuing to refuse to return to their jobs. Many of these attempted to revive the General Strike by convening meetings of their local unions. But the momentum was gone, and these attempts failed. The General Strike was over The clerks however remained on the picket lines for a further six months despite warning of dismissal if they did not resume working. Negotiations resumed in December under the auspices of the Federal Conciliation Service, but remained deadlocked. Teamsters continued to honour the picket lines despite intense pressure from the West cast leadership. In mid-December, the Merchants’ Association obtained a court injunction limiting picketing to five per store entrance. The clerk's strike finally ended on May 14, after the union accepted a modified agency shop clause, sadly not appreciably different from that originally offered by the employers at the beginning of their dispute. Eventually Hastings would also sign a union contract, an act for which it was expelled from the RMA. The RMA itself later recognised the Retail Clerks local 1265 as the exclusive bargaining agent for its 27 other affiliates and agreed not to interfere with union organising campaigns among their employees. A somewhat pyrrhic victory. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Oakland_general_strike www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/unitedstates/california.html iww.org/content/oakland’s-third-attempt-general-strike libcom.org/library/oakland-general-strike www.oaklandhistorymurals.com/1946-general-strike.html www.counterpunch.org/2011/11/01/the-1946-oakland-general-strike/]

1979 - __British Steel Workers Strike__: The British Steel Corporation announced to the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC) Union of 90,000 steel workers that it could afford only a base raise of 0- 2% for the next year, and that workers could negotiate raises of up to 10% on a local plant-by-plant level depending on the plant’s productivity. The national inflation rate was 17%. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-steel-workers-defend-wages-against-threatened-decrease-1980]

2013 - Looting begins in Cordoba, Argentina’s second-largest city, when the provincial police force go on strike, demanding a doubling of the basic wage to 13,000 Argentine pesos. More than 1,000 stores are robbed, hundreds of people are injured and one person is killed. Dozens are arrested and over thousand hypermarkets, supermarkets and small shops lose around 400 million pesos in thefts. Events in Cordoba signal ten days of rioting (Dec. 3-13) across Argentina, during which the Argentina Confederation of Businesses and regional chambers of commerce estimated the losses at 568,450,000 Argentine pesos and 1,900 businesses were affected by looting. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeliones_policiales_en_Argentina_de_2013 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_police_revolts_in_Argentina] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Cooper spartacus-educational.com/Wcooper.htm]
 * = 4 || [E] 1864 - Selina Cooper (d. 1946), English mill worker, trade union activist, suffragist, anti-fascist and the first woman to represent the Independent Labour Party in 1901, when she was elected as a Poor Law Guardian, born.

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: With the majority of the National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers' members not having signed up for the profit sharing scheme agreement, which had been drawn up by George Livesey, the chair of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, as part of his plans to drive the Union out of the South Met.'s gasworks, and now refusing to work with those who had signed up, on November 2nd had Union had upped the ante by asking for the removal of three retort house workers at Vauxhall who had signed the agreements. Two days later on the 4th, the Board of South Met. Gas received a resolution that the Union had also sent to the daily papers. It read: "That in the opinion of this meeting ...men who have signed the bonus scheme brought out by Mr. Livesey whom we look upon as blacklegs to our Society, is condemned by us as unjust, unfair and must be resisted and that all the men in the South Metropolitan Gas Works are justified in giving in their notices forthwith, until the same be abolished and the said men removed from the works" and stated that a copy be sent to the Directors. The following day a correction to the resolution was sent out by the union, claiming that it should have read "or the said men" (rather than "and the said men"). [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 21] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: A city-wide Moscow Soviet, representing eighty thousand workers, is formed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1912 - María Mañas Zubero (d. 1991), Spanish anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0412.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/salas/salas.html]

[EE] 1912 - Irma Götze (d. 1980), German pediatric nurse, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. The daughter of Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers’ Union of Germany) members Anna Götze and Karl Brauner, she too was a FAUD member and was active in the Leipziger Meuten, a working class opposition group of mainly young people. She acted as an underground courier, taking messages to and from Czechoslovakia, and helped produce illegal flyers and leaflets. In 1935, Irma Götze fled Germany for Spain, taking part in the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia in 1936. She was particularly involved in the political work of the German anarcho-syndicalists in Barcelona, and providing supplies for the militia. She was arrested by the Soviet GPU secret police in May 1937, taken to the notorious secret prison at Puerta del Angel, and later transferred to a women’s prison. After her release, Irma Götze emigrated to France in 1938. She was interned in the Gurs, Argelès-sur-Mer, and Rivesaltes camps as an “enemy alien” in 1940 and 1941, eventually ending up in the hands of the Gestapo. In 1942 the Dresden Higher Regional Court sentenced her to two years and six months in prison for her illegal work for the FAUD. After serving this term at Waldheim penitentiary, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp. There, Irma Götze met her mother Anna for the first time in nine years, after the older woman had spent eight years in imprisonment. Both mother and daughter survived the war. [www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/goetze-2/ digitalresist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rebellische-orte-sigismundstr6-anna_19.html]

1919 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: An Oakland jury finds Oakland IWW secretary James McHugo guilty of violating California's Criminal Syndicalism Law; it takes the jury five minutes to arrive at its decision, and McHugo is sentenced to one to fourteen years in San Quentin prison.

1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: By the second day of the strike, the government had declared the whole strike illegal and armed police were riding on the fronts and the backs of these trams. The KPD's newspaper '//Die Rote Fahne//' was banned. The two political parties brought out their fighting groups to support the pickets, blockading depots, fighting against the police, ripping up track lines and otherwise sabotaging the BVG service – "Nazis and Kozis" sometimes side by side. During the morning in front of the depot at Belzigerstrasse, then at Rudolf-Wilde-Platz, and in the Martin-Luther-Strasse, hundreds of Communists and National Socialists were involved in mass scuffles with the police, with many protesters arrested. In the district strongholds of the SA and the KPD, strikers blocked the roads, breaking drivers' windows and beating them up. Of the 271 trams in use that day, 165 were severely damaged. By nightfall the BVG had once again completely stopped its operations. That night police carried out numerous, sometimes arbitrary, arrests of workers. [see: Nov. 3]

1935 - In Geneva, anarchists begin destroying slum housing, smashing windows and tearing up roofs this evening as part of an intense FOBB (Federation of Wood and Construction Workers) campaign of agitation over workers' homes which were little better than hovels.

1941 - __Union Minière du Haut Katanga Strike__: 1,400 black workers at the Belgian mining company, Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, in the Belgium Congo are now on strike. [see: Dec. 3] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Congo_belge_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II#Strikes]

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: Following the previous day's celebratory atmosphere, crowds once again thronged the downtown streets, growing at one point to 35,000 people. With many of the strikers as determined as the day before to "fight to the finish" amid rumours that the strike might spread to San Francisco and that the CIO, who had not come out in support of the strike, might join. Alameda County CIO had already giving vocal support to the strike, and their members were honouring AFL picket lines. The union had also called a mass membership meeting for Thursday night to decide whether its 30,000 members would join the strike, thereby cutting off the city's gas, telephones, electricity and water, if the dispute hadn’t been settled by then. Others feared that the National Guard might be called out. However, the first major setback to the general strike came when West Coast and national leadership of the Teamsters came out against the strike, calling it "a lot of foolishness". Dan Tobin, President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, telegraphed the Local 70: "The International Brotherhood of Teamsters is bitterly opposed to any general strike for any cause. I am therefore ordering you and all those associated with you who are members of our International Union to return to work as soon as possible … No general strike has ever yet brought success to the labour movement, On the contrary, the only result of the general strike is to persecute and inconvenience the public and seriously injury the thousands of fair employers with whom we have contracts." The Teamsters' West Coast vice president Dave Beck ordered the teamsters back to work by midnight Wednesday. With the Teamster leadership so publicly against the strike, the employers knew that they then held all the cards. At a meeting of AFL business agents and officials at the Labor Temple on Wednesday, Einar Mohn, a Teamster International organiser in Los Angeles and Beck's man on the spot, together with Harry Lundeberg, managed to persuade those gathered that the strike was doomed despite the then widespread rank and file optimism. That night, the AFL negotiating committee met with Oakland City Manager, Jack Hassler, and the employers, who still refused arbitration on any but their own terms. However, after the employers had left the meeting about midnight, the union and Hassler continued to negotiate. Finally, at 04:00 the meeting broke up – Hassler had pledged that in the future police would not escort strike-breakers and would be impartial in bargaining disputes, and that the Veterans Trucking Co. would be removed from the Bay Area. Pending a vote of AFL officials, the strike was over. At this point the employers, "in light of last night’s events", decided to withdraw from any further discussion of arbitration. The store clerks would not benefit from the settlement. [see: Dec. 3]

[F] 2007 - __South African Miners' Strike__: South Africa’s 270,000-member National Union of Mineworkers hold a one-day strike action to protest unsafe working conditions in the country’s mines. In 2007, over 200 miners died on the job in South Africa. “We are losing mine workers on an almost daily basis,” said a union spokesperson. “This is because of pure negligence.” Affecting over 240,000 workers in 60 of the nation's mines, it was the first ever industry-wide miners' strike in South African history. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_Africa_miners'_strike www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/05/southafrica.davidberesford]

2013 - At 12:00, after 35 hours of violence, looting and destruction in Cordoba, Governor Jose Manuel de la Sota announced after four meetings, an agreement with the strikers and they returned to patrol the streets. It consists of a wage increase of more than 30 percent for the force personnel, the basic wage of 8,000 Argentine pesos (up from 6,500) from February 2014. He also promised that there will be no sanctions or reprisals against the strikers. Events in Cordoba inspire police forces in other provinces to go out on strike too. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeliones_policiales_en_Argentina_de_2013 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_police_revolts_in_Argentina] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rygier]
 * = 5 || 1885 - Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; d. 1953), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist, born. One-time editor at the socialist newspaper '//Il Popolo d'Italia//', founded by Benito Mussolini in 1914. Later an anti-fascist exile in France and wrote '//Rivelazioni sul Fuoruscitismo Italiano in Francia'// (Revelations about Antifascist Exiles in France; 1946). [expand]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: By noon on December 5th 2,000 notices had been handed in. Strictly speaking, this was not actually a strike, although it is always described as such. 'Strike' is a convenient shorthand term to described what happened. Under the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act it was illegal for gasworkers to strike and so it was necessary for them to give a week's notice to terminate their employment, thus the employers had a week's notice of cessation of work. Given this, the employers now argued that there was no need for them to negotiate with the union as men had legitimately and legally left their jobs and they had legally and legitimately replaced them with new workers. The fact that the men had all left together was unfortunate but irrelevant. The Board now set in motion their strikebreaking plans. Agents had been sent round the country to obtain blacklegs; in the Kent brickfields 'willing workers' were being offered a bonus and free food on top of wages – 5/4 for an eight hour shift. The entire staff of Ramsgate Gas Works was recruited – to the annoyance of Mr Valon, its manager; agents were giving away beer in Cambridge. In Yarmouth scabs protected by the police were taken off by train but the local SDF branch saw them off "with a warm groan". Barclay’s Brewery sent men, workhouse inmates were told to apply or lose benefit; the Prisoners Aid Society directed discharged prisoners to there, Gasworkers on strike from the Manchester arrived – they said Londoners always blacklegged on them. 'Free Labour' also came – men recruited as dedicated strikebreakers by politically motivated agents like William Collinson'. Corrugated iron huts were erected inside the works. Food was brought in – animals, tinned meat, tapioca and bread from the Golden Grain Bread Co. Beer from the Lion Brewery was provided – criticised by temperance strikers who thought Livesey was on their side in this: "this virtuous gent is one of the shining lights of the temperance platform yet he has collected numerous barrels of beer, anxious to make his blackleg crew roaring drunk." [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

[BB] 1896 - Henry Poulaille (d. 1980), novelist, anarchist, director of Éditions Grasset, the journal '//Le Nouvel Âge Littéraire//', founder of Le Musée du Soir [a room for workers, which included a library of books, magazines, newspapers and brochures, organised exhibitions of photographs and engravings, as well as meetings with writers], born into a poor working class anarchist family. Avidly devoured his father's library of anarchist books. Orphaned at 13, his brother and sister went to relatives but he chose to fend for himself selling newspapers and other unskilled jobs. Eventually he became friends with Jules Erlebach, known as Ducret, who ran an anarchist bookshop L’idée Libre (The Free Idea). Others he met around the same time were Jean Grave, Paul Delesalle, Victor Serge and Rirette Maîtrejean. During WWI he was wounded (Oct. 1917) and following his demob (Apr. 1919) he ended up working at the newspaper of the Commune Libre of Montmartre, '//La Vache Enragée//' (The Angry Cow), wrote for other papers including L’Humanité and also signed the Manifesto of The International Union of Progressive Artists launched by the Dutch group De Stijl in 1922. Later he became secretary of its press service and then its director. This helped him publish his own writings and those of other anarchist authors. He continued writing for the anarchist press (including '//La Revue Anarchiste//' and '//L’Insurgé//', edited by André Colomer) and promoting the idea of proletarian literature, creating the Prize Without A Name, which he promoted in his paper Journal 'Sans Nom' in 1925. The same year he published his first novel '//Ils Etaient Quatre//' (They Were Four). [expand] Many of his other novels are autobiographical: '//Le Pain Quotidien//' (Daily Bread, covering the years 1903-1906; 1931); '//Les Damnés de la Terre//' [Le Pain Quotidien 2: 1906-1909] (The Wretched of the Earth; 1935); '//Pain de Soldat//' [1914-1917] (Soldier's Bread; 1937); '//Les Rescapés//' [Pain de soldat 2, 1917-1920] (The Survivors; 1938) and, unpublished in his lifetime, '//Seul Dans la Vie à 14 Ans//' [1909-1914] (Alone in the Life of a 14-year-old'; 1980) - all featuring a working class family: the Magneux; with the character of Loulou Magneux being his literary double. During and after WWII, Poulaille also anthologised numerous stories, carols and songs, and many of these books still remain in use as reference tools. [libcom.org/history/poulaille-henry-1896-1980]

1920 - In Barcelona, ​​following a general strike in protest against the deportation of about thirty anarcho-syndicalist militants to the Mola de Mahón in Minorca, a group of cenetistas stationed in a strategic place of the Campo del Arpa opened fire against pickets of Guardia Civil that patrolled the area. The guards were able to arrest Gregorio Daura Raduá [Gregorio Dora in the Castillian language Madrid press], whom they took to the police station, which was heavily handcuffed, but halfway behind the Plaza de Toros de la Monumental, they applied the 'ley de fugas' – the right to shoot to kill 'fleeing prisoners'. According to the note that appeared in the press, Daura had tried to flee and was then shot him down by the Guardia Civil. Thus Gregorio Daura Raduá became the first victim of the application of this 'ley de fugas', even though Eduardo Dato, the president of the Consejo de Ministros, did not formally sign the Ley de Fugas legislation into law until January 20, 1921. From that day the 'law' would become the default tactic for ridding the authorities of troublesome workers. However, this first execution of the 'ley de fugas' did not turn out as the guards had planned when, in the belief that Daura was dead and had taken his body to the Depósito Judicial del Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, ​​the doctors there discovered that Daura was still alive and managed to save the life. [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=5_de_diciembre]

1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: In clashes, three protesters (Albert Kayser, Otto Schmirgal und Conny Behrens) are shot by the police, eight more seriously injured. As per their threat, the BVG's directorate begins handing out the first thousand of dismissals following the unions' refusal to accept the terms of a mediation process that had confirmed the 2 Pfennig an hour pay cut. [see: Nov. 3]

1935 - __Svalyavsky Timberworkers' Strike [Свалявський страйк деревообробників__]: 800 Transcarpathian loggers in Svalyavy (Сваляви) go out on strike following the employers refusal to meet the workers' demands of September 29. They are joined by workers from the area's sawmills and chemical plant bringing their numbers to around 3,000. In parts of Transcarpathia and Slovakia the populus help collect food and money in support of the strikers. Police responded by cutting off electricty to woekrs dwellings and the strikers were threatened with loosing their jobs and faced eviction. The strike ended on December 14 when the bosses were forced to sign a new collective bargaining agreement nad increase pay by 10%. [uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Свалявський_страйк_деревообробників_1935_року]

1943 - National Plenem of the Regionals of the CNT in Exile in France is held in Marseilles.

1946 - __Oakland General Strike__: Despite the order by the Teamsters' West Coast vice president Dave Beck to retuurn to work, Local 70 instructed its members to stay on strike until the settlement could be voted by the AFL business agents Thursday morning – the teamsters would not break ranks and cause a stampede, even if their leaders had bowed to pressure for breaking the Strike. At 10:30, Thursday, the AFL business agents voted to end the strike. The committee issued a statement: "… our civil liberties have been restored by the appointment of a responsible executive head to our city government. We have the assurance from Mr. Hassler that the causes of the general walkout have been removed." When news of the settlement reached the thousands of clerks, teamsters, car men and other unionists on the picket line, it was greeted with anger. One teamster told reporters that Beck had "stabbed us in the back". The clerks felt especially betrayed. They were to be left to fight on alone. For the rest of the day the picket lines remained, with hundreds of AFL rank and filers continuing to refuse to return to their jobs. Many of these attempted to revive the General Strike by convening meetings of their local unions. But the momentum was gone, and these attempts failed. The General Strike was over The clerks however remained on the picket lines for a further six months despite warning of dismissal if they did not resume working. Negotiations resumed in December under the auspices of the Federal Conciliation Service, but remained deadlocked. Teamsters continued to honour the picket lines despite intense pressure from the West cast leadership. In mid-December, the Merchants’ Association obtained a court injunction limiting picketing to five per store entrance. The clerk's strike finally ended on May 14, after the union accepted a modified agency shop clause, sadly not appreciably different from that originally offered by the employers at the beginning of their dispute. Eventually Hastings would also sign a union contract, an act for which it was expelled from the RMA. The RMA itself later recognised the Retail Clerks local 1265 as the exclusive bargaining agent for its 27 other affiliates and agreed not to interfere with union organising campaigns among their employees. A somewhat pyrrhic victory. [see: Dec. 3]

1946 - Alexander 'Sanja' Schapiro (Alexander Moissejewitsch Schapiro [Александр Моисеевич Шапиро]; b. 1882), Russian Jewish anarcho-syndicalist militant active in the international anarchist movement, dies. Secretary of the London branch of the Anarchist Red Cross and of the anti-authoritarian A.I.T. (Association Internationale des Travailleurs). Worked on the Russian anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//Rabochii Put'//' (The Workers Voice) and the French anarcho-syndicalist paper, '//La Voix du Travail//' (The Voice of Labour). [deu.anarchopedia.org/Alexander_Schapiro de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Moissejewitsch_Schapiro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schapiro www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0512.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m37qj6]

[F] 1955 - The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge to form, yes you guessed it, the AFL-CIO.

2002 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (b. 1916), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, dies. [see: May 17]

2007 - __South Africa Miners' Strike__: More than 240,000 workers in 60 of South Africa's mines hold a one-day strike over working conditions and safety in the country's mining industry. Called by the National Union of Mineworkers of South Africa on Novemebr 27, it was the first ever industry-wide miners' strike in South African history. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_Africa_miners'_strike] ||
 * = 6 || [F] 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: A curfew is declared in Nottinghamshire to try to stop the Luddite revolt; in response, 36 frames are destroyed in the next six days.

1889 - The trial of the Chicago Haymarket anarchists begins.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 23] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The Moscow Censorship Committee launch prosecutions against the editors of the liberal newspapers 'Evening Mail' (Вечерняя почта), 'Voice of Life' (Голос жизни), 'News' (Новости дня), and the Social Democratic newspaper 'Moskovskaya Pravda' (Московская правда). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

[FF] 1928 - __Matanza de las Bananeras [Banana Massacre] / Masacre de Ciénaga or Santa Maria__: Alarmed by the extent of the civil unrest, but unwilling to allow America to participate in a domestic matter, the Colombian government sent a regiment of 300 men from Bogotá to put down the strike. Under the leadership of General Cortés Vargas, the government forces set up machine guns on the roofs of the low buildings at the corners of Ciénaga’s main square, closed off the access streets, surrounding the strikers who were gathered within. A five-minute warning was issued to disperse, but before the protesters had time to respond, orders were given to open fire on the crowd. Reports of casualties widely differed, and were constantly disputed by both sides, but estimates of striker fatalities range from Cortés Vargas's 47 to around 2,000, with 100 injured. Survivors, popular oral histories and written documents give figures of 800-3000 killed, adding that the killers threw the bodies into the sea, with many women and children included amongst the dead. The bloody events were recounted in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s 1967 novel '//One Hundred Years of Solitude//'. The aggressive and uncompromising tactics of General Vargas ensured a swift end to the strikes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_massacre es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_las_Bananeras www.banrepcultural.org/node/32971 dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4653950.pdf modernfarmer.com/2014/07/latest-old-time-farm-crime-banana-massacre/ ufcincolumbia.weebly.com/santa-marta-massacre-of-1928.html]

1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: The Reichstag election takes place, which brought gains for the KPD (700,000 votes - 140,000 or 2.4% of the vote in Berlin - and was now supported by 6 million voters countrywide), whilst the NSADP lost 2 million votes, mostly amongst bourgeois voters, who deserted them for having participated in the strike. [see: Nov. 3]

1937 - The IWA meets in extra-ordinary congress in Paris (December 6 -17) to examine the CNT’s struggle in Spain, especially the problematic entry of anarchists into leading positions within the government. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0612.html]

1965 - Rose Pesotta (Rakhel Peisoty; b. 1896), US seamstress, labour activist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, dies. [see: Nov. 20 / Dec. 2]

1979 - __British Steel Workers Strike__: Following the British Steel Corporation's announcement on December 3 that it could afford only a base raise of 0- 2% for the next year, and that its workers could negotiate raises of up to 10% on a local plant-by-plant level depending on the plant’s productivity (this during a period when the national inflation rate was 17%) BSC management now announce a reduced 1980 production target of 15.2 million tonnes, down from an estimated 18.3 million in 1979. This decrease in production would allow a reduction of 52,000 employees in the work force of 160,000. The following day the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation announce a national strike beginning on January 2, 1980. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-steel-workers-defend-wages-against-threatened-decrease-1980] ||
 * = 7 || 1822 - Émile Digeon (d. 1894), French revolutionary socialist journalist, born. Best remembered as the leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune of late March 1871, libertarian free thinker and contributor to the anarchist journal '//L'insurgé//'. In 1883 Digeon was an anarchist candidate(!) in the Narbonne elections, author of '//La Commune de Paris Devant les Anarchistes//' (1885).

1837 - Charles Perron (d. 1909), Swiss-born anarchist, militant of the First International, Bakuninist propagandist and cartographer, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html#perron fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perron_(cartographe) raforum.info/reclus/spip.php?article350 blog.mondediplo.net/2010-02-05-Charles-Perron-cartographe-de-la-juste]

1908 - National Union of Dock Labourers organiser James Larkin is officially suspended from the Liverpool-based union by the union's general secretary, James Sexton. Sexton had intervened to end the Belfast Dockers’ and Carters’ Strike in the summer of 1907, fearing the effect of the ongoing drain on the union's funds due to the payment of strike pay. Larkin had been instrumental in organising the dispute and Sexton's intervention marked the beginning of his conflict with the NUDL's executive, a situation which had been further exacerbated by his success in reviving many of the union's moribund Irish branches and even opening new ones. The final straw as far as the executive was concerned was Larkin's use of the union's funds to support an unofficial strike of dock workers in Cork, leading directly to his suspension. Larkin's response was to found the Irish Transport and General Workers Union, with many of the NUDL's members defecting to join his new organisation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union en.citizendium.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union spartacus-educational.com/IRElarkin.htm www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19555]

[1918 - 100,000 textile workers strike in Lancashire, England. [unknown orig. source]

1919 - __Palmer Raids__: At 21:00 on November 7, 1919, a date chosen because it was the second anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution, agents of the Bureau of Investigation, together with local police, executed a series of well-publicised and violent raids against the Union of Russian Workers (Союз Русских Рабочих) in 12 cities [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids todayinclh.com/?event=repression-first-palmer-raids-in-twelve-cities archive.org/details/toamericanpeople00natiuoft spartacus-educational.com/USApalmerR.htm]

1932 - __Streik bei der Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft [Berlin Transport Strike__]: The joint strike front crumbles and workers drift back. By the following morning, trams, buses and underground trains are operating as normal. [see: Nov. 3]

1946 - The founding conference of the anarcho-syndicalist Confédération Nationale du Travail (CNT-F) is held in Paris [Dec. 7-9. Its name is derived from its Spanish counterpart, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, and is set up by exiled Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, former members of Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), as well as young people who participated in the Résistance and who had left the CGT because of its links to the PCF. [www.cnt-f.org/cnt31/spip.php?article200 www.cnt-f.org/presentation.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_nationale_du_travail_(France) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confédération_nationale_du_travail]

[F] 1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: Oil workers for Shell Oil Co. and Vacuum Oil Co. in Suva and Nadi take part in a strike called by the Wholesale and Retail General Workers' Union. The union had submitted a series of demands on October 10: a raise in the company’s minimum wage from £3.6d to £6, a 40-hour working week, paid sick leave, and two weeks paid vacation per year. In response, Shell and Vacuum each offered a raise to £3.10s, with no added benefits. The bosses' offer was rejected on December 2. On Monday, December 7, the union notified the two companies that their workers in Suva and other key oil distribution points were on strike, whilst making arrangements to allow oil supplies to basic services, which included the electrical station, water station, hospital and rubbish collectors. The colonial government had made no preparations for such a strike and serious disruption followed, as petrol supplies to motorists ran out by midday on the first day of the strike. [libcom.org/history/1959-fiji-oil-workers-strike www.heartfield.org/1959.htm]

[C] 1959 - Bernard Goldstein (b. 1889), Polish socialist, union organiser, who was active in the Warsaw Ghetto, helping smuggle in arms in preparation for the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, dies. After Poland's liberation from German occupation, he emigrated to the United States and wrote his autobiography, '//Five Years in the Warsaw Ghetto//' (1949), originally titled '//The Stars Bear Witness//' (1959).

1979 - __British Steel Workers Strike__: Following the announcements by BSC management on its wage increase offer [Dec. 3] and the production target for the following year [Dec. 6], the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation call a national strike beginning on January 2, 1980. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-steel-workers-defend-wages-against-threatened-decrease-1980]

1979 - In Valencia-Córdoba, a militant of the CNT transport union is arrested, accused of belonging to the Grupos Autónomos Anarquistas implicated in the Vilamarí Street tunnel which aimed to free prisoners from the Modelo de Barcelona prison.

1995 - Up to 1.75 million striking French workers demonstrate in marches, shutting down the country as part of an escalating series of General Strikes protesting government cutbacks and global exploitation of workers.

[D] 2012 - Workers in the big Egyptian textile city of al-Mahallat al-Kubra (Mahalla for short) take over the City Council offices, ousting the council and declaring themselves a Revolutionary Committee and that Mahalla was now the 'Independent Republic of Greater Mahalla', autonomous from the 'Ikhwani (Brotherhood) State' (although retaining its allegiance to the Egyptian state and using its national anthem). The act comes in response to bloody clashes in the city’s centre on 27 November between supporters and opponents of President Mohamed Morsy. The 5,000 workers who had finished their evening shift at the massive Misr Spinning and Weaving Company and marched on to Shon Square, protesting at what they perceived to be Morsy’s power grab, were attacked by pro-Morsy thugs with shotguns and Molotovs, leaving more than 350 injured. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mooney spartacus-educational.com/USAmooney.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_Day_Bombing]
 * = 8 || 1882 - Tom Mooney (Thomas Joseph Mooney; d. 1942), US political activist and labour leader, Socialist Party of America member and one-time IWW member, who was falsely convicted with Warren K. Billings of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916, born. [expand]

1883 - Georges Thomas (d. 1970), French teacher, anarchist, syndicalist and the socialist politician, born. Involved in anarchist circles between 1910-14, collaborating on Jean Grave's '//Temps Nouveaux//'. Post-WWI, he moved towards libertarian socialism but still collaborated with anarchist Charles Benoît on '//L'Avenir International//'. However, he embraced the October Revolution, forming l'Association Ouvrière et Paysanne des Victimes de la Guerre d'Indre, joining Secció Francesa de la Internacional Obrera (SFIO) and ultimately the Parti Socialiste, where he denounced his previously held libertarian views. [histoire-sociale.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article319 chs.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article319 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/112855]

1922 - Mary Marcy (Mary Edna Tobias; b. 1877), US author, poet, pamphleteer, socialist and Wobbly, who was a member of the Socialist Party of America and editor of the Chicago-based monthly magazine '//International Socialist Review//', suffering from depression and the loss of her home, commits suicide by taking poison. [see: May 8]

1970 - Big demonstrations against the Tory Government's Industrial Relations Bill. In the early hours of December 9 the Department of Employment and Productivity in St James Square, London, is bombed. The police had searched the building and no sooner left it than it went off. Action claimed by the Angry Brigade.

1977 - The CNT convenes a rally against trade union elections in the Palacio Municipal de Deportes in Barcelona with the attendance of more than 8000 people and in favour of freedom of association in factories, workshops, offices, etc. [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=8_de_diciembre]

[F] 1979 - __V Congreso de CNT__: First Congress of the CNT after the Dictatorship of Franco, and the long exile [Dec. 8-16]. In Madrid the elections of the V Congress of the CNT begin. Different positions of the unions or the currents of anarcho-syndicalism will provoke a rupture of the anarcho-syndicalist centre into the CNT-AIT and the CNT-Congreso de Valencia aka CNT-U(nificación), giving rise to the dismemberment of the Spanish libertarian movement, with the latter changing its name to the CGT in 1989 having lost the legal battle for the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo name. [valencia.cnt.es/que-es-la-cnt/historia/1979-1989-el-proceso-escisionista/ cgt.org.es/congresos -breve-introduccion-historica-0 cgt.org.es/bicicleta -especial-v-congreso-de-la-cnt-madrid-1979-0 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo es.wikisource.org/wiki/V_Congreso_de_la_CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CNT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoría:CGT_(España) robertgraham.wordpress.com/2016/12/10/the-cnt-the-cgt-and-the-iwa-ait/] || [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Dietzgen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dietzgen flag.blackened.net/liberty/dietzgen.html www.marxists.org/archive/dietzgen/]
 * = 9 || 1828 - Josef Dietzgen (d. 1888), German socialist theorist whose writings exerted considerable influence on the workers' movement, born. He developed a version of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Engels. [expand]

[F] 1833 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: The Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers in the Dorset village of Tolpuddle holds an invitation ceremony on the pattern of other trade societies at which the founder members swore to abide by the Society's rules. Amongst those present is Edward Legg, who proceeds to inform local magistrates of the meeting and later acts as a witness against the six Tolpuddle Martyrs at their trial. Low wages, appalling conditions and unemployment, bad winters and poor harvests in 1829 and 1830 fuelled a great explosion of anger had resulted in the Swing riots, which broke out in November 1830. Workers would post letters to their employers threatening damage unless pay was improved or the new machines destroyed. The letters would be signed 'Captain Swing'. The uprising quickly spread across the south of England and through Dorset. 600 rioters were imprisoned, 500 sentenced to transportation and 19 executed. Some employers agreed to the workers' demands but once order was restored wages were cut. George Loveless, in Tolpuddle, drew his own lessons from the consequences of this action and concluded there had to be a different way. With farm labourers in the Tolpuddle parish being paid nine shillings a week, and having heard that almost all labourers in surrounding parishs were the being paid ten, all the labouring men in the village made application to a neighbouring magistrate. George Loveless spoke for the men only to be told by the magistrate that they had to work for whatever the employers saw fit to pay. In vain they remonstrated that an agreement had been made, but shortly afterwards their pay was reduced to seven shillings per week, and shortly after the employers informed them that they must lower it to six shillings. In response, some of the men formed Friendly Society among the labourers at the end of October 1833. After a preliminary meeting, the invitation ceremony is held at which they swear an oath, an act that, unbeknowns to the participants, is illegal. Greatly alarmed by the information, a local landowner and magistrate, James Frampton, wrote to Home Secretary Lord Melbourne to complain about the union. Melbourne recommended invoking the Unlawful Oaths Act 1797, an obscure law promulgated in 1797 in response to the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which prohibited the swearing of secret oaths. [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk dorset-ancestors.com/?p=2561 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373 www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm kmflett.wordpress.com/2016/07/12/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-history-work-in-progress/ www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/07/10/tolpuddle_story_feature.shtml www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106426.html www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2011/10/tolpuddle-–-a-photographic-essay/]

1842 - Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (d. 1921), Russian revolutionist, anarchist and landmark geographer who had a mountain range named after him (he posited a now accepted theory on mountain formation), born in Moscow. [expand]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: During the afternoon Livesey returned from an interview with Police Commissioner Munro to find a crowd of stokers in the yard at Old Kent Road arguing with the Chief Engineer. He threatened them all with prosecution alleging the reply was "can’t help that master we must obey the union". Forms for summonses had already been made out and by late afternoon 50 policemen had marched into each works "to relieve public fear of destruction of gasometers". [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Revolts in Sicily against increases in council tax and duty, which leads to a rise in the price of flour. Brutally suppressed leaving around 100 people dead and dozens wounded.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 26] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The head of the St Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов), George S. Nosar (Гео́ргий Степа́нович Носа́рь) aka Peter A. Khrustalev aka (Пётр Алексеевич Хрусталёв) aka Yuri Pereyaslavsky (Юрий Переяславский), and several other members of the Executive Committee of the Board, are arrested by Tsarist police. Trotsky becomes the president of the Soviet, which is arrested em mass on Dec. 16. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хрусталёв-Носарь,_Георгий_Степанович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1912 - Rolf Wickstrøm (d. 1941), Norwegian labour activist and shop stewart at the Skabo Rail Coach Factory, who was executed by the Nazis during the Oslo Melkestreiken, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Wickstrøm]

1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: The left-wing Marxist party faction of the Československé Sociálně Demokratické Straně (Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party), is ejected from the Prague People's House (Lidový dům), the party's headquarters building, by the police they execute a court order in favour of the 'legal' owner, former party leader Antonín Němec [political parties were legally prohibited from owning real estate]. This was the latest stage in the on-going struggles between the two factions of the Socialist Party, which had begun in September 1920 when the Marxist left summoned the leadership of the Social Democrats to a conference, where they demanded that they accept Lenin’s 21 points and join the Comintern or to be ousted from the party. The party congress, which was scheduled for later in the month was postponed a few days by the executive committee (led by moderates) until December. The Marxist Left held a rump congress on the once due date [Sept 25-28], and ousted the moderates, choosing a new executive committee. The Marxist faction then claimed legitimacy by maintaining that their congress was attended by 67.7% of the delegates. For the moment, though, they did not join the Comintern, for two reasons: the name of Social Democrats was still very attractive; moreover, it was still linked to the party's property, which included its headquarters in Prague and the party's printing press. The radical faction duely took occupation of the building and the moderates sued the leftwingers to get back both the copyright on the Party's paper and the property, winning the court case. The right wing then held its own rump congress at the end of November and decided to call on the police to enforce the court's decisions on the headquarters. The ousted leftists called an immediate general strike for the following day in support of their right's to the building and the party's newspaper. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosincová_generální_stávka_1920 cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslavanské_povstání litvinov.sator.eu/kategorie/krusnohori/prosincova-generalni-stavka-r-1920 ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/d0dac78f-615d-4705-9e0f-9bb5d307f051.pdf]

1941 - __Massacre d'Élisabethville / Union Minière du Haut Katanga Strike__: Repression of the strike at the Belgian mining company, Union Minière du Haut-Katanga results in Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi) in the Belgian Congo results in the massacre of 60-70 black miners. On strike in pursuit of a pay increased 50 centimes (from 1.50 francs to 2 francs) to compensate for rising living costs, in addition to other grievances against the colonial order including segregation, the colonial authorities had invited the strikers, including their leader Léonard Mpoyi, to negotiations at the town's stadium. There they were offered various concessions, including a 30% pay rise but when the workers refused, the Governor of Katanga, Amour Maron, shot Mpoyi, killing him. The Governor then ordered his soldiers to fire on the other strikers in the stadium. Between 60 and 70 strikers were killed during the slaughter, although the official estimate was around 30. The miners returned to work the following day. [see: Dec. 3] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Congo_belge_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II#Strikes www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/194006]

1953 - In the USA, General Electric announces all Communist employees will be fired.

1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: The colonial administration and the oil companies meet during the morning to discuss strategy. They decidedto employ non-union drivers to distribute petrol to several outlets in Suva, which would be protected by policemen. As a result, the petrol stations where the scab fuel was to be distributed were picketed and Fijian and Indian drivers persuaded not to seek petrol, leaving only Europeans in line for the pump. Meanwhile, taxi drivers joined the strike in solidarity, and James Anthony, the secretary & de facto leader of the WRWGU, decided that buses would no longer be classified as an “essential service. Strikers gathered at the bus station and coerced drivers into abandoning their routes. Striking Indians and Fijians and their supporters were now throwing rocks at Europeans trying to get petrol. An attempt by Anthony at 16:00 to talk to an angry crowd of frustrated commuters was refused by police, with riot police then demanding that the people disperse. They refused, and violence between strikers and police ensued. Police threw tear gas grenades, and the crowd answered with barrages of stones. A short time later time, police using tear gas and batons were able to clear the area but the rioting spread into the city, where it raged for most of the night. [see: Dec. 7]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The National Executive Committee of the NUM agrees that a national strike – the first in the industry since 1926 – and gives the NCB one month notice of strike action, to commence on Monday 9 January.

1991 - Maurice Joyeux (b.1910), French anarchist active in the Committee of the Unemployed, l'Union Anarchiste, the occupations of factories, and a prison revolt at Montluc [he escaped after having fomented a mutiny; subject of the book '//Mutinerie à Montluc//' (1971)], dies. Founded the newspaper 'Le Monde Libertaire' in 1953 and wrote a number of books including 2 volumes of memoirs, '//Sous les Plis du Drapeau Noir//' and '//Souvenirs d'un Anarchiste//' (both 1988). [see: Jan. 29] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Spies spartacus-educational.com/USAspies.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1012 www.ephemanar.net/decembre10.html#10 users.wfu.edu/zulick/341/spies.html archive.org/details/AugustSpiesAutobiography1887]
 * = 10 || 1865 - August Spies (d. 1887), US labour agitator and one of the Haymarket anarchists, born.

[DD] 1893 - __Massacro di Giardinello [Giardinello Massacre] / Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: On Sunday morning a demonstration in Giardinello, part of the Fasci Siciliani protests, headed to the Town Hall with shouts of "Down with the taxes, down with the municipality". There the Mayor received a delegation of the Fascio who presented him with the demands of the demonstrators - the abolition of taxes on food and the disbandment of the local field guards (//guardie campestri//). The mayor responded by blaming the councilors for the tax increases and told the protesters to leave, saying that he had washed his hands of the whole business, and that they could scream bloody murder for all he cared but they would be wasting their time. The demonstrators continued the protest under the balcony of the mayor, whose wife then threw a bucket of water over them, saying: "I will cool these bastards down." At that point the crowd attacked the town hall, trashing and burning offices but spared the registry and land registry office. The local police patrol then requested the Montelepre send reinforcements, from where 23 troops and six policemen arrived under the command of Lieutenant of Sharpshooters Cimino, who tried to calm the demonstrators. No one knows exactly what precipitated the shooting which followed, but 10 people in the crowd were left dead and many others wounded. Following the massacre, the bodies of Salvatore Nicosia, the municipal messenger, and his wife were discovered, shot dead and stabbed to death respectively. A squadron of cavalry was sent in to break up the protests and occupy the region whilst the mayor fled to Palermo where he stayed at the Hotel Vittoria. From the ensuing investigation, it emerged that four types of bullets were foundin the protesters' bodies and that the first shots were fired from the houses of Francesco Caruso, brother of the Mayor and the house of Girolamo Di Miceli, local Mafia boss and head of the field guards. At the military tribunal held on March 7-10, 1894, the case against Di Miceli was dismissed for lack of evidence, no charges were brought against Mayor Angelo Caruso but life sentences were passed on three leaders of the banned Fascio di Giardinello, including Giuseppe Piazza and his brother Salvatore. The //guardie campestri// was disbanded on December 20, 1893 and the Municipal Council was dissolved by Royal Decree of January 7, 1894, with a Royal Commissioner Extraordinary being appointed until the elections of April 15, 1894. Text of the telegram sent to Rome on December 11, 1893 at 15:30 at the deputy Napoleone Colajanni: "Yesterday at Giardinelli small town near Montelepre, while the people demonstrated asking for tax cuts, a squad of riflemen commanded by a lieutenant, with no warning, suddenly fired at the unarmed crowd, killing and wounding men and women. Ten dead and twenty wounded. Soldiers unharmed. After this murder he who ordered the firing has not yet been arrested." [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp www.eleutero.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151213:il-miraggio-della-terra-in-sicilia-10-dicembre-1893-strage-di-giardinello&catid=38:news&Itemid=58 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 27] The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Georgy Khrustalyov-Nosar (Георгий Хрусталёв-Носарь); it includes Trotsky. The first issue of the Bolshevik daily newspaper 'Struggle' (Борьба) is published by the literary and lecture group of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party / Росси́йская социа́л-демократи́ческая рабо́чая па́ртия, РСДРП), lasting for 9 issues with a published circulation of 10 000 copies. It played an important role in the run up to the Moscow Uprising (Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

[F] 1906 - The IWW sponsors the first sit-down strike in the US, at a General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York. The method was adopted by the labour movement in the 1930s, with the Great Flint Sit-Down Strike being one of the most famous. [expand]

"When they tie the can to a union man, Sit Down! Sit Down!  When they give him the sack they'll take him back,  Sit Down! Sit Down!  When the speed-up come, just twiddle your thumbs,  Sit Down!, Sit Down!  When the boss wont talk don't take a walk,  Sit Down! Sit Down!"

– Maurice Sugar (a prominent labour and civil rights attorney, General Counsel of the UAW, songwriter and author of the famous songs, '//Soup Song'// and '//Sit Down//') [patrickmurfin.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/occupy-gethe-iww-pulled-first-modern.html depts.washington.edu/iww/strikes.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitdown_strike www.workerseducation.org/crutch/pamphlets/ebert/sitdown.html]

1919 - __II Congreso de CNT__: The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo hold their second congress at the Teatro de La Comedia in Madrid [Dec. 10-18]. It is attended by more than 450 delegates representing almost 800,000 affiliates. During the congress a declaration of principles in which libertarian communism is considered as an end is agreed upon; Also, in terms of tactics, an opinion is adopted that defends direct action, rejecting all types of arbitration, and the use of sabotage. the possibility of merging the confederation with the UGT and the Federaciones Nacionales de Industria (National Federations of Industry / FFNNI) in order to contribute to a greater unity of the Spanish labour movement is debated and rejected. Finally, the elephant in the corner, the Russian Revolution, is addressed. After much discussion (though little apparent opposition), the congress voted provisionally to join the Communist Third International because of its revolutionary character, expressing the hope, however, that a universal workers' congress would be called to determine the basis upon which a true workers' international could be built. It would withdraw from the International in June, 1922, after the Conferencia Nacional de Zaragoza. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_del_Trabajo cgt.org.es/ii-congreso-de-cnt gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/24224/3/THVI~N61~P22-27.pdf]

1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: Against the backdrop of the struggle within the Československé Sociálně Demokratické Straně between the party's Marxist left wing and the moderate rump (that included the executive committee), which had led to the radicals seizing control of the Prague People's House (Lidový dům), the party's headquarters building, from which they had been evicted the day previously by the police following a court ruling in favour of the moderates, the radicals sought to re-establish control of the building and party with a general strike. In addition to their demands regarding party control, they demanded the resignation of the clerical government, increase in salaries, the 'nationalisation' of all agricultural and industrial production, the creation of workers' councils, and the introduction of further revolutionary measures. In rural areas, farms were occupied by their workers and production taken under collective organisation. In places such as Kladno, Hodonín, Třebíč and the Rosice-Oslavany coal basin, armed workers met serious resistance as they tried to sieze control. In many of the larger cities however, the strike was poorly supported and, after the introduction of martial law in parts of Bohemia, Slovakia and Ruthenia on December 13 and the launching of a full-scale military operation the following day, the Marxist faction called off the general strike on December 15. The protests collapsed and the last pockets were pacified two days later. Approximately 3,000 workers were arrested and tried. In the regions where martial law had been declared, the trials were without a jury. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosincová_generální_stávka_1920 cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslavanské_povstání litvinov.sator.eu/kategorie/krusnohori/prosincova-generalni-stavka-r-1920 ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/d0dac78f-615d-4705-9e0f-9bb5d307f051.pdf]

1927 - Fernand Julian (b. 1877), French anarchist and syndicalist who help found the Cité Coopérative Paris-Jardin à Draveil, dies. [see: May. 6]

1941 - __Union Minière du Haut Katanga Strike__: Following yesterday brutal attack on striking black miners in Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi), during which 60-70 miners, including the strike leader Léonard Mpoyi, had been slaughtered on the orders of the Governor of Katanga, Amour Maron, the defeated miners are forced to return to work. [see: Dec. 3]

1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: The clashes between Fijian and Indian strikers on one side and the riot police on the other that had begun yesterday afternoon, continue throughout the day. The colonial administration imposes martial law, sets a curfew and brings in extra police to arrest the crowds. The violence wouldlikely have continued if it had not been for the intervention of the traditional Fijian chiefs, who stood with the Brits and managed to quieten things down. [see: Dec. 7] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Farmers'_National_Alliance_and_Cooperative_Union]
 * = 11 || [F] 1877 - A small group of black farmers, barred from membership in the all-white Southern Farmers’ Alliance, found the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union in Houston County, Texas to provide mutual self-defence against 'land sharks,' merchants, horse thieves, and cattle ranchers. Through intensive organising, along with merging with another black farmers group, the renamed Colored Alliance by 1891 claimed a membership of 1.2 million.

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: Livesey met the Union Executive. Positions were restated. The Union wanted the scheme withdrawn – the company refused. A deputation of local MPs and local clergymen tried for an hour and a half to persuade Livesey Hh at the right to strike was 'sacred'. He told them to mind their own business. Non-conformist ministers were told unionists had given in their legal notice and were leaving. Later on the Labour Co-partnership Association which had been agitating for years for schemes like Livesey’s as a solution to industrial ills made a major attempt at negotiating a settlement. The Strike Committee issued a statement: "the directors will not advance one inch …. we deeply regret this step fully knowing the inconvenience to which it will put the general public …. we hope that all trade unions will see in this a test case as to the right of existence of trade unions versus bonus". Arrangements were made for the day when men would leave. All workers contributed 3d a week to a superannuation scheme and would withdraw their 'lump sums' – they would have to live on some- thing. The 'old men' would leave the works by 6am – the 'new men' would come in two hours later. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1905 - [N.S. Dec. 24] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The Bolsheviks issue a handbook on street fighting. [see: Dec. 24]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 28] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Arrests of Moscow labour activists take place over the following 3 days [Dec. 11-13]. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[D] 1927 - __Guangzhou Uprising__: Failed communist uprising (Canton Soviet aka the 'Paris Commune of the East') by Red Guards in Guangzhou city. Within 3 days it is put down with great brutality by Kuomintang forces — an estimated 5-6,000 insurrectionaries, including women and children, are massacred over the following 5 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising wwww.iias.nl/iiasn/19/regions/ea1.html republicanchina.org/CantonCommune-v0.pdf]

1933 - Militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino (1899-1998) is arrested and thrown into the the Trafaria penitentiary. He is later sent to Angra do Heroísmo (1934-1937) and then spends the next 10+ years in the Tarrafal concentration camp in the Cape Verde Islands until his release in September 1949.

1937 - Angel Pestaña Núñez (b. 1886), militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who later split with the CNT, dies. [see: Feb. 14]

1958 - Alberto Meschi (b. 1879), prominent Italian anarchist, syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: May 27]

1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: Following the two previous day's unrest, things remain relatively calm even though oil industry workers are still on strike. Taxi drivers also remain on strike, and buses only have enough fuel to operate four hours a day. This state of affairs continues for the next several days. [see: Dec. 7] ||
 * = 12 || 1905 - [N.S. Dec. 25] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Six of the seven railway stations and many districts were in rebel hands, 50 officers were seized as they arrived by train. The troops and artillery were hemmed in the squares and Kremlin. [see: Dec. 25]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 29] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Nicholas II authorises local officials to impose martial law in the event of a communications breakdown, the government's tough response to the failed postal strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: Workers' delegates meet in Brno, and during the stormy meetings the decision is taken to continue the strike, with many delegates demanding not only the socialisation of the industry but also of the whole of society. [see: Dec. 9 & 10]

[FF] 1921 - __Army of Amazons / Southeast Kansas Women’s March__: In January 1920, the Kansas legislature had established a board of compulsory arbitration, known as the Kansas Industrial Court, which banned strikes against unfair labour practices and working conditions. Miners, however, felt that the right to strike was constitutionally grounded, and in September 1921, nearly all unionised miners in Kansas laid down their tools to defend this belief. The strike began when a county judge convicted and jailed Alexander Howat, president of the Kansas district of the United Mine Workers of America, for violating the Industrial Court’s strike injunction. Howat, hoping to create a test case for the U.S. Supreme Court that would result in a ruling against the Industrial Court, had called a small-scale strike in protest of wage inequality at several local mines. When Howat was predictably charged and sent to prison, nearly all Kansas coal miners walked off their jobs in solidarity. The striking miners’ primary objectives were 1) Howat’s release from prison and 2) the restitution of their right to strike through the abolition of the Kansas Industrial Court. Leaders of the strike drew up a resolution declaring that, "not one member of the Mine Workers of District 14 will dig another pound of coal until the doors of [Howat’s] Bastille… shall be opened." They called the establishment of the Kansas Industrial Court the 'Kansas Slave Act' and argued that because it denied miners their constitutional right to strike, it created a system of involuntary servitude comparable to the enslavement of blacks in the pre-Civil War South. Enemies of the strike included coal industry leaders, Kansas’s republican governor Henry Allen, members of the Kansas Industrial Court, local law enforcement officials and judges, and UMWA president John L. Lewis. Lewis opposed the strike because he considered the strike illegal as per a national strike injunction dating to the WWI and also because he considered Howat a personal opponent within the UMWA. Lewis and the UMWA International Board successfully suspended Howat along with all striking Kansas miners from the national union. This action significantly weakened the strike, as families could no longer draw strike benefits from the union treasury. One striker noted that, "The International [Board of the UMWA] is against us, and that is the hardest thing we have to contend with." By early December 1921, many Kansas mines had resumed operation as strikers returned to their jobs and coal companies imported workers from other states. Appalled by this turn of events, the women of the Kansas coalfields decided to take action. Several prominent women – all friends or relatives of striking miners – called a meeting at a union hall in the town of Franklin. At the meeting, which was closed to men, the women drew up a resolution in which they determined to "stand shoulder to shoulder with our husbands in this struggle." They called for the preservation of the strike and disparaged the Kansas Industrial Court, calling it the 'Allen Industrial Slavery Law' and asserting that its purpose was "to enslave our children". The following morning, December 12, 1921, several thousand women gathered before dawn in downtown Franklin. They carried American flags and sang patriotic songs. From Franklin, the women marched to a local mine, where they intercepted miners reporting for work, declaring that the mine was closed and that all patriotic miners ought to support the strike. After successfully stopping work at this first mine, the marching women divided into several groups and spread out to other area mines. Over a three-day period, the women marched on and closed approximately sixty mines throughout the region, bringing coal production in Kansas to a standstill. The marching women used their gender as a tool of non-violent action. They were aware that strikes could quickly turn violent, and they hoped that aggressors would be unwilling to target women. Many marchers brought their children with them or even carried their babies. As one participant wrote to a local paper, "we don’t want any bloodshed here in Kansas like there was in the Ludlow strike and in Alabama and Mingo County, West Virginia." Despite its primarily peaceful nature, the march did include some violent encounters. Women threw red pepper into the eyes of several working miners, while others pelted miners with their own lunch pails. A number of brawls broke out, and although no one was seriously injured, several men on both sides of the issue discharged firearms to intimidate their opponents. Fear of a violent popular uprising prompted local law enforcement officials to deputize and arm a small army of World War I veterans, and Governor Allen dispatched four companies of the Kansas National Guard, including a machine gun division, to subdue the marching women. When the National Guard arrived on December 15, the women ceased marching, hoping to avoid a violent showdown. Local, state, and federal law enforcers, however, took advantage of the guardsmen’s presence and the resulting militarization of the region to arrest participants of the march and to generally target the immigrant families they blamed for the recent disturbances. Officials arrested over fifty men and women, conducted daily home searches under the guise of liquor raids, and deported non-citizens. Nationally, Americans discussed the women’s march in the context of both labour debates and gender issues. The prominent socialist Mother Jones called for more women to “Go out and raise hell,” while Alice Robertson, the only woman in the United States congress called the march a disgrace “to be deplored by the womanhood of the nation." Tensions in the Kansas coalfield subsided in early 1922. The National Guard began leaving on January 4, and eight days later, Alexander Howat called miners to return to their jobs, as they had successfully proven the ineffectiveness of the Kansas Industrial Court. But while the miners’ strike and women’s march had both officially concluded, the movement against the Industrial Court continued. During the 1922 electoral season, the women of the coalfields travelled across Kansas by train, 'electioneering' for candidates who opposed the Industrial Court. They successfully unseated several anti-strike incumbents and even helped elect a labour-friendly democratic governor. In 1924, Howat and his allies won a U.S. Supreme Court case against the Kansas Industrial Court (Dorchy v. Kansas, 264 U.S 286), which in 1925, the Kansas legislature subsequently disbanded. [www.kshs.org/kansapedia/amazon-women/16702 www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2011autumn_goossen.pdf amazonarmy.com libcom.org/history/1921-22-kansas-miners-strike-womens-march libcom.org/history/us-miners-strikes-1919-1922-jeremy-brecher cjonline.com/stories/120901/kan_amazons.shtml kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/17046/Schofield_Helmbold_ArmyofAmazons.pdf?sequence=1]

[F] 2012 - Global day of action for ratification of International Labour Organization Convention No. 189 on Decent Work for Domestic Workers. Adopted by the ILO on June 16, 2011, the convention establishes the first global standards for the estimated 50-100 million domestic workers worldwide, the vast majority of whom are women and girls. || "The society is rotten and it should stop at nothing to overthrow! We are ready to make holes in the skin to maintain our rights and whether bloodshed, are spreading it!" "I am neither a saint nor a bloodthirsty, I simply revolutionary and I claim. I am a revolutionary because I suffered because I have seen people suffer, because I see everywhere suffer. When at the age of ten I lost my father, I knew what suffering." [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3232 memoiredeguerre.pagesperso-orange.fr/biogr/legall-jules.htm]
 * = 13 || 1881 - Jules Le Gall (d. 1944), French boilermaker, journalist, ironmonger, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Freemason, born. Helped found in 1903 of the Jeunesse Syndicaliste in l'Arsenal de Brest and appointed secretary of the Bourse du Travail de Brest in 1904, he was charged with "inciting soldiers to disobedience" but acquitted in January 1906.

[F] 1889 - __Fyrstikkarbeiderstreiken i Kristiania [Kristiania Match Workers' Strike__]: Despite the nearly 14 000 kroner raised by their strike fund, and despite the almost overwhelming support and sympathy amongst the public since the strike began at the end of October, the women strikers finally capitulate and return to work. [www.kvinnerifagbevegelsen.no/temasider/organisering/kun_et_ore.html no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstikkarbeiderstreiken_i_Kristiania_i_1889 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania_match_workers'_strike_of_1889 digitaltmuseum.no/021016586449/de-kvindelige-fyrstikarbeideres-forening-stiftet-28-oktober-1889-forside]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: Men began to leave on 13th December, played out by the SDF brass band. A procession of sympathisers was turned back by police who, many mounted, lined the streets. The last gangs at Greenwich and Old Kent Road set fire to washrooms. An effigy of Livesey was burnt outside the Pilot pub in Riverway, just outside the East Greenwich gates. A train from Spalding arrived at Victoria and replace- ment workers marched across Vauxhall Bridge. A train from Margate came into Cannon Street at 10am with new workers for Bankside. Men were brought to the West Greenwich works wharf in ‘two strange steamers’ having embarked at Woolwich from trains at Arsenal station. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1904 - [N.S. Dec. 26] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The strike, which was to be the first example of a dispute in the history of the workers' movement in Russia that was concluded with a collective agreement between strikers and bosses (in this case the oil owners), begins in Balakhany and in the Bibi-Eibat workshop district. [see: Dec. 26]

[EEE] 1910 - Queen Silver (d. 1998), US office worker, court reporter, "girl scientist", feminist, freethinker, and social activist and orator, born. Her mother was the labour activist and soapbox radical Grace Verne Silver (1889 - 1972), a woman who listed her occupation as "Socialist Lecturer", and Queen attended her first political meeting at six days of age. A veteran public speaker by the age of eight, she delivered a series of six lectures in Los Angeles sponsored by the London Society of Science on subjects ranging from Darwinian evolution to Einstein's then new theory of relativity. She started reading Darwin at seven and became involved in the Scopes Monkey Trial, where her pamphlet 'Evolution, From Monkey to Bryan' - William Jennings Bryan being the prosecutor in the trial - was distributed [the family was unable to afford her fare to travel to Tennessee], and she even challenged Bryan to a public debate. He declined to reply, but her well-publicised taunts resulted in national notoriety. [www.queensilver.org/ articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/01/news/cl-44988 ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14705-queen-silver www.iww.org/history/biography/others/QueenSilver]

1915 - Icchak Cukierma aka 'Antek' (d. 1981), Polish Jewish socialist member of ZŻydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization), who was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 and a fighter in the Warsaw Uprising 1944, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchak_Cukierman pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchak_Cukierman www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/person/180,icchak-cukierman/ www.jhi.pl/en/blog/120]

1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: There are widespread riots, strikes, and seizures of factories, churches, and public building by rioting workers across Czechoslovakia. The prime minister Jan Černý declares martial law across parts of Bohemia, Slovakia and Ruthenia. The entire coalfield from Rosic to Oslova [Rosice-Oslavany coal basin] is on strike, leaving one of the largest industrial centres in the country at a standstill. When a mass meeting of strikers was told that troops had occupied the power plant overnight and arrested the strike leaders, 5,000 protesters immediatelt set off for the electricity plant. On the way, they disarmed a group of gendarmes and seized their first weapons. The crowd surrounded the power plant, disarmed the soldiers and police, and occupied the buildings. A train that had brought another contingent of troops that was standing in the station was raided and the insurgents siezed six machine guns, a box of grenades, and over 300 rifles. [see: Dec. 9 & 10] [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicko-oslavanská_pánev]

1933 - The beginning of a series of uprisings initiated by the anarchists in Spanish provinces (Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadure). In several villages, they declare anarchist-communism, destroy property files and abolish the currency. But these movements remain insulated and on December 10 the Republican government declares a State of Emergency and sends in the army who finally crush the insurrection by the 13th.

1970 - At midnight (Dec. 12-13) martial law is declared in Poland in the wake Solidarity-related unrest. Mass arrests and internment take place and the military are on the streets in large numbers.

[D] 1981 - At midnight (Dec. 12-13) martial law is declared in Poland in the wake Solidarity-related unrest. Mass arrests and internment take place and the military are on the streets in large numbers. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_1981-1983] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre05.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Bastelica libcom.org/history/bastelica-andr-1845-1884]
 * = 14 || 1845 - André Augustin Bastelica (d. 1884), French typographer/printer, member of the First International, Communard, agitator, anarchist avant la lettre, supporter of Bakunin and organiser of the Marseilles working class, born. Secretary of the Marseille section of the AIT, he was castigated by Marx for "preaching total abstention from politics"

1852 - Daniel DeLeon (d. 1914), American socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician and trade union organiser. He is regarded as the forefather of the idea of revolutionary industrial unionism and worked with the American Labor Union to help found the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1905.

[A] 1853 - Errico Malatesta (d. 1932), Italian mechanic, anarcho-communist, theorist and editor, born in Italy. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Errico_Malatesta it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html libcom.org/library/errico-malatesta-his-life-ideas libcom.org/library/defence-malatesta dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/malatestaarchive.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MalatestaErrico.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta fag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/malatesta.html theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/errico-malatesta]

1910 - __Aberdare Miners' Strike or 'Block Strike'__: On November 14, the union executive had called a conference, at which a proposal from the executive committee that the Aberdare men should return to work as recommended and that anyone who was not re-employed would receive lock-out pay was put before the 284 delegates (representing 152.559 miners). A call for a wider stoppage was made but lacked support and the meeting broke up having only adopted a resolution condemning "the action of the Home Secretary in refusing to grant an inquiry into the conduct of the police and military forces". At the reconvened conference on December 14, the executive committee's recommendation for a return to work was passed by 1,815 votes to 921. A mass meeting of the Aberdare strikers held on December 15 discussed a resolution calling on each colliery committee to meet its management to obtain a guarantee of no victimisation before the men returned to work. The meeting eventually broke up in disorder, revealing the demoralised mood of the miners. After receiving assurances from the executive committee that any victimisation would be a breach of the Conciliation Board agreement and that the Federation would assist any victimised men, the PD strikers decided to return to work at a meeting on the 23rd A large section of the PD men had wanted to continue but the prospect of carrying on without the other pits was enough to deter them. Because of the need for repairs to the workings. the actual return to work was delayed until January 2, 1911. Only about half of the PD men had their jobs back. immediately. As further repairs went ahead more men had their jobs back, but by the end of 1911, 1,000 were still out of work, still on lock-out pay. The result of the strike was the temporary defeat and demoralisation of the labour movement in Aberdare. As might be expected. the victimisation of the PD men led to an increasing level of non-unionism in 1911. [welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1326508/llgc-id:1326905/llgc-id:1326931/getText www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/new-history-wales-dr-louise-1889456 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_strike_1857–58 newspapers.library.wales/view/3397589/3397595/29 newspapers.library.wales/view/3294338/3294344/30]

1918 - The first issue of '//Der Syndikalist//', the newspaper of the Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaft (FVdG, Free Association of German Trade Unions) and later of the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany), is published in Berlin with a first edition of 10,000 copies following the November Revolution. It replaces the banned publications '//Die Einigkeit//' (Unity) and '//Der Pionier//' (The Pioneer). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Syndikalist www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1412.html www.anarchismus.at/zeitungen-bis-1945/der-syndikalist]

[F] 1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: A full military operation involving artillery and aircraft is launched against the Rosice-Oslavany coalfield and, after a brief clash, the rebels gave up. One gendarme and eight workers were wounded and 220 strikers arrested and sent to Cejl and Špilberk prisons in Brno. In Mostě, after the arrest of its strike committee, a meeting of about 500 strikers sent a deputation to the district political office with the request to release the arrested strike committee. The deputation was told it would receive a reply within 10 minutes. However, by the time the deadline had expired the offices had been closed and mounted gendarmes and troops had surrounded the quietly waiting crowd, sparking the gathering to protest. The police and soldiers responded by opening fire leaving four dead and many wounded amongst the demonstrators. Two more died after being taken to Mostě Hospital, and 24 people were severely wounded. [see: Dec. 9 & 10]

1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: An exhausted James Anthony stepped back to get some rest and the more moderate union president Ratu Meli Gonawai arranged a settlement with the oil companies that increased the minimum wage to four pounds eleven shillings and four pence. This was half of the initial requested increase, and no further benefits were extended. When Anthony rejoined the negotiations on December 15, he initially refused to sign the settlement, but soon did so under duress. Oil workers returned to work the next day. [see: Dec. 7]

1960 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: As a foretaste of the Grève Générale de l'Hiver, a one-day demonstration was called by the the militant trade union, the General Federation of Belgian Labour (Fédération générale du travail de Belgique / Algemeen Belgisch Vakverbond; FGTB/ABVV) and the Parti Bocialiste Belge / Belgische Socialistische Partij to protest against a propose austerity law, the Loi d'expansion économique, de progrès social et de redressement financier (Law of Economic Expansion, Social Progress and Financial Recovery) or Loi Unique (Single Law). It met with tremendous success. [see: Dec. 20] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_générale_de_l'hiver_1960-1961 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1960–61 www.connexions.org/CxArchive/MIA/brinton/1961/01/belgian-strike.htm]

1970 - Strikes begin in Gdansk, spread to Gdynia, Szczecin, other industrial centres. Widespread factory occupations/resistance. Riots topple the Communist government, but a new military regime takes power in its place. This movement lasts until February 1971 when it is recuperated by the reformed government.

1981 - __Strajk w KWK Piast [KWK Piast Miners' Strike__]: Following the introduction of martial law the previous day, around two thousand miners at the KWK Piast mine in Bieruń begin a sit-in strike at the 650m level, the longest postwar underground mining strike, as a protest against the militarisation of the mine and the suspension of activities of all organisations and associations. By the end of the protest, more than a thousand people still remained underground and the strikers left the mine on December ​​28 only after receiving security guarantees from the authorities. At midnight [00:00] on December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial law, in order to suppress political opposition, mainly the Solidarity movement. This decision was met with resistance from workers in enterprises across the country. Most major Polish factories went on strike, such as Katowice Steelworks, Gdańsk Shipyard, Szczecin Shipyard, Huta Stalowa Wola, Vladimir Lenin Steelworks, and Ursus Factory. Altogether, after the introduction of the martial law, 50 Upper Silesian enterprises went on strike, including 20 five coal mines. The workers demanded the end of the martial law and the release of imprisoned Solidarity leaders. The protest at Piast began in the morning of December 14, 1981, 650 meters below the ground when miners of the first shift lay down their tools, upon hearing that Eugeniusz Szelągowski, deputy of the Komisję Fabryczną Solidarności (Solidarity Factory Committee), had been arrested, together with Stanisław Dziwak of the Solidarity Factory Committee at the Przedsiębiorstwa Robót Górniczych (Mining Works Enterprise) in the nearby town of Mysłowice. The mine director asked four members of the Solidarity Factory Committee and a member of the National Coordinating Commission (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza), Zbigniew Bogacz, to go down to try and pursuade the miners to end their protest. Instead the delegation remained with the miners after they had decided to stay put. Meanwhile the second and third crews joined them and by the following day more than 2,000 miners were taking part in the sit-in. With the power in their lamps exhausted, and the management refusing to replace them, the miners were now to spend the next two weeks in total darkness. The strike as supported by the miners' families and the rest of the town, and those miners not down the mine helped collect the protesters wages come payday. The miners spent Christmas underground, away from their families, already knowing that they were the last striking enterprise in Poland. Since staying underground for such a long time was bad for their health, on December 28 the strike ended, with some 1,000 returning home in the evening. On the same day, arrests of leaders of the protest took place. Many workers were dismissed, and seven were brought to court. Military prosecutor accused them of organizing and leading the protest, demanding from 10 to 15 years for each person. During the trial, an unusual situation took place, as all prosecutor’s witnesses withdrew their testimonies, stating that they had either been fabricated or extorted. Finally, on May 12, 1982, all cases were dismissed, due to lack of evidence. All seven miners were released, and rearrested on the same day, a few hours later. Zbigniew Bogacz remained in prison until December 12, 1982. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_strike_at_the_Piast_Coal_Mine_in_Bieruń www.encysol.pl/wiki/Strajk_w_KWK_Piast_w_Bieruniu pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopalnia_Węgla_Kamiennego_Piast pamiec.pl/pa/biblioteka-cyfrowa/publikacje/10189,14-dni-pod-ziemia-KWK-Piast-w-Bieruniu-1428-grudnia-1981-roku.html]

1992 - Three hundred thousand Polish coal miners go on strike in what is meant to be a two-hour warning strike called by NSZZ "Solidarność" (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność” / Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity") following the failure to resolve a labour dispute between the union and the Hanna Suchocka government [Lech Wałęsa also being the first elected president of the III Republic at the time as well as chair of "S"] over the issues of rising cost of living and the restructuring of the Wałbrzych Province and the liquidation of the Lower Silesian Coal Basin – which included the cutting of coal production quotas, the closure of a number of mines and redundances of 170 000 workers over a 10-year period. Within a few days all the mines are out on strike. By New Years Eve, the government had promised the miners' strike committees that miners would get a raise from April 15, 1993 and on January 7, an agreement between the government and the union was signed guarrenting cost of living compensation. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niezależny_Samorządny_Związek_Zawodowy_„Solidarność” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solidarity]

2003 - Cesare Fuochi (b. 1917), Italian anarchist, syndicalist railway worker and anti-fascist partisan, dies. [see: Sep. 17] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1512.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2532]
 * = 15 || 1857 - Lucien Louis Guérineau aka 'Fleury' (d. 1940), French carpenter, cabinetmaker, anarchist propagandist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. Deeply affected by the Paris Commune he was apprenticed to a cabinetmakers. In 1879, he was introduced to Constant Martin, Émile Eudes and Louis-Auguste Blanqui and began to become interested in the libertarian movement. A convinced anti-militarist, he formed an anarchist along with a dozen soldiers. In 1884, he became a member of Drapeau Noir and collaborated on it journal '//Terre et Liberté//'. In 1884, he was arrested after being found with copies of Jean Grave's statement of protest against July 14, and locked in the Parisian prison of Mazas. On August 9 he was sentenced to two months imprisonment for "violence and violence against agents of the state." In 1885, he collaborated on '//L'Audace//' (Boldness) and on '//Tire-Pied//' (lierally knee-strap, a leather strap used by a cobbler). In 1887, he joined the anarchist group in Montreuil and later joined Les Communistes des Amandiers, a group fromed by ex-Communards (Parthenay, Coulet, Vory, Picardat, Bourges, Wagner) and that would go on to rename itself Les Communistes Anarquistes des Amandiers. He was also active in other groups, including Les Égaux, La Cloche de Bois (The Wooden Bell), the Syndicat des Hommes de Peine (Union of Handymen) or the Pieds-Plats (Flatfeet). In 1888, he was the founder of the militant Union Syndicale du Meuble Sculté et de l'Ébénisterie (Trade Union Carved Furniture and Joinery; USMSE) in opposition to the more moderate Cambra Sindical de l'Ebenisteria. In 1890 he worked on 'Révolution Future' and the following year founded the periodical '//Le Pot à Colle//'. [expand]

1866 - Luigi Molinari (d. 1918), Italian lawyer, educator and anarchist militant, active with Errico Malatesta and Camillo Berneri, born. Molinari was arrested and convicted by a military tribunal for instigating an insurrection, in 1894, by armed bands of anarchists supporting Sicilian victims of the 'State of Siege' (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices). Sentenced to 23 years in prison, Molinari was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.estelnegre.org/documents/molinari/molinari.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre15.html#molinari]

1870 - Achille Daudé (Achille Daudé-Bancel; d. 1963), French trade union activist, anarchist and advocate of co-operatives, born. Wrote numerous works on cooperatism, as well as on food and social questions, including '//Le Coopératisme Devant les Ecoles Sociale//' (1897); '//Une Coopérative de Consommation. "La Famille" Société de Consommation Coopérative, d'Epargne et de Prévoyance Sociale//' (1905) and '//Pain Riche ou Pain Appauvri//' (1916). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1512.html]

[F] 1882 - The Tailoresses' Association of Melbourne, Australia's first female trade union, is established at a meeting held in Trades Hall. At this meeting women met in response to attempts by the Melbourne clothing manufacturer Beith Shiess & Co. to reduce piece-rate wages. A strike was called on February 15, 1883 when clothing manufacturers had not responded to the unon's log of claims. As each manufacturer accepted the log, employees resumed work. The strike is generally regarded as instrumental in the establishment of the Shops Commission and the eventual passage of the Factory Act. When the new Factory Act was passed in 1885, the recommendations of the March 1884 Royal Commission regarding outwork were not incorporated and working conditions in the industry were not substantially affected by its operation. In 1906, the Tailoresses' Union amalgamated with the Tailors' Society. [www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0632b.htm www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0966b.htm monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/30683-tailoresses-union]

1912 - The Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru), which had been formed earlier that year in October holds its second Assembly, adopting the demand for the eight-hour day. Since October, the Unión Local de Jornaleros (Local Union of Day Labourers) had joined the FORP's orginal members, the Sociedad de resistencia de los obreros galleteros y anexos (Resistance Society of Gallete Workers and Annexes), the Federación de Electricistas (Federation of Electricians), the Federación de Obreros Panaderos "Estrella del Perú", the Unificación Textil de Vitarte (Textile Unification of Vitarte), the Unificación Proletaria de Santa Catalina, and other anarcho-syndicalist organisations.[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

1920 - __Prosincová Generální Stávka [December General Strike] / Oslavanské Povstání [Oslovan Rebellion__]: Realising that the poorly organised strike now had no change, the left-wing leadership issue a call to stop the protests and the strike petered out two days later. In the wake of the strike's collapse, around 3,000 were under arrest and later tried and in the regions where martial law had been declared, those trials were held without a jury. [see: Dec. 9 & 10]

1921 - __Army of Amazons / Southeast Kansas Women’s March__: A protest by 500 women in Kansas that had begun earlier in the week – organised in support of striking mine workers and against new anti-labour legislation that forced unions into arbitration and outlawed strikes in the state – swells to 4,000, stretching a mile long. The women, dubbed the 'Amazon Army' by 'The New York Times', marching, hoping to avoid a violent showdown, after hearing that the National Guard militia was on its way. Local, state, and federal law enforcers, now take advantage of the guardsmen’s presence and the resulting militarisation of the region to arrest participants of the march and to generally target the immigrant families they blamed for the recent disturbances, arresting more than fifty men and women, conducting daily home searches under the guise f liquor raids, and deporting non-citizens. Victory in the dispute came a year later when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the Kansas anti-labour laws unconstitutional. [www.kshs.org/kansapedia/amazon-women/16702 www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2011autumn_goossen.pdf amazonarmy.com libcom.org/history/1921-22-kansas-miners-strike-womens-march libcom.org/history/us-miners-strikes-1919-1922-jeremy-brecher cjonline.com/stories/120901/kan_amazons.shtml kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/17046/Schofield_Helmbold_ArmyofAmazons.pdf?sequence=1]

1936 - George Orwell dispatches manuscript of '//The Road to Wigan Pier//' to his publishers and leaves for the revolution in Spain.

1941 - The AFL labour union pledges there will be no strikes in defence-related industry plants for the duration of the war.??

1944 - Chico Mendes (Francisco Alves Mendes Filho; d. 1988), Brazilian rubber tapper, trades union leader and environmentalsit, who was murdered by landowners for his leadership in the struggle against the destruction of Amazon rainforests, born.

1965 - AFL-CIO pledges "unstinting support" for the US war effort in Vietnam.

[A] 1970 - Youths and workers torch Gdansk (Poland) Communist Party HQ and quietly watch it burn.

1981 - __Strajk w KWK Piast [KWK Piast Miners' Strike__]: With the second and third crews having joined the original sit-in, there are now more than 2,000 miners taking part in the protest. With the power in their lamps exhausted, and the management refusing to replace them, the miners were now to spend the next two weeks in total darkness. The strike as supported by the miners' families and the rest of the town, and those miners not down the mine helped collect the protesters wages come payday. [see: Dec. 14]

1981 - __Strajk w KWK Piast [KWK Piast Miners' Strike__]: Having already taken control of the Silesian mines in Jastrzębie and Moszczenica without facing any resistance from striking miners, workers at the Manifest Lipcowy mine in Jastrzebie, Upper Silesia resist the ZOMO riot police. They fire on the strikers without warning, wounding four. || 1. Trying to overthrow the government. 2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves. 3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform. 4. Forgery of a document. 5. Using a false document. 6. Planning to assassinate hostages. 7. Illegal arrests, torturing & killing.
 * = 16 || [AA/E] 1871 - Louise Michel, a 36-year-old popular communard and teacher, is brought to trial by the Versailles Government. She is accused of:

1872 - The Congress of Cordoba unanimously adopts the positions of the anarchist l'Internationale Anti-Autoritaire de Saint Imier, in opposition to the Marxist First International. [source??]

1878 - Amédée Dunois (pseudonym for Amédée Gabriel Catonne; d. 1945), French anarchist militant, communist, and then a revolutionary socialist trade unionist, born. Arrested by the Nazis and sent to Bergen-Belsen, where he died March 21, 1945. Author of several works of history (in particular on the Paris Commune) and the chapter '//Marxism and Socialism//' in Sébastien Faure's '//Anarchist Encyclopaedia//'. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Dunois en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Dunois bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/dunois-1878-1945/ www.estelnegre.org/documents/dunois/dunois.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 3] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Approximately 250 members of the St. Petersburg Soviet, including Trotsky and most of the executive committee, are arrested en masse after Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) hand out weapons. Moscow authorities close down revolutionary newspapers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1912 - General Strike against war is organised by CGT. [biosoc.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article185]

1913 - Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding Emma Goldman from speaking, she addresses members of the IWW on '//The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle//'. Emma is forced off the platform and audience members engage in a battle with the police to release her.

1918 - The First National Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils in Berlin votes to set up elections for a parliamentary National Assembly, effectively divesting themselves of all power. Here endeth the revolution.

[F] 1920 - A conference convened by the Dutch Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariaat and the German Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands is held in Berlin [Dec. 16-21] in order to create the foundations for the reconstruction of the International Workers Association. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1612.html]

1929 - __Battle of Rothbury / Rothbury Miners Strike__: Having been locked out of the Rothbury Colliery on March 2, 1929, after having refused to agree to new employment terms that included wage cuts, a ban on union activities and the removal of job security, about 4,000 miners demonstrate against the introduction of non-union labour into the Rothbury mine by the conservative Bavin government, which had taken over the colliery. The government had called in 400 New South Wales police officers from districts outside Newcastle to protect the colliery and allow the entry of the scab labour. Angry miners marched to the mine gate led by a pipe band and when they charged the gate, the miners were met with baton charges by the police and there were hand-to-hand clashes. Then the police drew their revolvers and shot into the crowd. One miner, Norman Brown, received a fatal wound. 15-year-old Joseph Cummings, the youngest miner present, risked his life, dodging bullets as he ran for the doctor, in a futile effort to help save Brown's life. Approximately forty-five other miners were wounded. In June 1930, after fifteen months of living in poverty and starvation, the miners capitulated and returned to work on reduced contract wages. However, the lock-out failed to break the resolve or organisation of the miners union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothbury_riot www.lockout.tv/the-story.php www.coalandcommunity.com/rothbury-riot.php www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000085.pdf monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/government/dissent/display/22596-rothbury-riot-memorial]

1959 - __Fiji Oil Workers Strike__: With the more moderate WRWGU president Ratu Meli Gonawai having negotiated in his abscence an increased minimum wage to four pounds eleven shillings and four pence, half the union's initial demand, and with no other additional benefits, the union secretary James Anthony, who had been leading the strike, forced to sign the agreement, the striking Shell Oil Co. and Vacuum Oil Co. workers return to work. [see: Dec. 7]

1970 - Pacification of Polish coastal cities where workers rebel against high prices; the Communist army and police shoot shipyard workers, killing over 50 (among the victims are soldiers who refuse to shoot people): officially, 47 are killed; independent sources claim 147 are killed in Szczecin alone. ZOMO riot police attempt to break the strike at the Gdańsk Shipyard [see yesterday]. Street fighting breaks out in Gdańsk and helicopters and tanks are sent to reinforce the militia.

1981 - __Pacyfikacja kopalni Wujek [Pacification of Wujek__]: On December 14, 1981, the day after the introduction of the martial law in Poland and the arrest of the NSZZ Solidarność official Jan Ludwiczak from the Wujek Coal Mine in Katowice, Wujek miners went on strike, occupying the mine, demanding the release of Ludwiczak, and the end of the martial law and the militarisation of the mine. On the 15th, the miners learned of the brutal pacification of workers in the region by ZOMO riot police and, fearing they too would be targets, a hundred or so of the strikers set to improvising weapons with which to defend themselves. Ranged against the miners on December 16 were eight companies of riot police – ZOMO, supported by ORMO (police reservists) and NOMO – with seven water cannons, three companies of military infantry fighting vehicles (each with 10 vehicles) and one company of tanks. The miners were ordered to quit the mine by 11:00 or force would be used against them. At 10:53 tanks broke down thefences around the mine and the assault began. The miners repeatedly fought the fiot cops off with just their tools, catapults and improvised weapons. During the brawl a number of strikers and 41 troops were injured, including 11 severely. At the peak of the fighting, a commando-type special platoon of ZOMO armed with 9mm machine pistols opened fire on the miners, killing nine of them (Jan Stawisiński, Joachim Gnida, Józef Czekalski, Krzysztof Giza, Ryszard Gzik, Bogusław Kopczak, Andrzej Pełka, Zbigniew Wilk and Zenon Zając), with twenty two other strikers sustaining serious gunshot wounds. Dozens more suffered other injuries. It was later revealed that some of killed were hit by ZOMO snipers firing from a helicopter overhead. In the wake of the slaughter at Wujek and Manifest Lipcowy, Solidarity resistance starts to weaken. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacyfikacja_kopalni_Wujek ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/38063,Pacyfikacja-kopalni-Wujek-najwieksza-zbrodnia-stanu-wojennego.html] || [www.december17.org/]
 * = 17 || [F] __December 17__ - International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers.

1883 - Hoche Arthur Meurant (d. 1950), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3876 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html www.ephemanar.net/avril13.html]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: many people were wounded when troops fired on a demonstration in Monreale against taxes. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1917 - __Sacramento Governor's Mansion Bombing__: Much reviled by the left and workers movement for his attitude towards Thomas Mooney and Warren K. Billings following the July 22, 1916, Preparedness Day bombing, an alleged assassination attempt on California Governor William D. Stephens takes place. A bomb is placed in the basement at the rear of the governor's mansion explodes at 23:55. The chief of police immediately suspected the IWW and arrested fifty-three men who were in or around the local IWW hall. The IWW General Defense Committee Office and general headquarters in Chicago were closed by federal officers so they could seize all papers that would be of use to the prosecution and defence team of the 166 IWW men indicted. On December 22, IWW members William Hood and G.F. Voetter are caught by police with a soap box filled with dynamite at the IWW headquarters in Sacramento, California. They are arrested for transporting explosives and eventually charged with the attempted assassination of Governor Stephens. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Sacramento_Governor's_Mansion_bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_Day_Bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stephens en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mooney en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_K_Billings friendsofcalarchives.org/2013/12/december-17-1917-all-sacramento-shaken/ editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

[C] 1936 - The anti-Stalinist Marxist party P.O.U.M. (Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista) is excluded from the Generalidad government. In Moscow, '//Pravda//' announces that: "As for Catalonia, the purging of Trotskyist and anarcho-syndicalist elements has begun; this work will be carried out with the same energy with which it was done in the USSR." [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1712.html]

1942 - __Kruszyna Camp Uprising__: Jewish inmates at the forced labour camp at Kruszyna, near Radom, awaiting transportation to the extermination camps attack guards with knives and fists. Six prisoners are killed and four escape. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

[D] 1970 - __Czarny Czwartek [Black Thursday] / Rewolta Grudniowa [December Revolt__]: The bloodiest day of the December workers' uprisings in Poland sees 18 people killed in Gdynia (Gdyni) and 12 in Szczecin (Szczecinie). Clashes also take place in the other main northern costal city protest centres of Gdańsk (Gdańsku) and Elblag (Elblągu). On the streets in Gdańsk a 23-year-old Antoni Browarczyk dies from a gunshot wound to the head during street fights with ZOMO riot police. ZOMO break up mass demonstrations in Cracow. The last striking factories in Wrocław are pacified. PM Józefa Cyrankiewicza signs a resolution "on security and public order", something designed to 'legitimise' the state of emergency order promulgated on Tuesday 15th. [expand] [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzień_1970 sz-n.com/2013/12/december-70-in-szczecin-the-stalingrad-of-communism-in-central-europe/ www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/1004394,17-grudnia-1970-Czarny-Czwartek-na-Wybrzezu www.viapolonia.net/Poland_1970/ jozefdarski.pl/7063-grudzien-1970 dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/uzasadnienie-sadu-okregowego-w-warszawie-ws-procesu-grudnia70 libcom.org/history/1970-71-uprising-poland]

2002 - Mustafa al-Hallaj (مصطفى الحلاج‎‎; b. 1938), Palestinian graphic artist, who was a founding member of the trade union committee of the General Union of Palestinian Writers and Journalists, and a member of the Managing Committee of the General Union of Palestinian Abstract Artists in Syria. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_al-Hallaj]

[A] 2010 - Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunis, sets himself on fire in protest against harassment and confiscation of his wares by officials. He dies on January 4. His act becomes a catalyst for demonstrations and riots against the Tunisian regime, which lead to the collapse of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s government on January 14, 2011, as well as triggering the Arab Spring. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm] ||
 * = 18 || 1904 - [N.S. Dec. 31] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка]__: The strike has spread to the majority of enterprises in Baku and become a general strike. [see: Dec. 31]

1905 - [N.S. Dec. 31] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: General Min orders the last assault: "Act without mercy. There will be no arrests."

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 5] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Moscow's Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries meet in Fidler's technical school (one of the centres of revolutionary activity at the time) to plan a revolt, calling for a General Strike on December 20th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1905 - Eugene Debs: "Too long have the workers of the world waited for some Moses to lead them out of bondage. I would not lead you out if I could; for if you could be led out, you could be led back again. I would have you make up your minds there is nothing that you cannot do for yourselves." [From an address on Industrial Unionism delivered at Grand Central Palace. New York City, Dec. 18, 1905]

1916 - In response to the Spanish government having ordered the arrest of the signatories of the '//Pacto de Zaragoza//', the UGT and CNT hold a 24-hour general strike, which is proves to be a success and according to Largo Caballero "had the support of the middle classes and widespread sympathy in the country." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 historia-urbana-madrid.blogspot.com/2016/12/huelga-general-madrid-18-diciembre-1916.html historiadelmovimientoobrero.blogspot.com/2012/03/historia-de-las-huelgas-generales-1916.html]

[F] 1922 - __Strage di Torino [Turin Massacre]__: In Turin, the fascists attack the Camera del Lavoro, and setting fire to the circolo anarchico dei ferrovieri (anarchist railwaymen's club) and the home of the anarchist paper '//L'Ordine Nuovo//'. 22 workmen, socialists, Communists and anarchists are assassinated over the next three days (nine on the 18th) [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Torino_(1922) www.anppia.it/news/2013/12/18/novantuno-anni-fa-a-torino-la-strage-del-xviii-dicembre/]

1942 - Jewish forced labourers at Kruszyna forced labour camp refuse to board trucks following yesterday's revolt, a further 113 are shot for their defiance. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1970 - __Rewolta Grudniowa [December Revolt__]: Following the protest of Czarny Czwartek (Black Thursday) against government food price increases, announced in Poland on December 12, which resulted in 30 deaths and many more people injured, the army surrounded the military shipyard in Szczecin (Szczecinie). In Elblag (Elblągu) it decided to use force, which resulted in clashes with the demonstrators who had been trying to burn down the Communist Party HQ building for the past three day. In the Northern Polish towns of Białystok, Nysa, Oświęcim, Warszaw and Wrocław new strikes also broke out but proved to be lesser in scale and duration than those in Gdańska, Gdyni and Szczecina. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzień_1970 sz-n.com/2013/12/december-70-in-szczecin-the-stalingrad-of-communism-in-central-europe/ www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/1004394,17-grudnia-1970-Czarny-Czwartek-na-Wybrzezu www.viapolonia.net/Poland_1970/ jozefdarski.pl/7063-grudzien-1970 dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/uzasadnienie-sadu-okregowego-w-warszawie-ws-procesu-grudnia70 libcom.org/history/1970-71-uprising-poland] || [libcom.org/history/kater-fritz-1861-1945 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater deu.anarchopedia.org/Fritz_Kater en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater nachtkritik-stuecke08.de/stueckdossier2/autorenportrait www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1912.html www.fau-duesseldorf.org/archiv/menschen/fritz-kater-geb-1861-gest-mai-1945 www.uni-magdeburg.de/mbl/Biografien/1787.htm www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/die-historische-faud/661-der-kater-konzern-ein-beitrag-zur-anarcho-syndikalistischen-verlagsgeschichte]
 * = 19 || 1861 - Fritz Kater (d. 1945), German anarcho-syndicalist active in the Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions; FVdG) and its successor organisation, the Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany; FAUD) and editor of both organisation's newspapers, '//Die Einigkeit//' (Unity) and '//Der Syndikalist//' respectively, born. [expand]

1905 - [N.S. Jan. 1] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The uprising is crushed.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 6] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: An improvised St. Petersburg Soviet calls for a third general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 6] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Issue number 9, the final issue, of the Bolshevik daily newspaper '//Struggle//' (Борьба) is published carrying a proclamation of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies and the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP: "To all the workers, soldiers and citizens", which includes a call for a strike and armed insurrection. The newspaper is subsequently banned Moscow Court of Justice. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Борьба_(газета) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1919 - The car containing Arturo Luis Elizalde, son of the industrialist Arturo Elizalde is fired on by two individuals between the Calles Bailen and Corsica, close to the Passeig de Sant Joan in Barcelona, as he is returning home from his father's car factory. Elizalde is unharmed but his driver, Florencio Palomar Valero, is killed. Two anarchists, Ramon Casanellas Lluch and Pere Mateu Cusidó, employees of the Elizalde company, are accused by the police of having carried out the attack, possibly prompted by the rumours then circulating that Arturo Elizalde had financed the assassination of the anarcho-syndicalist Pau Sabater Lliró aka 'El Tero' on July 18. Florencio Palomar's burial was tuned into a major demonstration by the bourgeoise against 'terrorism'. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1912.html]

[D] 2001 - The Argentine government declares a state of siege, trying to stop the worst looting and riots in a decade, sparked by austerity measures and poverty.

[F] 2008 - __Istanbul Metalworkers Strike__: Management at the Sinter Metal Technologies plant in the Ümraniye working class district of Istanbul announce plans for the loss of a further 400 jobs (in addition to the 37 job losses announced 3 days earlier) and lock the workers out of the plant. The workers responded to the initial lay-offs by joining the metalworkers' union, Birlesik-Metal, and staging a protest outside the plant. However, this time the workers responded to the lock-out by climbing the gate and occupying the plant for two days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_metalworkers_strike_of_2008–09 www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/turk-j07.html] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2397]
 * = 20 || 1881 - Paul Florent Gourmelon (aka 'Paulus' & 'Mahurec'; d. 1928), French militant, neo-Malthusian and, according to the police, a "dangerous anarchist", born.

1884 - Jean-Baptiste Victor Sipido (d. 1959), Belgian anarchist and tinsmith's apprentice, who attempted to assassinate the Prince of Wales at the Brussel-Noord railway station in Brussels on April 5, 1900, born. At his trial, Sipido is acquited despite his obvious guilt as he was less than 16 years old. The jury "held that by reason of his age he had not acted with discernment and could not be considered //doli capax//" or legally responsible, and he was not even detained in a reformatory.

[E] 1891 - [O.S. Dec. 8] Maria Skobtsova [Мария Скобцова] (Elizaveta Yurievna Pilenko [Елизавета Юрьевна Пиленко]; d. 1945), Russian noblewoman, revolutionary, poet, nun, and member of the French Résistance during World War II, who was executed in a gas chamber in Ravensbrück concentration camp, a week before the camp was liberated by the Red Army, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Skobtsova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мария_(Скобцова)]

1901 - Rafael Liberato Torres Escartín aka 'El Maño' (d. 1939), Aragonese anarchist militant, anarcho-syndicalist and //guerrillo//, is born in the barracks of the Civil Guard in Bailo, where his father Pedro Torres Marco was stationed. His brother Benito, a member of the Unió General de Treballadors, was indicted because of the strike demanding better working conditions that paralyzed factories Sabiñánigo in 1932. He and nine other workers faced charges of arson, explosion and illegal possession of weapons and explosives, with the prosecution demanding 34 years in prison for each defendant. Defended by the famous lawyer Eduardo Barriobero, he managed to escape conviction. Another brother, Fidel, who was also an anarchist, was shot in Huesca on 23 August 1936. Torres Escartín came into contact with anarchism during his studies in Huesca, where he became a follower of Ramon Acin. After abandoning his studies, he became a baker in Zaragoza in 1919, having already become active in the Sindicat de l'Alimentació of the CNT the previous year. In this period, he began to read the great French thinkers and Russian, and was a strict vegetarian, not smoking or drinking alcohol. He also became involved with the action groups Voluntad (Will) and Los Justicieros, the latter with Francisco Ascaso, Cristobal Albadatrecu and Sancho Mangado, moving regularly in those years between Zaragoza and Barcelona, ​​where he began working as a confectioner at the Ritz Hotel in October, 1920. In his first known action, Suberviola, Durruti and he appropriated 300,000 pesetas in Eibar. In August 1922 along with Francisco Ascaso and Marcelino del Campo, he helped create the Barcelona anarchist group Crisol, which expanded in October with new members Ricardo Sanz, García Oliver, Garcia Vivanco and others, to form Los Solidarios, one of the most prominent organisations of pre-war Spanish anarchism. In response to the March 1923 murder of Salvador Seguí, the secretary of the CNT, by pistolers of Sindicat Lliure de la patronal, Los Solidarios went on the offensive. In May 1923, Torres Escartín, along with Ascaso and Aurelio Fernandez, travelled to San Sebastian and La Coruna to try and cary out attacks against the Military governor of Barcelona, General Martínez Anido, who led the anti-union repression. On June 4, 1923, Cardinal Soldevilla, Archbishop of Zaragoza and organiser of (financing and recruiting) the bosses' hired gunmen, was shot dead in his car by Rafael Torres Escartín and Francisco Ascaso. Ascaso was arrested on June 8, but was involved in a mass escape of prisoners away from Predicadores Prison on November 8, 1923. Torres Escartin however managed to elude the police, and he and other Los Solidarios members reappeared on September 1 robbing the Bank of Spain in Gijón, collecting 650,000 pts. After an armed confrontation with the Guardia Civil in Oviedo on September 9, his partner Eusebio Grau was killed and he was arrested on a train; beaten and interned in Oviedo, he escaped the following day along with seven other detainees. Hiding on Mount Narango, he was captured on the 11th, after being denounced by a radical member whom he had asked for help. Tried in Predicadores prison in Saragossa on April 1-4, 1925, he denied all charges but was sentenced to death for the Soldevilas assassination, later commuted to life in prison. Two other defendants, Esteban Salamero and Julia López Mainar, were sentenced to 12 and six years respectively. Confined in Dueso prison, Santoña, in a special isolation cell, spending 15 months in the dark without any break, he pursued two hunger strikes. In these conditions his health and sanity suffered and he was transferred to the asylum of Sant Boi de Llobregat. Upon the reappearance of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in August 1930, the paper began a public campaign, led by the doctor and anarchist Isaac Puente, denouncing his situation and calling for an amnesty. With the advent of the Second Republic, he was released on 30 April 1931. In June 1931, he participated in the first conference of the FAI, prior to the 3rd Congress of the CNT. He was arrested and beaten in the dungeons of the Direcció General de Seguretat (General Directorate of Security) and, arriving in Barcelona, he was arrested again, going on to become a spokesman for social prisoners. Having again gained his freedom, his comrades committed him to the Institut Pere Mata Psychiatric Hospital in Reus, from which he escaped three times, once getting as far as Ayerbe, where he was arrested at the home of his brother Fidel. Labelled as an "extremist" by the government, he was put in prison in Huesca. During this period, he stated that he preferred death to being in the asylum. His family asked to take charge of the patient, and '//Solidaridad Obrera//' also campaigned for his freedom, but he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. On 23 November 1936, he appeared in the second row at the massive funeral his friend and partner Buenaventura Durruti, looking haggard and aged beyond his years. However, he still continued to participate in various charities helping children and refugees. He met his end when Fascist troops took him from his asylum cell and shot him on January 21, 1939 in Barcelona. His comrades had hoped that his obvious insanity would save him from that fate but the fascists thought otherwise. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2012.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Torres_Escartín puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3113-rafael-torres-escartin-anarquista-fusilado-en-barcelona.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5957]

[F] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 7] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: In Moscow a strike breaks out against the increasingly repressive measures employed by the government; the largest enterprises stopped, cut off the electricity stopped trams, shops were closed. The strike spread about 60% of Moscow factories, it joined the technical staff and employees of the Moscow City Duma. Many large enterprises Moscow workers do not come to work. Held meetings and rallies under the protection of armed squads. The most prepared and well-armed squad was organised by RSDLP member and industrialist Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt (Николай Павлович Шмит; 1883-1907) in his furniture factory in the Presnia (Пресне) district. The uprising, which also also briefly spreads to St Petersburg with 125,000 people on strike, leads to an armed insurrection in Moscow, and 33 other towns also see mass strike activity. Many working class areas in Moscow are under a state of siege as barricades are built against the police and army. Tsar Nicholas II announces that any crowd of over three people would be fired upon and the Governor-General Fedor Dubasov, fearing unrest amongst sections of the Moscow garrison, orders troop disarmed and confined to their barracks. Virgil Leonovich Schanzer (Виргилий Шанцер) aka 'Marat' and Mikhail Vasiliev-Ugine (Михаил Васильев-Южин), members of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, are arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 7] __Rostov Uprising [Ростовское Bосстание__]: With the beginning of the political general strike in Moscow, railroad workers in Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) go out on strike, supported by a large number of workers in the city. Following a series of rallies between December 23-25 [O.S. Dec. 10-12] in support of the rebels in Moscow, a general strike breaks out and soon leads to a serious local revolt. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1916 - Roland Kennedy and Frank Franz, two Australian IWW members were executed at Bathurst Gaol for the murder of a Tottenham police officer George Duncan on September 26. 1916. [www.takver.com/history/iww_tottenham.htm libcom.org/history/ned-kellys-ghost-tottenham-iww-tottenham-tragedy-john-patten researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A30145/datastream/PDF/view www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/the-hummer-vol-11-no-1-2016/tottenham/ independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/australias-long-history-of-union-bashing,8420 www.australianpolice.com.au/george-joseph-duncan/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Twelve]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: An armed confrontation takes place between the Argentine Army commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela and strikers led by anarcho-syndicalist labourer and wagon driver José Font aka 'Facón Grande' in the vicinity of the Estación Tehuelches, where the rebels are camped. One soldier is killed an another two wounded while the strikers suffer 3 dead and several wounded. Varela and his troops return to the Estación Jaramillo. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

1960 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: The strike of 1960-61 was the culmination of a growing movement of social protest that had been building up over many years. The economic situation of Belgium had been slowly deteriorating. The last and most drastic attempt to improve it, at the expense of the working class, was the introduction by Gaston Eyskens' Liberal and Social Christian coalition government of the Loi Unique or Eenheidswet (Single Law of Economic Expansion, Social Progress and Financial Recovery), which cut into workers' purchasing power and threatened their conditions of work. On December 14, 1960, a one-day demonstration was called by the the militant trade union, the General Federation of Belgian Labour (Fédération générale du travail de Belgique / Algemeen Belgisch Vakverbond; FGTB/ABVV) and the Parti Bocialiste Belge / Belgische Socialistische Partij to protest against this law. It met with tremendous success. On December 20, the day the debate on the law began in Parliament, the municipal workers came out on official, countrywide, strike. While most of the other unions were discussing what to do next, a spontaneous movement of unparalleled extent swept the country like a tidal wave. However, although the strike began across the whole of Belgium, it soon lost momentum in Flanders where workers returned to work after a few days, leaving those in Wallonia, a region already starting to experience deindustrialisation, on their own for the five weeks of the strike. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgian-workers-strike-against-austerity-1960-61-winter-strike fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_générale_de_l'hiver_1960-1961 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1960–61 wikirouge.net/Grève_générale_de_l'hiver_1960-1961 libcom.org/history/belgian-general-strike-diary-1960-maurice-brinton libcom.org/history/belgium-general-strike-solidarity www.larevuetoudi.org/fr/story/la-grève-générale-de-lhiver-1960-1961 www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/les-cinq-semaines-qui-ebranlerent-la-belgique-51b8ca50e4b0de6db9bef5c7 lutte-ouvriere.be/?p=816 www.ernestmandel.org/fr/ecrits/txt/1961/les_greves_belges.htm]

1973 - __Proceso 1001__: The trial of the ten leaders of the clanestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) arrested on June 24, 1972, takes place over 3 days - the first coinciding with the assassination of the Spanish Prime Minister Carrero Blanco. On December 30th, the diez de Carabanchel (Carabanchel Ten), as they became known, were sentenced to: Marcelino Camacho, 20 years in prison.; Nicolás Sartorius, 19; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón, 12; Pedro Santiesteban, 12; Eduardo Saborido, 20; Francisco García Salve (worker priest), 19; Luis Fernández, 12; Francisco Acosta, 12; Juan Muñiz Zapico Juanín, 18; and Fernando Soto Martín, 17 years in prison, for membership of an illegal organisation, because of their alleged links with the Communist Party of Spain, and for conspiracy. The harshness of their sentences, which were directly in line with the demands of the prosecution, were a consequnce of the political and judicial backlash following the Carrero Blanco assassination. A year later on November 24, 1975, the supreme court would reduce their sentences to: Marcelino Camacho 6 years; Nicolás Sartorius 5 years; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón 2 years; Pedro Santiesteban 2 years; Eduardo Saborido 5 years; Francisco García Salve 5 years; Luis Fernández 2 years; Francisco Acosta 2 years; Juan Muñiz Zapico 4 years; and Fernando Soto Martín 4 years in prison. [see: Jun. 24, Nov. 25 & Dec. 30] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html] || [www.wendymcelroy.com/articles/holmes.html flag.blackened.net/lpp/haymarket/mckinley_holmes.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0808.html www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=128142635]
 * = 21 || 1850 - Lizzie Holmes (Sarah Elizabeth Mary Hunt; d. 1926), American music teacher, seamstress, labour organiser, journalist, socialist and militant anarchist, born. Also known as Elizabeth Swank (after her first husband Hiram Swank, who died in 1877), which she used as a penname, along with May Huntley. After the death of her first husband, she moved to Chicago, where she became a member of the Working Women's Union, campaigning to organise her fellow seamstresses and denouncing their miserable working conditions. A member of the Socialist Labor Party and working on '//The Radical Review//', she gravitated to anarchism in 1883. Two years later she married the English anarchist William H. Holmes. The Holmeses worked closely with Albert and Lucy Parsons in Chicago's American Group of the International Working People's Association. Lizzie served as assistant editor of '//The Alarm//', and the day before the Haymarket meeting she led a march of 300-400 working women demanding the eight-hour day. When the authorities suppressed '//The Alarm//', Lizzie was one of those arrested; in 1887 Dyer D. Lum revived the paper and appointed Lizzie as associate editor. She was also active in the Knights of Labor and participated in the founding of the Ladies' Federal Labor Union (1888) under the auspices of the AFL. In the mid-1890s, William and Lizzie Holmes moved to Colorado, living in La Yeta, where Samuel Fielden was a neighbour, and in Denver. Still later they went to Farmington, New Mexico; there Lizzie died in 1926. Until about 1908 she contributed regularly to anarchist papers, especially 'Free Society', and wrote for a variety of labour journals, including 'The Industrial Advocate', edited by her William, and the AFL's '//American Federationist//'. Her syndicated articles for the Associated Labor Press appeared in labour papers across the country.

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: The Gas Workers' Union puts out a statement saying that while they could not accept the agreements "we cannot forget the attachment that we feel to our old employers ... and. nothing would give us greater satisfaction than a return to our previous relations." However, the mood of the strikers and their increasing hard-up families was getting ever lower and men were beginning to go back to work, especially given the lack of support from other unions: South Met. was making gas for their customers, now that the scabs had learnt how to, and the Union members were all out of work – a meeting of unions at Mile End advised the Gas Workers to go to the London Trades Council and get them to sort out some kind of settlement. All they could do now was to try and persuade Livesey to take them back. The same night, two strikers enter the West Greenwich works – Tom Elliot (31 Bellot Street) and Tom Jevons (21 Coleraine Road) - and spoke to the blacklegs in the canteen: "why don’t you act as men – it’s through you our wives and children are starving". They were arrested. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 8] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The first clashed take place at the Aquarium Gardens (Сад Аква́риум) as police try to disperse the rally and disarm those carrying weapons. Most of the fighters manage to escape, and the several dozen arrested are released the following day. However, the same night the rumours of mass executions of protesters, prompting several Socialist Revolutionary fighters to commit attack the Police Department building in Gnezdnikovsky Lane, hurling two bombs thought its windows. One person is killed and several more injured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 8] An uprising is attempted in Aleksandrov (Dec. 21-28) [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/История_Александрова enc.permculture.ru/showObject.do?object=1804265698 book33.ru/kolchugino-istorija/kolchuginskij-kraj-i-zavod-v-gody-revolyucii-1905-g.html]

[DD] 1907 - __Matanza de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique [Santa María School Massacre__]: During the Huelga de los 18 Peniques (18 Pence Strike), nitrate workers, led by known anarchists, had joined the general strike, leaving their mines in the pampa (a grasslands region in South America), and converged on Iquique, the regional capital, to appeal for government intervention to improve their living and working conditions. Their strike headquarters was established at the Domingo Santa Maria School. Overall there were around 4,500 striking miners from different nitrate mines in Chile's far north, together with their families and supporters, in the school and another 1,500 or so who had been camping in tents around the square. The army were called in by the bosses, martial law was declared, stores were locked and at 3.45 pm the slaughter began, including the use of artillery. Up to 3,600 men, women and children were massacred. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_la_Escuela_Santa_María_de_Iquique en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María_School_massacre www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3604.html]

1916 - Emma Tenayuca (d. 1999), fearless and largely unsung Mexican-American labour leader, union organiser, libertarian communist and educator, who played a prominent role in the 1938 Texan Pecan Shellers Strike, born. Influenced by the Flores Magon brothers and the Wobblies from a very early age, attending political rallies from 6 or 7 years old, she became a labour organiser, founding two international ladies' garment workers unions and becoming involved in many of the most famous conflicts of Texas labour history. She was also active in the Worker’s Alliance of America, the Woman’s League for Peace and Freedom and joined the Communist Party in 1936. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca libcom.org/history/emma-tenayuca-1938-pecan-shellers-strike www.af3irm.org/2012/1/revolutionary-woman-day-emma-tenayuca docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:GsbY1bkHupUJ:www.celebratingtexas.com/tr/lsl/78.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj-t3AKKSy2E8wiFVBIVLhl3MrMV7MLB9u2EPr9BBE7NDVBXrzGZ3xngAekHXl5zWnyIO9owZMxOY0HemNTZVIxhX5MNc2AiQGvtw5s3RzFW2atK5JiHqkkReH4twPgvhV63bop&sig=AHIEtbSu1ZnLYrK1xly3c7sRY943Bk1i5g]

[F] 1919 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman deported from USA alongside 250 fellow labour activists, anarchists [Ethel Bernstein (1898 - ??), Dora Lipkin] and radicals on board the S.S. Buford bound for Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAT_Buford editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/103/ editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/105/ www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Deportation_Cases_of_1919-1920_1000618161/0 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmch1.html]

[D] 1920 - __Husinska Buna [Husino Rebellion__]: A short-lived miners strike and armed rebellion against industrial slavery in the new, post-WWI state known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca). 7,000 miners from Kreka, Tuzla, Breza and Zenica in central Bosnia, led by the Communist Party and the Union of Mining Workers (Saveza Rudarskih Radnika), participated in the strike in the village of Husino in Tuzla. On July 21, 1920, a collective labour agreement had been concluded between the Government and the Union of Mining Workers. However, the government reneged on the agreement when the miners requested a rise of wages of 30-45% to counter the gallop inflation which had paralyzed the economy (+60% between August and December 1920). Miners from the Kreka mine in Tuzla stopped work. The main strike actors were a group of 19 miners who were later prosecuted. The same day, the authorities claimed the miners had violated statutory agreements and ordered them back to work within three days. Anyone failing to comply with this order was threatened with being dismissed and loosing the right to state housing. Slovenian miners dominated the workforce in the Crimean mine and the authorities forcibly removed many of these miners and their families from their homes. Mminers from nearby villages of Husina and Lipnica quickly stepped in to help their co-workers from Slovenia, as had miners from other areas. More than 300 emigrants from Greece, predominantly Slovenes, ended up having to withdraw from the strike committee in Husino and other villages near Tuzla. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husino_rebellion]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: At the Estación Jaramillo, Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela sends for Mario Mesa, the Pico Truncado manager of the local stores company La Anónima, to send him to parley with 'Facón Grande' and tell him that he will respect the lives of all who acceed to to his demand to surrender. After a meeting, the workers decided to surrender in Tehuelches station the following day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html] || "Shame on those who do not revolt against social injustice" [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121112 www.assietteaubeurre.org/illustrateurs_bis.htm www.oulala.net/Portail/spip.php?article884 latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-saggio-olt-jules-felix-grandjouan-31813808.html]
 * = 22 || 1875 - Jules-Félix Grandjouan (d. 1968), French libertarian, revolutionary syndicalist, painter, caricaturist, illustrator and poster artist, born. Participated prominently on '//L'Assiette au Beurre//' from 1901-1912 with his favourite themes including anti-militarism, anti-patriotism and anti-clericalism. His caricatures and illustrations, executed mainly in pastels, feature both in political papers such as '//Le Libertaire//', '//La Voix du Peuple//', '//Les Temps Nouveaux//', '//La Guerre Sociale//', '//La Bataille Syndicaliste//', '//Le Travailleur du Bâtiment//', '//Le Conscrit//', etc. and the more satirical press, including '//Le Rire//', '//Le Sourire//' and '//Le Charivari//'. Tried and sentenced to 18 months in prison for his caricature drawings of Clemenceau. He moved to Germany, where he met Isadora Duncan, who became his mistress and muse.

1901 - Fernando Demetrio Mata Povedano (d. 1936), Aragonese rationalist teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Destined for the priesthood, instead he joined the anarchist Centro Instructivo Obrero de Oficios Varios (Centre for Workers Instruction for Various Crafts) in 1918 and, in 1924 during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, was named its president. He also gained permission to start a school - the Escuela de Niños Nueva (New Children's School) or the Colegio de Educación Científica y Racional (College of Scientific and Rational Education). He also corresponded with the Librería Luque in Montemayor, acquiring many books that he then distributed in the villages of the region where he traveled by bicycle. Married in 1927 to Maria de los Aneles Basilia Mata Carmona and in 1928 started sending money to a campaign by 'La Revista Blanca' for prisoner support. [expand] On February 22, 1936, he was elected mayor of Montemayor, following the resignation of Antonio Carmona Jiménez, and was president of the Comisión de Hacienda (Committee on Finance), combining these posts with his teaching work. During his time as mayor he urged public works and land reform, developing arbitration between employers and workers. During his tenure the construction of the Grupo Escolar 'Francisco Ferrer Guardia' was also launched, with the first stone being laid on June 1, 1936, but which was halted due to the Francoist coup. On the night of July 18, 1936, a platoon of Guardia Civil from Fernán-Núñez, commanded by Lieutenant Cristóbal Jiménez, Fernando Mata Povedano and eight colleagues. Transferred to the prison in Córdoba, Fernando Mata was assassinated there on on September 26, 1936, and buried in a common grave in thecity's San Rafael cemetery. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/matapovedano/matapovedano.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7984]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 9] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Following 2 relatively peaceful days, things take a turn for the worse as the governor of Moscow, Vice Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, tried to arrest the 'ringleaders' of the four soviets of workers' deputies coordinating the uprising, provoking a city-wide uprising. The revolt is based in Maxim Gorky's apartment, where bombs are made in the study and food for the revolutionaries in the kitchen. Gorky disliked the Bolsheviks' dogmatic collectivism but saw them as an ally against the backward peasants and Tsar. The Joint Council of Volunteer Fighting Squads arm the workers with 800 stockpiled weapons. Barricades are made from whatever people laid their hands on, even overturned trams. 2,000 man the barricades centered in Moscow’s Presnia district, armed with 200 guns. The police try to dismantle them but are driven back. Workers are joined by students and even some bourgeois, angered at the violence of the government. About 150 representatives of Moscow’s worker squads gather at Fidler’s technical school, the workers' 'war ministry', where thousands of worker squads receive military training. Others discuss a plan to capture the Nikolaevski station in order to cut off communication between Moscow and St. Petersburg and thereby prevent reinforcements arriving. After the meeting, many now wish to go and disarm the police. However, by 21:00 the Fidler building had been surrounded by troops, who presented an ultimatum to surrender. After refusing to surrender, the troops proceeded to shell Fidler from 10 pm to 3 am despite the besieged waving the white flag. About 20 workers were killed and 30 people, mainly workers from the railway guards and one soldier managed to escape over the fence. Eventually, a white flag was recognised and a large group, 80-100 people, surrendered but not before they had hastily rendered their arms unusable so they could not fall into the hands of the enemy. Subsequently, 99 people were put on trial, but most of them were acquitted. The armed uprising had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 9] __Bloody Friday in Yaroslavl [Кровавая пятница в Ярославле__]: From November 28 [15], 1905 to January 20 [7], 1906, a strike was held at the Yaroslavl Large Manufactory (Ярославской Большой мануфактуре). The workers demanded the introduction of an eight-hour working day, additional social guarantees, and an increase in wages by 30 to 45 percent. The leadership of the strike was carried out by the strike committee. The City Duma adopted a resolution to allocate six thousand rubles for the workers of the Yaroslavl Large Manufactory. However, this decision was not carried out. The situation of the striking workers was complicated. Therefore, it was decided to organise on Friday, December 22 [9] a citywide demonstration and demand the allocation of money. The protesters wanted to present their demands to the Yaroslavl governor A.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (А. А. Римскому-Корсакову), and also to hold rallies outside the buildings of the city duma and the vice-governor. However, the workers' demonstration was fired on at various points by Cossacks, police and horse-guards leaving six people dead and more than twenty seriously injured. The very next day, the 'Северном крае' (Northern Territory) newspaper covered these events in detail. It was in the 'Northern Territory' that the term "//bloody Friday//" (Кровавая пятница) first appeared, which from now on began to designate one of the most tragic events in the history of the city. [www.sevkray.ru/news/9/1063/ diplomba.ru/work/85938 yargid.ru/blog/history_streets/424.html aboutrybinsk.narod.ru/history/yaredge/16.html]

1905 - Kenneth Rexroth (d. 1982), poet, essayist, critic, translator, anarchist, Wobbly, pacifist and conscientious objector, born. He active in groups like the Randolph Bourne Council (an anarchist group), the John Reed Club, the Libertarian Circle, and the Waterfront Workers Association in San Francisco. Apart from his numerous books of poems and his collections of essays, his 2 most important works which describe his libertarianism are '//Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century//' (1974) and '//An Autobiographical Novel//' (1991). [expand] [libcom.org/history/rexroth-kenneth-1905-1982 libcom.org/tags/kenneth-rexroth jack-adellefoley.com/visionsaffiliations_a_california_literary_time_line_1940-2005 www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/poems/1950s.htm en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rexroth/hamalian.htm www.granarybooks.com/books/clay/clay4.html]

1921 - __Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica__: The surviving strikers of the columna Facón Grande, including José Font himself, surrender at the Estación Jaramillo. Contrary to Varela's assurances, Facón Grande and at least fifty workers are shot by firing squad the same day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

1922 - International Congress of Revolutionary Syndicalists in Berlin. Founding of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers Association (AIT/ IWA), on the initiative of Rudolf Rocker.

[F] 1945 - __Senegalese Workers General Strike__: Compagnie Française d'Afrique Occidentale workers in the port of Dakar go on strike demanding an increase in wages. The workers from the printing shops of Dakar and the Senegalese electrical factory in Saint Louis joined the strike. It would develop into an eleven-day-long general strike in mid January. [til Feb. 7, 1946] The strike would fundamentaly change the colonial power's perception of African workers, establishing the permanance of unions as a power in French West Africa. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/senegalese-workers-general-strike-increased-wages-1945-194 www.scribd.com/document/205884667/Cooper-F-The-Senegalese-General-Strike-of-1946-and-the-Labor-Question-in-Post-War-French-A6 www.globallabour.info/en/2011/04/the_working_class_movement_in_1.html]

1951 - Georges Gustave Gillet (b. 1876), French militant syndicalist, anarchist propagandist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1988 - Chico Mendes (Francisco Alves Mendes Filho; b. 1944), Brazilian rubber tapper, trades union leader and environmentalsit, is murdered by landowners for his leadership in the struggle against the destruction of Amazon rainforests. || [www.bn-r.fr/presse/pdf/PRA_JRX/PDF/1882/PRA_JRX_18821217_003.pdf raforum.info/dissertations/IMG/pdf/Annexes_de_GERMAIN-_Le_mouvement_anarchiste_en_Sao_ne-et-Loire_-_GERMAIN_Emmanuel-Marie.pdf rebellyon.info/Declaration-des-66-Anarchistes-au www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1883-Le-premier-proces-spectacle]
 * = 23 || 1882 - __La Bande Noire__: The trail postponed on October 24 in the wake of the intimidation of the jury and the attack on the Théâtre Bellecour's L'Assommoir restaurant in Lyon reached its conclusion in the court of assize in Puy-de-Dôme, with nine defendants receiving between one and five years in prison.

1886* - Salvador Segui Rubinat, aka 'El Noi del Sucre' (The Sugar Boy)(d. 1923), anarcho-syndicalist in the Catalonian CNT, born. He was assassinated in 1923 along with another trade unionist, Francesc Comes, the murders financed by the governor of Catalonia. [expand] [*NB: some sources give his d.o.b. as Sep. 23, 1887] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Salvador_Segui www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2309.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Seguí_i_Rubinat fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Seguí www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=segui-i-rubinat-salvador www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/memoria/salvador-segui-i-rubinat-el-noi-del-sucre]

1896 - Isabel Vilà i Pujo (d. 1843), Catalan nurse, syndicalist, member of the International and rationalist educator, who is considered to have been a pioneer of syndicalism in Catalonia, dies. [see: Aug. 3]

1902 - René Maurice Frémont (d. 1940), French anarcho-communist and syndicalist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1840 raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=238]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 10] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Following the previous night's confrontation, barricades appear on the streets and insurgents armed with seized weapons, begin to attack the soldiers, policemen and officers. The Executive Committee of the Board of Workers' Deputies isssues a special proclamation declaring an armed uprising at 6 pm. However, the action begins much earlier. The SRs bomb the HQ of the Moscow Okhrana that night and weapon stores are looted. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

[F] 1928 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: Citing economic depression in the industry, Judge Lionel Oscar Lukin rules that timber mill workers in Australia must accept increased hours of work and decreased wages. The resulting strike in wake of the February 2, 1929 lock-out – supported by workers across a number of industries and community organisations – lasted nearly nine months. [see: Jan 3] [wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/orgmanagement/WorkingPapers/WP104.pdf scratchingsydneyssurface.wordpress.com/tag/timber-workers/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Australian_timber_workers'_strike www.takver.com/history/myunion/myunion11.htm#1929] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2412.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1865 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_de_resistencia_(societarismo)]
 * = 24 || [F] 1865 - A Workers Congress is held at the Saló Universal in Barcelona [Dec. 24-26] during the respite produced by the relative atmosphere of tolerance during the government of General Domingo Dulce y Garay between 1864-66 when workers' organisations were allowed to operate openly. Originally an idea of the editors of the newspaper 'El Obrero' and its director Antoni Gusart i Vila, "to promote the cooperative movement, that implanted in England a few years ago, has spread with fast flight by all the European nations". The first such congress to be held in Spain, though it was effectively limited to Catalan organisations with about 300 delegates, representing 22 Catalan workers' societies in addition to 'sociedades de resistencia', cooperatives and mutual aid associations participating. The key decisions to come out of the events were the formation of federations of workers 'societies (federación de sociedades obreras) and workers' centers (centros obreros), and the addressing of a petition to the Government to recognise freedom of association.

1869 - Members of the Associació Internacional del Treballadors in Madrid sign the '//Manifest dels treballadors internacionals de la Secció de Madrid als treballadors d'Espanya//' (Manifesto of the international workers' of the Madrid section of Spanish workers) [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2412.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1868-1870-los-primeros-anos.html]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: Despite pickets besieging gasworks across London and many of the blacklegs that had been recruited being initially unskilled and the gas they produced being of poor quaility, the capital's holders were now full of gas and the strike in Manchester had collapsed.

[D] 1893 - __Massacro di Lercara Friddi [Lercara Friddi Massacre__] __/ Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: During the Fasci Siciliani protests, a crowd of women gathered in the main squares of the country, a multitude of women leading a demonstration against the local administrators, those who impose taxes including the infamous //tassa sul macinato// (flour tax) on the poor. Their main target were the //casotti daziari//, the tollhouses and the meeting places and entertainment venues frequented by the local notables and Mafia bullies (//gabelloti//). The police failed to contain the crowd and the toolhouses were completely devastated. [cesim-marineo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/natale-di-sangue-nella-lercara-del-1893.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1894 - Andrés Capdevila i Puig (d. 1987), alternate birth date. [see: Dec. 25] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article672]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 11] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The Bolsheviks issue a handbook on street fighting. The military wing of the Moscow Committee of the Social-Democratic Workers’ Party send out a pamphlet to its members: "Comrades, our top-priority task is to hand power in the city over to the people. In the section we have seized we'll establish an elected government and introduce the 8-hour work day. We shall prove that under our government the rights and freedoms of everyone will be protected better than they are now." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1919 - The Federación Obrera Local de Santiago organises a meeting [Dec. 24-27] during which the Chilean section of the Industrial Workers of the World is constituted. [naturalezaydialectica.wordpress.com/2015/10/20/la-iww-en-chile-un-sindicato-y-una-leyenda-1919-1951/ iww.org/history/library/misc/FNBrill1999 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile]

1960 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: The Wallonian trade union leader André Renard, Deputy Secretary General of the FGTB/ABVV issues the following appeal to Belgium's troops: "Soldiers, the Belgian working class has entered a decisive struggle for its right to exist . The government will use the troops, alongside the gen-darmerie, to try to break the strikes and repress the ongoing social movement. We ask you to understand and do your duty. If you are asked to work instead of the workers in companies or services immobilized by the strike, cross your arms! If you are faced with strikers or demonstrators, remember that they are your parents, your brothers, your friends. Fraternise with them. You are mobilised to defend the country and not to strangle it. Fear nothing. The whole socialist workers' movement is there to defend you." The newspaper '//La Wallonie//' is siezed for printing the appeal. [lutte-ouvriere.be/?p=816]

1975 - Nicolas Lazarevitch (b. 1895), militant Russian anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 17] ||
 * = 25 || [A] 1647 - In Canterbury, UK, a mob shuts down all the shops that have obeyed the order to open for Christmas. They then serve free drinks for all, free the prisoners and throw shit at the Presbyterian minister. Then they play football.

1872 - __Congreso de Córdoba__: III Congreso de la Federación Regional Española de la Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores is held in the Teatro Moratín from December 25, 1872 to January 3, 1873. It involved 50 delegates representing 42 local Federations and 10 trade unions - at that time the FRE had 29,000 members. During the congress the FRE adopts an expressly anarchist structure and organisational position. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Córdoba es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/cuando-el-obrerismo-espanol-se-declaro.html www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf andalucia.cnt.es/content/centenario-cnt-el-congreso-de-córdoba-de-1872]

1884 - Los Desheredados (The Disinherited), a dissident group from within the Associació Internacional dels Treballadors de la Regió Espanyola, organise its III Congrés Revolucionari [Dec. 25-28] in Cadiz. Attended by representatives of 34 organisations (24 in Andalusia), the delegates declared: "...the emancipation of the proletariat can not achieve peaceful..." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Desheredados puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/6079-iii-congreso-revolucionario-de-qlos-desheredados-en-cadiz.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1885-1893-el-camino-hacia-la.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html]

1889 - Octavius Albert Garnier (d. 1912), Individualist anarchist and illegalist, member of the Bonnot gang, born.

1889 - (Jean Valérien) Maurice Mac-Nab (b. 1856), French poet, songwriter, performer and postal worker, dies. Famed for his ironic songs of working-class life performed at the Club des Hydropathes, at the the literary club Café de l'Avenir, in the Latin Quarter, and at Le Chat Noir in Montmartre. Many of his songs, such as '//L'Expulsion//' and '//Le Grand Métingue du Métropolitain//', were explicitly anarchist in sentiment and were popularly sung at demonstrations. [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1889 - Wilhelm (Willi) Jelinek (d. 1952), militant German anarchist-syndicalist, born. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jelinek www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html libcom.org/history/jelinek-wilhelm-willi-1889-1952]

[D] 1893 - __Massacro di Lercara Friddi [Lercara Friddi Massacre__] __/ Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Following yesterday's Fasci Siciliani protests, at about four in the afternoon the people of Lercara Friddi, with women and children to the fore, flooded the streets to protest outside the Town Hall. Waving their flags and improvised banners, they made it clear that they would no longer tolerate exploitation and hunger. A deputy prefect, who had been sent from Palermo, struggled to calm the crowd who faced the military reinforcements who had also just arrived. A tragedy was inevitable. An officer warned the protesters to disperse and, following a moment of silence, shots began to ring out. From the balconies of the palazzotti on the square, the local notables, masters of Lercara, its fields and sulphur mines, incited the police to carry out the massacre. With his mouth still full of their Christmas lunch, they shouted: "Death to the instigators, death to the subversives." Eleven protesters were killed in the face of this cynical and shameful incitement to massacre. "it will never be known who had fired first [...] is not at all impossible that a shoot first had been some watchman, some holy mother, lurking around the corner for some home and charged with causing the massacre by one of the factions vying for power in the country. The papers are silent about it." (Mario Siragusa - '//Stragi e stragismo nell’età dei Fasci siciliani//' (Slaughter and massacres in the age of the Fasci Siciliani) in '//La Sicilia delle stragi//' (The massacres in Sicily) by Giuseppe Carlo Marino, 2007, p. 119). [cesim-marineo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/natale-di-sangue-nella-lercara-del-1893.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1894 - Andreu Capdevila i Puig (d. 1987), Catalan dye worker, militant in the CNT, the Spanish Revolution and in France, where he wrote for most of the exile papers ('//Terra Lliure//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//Umbral//', etc.), born. Minister of Economy in the Generalitat de Catalunya and President of the Economic Council of Catalonia during the Republic. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/capdevila/capdevila.html opinioandreuenca.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/andreu-capdevila-i-puig-laltre.html]

[F] 1904 - [O.S. Dec. 13] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The strike, which was to be the first example of a dispute in the history of the workers' movement in Russia that was concluded with a collective agreement between strikers and bosses (in this case the oil owners), begins in Balakhany and in the Bibi-Eibat workshop district. Members of the strike committee were Prokofy 'Alyosha' Dzhaparidze (პროკოფი ფარაძეიძე), Alexander Stopani (Алекса́ндр Стопа́ни), Ivan Fioletov (Ива́н Фиоле́тов), and others. The Baku committee of the RSDLP was heavily involved in the organisation of the strike and the Muslim Social Democratic Party Hummet (Hümmət / Endeavor) did a great deal to attract Azerbaijani workers into an active role in the strike struggle. The Armenian Social Democrat Hunchakian Party HNCHAK (ՍԴՀԿ) also selected representatives to the strike committee. Along with demands already presented in the summer of 1903 [release of arrested workers and re-employment of those who had previously been blacklisted for agitational activities; the introduction of an eight-hour working day; the termination of overtime; the increase of wages by 20-50%; the abolition of fines; the improvement of housing conditions], the workers proposed new ones: designation of one day off (Sunday) per week; shortening of the work day before Sundays and the work day before holidays; inclusion of May 1 in the list of holidays; establishment of a workshop board, consisting of an equal number of workers and employers, for hearing conflict cases; participation of workers’ representatives in hiring and dismissing of workers; establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage according to a worker’s position; paying of wages on a strictly regular basis of not less than twice a month; and others. By December 31 [18] the majority of enterprises in Baku were on strike. Mass gatherings, demonstrations, and clashes with troops took place in the city. Employers were compelled to begin negotiations with the strikers. On January 13, 1905 [O.S. Dec.30, 1904] a collective agreement was reached. Workers achieved a nine-hour working day, with night shift and drilling crews winning an eight-hour day; four paid days off per month; a raise in wages; improvement of working and living conditions; payment for the days of the strike; and other changes. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бакинская_стачка_(1904) libmonster.ru/m/articles/view/ВСЕОБЩАЯ-СТАЧКА-БАКИНСКИХ-РАБОЧИХ-В-ДЕКАБРЕ-1904-ГОДА dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/es/69849/БАКИНСКАЯ encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Baku+Strikes]

1904 - [N.S. Jan. 7, 1905] Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist and member of the IWW, born in Russia. A friend of Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy and other noted anarchists, Esther Dolgoff was active in the anarchist movement since her teens, she met Sam, her life companion, in Cleveland in 1930 whilst he was on an IWW speaking tour. Together they founded Libertarian League in 1955 and were active in the Libertarian Book Club and the Industrial Workers of the World. A contributor to many anarchist movement publications, she was co-editor of the New York anarchist journal '//Views and Comments//' and translated important anarchist works into English, most notably Joseph Cohen's '//Di yidish-anarkhistishe bavegung in Amerike : historisher iberblik un perzenlekhe iberlebungen//' (The Jewish Anarchist Movement In The United States: A Historical Review And Personal Reminiscences; 1945). [socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp raforum.info/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=esther+dolgoff theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff flag.blackened.net/lpp/aboutlucy/ashbaugh_radical_wmn.html]

1904 - Philip Vera Cruz (d. 1994), Filipino American labour leader, farmworker, and prominent Asian American civil rights movement activist, born. Vera Cruz was one of the founders of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, composed mainly of Filipino workers. Their strike in 1965 against Delano, California, grape growers was joined by the mostly Latino union, the National Farm Workers Association. The two groups went on to merge to become the United Farm Workers. Vera Cruz remained an activist for social justice throughout his life. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Vera_Cruz advancingjustice-la.org/what-we-do/leadership-development/untold-civil-rights-stories/united-farm-workers-ufw-movement libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/new05-PHILIP-VERA-CRUZ-COMMENTARY.pdf libcom.org/library/review-cesar-chavez-united-farm-workers-question-unions-contemporary-capitalism]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Six of the seven railway stations and many districts are in rebel hands. Government troops hold the city centre against the guerrilla offensive. Some food stores open in the morning but all are cloded again by the afternoon. 50 officers were seized as they arrived by train. The troops and artillery were hemmed in the squares and Kremlin. The Governor General is forced to attempt to form his own voluntary militia to fight the 600 or so armed insurgents. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsarist Regime decrees tough penalties for striking government workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] December uprising in Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) (Dec. 25-29) [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The 'Majority' Bolshevik Conference meets in Tammerfors, Finland (Dec. 25-30) instead of the regular Party Congress which the Central Committee had planned and announced and which could not take place because of revolutionary developments (the railwaymen’s strike and the Moscow armed uprising). It decides on a joint RSDRP Congress for reuniting with the Mensheviks. Lenin meets Stalin for the first time: neither is impressed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/dec/17.htm]

[FF] 1910 - __Iron Workers’ Bombing Campaign__: At 01:55, dynamite wrecks a portion of the Llewellyn Iron Works in Los Angeles, where the workers are on strike. This is thought to be one of between 85-150 bombings from 1908 to 1911 linked to the battle between the steel industry and its workers as the former fought to exclude unions from the industry, one supposedly carried out by the same people that carried out the October 1 bombing of the 'Los Angeles Times' building. In April 1911 James McNamara and his brother John McNamara, secretary-treasurer of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, were charged with the two crimes. James McNamara pleaded guilty to murder and John McNamara pleaded guilty to conspiracy in the dynamiting of the Llewellyn Iron Works. [see also: Oct. 1] [www.kcet.org/history-society/infernal-machines-the-bombing-of-the-los-angeles-times-and-las-first-crime-of-the www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-part-2-bombs-betrayal-and-the-election-of-1911 www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-socialism-and-the-election-of-1911 www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/latbomb.html seanmunger.com/2013/10/01/terrorists-for-a-living-wage-the-incredible-l-a-times-bombing-of-1910/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNamara_brothers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employers_Group cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19101225.2.1 cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19101226.2.2 cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19101225.2.3]

1922 - The clandestine founding conference in Berlin [Dec. 25, 1922 - Jan. 2, 1923 ] of the International Workers Association [AIT-Association Internationale des Travailleurs; AIT-Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores; IAA-Internationale ArbeiterInnen Assoziation; AIL-Associazione Internazionale dei Lavoratori; KTI-Kansainvälinen Työväen Liitto; IAA-Internationella Arbetar-Associationen], the international federation of anarcho-syndicalist labour unions - the direct descendent of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA) of First International. [expand] [libcom.org/history/international-workers-association wtruggle.ws/ws95/iwa44.html id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88254071.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_internationale_des_travailleurs_(anarcho-syndicaliste) es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_Internacional_de_los_Trabajadores www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2512.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_ArbeiterInnen-Assoziation it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociación_Internacional_de_los_Trabajadores www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/internationale-arbeiter-assoziation-iaa/6628-die-iaa-1922-bis-1937]

1931 - __Motín del Norte Grande [Norte Grande Insurrection__]: In 1931, Chile was in the midst of a political and economic chaos, with high unemployment and poverty, resulting from the market crash of 1929, combined with the loss of income to a country financially dependent on its nitrate industry caused by the increasing use of artificial nitrates worldwide. By mid-December, rumours were rife of a communist coup in the north of the country, and that in the cities of Vallenar and Copiapó the insurrectionists were going to take over the Esmeralda regiment barracks and the police headquarters on Christmas night, as the first step to a full fledged revolution. Authorities gave no credence to any of the rumours, precisely because they were so open and precise. At 02:00, Communist militia attacked the army barracks in Vallenar. The lieutenant and soldiers at the guard caught by surprise had to retreat to the infirmary where they were able to mount a hasty defence. The noise from the battle alerted the police, who arrived promptly to swell the ranks of the defenders. After more than half an hour of battle, the revolutionaries, who had suffered several casualties, escaped towards the hills. A police platoon was dispatched to capture the Communist headquarters in Vallenar. The police arrived shooting, and fire was returned from the inside. Since the policemen couldn't capture the building, they proceeded to dynamite it, killing everyone inside. Then they rounded up all the known Communists they could find in the city and shot them immediately. An investigation established that 21 people were killed, nine of them during the assault on the barracks. On the other side, three policemen and two soldiers died, plus an unarmed civilian who happened to be passing by and was hit by a stray bullet. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Grande_insurrection es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motín_del_Norte_Grande] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10671 foed.over-blog.com/2014/12/le-1er-decembre-1925-mort-de-joseph-jean-marie-tortelier.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tortelier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2612.html www.ephemanar.net/decembre01.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/joseph-jean-marie-tortelier-campaign-poster-for-the-election-of-nov-16-1890-quartier-clignancou]
 * = 26 || 1854 - Joseph Jean-Marie Tortelier (d. 1925), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, born. [expand]

1861 - Mikhail Bakunin disembarks in Liverpool enroute to London, having travelled the long way around the globe (via Japan and across the Pacific, USA and Atlantic) escaping from exile in Siberia.

1861 - Paul Auguste Bernard (d. 1934), French bakery worker, metallurgist, anarchist and trade unionist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article395 www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html]

[EE] 1876 - Virginia Bolten aka 'the Louise Michel of Rosario' (d. ca. 1960), Argentinian shoemaker, sugar factory worker, labour organiser, anarchist and feminist orator and agitator, born in either the province of San Luis or in the city of San Juan [a third version has her born in Uruguay during a period of exile for her family]* the daughter of an German street vendor who opposed the militaristic German regime and had emigrated. Virginia's parents split up hen she and her sister and two brothers were still teenagers, and she eventually moved to Rosario. Known as the 'Barcelona of Argentina' because of the concentration of heavy industry, it was also a hotbed of radical political and industrial agitation. There she worked in a shoe factory and then in a massive sugar factory, the Refinería Argentina de Azúcar, which employed thousands of workers, many of them European immigrants and many of them women. She married Marquez, an organiser of a shoe workers' union. In 1888, Bolten became one of the editors (along with fellow anarchist Romulo Ovidi and Francisco Berri) of 'El Obrero Panadero de Rosario' (The Working Baker of Rosario), one of the first anarchist newspapers in Argentina. In 1889 she organised the seamstresses' demonstration and consequent strike in Rosario, probably the first strike by female workers in Argentina. In 1890, Bolten, Ovidi and Berri were the main organisers of the first May Day demonstration in the city - Domingo Lodi, Juan Ibaldi, Rafael Torrent, Teresa Marchisio and Maria Calvia were also involved. The day before (April 30, 1890), she was detained and interrogated, by local police forces, for distributing leaflets outside the major factories of the area. Not to be deterred she was at the head of a march of thousands of workers which proceeded to the main square of Montevideo, the Plaza Lopez, on the First of May. She carried a large red flag with black lettering proclaiming: "Primero de Mayo - Fraternidad Universal" (First Of May - Universal Brotherhood). At the Plaza Lopez her fiery speech entranced the crowd. She is credited as being the first woman in Argentina to address a workers rally (it should be borne in mind that she was twenty years old at the time). She was instrumental in publishing 'La Voz de la Mujer' (Woman’s Voice, 1896-1897), 'Periódico comunista - anárquico', whose motto was "Ni Dios, ni patrón ni marido" (Neither god nor master nor husband), which was published nine times in Rosario between January 8, 1896 and January 1, 1897, and was revived, briefly, in 1901. [expand] [NB: THIS NEEDS TO BE REWRITTEN IN LIGHT OF NEW EVIDENCE OF HER D.O.B. & EARLY LIFE] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten libcom.org/history/bolten-virginia-1870-1960-aka-“la-luisa-michel-rosarino”-louise-michel-rosario www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Virginia_Bolten es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer libcom.org/files/2633723.pdf]

1891 - Stefan Szwedowski aka 'Wojciech' & 'Szwed' (d. 1973), Polish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. In 1905 (during revolution) participated in school movement. Interrogated by Tzar’s secret police (Ochrana). First time arrested in 1913, spent 2 years in prison. In the same year joined ‘Warsaw Battalion’ of Polish Legions. At the end of WWII in executive group of ‘Zet’ (Association of the Polish Youth). In 1919 ended his studies in the law faculty of Warsaw University. In 1922 one of organisers of Związek Obrony Kresow Zachodnich (Western Frontier Defence Association) and Związek Rad Ludowych (People’s Councils Union). From 1931 involved in Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions). 1935-39 member of Central Department of ZZZ. In October 1939 one of the underground initiators of Zwiazek Syndykalistow Polski (ZSP: Union of Polish Syndicalists). Since 1943 head secretary of ZSP. Co-initiator and ZSP delegate in Council for Aid to Jews. From February 1944 vice-chairman of Centralizacja Stronnictw Demokratycznych, Socjalistycznych i Syndykalistycznych (Centralisation of Democratic, Socialists and Syndicalist Groups). During Warsaw Uprising fought in the Old Town as soldier of 104 company of ZSP. In Śródmieście he was co-initiator of Syndykalistyczne Porozumienie Powstańcze (Syndicalist Uprising Agreement – syndicalist and anarcho-syndicalist coalition). After WWII together with anarchists and co-operative activists worked in Spoldzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy 'Słowo' ('Word' Cooperative Publishers Institute) and other cooperatives. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów 161crew.bzzz.net/edward-czemier-brygada-syndykalistyczna-relacja-dowodcy/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Stefan_Szwedowski]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Oil workers in Baku go out on strike, the start of labour unrest that is to sweep the Russian Empire. The dispute ends on Jan. 12 [O.S. Dec. 30] with the first collective agreement between workers and employers in Russian history. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Baku+Strikes]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsar orders General Pavel Karlovich von Rennenkampf (Павел Карлович фон Ренненкампф) to lead a punitive expedition west from Harbin along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to tackle unrest rife amongst the army units and workers and peasants since the October general strike. Other large-scale punitive expeditions ruthlessly suppress rural unrest into 1908, with about 15,000 executions having taken place by spring 1906. Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) writes governors: "Arrests alone will not achieve our goals. It is impossible to judge hundreds of thousands of people. I propose to shoot the rioters and in cases of resistance to burn their homes." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ренненкампф,_Павел_Карлович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Rennenkampf]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] __Rostov Uprising [Ростовское Bосстание__]: Workers seize Rostov Station, marking the beginning of the active phase of the uprising. The town's garrison is ordered to open fire with its artillery on the station. During the barrage, a projectile lands in the canteen at the railway workshops in which a meeting is being held. Several people are killed and wounded. In the Temernik (Темерника) district, which becomes the centre of the uprising, barricades are built and a workers' militia formed to defend against government troops. The main railway workshops urgently produce weapons and ammunition for the workers' militia. Controlled by the Bolsheviks, it initially numbered 250, but was soon swelled by 150 from outside the city. Government troops and Cossack units, formed from the surrounding villages, went on to fight fierce battles with the rebels over the following week, managing to localise the rebellion in the Temernik area by blocking the bridge to it and artillery was used to shell barricades. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

[F] 1996 - __South Korean General Strike / Labour Law Snatch Case [노동법 날치기 사건__]: The largest series of strikes and walkouts in South Korean history, involving hundreds of thousands of workers, takes place to protest new labour legislation allowing companies to lay off and fire workers more easily and to avoid paying overtime in a more flexible work system. In an attempt to reform labour laws that would limit the power of the country's unions and allow companies to introduce cost-cutting ideas such as the use of contract workers and part-time workers, zero-hours contracts, make it legal for companies to lay off workers, increase the working week, vary working hours, use scab labour during strikes legal and outlaw strike-pay, South Korea’s New Korea Party government set up the 30-member Labor-Management Relations Reform Committee with an aim of producing the New Labour Law. The LMRRC set up a series of committees and held public consultations but was unable to draft the new law. Thereofre, on December 3, the NKP decided to set up their own secret committee to drive through the bill. In the early hours of Dec. 26, four busses filled with NKP members arrived in the capital and in the course of twenty minutes eleven bills were passed. In response, the same day the officially recognised Federation of Korean Trade Unions called its 1.2 million members out on strike on December 26, its first such call for a general strike since the union's founding in 1962. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996–97_strikes_in_South_Korea ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/노동법_날치기_사건 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-korean-campaigners-prevent-government-intention-weaken-unions-and-facilitate-lay-offs- www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/index-addba.html libcom.org/history/korean-working-class-mass-strike-casualization-retreat-1987-2007 edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/27/south.korea/index.html edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/28/south.korea/index.html www.marxist.com/korea-general-strike100197.htm] || [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Arbeiter-Union_Deutschlands en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Workers'_Union_of_Germany www.anarchismus.de/wirtschaft/faud.htm]
 * = 27 || [F] 1919 - On the initiative of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of the Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland (Free Union of German Workers), is held in Berlin, from the 27th-30th.

1920 - __Husinska Buna [Husino Rebellion__]: A troop of 19 armed gendarmes and police officers are sent to Husino, which was then regarded as general headquarter of the strike movement, and from Lipnica to take striking foreign workers to the station in Kreko from where they were intended to be deported. They arrive late that night and their actions, including an attack on two women, provoke and armed response from the strikers. A gendarme is wounded and dies of his wounds the following day. The authorities respond by sending in military reinforcements, who besieged the villages where the strikers offered resistance and brutally surpress the strike. [see: Dec. 21]

[C] 1929 - Stalin orders the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class", ostensibly as an effort to spread socialism to the countryside. Following the announcement, more than 1.8 million peasants were deported in 1930-31 and the policy ended up causing the death of at least 14.5 million peasants in the period 1930-37.

1936 - Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile is founded by the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT, anarcosindicalista), the communist Federación Obrera de Chile and the socialist Confederación Nacional de Sindicatos (CNS socialista) during the unification congress held from December 25 to 27 in Santiago. The Congreso de Unidad Sindical had been called by the Frente de Unidad Sindical, which the organisations had formed in the wake of the violent repression perpretrated by the Arturo Alessandri government against the 1934 national railway strike. At that same event, it was decided to support the formation of an anti-fascist Frente Popular (Popular Front). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_de_Trabajadores_de_Chile cgt-chile.cl/ www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3392.html www.archivochile.com/Mov_sociales/CUT/MScut0001.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Popular_(Chile)]

1943 - President Franklin Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9412. In a statement Roosevelt claims: "Railroad strikes by three Brotherhoods have been ordered for next Thursday, the Government will expect every railroad man to continue at his post of duty. The major military offensives now planned must not be delayed by the interruption of vital transportation facilities. If any employees of the railroads now strike, they will be striking against the Government of the United States." [www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16357]

[D] 1946 - With high postwar unemployment precipitating waves of protests all across Italy, the situation in especially dramatic in the south, with the population demanding work and bread, and poverty forcing the crowds into the streets. In clashes in Bari following one such demonstration demanding work and bread, police open fire, killing a college student, Domenico Liaci, and an unnamed worker. Another 25 demonstrators are injured along with 6 cops. [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/undici.html www.dirittidistorti.it/documenti/7-societa/79-accadde-a-novembre-diritti-spezzati-morti-di-protesta-dal-dopoguerra-ad-oggi-.html] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2410-celestino-alvarado-quiros-anarquista-de-cadiz.html www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/v/20120214/cadiz/padre-hecho-justicia-pero-20120214.html www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?article766]
 * = 28 || 1903 - Celestino Alvarado Quirós (d. 1936), Andalusian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicat del Metall of the CNT, member of the Germinal group of the FAI and Freemason, born. He was arrested during the strike of May 1932 and, in April 1935, he was also arrested in a group of students and accused of "stealing weapons". On 18 August 1936, he and his brother Narciso José were betrayed to the Falangists whilst attempting to escape from the port of Puntales by ship. They were arrested and taken to the Casino Gadità, headquarters of the fascists. The following day his corpse is seen in a mass grave on the beach and probably ended up being buried in a mass grave in the cemetery of San Jose. His brother and fellow anarcho-syndicalist Narciso José Alvarado Quirós was imprisoned in the Cárcel Real in Cádiz and later in Miraflores prison. Twenty days after his arrest, he disappeared and was never heard of again.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 15] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The Moscow Soviet holds its last meeting. Presnia is shelled. Orders are issued to the army (currently mostly Cossacks and dragoons, but who will be supported by the Semyonovsky Life-Guards Regiment (Семёновский лейб-гвардии полк) and its artillery after their arrival tonight) and tsarist police to crackdown on suspected terrorists, protestors and the radical press, which they set about over the following four days, killing hundreds. Fighting breaks out around the Schmidt furniture factory in Presnia. Primme Minister Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) informs the Tsar that the army will now be used aggressively to suppress disorder. The government adopts a hard-line policy against unrest, with tough crackdowns on radical activists and the press The head of the Moscow Okhrana is assassinated. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1908 - The Irish Executive of the National Union of Dock Labourers holds a meeting in the Trades Hall in Capel Street, Dublin. Attended by delegates from Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Dundalk and Waterford, the meeting had been called by the popular but now-suspended NUDL organiser James Larkin for the purpose of forming an 'Irish union'. On January 4, 1909, the Irish Transport and General Workers Union was formally launched and registered as a trade union. [see: Nov. 28] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union en.citizendium.org/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union spartacus-educational.com/IRElarkin.htm www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19555]

1912 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: Thirty-eight union officials are found guilty on charges related to the '//Los Angeles Times//' and other bombings, namely illegal transportation of explosives across state lines. Among the convicted was Frank Ryan, President of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers. [see: Oct. 1]

1912 - The Federación Obrera Regional del Perú (Regional Workers' Federation of Peru) holds its third Assembly and draws up a list of demands to accompany that of the eight-hour day adopted early that month on December 15.

1916 - Founding congress in Oslo of the anarcho-syndicalist Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (Norwegian Syndicalist League), the Norwegian section of the AIT. Many of its early members were Swedes forced to move to Noway after being blacklisted in the wake of the 1909 Storstrejken or Great Strike. [see: Oct. 29] [no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Føderasjon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund www.iwa-ait.org/content/100th-anniversary-norwegian-syndicalist-federation-1916-2016 www.nsf-iaa.org/readpost.php?post=1481832205.txt radikalportal.no/2016/12/28/norsk-syndikalistisk-federation-100-ar/ www.fagerhus.no/a_Norge/]

1920 - __Husinska Buna [Husino Rebellion__]: Following the armed resistance of the miners the previous day, two battalions of the army as well as heavy artillery and 50 gendarmes dispatched that same evening, beseiging the striking mine villages and using exemplorary force to put down the strike. Seven workers are killed and dozens of miners and peasants wounded. Many miner's wives are raped. Around four-hundred people taking part in sollidaity actions with the miners are arrested. The uprising was put down, provoking a general revolt and protest actions by workers across the country and abroad. A large trial was held in Tuzla in January and February 1922. The indictment charged 350 miners and their families, as did the original 19 strikers, eleven of whom received long prison terms. Juro Kerošević, who was charged with the murder of a gendarme, and 31 other miners were sentenced to death by hanging, and a further 10 miners received sentences of one to 15 months in prison. Kerošević's trial conducted in the country and abroad solidarity actions, and the authorities were forced to replace his death sentence to 20 years in prison. The rebellion has been called one of the most important historical events in the former Yugoslavia and has remained an example of class struggle against injustice and oppression and an important facet of Tuzla’s anti-authoritarian legacy. [see: Dec. 21]

1960 - __Grève Générale de l'Hiver [Winter General Strike] / Grève du Siècle [Strike of the Century__]: The summit of the strike, with 320,000 strikers recorded that day according to analysts of the time. In Ghent, a demonstration by more than 20,000 workers takes place in the city centre. At the end when the crowds were dispersing, violent clashes occur between strikers and police forces, whose orders are stop any provocation. Tear gas, fights, several people are injured and transported to the hospital. A police charge results in two strikers being serious injured. Protesters are driven back by the gendarmes into a union building, who then force their wayinto it, and a general brawl broke out in the form of knives, chains, glasses, chairs and tables. [lutte-ouvriere.be/?p=816]

[F] 1981 - __Strajk w KWK Piast [KWK Piast Miners' Strike__]: Having spent Christmas underground, away from their families, and knowing that they were the last striking enterprise in Poland, as well as fearing the health effects of having stayed underground for such a long time (two weeks), the strike ends with some 1,000 returning home in the evening. On the same day, arrests of leaders of the protest took place. Many workers were dismissed, and seven were brought to court. Military prosecutor accused them of organizing and leading the protest, demanding from 10 to 15 years for each person. During the trial, an unusual situation took place, as all prosecutor’s witnesses withdrew their testimonies, stating that they had either been fabricated or extorted. Finally, on May 12, 1982, all cases were dismissed, due to lack of evidence. All seven miners were released, and rearrested on the same day, a few hours later. Zbigniew Bogacz, a member of the Solidarnośc National Coordinating Commission (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza) who had joined the protest on its first day, remained in prison until December 12, 1982. [see: Dec. 14] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.be/2007/12/exposicion-de-la-clase-obrera-las.html]
 * = 29 || 1855 - The '//Exposición presentada por la clase obrera a las Cortes Constituyentes//' (Exposition presented by the working class to the Constituent Cortes), written by the prominent Catalan libertarian socialist Francesc Pi i Margall and now with 33,000 worker's signatures attached is handed to a parliamentary commission chaired by Pascual Madoz in a ceremony attended by two representatives of the workers from Catalonia, one from Malaga and one from Madrid, together with the director of the newspaper '//El Eco de la Clase Obrera//', who had launched the initiative.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 16] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: The Semyonovsky Life-Guards Regiment (Семёновский лейб-гвардии полк) have arrived from St. Petersburg over night, the government fearing a mutiny if the Moscow garrison are used. They are key to the final defeat of the uprising and were able to enter Moscow via the Nikolaevski station, which had remained in government hands. Further military units arrive, including the Horse-Grenadier Regiment, part of the Ladoga 16th Infantry Regiment and artillery and the Railway Guards Battalion. The sections of the Semyonovsky Regiment that had been sent outside of Moscow to the workers' settlements and factories along the Moscow-Kazan Railway line to Golutvina. 150 workers are summilarily shot, including the SR revolutionary and train driver Alexey Ukhtomsky, who was head of the strike committee of railwaymen and one of the leaders fighting squads on the Kazan Railway. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ухтомский,_Алексей_Владимирович cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 16] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) orders the mass dismissal of all "politically unreliable" local government employees. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[F] 1948 - The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (Workers Assembly of India), the socialist trade union centre, is formed as an alternative to the communist All India Trade Union Congress and the Indian nationalist Indian National Trade Union Congress. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Mazdoor_Sabha www.hindmazdoorsabha.com/about-hms.php] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article720]
 * = 30 || [C2] 1879 - Michele Centrone (d. 1936), Italian carpenter, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. He was prosecuted in Italy for his anarchist activities around 1898 and emigrated to the United States in 1905. In San Francisco, he worked at '//La Protesta Umana//', directed by Enrico Travaglio, and collaborating on the newspaper '//Cronaca Sovversiva//', published by Luigi Galleani. An Individualist, he was a member of Nihil and manager of its paper '//Nihil//' (San Francisco, 9 issues January 4 to September 6, 1909). He also held positions in the 'Latin Union' of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America and was also affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World. Arrested a number of times for "disturbing the peace", and for "foreign anarchist propaganda", he spent time in prison and broke bail, fleeing to Mexico under the name of Francesco Paglia. Arrested again in April 1920, along with Luigi and Giuseppe Ciancabilla Galleani, was expelled from the U.S. and deported to Italy. Wanted in Italy, he went to Canada and tried to return to the United States; arrested crossing the border, he was deported in 1924 to Europe and settled in France, where he was expelled in December 1928. Spending time in Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg, he was active in the Comitè d'Ajuda per les Víctimes Polítiques. In 1936, he was back living in Paris and, in July of that year, he was in the first group of Italian anarchists (including Camillo Berneri, Mario Girotti, Giuseppe Bifolchi, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini, Enzo Fantozzi, etc.) who went to Catalonia to fight the fascist uprising. He enlisted in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, led by Carlo Roselli and Mario Angeloni, and fought on the Aragon front. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Fosco Falaschi and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado.

[E1] 1880 - Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (d. 1944), Irish revolutionary, labour activist and radical feminist, who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 and was a member of the radical nationalist women's organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), as well as a prominent member of the Dublin lesbian network of the period, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen theirishrepublic.wordpress.com/tag/madeleine-ffrench-mullen/ www.independent.ie/opinion/comment/lesbians-of-1916-are-the-risings-hidden-history-34391026.html]

1904 - [N.S. Jan. 13, 1905] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: A collective agreement is concluded guaranteeing a nine-hour working day, with night shift and drilling crews winning an eight-hour day; four paid days off per month; a raise in wages; improvement of working and living conditions; payment for the days of the strike; and other changes. [see: Jan. 13]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 17] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: Presnia, the main rebel district and home to 150,000 mainly textile workers, is shelled by the Semyonovsky Regiment's artillery. This includes the Schmidt furniture factory which is eventually captured. Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt (Николай Павлович Шмит) himself is also arrested early that morning. Troops of the Semyonovsky Regiment are also busy in the region of the Kazansky railway station and several nearby railway stations. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович]

1913 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish seamstress, militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT, born. At the age of 11 she began working as a seamstress and, following a move to Cueta at age 14, she joined the CNT Crafts Guild (Sindicato de Oficios Varios) local and the Ateneu Llibertari, as well as becoming secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres. Isabel also help found a Union of Needleworkers (Gremio de la Aguja), becoming member No. 1. Worked as a nurse during the Revolution / participated in the founding conference of the Mujeres Libres in September 1937 and, following the defeat of the revolution, organized a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the ateneo Al Margen. [expand] [NB: Dec. 31 also given as birth date] [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Isabel_Mesa_Delgado www.estelnegre.org/documents/mesadelgado/mesadelgado.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5114 libcom.org/history/mesa-isabel-1913-2002]

1919 - In Berlin, under the impulse of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of the anarcho-syndicalist FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland) rejects the State and parliamentarism. It will have up to 125,000 members. [see: Dec. 27]

1930 - Indigenous workers on the Pesillo hacienda in the northern Ecuadorian highlands go on strike, along with workers from Moyurco and La Chimba haciendas. No one was working, some Indians were in hiding in the high grasslands, and others had gone to Quito to present their demands directly to the government. Centuries of abuse and exploitation under the huasipungo land-tenure system had led to a situation in which they worked long hours for little pay on land which belonged to absentee property owners. According to a letter from local officials, the labourers had attacked the main hacienda house and the hacienda employees and some local officials were forced to flee. Feared that the strike would spread to other haciendas, the government sent 150 soldiers with bloodhounds to the haciendas to arrest the leaders of the strikes and destroy their houses. The soldiers arrested five leaders and sent them to Quito to be prosecuted. The strikers presented the government with a list of seventeen demands which primarily concerned issues of raising salaries and improving work conditions. Victory proved slow in coming and was incomplete, but this strike created a model for rural protest actions which would be emulated throughout Ecuador during subsequent years. This strike marked the beginning of significant rural social protest movements in Ecuador. The strike was not a small and isolated affair which only sought limited gains on a local level; it struck at the very heart of the land tenure system in Ecuador. The strike also represents the creation of new forms of identity among the rural dwellers who participated in this movement. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ecuadorian-indigenous-workers-strike-higher-wages-cayambe-1930-1931 www.yachana.org/research/confs/ssha97.html]

[F] 1936 - __Great Flint Sit-Down Strike__: Workers at General Motors Fisher Body plant in Flint, Michigan, go out on strike. At lunchtime, word is received that GM plans to move key production equipment out of the Fisher #1 plant, intending to defeat the strike by moving production to another plant. Workers respond by physically occupying the plant and keeping management out. Outside supporters keep up a regular supply of food to the strikers inside while sympathizers march in support outside. The company uses both violence and legal measures to try to defeat the strikers. The company finally signs an agreement with the recently formed United Auto Workers Union on February 11, 1937. The strike leads to a surge of support for the UAW: in the next year, its membership grows from 30,000 to 500,000. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike www.uaw.org/articles/remembering-iconic-flint-sit-down-strike-1937 www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/February/flint.html libcom.org/history/flint-sit-down-strike-1936-1937-jeremy-brecher] || [www.memorialibertaria.org/valladolid/spip.php?article56 www.estelnegre.org/documents/carbocarbo/carbocarbo.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CarboEusebio.htm libcom.org/library/six-articles-spanish-revolution-pierre-besnard dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/carbo/137-1.htm]
 * = 31 || 1883 - Eusebio Carbó Carbó (d. 1958), Spanish militant anarchist, editor and director of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in 1930s as well as secretary of the IWA, born. Active and very much a globe-trotting internationalist, he saw the inside of nearly sixty prisons around the world from the age of 18 onwards. [expand]

1904 - [O.S. Dec. 18] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The strike has spread to the majority of enterprises in Baku and become a general strike.

[D1] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 18] __Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́__]: General Georgy Min (Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Мин), who was prominent as commander of the Semenov Life Guards (лейб-гвардии Семёновского) regiment, orders the final assault: "Act without mercy. There will be no arrests." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мин,_Георгий_Александрович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Семёновский_лейб-гвардии_полк] encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1913 - Alternative date for the birth of Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT. [see: Dec. 30]

[E2] 1918 - The anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi is sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of $500 for sedition in connection with her June 27 anti-war speech in Portland, Oregon. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1958 - __Newfoundland Loggers Strike__: Hundreds of loggers employed by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company at Grand Falls in Canada go on strike over wages and living conditions at wood camps. On February 12, 1959, the Canadian Premier intervened and stripped their union – the International Woodworkers of America, who had been, at the loggers' invitation, trying to replace the weak and ineffective Newfoundland Loggers' Association – of its bargaining rights and replaced it with the government-sponsored Newfoundland Brotherhood of Wood Workers. A contract that was almost identical to the one proposed by the IWA was quickly signed and the strike ended. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/newfoundland-loggers-strike-win-better-working-conditions-1958-59 www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/newfoundland-loggers-strike/ anglonewfoundlanddevelopmentcompany.wordpress.com/2016/12/30/the-iwa-strike-the-elephant-in-the-room-part-i/]

1959 - Arturo M. Giovannitti (b. 1884), Italian-American IWW activist, anarchist socialist, anti-fascist agitator and poet, dies. [see: Jan. 7]

[F] 1969 - The murder of United Mine Workers of America presidential election challenger Joseph 'Jock' Yablonski, together with his wife and 25-year-old daughter, takes place in a hit by three men paid for by the union president W. A. Boyle with $20,000 of embezzled union funds. Boyle had rigged the 1969 UMWA presidential election against Yablonski and Yablonski lost the election, but asked the United States Department of Labor to investigate the case. The federal government overturned the election in 1971 and Boyle and eight others were convicted of murder and conspiracy to commit murder in 1974. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yablonski en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal_strike_of_1974]

1982 - Martial law in Poland, declared in December 1981 in an effort to destroy the Solidarność trade union workers' movement, is suspended. It is formally ended on July 22, 1983. [justice4poland.com/2014/12/15/martial-law-in-poland-1981/]

1995 - Maria Malla Fàbregas (b. 1918), Catalan writer, poet, and anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: May 2]

1999 - Earth Liberation Front activists set fire at MSU Agriculture Hall, Lansing, Michigan.

2004 - Alan Barlow (b. 1928), British trade unionist and anarcho-syndicalist, arrested, charged and imprisoned in 1969 for his role in the 1st of May Group bombing of the Francoist Banco de Bilbao in London, dies. [see: Mar. 28] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) 2010 - Mohamed Bouazizi commits suicide by self-immolation in Tunisia, triggering the Arab Spring. Birthday of Bradley Manning [WikiLeaks defendant]tavil  and is now supported by 6 million voters