Women+Sep-Oct


 * = SEPTEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1843 - [N.S Sep. 13] Nadezhda Prokofievna Suslova (Надежда Прокофьевна Суслова; d. 1918), Ruaaia's first qualified female doctor, who was also a youthful revolutionary and one-time close friend of Fyodor Dostoyevsky (her sister Apollonia Suslova was Dostoyevsky's lover, born. [see: Sep. 13]

1853 - [N.S. Sep. 13] Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (Russian: Со́фья Льво́вна Перо́вская; d. 1881), Russian revolutionary and prominent member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who helped to organise the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging, born. [see: Sep. 13]

1855* - Teresa Fabbrini (Teresa Maria Anna Carolina Fabbrini Ballerini; b. 1855), Italian anarchist and feminist, who from a young age was distinguished both as a tireless propagandist of anarchist ideas and as a lecturer and writer in favour of anarchism and women's rights, born. She was also recognised by the police as playing an important role in anarchist propaganda circles, they also dismissed her in typical misogynistic terms as being a "woman of easy virtue". Amongst her most important works ii '//Dalla schiavitù alla libertà//' (From slavery to freedom; 1904) [* NB: some sources give the date as August 1, 1855] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0109.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dv42tz www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/01/teresa-fabbrini/ www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=296&PHPSESSID=50dab73a94c6a80d8bfd533645a5258b www.homolaicus.com/uomo-donna/fabbrini.htm www.24emilia.com/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Teresa+Fabbrini&idSezione=69930 bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/3948]

1882 - Sara Bard Field (d. 1974), American poet, pacifist, suffragist, Christian socialist and anarchist sympathiser, born. Partner to philosophical anarchist Charles Erskine Scott Wood, her work appeared in the anarchist periodical '//The Blast//' alongside that of C.E.S. Wood. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bard_Field content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt1p3001n1&query=John C. Fremont&brand=calisphere loveradical.wordpress.com/luisa-capetillo-and-charles-erskine-scott-wood-free-love-and-the-state-at-the-turn-of-the-twentieth-century/ www.storydriven.net/work1.htm www.metroactive.com/metro/10.17.07/coverstory-0742.html www.ochcom.org/pdf/Tom-Clardy-poems.pdf]

1966 - Mabel Henrietta Capper (b. 1888), British WSPU 'soldier', who was imprisoned six times and was one of the first Suffragettes to be forcibly fed whilst on hunger strike, dies in a St Leonards on Sea nursing home, having suffered form crippling osteoarthritis and required full-time nursing care for the last ten years of her life. [see: Jun. 23]

[E] 1975 - Nomy Lamm (Naomi Elizabeth Lamm), US singer-songwriter, musician, anarcha-feminist and LBGTQ campaigner, who has referred to herself as a "bad ass, fat ass, Jew, dyke amputee", born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomy_Lamm www.nomylamm.com/]

1992 - Casilda Hernáez Vargas [sometimes cited as Casilda Méndez Hernáez] aka 'Casilda, la Miliciana', 'Kasilda' & 'Kasi' (Soledad Casilda Hernáez Vargas ; b. 1914), Basque anarcha-feminst militant and member of the anti-Franco resistance, dies. [see: Apr. 9]

[EE] 1998 - Marina Padovese (b. 1958), Italian anarchist, feminist and anti-militarist, dies of leukaemia. Involved in the founding of the Pensiero e Volontà group in Como, part of the Gruppi Anarchici Federati. She was also involved in the editorial and graphic redesign of '//A-Rivista Anarchica//', and during the Balkans conflict she was involved in the Donne in Nero (Women in Black) group, in solidarity with the women of the former Yugoslavia. "Mi si ricordi come donna libera, anarchica, femminista, antimilitarista. Ho fortemente voluto una società di libere e di uguali, di pace, di giustizia e di solidarietà. Spero di averne lasciato traccia." ("I remember as a free woman, anarchist, feminist, anti-militarist. I really wanted a society of free and equal, of peace, justice and solidarity. I hope I have left these traces.") Marina Padovese's final testament. [www.arivista.org/index.php?nr=248&pag=35.htm&key=Marina Padovese militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9099 archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/febbraio/14/uranio_ucciso_mia_figlia_co_5_0102143192.shtml] || [www.vcn.bc.ca/august10/action/claire_culhane.html www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/CX1017.htm pw20c.mcmaster.ca/case-study/claire-culhane-canadian-peace-activist-and-humanitarian www.jpp.org/documents/forms/JPP8/Elliot.pdf www.humanistperspectives.org/issue184/06-FEATURE_ClaireCulhane-HumanistPortrait-08_pp_28-31.pdf]
 * = 2 || 1918 - Claire Culhane (d. 1996), Canadian nurse, hospital records librarian, socialist, leading anti-Vietnam War activist in the Enough/Assez campaign and prisoner rights advocate, born.

[E] 1942 - Ekaterina Ivanovna Gabrielts (Екатерина Ивановна Габриэльц; b. 1898), Russian accountant and anarcho-syndicalist (according to other sources an S-R Party [ПСР] member), dies in the women's special department of the Karaganda labour camp. First arrested in 1922, since that time constantly in prisons, camps and exile. Arrested on October 28, 1937 the NKVD and sentenced to 8 years by Special Council of the NKVD on December 29, 1937. [s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1028-anarchist-chronograph-september-part-1.html lists.memo.ru/d7/f417.htm]

1944 - Maria Vetulani de Nisau, aka 'Maryna', (b. 1898), Polish socialist participant of the Warsaw Uprising, is murdered by the Germans during the liquidation of the insurgent hospital on Długa Street. [see: Nov. 27]

1982 - Edith Lagos Saez (b. 1962), Peruvian guerrilla fighter and commander in the Ejército Guerrillero Popular (Sendero Luminoso) and member of the Partido Comunista del Perú, is bayoneted to death by members of the Guardia Republicana del Perú as she and her unit attempts to blow a hole in the wall of the Ayacucho jail in order to free a prisoner and steal arms. She is just 19-years-old. [see: Nov. 27] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre03.html#vernet www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0309.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8611 www.dadaweb.de/wiki/Vernet,_Madeleine membres.multimania.fr/endehors/page16.html]
 * = 3 || [B] 1878 - Madeleine Vernet (Madeleine Cavelier; d. 1949), French libertarian educator, novelist, feminist, peace activist and propagandist, born. [expand]

[E] 1918 - Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; b. 1890), Russian Socialist-Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, is executed. [see: Feb. 22]

1965 - Beatriz González Ortega (b. 1873) Mexican teacher, who during the Toma de Zacatecas turned her school, the Escuela Normal de Zacatecas, into a temporary hospital treating more than 500 wounded federal and revolutionary soldiers, without distinguishing between sides, dies in Mexico City.

2001 - Emily Rosdolsky (Emily Meder; b. 1911), Austrian Trotskyist, anti-Stalinist, and activist in the anti-fascist, trade union and feminist movements, dies in Vienna at the age of 90 years. [see: Jun. 2] || [libcom.org/history/brocher-rouchy-victorine-1838-1921 fra.anarchopedia.org/Victorine_Brocher-Rouchy www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html#brocher militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7182 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Victorine_Brocher www.commune1871.org/?Les-inconnues-de-la-Commune chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4-2.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.humanite.fr/tribunes/victorine-rouchy-brocher-1838-1921-une-morte-vivante-24]
 * = 4 || [E] 1838 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy aka Victorine B (Victorine Malenfant; d.1921), French anarchist and Pétroleuse, is born into a family with a long revolutionary tradition. The daughter of a Republican shoemaker and Freemason, she married Jean Rouchy, an artisan shoemaker, in 1861 and through out the decade the pair participated in various socialist groups in Orleans and Paris in several socialist groups, and become involved in the Association Internationale des Travailleurs from very early on. In 1867, she participated in the foundation of a cooperative bakery and cooperative shop. During the Franco-Prussian War, her husband enlisted as a franc-tireur (irregular) in the Loire and whilst she enlisted as an ambulance driver. During that period she lived with her mother, who helped raise her two sons as well as the son of a neighbour they adopted. The three children would all die within a few years of each other. On March 20, 1871, she joined her husband in the Bataillon pour la Défense de la République and were in charge of the officers' mess, but with the outbreak of fighting, she returned to her post of ambulance driver. She fought on the barricades during the Semaine Sanglante. During the savage repression that followed, she was arrested and condemned to death for burning down the Cour des Comptes (Court of Accounts). Through friends, she managed to escape, first to Switzerland and later to London, while her husband was imprisoned and was to die in captivity. She returned to Lyon and then to Paris in 1878, and became very active in the anarchist movement. She was a member of the group that published the anarchist paper '//La Révolution Sociale//'. She also met the French priest-turned-anarchist writer Gustave Brocher (aka Rehcorb) whilst attending the International Anarchist Conference in London as a Parisian delegate in 1881. They married in Lausanne in 1887 and adopted five orphans of the Commune. In 1909, she published her memoirs under the title '//Souvenirs d'une morte vivante//' (Memories of one of the living dead). [NB: Date also given as 1839]

1895 - Xiang Jingyu (向警予; 1928), one of the earliest female members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), who is widely regarded as a pioneer of the women’s movement of China, born. In 1919, together with Cai Chang, Xiang initiated a work-study program for Hunan women studying in France. Xiang participated in the Xinmin Society, a left-wing youth club jointly launched by Mao Zedong and Cai Chang's brother, Cai Hesen (蔡和森; 1895 - 1931). In the same year, Xiang went to France, along with Cai Hesen and Cai Chang, where she studied French and Marxism while working at a textile factory. In 1921, Xiang returned to China. The next year, she joined the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. In 1925, then head of the Ministry of Women Xiang led Shanghai women to support the May 30th Movement and the Canton-Hong Kong Workers' Strike. In October, together with Cai Hesen and prominent CPC cadre Li Lisan (李立三), Xiang was sent to University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow to study. In July 1927, Xiang was transferred to a new post to work in north China's Hubei Province. On March 20, 1928, Xiang was arrested due to a leak from a traitor, tortured and handed over to the Guomindang police, who executed her on May 1 1928. [www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/13/948-1.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Jingyu zh.wikipedia.org/zh/向警予]

1973 - Elise Ottesen-Jensen aka 'Ottar' (b. 1886), Norwegian-Swedish sex educator, journalist, feminist and anarchist agitator, who was a member of the Swedish anarcho-syndicalist union Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and a pioneer of women's rights to understand and control their own body and sexuality, dies. [see: Jan. 2] ||
 * = 5 || 1782 - Bartolina Sisa (b. 1753), indigenous Aymara leader, who led a major indigenous revolt, along with her ​​husband, Julián Apasa Nina (Túpac Katari), and sister-in-law, Gregoria Apaza Nina, against Spanish colonial rule in Bolivia, is beaten and raped, before being executed on the gallows following her capture along with Gregoria Apaza. Her body was then dismembered, her head stuck on a pole and put on show, whilst her limbs sent to various villages to try and intimidate the people. [see: Aug. 24]

1897 - Emma Neri (d. 1978), Italian primary teacher, anarchist and antifascist, born. She and her partner Nello Garavini escaped from fascist Italy and settled in Brazil. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/neri/neri.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/66t2hz thefreeonline.wordpress.com/2016/02/06/anarchists-we-love-2/]

1909 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Elsie Howey, Vera Wentworth and Jessie Kenney assault Herbert Asquith and Herbert Gladstone while they were playing golf. [spartacus-educational.com/Wwspu.htm]

[E] 1912 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: WSPU member Kitty Marion is arrested after heckling David Lloyd George at the Royal National Eisteddfod, Wrexham. Kitty Marion gained admission to the meeting with the sole aim of heckling Lloyd George. As a result of her action Marion was set upon by the crowd and "received blows and abuse from every side, my hat being torn off and hair pulled down". During her subsequent imprisonment Marion complained in a letter to a fellow prisoner that her beautiful auburn hair was "falling out dreadfully here" (in prison). Whilst she believed this was as a result of her treatment by the hostile 'mob' in Wrexham it is more likely the poor condition of her hair was due to her prison hunger-strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm www.historytoday.com/fern-riddell/weaker-sex-violence-and-suffragette-movement]

1944 - Iro Konstantopoulou (Ηρώ Κωνσταντοπούλου; b. 1927), Greek teenage resistance heroine, is executed – shot with 17 bullets, one for every year of her short life – along side forty-nine other anti-fascist fighters at the Haidari concentration camp. [see: Jul. 16]

1954 - Sandra Lehtinen (Alexandra Reinholdsson; b. 1873), Finnish servant, seamstress, trades unionist, militant feminist, agitator and organiser in the Suomen Työväenpuolue (Finnish Workers' Party), and later Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, dies. [see: Jul. 1]

1964 - Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, 'The Rebel Girl', (b. 1890), US labour leader, activist, and feminist, who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage, dies whilst visiting the Soviet Union. She given a state funeral in Red Square by the Soviet government, with over 25,000 people attending. [see: Aug. 7]

1964 - Melpomena Dimitrova Karnicheva [Мелпомена Димитрова Кърничева (bg) / Мелпомена Димитрова Крничева (mk)], popularly known as Mencha Karnichiu [Менча Кърничиу] or Carmen [Кармен](b. 1896), Bulgarian revolutionary of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Вътрешната македонска революционна организация), dies in Rome. [see: Mar. 28]

[A] 1981 - Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp - 'Women For Life On Earth' - established outside Greenham Air Base. ||
 * = 6 || [E] 1782 - Gregoria Apaza Nina (b. ca. 1751), indigenous Aymara leader, who led a major indigenous revolt, along side her brother, Julián Apasa Nina (Túpac Katari), and sister-in-law, Bartolina Sisa, against Spanish colonial rule in Bolivia, is tortured and humiliated, before being executed on the gallows following her capture along with Bartolina Sisa, whose rape and execution she had to witness. Her body was then dismembered, her head stuck on a pole and displayed, whilst her limbs burnt and the ashes scattered. [see: Jun. 23]

1795 - Frances (Fanny) Wright (d. 1852), Scotish-American lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, abolitionist, founder of Nashoba co-operative community (a utopian community in Tennessee established to prepare slaves for emancipation), anti-authoritarian socialist and a central figure in the workingmen's movement, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Wright spartacus-educational.com/REwright.htm newtopiamagazine.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/the-red-harlot-of-liberty-the-rise-and-fall-of-frances-wright/ www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/frances-wright/]

1860 - Jane Addams (Laura Jane Addams; d. 1935), American social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and prominent advocate of women's suffrage and world peace, born. Born into a privileged home (her father was an affluent state senator and businessman), she was one of the first generation of college-educated women in America, but rejected marriage and motherhood in favour of a lifetime commitment to the poor and social reform. A pioneer of the Settlement movement in America, she founded Hull House in Chicago, along with her college friend and partner Ellen Gates Starr (1859 - 1940), and was also one of the founders of the Women’s Trade Union League. Addams had a later 30-years long relationship ("marriage") with Mary Rozet Smith until the latter's death. Adams supported anarchists Abraham Isaak, Lucy Parsons, Fanya Baron and others when they were jailed in Chicago; she also welcomed (ex-prince) Peter Kropotkin to Hull House but not it appears Emma Goldman, much to the latter's chagrin, who commented that "I did not happen to be known to Miss Addams as a princess". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams www.politicalscience.hawaii.edu/emmagoldman/index.html www.biography.com/people/jane-addams-9176298 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rozet_Smith]

1893 - A New York Grand Jury indicts Goldman on three charges following her Aug. 21 speech. She is returned from Philadelphia to New York on Sept. 9, where she is placed in confinement. On Sept. 11, pleads not guilty; released on bail Sept. 14. Benefit concert on Sept. 23 intended to raise money for Goldman's defence is a financial failure.

1899 - In the mining town of Spring Valley, Illinois, Goldman heads a Labor Day procession, which ends with a meeting in the central market place, a direct violation of the mayor's denial of authorisation to do so.

1925 - Mariana Yampolsky (d. 2002), Mexican printmaker, painter and monograph writer, who was one of the major figures in 20th-century Mexican photography, born in Chicago to a Russian father and German mother whose Jewish families had both fled anti-Semitism and the Nazis. Having studied at La Esmeralda (National School for Painting, Sculpture and Graphics) in Mexico City, she became a member of the radical leftist Taller de Gráfica Popular (People’s Graphics Workshop) in 1945 – the only woman at the time, specialising in photographing the everyday life of ordinary people. She also documented numerous antifascist protests. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Yampolsky en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Yampolsky]

1941 - Julia Romera Yañez (b. 1916), working class Spanish anarchist, dies in Barcelona's Les Corts women prison from tuberculosis, which had been aggravated by the continuous beatings to which she was subjected by her fascist prison guards. Born into a working class family in Mazarrón, Murcia, the family moved to Barcelona in 1921. She began working as a teenager, joining the CNT in 1931 and, from 1934 onwards, becoming active in the FIJL. When the revolution broke out in 1936, she was appointed secretary of the Santa Coloma FIJL Santa Coloma and was responsible for the newspaper '//Aurora Libre//' (Free Dawn; 1936, 2 numbers). In May and June 1939, a few months after Santa Coloma had fallen to the fascists, she and 20 other members (aged 15 - 22 years old) and seven sympathisers of the Unió de Joventuts Antifeixistes (Union of Antifascist Youth), which had been formed in February 1939 by militants of the FIJL in Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besos (Barcelona) to continue the resistance against Franco, and of whhich she was treasurer, were arrested. On July 2 that year she was taken to the Teatre Cervantes in Badalona, which had been commandeered for use as a women’s prison. At the Consell de Guerra Sumaríssim i d'Urgència (Emergency Summary Court-Martial) in Badalona on January 2, 1940, five death sentences were pronounced (Manuel Campeny Pueyo, Bernabé García Valero, Enrique Vilella Trepart, Jesús Cárceles García and Joaquin Miguel Montes), of which only the main group leader, Manuel Pueyo Campeny, was eventually executed [shot in the Parc del Camp de la Bota, Barcelona, ​​on July 29, 1940]. Julia Romera Yañez was convicted with seven others and given life imprisonment. Towards the end of the summer of 1941, after a number of fever attacks, the Les Corts prison doctor diagnosed her with TB, a disease exacerbated by the repeated beatings to which she was subjected. Julia Romera Yañez eventually died at 10.00 p.m. on 6 September 1941, having declined 'spiritual comfort', in the infirmary of the Les Corts female prison in Barcelona. She is commemorated by the Ateneu Popular Julia Romera in Santa Coloma de Gramanet. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/mkkxmc www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0609.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2511-julia-romera-yanez-muere-en-la-carcel-les-corts.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7157]

1966 - Margaret Higgins Sanger (b. 1879), US birth control activist, sex educator, nurse and anarchist fellow traveller, dies. [see: Sept. 14] || [esabierto.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/francisca-senhorinha-da-motta-diriz.html]
 * = 7 || [E] 1873 - The first issue of the Brazilian weekly '//O Sexo Feminino//', "para defender el derecho al sufragio de las mujeres y su acceso a la educación" (defending the rights of women to vote and have access to educación) is published by the writer and educator Francisca Senhorinha da Motta.

1908 - Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience learns that the speech was written by Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist Becky Edelsohn arrested.

1942 - American-German literary historian and German Resistance fighter Mildred Fish-Harnack is arrested, together with her husband Arvid Harnack, by the Nazis in the hunt for the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra). Both would be found guilty of "the preparation of high treason and espionage" after a four-day trial before the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal). Arvid was sentenced to death on December 19 and executed 3 days later. Mildred however received a sentence of six years hard labour but, days after the German defeat at Stalingrad, Hitler refused to confirm the sentence and, after a retrial, she sentenced to death on January 16, 1943. Mildred Fish-Harnack was beheaded on February 16, 1943. [see: Sep. 16 & Feb. 16] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Wilms_Montt es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Wilms_Montt www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-805.html www.mujeresenlahistoria.com/2014/07/la-burguesa-rebelde-teresa-wilms-montt.html teresawilmsm.blogspot.co.uk/p/biografia.html inmaculadadecepcion.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/teresa-wilms-montt.html]
 * = 8 || 1893 - Teresa Wilms Montt (María Teresa de las Mercedes Wilms Montt; September 8 1893 - December 24 1921), Chilean writer, poet, and anarcha-feminist, who in her short life was locked in a convent by her family, escaping with the help of the anarchist-sympathiser Vicente Huidobro, and was deported from New York to Spain, accused of being a German spy, born.

1918 - Teresa Turon Turon (d. unknown), Spanish anarchist militant and feminist member of the Mujeres Libres group in the Pueblo Nuevo neighborhood of Barcelona, born. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre08.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2014_09_01_archive]

1924 - Mimi Parent (d. 2005), Canadian surrealist artist, born. ​[expand] "Knock hard. Life is deaf." [www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mimi-parent]

[CCC/E] 1944 - Lela Carayannis (Λέλα Καραγιάννη; b. unknown), Greek grandmother and leader of the resistance/intelligence organisation known as 'Bouboulina' (Μπουμπουλίνας) is shot along with 71 of her followers and co-workers by Nazi execution squad in what is now the Diomideios Garden — the Botanical Garden now in the grounds of the University of Athens. The event came to be known as the Chaidari Massacre. Following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, Lela began to organise safe house for Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, helping the wounded get treatment and setting up an underground railroad whereby they could be helped to escape either over the mountains or via fishing boat. Very quickly, she managed to get an organisation of over 150 volunteers from all over Greece willing to take part in the resistance. She formed them into intelligence units and later into assault teams to fight the invader. Her organisation was given the code-name 'Bouboulina' after her own great grandmother, the Greek heroine in the war of independence over 100 years earlier. She managed to plant members of her team in many German offices, including the local Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe commands, and in the German and Italian high commands. She even managed to recruit agents from the enemy’s own ranks: disgruntled anti-Nazi German officers; Italian anti-fascists; and Germans who had married Greek women. The information they gathered on German army and ship movements, on enemy fortifications, and on movements of supplies and personnel was then to the Allied headquarters in the Middle East. Unfortunately, after working undercover for nigh-on three years, a member of her organisation was caught and interrogated. This led the Germans to Lela and on July 11, 1944, she was arrested at the Red Cross Hospital where she had been taken after she became ill. On August 14, in the office of the Gestapo interrogator Fritz Bäcke, Lela was brought face to face with her assistant who had been tortured and broken by the German interrogators. For three solid days, had been subjected to cruel torture by her SS interrogators. One by one her fingernails had been forceably removed and wounds inflicted on her body with razor blades, the cuts being salted for maximum pain. However, they failed to break her and, frustrated and humiliated by Lela’s courage and strength of character, Bäcke finally gave up. Lela and four of her children, her sons, Byron (my stepfather) along with Nelson, and two of her daughters, Ioanna, and Electra, were transferred to the concentration camp at Chaidari where they were subjected to horrific torture and abuse. In the early hours of that fateful morning of September 8, 1944, before Lela and 71 of her followers were machine-gunned to death. Witnesses observing from the hills said that the group of prisoners, led by Lela Carayannis, began to sing and that Lela led them in the Zallogos, a symbolic Greek dance of defiance in choosing death rather than loss of freedom or submission to the enemy. Lela’s children and some of her co-workers held in another part of the camp, destined for execution the following day, managed to escape with the help of an anti-Nazi German. They went into hiding in Athens and did not learn of their mother’s execution until several days later. After the war Lela was awarded the highest medals for valour, and her heroic actions are remembered every year in Greece on the anniversary of her execution. Her old house in Athens on the corner of Lela Karagiannis and Drosopoulou Streets in Kypseli was bequeathed to the University of Athens and the Ministry of Education on the understanding that it would be used to house indigent students from the Ionian Islands. However, it stood empty from 1960 onwards, falling into disrepair until the abandoned building was occupied by students in April 1988, going on to become a self-organised squatted social space, 'LK37', the oldest squat in Greece until its eviction in January 2013. [www.drgeorgepc.com/LelaCarayannis.html www.drgeorgepc.com/LelaCarayannisGrandmotherTribute.pdf squathost.com/anar_gr/en/s_lk.11a.htm www.enallaktikos.gr/kg15el_katalipsi-lelas-karagianni-lk37_a104.html]

1969 - Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; b. 1897), Belgian-French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist, Freemason, opera singer, writer, lecturer, photographer, dies at almost 101 years of age. [see: Oct. 24] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оловенниковы]
 * = 9 || 1857 - [O.S. Aug. 28] Elizaveta Nikolaevna Olovennikova (Елизавета Николаевна Оловенникова; d. 1932), Russian revolutionary and Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) activist, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Maria [Мария] and Elizaveta [Наталья], born. Whilst still in school, she particpated in the populist (Jacobin) circle around Pyotr Grigoryevich Zaichnevsky [Пётр Григорьевич Заичневский]. As with her sisters, she joined Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and, after the split of Zemlya i Volya into Black Partition (Чёрный_передел) and Narodnaya Volya, she entered the latter and actively participated in the assassination of the Russian Emperor Alexander II on March 13 [1], 1881. She was arrested twelve days later and the St. Petersburg District Court declared her insane due to her behaviour during her pre-trial detention and interrogation. She did not particiapte in the mass Trial of the 20 (процесс 20-ти) on February 21-27 [9-15], 1882 of Narodnaya Volya members. She was finally released from the psychiatric hospital in Kazan in 1891 and remained under police surveillance until the revolution of 1917.

1880 - Marie Guillot (d. 1934), French teacher, anarcho-syndicalist, pacifist and feminist activist, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Guillot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Guillot]

[E] 1900 - In the atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria generated following Leon Czolgosz's assassination of President William McKinley on the 6th at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY, and with police claim that Czolgosz was inspired by one of her lectures, Emma Goldman goes into temporary hiding at the home of American-born anarchist sympathisers.

[EE] 1945 - Elena Quinteros (d. 1976), Uruguayan teacher, and member of the Federação Anarquista Uruguaia (FAU) and the Resistência Operária Estudantil (Workers' Student Resistance), who was disappeared and presumably murdered by the junta, born. On June 26, 1976 Elena was arrested and taken to the '300 Carlos' torture centre run by the División de Ejército I. On the morning of June 28 she was taken away under escort but managed to escape near the Venezuelan Embassy, climbing over its wall and begin demanding asylum. However, the escort invaded the embassy gardens, from where they kidnapped Elena after a struggle with embassy staff (during which her leg was broken) and took her to the Batalhão nº 13 de Infantaria (No. 13 Infantry Battalion) barracks. A few days later she was tortured and killed, despite a diplomatic protest by the Venezuelan government, who broke off diplomatic relations on July 5 after the Consejo de Seguridad Nacional (National Security Council) had refused to hand her over two days earlier. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Quinteros www.anarkismo.net/article/7828?userlanguage=de&save_prefs=true www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/newscans/107-1981.html]

1947 - Annamaria Ludmann aka 'Cecilia' (d. 1980), Italian secretary, tobacco shop manager and 'irregular' in the Brigate Rosse, born. She was not a member of the underground cells and her participation in the BR was not discovered until it was killed during the raid on her apartment in the Via Fracchia in Genoa, after Patrizio Peci had decided to 'co-operate with the police and give up the BR 'safe houses' and arms stores. In Ludmann's apartment the police found guns, ammunition and a hand grenade, and claimed that 'Cecilia' had bee armed with a machinegun. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamaria_Ludmann it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irruzione_di_via_Fracchia] || fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugénie_Niboyet en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugénie_Niboyet]
 * = 10 || 1796 - Eugénie Niboyet (Eugenie Mouchon; d. 1883), French author, journalist and early feminist, who is best known for founding '//La Voix des Femmes//' (The Women's Voice), the first feminist daily newspaper in France, born.

1797 - Mary Wollstonecraft (b. 1759), English moral and political philosopher, novelist, travel writer, educational theorist and feminist author of '//A Vindication of the Rights of Women//', dies. [see: Apr. 27]

1809 - Jenny d'Héricourt (Jeanne-Marie-Fabienne Poinsard; d. 1875), French novelist, feminist activist, revolutionary, and physician-midwife, who founded the Société pour l'Émancipation des Femmes in 1848, born. Apart from her novel '//Le Fils du Réprouvé//' (1844), under the pen name of Félix Lamb, her most famous work is the landmark study, '//La Femme Affranchie: réponse à MM. Michelet, Proudhon, E. de Girardin, A. Comte et aux autres novateurs modernes//' (The Liberated Woman: response to MM. Michelet, Proudhon, E. Girardin, Comte and other modern innovators; 1860), her rebuttal to the sexist essays of the anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the historian Jules Michelet and others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_d'Héricourt www.ohio.edu/chastain/dh/hericour.htm chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes-femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=1425 www.persee.fr/doc/genes_1155-3219_1992_num_7_1_1115 archive.org/details/lafemmeaffranchi01hr fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_femmes_en_France_en_1848 www.geneastar.org/genealogie/?refcelebrite=poinsardj&celebrite=Jenny-D%27HERICOURT]

1899 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (d. 1984), Italian-American agricultural worker and Galleanist anarchist, who earned the nickname the Dynamite Girl when she was arrested on a train from Steubenville to Chicago in January 1918 carrying a black leather case containing thirty-six sticks of dynamite and a .32 caliber Colt automatic, which were to be used to carry out revenge attacks for the arrests and persecution of the Milwaukee anarchists and the death in custody of Augusto Marinell on September 15, 1917, born. On October 21, 1918 Gabriella Antolini was sentenced to 18 months to be served at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City and a $2000 fine. In prison she befriended Emma Goldman and socialist Kate O'Hare, the three becoming known as 'The Trinity'. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Gabriella_Antolini editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/88/ health-is-in-you.tumblr.com/day/2013/10/2 lakecountyhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/gabriella-antolini-dynamite-girl.html]

1900 - Having gone into hiding the previous day, Emma Goldman is arrested by Chicago police and subjected to intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail is set at $20,000.

1905 - The first edition of Chile's first feminist workers newspaper, the bimonthly '//La Alborada//', "Pulicación quincenal - defensora de las clases proletarias" (fortnightly champion of the proletarian classes) (1905-1907), is published in Valparaíso by the anarchist and feminist Carmela Jería, who worked as a typographer in the Gillbert lithograph works until she made a speech during a May Day demostration. The declared purpose of the anarchist-leaning newspaper is to be a "defender muy en particular a las vejadas trabajadoras..." (in particular to champion the cause of harried working women). [www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-75380.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Alborada es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Jeria virginia-vidal.com/anaquel/article_556.shtml www.observatoriogeneroyliderazgo.cl/blog/wp-content/uploads/jeria.pdf mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/siglo-xix-carmela-jeria.html]

[E] 1939 - Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, US historian, writer, feminist and revolutionary, who founded the militant feminist organisation Cell 16 and was active in the American Indian Movement, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxanne_Dunbar-Ortiz www.reddirtsite.com/about.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_16]

1950 - Belén de Sárraga Hernández (b. 1872), Spanish teacher, doctor, journalist, Freemason, freethinker, Spiritist, anticlerical feminist and anarchist propagandist, who toured and agitated extensively across Latin America, was involved in the Mexican Revolution and the establsihment of the Second Republic in Spain, dies in exile in Mexico. [see: Jul. 10] ||
 * = 11 || 1893 - In court on charges following her Aug. 21 speech, Emma Goldman pleads not guilty. She is released on bail on Sept. 14.

1901 - Katri Vala (Karin Alice Wadenström; d. 1944), Finnish teacher, modernist poet, translator, radical, pacifist and anti-Fascist, who was a central member of the literary group Tulenkantajat (Torchbearers), born. An elementary school teacher, in 1928 she fell ill with tuberculosis, from which he never fully recovered, and which eventually led to his premature death aged only 42. In 1930, she married Armas Heikel, a trainee chemist and left-wing radical. She herself helped radicalise Finnish poetry as the prime instigator of Tulenkantajat's expressionistic free verse, with its mix of exoticism and primitivism. In the 1903s, she also co-founded the leftist cultural group Kiilaa (Wedge), which attempted to fuse avant-garde and proletarian culture and also included her fellow anti-fascist poet Elvi Sinervo. Vala's last collection of poems, '//Pesäpuu palaa//' (The nesting tree is burning; 1942), mostly written in 1935-39 was filled with visions of war and displayed her strong anti-fascist views. She died in Eksjö sanatorium in Sweden on April 28, 1944. [www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kvala.htm fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katri_Vala www.sipoo.fi/maakuntakirjailijat/suo/vala_katri.htm ta-miit.blogspot.com/2009/02/serious-warning.html fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulenkantajat fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiila_(yhdistys) nordicwomensliterature.net/article/better-world]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 29] Zinaida Vasilevna Konoplyannikova (Зинаида Васильевна Конопля́нникова; b., 1878), rural school teacher, member of the revolutionary movement in Russia, is hung in Schlisselburg fortress during the night of September 10-11 [Aug. 28-29], 1906, becoming the first woman to be hanged in Russia in the 20th century. [see: Nov. 26]

1913 - Maruja Lara (Angustias Lara Sanchez; d. 2012), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana, nurse and activist in the clandestine prisoners support group, Unión de Mujeres Demócratas, born. When she was three, her family to Brazil and then Argentina, where her father was a militant in the syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina. In January 1932 she returned to Granada, where she joined the Sindicato de Minyones (domestic workers union) of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), of which she became secretary, and the Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), at the age of fourteen. With the fascist coup, she fled Granada for Tocón, Baza and Guadix, fighting nominally as a miliciana in the Columna Maroto. In mid-1937, she moved to València, joining the Sindicat d'Infermeres (Nurses Union) and working in Hospital Número 1 near Torres de Quart, València. In Valencia she became branch treasurer of the Mujeres Libres and got to know militants like Amelia Torres, Lucia Sánchez Saornil, Suceso Portales, Carmen Pons, Natacha Cabezas, Paquita Domínguez, America Barroso, Pura Pérez, etc. and especially became a good friend of Isabel Mesa. When the war ended in March 1939, she and Mesa got on to a truck for Almeria to catch a ship for Algeria, but she ended up in the port of Alicante and then was imprisoned in the infamous Francoist concentration camp of Albatera. Here 25,000 were murdered by the Francoists and thrown into mass graves. She finally managed to escape from Albatera to Almeria and then Granada. She worked for a while in a caramel factory there. In late 1939 she returned to Valencia. With Isabel Mesa she set up a newspaper kiosk in Valencia, which secretly distributed the anarchist press. In 1942 with Isabel and others, she set up the underground group the Unión de Mujeres Demócratas (Union of Democratic Women) to help prisoners and their families. In 1955 she was arrested because of her anarchist activities. Except for a few months in Palma, Mallorca, in 1940 and a year in France in 1960 to escape repression, she always lived in Valencia. After the death of Franco, she was actively involved in the reconstruction of the CNT and supported the creation of the free radio station Radio Klara. In 1997 she contributed to the anarchist journal 'El Chico'. She died on February 29, 2012. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/marujalara/marujalara.html libcom.org/history/lara-maruja-aka-angustias-lara-sanchez-1913-2012 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2516-maruja-lara-de-las-jjll.html]

1919 - Teiko Kiuchi (木内錠子; b. 1887), Japanese Taisho era novelist, femnist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [see: Jul. 31]

1941 - Alexandra Adolfovna Izmailovich (Александре Адольфовна Измайлович; 1878), Russian member S-R Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР) and sister of Catherine Izmailovich (Екатерина Измайлович), she is shot in Medvedev forest [Медведевском лесу] (Orel prison). On January 24 [14], 1906, she participated with fellow SR Ivan Pulihovym (Иваном Пулиховым) in the assassination of the Governor of Minsk, Paul Kurlov (Павел Курлов), and police chief D. Norov (Д. Норова). At the founding congress of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries [The Party of the Left, Internationalist -Revolutionary-Socialists](Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов) on November 19-27 [Dec. 2-10], 1907, she was elected to the Central Committee members. In 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was sentenced to 10 years in prison on charges of belonging to a terrorist organization, and September 8, 1941, sentenced to death. Together with the other political prisoners, she was shot in Medvedev forest [Медведевском лесу] (Orel prison) [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Измайлович,_Александра_Адольфовна enc-dic.com/politic/Izmajlovich-Aleksandra-Adolfovna-2501.html www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=50&tek=729&issue=20 www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/105/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Северный_боевой_летучий_отряд ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1941 - Maria Alexandrovna Spiridonova (Мария Александровна Спиридонова; b. 1884), prominent Russian member of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Партия левых социалистов-революционеров) party and onetime honourary chair of the party as well as editor of its paper '//Land and Freedom//' (Земля и воля), is executed by order of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР). [see: Oct. 28]

1990 - Cai Chang (蔡畅; b. 1900), prominent Chinese communist and women's right's activist, dies. [see: May 15]

[E] 1998 - Claudia López Benaiges (b. 1972), Chilean anarchist militant and dance student at the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano in Santiago, is shot in the back and killed by Carabineros in the village of La Pincoya, Santiago, whilst taking part in a protest on the 25th anniversary of coup of September 11, 1973. Two of the comrades on the barricade with her were also wounded by the burst of machinegun fire. No one was ever charged in connection with her death. Claudia would become a symbol for the young of the Chilean anarchist movement,for the student and youth movements and social organisations in Chile, and proof that the Chilean regime remained very much under the control of those who ran the dictatorship. [see: Nov. 28] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Kelley florencekelley.northwestern.edu/florence/ www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/kelley-florence/]
 * = 12 || 1859 - Florence Kelley (d. 1932), pioneering US social and political reformer, Hull House activist, lawyer, socialist, pacifist and labour activist, who refused to be associated with any political party, born. She campaigned against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, children's rights and compulsory education laws, was appointed the first woman factory inspector in the United States (Chief Factory Inspector for the state of Illinois),founded the strongly anti-sweatshop National Consumers League and helped organise the Working People’s Social Science Club, developing connections with radical labour.

1891 - Genara Pagán (d. 1963), Puerto Rican tobacco worker, seamstress, feminist, libertarian labour activist and one of the leaders of the 1914 unión de tabaqueras strike, born. In 1919, she and Emilia Hernández organised, under the auspices of the Federación Libre de Trabajadores (Free Workers’ Federation), the Primer Congreso de Trabajadoras de Puerto Rico (First Congress of Puerto Rican Working Women). One resolution passed called for equal rights for men and women, including the right to vote. [www.puertadetierra.info/figuras/gente/genara/genara_pagan.htm repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:2945?datastream_id=content]

[E] 1896 - Elsa Triolet (Ella Yurievna Kagan [Элла Юрьевна Каган]; b. 1970), Russian-born French writer, one-time Futurist, Surrealist muse, communist and French Résistance fighter, born. Wife of French Surrealist Louis Aragon and sister of Lili Brik, who was the partner and muse of the Futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. Triolet would be the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry into French. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Triolet www.maison-triolet-aragon.com/]

1897 - Herminia Catalina Brumana (d. 1954), Argentinian teacher, writer, journalist, playwright, anarchist and feminist activist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/brumana/brumana.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herminia_Brumana es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herminia_Brumana www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Herminia_Brumana]

1934 - Yekaterína Bréshko-Breshkóvsky [Екатери́на Бре́шко-Брешко́вская], aka ' Babushka', 'grandmother of the Russian Revolution' (бабушка русской революции) (Yekaterína Konstantínovna Verigo [Екатери́на Константи́новна Вериго]; b. 1844), Russian activist in the revolutionary movement and teacher, who was one of the founders and leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Fighting Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), dies in Czechoslovakia. [see: Jan. 25]

1997 - Amèlia Jover Velasco (b. 1910), Spanish secretary, chef, home schooler and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies in Paris. [see: Dec. 10]

2001 - Dolores Prat Coll aka pequeña Montseny (little Montseny)(b. 1905), Catalan textile worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist member of the CNT from the age of 15, dies. [see: Mar. 8]

2012 - Consuelo Rodriguez Lopez, aka 'Chelo' (d. 2012), Galician miliciana and anti-Francoist guerrilla, dies in Paris five days after the passing of her sister Antonia. [see: Nov. 6] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Suslova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Суслова,_Надежда_Прокофьевна]
 * = 13 || 1843 - [O.S Sep. 1] Nadezhda Prokofievna Suslova (Надежда Прокофьевна Суслова; d. 1918), Ruaaia's first qualified female doctor, who was also a youthful revolutionary and one-time close friend of Fyodor Dostoyevsky (her sister Apollonia Suslova was Dostoyevsky's lover, born. She was a member of Zemlya i Volya (Земля и Воля / Land and Liberty) and of the First International (AIT). In 1864 she enrolled in the University of Zurich and in 1867 became the first Russian woman to receive a diploma as a doctor of medicine and surgery and obstetrics

1853 - [O.S. Sep. 1] Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (Russian: Со́фья Льво́вна Перо́вская; d. 1881), Russian revolutionary and prominent member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who helped to organise the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging, born. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Перовская,_Софья_Львовна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Perovskaya encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sophia+Lvovna+Perovskaya spartacus-educational.com/RUSperovskaya.htm]

[E] 1879 - Annie Kenney (d. 1953), English cotton mill worker, Independent Labour Party member and suffragette, who became a leading figure in the Women's Social and Political Union, and was the only working class woman to become part of the senior hierarchy of the WSPU, born. She attracted the attention of the press and the public in 1905 when she and Christabel Pankhurst (the pair were lovers at the time) were imprisoned for several days for assault and obstruction, after heckling Sir Edward Grey at a Liberal rally in Manchester on the issue of votes for women. Found guilty of assault and fined five shillings each, they refused to pay the fine they were sent to prison. The case shocked the country and the incident is credited with inaugurating a new phase in the struggle for women's suffrage in the UK, with the adoption of militant tactics. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Kenney spartacus-educational.com/Wkenney.htm www.wcml.org.uk/our-collections/activists/annie-kenney/ www.illustratedwomeninhistory.com/tagged/annie-kenney www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jun/11/vanessathorpe.theobserver]

1895 - At an event in Finsbury, London, Emma Goldman appears on a platform along with several other speakers including James Tochatti of the British anarchist journal 'Liberty' and the French anarchist Louise Michel. Goldman lectures on '//Political Justice in England and America//', highlighting Alexander Berkman's case.

1915 - Faith Petric (d. 2013), US folk singer, IWW member, peace, anti-fascist and community activist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Petric www.indybay.org/newsitems/2013/10/30/18745703.php]

1951 - Iris Pavón (b. 1906), Argentine writer, poet, journalist, and militant anarchist, feminist, anti-fascist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Sep. 15]

1971 - Leda Rafanelli (b. 1880), Italian anarchist, feminist, anti-militarist, writer, artist and member of the Futurists, who was known as the 'Gypsy anarchist', dies. [see: Jul. 4] ||
 * = 14 || 1864 - [N.S. Aug. 26] Anna Ilyinichna Yelizarova-Ulyanova (Анна Ильинична Елизарова-Ульянова; d. 1935), Russian revolutionary and a Soviet stateswoman, who was the older sister of Lenin, born. [see: Aug. 26]

[EE] 1879 - Margaret Higgins Sanger (Margaret Louise Higgins; d. 1966), US birth control activist, sex educator, nurse and anarchist, born. Influenced by her friend Emma Goldman, she was a member of the Liberal Club and a supporter of the anarchist-run Ferrer Centre and Modern School. She was also a lover of the Greek anarchist and publisher John Rompapas. "My own personal feelings drew me toward the individualist, anarchist philosophy. . .but it seemed necessary to approach the idea by way of Socialism." [*NB: Some give the year of her d.o.b. as 1884.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6rx9f9s rewire.news/article/2015/08/20/false-narratives-margaret-sanger-used-shame-black-women/ www.blackgenocide.org/sanger.html www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_brownsville_clinic.php sangerpapers.wordpress.com/tag/brownsville-clinic/]

1887 - [O.S. Sep. 6] Anna or Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Анна Васильевна Корвин-Круковская]; b. 1843), Russian writer, journalist and translator, socialist and feminist revolutionary Pétroleuse, who participate in the Commune de Paris (1871) and the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, dies. [see: Oct. 18]

[E] 1936 - Lina Odena (Paulina Odena García; b. 1911), Catalan Communist militant, who was one of the first milicianas to die during the Civil War, commits suicide rather than becoming a prisoner, when the car that she is in takes a wrong turn and enters Falangist territory near the Pantano de Cubillas, Granada. [see: Jan. 22]

2011 - Sue Richardson (Sarah Fenwick Owen; b. 1941), Irish feminist and anarchist, dies aged seventy, sitting at her kitchen table, waiting for the kettle to boil. Wanted in connection with 'Angry Brigade' activities, Sarah move to Dublin and became Sue and got involved in the burgeoning Irish feminist movement and joined the Dublin Anarchist Group. Her life changed once more, when on February the 22nd 1978, a man entered the Bank of Ireland on Drumcondra road and passed a note to the teller saying "I am armed, push out all the money to me. Hurry. No delay. Return note". He left with a bag of money and disappeared. Sue was found nearby, holding the bag, and was arrested. At her trial, at the Special Criminal Court she refused to identify the robber and so was sentenced to three years in jail on a charge of receiving money knowing it was stolen. In Mountjoy Women’s prison she took on the prison authorities over prison conditions, taking a case to the Irish High Court and winning. Released in 1980 after serving 16 months, she was told not to communicate with newspapers, radio or television or to engage in public controversy. If she did, she would be considered in breech of prison discipline and returned to jail. Sue went to the High Court and successfully contested the gagging order. On release she remained active in Prisoners Rights Organisation and supported other prisoners, when she could, organising friends to visit prisoners when she could not. Sue also became involved in the grassroots anti-drug campaign known as Concerned Parents Against Drugs, organising against the heroin dealers in Dublin and, with Noreen O’Donohue, Sue wrote 'Pure Murder: a book about drug use', which exposed the effect of addiction on the area she lived in. It was published by the Women’s Community Press, which she helped to set up, in 1983. Her other political activites included the Residents Against Racism group and CAFE, the local community arts organisation. In later life Sue's health was bad - the damp and strain of prison having damaged her lungs - which, together with her smoking, added to her emphysema and led to a heart-lung transplant and later a kidney transplant (the anti-rejection drugs having damaged her kidneys). [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/xd26n2] || [anteriores2.eldiariocba.com.ar/noticias/nota.asp?nid=98912 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Pavón es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presos_de_Bragado]
 * = 15 || 1906 - Iris Pavón (d. 1951), Argentine writer, poet, journalist, and militant anarchist, feminist, anti-fascist and anti-militarist, born. Known for her speeches at events requesting the release of the '//Presos de Bragado//' (workers from the town of Bragado who were victims of the Década Infame (1930-1942), falsely accused of having planted of having planted a bomb on August 5, 1931) and in defence of the Republic during the Spanish Civil War. In the 1940s she joined the Agrupación Femenina Antiguerra and following the 1943 coup she was arrested several months in the women's prison in Cordoba.

[CC] 1944 - Mala Zimetbaum, a Belgian Jew who was the first woman to escape from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, and her boyfriend, Edek Galinski, who had escaped with her, are executed separately in the women's and men's sections of the camp. On Saturday, June 24, 1944, Mala and Edek fled from Birkenau - Edek dressed in an SS uniform obtained from Edward Lubusch, an extraordinary SS man who aided prisoners, and Mala, using a blank SS pass, dressed as a prisoner being led to work. On July 6, the two were captured by a border patrol in the Beskid Zywiecki mountains at the Slovakia border, returned to the camp, and placed in separated cells. Following a lengthy interrogation and severe torture, under which they did not break, they were publicly executed by the SS. Both were defiant to the end with Mala's defiance becoming legendary. As her sentence was being read out, Mala took a razor blade from her hair and quietly slit open her veins on the inside of her elbows. … One of the blockführers grabbed her by the hair. Mala slapped him across the face with her bleeding hand. The SS man broke her arm. Legend has it that she told him: "I shall die a heroine, but you shall die like a dog!" The camp staff jumped on her, knocking her to the ground, and taped her mouth shut. [NB. There are a number of different version of this story but they all detail her defiance.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Zimetbaum www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/MalaZimetbaum.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/zimetbaum-mala]

[E] 1959 - Nadia Desdemona Lioce, Italian member of the Nuove Brigate Rosse - Nuclei Comunisti Combattenti, currently serving a life sentence under the 41bis regime, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Desdemona_Lioce web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/print_view/233]

1972 - Suzy Chevet (Suzanne Chevet; b. 1905), French teacher, militant socialist, Résistance member, libertarian syndicalist and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 25] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women]
 * = 16 || 1793 - Claire Lacombe, president of the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires, is publicly denounced by the Jacobins to the Comité de sûreté générale (Committee of General Security), accused of "making counterrevolutionary statements" and having associated and aided a "notorious counterrevolutionary, the énrage [Théopile] Leclerc" [she had in fact lived with him for a while, until he left her to marry Pauline Léon]. She is arrested but released the same evening. The Society has been undermined and from then on would be largely ignored by the Convention.

1888 - Silvia Pisacane (b. 1852), Italian daughter of the famous revolutionary Carlo Pisacane, who was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877, dies. Through her contacts with Giovanni Nicotera, who had survived the Sapri expedition and become a leftist parliamentarian, the lawyer Carlo Gambuzzi managed to get the 26 arrested anarchists accused of the death of a policeman during the failed 1874 insurrection in Bologna found not guilty and applied an amnesty on the other charges they faced (conspiracy with the object of removing and destroying the form of government, encouraging the people to arm themselves against the powers of the State, provoking civil war, etc.). [NB. Some sources give the date as September 17. Many sources also give her d.o.b. as 1853 based upon a letter her father wrote to Carlo Cattaneo in Jan. 1853 with news of Silvia's birth. However, she was most likely born the previous year on September 28, 1852.] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Pisacane www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1609.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckvh]

1893 - Hagar Olsson (d. 1978), Swedish-speaking Finnish modernist writer, literary critic, playwright, translator and feminist, born. She was among the first playwrights, who introduced the Expressionistic drama to Finnish public. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar_Olsson bibbild.abo.fi/hands/Olsson/index.htm nordicwomensliterature.net/writer/olsson-hagar authorscalendar.info/hagaro.htm]

1897 - Following a lecture tour of France and Belgium in the company of Charlotte Vauvelle and Sébastien Faure, Louise Michel is detained in Brussels and expelled from the country.

1902 - Mildred Fish-Harnack (Mildred Elizabeth Fish; d. 1943), American-German literary historian, journalist, lecturer, translator, and German Resistance fighter, born. With her husband Arvid Harnack, she was sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union, visiting the country in 1932 and later helped constitute a discussion group of anti-Nazi sympathisers that, in 1939, came into contact with a similar group around Luftwaffe staff officer Harro Schulze-Boysen. The resulting Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group, together with other Soviet networks in Germany, would later be identified by the Gestapo as the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra), was involved in passing intelligence to the NKVD. Fish-Harnack even passed information about the forthcoming Operation Barbarossa to the Soviets. Having been tracked down by their radio traffic, Arvid Harnack and Mildred Fish-Harnack were arrested on September 7 while on a weekend outing. After a four-day trial before the Reichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Tribunal), they were found guilty on December 19 of "the preparation of high treason and espionage". Arvid was sentenced to death and executed 3 days later. Mildred however received a sentence of six years hard labour but, days after the German defeat at Stalingrad, Hitler refused to confirm the sentence and, after a retrial, she sentenced to death on January 16, 1943. Mildred Fish-Harnack was beheaded on February 16, 1943 in Berlin's Plötzensee Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Harnack de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Harnack-Fish www.executedtoday.com/2016/02/16/1943-mildred-fish-harnack-an-american-in-the-german-resistance/ www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/opinion/global/when-the-red-orchestra-fell-silent.html]

[EEE] 1919 - Date of the trail (field court-martial) of the Ukrainian anarchist partisan Maria Grigorevna Nikiforova [Марія Григорівна Никифорова (uk) / Мария Григорьевна Никифорова (ru)] or Nykyforovna [Никифоровна / Никифорова] aka Marusya, then known as Maria Bzhosteka [Марія Бжостек / Мария Бжостек] before General Subbotin, commandant of the Sevastopol Fortress, at which she is found guilty on the following charges: that during the period 1918-1919, while commanding a detachment of anarcho-communists, she carried out shootings of officers and peaceful inhabitants, and she called for bloody, merciless reprisals against the bourgeoisie and counter-revolutionaries. For example: in November 1918 she entered the city of Rostov-on-Don with detachments of anarchists and incited a mob with an appeal to carry out bloody reprisals against the bourgeoisie and counter-revolutionaries;
 * in 1918 between the stations of Pereyezdna and Leshchiska by her order several officers were shot, in particular, the officer Grigorenko;
 * in December 1918, while commanding an armed detachment, she participated together with the troops of Petliura in the capture of Odessa, after which she took part in burning down the Odessa prison, where the chief warden Pereleshin was killed in the fire;
 * in June 1919 in the city of Melitopol' 26 persons were shot on her order, including a certain Timofei Rozhkov.

These charges involve crimes specified in Articles 108 and 109 of the criminal code of the Volunteer Army. She was found guilty and sentenced to hang, whilst her husband, Witold Stanislav Bzhostek (or Brzostek), who was arrested along side her, was found guilty of of shielding Marusya, and ordered to be shot. [see: Sep 23 + 24] [www.nestormakhno.info/english/marusya.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Никифорова_Марія_Григорівна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Никифорова,_Мария_Григорьевна libcom.org/history/nikiforova-marussia-18-1919 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/t76jvf www.makhno.ru/other/41.php www.makhno.ru/other/37.php topwar.ru/52778-marusya-nikiforova-lihaya-atamansha-priazovskih-stepey.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Nikiforova anarchy.kalarupa.com/nikiforova/ oko-planet.su/history/historysng/9575-terroristka-marusya-nikiforova.html 3varta.com.ua/otamansha-marusja e-uman.org.ua/index.php?newsid=609170 www.aitrus.info/node/3950]

[E] 1923 - Noe Itō (伊藤野枝; b. 1895), Japanese anarchist, social critic, author, novelist, translator and feminist, is murdered, along with her partner Sakae Ōsugi and his six-year-old nephew, by military police. Their battered bodies are discovered four days later where they had been dumped in a well. This provoked outrage throughout Japan and became known as 'The Amakasu Incident'. [see: Jan. 21] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120916]

1936 - Based in Barcelona, Emma Goldmann begins to help write the English-language edition of the CNT-FAI's information bulletin. She will also go on to visit collectivised farms and factories, and to travel to the Aragon front, Valencia, and Madrid. She also works closely with Martin Gudell of the CNT-FAI's Foreign Propaganda Department and broadcasts two English-language radio addresses. || [mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_09_01_archive.html]
 * = 17 || 1918 - Maria Rosa Alorda Gràcia (d. 2006), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. From the age of 11 she began working in a clothing factory as a seamstress, learning to read and write in the rationalist school of the Calle Verdi de Gràcia and at the Ateneu Popular Vila, where she later worked as a teacher. A member of the Juventudes Libertarias, with the fascist coup of 1936 she enlisted in the Ferrer Carod, going to the Aragon front, where she taught militiamen who had not gone to school to read and write. Pregnant with her daughter Blanca, Blesa leaves and returns to Barcelona, ​​where postpartum she worked at the ammunition and weapons factory located in the former 'La Voz de su Amo' (Voice of his Master) record factory. During the Franco era she was the liaison between the committees of the underground CNT and sheltered many on-the-run comrades. Federica Montseny stayed in her home during her visit she made to Barcelona afterFranco's death. Maria Rosa Alorda Gràcia died January 11, 2006 in Barcelona. Her partner, Alfonso Sanchez Cruzado – who was interned in the Albatera concentration camp and after his release worked as a driver, using his vehicle to transport clandestine propaganda – and her daughter, Blanca Cruzado Alorda, were also anarchist militants.

[E] 1925 - The bus Frida Kahlo is travelling on collides with a streetcar, Kahlo is impaled by a steel handrail, which goes into her hip and comes out the other side. She suffers several serious injuries as a result, including fractures to her spine and pelvis. ||
 * = 18 || 1885 - [N.S. Sep. 30] Natalia Sergeyevna Klimova (Наталья Сергеевна Климова; d. 1918), Russian teacher, writer and revolutionist, born. [see: Sep. 30]

[E] 1908 - Lise Børsum (Milly Elise Børsum; d. 1985), Norwegian resistance member during WWII and survivor of Ravensbrück concentration camp, best known for her books on her experiences as a prisoner and on the characteristics of concentration camps in '//Fange i Ravensbrück//' (Prisoner in Ravensbrück; 1946), '//Speilbilder//' (Reflections; 1947) and her book on Soviet concentration camps, '//Fjerndomstol Moskva. Fra Dagens Berlin og Sovjets Fangeleirer//' (Moscow's Remote Justice. From Berlin to Today's Soviet Prison Camps; 1951), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Børsum]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Kenton railway station near Newcastle is razed to the ground by a suffragette "arson squad". £1000 worth of luggage was destroyed and placards were left bearing the words: "Premier Asquith is responsible for militancy. Apply to him for damages." [forum.southshields-sanddancers.co.uk/boards/viewtopic.php?t=9798 cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SU19130914.2.132]

1934 - Ruth Hale (b. 1887), US freelance writer, women's rights activist, early female film critic and associate of the Algonquin Round Table, dies. Took a leading role on the Sacco and Vanzetti defence committee, working alongside the likes of Dorothy Parker and John Dos Passos.

[EE] 1974 - Flora Sanhueza Rebolledo (b. 1911), Chilean teacher, anarchist and social activist, who founded the Ateneo Libertario Luisa Michel in her home city of Iquique in 1947, dies as a result of the torture she had suffered at the hands of the Pinochet regime. A life-long anarchist activist, she travelled to Spain in 1935 and took part in the social revolution during the Civil War. Following the fascist victory, she fled to France, where she remained as a political prisoner until 1942. She returned to Chile and, inspired by libertarians ateneos of the earlier part of the century, she founded Ateneo Libertario Luisa Michel in Iquique to "address the needs of female weavers". Given the fact that this was during the dictatorship of Gabriel Gonzalez Videla and the fascist persecution of anarchists and communists, much of her work virtually took place in hiding. In 1953 it opened its door to children of working women too, changing its name to the Escuela Libertaria Luisa Michel. At its peak, it had more than 70 regular students, but it closed its doors in 1957. Flora was arrested and tortured following the Pinochet coup. Placed under house arrest, she subsequently died as a result of the injuries she sustained under torture. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Sanhueza www.archivochile.com/tesis/01_ths/01ths0005.pdf]

[D] 1975 - Eighteen months after her abduction, San Francisco police "rescue" kidnapped heiress-turned-revolutionary Patty Hearst. Police killed most of her Symbionese Liberation Army comrades in the process.

1980 - Rose Antonia Maria Valland (b. 1898), French art historian, member of the French Résistance, captain in the French military, and one of the most decorated women in French history, dies. [see: Nov. 1] ||
 * = 19 || 1935 - Praskovya Ivanovo [Прасковья Ивановская] (Praskovya Semenovna Voloshenko [Прасковья Семеновна Волошенко]; b. 1852), Russian revolutionary, member of Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty), Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and the S-R's Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), dies in Poltava, Ukraine. [see: Nov. 15]

1944 - Josefa 'Pepita' Martín Luengo (Maria Josefa Martín Luengo; d. 2009), Spanish libertarian education activist and anarcha-feminist, born. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Martín_Luengo www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1909.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1815-pepita-martin-luengo-pedagoga-anarquista-y-fundadora-de-la-escuela-libre-paideia.html www.cnt.es/noticias/ha-fallecido-pepita-martin-luengo-fundadora-de-la-escuela-libre-paideia www.anarkismo.net/article/15312 www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/07/14/opinion/17396982.html www.paideiaescuelalibre.org/tag/pepita www.educacionantiautoritaria.org/2015/01/educacion-que-se-opone-aeducaciones.html]

[E] 1947 - Nancy Ling Perry aka Nancy Devoto, Lynn Ledworth, and 'Fahizah' (d. 1974), US member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was shot dead during the 1974 shootout with the LA Police at 1466 East 54th Street, born. She died in the May 17, 1974, shootout with the police at 1466 East 54th Street, Los Angeles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ling_Perry en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout] ||
 * = 20 || 1763 - Gabriela Silang (Maria Josefa Gabriela Cariño; b. 1731), Filipina revolutionary leader best known as the first female leader of a Filipino independence movement in the struggle against Spain, is executed by hanging alongside her troops in Vigan's central plaza, having faced defeat ten days earlier during a failed attempt to besiege the city. [see: Mar. 19]

[E] 1886 - Lillian Harman (1869-1950) American anarchist feminist, and proponent of sex radicalism and free love, who wrote for and was the compositor on her father Moses’ anarchist/feminist/freethought journal '//Lucifer//', enters into a 'free marriage', or "autonomistic sex-relation or union" as she put it, with fellow anarchist Edwin Cox Walker. The ceremony was held in front of friends and family without the benefit of a state license as Lillian refused to sign any legal documents and rejected the involvement of church and state in her private life. Moses, who conducted the ceremony, declared that he did not "give away" Lillian because she was her own person, whilst Lillian retained her surname (as it was her 'duty' to do so), her "free will and choice", and declined to take any vow that promised ‘obedience’ to a man. Instead, she pledged, "I make no promises that it may become impossible or immoral for me to fulﬁll, but retain the right to act always as my conscience and best judgment shall dictate." The couple became a //cause célèbre// in anarchist and free love circles when they were arrested and a month later a jury found them guilty on October 20, 1886, of breaking Kansas state marriage law. Walker was sentenced to 75 days in jail and Harman to 45; they were also ordered to pay a fine and court costs. The two refused to admit guilt by paying any fines or fees and therefore remained in jail. The two were finally released from prison on April 3, 1887 after Moses Harman paid their fees. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/5hqcxj www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-the-moses-harman-story/13209 sheroesofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/lillian-harman/#more-72]

1898 - [N.S. Oct. 2] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (May [15] 27 1852 - October 2 [September 20] 1898), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], dies of acute pneumonia in Paris. [see: May 27]

1970 - Brandeis University students and National Student Strike Force members Katherine Ann Power and Stanley Ray Bond, an ex-convict and soldier attending classes at the university on a special program, plus two other former convicts, William Gilday and Robert Valeri, rob a National Guard armory in Newburyport, Massachusetts, taking 400 rounds of ammunition and weapons, as part of a plan to finance the arming of the Black Panthers as a response to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The group also set fire to the facility, causing about $125,000 in damage. Three days later, in the company of NSSF member and Power's college roommate Susan Edith Saxe, they robbed a bank in Brighton, Massachusetts, carrying handguns, a shotgun and a submachine gun. The first cop on the scene, Boston police officer Walter Schroeder, was shot in the back by Gilday when he attempted to stop the robbery and subsequently died from his wounds. The group escaped with $26,000 in cash. [see: Jan 18 + Jan. 25]

1972 - Ulrike Meinhof is transferred from Ossendorf Prison to Zweibrücken Prison to take part in an identification line-up. Meinhof is determined to ruin the process by screaming "I’M ULRIKE MEINHOF!" The police instruct the other women in the line-up to follow suit; the witnesses are treated the unforgettable spectacle of six women screaming and clawing at their guards; five impostors and one true criminal all screaming hysterically: "SWINE!" "THIS IS ALL JUST A SHOW!" and "I AM ULRIKE MEINHOF!" [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1972-timeline/]

1979 - Doris Maase (Doris Franck; b. 1911), German doctor, communist and resistance fighter, who survived nine years in various Nazi camps and was one of Ravensbrück’s earliest prisoners, dies. [see: Mar. 4]

1985 - Irmgard Enderle (Irmgard Rasch; b. 1895), German socialist politician, trade unionist and journalist, whose party codenames included Kleopatra and J. Reele, dies. [see: Apr. 28] || She met and fell in love with fellow painter, photographer and poet, Jindřich Štyrský in 1922 and they worked closely together until his death in 1942. They joined the Czech avant-garde Devětsil 'proletarian art' group in 1923, painting in a Cubist-influenced style and co-designing book covers for some of the most prominent Czech authors. In the autumn of 1925 Toyen and Štyrský left for Paris, spending three years there and inventing their own fusion of Abstraction and Surrealism, dubbed Artificialism. After returning to Prague, they established a fashion studio where they experimented with techniques including spray-painting textiles. Her art had a strong erotic content and she contributed a number of sketches for Štyrský's '//Erotika Revue//' (1930-33) and contributed to his 6 volume series of erotic literature and illustration '//Edice 69//' (Edition 69), founded in 1931. A member of the Spolku Výtvarných Umělců Mánes (the Association of Fine Artists) and associate member of the Surrealist group around André Breton and Paul Eluard, she and Štyrský also became founding members of the Skupiny Surrealistů v ČSR (Czech Surrealist Group) in Prague in 1934. In 1935, Andre Breton and the poet Paul Eluard came to Prague and began a lifelong friendship with Toyen. She and Štyrský were forced underground during the Nazi occupation and Second World War, during which Štyrský was to die of a long-term heart condition. Whilst in hiding, she continued her artistic endeavours and also hid fellow Surrealist poet and Jew Jindřich Heisler, who would become her second artistic partner and with whom she fled to Paris before the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948. Back in Paris, she worked until the end of her life with Breton and the French poet Benjamin Peret. [wiki.csaf.cz/encyklopedie:toyen www.galerieart.cz/toyenzivotopis.htm www.leninimports.com/toyen_9a.html cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_surrealistů_v_ČSR weimarart.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/toyen.html www.spaightwoodgalleries.com/Pages/Toyen.html www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/carnival.html]
 * = 21 || 1902 - Toyen (Marie Čermínová;d. 1980), Czech-bron Surrealist painter, printmaker, illustrator, feminist and anarchist, born. A leading member of the inter-war Czech avant-garde, an innovator in painting techniques and pioneering woman artist who broke many taboos including the artistic representation of female sexuality. An anarchist from an early age, Toyen constantly sought to undermine gender roles: cross-dressing, adopting a gender-neutral name and always referring to herself in the masculine case, as well as maintaining a vehemently anti-bourgeois attitude.

1923 - Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin join Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in Berlin following their deportation from Russia, where they were imprisoned for anarchist activities.

[E] 1960 - Masoumeh Ebtekar [معصومه ابتکار‎‎] (Niloufar Ebtekar), the first female Vice President of Iran and head of that country's Environmental Protection Organisation, who first came to notice as 'Mary', the spokesperson of the students who took hostages and occupied the US Embassy in 1979, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoumeh_Ebtekar] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials#September_1692 www.executedtoday.com/2014/09/22/1692-the-salem-witch-trials-last-hangings/ www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASAL_DE.HTM]
 * = 22 || 1692 - A group of seven mostly older women – Mary Easty (or Eastey), Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmot Redd, and Margaret Scott – and one man, Samuel Wardwell, who had married an older widow, are the last people to be executed for witchcraft in American colonies in what came to be called the Salem Witch Trials.

[CC/E] 1943 - Operation Blow-up*: At 1:20am a time bomb placed in the Minsk apartment of Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, SS Gauleiter for Weissruthenien (Belarus), explodes, killing him. A senior official in the occupying government of the Soviet Union, he was also an important figure in the German Christian movement during the early years of Nazi rule. The bomb had been hidden in the mattress of Kube's bed by Soviet partisan Yelena Grigórievna Mazanik ( Елена Григорьевна Мазаник ; 1914 - 1996), a Belarusian woman who had managed to find employment in his household as a maid in order to assassinate him. In retaliation for Kunbe's assassination, the SS killed more than 1,000 male citizens of Minsk. After the war, Yelena Mazanik and 2 other women involved in the operation, Maria Osipova and Nadezhda Troyan, were honoured with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. [*операции Возмездие in Russian - more accurately translated as Operation Retribution or Operation Nemesis] [minsk-old-new.com/minsk-2991.htm] || [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/8kpstt]
 * = 23 || 1890 - "45 year old Florentine Lombard passed away today from heart disease. She was an anarchist, English by nationality. And had settled in Naples. During the cholera epidemic of 1884 she served as a volunteer nurse with the Red Cross. She spent her life close to the poor, going without in order to do so. On the 1st of May last she was arrested in the Canalone district… " [quote from unknow Italian neswpaper article]

[E] 1893 - Llibertat Ródenas Domínguez (d. 1970), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist member of the Mujeres Libres, who fought with the Durruti Column, born. [expand] [some sources give her year of brith as 1891 or 1892] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/fn2zss www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2309.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5193 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5751-libertad-rodenas-y-rosario-dulcet-biografia-de-dos-mujeres-anarquistas.html]

[EEE] 1919 - The presumed date* of the execution by hanging of the Ukrainian anarchist partisan Maria Grigorevna Nikiforova [Марія Григорівна Никифорова (uk) / Мария Григорьевна Никифорова (ru)] or Nykyforovna [Никифоровна / Никифорова] aka Marusya, then known as Maria Bzhosteka [Марія Бжостек / Мария Бжостек], Ukrainian anarcho-communist, public speaker and revolutionary fighter, who led a Black Guard (Чорна гвардія [uk] / Чёрная Гвардия [ru]) detachments in the Ukraine during the Russian revolution. [see: Sep. 16 + 24] [* The Kiev newspaper '//Kievskaya Life//' (Киевская жизнь) of September 11 (24), 1919, under the headline '//In Liberated Russia//' (У звільненій Росії) it announced the headline 'Execution M. Nikifirovoy' (Страта М. Нікіфіровой): "In Sevastopol, the sentence of a court-martial, the execution of Mary Nikoforova (Mary Brzhostska) the leader of a group "anarchists-communists" that carried out bloody shootings and killings. The indictment alleged that she participated in such massacres: in Rostov, Odessa, in the capture of the city Petlyura, Melitopol and other places. Nikiforov remained defiant in court and, after reading the sentence, started to berate the judges. She burst into tears only upon parting with her husband. Her husband, the Polish anarcho-communist Witold Brzhostek (Witold Bżestoka), who was accused of concealing her, was shot."] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Никифорова_Марія_Григорівна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Никифорова,_Мария_Григорьевна www.nestormakhno.info/english/marusya.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/t76jvf histmag.org/Maria-Nikiforowna-wladczyni-stepu-2625 www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/bzhostek.html e-uman.org.ua/index.php?newsid=609170 e-uman.org.ua/index.php?newsid=609170&news_page=2 uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чорна_гвардія slovariki.org/politiceskij-slovar/768]

1935 - Hilja Pärssinen (Hilja Lindgren; b. 1876), Finnish teacher, journalist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, writer and Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Työläisnaisliiton (Finnish Social Democratic Workers' Union) Chairwoman, dies. [see: Jul. 13]

1936 - Emma Goldman gives a talk on the CNT-FAI radio station 'ECN 1' in Barcelona entitled '//My first impressions of the Spanish Revolution//' (Les meves primeres impressions sobre la Revolució Espanyola).

1942 - Margarete Hilferding (Margarete Hönigsberg; b. 1871), Austrian Jewish teacher, doctor, individual psychologist, socialist and feminist advocate of birth control and the liberalisation of abortion provision, dies on the transport between Theresienstadt concentration camp and Maly Trostenets extermination camp. [see: Jun. 20]

1944 - Janina Trojanowska-Zborowska, aka 'Jasia', 'Nina' (b. 1923), Polish fighter in the Armia Krajowa (Home Army), who took part in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, is executed by the Gestapo after she and her husband Jerzy were captured by the Germans. [see: Oct. 4]

1963 - Margarethe Faas-Hardegger (d. 1882), Swiss anarchist, syndicalist, feminist, anti-fascist and peace militant, who preached and practised free love, and established an anarchist-communist agricultural community at Minusio, dies. [see: Feb. 20]

1970 - Brandeis University students and National Student Strike Force members Katherine Ann Power, Susan Edith Saxe and Stanley Ray Bond, an ex-convict and soldier attending classes at the university on a special program, plus two other former convicts, William Gilday and Robert Valeri, rob a bank in Brighton, Massachusetts, carrying handguns, a shotgun and a submachine gun. The first cop on the scene, Boston police officer Walter Schroeder, is shot in the back by Gilday as he attempts to stop the robbery and subsequently dies from his wounds. The group escape with $26,000 in cash. Bond, Gilday and Valeri are arrested shortly after but the two wome go on the run and in November 1970, they became the sixteenth and seventeenth persons on the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives list. [see: Jan 18 + Jan. 25]

1997 - Shirley Clarke (b 1919), American independent filmmaker, who studied under Hans Richter, dies. [see: Oct. 2]

2014 - Antònia Fontanillas Borràs (b. 1917), Catalan militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist fighter, dies. [see: May 29] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2409.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Aurora_do_Amaral_Lisboa www.alf-rs.org.br/academicas-detalhe?id=45]
 * = 24 || 1860 - Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (d. 1952), Brazilian educator, poet, writer, playwright, and libertarian and feminist activist, born.

1886 - Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde and Dr. Paul Susini, who had also been convicted on August 12 in absentia for their part in the June 3 meeting at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre in Paris in support of the striking Decazeville miners, have their convictions overturned on appeal. Louise Michel refused to do so and remained in prison, much to the embarrassment of the Government is very embarrassed. Michel was eventually released with the benefit of remission in November 1886. [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]

1897 - Fosca Corsinovi, aka Marie Thérèse Noblino & Fosca Barbieri (d. 1972), Italian anarchist, who volunteered in the Spanish Civil War as a nurse with the CNT-FAI, born. In late 1923, she and her daughter joined her partner and father of her child, Dario Castellani (1894-1969), a Unione Anarchica Florentina member who had participated in the struggles of the red biennium and the insurrection of Florence of 1921 and had since been exiled in France, in Marseille. Following Castellani's expulsion from France, Fosca, who had now separated from him, moved to toulon and later settled in Grenoble, where she worked in the library of Ettore Carrozza. Attempts to expel her were abandoned following the efforts of a support campaign conducted by Italian anarchists in the area. In 1934, she met the Italian anarchist Francesco Barbieri (1895-1937), who had been exiled in Argentina where he had been part of the group around Severino Di Giovanni. Arrested for a number of bank robberies, he had been deported back to Italy but had managed to escape to France on a false passport. After serving eight months in Toulon for the false passport, he moved to Geneva where Fosco was working with Italian refugees and earning a living as a cook in the refugee dining room in the Bureau du Travail. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, like many other Italian anarchists, Fosca did not hesitate to join the revolution, travelling in late July 1936 to Barcelona with Barbieri where she volunteered as a nurse in the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) in the Italian Columna Rosselli on the Aragon front. In October 1936, at the initiative of Professor Oltremare and Dr. Fischer and at the request of the Swiss trade unions, she and five Swiss doctors from Bern surgical ambulance transferred to the Comitè Regional de Catalunya (Regional Committee of Catalonia) of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Comité Peninsular of the FAI to help injured anti-fascists. On May 4, 1937, she and Tosca Tantini visited Camillo Berneri and Francesco Barbieri in detention. Two days later, on May 6, 1937, she was part of the group (Emilio Canzi, Vincenzo Mazzone Umberto Marzocchi) that identified Barbieri's body at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona, killed by Stalinist police. Fosca remained in Barcelona after the death of her partner, becoming one of the main cheerleaders, along with Armand Schoffer (Armando Rodríguez), Eusebi Carbó Carbó and Enrico Zambonini, of the Colònia Infantil at Pins del Vallès (Sant Cugat del Vallès) in Catalonia, open in November 7, 1938 and financed by an internation subscription set up by the Italian-Amercian publication 'L'Adunata dei Refrattari'. At the end of January, just a few hours before the entry of Franco's troops in Barcelona, she managed to cross into France under the name of Marie Thérèse Noblino, ​​but in October 1941 she was arrested, charged, tried and sentenced to three years in prison. her daughter Luce and Luce's partner Memo were given one years sentences. All three were taken to the prison in Aix-en-Provence and later interned in the Récébédou and Brens concentration camps. Luce remianed in France but Fosca was handed over by the Vichy regime to the Italian fascist authorities on October 15, 1942 and sentenced to five years confinement in the Isole Tremiti archipelago. In September 1943, she was released and managed to get to Florence, where she was reunited with Dario Castellani and later with her daughter. After the liberation of Florence, she actively participated in the reestablishmentn of the libertarian movement in the area. Fosca Corsinovi died on January 4, 1972. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2409.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/xgxf5b arabafenice.forumcommunity.net/?t=2525598 www.avantionline.it/2014/12/lassassinio-di-berneri-un-anarchico-socialista/]

[E] 1901 - Emma Goldman released from prison after the case linking her to the assassination of President McKinley is dropped due to the lack of evidence.

1907 - With Emma Goldman having travelled to Amsterdam in mid-August to attend the International Anarchist Congress on August 25-30, followed by an anti-militarist congress organised by Dutch pacifist anarchists and a talking tour of major European cities, in anticipation of her return the US Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization directs the East Coast commissioners of immigration to fully verify Goldman's US citizenship before allowing her to cross the border.

1908 - Clara Thalmann (Clara Ensner; d. 1987), Swiss revolutionary and anarchist, who fought in the Spanish Revolution with the Columna Durruti and founded the Serena Commune in Nice in 1953 with her partner Pavel (Paul) Thalmann, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Thalmann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Thalmann libcom.org/history/thalmann-clara-1910-1987]

[EEE] 1919 - The Kiev newspaper '//Kievskaya Life//' (Киевская жизнь) carries the news of the execution of Ukrainian anarchist Maria Grigorevna Nikiforova [Марія Григорівна Никифорова (uk) / Мария Григорьевна Никифорова (ru)] aka Marusya, then known as Maria Bzhosteka [Марія Бжостек (uk) / Мария Бжостек (ru)]. Under the headline '//In Liberated Russia//' (У звільненій Росії) it announced the headline 'Execution M. Nikifirovoy' (Страта М. Нікіфіровой): "In Sevastopol, the sentence of a court-martial, the execution of Mary Nikoforova (Mary Brzhostska) the leader of a group "anarchists-communists" that carried out bloody shootings and killings. The indictment alleged that she participated in such massacres: in Rostov, Odessa, in the capture of the city Petlyura, Melitopol and other places. Nikiforov remained defiant in court and, after reading the sentence, started to berate the judges. She burst into tears only upon parting with her husband. Her husband, Witold Brzhostek, who was accused of concealing her, was shot." The same day, another Ukrainian newspaper, the '//Aleksandrovsk Telegraph//' (the city was then under White control) crowed about her death: "One more pillar of anarchism has been broken, one more idol of blackness has crashed down from its pedestal... . Legends formed around this ‘tsaritsa of anarchism'. Several times she was wounded, several times her head was cut off but, like the legendary Hydra, she always grew a new one. She survived and turned up again, ready to spill more blood... . And if now in our uyezd (administrative district) the offspring of the Makhnovshchina, the remnants of this poisonous evil, are still trying to prevent the rebirth of normal society and are straining themselves to rebuild once more the bloody rule of Makhno, this latest blow means we are witnessing the funeral feast at the grave of the Makhnovshchina." [see: Sep. 16 + 23]

1920 - Inessa Fyodorovna Armand [Инесса Фёдоровна Арманд] (Elisabeth-Inès Stéphane d'Herbenville; b. 1874), French-Russian communist politician, member of the Bolsheviks and feminist who spent most of her life in Russia, dies of cholera. [see: May 8] || [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Kruseman]
 * = 25 || 1839 - Mina Kruseman (Wilhelmina Jacoba Paulina Rudolphina Kruseman; d. 1922), Dutch actress, singer, writer, novelist and feminist, born. She started her career as a singer under the pseudonyms Karcilla Réna and Stella Oristorio di Frama, but became best known for her feminist writings as well as the scandal that she caused when she moved in with FJ Hoffman, a writer, photographer and musician twenty years her junior. They never married - Kruseman finding the convention of marriage obscene and equated it with prostitution - and, to escape the scandal, left India for Rome, where they had two children, who both dies young.

1886 - Louise Michel, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Dr. Susini appear before the Assize Court of the Seine charged with "incitement to murder and pillage" for their part in a meeting which took place on June 3, 1886, in Paris at the hall of Théâtre du Château d'Eau in support of the Decazeville miners' strike. They will eventually all be acquitted by the jury, to the loud applause of the audience.

[C/E] 1905 - Suzy Chevet (Suzanne Chevet; d. 1972), French teacher, militant socialist, Résistance member, libertarian syndicalist and anarchist, born. Trained as a teacher, she was a member of Marceau Pivert's Parti Socialiste but, in 1938, she joined the Parti Socialiste Ouvrier et Paysan (Socialist Workers and Peasants Party) and was active in the Saint Malo and Trélazé committees supporting the Spanish Revolution, helping many refugees find work and housing during the Retirada. In 1941, she was put under house arrest in Saint Malo and banned from teaching by the Vichy regime. After find a safe refuge for her daughter, she went to Jersey in the Channel islands, where she helped organise escape routes for Dutch sailors. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, she was transferred to Rennes for questioning and then taken to Angers, but managed to escape and went to Lorient. Under a new identity, she entered the offices of the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO) and until the liberation passed information to the local Résistance. In 1945, she joined the Fédération Anarchiste through which she met the anarchist theoritican Maurice Joyeux and they became partners. She also joined the Groupe libertaire Louise-Michel and edited its paper, '//La Rue//', "revue culturelle et littéraire d'expression anarchiste". [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Chevet www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2509.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article855 www.ephemanar.net/septembre15.html anars56.over-blog.org/article-28103841.html]

1919 - Olga Nikolaevna Figner (Ольга Николаевна Фигнер; November 17 [5] 1862), Russian revolutionary, narodnitsa and one of the organisers of the Socialist-Federalist (Cоциалистов-федералистов) group (1887-89) in St. Petersburg following the crushing of Narodnaya Volya (Наро́дная во́ля / People's Will), dies in Lugan (Лугань). [see: Nov. 17]

1936 - Emma Goldman speaks before a crowd of 10,000 in Barcelona. [jwa.org/archive/goldman/egtospan.jpg]

1940 - Eva Švankmajerová (d. 2005), Czech Surrealist artist, painter, ceramicist, poet, filmmaker and writer, born. Made a series of short and full-length films between 1964 and 2005 with her husband Jan Švankmajer, including '//The Pit, the Pendulum and 'Hope//' (Kyvadlo, Jáma a Naděje; 1983) '//Alice//' (Něco z Alenky; 1987) and '//Little Otik//' (Otesánek; 2000). Her books include '//Baradla Cave//' (Jeskyně Baradla; 1995) and '//Surrealist Women: an International Anthology//' (1998).

1971 - Two police officers are shot and wounded as they approach an improperly parked car containing RAF members Margrit Schiller and Holger Meins on the Freiburg-Basel autobahn. Meins and Schiller escape. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1971-timeline/]

2011 - Wangari Muta Maathai (b. 1940), Kenyan environmental and political activist, who founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organisation focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights in 1977, dies of complications arising from ovarian cancer. [see: Apr. 1] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Елизарова-Ульянова,_Анна_Ильинична en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ulyanova]
 * = 26 || 1864 - [O.S. Aug. 14] Anna Ilyinichna Yelizarova-Ulyanova (Анна Ильинична Елизарова-Ульянова; d. 1935), Russian revolutionary and a Soviet stateswoman, who was the older sister of Lenin, born. She began her political activities 1886 and was arrested due to the involvement of her brother Alexander (Алекса́ндр Ильи́ч Улья́нов), a member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), was involved in planning an assassination attempt on Alexander III, slated for March 13 [1], 1887. She was sentenced to 5 years in exile. In 1893, she became involved in the pre-RSDLP Social-Democratic movement in Moscow. [expand]

1892 - [N.S. Oct. 8] Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева; d. 1941) Russian and Soviet symbolist poet, who lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it, born. [see: Oct. 8]

1892 - Maria Giaconi aka Maria Ligia (d. unknown), Italian anarchist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2609.html]

1951 - Susanna Ronconi, Italian former member of the Brigate Rosse and of Prima Linea, born. She took part in the June 17, 1974 BR assault on the MSI HQ in Padua, for which she was sentecned to 12 years in prison. She was later involved in the Prima Linea killing of Professor Alfredo Paolella in Naples on October 11, 1978. She was arrested in Florence in 1980 after six years on the run. She later escaped from Rovigo prison (with Marina Premoli, Loredana Biancamano and Federica Meroni) through a hole blasted in the wall, that killed a passerby. Rearrested in 1983, she was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Having dissociated herself from terrorism, she was finally released in 1998. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Ronconi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacco_alla_sede_MSI_di_Padova]

[E] 2008 - Kirsten Brydum, a 25-year-old American anarchist community activist, is murdered as she cycles through New Orleans just 36 hours into a “collective autonomy” tour to exchange ideas with others around the country about alternative economic and social models. [www.counterpunch.org/2009/09/28/remembering-kirsten-brydum/ www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/09/post_345.html] || [florencekelley.northwestern.edu/florence/lloyd/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Demarest_Lloyd spartacus-educational.com/USAWdemarest.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bross_Lloyd]
 * = 27 || [E] 1844 - Jessie Bross Lloyd (Jessie Louisa Bross; d. 1904), US reformer, who was disinherited by her wealthy father, William Bross, owner of the '//Chicago Tribune//', for her work on behalf of the Haymarket anarchists, born. She was married to radical 'muckracking' journalist Henry Demarest Lloyd, and a close friend of Florence Kelley (1859-1939), the Hull House activist, lawyer, and labour activist. Her son was William Bross Lloyd (1875-1946), a US attorney who helped found and finance the Communist Labor Party of America, the forerunner of the Communist Party USA.

1923 - Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin, members of The Society to Aid Anarchist Prisoners in Russia, are officially deported, and placed aboard a ship bound for Germany. Their henious crime? Protesting the Bolsheviks' persecution of anarchists in Russia. [see: Jul. 9] [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-avrich-mollie-steimer forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/category/mollie-steimer/ www.waste.org/~roadrunner/ScarletLetterArchives/BlackRose/BR7/AnAnarchistLife.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senya_Fleshin spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm]

[A] 1960 - Sylvia Pankhurst (b. 1882), English suffragist, prominent left communist and anti-fascist, who was the leader of East London Federation, which sought to unite British labour and woman's suffrage movement, dies. [see: May 5]

2007 - Ilse Schwipper (Ilse Nikolaus; b. 1937), German anarcha-feminist, anti-fascist and anti-imperalist, who was a co-founder of Kommune 3 in Wolfsburg, dies. [see: Jun. 24] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Léon fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Léon ahrf.revues.org/6213?lang=en unsansculotte.wordpress.com/tag/pauline-leon/]
 * = 28 || 1768 - Pauline Léon (d. 1838), French miltant feminist and revolutionary, who co-founded the Société des Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women) with Claire Lacombe, born. [expand]

1852 - probable date for the birth of Silvia Pisacane (d. 1888), Italian daughter of the famous revolutionary Carlo Pisacane, who was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877. [see: Sep. 9]

1893 - Emma Goldman goes on trial in NY City. Found guilty of incitement to riot, she is sent back to the Tombs (Manhattan's city prison) until October 18, when she is sentenced to a year in Blackwell's Island Penitentiary.

1938 - Rosario Ferré (Rosario Ferré Ramírez de Arellano), Puerto Rican radical novelist, poet, short story writer, essayist and literary critic, born. Issues of class and gender are a common thread in her writing. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Ferré rosarioferresaggy.galeon.com/]

[E] 1945 - Shigenobu Fusako (重信 房子), Japanese founder and former leader of the now disbanded Maoist armed group Nihon Sekigun (日本赤軍) or Japanese Red Army, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusako_Shigenobu en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army]

[A] 1985 - During a raid on her house, police shoot Cherry Groce as she lays in her bed. An angry demonstration outside Brixton police station erupts into a riot. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1510 www.estelnegre.org/documents/faber/faber.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html]
 * = 29 || 1898 - Berthe Faber-Guillot (Berthe Suzanne Fabert; d. 1983), French concierge and anarchist activist in Paris, Lyon, Brussels and Barcelona with her partners, Severin Férandel, Francisco Ascaso and Eugène Guillot, born. With her companion the anarchist Séveran Ferandel, she ran the Librarie Sociale Internationale radical bookstore in Basses-Alpes, France. She later had a long-term relationship with Francisco Ascaso, living with him when he went into exile in France and Belgium, moving to Spain after the proclamation of the Republic in April 1931. There she took part in the social struggle, enduring period of Ascaso's imprisonment and exile. After Ascaso's death on July 20, 1936, during the assault on the Atarazanas barracks in Barcelona, she remained living in city through out the Revolution, eventually forming a relationship with the French conscientious objector Eugène Guillot, then in exile under the name Jacques Sallès. In early 1939, she left Spain with her companion during the Retirada. Back in Paris, she fell foul of the police during a raid on the headquarters of the Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste and had to go into hiding. After the war, she and Guillot became members of the radical group Amis de Sebastien Faure.

1921 - The Cheka execute Fanya Baron and nine other anarchist prisoners. (Fanya's execution was on the personal order of Lenin.) These executions follow that of the anarchist and poet Lev Chernyi on the 21st. Leon Trotsky remarks at the time: "We do not imprison the real anarchists, but criminals and bandits who cover themselves by claiming to be anarchists".

[E] 1921 - Fanya Anisimovna Baron (Фа́ня Ани́симовна Ба́рон) aka Fanny Grefenson (Freida Nisanovna Greck; b. 1887*), Lithuanian-Russian anarchist revolutionary, is executed by the Cheka. Active in the Lithuanian anarchist movement, she went into exile in order to escape arrest for her activities. Initailly living in Paris, she later moved to the US, where she was active in the Industrial Workers of the World (1912-17). In Chicago she met a fellow exile, the Ukrainian anarchist and baker Aron Davidovich Baron (Аро́н Дави́дович Ба́рон), the brother of her sister Sarah's husband Nahum. Alongside Lucy Parsons and Aron, she was involved in the hunger demonstrations of 1915 in the city (Aron and Parsons worked as co-editors of the Chicago anarchist paper 'Alarm' during this period). During one of the demonstrations, at which she and Aron were at the forefront, they were attacked by the police and Fanya was knocked unconscious by the cops, and ended up amongst those arrested. In 1917, she, Aron and Boris Yelensky, returned to her homeland to help build a post-revolutionary society, where she was active as a propagandist in Kiev in 1917 and was from late 1918 she wasa participant of the creation of the Confederation of Anarchists of Ukraine (Конфедерации анархистов Украины), also known as the Nabat Anarchist Confederation after its newspaper 'Nabat' (Набат / Alarm), which was closely allied to the Makhnovtchina. She was arrested with many other anarchists by the Cheka at a conference held in Kharkhov on the November 25, 1920. On February 13, after Peter Kropotkin's death, seven anarchists, including Baron and his wife, were released from the notorious Butyrka prison for the day of the funeral. This event was to become the last public demonstration by anarchists in Russia until 1988. On July 10, 1921, Fanya escaped from Ryazan prison, along with 9 other anarchists, with the help of the clandestine Underground Anarchists network. Planning to help Aron escape from prison in Moscow, she sought refuge with Aron's brother Semion, a member of the Bolshevik Party but was arrested by the Cheka on August 17 at his home. It is unclear who betrayed her (the Cheka had agents planted among the Underground Anarchists, and had regularly arranged acts of provocation in order to expose anarchists to arrest and execution), but Semion was executed on the spot. Held along side twelve other anarchist without charges at Taganka prison, they went on hunger strike that same month, attracting the attention of visiting French, Spanish and Russian syndicalists who argued for their release. Leon Trotsky remarked at the time "We do not imprison the real anarchists, but criminals and bandits who cover themselves by claiming to be anarchists". Ten of the 13 anarchists were released and deported on September 17, 1921: Voline, Vorobiov, Mratchny, Michailov, Maximoff, Ioudine, Iartchouk, Gorelik, Feldman and Fedorov. Fanya Baron and the poet Lev Chernyi were detained, to be executed later that month. Her execution was personally ordered by Lenin himself. Fanya was shot by the Cheka on September 29, 1921 after having been found guilty of being an "accomplice of anti-Soviet criminal acts". She refused to go to her death meekly, fighting her executioners all the way. Aron remined alive in the gulag system and exile until his execution on August 12, 1937. [*NB: Some sources give the year as 1888.] [libcom.org/history/baron-fanya-nee-anisimovna-aka-fanny-baron-188-1921 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanya_Baron stopgulag.org/object/60690486?lc=ru ita.anarchopedia.org/Fanya_Baron www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2fr01d www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Барон,_Арон_Давидович]

[B] 1951 - Etta Federn (Marietta Federn; b. 1883), Austrian writer (essays, biographies, novels, poems, etc.), translator, journalist, educator, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, dies. She also published under her married names Etta Federn-Kohlhaas and Etta Kirmsse, and the pseudonym Esperanza. [see: Apr. 28]

1959 - Nadia Desdemona Lioce, Italian leading member of the Nuove Brigate Rosse - Nuclei Comunisti Combattenti, she took part in the killing of Massimo D'Antona in 1999 and Marco Biagi in 2002, and is currently serving a life sentence of under articolo 41-bis (hard labour), born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Desdemona_Lioce]

1995 - Madalyn Murray O'Hair (Madalyn Mays; b. 1919), US psychiatric social worker, anarchist, feminist and atheist activist, who was founder of American Atheists and a woman of many pseudonyms, her favourite being M. Bible, who 'Life' magazine in 1964 called "the most hated woman in America", is murdered and dismembered along with her two children, her son Jon and daughter Robin. The three had been kidnapped by David Ronald Waters, an ex-employee of American Atheists, and two accomplices named Danny Fry and Gary Karr, and Jon forced to liquidate AA monies to buy $600,000 worth of gold coins. Waters had then went to the press claining that O'Hair and her children had fled the country with millions of Atheist dollars. It was not until 2001 that Waters was finally convicted for the murders and he revealed where the O'Hairs were buried. [see: Apr. 13] || involved in the famous 'Trial of the 14'. [expand] On February 8, 1938, she was arrested on charges of belonging to a S-R terrorist organisation and on June 16 1938 sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. She was shot at the NKVD's Kommunarka (Коммунарке) execution grounds. On September 28 1884, she was sentenced to death by hanging. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Волкенштейн,_Людмила_Александровна www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_we/volkenstein.html]
 * = 30 || 1857 - [O.S. Sep. 18] Ludmila Volkenshtein [Людмила Волкенштейн](Ludmila Alexandrovna Alexandrova [Людмила Александровна Алекса́ндрова]; d. 1906), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) / Radicalised in the summer of 1877 following the arrest and trial of her husband Alexander Alexandrovich Volkenshtein (Александра Александровича Волкенштейна) during the Process of 193. She refused a quiet family life and, in 1878, separated from her husband and once got involved in revolutionary activities. She took part in plotting the assassination of the governor of Kharkov, Prince Dmitri Kropotkin (Дмитрий Кропоткин)

[EE] 1875 - Olivia Rossetti Agresti (d. 1960), British author, editor and interpreter, born. Daughter of William Michael Rossetti, one of the founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and granddaughter of Gabriele Rossetti and Ford Madox Brown. In June 1891, Olive (16 years old), her brother Arthur (14) and and sister, the future Helen Rossetti Angeli (1879-1969), began publishing an anarchist journal, '//The Torch: A Journal of International Socialism//', in the basement of their family home. Handmade, they acquired a printing press the following year and the subtitle of the paper was changed to "" in June 1893. Later name changes included to "A Revolutionary Journal of Anarchist-Communism" and finally to '//The Torch of Anarchy: A Monthly Revolutionary Journal//'. All told, the paper was in circulation for 5 years and gather a circle of prominent anarchist around it, including Peter Kropotkin and Sergei Kravchinski, and contributors included Louise Michel and Errico Malatesta, with picture supplements from Lucien Pissaro. Their publishing coups included the pamphlet '//Why I Am an Anarchist//' by George Bernard Shaw and their circle is believed to have inspired Joseph Conrad's stories '//The Informer//' and '//An Anarchist//' (1906), as well as parts of '//The Secret Agent//'. Olivia and Helen would later publish, using the pseudonym "Isabel Meredith", '//A Girl Among the Anarchists//' (1903), a somewhat fictionalised memoir of their days as precocious child revolutionaries. Olivia would later move to Italy and become an enthusiastic supporter of corporatism, as well as Mussolini's corporatist reorganisation of the Italian economy. She was also associated with the Associazione fra le Società per Azioni, a group then closely allied with the Fascists, and in 1938 co-authored the theoretical work '//The Organization of the Arts and Professions in the Fascist Guild State//' with the Fascist journalist Mario Missiroli. She also developed a close friendship with fascist fellow-traveller Ezra Pound. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rossetti_Agresti www.eldritchpress.org/jc/info.html www.eldritchpress.org/jc/anar.html www.hotfreebooks.com/book/A-Girl-Among-the-Anarchists-Isabel-Meredith.html www.ephemanar.net/juin27.html]

1880 - Bianca Sbriccoli Pichioni aka 'Rosa Salvadè', also known as Bianca Fabbri & Bianca Fabbri-Sbriccoli (d. 1972), Italian anarchist, who married her cousin, the prominent anarchist intellectual Luigi Fabbri, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/sbriccoli/sbriccoli.html]

[E] 1885 - [O.S. Sep. 18] Natalia Sergeyevna Klimova (Наталья Сергеевна Климова; d. 1918), Russian teacher, writer and revolutionist, born. In May 1906 she joined the Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов) and its combat organisation (Боевая организация)), and on August 18 [5], 1906, took part in the assassination of Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столыпин) on Apothecary Island (Аптекарском острове). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Климова,_Наталья_Сергеевна shalamov.ru/library/5/22.html stopgulag.org/object/93054274?lc=ru]

1915 - Lidia Ezerskaya [Лидия Езерская] (Lidia Pavlovna Kazanovich [Лидия Павловна Казанович]; b. 1866), Russian dentist and Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) member, dies from bronchial asthma complicated by a severe form of tuberculosis. [see: Jun. 8]

1950 - Mary Reynolds (Mary Louise Hubachekb; b. 1891), American Dadaist and Surrealist bookbinder and partner of Marcel Duchamp, dies. She remained in Paris when Duchamp left and the Nazis occupied the city, joining the Résistance but later had to flee France when she came under Gestapo surveillance. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Reynolds www.artic.edu/reynolds/index.php erea.revues.org/3132 mondo-blogo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/obscure-and-surreal-mary-reynolds.html www.rightreading.com/blog/art-and-illustration/graphic-design/ubu-roi-book-binding-by-marcel-duchamp-and-mary-reynolds/]

1970 - Inez Haynes Irwin aka Inez Haynes Gillmore (Inez Haynes; b. 1873), American feminist author (novels, short stories, chidrens books, etc.), journalist, member of the National Women's Party and the Heterodoxy Club, president of the Authors Guild, fiction editor for The Masses and a war correspondent during WWI, dies. [see: Mar. 2] ||

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasegawa_Shigure ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/長谷川時雨 www.ofko.jp/mimigaku/meijijinbutsu/meiji-e10.htm america.pink/hasegawa-shigure_1895497.html]
 * = OCTOBER ||
 * = 1 || 1879 - Hasegawa Shigure (長谷川 時雨) (Hasegawa Yasu [長谷川 ヤス]; d. 1941), Japanese writer, novelist, feminist, and the founder and editor of a literary journal '//Nyonin Geijutsu//' (Women's Arts), she was Japan's first woman playwright and acted as a mentor to those who came after her, born.

1915 - [N.S. Oct. 14] Market day in the city of Bogorodsk (Богородск), the location of the important Morozovskaya (Морозовских) textile factories, which employed more than 15 thousand workers, is witness to one of the many food riots that broke out across eastern Europe during WWI. Thirty women workers had come to the market to buy sugar and, finding that it had sold out, they were furious, accusing the merchants in dishonesty and speculation. The police quickly arrived and removed the women from the shop by force, however they returned to the city square and there continued to express their indignation and to pour accusations against traffickers. The number of protesters steadily increased, reaching several thousand, mostly women and young people, and not only workers but also peasants who come to the market from surrounding villages. Soon, the crowd moved toward the stalls and gave vent to his anger. Some threw stones at the windows of shops, someone breaking into them and throwing goods out into the streets whilst other snapped them up. Not wanting to use weapons against women and adolescents, the local police were helpless and could not stop them. Over the following days the food riots spread, with their targets now not only groceries but also clothes shops and other suppliers of manufactured goods. On October 4, Cossacks who had arrived in the city, opened fire on the insurgents, killing two and injuring several others. [expand] [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel ru-history.livejournal.com/3045190.html cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ne-hlebom-edinym-zhenschiny-i-prodovolstvennye-besporyadki-v-pervuyu-mirovuyu-voynu]

1920 - Inés Ajuria de la Torre (d. 2007), Basque militant anarcho-syndicalist, born in Guernica where her mother and a brother were killed in the infamous fascist bombing. She enter the libertarian movement shortly after the crushing of the revolution, when she met Francisco Martinez de Lahidalga, a member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) y de la Federación Ibèrica de las Juventudess Libertarias (FIJL) and her future partner, moved to Guernica. Fed up with the persistent arrests and persecution, at the end of 1946 they fled to France on foot through the Pyrenees. They lived in Paris until 1951; in Chile, between 1951 and 1957; in Uruguay, between 1957 and 1964; and again in Paris. In 1975, shortly before Franco's death, they returned to the mainland, settling in Vitoria, where they played an important role in the reconstruction of the CNT between 1976 and 1977, as members of the initial group, with Macario Illera, Vicente Cuesta, Atanasio Gainzarain, Miguel Iniguez, Manuel Gutierrez, José María Izquierdo, among others. During the decade of the 80s, after the death of her partner, she participated in the Asociación Isaac Puente. Always affiliated to the CNT, Inés Ajuria de la Torre died on August 4, 2007 in Vitoria (Alava, Basque Country) and two days later she was buried in the city's El Salvador cemetery with her CNT membership card in the coffin and the red and black flag on top. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20151001 mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_08_01_archive.html]

1926 - Plácida Aranda Yus, Spanish anarchist who was a member of the FIJL in the 1950s and a member of the arts collective Iberia in Toulouse, which specialised in perfoming plays, born. Partner of the anarcho-syndicalist militant José Luis Sos Yagüe and the couple's apartment served refuge and arms depot for the Moviment Popular de Resistència – Comitè d'Ajuda a la Resistència Espanyola (MPR-CARE) and the Defensa Interior (DI). On September 11, 1963, she and José Luis were arrested and charged with having raised money in support of Jordi Conill Valls, then facing death for causing explosions outside three official buildings in the Catalan capital and in the Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen). In 1965 she helped organise the Congreso Intercontinental de Federaciones Locales of the CNT in exile held in Montpelier. On April 6, 1968, the French government opened expulsion proceedings against her and other anarchists including José Luis Sos, Josep Peirats and Makno Cuevas, but the case was eventually dropped. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0110.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Conill_i_Vall lariuadadefranco.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/las-muertes-del-62.html]

[E] 2011 - At a Voina lecture, members Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Yekaterina Samutsevich play a recording of the song '//Ubey seksista//' [Убей сексиста](Kill the Sexist) by "a new Russian punk band called Pussy Riot". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0210.html]
 * = 2 || 1866 - [N.S. Oct. 14] Louise Louis (d. unknown), Russian anarchist militant and maid, born in Oriol. In the early 1890s she and her companion, the Russian anarchist Nikolai Nikitin, lived in Levallois-Perret, Ile de France. On September 23, 1893 both were expelled from France and took refuge in London. The following year they appeared on the anarchist watch-lists of the French border railway police.

1898 - [O.S. Sep. 20] Maria Nikolaevna Olovennikova [Мария Николаевна Оловенникова] aka Madam Jacobson [Мадам Якобсон] (May [15] 27 1852), prominent Russian revolutionary, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Natalia [Наталья] and Elizaveta [Наталья] and the mother of Elena Nikolayevna Oshanina [Елена Николаевна Ошанина], dies of acute pneumonia in Paris. [see: May 27]

[E] 1907 - Ria Deeg (d. 2000), German socialist, communist, anti-fascist and resistance fighter against Nazism, who was imprisoned in 1935 for "preparing high treason", born. An unskilled worker, domestic servant and volunteer in bookstores, in 1923 she joined the Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend, and in 1925 the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands. Hwever, with the rise of the Nazism, she quit the SPD for the KPD as she deemed the former were not concerned enough with the NSADP. After the Nazis' seizure of power, she began to work clandestinely, distributing leaflets and nespapers, raising money for Rote Hilfe and collecting food in support of the families of detainees. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria_Deeg]

1919 - Shirley Clarke (d. 1997), American independent filmmaker who studied under Hans Richter, born. Her best known films include '//Skyscraper//' (1960); '//The Connection//' (1961), based on Jack Gelber's play by about heroin-addicted jazz musicians; '//Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel With the World//' (1963) and her last film, '//Ornette: Made in America//' (1985). "I was once a member of the Communist Party when I was very young. I was always that kind of person: always involved. I did the early marches against the atom bomb. We'd take petitions to ban the bomb to the factories after the World War II. Basically, I am against the establishment, the state. I'm an anarchist, I've finally decided. But an anarchist in a somewhat gentle way. I'll go on a march, but I'm not going to bomb something. To me, a kind of society that would work has to be anarchistic. We have to survive: I help you and you help me." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Clarke davidsonsfiles.org/shirleyclarkeinterview.html]

1974 - Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, Jan-Carl Raspe, and Holger Meins, are indicted officially of dozens of crimes, including murder. ||
 * = 3 || 1873 - [N.S. Oct. 15] Elena Dmitrievna Stasova (Елена Дмитриевна Стасова; d. 1966), Russian Bolshevik and communist functionary working for the Comintern, born. [see: Oct. 15]

1905 - Hirabayashi Taiko (平林 たい子; d. 1972), pen-name of Hirabayashi Tai (平林タイ), Japanese fiction writer, feminist and one-time anarchist, born. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/平林たい子 www.city.suwa.lg.jp/www/info/detail.jsp?id=659]

1909 - Lois Waisbrooker (b. 1826), American anarchist and feminist author, novelist, editor, publisher, spiritualist and campaigner on birth control, women's rights and free speech, dies. [see: Feb. 21]

[C] 1925 - Simone Segouin, nom de guerre Nicole Minet, French Résistance fighter, in the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans group, born. Duaghter of an active Résistance member, her father claimed that she was a seamstress in order to avoid her working for the German occupiers, only to have them try to employ her to mend their uniforms. Hoisted on their own petard, Simone was forced to leave the family farm at Thivars, nar Chartres, to work in Paris. Upon her return home, she was encouraged in mid 1944 to join up with the local FTP (Francs Tireurs et Partisans) résistance group under the nom de guerre Nicole Minet. Her first jobs were the clandestine transport of arms on her trusty bicycle, but she quickly progressed onto armed actions, participating in the liberation of Chartres and, on August 23, 1944, the liberation of Paris. On March 24, 1946, she was promoted to lieutenant, and awarded the Croix de Guerre. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Segouin fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Segouin www.fondationresistance.org/pages/rech_doc/jeune-resistante-armee-chartres_photo1.htm]

1936 - Nancy Joyce Peters, American poet, writer, Surrealist, publisher and co-founder with Lawrence Ferlinghetti of City Lights Books and Publishers in San Francisco, born. Partner of the Surrealist-Beat Generation poet Philip Lamantia. She also helped found (with Ferlinghetti) the Bay Area arts magazine '//Circle//' (1944-48), made with "anti-war, anarchist, or anti-authoritarian, civil libertarian attitudes, coupled with a new experimentation in the arts". Contributors included Kenneth Patchen, Henry Miller, Anais Nin, E.E. Cummings, Kenneth Rexroth, Robert Duncan, Ferlinghetti, etc. Author of '//Literary San Francisco: A Pictorial History from its Beginnings to the Present Day//' (1981) with Lawrence Ferlinghetti; '//Unamerican Activities: The Campaign Against the Underground Press//' (1981), co-authored with Geoffrey Rips and Anne Janowitz; '//The Literary World of San Francisco & its Environs//' (1985), co-authored with Don Herron; and '//City Lights Enters the Modern Age: 1975-2003 : Literary Mecca//' (2003), with Ferlinghetti. She also edited '//Free Spirits: Annals of Insurgent Imagination//' (1982); '//The Terrible Girls//' (1991), a collection of short stories by the lesbian author Rebecca Brown (with Lawrence Ferlinghetti); '//Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture (A City Lights Anthology)//' (2001), with James Brook and Chris Carlsson; '//Howl on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression//' (2006), with Bill Morgan; '//The Beats: A Graphic History//' (2009), with Paul Buhle and Harvey Pekar; and a series of '//City Lights Reviews//', including '//War After War//' ('//City Lights Review//', No. 5; 1992). Her own poetry has been published in '//It’s In the Wind//' (1977), '//Surrealist Women, An International Anthology//' (1998) and '//Anthologie des Poètes Surréalistes Américains//' (2002). Peters also translated '//Dreams of Dreams and the Last Three Days of Fernando Pessoa//' (1999) by Antonio Tabucchi. [www.vallejo.to/artists/varda_circle.htm]

[E] 1992 - Victoria Lidiard (Victoria Simmons; b. 1889), British optician, suffragette, vegetarian and aninal rights campaigner, dies in Hove, at the age of 102. [see: Dec. 23]

1993 - Katerina Gogou (Κατερίνα Γώγου; b. 1940), Greek anarchist poet, author and actress, dies. [see: Jun. 1]

2012 - French FEMEN activists Éloïse Bouton, Elvire Duvelle-Charles, Miyabi K., Julia Javel, Jenny Bah, Nathalie Vignes and Inna Shevchenko protested against rape by standing topless in front of the Venus de Milo statue in the Louvre Museum. ||
 * = 4 || 1893 - Emma Goldman appears in court [Oct. 4-9] on charges stemming from her Aug. 21 speech to about three thousand people in Union Square, NY, where, speaking in German and English, she repeated her belief that workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry, and to demonstrate their needs "before the palaces of the rich". Defended by ex-mayor of New York A. Oakey Hall, she denies speaking the words attributed to her by police detectives who monitored her speech. The jury finds Goldman guilty of aiding and abetting an unlawful assemblage. On October 16 she is sentenced to Blackwell's Island penitentiary for one year.

1901 - Renée Lamberet (Jeanne Renée Yvonne Lamberet; d. 1980), French professor of history and geography, activist and anarchist historian, born. Lamberet collaborated with Max Nettlau. Went to Spain during the Revolution of 1936, helping to produce libertarian propaganda for the CNT and was involved in helping organise various collectivisations. At this time she met her companion Bernardo Pou-Riera. After the fascist victory, Lamberet supported clandestine anarchist activity in France and Spain during the occupation. Wrote '//Mouvements Ouvriers et Socialistes//' (1953) and '//La Première Internationale en Espagne 1868-1888//' (1969). Died in 1980 before completing an anarchist biographical dictionary. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renée_Lamberet www.estelnegre.org/documents/lamberet/lamberet.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3065]

[E] 1923 - Janina Trojanowska-Zborowska, aka 'Jasia', 'Nina' (d. 1944), Polish fighter in the Armia Krajowa (Home Army), who took part in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, born. A member of PET, the clandestine Związek Młodzieży Polskiej 'Przyszłość' (Polish Youth Association 'Future'), beginning wth the German occupation, and later in the Szare Szeregi (Grey Ranks), the codename of the underground Związku Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting Association) during the Nazi and Soviet occupations of WWII. On August 1, 1943, she transferred to the AK's Agat (Anti-Gestapo) group (later renamed the Batalion 'Parasol'), a 'diversions' and scoting group attached to the Kedywu AK Headquarters (Komendy Głównej Armii Krajowej). One of her teask was organising education classes, as well as serving as liaison with Jerzego Zborowskiego aka 'Jeremi', deputy commander of Batalion 'Parasol'. On August 8, 1944 she was injured in the fighting during the defence of the Wolski cemetried in Warsaw's Old Town (Starego Miasta). On August 17, she married Jerzy Zborowski and, after the fall of the Old Town, they joined the fighting in defence of the Czerniaków district. On the night of September 22-23, she, Jerzy and two other 'Parasol' fighters were taken prisoner and it is believed that she was executed close to the Gestapo headquarters later on the 23rd. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janina_Trojanowska-Zborowska pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szare_Szeregi pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalion_Parasol pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agat_(AK) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Zborowski] || Eventually forced to face the crowd, a humiliated Antoinette shame-faced stands before the crowd, who hurl insults at her rather than stringing her up. The crowd then demands that King Louis XVI distribute bread that the palace had been hoarding, sanction the August Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and accompany them back to Paris to see for himself the plight of the city and its citizens. The King has no choice but to agree to their terms.
 * = 5 || [AA/D] 1789 - An angry mob of some 7,000 working women – armed with pitchforks, pikes and muskets – marches in the rain from Paris to Versailles chanting “Bread! Bread!” Despite being met by 20,000 French National Guardsmen who were protecting the royal family, the mob still manages to break into the palace to search for the Queen – who only narrowly escapes by fleeing to the King’s secure apartments through a secret passageway. Two of her bodyguards are not so lucky; their severed heads are impaled on pikes, serving as a clear statement of the mob’s intent.

1838 - Pauline Léon (b. 1768), French militant feminist and revolutionary, who co-founded the Société des républicaines révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women) with Claire Lacombe, dies. [see: Sep. 28]

[E] 1917 - The '//Mother Earth Bulletin//' is published for the first time by a collective including Emma Goldman, her niece Stella Ballantine and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald.

1919 - Giliana Berneri (d. 1998), Franco-Italian anarchist activist, born. Daughter of Camillo Berneri and Giovannina Caleffi and sister of Marie-Louise Berneri. [libcom.org/history/berneri-giliana-1919-1998 ita.anarchopedia.org/Giliana_Berneri www.estelnegre.org/documents/gilianaberneri/gilianaberneri.html www.ephemanar.net/octobre05.html#bernerigiliana militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article396 www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2013/01/giliana-berneri/]

1949 - Madeleine Vernet (Madeleine Cavelier; b. 1878), French libertarian educator, novelist, feminist, peace activist and propagandist, dies. [see: Sep. 3]

[A] 1985 - Cynthia Jarrett dies as police raid her home in Broadwater Farm, London, triggering extensive riots the following day. || [philippinehistory.ph/salud-algabre-generala-ng-laguna/ journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/rws/article/download/3095/2912 booksonbirdcages.wordpress.com]
 * = 6 || [E] 1894 - Salud Algabre, Filipina seamstress, agricultural worker and revolutionary, born. She was only female member of the Sakdalista movement, a grassroots group in the 1930s that pushed for full independence, the end of American rule as well as the equal distribution of land owned by the hacienderos. As the only female member of the movement, she rose from the ranks to become the leader, earning her the moniker of 'Generala'. She actively participated during the group’s two-day uprising that started on May 2, 1935, leading a group of men in capturing municipal buildings and blockading roads. However, the Spanish authorities crushed the rebellion and arrested Algabre for her role. She was later released and stated that she never regretted joining the movement with her husband and described it as "the high point of our lives".

[B] 1900 - Ethel Edith Mannin (d. 1984), Irish novelist, journalist, travel writer anti-imperialist, 'Tolstoyan anarchist', anti-fascist activist, anti-Stalinist, feminist, and anti-militarist, born. Her writing career began in copy-writing and journalism but she later became a prolific author and novelist (100 plus books published in her lifetime), encompassing many aspects of anarchism and feminism as well as her travel writing. A member of the Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista, taking over Emma Goldman's as the London SIA representative, she listed Bart de Ligt and A. S. Neill as thinkers who influenced her ideas. Amongst her works were her biography of Emma Goldman, '//Red Rose: A Novel based on the Life of Emma Goldman//' (1941); her first (of 6) autobiographical volumes '//Confessions and Impressions//' (1930), one of the first Penguin paperbacks; '//Song of the Bomber//' (1936), a book of poetry whose title poem was written in response to the fascist bombing raids during the Spanish Revolution; '//Spain and Us//' (with J.B. Priestley, Rebecca West, Stephen Spender, Francis Meynell, Louis Golding, T. F. Powys, J. Langdon-Davies, Catherine Carswell; 1936); '//Against Race-Hatred and for a Socialist Peace//' (with Richard Acland, Vera Brittain, G. D. H. Cole, Victor Gollancz, Augustus John, James Maxton and J. B Priestley; 1940); '//Bread and Roses: An Utopian Survey and Blue-Print//' (1944); '//Rebels' Ride. A Consideration of the Revolt of the Individual//' (1964); '//Jungle Journey: 7000 Miles through India and Pakistan//' (1950); etc.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Mannin www.katesharpleylibrary.net/mpg58h spartacus-educational.com/Wmannin.htm www.reddit.com/r/worldanarchism/comments/3vmqui/history_rworldanarchisms_anarchist_history_by_the/]

[D] 1985 - Broadwater Farm riot: Four police officers search the home of Mrs Cynthia Jarrett, near the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham. Mrs Jarrett’s son Floyd is currently in custody at Tottenham police station, having given a false name when found in a car with an inaccurately made out tax disc. The visit causes panic among some of the occupants, and in the furore Jarrett’s mother, Mrs Cynthia Jarrett, collapses. She is pronounced dead on arrival at hospital. With tensions already high in London following the shooting by police of Cherry Groce, a black woman from Brixton, during another raid a week earlier, which left her paralysed below the waist, two home Beat officers are attacked and seriously injured by a brick-throwing crowd, one of them having his spleen ruptured by a paving stone thrown onto his back when he had fallen. All day tension escalated with an increasing number of clashes between rioters and the police involving bricks and molotovs. Two police officers were shot and wounded and a number of news reporters also claimed to have been shot. Later that night, a serial of officers who were protect firefighters were attacked and one, PC Keith Blakelock, was killed. By midnight 58 policemen and 24 other people had been taken to hospital. Bernie Grant, leader of the Labour-controlled Haringey Council said in the aftermath that: "The youths around here believe the police were to blame for what happened on Sunday and what they got was a bloody good hiding." Over the following days (October 10-14th), an "amazing" [according to the Broadwater Farm Inquiry] 9,165 officers were operating on the estate or held in reserve and 359 people arrested in connection with the Blacklock killing, with just 94 being interviewed in the presence of a lawyer. Other incidents of "racist and oppressive policing" [Broadwater Farm Inquiry quote] included the smashing down of 18 front doors to homes with sledgehammers. The Inquiry was left asking if the police were "acting in this way simply to intimidate not just the occupants of the particular flats, but the estate as a whole?" On January 14 1987, 3 adults - Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite - and 3 juveniles - Mark Pennant (15-year old), Mark Lambie (14-year old) and Jason Hill (13-year-old) - were put on trial at the Old Bailey for Blakelock's murder. The judge later dismissed the charges against the youths because they had been detained without access to parents or a lawyer, but the 3 adults were found guilty on unanimous verdicts on March 9th. All three were cleared on November 25, 1991 by the Court of Appeal when an ESDA test demonstrated police notes of interrogations (the only evidence) had been tampered with. Out of the total of 359 people arrested, 159 were charged but only 49 men and youths were convicted of any offence arising from the riots (excluding Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite) In July 2013 Nicholas Jacobs was charged with the murder of Keith Blakelock (four other men arrested at the same time were not charged) but he was cleared on April 9, 2014 of all charges. [4wardeveruk.org/cases/adult-cases-uk/miscarraiges/cynthia-jarrett/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-26362633 kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2014/03/21/creating-the-beast-of-broadwater-farm/ www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/105/broadwater-farm-inquiry.html www.opendemocracy.net/forum/thread/riots-in-englanduprising-of-unheard] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women]
 * = 7 || [E] 1793 - Claire Lacombe, president of the Société des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires, shows up at the bar of the Convention and denounces the way the government is oppressing women, adding "Nos droits sont ceux du peuple, et si l'on nous opprime, nous saurons opposer la résistance à l'oppression" (Our rights are those of the people, and if one oppresses us, we know how to resist that oppresion).

[CC] 1944 - Birkenau Sonderkommando Revolt: The Sonderkommando were Jewish prisoners who worked the death camps in return for special treatment and privileges. Every few months, the current sonderkommando was liquidated and the first task of their successors was to dispose of the bodies of the previous group. Since a Sonderkommando usually comprised men from incoming transports, their second task often consisted of disposing of the bodies of their own families. The Sonderkommando did not participate in the actual killing, that was carried out by the Nazis, they just did all the dirty work - guiding 'selections' to the gas chambers, removing bodies afterwards and collecting all the useful items (e.g. teeth, hair, etc.), cremating the bodies, etc.. At the end of June 1944, the 12th Sonderkommando started forming plans for a revolt, partially incited by a number of Soviet Prisoners of War. They began collecting weapons (knives and small axes) and female prisoner working in a nearby munitions factory smuggled in gunpowder. The idea had been to stage the uprising as the advancing Soviet army neared but, following an announcement that some of them would be selected to be "transferred to another camp" - a common Nazi euphemism for the murder of prisoners - the Jewish Sonderkommando of Birkenau Kommando III attacked the SS guards with stones, axes, and makeshift hand grenades (made from the smuggled in gunpowder over the preceding months from a munitions factory). An especially sadistic Nazi guard in Crematorium I is disarmed and stuffed into an oven to be burned alive. Two other SS guards are killed and 10 more wounded. However, the revolt is quickly put down but not before the Sonderkommando in Crematorium IV use their demolition charges to blow the oven rooms in a defiant suicide. Crematorium IV was damaged beyond repair and never used again. All 250 Jews were killed, most shot in the back of the head whilst lying face down outside the crematoria. Some are tortured and give up the names of the four Jewish women who had supplied the stolen explosive materials. The women - Ala Gartner, Roza Robota, Regina Safirsztajn and Estera Wajcblum - were captured and hanged in front of other prisoners on January 4, 1945 – as an act of revenge, but also to stop others resisting. One, Róża Robota (b. 1921), shouts "Be strong and be brave" as the trapdoor drops. [www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/auschwitz-revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp]

1995 - Gabriele 'Gabi' Kröcher-Tiedemann aka 'Nada' (1951–1995), German urban guerrilla, who was a member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) and the second generation Rote Armee Fraktion, dies of cancer, having undergone a series of operations in the previous three years following her diagnosis shortly after her release from prison. [see: May 18]

2006 - Anna Politkovskaya (B. 1958), Russian investigative journalist, assassinated in Moscow. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Wall]
 * = 8 || [E] 1789 - Rachel Wall (Rachel Schmidt; b. ca. 1760), American female pirate, is hanged for robbery, the last woman to be executed by that method in Massachusetts.

1872 - Elisa Acuña y Rossetti (María Elisa Brígida Lucía Acuña Rosete; d. 1946), Mexican professor, journalist, revolutionary and anarcha-feminist, born. With Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza, she launch the newspaper '//Fiat Lux//'. Elisa Acuña was a member of the ‘Ponciano Arriaga’ Co-ordinating Centre of the Confederation of Liberal Clubs. Their paper becomes the official mouthpiece of the Women’s Mutual Society. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Acuña www.emujeres.gob.mx/en_GB/elisa_acuna_rossetti www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0810.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2668-elisa-acuna-maestra-anarcofeminista-de-mejico.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Elisa_Acuña www.anarkismo.net/article/22265]

[EE] 1892 - [O.S. Sep. 26] Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева; d. 1941) Russian and Soviet symbolist poet, who lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it, born. In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger. Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family – husband Sergei Efron (Серге́й Эфро́н), also a poet and former White Army officer and two daughters, Ariadna (Alya) and Irina, and a son, Georgy – in increasing poverty in Berlin, Prague and Paris (where Marina contracted tuberculosis) before returning to Moscow in 1939. Alya, who had developing Soviet sympathies and was homesick for Russia, and Sergei, who had been recruited by the NKVD whilst living in Paris, had both returned to Russia [in 1937 and 1938 respectively] were arrested on espionage charges in 1941. Under torture, Efron was pressed to give evidence against Tsvetaeva, but he refused to testify against her or anyone else. Alya, however, confessed under beatings that her father was a Trotskyite spy, which led to his execution in 1941. Alya served eight years in prison. Both were exonerated after Stalin's death. In 1941, Tsvetaeva and Georgy were evacuated to Yelabuga (Elabuga), where on August 31, 1941, Marina hanged herself, probably in the wake of the NKVD having tried to recruit her. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/literature/marina-tsvetaeva/ rbth.com/literature/2014/07/25/the_final_days_of_russian_writers_marina_tsvetaeva_38515.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Efron]

1936 - Suzanne Hans aka Suzanne Girbe (d. 1914), French anarchist and miliciana, dies alongside her partner Louis Recoule and a number of other comrades in the Centúria Sébastian Faure of the Columna Durruti, such as Émile Cottin and Pietro Ranieri, during the fascist offensive at Farlete [though it is possible that both she and Louis in fact died at Perdiguera eight days later]. [see: Apr. 3 & Oct. 16]

1963 - Remedios Varo (María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga; b. 1908), Catalan-Mexican anarchist, anti-fascist and Surrealist painter, dies. [see: Dec. 16]

1970 - Acting on a tip, police stake out a Berlin apartment where they have been told that Baader, Ensslin, and Mahler will be meeting. Baader and Ensslin never show, but Mahler, Monika Berberich, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens are all captured. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1970-timeline/] || On Monday they were found guilty and given sentences varying from fourteen days to one month's hard labour, except for Constance Lytton and Jane Brailsford who were both were ordered to be bound over to be of good behaviour and, on refusing - both felt that their social positions (Brailsford's husband was a prominent Liberal Party official) had led to their getting lesser sentences than their less socially connected and working class comrades, they were sent to prison in the second division for one month. They immediately went on hunger strike and were released after two and a half days - the reason given for Constance Lytton's release was that she had a weak heart. Chesterfield suffragette Winifred Jones on the other hand, who had broken a plate-glass window in the Palace Theatre and been charged with doing £1 damage to a window, had pleaded guilty and, despite being her first offence, was sentenced to 14 days hard labour. The eight other women also went on hunger strike and the prison authorities decided to force-feed them. In most cases the nasal tube was used; it always caused headache and sickness. The nostrils soon became terribly inflamed and every one of the women lost weight and suffered from great and growing weakness. All but two were held in prison till the end of their sentence. [faithspear.wordpress.com/2015/10/08/suffragette-extraordinaire-constance-lytton-living-for-a-cause/ radicaltyneside.org/events/suffragette-demonstrations-october-1909-0 www.chesterfieldforum.net/threads/winifred-jones-militant-suffragette.5441/ archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft/suffragettehisto00pankuoft_djvu.txt]
 * = 9 || 1909 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Making a week-end visit to Newcastle-Upon-Tyne to deliver an important budget speech, the Chancellor of the Ex-chequer David Lloyd George is the target for a suffragette protest. Despite the heavy police presence, a dozen women including Christabel Pankhurst, Lady Constance Lytton and Emily Wilding Davison were present outside the Palace Theatre on St Thomas Street as stones were thrown at Sir Walter Runciman in whose car Lloyd George was riding. Amongst those throwing the stones were Mary Leigh, Emily Davison (hers was wrapped in paper containing the works: "Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to God") and Constance Lytton (whose stone bore the message "To Lloyd George – Rebellion against tyranny is obedience to God – Deeds, not words"). Dorothy Pethick and Miss Kitty Marion entered the nearby General Post Office and, carefully selecting windows who when broken would cause no injury to those nearby, broke them with thrown stones. Jane Brailsford's symbolic act was to take an axe, which she had carried disguised in a bouquet of chrysanthemums, a strike a single blow to a wooden barrier right in front of the police line. She and seven other WSPU women were arrested and, on the direct orders of the Home Office, remanded over the weekend in the police court cells.

1909 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Four women are sent to jail for breaking three plate glass windows in Newcastle Liberal Club, an action prompted by Lloyd George’s visit to Newcastle upon Tyne on the same day. [radicaltyneside.org/events/smashing-windows-newcastle-liberal-club-suffragettes]

1914 - María Martínez Sorroche (d. 2010), Adalusian textile worker, baker, maid, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0910.html www.seron.tv/historia/maria_martinez_sorroche/]

1935 - Ana Maria Villarreal aka 'Sayo' (d. 1972), Argentine artist and member of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Revolutionary Workers Party), who later became an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People 's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_María_Villarreal www.elortiba.org/trelew.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Trelew]

1944 - Kitty Marion (Katherina Maria Schafer; b. 1871), Anglo-American actress, militant suffragette and birth control advocate, who is estimated to have endured 232 force-feedings in prison while on hunger strike in English prisons and spent time in American prisons for imparting birth control information too, dies in the Sanger Nursing Home in New York City. [see: Mar. 12]

[E] 1969 - Days Of Rage: The 'Women's Militia' of around seventy female Weatherman members met at Grant Park, Chicago but are all arrested as they try to leave the park to raid a draft office.

[A] 1975 - Irish Anarchist Black Cross members Marie and Noel Murray are arrested for murder following a bank appropriation in which a Garda died.

1991 - The Serbian feminist and anti-nationalist organisation Žene u crnom (Women In Black) is founded in Belgrade. [zeneucrnom.org/index.php?lang=en www.womeninblack.org/old/en/history] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1010.html data.synagoge-eisleben.de/gen/fg05/fg05_043.htm]
 * = 10 || 1900 - Emmy Eckstein (Emilia Eckstein; d. 1939), Alexander Berkman's longtime companion, born in Berlin. [EXPAND]

1922 - Date wrongly attributed for the death of Luisa Capetillo Perón (b. 1879), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist. [see: Oct. 28 & Apr. 10]

[E] 1939 - Marianne Herzog, German co-founder of the Aktionsrats zur Befreiung der Frauen (Action Council for the Liberation of Women) and a former member of the Rote Armee Fraktion, who joined along with her then partner Jan-Carl Raspe, born. On December 3, 1971, she was arrested in the investigation, later released early for health reasons. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Herzog www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/marianne-herzog/]

1958 - Opening of La Méthode, a cabaret operated by Michèle Bernstein and Guy Debord on the Rue Descartes, Paris.

1989 - Eliane Vincileone (b. 1930), Italian model, craftswoman, antiques dealer and anarchist, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1010.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9237 www.centrostudilibertari.it/materiali-scaricabili]

2012 - Yekaterina Samutsevich [Екатери́на Самуце́вич], the third member of Pussy Riot, along with Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, to be arrested in the wake of February 21, 2012, performance of '//Punk Prayer: Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!//' [Панк-молебен: Богородица, Путина прогони!] in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow and later convicted and sentenced on August 17, 2012, to two years in a penal colony, is released on appeal, her sentence having been replaced with one of two years' probation. [see: Aug. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Samutsevich] || In 1910, together Berta W. de Gerchunoff and her father Armand Moreau, she founded the magazine 'Ateneo Popular' to promoted secondary and higher education and was involved in international socialist publication 'Humanidad Nueva', for which she wrote on women's rights and issues. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Moreau_de_Justo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Moreau_de_Justo]
 * = 11 || 1885 - Alicia Moreau de Justo (Alicia Moreau; d. 1986), Argentine physician, writer, editor, socialist, feminist, pacifist and human rights activist, born in London. Her father, Armand Moreau, was a French and anarchist who had participated in the Paris Commune in 1871 but fled following the post-Commune repression. In 1890, Alicia and her mother, María Denanpont, emigrated to Argentina, where she beacme involved in the socialist and feminist struggles whilst still at school. In 1906, then still only 21, Alicia Moreau founded the Movimiento Feminista and began lecturing on the women's struggle, education, health, science, etc. in workers' and socialist centres and village halls, as well as supporting the Huelga de los inquilinos (tenant strikes) in tenaments and La marcha de las escobas (March of the brooms) by slum women.

[E] 1908 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes hold a mass meeting in Trafalgar Square, London, inviting public to future demonstrations, a preluded to the WSPU-organised 'Rush on the House of Commons' organised for two days later. [ukvote100.org/2015/10/13/a-rush-on-the-house-of-commons-13-october-1908/]

1909 - Concha Estrig (Concepció Estrig; d. 1987), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1707.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/julio-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/progresofernandez/progresofernandez.html]

1915 - Abigail Scott Duniway (b. 1834), US women's rights advocate, newspaper editor and writer, who was an early western author and Pacific Northwest suffrage leader, (1871-1915), who succeeded in winning woman suffrage in Oregon (1912), dies. [see: Oct. 22]

1916 - Marie-Christine Mikhaïlo (Marie-Christine Söderhjelm; d. 2004), Finish-Swiss polyglot librarian and archivist with CIRA, born. An important figure in contemporary Swiss and international anarchism, she helped found Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (CIRA) in 1957 and was one of the driving forces behind it. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/6wwqjb www.estelnegre.org/documents/mikhailo/mikhailo.html raforum.info/spip.php?article2118 raforum.info/spip.php?article2444 raforum.info/spip.php?article2387 www.ephemanar.net/novembre08.html]

1937 - Aniela Franciszka Wolberg (b. 1907), Polish Jewish chemist, anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. [see: Oct. 14]

1953 - Yael Langella (Yael Sylvie Langella-Klépov; d. 2007), French-Catalan polyglot teacher writer, poet, translator, photographer and libertarian activist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/langella/langella.html www.visat.cat/historia-traduccio-literaria/eng/estudis/1/183/0/yael-langella.html]

1959 - Adya van Rees (Adrienne Catherine Dutilh; b. 1876), Dutch artist (needle art, broderies and wall hangings) who was involved with Dadaism and the Ascona colony, dies. [see: Apr. 16]

1965 - Dorothea Lange (b. 1895), influential US documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her photographs documenting the effects of the Depression and poverty on displaced farm families, sharecroppers, and migrant labourers, and whose photos of the forced evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans were considered so dangerous that the Army seized them to prevent them from being published. dies of oesophageal cancer. [see: May 26] || [www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr/Femmes-de-la-Commune-et.html]
 * = 12 || 1826 - Élodie Richoux (Élodie Duvert; d. unknown), French resturant owner and Pétroleuse, who ahd known Louise Michel in prison and fought alongside her on the barricades at Place Saint Sulpice during the Commune, born.

1873 - Beatriz González Ortega (d. 1965) Mexican teacher, who during the Toma de Zacatecas turned her school, the Escuela Normal de Zacatecas, into a temporary hospital treating more than 500 wounded federal and revolutionary soldiers, without distinguishing between sides, born. She later refused to turn over the wounded federales to the victorious revolutionaries, having burnt their uniformss to prevent their identification, for which she was beaten and came close to being executed. [www.oem.com.mx/elsoldezacatecas/notas/n3604351.htm www.imagenzac.com.mx/hemeroteca/vida-y-obra-de-beatriz-gonzalez-ortega-03-41]

[EEE] 1904 - Ding Ling (丁玲), the pen name of Jiang Wei (蒋伟); d. 1986), once popular Chinese writer, who wrote against filial piety and for women's social and sexual freedom in '//The Diary of Miss Sophie//' (莎菲女士的日記; 1927) during the New Culture Movement (新文化運動), born. In March 1932 she joined the Chinese Communist Party, and was active in the League of Left-Wing Writers. She was persecuted by both the Guomingdang [who murdered her husband, the poet and playwight Hu Yepin (胡也频)] and the CPC (the later of whom she criticised in 1942 for using slogans of national resistance to undermine the rights recently won by women). In 1957 she was denounced as a "rightist", purged from the party, and her fiction and essays were banned. She spent five years in jail during the Cultural Revolution and was sentenced to do manual labour on a farm for twelve years. After the death of Chairman Mao, Ding was freed and in 1978 she was "rehabilitated", having her Party membership restored. During her last years she enjoyed renewed attention. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Ling zh.wikipedia.org/zh/丁玲 wiki.china.org.cn/wiki/index.php/Ding_Ling peoplesworld.org/today-in-women-s-history-ding-ling-forgotten-chinese-author-remembered/]

[E] 1934 - During a notorious French court case, Germaine Violette Nozière (1915-1966) is found guilty of parricide of the father who had raped her throughout her teenage years. Sentenced to death, an appeal was dismissed on December 6, 1934 but an appeal for clemency to President Albert Lebrun resulted in the death sentence being commuted on December 24 to one of hard labour for life. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Nozière www.collection-privee.org/public/galerie-virtuelle-plus.php?theme=3]

1969 - Louise Gavan Duffy (Luíse Ghabhánach Ní Dhufaigh; b. 1884), suffragist and Irish nationalist, who was present in the General Post Office, the main headquarters during the 1916 Easter Rising, dies aged 85. [see: Jul. 17]

1995 - Pura Arcos (Purificació Pérez Benavent; 1995), Spanish nurse, author and anarcha-feminist militant, who worked as a teacher and tram driver during the Civil War as well as being active within Mujeres Libres, dies in Canada where she had lived since 1959. [see: Jun. 26]

2004 - 37-year-old Mandy Pearson is found hanging in a dormitory cell in the Health Care Centre at HMP New Hall. Mandy had a long history of serious self harm and mental health difficulties but despite persistent and regular threats of suicide and self harm, Mandy was never placed on the suicide and self harm monitoring procedure in the weeks before her death. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Magbanua]
 * = 13 || 1868 - Teresa Magbanua, aka the 'Visayan Joan of Arc' (d. 1947), Filipina schoolteacher and military leader, born. During the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire she became one of only a few women to join the Katipunan secret revolutionary society and fighting in several key battles during the revolution. During the Battle of Barrio Yoting, her first battle, she leading troops into combat on horseback, earning the 'Visayan Joan of Arc' nickname. During the Philippine-American War, Magbanua also participated in several battles against American forces.

1908 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: WSPU-organised 'Rush on the House of Commons' when 60,000 people gathered in Parliament Square and attempts were made by suffragettes to break through the 5000 strong police cordon to rush the House, but none succeeded. Thirty-seven arrests were made, ten people were taken to hospital and seven police officers were placed on the sick list as a result of their injuries. [ukvote100.org/2015/10/13/a-rush-on-the-house-of-commons-13-october-1908/]

1910 - A memorial meeting is held for Francisco Ferrer y Guardia at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Lower Manhattan, NY., organised by the American Ferrer Association to commemorate the first anniversary of the execution of anarchist educator. Thaddeus Burr Wakeman, president of the Thomas Paine Historical Association; Jaume Vidal, a personal friend of Ferrer and Spanish member of the Revolutionary Committee in New York; Jonas Alexander, founder and editor of the socialist newspaper the '//New Yorker Volkszeitung//' and a member of the executive committee of the Free Speech League; Leonard Dalton Abbott, president of the AFA, and prominent anarcha-feminst Emma Goldman all spoke at the meeting. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1310.html]

1911 - Emma Goldman is amongst the speakers at a New York City commemoration of the second anniversary of the death of Francisco Ferrer. Other speakers include Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University and a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by university administrators for having shared the platform with Goldman at this event.

[E] 1949 - Susana Graciela Lesgart (d. 1972), Argentine Montoneros guerrilla, who died in the 1972 Masacre de Trelew at the Base Aeronaval Almirante Zar, born. A one-time member of the Trotskyist a Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, she joined the Montoneros guerrilla organisation an was involved in the planned mass escape from the Penal de Rawson and the abortive airliner hijacking attempt at the nearby Trelew airport on August 15, 1972, and was amongst those summarily executed on August 22, 1972 during the socalled Masacre de Trelew. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susana_Lesgart www.elortiba.org/trelew.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoneros es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Trelew]

1968 - Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Söhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are convicted of arson in connection with the April 2, 1968 Frankfurt am Main department store fires and sentenced to three years in prison.

1970 - Angela Davis, 26, a former faculty member at the University of California, Los Angeles, black militant and "self-proclaimed Communist" (//sic//), is arrested in N.Y. City in connection with a shoot-out in a San Raphael, California, courtroom six days before.

2007 - At around 4am, a young woman who is sleeping in the Piazza Verdi, Bologna, is noticed by cops, who decide that the girl’s behaviour must be 'corrected' by compulsory sanitary treatment (TSO). They forcibly keep the girl under their custody and call an ambulance to commit her to a mental hospital against her will. Juan Sorroche Fernandez, Cristian Facchinetti (Fako), Federico Razzoli, Sirio Manfrini and Maddalena Calore, five comrades of the anarchist space Fuoriluogo, witness the incident and try to block the ambulance staff in an attempt to free the girl. The reaction of the police is immediate and brutal. Shortly afterwards, the anarchists are handcuffed, having been severely beaten by cops. The invented accusations against them are quite heavy, including robbery charges (according to the prosecution, the comrades took a pair of handcuffs and a walkie-talkie, and attempted to steal a gun from one of the cops during the scuffle). On July 15, 2014, the investigation of the proceeding for the facts in the Piazza Verdi ended. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0210.html]
 * = 14 || 1866 - [O.S. Oct. 2] Louise Louis (d. unknown), Russian anarchist militant and maid, born in Oriol. In the early 1890s she and her companion, the Russian anarchist Nikolai Nikitin, lived in Levallois-Perret, Ile de France. On September 23, 1893 both were expelled from France and took refuge in London. The following year they appeared on the anarchist watch-lists of the French border railway police.

1906 - Hannah (Johanna) Arendt (d. 1975), German American political theorist on the nature of power, politics, authority and totalitarianism, born. Best known works include: '//The Origins of Totalitarianism//' (1951); '//The Human Condition//' (1958); '//On Revolution//' (1963); '//Men In Dark Times//' (1968); '//On Violence//' (1970) and '//Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution//' (1972). [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/arendt/ www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/arendt.html www.heartfield.org/love.htm www.firstthings.com/article/2010/02/assaulting-arendt newpol.org/content/intellectuals-and-anti-fascism-critical-historization]

1907 - Aniela Franciszka Wolberg (d. 1937), Polish Jewish chemist, anarchist activist and propagandist, born. Aniela Wolberg became anarchist during his studies at the university of his native city where she came into contact with the Bulgarian student group whose the facilitator was Tazco Petrov who later died in prison. By 1925, she founded the underground anarchist monthly paper '//Proletarien//' (Proletariat)' in Krakow and the following year became an active member of the Anarchistyczną Federacją Polski (AFP; Anarchist Federation of Poland). Later that year she moved to Paris to continue her studies, becoming the companion of Polish anarchist Benjamin Goldberg (Maxime Ranko). There she joined the Polish anarchist group based at the Librairie sociale internationale, 72 rue des Prairies, contributing articles and money to the Polish anarchist paper '//Walka//' (Struggle), which was edited by Isaak Gurfinkiel (who, under the pseudonym of Valevsky, was one of the signatories of the Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists). Aniela also attended the international conference at Hay-les-Roses near Paris on April 20, 1927, in the cinema Les Roses, that established the Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. She then studied at Montpellier University, where she gained an MSc in Chemistry. In France she established links with French anarchist groups, including with the CGT-SR and with Spanish anarchist groups. Returning to Paris, she worked as an engineer in a car factory. She was deported from France to Poland because of her anarchist activity in 1932. She became secretary of the AFP in the same year and edited the underground anarchist paper '//Walka Klas//' (Class Struggle). She was arrested in 1934, but released for lack of evidence. However, with increasing repression against the anarchist movement, she was obliged to halt her activism. In 1936 she moved to Spain to aid the revolution there. She died in Warsaw from post-operative complications on October 11, 1937. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Aniela_Wolberg www.katesharpleylibrary.net/51c5vc libcom.org/history/wolberg-aniela-franciszka-1907-1937 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1410.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6332]

[EE] 1915 - [O.S. Oct. 1] Market day in the city of Bogorodsk (Богородск), the location of the important Morozovskaya (Морозовских) textile factories, which employed more than 15 thousand workers, is witness to one of the many food riots that broke out across eastern Europe during WWI. Thirty women workers had come to the market to buy sugar and, finding that it had sold out, they were furious, accusing the merchants in dishonesty and speculation. The police quickly arrived and removed the women from the shop by force, however they returned to the city square and there continued to express their indignation and to pour accusations against traffickers. The number of protesters steadily increased, reaching several thousand, mostly women and young people, and not only workers but also peasants who come to the market from surrounding villages. Soon, the crowd moved toward the stalls and gave vent to his anger. Some threw stones at the windows of shops, someone breaking into them and throwing goods out into the streets whilst other snapped them up. Not wanting to use weapons against women and adolescents, the local police were helpless and could not stop them. Over the following days the food riots spread, with their targets now not only groceries but also clothes shops and other suppliers of manufactured goods. On October 4, Cossacks who had arrived in the city, opened fire on the insurgents, killing two and injuring several others. [expand] [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel ru-history.livejournal.com/3045190.html cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ne-hlebom-edinym-zhenschiny-i-prodovolstvennye-besporyadki-v-pervuyu-mirovuyu-voynu]

[E] 1947 - Rita 'Bo' Brown aka 'The Gentleman Bank Robber', radical queer revolutionary, ex-prisoner and member of the George Jackson brigade, and prison abolitionist, born. [expand]

1970 - The Weather Underground's Women's Brigade bomb the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in solidarity with Angela Davis, who had recently been arrested. Harvard was chosen for its symbolic connection to the Vietnam War, in order to contest the current notion among some feminists that Vietnam was not a women's issue. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Brigade_of_Weather_Underground]

1982 - Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, whose members included anarchist Ann Hansen and Juliet Caroline Belmas, target a Litton Industries plant making guidance components for American cruise missiles in a symbolic action, bomb Litton Industries plant, which made guidance components for American cruise missiles. A stolen pick-up truck, which was packed with 550 kg of dynamite and that had an elaborate "warning box" duct taped to the bonnet, displaying a message, a digital clock counting down, and a single stick of dynamite to draw attention to the danger, was parked in full view of corporate security. The security desk was then rung and warned of the bomb, giving instructions on exactly what to do and where the danger area was. However, they thought it was a hoax and were slow in organising an evacuation, so that when the bomb went off minutes early, eight people were injured. The only damage was to a storage area and offices, not the production plant itself. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_Five en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hansen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Caroline_Belmas] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Стасова,_Елена_Дмитриевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Stasova womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/elena-dmitrievna-stasova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_борьбы_за_освобождение_рабочего_класса]
 * = 15 || 1873 - [O.S. Oct. 3] Elena Dmitrievna Stasova (Елена Дмитриевна Стасова; d. 1966), Russian Bolshevik and communist functionary working for the Comintern, born. After finishing secondary school, she became a teacher and, after meeting Nadezhda Krupskaya, began working wih the Political Red Cross (политическом Красном Кресте). In 1898, she joined Lenin's St. Petersburg group, the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Союза борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса).

1902 - Amparo Poch y Gascón (d. 1968), Spanish teacher, doctor, anarchist feminist, anti-fascist, propagandist for sexual freedom and co-founder of the Mujeres Libres, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Poch_y_Gascón es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Poch_y_Gascón www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1510.html guerracivildiadia.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/amparo-poch-y-gascon-1902-1968.html www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/PochGascon.htm www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/9453-amparo-poch-y-gascon-medica-y-fundadora-de-mujeres-libres.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/2764-mujeres-libres-de-espana-1936-1939-cuando-florecieron-las-rosas-de-fuego.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/3342-mujeres-libres-emancipacion-femenina-y-revolucion-social.html www.ephemanar.net/octobre15.html#amparopoch amparopoch.wordpress.com/2008/06/09/amparo-poch-un-ejemplo-a-seguir-tambien-en-el-siglo-xxi/ www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/PochGascon.htm]

1925 - Dolores Jiménez y Muro (b. 1848), Mexican schoolteacher, writer, poet, socialist activist, and Colonel in the Mexican Revolutionary Army, who was a supporter and associate of General Emiliano Zapata, dies aged 75. [see: Jun. 7]

1935 - Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (d. 1960), one of the three 'Las Mariposas', the Hermanas Mirabal (Mirabal Sisters), assassinated members of the clandestine opposition to the Dominican dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, who would become symbols of both popular and feminist resistance worldwide, born. In 1999, the date of their deaths, November 25 1960, was designated by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.

[E] 1946 - Dylcia Noemi Pagan, a Puerto Rican member of the clandestine paramilitary Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional, who was sentenced on February 18, 1981 to 55 years for seditious conspiracy and other charges linked to more than 100 bombings or attempted bombings against property in which no one was hurt or killed, born. Dylcia Noemi was finally released from prison on September 10, 1999, after being granted clemency by President Bill Clinton. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylcia_Noemi_Pagan mxgm.org/dylcia-pagan/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberación_Nacional_Puertorriqueña]

1991 - Lucile Pelletier (Lucile Louise Simone Pelletier; b. 1906), French public service worker, anarchist an revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 20]

2003 - The Return of the Black Panther Party is founded by ex-BPP members K-Loyal (Kima Rashan Downey) and his mother Renee 'Peaches' Moore [Sister Somayah Kambui] in Riverside, California. [returnoftheblackpanthers.wordpress.com]

2012 - Eight FEMEN activists protest in front of the French Ministry of Justice at the Place Vendôme in Paris in response to the verdict in the trial of fourteen men for the gang rape of teenage girls. ||
 * = 16 || 1893 - Following her conviction on October 9, Emma Goldman is sentenced to Blackwell's Island penitentiary for one year. She begins her sentence on Oct. 18. In prison, Emma is initially put in charge of the sewing shop, but soon trained to serve as a nurse in the prison hospital.

1902 - Ida C. Craddock (August 1 1857 - October 16 1902), US free speech and women's rights advocate, and student of 'religious eroticism', commits suicide by slashing her wrists and inhaling natural gas from the oven in her apartment the day before having to report to Federal prison to serve a five-year prison term for distributing her own instructional tracts on human sexuality through the US Mail and thereby falling foul of the federal Comstock law for the "Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use", in this case a tract titled '//The Wedding Night//', which the judge held to be so "obscene, lewd, lascivious, dirty" that the jury was not allowed to see it during the trial. Before the act, she wrote a lengthy public suicide note condemning Anthony Comstock, the US Postal Inspector and notorious reactionary for his "unctuous ... hypocrisy". [see: Aug. 1]

[E] 1916 - Margaret Sanger, her sister Ethel Higgins Byrne (1883-1955) and Fania Mindell (1894-1969) open a contraceptive instruction clinic in Brownsville, Brooklyn. The information and literature they gave to women on how to use different birth control devices was in violation of Section 1142 of New York's Penal Code, which attempted to prevent the dissemination of information on birth control. Subsequently, the clinic was raided by police ten days after opening; Byrne and Sanger, along with their assistant Fania Mindell, were arrested and tried. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger rewire.news/article/2015/08/20/false-narratives-margaret-sanger-used-shame-black-women/ www.blackgenocide.org/sanger.html socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6rx9f9s editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/122/ wyatt.elasticbeanstalk.com/mep/MS/xml/bbyrnee.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Byrne www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_brownsville_clinic.php sangerpapers.wordpress.com/tag/brownsville-clinic/ feminist.org/blog/index.php/2015/01/22/today-in-herstory-ethel-byrne-sentenced-for-working-at-a-birth-control-clinic/ feminist.org/blog/?s=byrne]

1936 - Georgette Léontine Roberte Augustine Kokoczinski aka 'La Mimosa' (Georgette Léontine Brivadis-Ango; b. 1907), French anarchist, actress and nurse, disappears during the Battle of Perdiguera, nera Zaragoza in Aragon, and dies in circumstances that are not entirely clear. It is possible that she was shot by firing squad alongside her comrades the following day and her body burned in a barn. Another version of her death see's her and the German socialist Augusta Marx aka 'Trude', both naked and still alive despite having been disemboweled, being thrown by the fascists into the front lines where a comrade put them out of their misery. [see: Aug. 16]

1936 - Alternate date for the death of Suzanne Hans aka Suzanne Girbe [a Suzanne Girbe is recoded as having died that, Girbe being her maternal grandfather's surname was Girbe, a named that she often use] (d. 1914), French anarchist and miliciana, possibly killed alongside her partner Louis Recoule and a number of other comrades in the Grupo Internacional of the Columna Durruti in the Battle of Perdiguera. [see: Apr. 3 & Oct. 8]

1939 - Malvina Tavares (Júlia Malvina Hailliot Tavares; b. 1866), one of the most active of Brazil's anarchist militants, as well as being a poet and pioneer of modern education in southern Brazil, dies. [see: Nov. 24]

1984 - Anna Vasylivna Hutsol (Гуцол Ганна Василівна), Ukrainian economist and founder member of the international feminist protest group FEMEN, along with Oksana Shachko (Оксана Шачко) and Alexandra Shevchenko (Олександра Шевченко), born in Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hutsol uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гуцол_Ганна_Василівна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMEN femen.org]

1985 - Margaret Michaelis (Michaelis-Sachs) (born Margarethe Gross; b. 1902), Austrian, and then Australian, photographer and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 6] || [heatonhistorygroup.org/2013/10/12/heaton-station-a-whistle-stop-tour/]
 * = 17 || 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes attempt to burn down Heaton Railway Station.

1915 - Conxa (Concha) Pérez (Concepció Pérez Collado; d. 2014), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana in the Columna Ortiz and anti-Franco resister, who took part in the assaults of the Pedralbes barracks and the Model Prison during the fascist uprising inJuly 1936 and fought on the Aragon front in the Columna Ortiz, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1710.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conxa_Pérez_Collado www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5157-concha-perez-collado-anarquista-miliciana-en-la-guerra-civil-espanola.html libcom.org/history/perez-concha-1915-2014 www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/sociedad/muere-concha-perez-una-ultimas-milicianas-cnt-guerra-civil-3252702 gimenologues.org/spip.php?article601]

1921 - Yaa Asantewaa (b. ca. 1840), queen mother of Ejisu in the Ashanti Empire, who led the Ashanti rebellion during the Yaa Asantewaa war, aka the War of the Golden Stool, against British colonialism in 1900, dies in exile in the Seychelles. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaa_Asantewaa]

[E] 1936 - Presumed date for the death, either by Fascist firing squad or following diembowelment, of Georgette Léontine Roberte Augustine Kokoczinski aka 'La Mimosa' (Georgette Léontine Brivadis-Ango; b. 1907), French anarchist, actress and nurse, who disappeared the previous day during the Battle of Perdiguera (Zaragoza). [see: Aug. 16] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jaclard fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jaclard ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Корвин-Круковская,_Анна_Васильевна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Korvin-Krukovskaya.htm www.esperanto.mv.ru/wiki/Марксизм/Корвин-Круковская chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1265 www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=1418]
 * = 18 || [E] 1843 - [O.S. Oct. 6] Anna or Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Анна Васильевна Корвин-Круковская]; d. 1887), Russian writer, journalist and translator, socialist and feminist revolutionary Pétroleuse, who participated in the Commune de Paris (1871) and the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, born.

1872 - Edith Rigby (Edith Rayner; d. 1948), English suffragette, who founded St. Peter's School in Preston in order to help women and girls working in local mills continue their education beyond the age of eleven. In 1907 she formed the Preston branch of the Women's Social and Political Union and took part in the march on the Houses of Parliament, during which she was one of the fifty-seven women arrested and sentenced to a month in prison. There (as well as during her six subsequent sentences) Rigby took part in hunger strikes and was subjected to force-feeding. Her activism included planting a pipe bomb in the Liverpool Corn Exchange on July 5, 1913 and on July 7, 1913 setting fire to Lord Leverhulme's bungalow at Rivington Pike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Rigby fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Rigby]

1893 - In New York, Emma Goldman is sentenced to one year in prison for "inciting to riot".

1899 - [N.S. Oct. 30] Nadezhda Mandelstam [Наде́жда Мандельшта́м] (Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina [Наде́жда Я́ковлевна Ха́зина];d. 1980), Russian teacher, linguist, writer and memoirist, born. [see: Oct. 30]

1907 - [N.S. Oct. 31] Evstolia Pavlovna Rogozinnikova aka 'Little Bear' (Евстолия Павловна Рогозинникова 'Медвежонок'; b. 1886), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg for the assassination of the Head of Prison Administration Alexander Mikhailovich Maximovsky (Александр Михайлович Максимовский) three days earlier. [see: Jan. 13]

1909 - Grete Hoell (Margarete Hoell; d. 1986), German communist resistance fighter & member of the VVN-BdA (Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime – The Anti-Fascist Alliance), born. She joined the KPD in 1929 and shortly afterwards met Kurt Willkomm, the editor of the communist newspaper 'Neue Arbeiter Zeitung'. In November 5, 1933 Willkomm was arrested and died eleven days later in Hanover Gestapo Headquarters, a victim of the brutal interrogation methods of the Gestapo. On March 27, 1934 Grete Hoell was arrested herself, leaving her two young childen in the care of her mother and her friends. After almost a year in custody, she was found guilty of the production and distribution of illegal publications on February 15, 1935 and with 23 other defendants sent to prison. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hoell hannover.vvn-bda.de/hfgf.php?kapitel=25]

1913 - The annual '//Mother Earth//' reunion concert and ball takes place in New York to help support Emma Goldman's publication.

1914 - To decrease the financial burden, Emma Goldman relocates her residence and the '//Mother Earth//' office from West 119th Street to smaller quarters located at 20 East 125th Street.

1936 - The Amercian anarchist Emma Goldman together with Sébastien Faure, Augustin Souchy, Luigi Bertoni, Camillo Berneri, Fidel Miró, Félix Martí Ibáñez, Jacinto Toryho and Juan Francisco Asó, who presided over the event, speak at a rally of16,000 people organised by the CNT-FAI in the Teatro Olimpia in Barcelona. The rally was broadcast by ECN1 - Radio CNT-FAI. During this month, Goldman also visited the Aragon front, where she met Buenaventura Durruti, and between October 20 and 26 in Valencia, with the Germans exiles Anita and Hanns-Erich Kaminski, Goldman made trips to villages and collective farms. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1810.html]

[AA/D] 1977 - ' Todesnacht von Stammheim' [Stammheim Death Night]: Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe are 'suicided' - murdered by the German state in Stammheim Prison. Irmgard Moller survives assassination. The assassinations are timed to coincide with Operation 'Feuerzauber' (Magic Fire), the freeing of passenger and crew (and killing three of the four Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijackers) of Lufthansa flight 181 at Mogadishu airport. [expand] [see: Aug. 15] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesnacht_von_Stammheim en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction#The_.22Death_Night.22 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee_Fraktion www.baader-meinhof.com/death-night/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Möller www.socialhistoryportal.org/raf www.gerhard-richter.com/en/quotes/subjects-2/october-18-1977baader-meinhof-11]

1997 - Natalia Yakovlevna Magnat (Наталья Яковлевна Магнат; b. 1954), Soviet and Russian translator of English, author of works on literary criticism and aesthetics, who founded the 'new left' underground radical organisations Left School (Ле́вая шко́ла) [December 1972 - January 1973] and the Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Неокоммунистическая партия Советского Союза) [September 1974 - January 1985], born [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Магнат,_Наталья_Яковлевна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Левая_школа ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/НКПСС]

2009 - Nancy Spero (b. 1926), US artist and feminist whose tough, exquisite figurative art addressed the realities of political violence, sexism, racism, social and political injustice, and the abuse of power, dies of heart failure. [see: Aug. 24] ||
 * = 19 || 1890 - In Baltimore Emma Goldman gives a lecture to members of the International Working People's Association in the afternoon. Later that day she speaks in German to the Workers' Educational Society at Canmakers' Hall. Michael Cohn and William Harvey also speak. This is the first lecture by Goldman to be reported in the mainstream press.

1893 - Pilar Grangel (Maria del Pilar Grangel Arrufat [or Granjel i Arrufas]; d. 1987), Spanish rationalist educator and militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121019 www.estelnegre.org/documents/grangel/grangel.html www.natomusic.fr/artisans/jazz/artisans-detail.php?id=91]

1897 - The St. Louis House of Delegates passes a resolution supporting the mayor's prohibition of Emma Goldman's open-air meetings. Goldman's lectures, including 'Revolution' and 'Why I Am an Anarchist and Communist', are held in private halls under police surveillance.

[EEE] 1920 - Shortly after her return from a trip to Russia, Sylvia Pankhurst is arrested and charged under Regulation 42 of the Defence of the Realm Act with attempting to cause sedition ("unlawfully publish[ing] ideas likely to cause sedition and disaffection among H.M. Forces") in the navy by editing and publishing two articles in the October 16 issue of the newspaper 'The Workers Dreadnaught' — 'Discontent on the Lower Deck', which was based on a letter from a young Navy rating called Springhill and published under the pseudonym S.000 (Gunner), and an article on racism entitled 'The Yellow Peril and the Dockers', written by Claude McKay under the pseudonym Leon Lopez. A leading light of the Hands Off Russia! campaign, the article 'The Yellow Peril and the Dockers' urged Dockers not to load ships supplying arms to anti-Communist forces, just a few months after the successful boycott of SS Jolly George. [libcom.org/history/dockers-boycott-ss-jolly-george-1920 libcom.org/library/you-are-called-war-sylvia-pankhurst armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/sylvia-pankhurst/ armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/hands-off-russia/ pasttenseblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/today-in-londons-radical-past-hands-off-russia-rally-in-the-albert-hall-1919/]

1920 - After a series of appeals and delays in connection with the conviction for sedition after her anti-war speech on June 27 at an IWW union Hall in Portland, Oregon, Dr. Marie Diana Equi is finally ordered to San Quentin to serve her sentence, which had since been commuted to a year and a half due to a pardon from US President Woodrow Wilson. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks]

1935 - Anna Ilyinichna Yelizarova-Ulyanova (Анна Ильинична Елизарова-Ульянова; b. 1864 ), Russian revolutionary and a Soviet stateswoman, who was the older sister of Lenin, dies. [see: Aug. 26]

[B] 1973 - Margaret Caroline Anderson (b. 1886), American anarchist and lesbian, founder, editor and publisher of the anarchist art and literary magazine '//The Little Review//', dies. [see: Nov. 24]

2000 - Kati Horna (Kati Deutsch; b 1912), Hungarian photographer and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [see: May 19]

[E] 2001 - Digna Ochoa y Plácido (d. 1964), Mexican human rights lawyer, representing dissidents and those bringing cases against the government including torture by the police and army, is shot and killed in Mexico City and her body left in the law office where she worked. A note was left by her body warning the members of the human rights law centre where she had recently worked that the same thing could happen to them. [see: May 15] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3198]
 * = 20 || 1853 - Hélène Lecadieu (Hyacinthe Adolphine Lecadieu; d. 1916), French anarchist and anti-militarist, born.

[E] 1901 - Virginia Bolten aka 'the Louise Michel of Rosario' (1870 - ca. 1960), Uraguayan anarcha-feminist militant of German descent is arrested for distributing anarchist propaganda during a strike outside the gates of the Refineria, a huge sugar factory where she worked, and that employed thousands of workers, many of them European immigrants and many of them women. [expand] [kaosenlared.net/biografias-anarquistas-virginia-bolten/ ita.anarchopedia.org/Virginia_Bolten libcom.org/files/Bolten, Virginia 1870-1960.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bolten afed.org.uk/revolutionary-women/5/]

1916 - Appearing in court to testify on behalf of Bolton Hall, anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman is arrested for having distributed birth control information. Her friend Margaret Sanger is also arrested, on the 26th, for the same 'crime'.

[EE] 1948 - Daidōji Ayako (大道寺 あや子), Japanese member of the 'Wolf' (狼) cell of the Higashi Ajia Hannichi Busō Sensen (東アジア反日武装戦線), or East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front armed struggle organisation and of the now disbanded Nihon Sekigun (日本赤軍), or Japanese Red Army, born. She is currently on the run after being released along with eight other JRA members in the wake of the Japan Airlines Flight 472 hijacking in October 1977. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/大道寺あや子 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_472]

1985 - Ines Lida Scarselli (b. 1906), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, dies of colon cancer. [see: Mar. 26]

1990 - Bridget Bate Tichenor (born Bridget Pamela Arkwright Bate; b. 1917), also known as Bridget Tichenor or B.B.T., Mexican surrealist and magic realist painter, model and fashion editor, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

2005 - Eva Švankmajerová (b. 1940), Czech Surrealist artist, painter, ceramicist, poet, filmmaker and writer, dies. [see: Sep. 25] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2110.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.com/2014_10_01_archive.html]
 * = 21 || [BB] 1896 - Pia Zanolli (Pia Zanolli-Misèfari; d. unknown), Italian anarchist, fashion designer, poet and writer, born. Companion of the Italian anarchist, philosopher, poet and engineer Bruno Misèfari, who she met whilst he was staying with her family as an exile in Switzerland as a deserter. In July 1919 Bruno Misèfari was expelled from Switzerland and she accompanied him first to Germany and then to Italy following an amnesty for Misèfari. She was to appeared on the list of dangerous subversives to be arrested in certain contingencies in the province of Reggio Calabria as the wife of a notorious anarchist [i.e. Misèfari], with whom she had been arrested in Domodossola in December 1919. She moved to Ponza in 1931 to be with Misèfari whilst he was in internal exile as a political prisoner, and they were married in a civil ceremony there on May 28, 1931. Once free, they settled in Calabria and, after Misèfari's death in 1936, she became his literary executor as well as publishing two memoirs of him, '//Tu o uno come te//' (You or someone like you; nd) and '//L'Anarchico di Calabria//' (The Anarchist of Calabria; 1967). Her own poetry was published in 2 volumes: '//Cinque Parole//' (Five Words; 1965), '//Ruota del Mondo: Poesie sociali//' (Wheel of the World: Social Poems; 1965).

1904 - Isabelle Eberhardt (b. 1877), the great anarchist writer and adventurer is swept away by a flash flood in the Algerian desert at the age 27. [see: Feb. 17]

[E] 1918 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (1899 - 1984), Italian-American agricultural worker and Galleanist anarchist, is sentenced to 18 months to be served at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City and a $2000 fine following her arrest on a train from Steubenville to Chicago in January 1918 carrying a black leather case containing thirty-six sticks of dynamite and a .32 caliber Colt automatic. The items were to be used to carry out revenge attacks for the arrests and persecution of the Milwaukee anarchists and the death in custody of Augusto Marinell on September 15, 1917. In prison she befriended Emma Goldman and socialist Kate O'Hare, the three becoming known as 'The Trinity'.

[B] 1929 - Ursula K. Le Guin, libertarian science fiction and fantasy novelist, born. Author of '//The Dispossessed//' (1974), an anarchist dystopia, and '//The Left Hand of Darkness//' (1969), an examination of gender and power politics.

1941 - Federica Montseny, pregnant and a refugee in France with her daughter Blanca, is arrested by the Vichy police and imprisoned in Perigueux, Dordogne. She will be transferred to Limoges (where she find Caballero) and is put on trial, narrowly avoiding extradition to Spain. Instead, she is placed under house arrest and banned from being able to give birth in the maternity ward at Périgueux hospital.

1963 - Shooting on Buñuel's film version of the Mirbeau novel '//Diary of a Chambermaid//' begins. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Scott_Duniway oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/abigail_scott_duniway/]
 * = 22 || 1834 - Abigail Scott Duniway (d. 1915), US women's rights advocate, newspaper editor and writer, who was an early author of westerns and Pacific Northwest suffrage leader, (1871-1915), who succeeded in winning woman suffrage in Oregon (1912), born.

1874 - Mina Schrader (Appoline Wilhelmine Schrader; d. unknown), French artist's model, sculptor and anarchist fellow-traveller, who used a number of pseudonyms including Mina de Nyzot, Mina Schrader de Nysold, Mina Schrader de Wegt de Nizeau, Ysolde Vouillard, etc., born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2210.html livrenblog.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/une-photo-de-mina-schrader-esthte-et.html]

1919 - Doris Lessing (Doris May Tayler; d. 2013), British author [novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer], radical, one-time communist, anti-colonialist and anti-racist, and Nobel Laureate, who was adopted as a feminsit icon by the women's movement in the 1960's following the publication of '//The Golden Notebook//' (1962), born [in Iran]. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Lessing www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/10/specials/lessing-space.html lipmag.com/culture/a-feminist-icon-but-not-a-feminist-celebrating-the-late-doris-lessing/ hazlitt.net/feature/whether-doris-lessing-was-feminist-and-why-she-was-right-not-care]

[E] 1971 - Former Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv member Margrit Schiller is captured by police. While arresting her, fellow Rote Armee Fraktion members Irmgard Möller and Gerhard Müller attempt to rescue her, getting into a shootout with police. Police sergeant Heinz Lemke is shot in the foot. Sergeant Norbert Schmid is killed. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1971-timeline/]

1989 - Ida Scarselli (b. 1897), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist militant, dies in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. [see: Jul. 17] ||
 * = 23 || 1685 - Elizabeth Gaunt, an Anabaptist shop-keeper in London, is the last woman to have been executed for a political crime in England - sentenced to death for treason after having been convicted for involvement in the Rye House Plot.

[E] 1778 - Kittur Chennamma (d. 1829), Indian freedom fighter and Queen of Kittur, a princely state in Karnataka, born. In 1824, she was first Indian ruler to lead an armed rebellion against the British East India Company. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: During the early hours of the morning, three members of the Bristol WSPU break into Bristol University's newly built Combe Down athletic pavilion and start a fire, causing £2000 worth of damage. Suffragette literature was found nearby, along with a note demanding the release from prison of a suffragette who had been arrested in London: "Business before pleasure. Hobhouse being responsible will pay. Release Mary Richardson." The following day, 300 students retaliate by attcking the Queen's Road WSPU shop. The shop is looted, windows smashed and produce tossed on a bonfire. Both Suffragettes in the shop escaped, one through an upstairs window. There is a noticable lack of Police presence, as they ignored calls from the women inside and failed to make more than one arrest. On the 25th, a second attack was launched, with women being pelted with eggs and missiles and the "Votes for Women" sign overpainted with "Varsity". [www.bristolpost.co.uk/bristol-suffragettes-fought/story-19804806-detail/story.html prezi.com/jdhndkxgensd/the-bristol-suffragettes-how-far-did-they-contribute-to-the/ www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1521078 womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?p=845]

1920 - Sylvia Pankhurst, who was arrested October 19, charged with attempting to cause sedition ("unlawfully publish[ing] ideas likely to cause sedition and disaffection among H.M. Forces") in the navy by editing and publishing an issue (October 16, 1920) of the newspaper '//The Workers Dreadnaught//', is convicted at Mansion House on 23 October 1920 for publishing seditious matters and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment. [libcom.org/history/dockers-boycott-ss-jolly-george-1920 libcom.org/library/you-are-called-war-sylvia-pankhurst armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/sylvia-pankhurst/ armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/hands-off-russia/ pasttenseblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/today-in-londons-radical-past-hands-off-russia-rally-in-the-albert-hall-1919/]

[EE] 1932 - Ilona Tóth (d. 1957) Hungarian medical intern, who was a member of the Voluntary Rescue Service as well as the illegal underground resistance, born. As a revolutionary, Tóth tended selflessly to the wounded, whether street fighter or communist, Hungarian or Russian. When she was not caring for the injured, she was making forays to the Austrian border to secure food an medical supplies. The young intern barely slept, relying on caffeine tablets to keep going. And when the uprising was suppressed, she joined the resistance, hiding freedom fighters among the sick and wounded and assisting in the printing and distribution of illegal newspapers, including 'Életünk' (Our Lives). She was arrested on November 18 along with some other colleagues, after the revolution had been overwhelmed by the Soviet army, and held without charge until December 4, when she was charged with the murder of a secret policeman supposedly named as István Kollár. According to the charge, she injected gasoline into a vein in his neck. Since that did not kill him, she then allegedly injected air into his veins. When that did not kill him, she allegedly stepped on his neck and, in a final desperate attempt, stabbed him in the heart with a knife. A clear fabrication, the victim's body was never produced and the only István Kollár on the Interior Ministry records lived to retire in 1981. The 100-page indictment charged her with premeditated murder and attempted overthrow of the state. A considerable portion of the indictment was in fact a polemic, charging that all of the "counter-revolutionaries" were fascists, heavily influenced by 'Mein Kampf' and National Socialist thought. Ilona Tóth was to be held up as a warning to other students and revolutionaries of the merciless consequences facing any resistance and to show the world how dispicable the "counter-revolutionaries" really were. For two weeks she steadfastly denied the charges against her. Then an emergency "appendectomy" was performed on her and her resistance was broken. She admitted responsibility for the supposed death, hoping to take guilt away from her comrades. At the show trial, it was obvious to all who knew her that she had been tortured and drugged. Beating the bare soles of her feet seemed to have been a part of the regimen to get her to voluntarily "confess". As had been foreordained, she was convicted. She made three final requests after she was sentenced to be hanged: she wanted to be hanged without a hood put over her head, without any hand restraints, and to have her mother present. Only the first request was granted. [hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tóth_Ilona_(1956-os_elítélt) www.hungarianambiance.com/2009/11/ilona-toth-hungarian-jeanne-darc.html hungaria.org/hal/hungary/index.php?halid=14&menuid=430 mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?id=119]

[C] 1943 - Bergen-Belsen Transport Uprising: A transport of around 1700 of Polish Jews had arrived on passenger trains at the death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, although they had been told that they were being taken to a transfer camp called Bergau near Dresden, from where they would continue on to Switzerland to be exchanged for German POWs. One of the passengers was Franceska Mann, a beautiful dancer who had probably obtained her foreign passport from the Hotel Polski on the Aryan side of the Warsaw Ghetto. In July 1943 the Germans arrested the 600 Jewish inhabitants of the hotel and some of them were sent to Bergen-Belsen as exchange Jews. Others were sent to Vittel in France to await transfer to South America. The new arrivals at Auschwitz II (also known as Birkenau) were not registered but were told that they had to be disinfected before crossing the border into Switzerland. They were taken into the undressing room next to the gas chamber and ordered to undress. Different accounts give different details of what happened next, but what is confirmed is that she fatally wounded the roll call officer Josef Schillinger, using a pistol (many accounts say his own) and fired two shots, wounding him in the stomach. Then she fired a third shot which wounded another SS Sergeant named Emmerich. According to Jerzy Tabau [a prisoner who later escaped from Birkenau and wrote a report on the incident], the shots served as a signal for the other women to attack the SS men; one SS man had his nose torn off, and another was scalped. However, different accounts say different things; in some Schillinger and Emmerich are the only victims. Reinforcements were summoned and the camp commander, Rudolf Höss, came with other SS men carrying machine guns and grenades. According to Filip Mueller, all people not yet inside the gas chamber where mowed down by machine guns. Due to various conflicting accounts, it is unclear what truly happened next; the only things that are certain are on that day Schillinger died, Emmerich was wounded, and all the Jewish women were killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceska_Mann pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszka_Mann www.scrapbookpages.com/BergenBelsen/BergenBelsen00.html www.scrapbookpages.com/AuschwitzScrapbook/History/Articles/BelsenIncident.html articles.philly.com/2015-01-20/news/58235702_1_david-wisnia-auschwitz-birkenau-auschwitz-concentration-camp#1YIyR18LdCDcI7zL.99]

1990 - Elvira Trull i Ventura (b. ca. 1896), Catalan textile worker, maid and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/elviratrull/elviratrull.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/ferrerfarriol/ferrerfarriol.html]

1998 - Andrea Wolf aka Ronahî (b. 1965), German radical leftist activist and PKK militant, is captured in a clash with the Turkish army and killed by an officer, her body dumped in a mass grave with 40 other Kurdish fighters. [see: Jan.15] || At the age of 18, having already visited England (to study Eastern philosophies), Switzerland (walking and mountain climbing) and Spain (cycling tour), all on her own, she moved to Paris and became involved with Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society. She also joined various secret societies, reaching the thirtieth degree in the mixed Scottish Rite of Freemasonry and moved with anarchist and circles, writing a number of feminist articles and in 1899, Alexandra composed an anarchist treatise with a preface by the French geographer and anarchist Elisée Reclus (a great friend of her father, anarchist teacher and journalist Louis David). Publishers were, however, too terrified to publish a book written by a woman so proud she could not accept any abuses by the State, army, Church or high finance. Her friend the composer Jean Haustont however printed copies himself and it was eventually translated into five languages. As a young woman (and following family financial problems) Alexandra tried to make a living as an opera singer (1894-1900), touring Europe, Africa and Asia, including one stint touring Indochina with a French opera company (1895-97), appearing at the Hanoi Opera House and elsewhere as La Traviata and Carmen. But by 1900 her career was going nowhere and she accepted a job with the municipal opera in Tunis, where she met railway engineer, Philip Neel, whom she married in 1904, but never travelled with (divorcing him in 1928). She is also the author of the murder mystery '//La Puissance de Néant//' (The Power of Nothingness; 1954), a Buddhist whodunnit set in Tibet and co-written with her adopted son, Aphur Yongden.
 * = 24 || [B] 1868 - Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; d. 1969), Belgian-French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist, Freemason, opera singer, writer, lecturer, photographer, born. Known for her writings on her travels (many disguised as a man) to India in 1890-91; Sikkim and Nepal in 1911-16 (where she met the Dalai Lama, lives in a cave for 2 years and adopts a young Sikkimese monk, Aphur Yongden, who becomes her travelling companion); Japan in 1916; Korea and China in (1916-21); spend 3 years on the route to Tibet, arriving in Lhasa (1924-28) [her most famous and beloved work, Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (Magic and Mystery in Tibet; 1929)] and the eastern Tibetan highlands in early 1937. She and Aphur Yongden remain trapped in China and the Tibetan marches following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War later that year and war in Europe in 1939, only returning to France in 1946.

1907 - Ana María Cruzado Sánchez (d. 1982), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. Active member of the Sindicat del Vestir of thea CNT and in the Joventuts Llibertàries, where she met her future partner and fellow anarcho-syndicalist militant Antonio Zapata Córdoba (1908-2000). In February 1939 at the end the Civil War, they went into exile in France and lived in Font Romeu and Toulouse. In 1945, she returned clandestinely to Spain and was arrested. Following her release, she continued her underground activities in the CNT in Barcelona and was again arrested. In 1946, she went into exile in France and finally settled in Toulouse, where she participated in the freedom movement until her death. Her brother, Alfonso Cruzado Sánchez (1910-​​1983)[see: Oct. 27], was a member of the Sindicat del Transport of the CNT in Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1933]

[E] 1913 - The first of two attacks by Bristol University students on the WSPU shop in the city's Queen's Road in retaliation for the arson attack on the University's newly built Combe Down athletic pavilion on October 23. The shop is looted, windows smashed and produce tossed on a bonfire. Both Suffragettes in the shop escaped, one through an upstairs window. There is a noticable lack of Police presence, as they ignored calls from the women inside and failed to make more than one arrest. [see: Oct. 23]

1923 - Denise Levertov (d. 1997), British-born American poet, anti-war activist and anarchist fellow-traveller, born. Socially committed from an early age (he father was a Jewish refugee and members of the family campaigned against Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, Britian's lack of support for Republican Spain and worked on behalf of refugees from Facism), and became renowned as one of the better English Neo-Romantic poets, who included the likes of Alex Comfort, George Woodcock and Herbert Read. Moving to the States, she became influenced by the Black Mountain poets and became involved with the San Francisco poets around Rexroth, Ferlinghetti and Robert Duncan, whom she carried out a long correspondence with and who famously criticised he pacifism from an anarchist viewpoint [see: '//The Letters of Robert Duncan and Denise Levertov//', ed. by Robert J. Bertholf and Albert Gelpi. Stanford (2004) and '//Decision at the Apogee : Robert Duncan's anarchist critique of Denise Levertov//' (2006) - Robert J. Bertholf] "In the '40s, when I was an anarchist activist, Denise Levertov was perhaps loyal in sentiment to the cause, although not herself in any way active. During the '60s she became an activist, and her actions certainly proved her sincerity. What disappoints one in her writing on this subject, however, is that it rarely goes beyond emotional generalities." - George Woodcock, '//Pilgrimage of a Poet//', in '//New Leader//', March 4, 1974, (pp. 19-20).

Two girls discover the secret of life in a sudden line of poetry.

I who don’t know the secret wrote the line. They told me

(through a third person) they had found it but not what it was not even

what line it was. No doubt by now, more than a week later, they have forgotten the secret,

the line, the name of the poem. I love them for finding what I can’t find,

and for loving me for the line I wrote, and for forgetting it so that

a thousand times, till death finds them, they may discover it again, in other lines

in other happenings. And for wanting to know it, for

assuming there is such a secret, yes, for that most of all.

'//The Secret//' [in '//O Taste and See: New Poems//' (1964)]

[marjorieperloff.com/stein-duchamp-picasso/duncan-levertov-letters/ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/levertov/themes.htm www.poemhunter.com/denise-levertov/biography/ www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/denise-levertov www.enotes.com/denise-levertov-essays/levertov-denise-vol-5 books.google.co.uk/books?id=CPVlxz2j4s4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780804751315]

1990 - Yoshiko Yuasa (湯浅 芳子; b. 1896), Japanese Russian language scholar and translator of Russian literature in the Shōwa period, socialist, feminist and lesbian, who travelled in the Soveit Union (1927-30) with her lover Yuriko Miyamoto (宮本 百合子), dies aged 93. [see: Dec. 7]

2005 - Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (b. 1913), African American civil rights activist and NAACP member, who in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, refused to obey bus driver's order to give up her seat in the 'coloured section' to a white passenger, after the 'white section' was filled, dies of natural causes at the age of 92. [see: Feb. 4]

2013 - Faith Petric (b. 1915), US folk singer, IWW member, peace, anti-fascist and community activist, dies. [see: Sep. 13] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Sampson] www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/deborah-sampson/ www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/sampson.html]
 * = 25 || 1783 - Deborah Sampson (December 17, 1760 – April 29, 1827) is honourably discharge from the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War after her sex is discovered whilst hospitalised for a fever, having served one and a half years disguised as her deceased brother, Robert Shurtlieff Sampson.

1913 - The second of two attacks by Bristol University students on the WSPU shop in the city's Queen's Road in retaliation for the arson attack on the University's newly built Combe Down athletic pavilion on October 23, with women present being pelted with eggs and missiles and the "Votes for Women" sign overpainted with "Varsity". [see: Oct. 23]

1923 - Beate Sirota Gordon (d. 2012), Austrian-American performing arts presenter and women's rights advocate, who at 22 almost single-handedly wrote women's rights into the post-War Constitution of Japan, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beate_Sirota_Gordon www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569350-beate-sirota-gordon-interpreter-japan-americans-died-december-30th-aged-89-beate]

[E] 1947 - Brigitte Asdonk, founding member of the Rote Armee Fraktion, who was involved in the 1970 freeing of Andreas Baader in Berlin and several bank robberies, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Asdonk] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Boye sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Boye www.halldor.demon.co.uk/boyeintro.htm www.karinboye.se/ sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarté]
 * = 26 || 1900 - Karin Maria Boye (d. 1941), Swedish writer, poet, translator, socialist and anti-fascist, born. A member of the non-partisan socialist organisation Svenska Clartéförbundet (Swedish Clarté League) and member of the editorial board of the organisation's journal '//Clartés//', she was married to fellow Clarté member, Leif Björck – a friendship union given that she was a lesbian (her novel '//Kris//' (Crisis, 1934) depicts her personal crisis over her lesbianism and religious beliefs). Outside Sweden, her best-known work is probably the dystopian science fiction novel '//Kallocain//' (1940), inspired by her visit to Germany during the rise of Nazism (Kallocain being a kind of truth serum). In her last days she was becoming increasingly mentally unstable – increasingly ambivalent about her relationship with her partner Margot Hanel (she salled her "wife") and helping her friend Anita Nathorst, who was dying of cancer, whilst suffering from an uncurable form of skin cancer herself, she took an overdose of sleeping pills on April 24, 1941. Boye was found curlded up on a boulder on a hill with a view just north of Alingsås, near Bolltorpsvägen, by a farmer who was going for a walk. The boulder is now a memorial stone. A month later, Margot Hanel gassed herself. Anita Nathorst died of cancer in August that year.

[E] 1916 - Brownsville Clinic raid: In the 9 days the clinic was open, they saw 400 women. Byrne was arrested for creating a public nuisance and sentenced to 30 days in jail, where she nearly died on a hunger strike before being pardoned by the governor. [see: Oct. 16]

1918 - Natalia Sergeyevna Klimova (Наталья Сергеевна Климова; b. 1885), Russian teacher, writer and revolutionist, dies during the Spanish flu epidemic. [see: Sep. 30] || [NB. Some sources give the years as 1906 or 1909.]
 * = 27 || [E] 1907* - [N.S. Nov. 9] Dora Brilliant [Дора Бриллиант] (Dora Vladimirovna Vulfovna [Дора Владимировна Вульфовна] b. 1879), Russian revolutionist, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), dies in the Peter and Paul Fortress having gone insane. [see: Nov. 9]

1919 - At her deportation hearing Emma Goldman refuses to answer questions about her beliefs on the grounds that her American citizenship invalidated any attempt to deport her under the Anarchist Exclusion Act, which could be enforced only against non-citizens of the US. She presented a written statement instead: "Today so-called aliens are deported. Tomorrow native Americans will be banished. Already some patrioteers are suggesting that native American sons to whom democracy is a sacred ideal should be exiled." Louis Post at the Department of Labor, which had ultimate authority over deportation decisions, determined that the revocation of her husband's American citizenship in 1908 had revoked hers as well. After initially promising a court fight, she decided not to appeal his ruling.

1925 - Anastasia Ivanovna Galayeva (Анастасия Ивановна Галаева) aka Anastasia Stepanova-Galayeva (Ивановна Степанова-Галаева; b. 1885), active Ukrainian anarchist-communist and former popular primary school teacher, dies of a terminal illness, having been released from prison under special surveillance of the Cheka in Moscow. [expand] [libcom.org/history/galaieva-anastasia-ivanovna-aka-nastia-aka-stepanova-1885-1925 www.s-a-u.org/history/anarhy/1059-anarchist-chronograph-october-part-2.html slovariki.org/politiceskij-slovar/1426]

1966 - Miquelina Sardinha (Miquelina Maria Possante Sardinha; b. 1902), Portuguese educationalist and militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1968 - Rosario (Roser) Dulcet Martí aka 'Dolcet' (b. 1881), Catalan textile worker, anacrho-syndicalist militant and propagandist, dies. [see: Feb. 2] || [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelina_Di_Cesare www.antiwarsongs.org/canzone.php?id=38947&lang=en www.outlawlegend.at/?legend=16 www.brigantaggio.net/brigantaggio/Briganti/Briganta.htm www.brigantaggio.net/brigantaggio/Briganti/Guerra.htm]
 * = 28 || 1841 - Michelina Di Cesare, the 'Leonessa del Sud' (d. 1868), Italian bandit and leader of a criminal guerilla group, born in the then Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1862 he met Francesco Guerra, a former Bourbon soldier and draft dodger and the leader of the gang of robbers formerly headed by Domenicangelo 'Rafaniello' Cecchino, and would lead the gang along side her partner Guerra. Amongst the most famous of the female bandits of the era, much of that fame she carefully cultivated through the publication of photographs of herself posed in regional folk costumes.

1879 - Luisa Capetillo Perón (d. 1922), Puerto Rican writer, novelist, journalist, trade unionist, libertarian propagandist, women's rights activist and anarcha-femnist, is born in the then Spanish colony to a French maid, Louise Marguerite Perone, and a Basque labourer, Luis Capetillo Echevarría. One of Puerto Rico's most famous labour organisers, her parent had come to Puerto Rico to seek their fortunes but had to settle for employment below their aspirations. Both held liberal and progressive ideas and never married. Thier only daughter Luisa was educated at the Maria Siera Soler private school, considered one of the best in the country, and also learnt French from her mother. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01314.html flag.blackened.net/lpp/anarchism/aldebol_luisa_capetillo.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Luisa_Capetillo www.alianzaespirita.org/LuisaCapetillo.doc www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-22012004000200011&script=sci_arttext unamujerconpantalones.blogspot.co.uk/ persephonemagazine.com/2011/06/badass-ladies-of-history-luisa-capetillo/ agitrap.com/files/SALVO_4_Lo-Res.pdf www.virtualboricua.org/Docs/lc01.html]

[EEE] 1884 - [O.S. Oct 16] Maria Alexandrovna Spiridonova (Мария Александровна Спиридонова; d. 1941), prominent Russian member of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Партия левых социалистов-революционеров) party and onetime honourary chair of the party as well as editor of its paper '//Land and Freedom//' (Земля и воля), born. The death of her father caused her to drop out of education in 1902, later working as a clerk for the local assembly. She soon became involved in political activism; she was arrested during the student demonstrations of March 1905. In September 1905, she applied for training as a nurse, but was rejected for her political record. Instead she joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and became a full-time activist. On January 29 (16), 1906, she mortally wounded colonel of the gendarmes Gabriel Nikolaevich Luzhenovsky (Гавриил Николаевич Луженовский), who as the head of the Okhrana in Tambov played a key role in the suppression of the 1905 peasant uprising in the Tambov Province. Arrested and tortured, something that received widespread international publicity, she was sentenced to death by hanging, later commuted to perpetual servitude in the harsh prison conditions of the Transbaikal region. In March 1917, the Right S-R Minister of Justice Alexander Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Ке́ренский) ordered her release. Highly critical of the Provisional Government, the Left S-Rs also intially refused to particiapte in the Soviet Government, the Council of People's Commissars (Совет народных комиссаров). Spiridonov and the other Left S-Rs reluctantly began working with the Bolsheviks, believing their influence would quickly wane and in January 1918 was elected honoury chair of the First All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions (1-го Всерос. съезда профсоюзов). Spiridonov supported Lenin on the issue of the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, rejecting the appeals of those who proposed to start a war against German imperialism. The break with the Bolsheviks eventually came with the Central Executive Committee decrees of May-June 1918 (criticising the agricultural policy of the Bolsheviks, claiming that the socialisation of the land had been replaced by a policy of nationalisation, and on the reintroduction of the death penalty). Spiridonov later actively participated in the Left Socialist-Revolutionary mutiny of July 6 - 7, 1918, ending up locked in the cells in the Kremlin ("For twelve years I fought against the tsar, and now the Bolsheviks have put me in the royal palace") She took responsibility for the assassination of German ambassador, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach, and was sentenced to one year in prison. Upon her release she resumed her political activities but would spend the rest of her life under constant supervision and harassment by the Cheka. In February 1919, she was again arrested and sent to the Kremlin Psychiatric Hospital, from where he escaped with the help of the SR Central Committee and went in hiding. In 1920, again arrested and released on bail on the condition that she would never engage in political activity again. In 1923 she unsuccessfully tried to flee abroad and was sentenced to 3 years in exile, where she suffered badly with tuberculosis. In 1931 again sentenced to three years of exile. This period was later extended for 5 years, served in Ufa. Spiridonov married, worked as an economist-planner and completely withdrew from political activity. In 1937 she and 12 other former Left S-Rs were arrested for plotting a peasant uprising as "part of a united SR center and to the deployment of a wide counterrevolutionary terrorist activities organized terrorist and sabotage groups in Ufa, Gorky, Tobolsk, Kuibyshev and other cities ..." and sentenced to 25 years in prison. In September 1941 during the wartime evacuation of prisoners, Spiridonov was shot by the NKVD alongside 153 other political prisoners in the Medvedev Forest outside Oryol by order of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Спиридонова,_Мария_Александровна www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/spiridonova_ma.php ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Партия_левых_социалистов-революционеров www.memo.ru/nerczinsk www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/105/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_SR_uprising ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восстание_левых_эсеров ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мятеж_Муравьёва_(1918)]

[E] 1901 - Émilienne Léontine 'Mimi' Morin (b. 1901), French stenographer, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and companion of Buenaventura Durruti, born. Daughter of Étienne Morin, a militant anarcho-syndicalist in the construction industry, in 1916 she became secretary of Sébastien Faure's journal '//Ce Qu'il Faut Dire//'. Following a failed marriage to an Italian anarchist named Mario Cascari, she met Durruti in July 1927 and accompnied his clandestine travels around Europe (Durruti is //persona non grata// in many European countries), escaping numerous threats and attempts at deportation or extradition. Eventually, with the advent of the Republic, they moved to Spain in 1931. Active in the CNT and revolutionary struggle, she gave birth on December 4, 1931, to a daughter named Colette, who she raised almost singlehanded as Durruti was in hiding most of the time. With the advent of the Durruti Column, she worked as a secretary and head of the press department for the column. She eventually quit the front to care for her daughter in Barcelona, whilst Durruti went to a Madrid to help in the defence against the Fascists, where he was killed on November 20. After the funeral, she worked for the Defence Council for a while, but returns to France in 1938. There she works in the Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste (SIA) and writes about her experiences on the Aragon Front in Libertaire. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/morin/morin.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4086 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilienne_Morin www.ephemanar.net/fevrier14.html puertoreal.cnt.es/actividades-no-sindicales/1058-emilienne-morin-companera-de-buenaventura-durruti.html guerraenmadrid.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/emilienne-morin-la-francesa-que-amo.html gimenologues.org/spip.php?article163]

1902 - Kate Cooper Austin (b. 1864), American anarchist, feminist and journalist who wrote for many working class and radical papers, dies. [see: Jul. 25]

[A/EEE] 1920 - Sylvia Pankhurst is imprisoned for six months for attempting to cause sedition ("unlawfully publish[ing] ideas likely to cause sedition and disaffection among H.M. Forces") in the navy by editing and publishing two articles in the October 16 issue of the newspaper '//The Workers Dreadnought//' — '//Discontent on the Lower Deck//', which was based on a letter from a young Navy rating called Springhill and published under the pseudonym S.000 (Gunner), and an article on racism entitled '//The Yellow Peril and the Dockers//', written by Claude McKay under the pseudonym Leon Lopez. A leading light of the Hands Off Russia! campaign, the article '//The Yellow Peril and the Dockers//' urged Dockers not to load ships supplying arms to anti-Communist forces, just a few months after the successful boycott of SS Jolly George. [libcom.org/history/dockers-boycott-ss-jolly-george-1920 libcom.org/library/you-are-called-war-sylvia-pankhurst armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/sylvia-pankhurst/ armingallsides.on-the-record.org.uk/case_studies/hands-off-russia/ pasttenseblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/today-in-londons-radical-past-hands-off-russia-rally-in-the-albert-hall-1919/]

1972 - Lilian Ida Lenton aka 'Ida Inkley' (b. 1891), English dancer, suffragette, and winner of a French Red Cross medal for her service as an orderly in WWI, dies. [see: Jan. 5] ||
 * = 29 || 1875 - [N.S. Nov. 10] Anastasia Alekseevna Bitsenko (Анастасии Алексеевна Биценко; d. 1938), prominent Russian revolutionary, born. [see: Nov. 10]

1890 - Claire Goll (Klara Liliane Aischmann; d. 1977), German-French poet, writer, journalist and translator, who was married to the poet and anarchist Yvan Goll, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Goll fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Goll jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/goll-claire www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/clairegoll.html]

[E] 1899 - Gaetana Teresa Recchia (d. 1935) Italian union organiser, Trotskyist and anti-fascist activist, born. A member of the Socialist Club in Borgo San Paolo, Teresa was in the forefront during the proletarian riots of August 1917 in Turin, and, together with her comrades, she persuaded a detachment of Alpini who were stationed in Piazza Villafranca to fraternise with the insurgent workers. Teresa took part in the factory occupations in Turin in September 1920. It was during those years that she met Mario Bavassano, who was to become her lifelong companion. During the tragic days of 1922 she was amongst the organisers of the armed working class response to the Fascist terror. She remained in Italy, despite arrest and persecution, until March 1927, when she and Mario were forced to emigrate, first to Switzerland and then in France. In July 1930 she was expelled from the PCI, and went on to help form the Nuova Opposizione Italiana, the Italian section of the International Left Opposition. On April 19, 1935, Teresa died of tuberculosis in the Tenon hospital in Paris, a victim, as her comrades of the Union Communiste wrote, "of a long illness contracted in the course of her underground revolutionary activity against Italian Fascism, and aggravated by the hard privations of exile". [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Recchia www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/2760/teresa-recchia revolutionary-history.co.uk/index.php/books-books?id=4887:some-historical-vignettes&catid=171:articles-of-rh0504] || The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women was officially dissolved, despite numerous protests by leading figures in the club. It was now forbidden for women to meet together. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women journal.e-veilleur.com/l-evenement-du-jour/interdiction-des-sociétés-de-femmes/586]
 * = 30 || 1793 - __Querelle du Bonnet Rouge__: Following concerted petitioning by female merchants and others, who hated the Society's emphasis on price controls and had become very suspicious of women wearing the cockade and red liberty bonnets (Phrygian caps), something that the members of the Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires had taken to doing, in contravention of the Convention vote on September 21, 1793, which required women to wear the cocarde tricolore, a symbol of the Republic, at all time [the bonnet rouge however was reserved solely for wearing by men, a further outrageous act by the women], petition the Convention to ban the Society. The National Convention now decreed that "clubs and popular societies of women, under whatever denomination, are forbidden". The député Louis-Joseph Charlier opposed the proposal: "Je ne sais sur quel principe on peut s'appuyer pour retirer aux femmes le droit de s'assembler paisiblement. À moins que vous contestiez que les femmes font partie du genre humain, pouvez-vous leur ôter ce droit commun à tout être pensant." (I do not know on what principle we base the removal of a woman's right to peaceably assemble. Unless you are disputing the fact that women are part of the human race, how can you take from them the common right of every thinking being.)

1899 - [O.S. Oct. 18] Nadezhda Mandelstam [Наде́жда Мандельшта́м] (Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina [Наде́жда Я́ковлевна Ха́зина];d. 1980), Russian teacher, linguist, writer and memoirist, born. The wife of the poet Osip Mandelstam, who died in the Stalinist camps, Nadezhda memorized Osip’s poetry, which could not be published, in the hope that one day it would be possible to publish it. Many years later, after the death of Stalin, she was able to arrange for publication. She also wrote two volumes of memoirs, 'Hope Against Hope' (Воспоминания; 1970), and ''Hope Abandoned' (Воспоминания: Вторая книга; 1972/1974), which paint a vivid picture of the persecution and fear of the Stalinist Years. (The titles of the books encompass a word-play: ‘Nadezhda’ means ‘Hope’ in Russian.) [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Mandelstam ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мандельштам,_Надежда_Яковлевна www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=743]

1906 - Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27 arrests of several anarchists for debating whether Czolgosz was an anarchist, Emma Goldman is arrested for articles published in '//Mother Earth//' and for inciting to riot. Nine others are also arrested on the same charge. Goldman is released on $1,000 bail the following day.

[E] 1923 - Dorothy Thompson (Dorothy Katharine Gane Towers; d. 2011), British socialist and feminist historian, and political activist, first in the Communist Party (she and her husband Edward broke with the party in 1956) and then in the peace movement, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson_(historian) www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/06/dorothy-thompson-obituary londonsocialisthistorians.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/dorothy-thompson-1923-2011.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Clifford_Barney scandalouswoman.blogspot.com/2012/05/natalie-barney-american-amazon.html bonjourparis.com/archives/natalie-clifford-barney-left-bank-literary/ www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/natalie_barney www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/06/11/love-is-a-bohemian/ strangeflowers.wordpress.com/2012/10/31/circles-natalie-clifford-barney/]
 * = 31 || 1876 - Natalie Clifford Barney (d. 1972), US playwright, poet and novelist who lived as an expatriate in Paris, born.

1878 - [N.S. Nov. 12] Vera Vladimirovna Vannovsky (Вера Владимировна Ванновская; d. 1961), Russian revolutionary, member of Lenin's St. League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса) group in St. Petersburg and later of the RSDLP group 'Will' (Воля), born. [see: Nov. 12]

[E] 1884 - Marie Bashkirtseff (Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva [Мари́я Константи́новна Башки́рцева]; b. 1858), Ukrainian-French painter, sculptor, diarist and feminist, who wrote a number of mysandrist articles for Hubertine Auclert's newspaper '//La Citoyenne//' under the pseudonym Pauline Orrel, dies of tuberculosis aged just 25 years old. [see: Nov. 24] "Let us love dogs, let us love only dogs! Men and cats are unworthy creatures."

1907 - [O.S. Oct. 18] Evstolia Pavlovna Rogozinnikova aka 'Little Bear' (Евстолия Павловна Рогозинникова 'Медвежонок'; b. 1886), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg for the assassination of the Head of Prison Administration Alexander Mikhailovich Maximovsky (Александр Михайлович Максимовский) three days earlier. [see: Jan. 13]

1969 - Juana Rouco Buela (d. 1889), Spanish-Argentinian dress maker, autodictat, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist pioneer, who helped create the Centro Femenino Anarquista (Women’s Anarchist Centre), with Virginia Bolten, Teresa Caporaletti, Marta Newelstein and Maria Collazo, and others, dies. [see: Apr. 19]

1995 - Nellie Dick (Naomi Ploschansky; d. 1995), Anglo-American anarchist pedagogue, dies. [see: May 15]

2009 - Diana Blefari Melazzi (b. 1969), Italian member of the Nuove Brigate Rosse, who was arrested on December 22, 2003 in Santa Marinella and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of labour lawyer and jurist Marco Biagi, hangs herself with a bedsheet in her cell in Rebibbia prison shortly after having had the life sentence handed down at her retrial confirmed. [see: Apr. 4] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)  1876 -- France: Jules Bonnot lives, Pont-de-Roide (Doubs). Auto mechanic, vegetarian, tea-totaller, anarchist "illegalist," of the Bonnot Gang — the most famous of the "bandits tragiques."id-n Birthday of Brian McCarvill [US prison rights activist serving 30+ years]1868