Women+Jan-Feb


 * = JANUARY ||
 * = 1 || [B2] 1818 - Mary Shelley publishes '//Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus//'.

[EE] 1886 - Ethel Carnie Holdsworth (d. 1962), English working class writer, socialist and feminist, who started working in the mills in Lancashire at the age of 11. Her poetry brought her to the attention of the editor of 'The Clarion', Robert Blatchford, who helped her to get work as a writer. She wrote poetry, novels and children's stories, edited the '//Woman Worker//' as well as the anti-fascist monthly magazine '//The Clear Light//' (1920-25), with her husband Alfred. Her 1913 novel, '//Miss Nobody//', is widely believed to be the first published novel written by a working-class woman in Britain and another of her novels, '//Helen of Four Gates//', was filmed in 1920. She was also national organiser for the anti-fascist organisation the National Union for Combating Fascismo (NUCF), formed in 1924 by E. Burton Dancy. The composer Ethel Smyth set two of Holdsworth's poems in the song cycle 'Three Songs' (1913). Smyth dedicated '//Possession//' to Emmeline Pankhurst and 'O//n the Road: a marching tune//' to Christabel Pankhurst. She also published a series of sonnets in the early 1920s in the anarchist journal '//Freedom//', protesting at the imprisonment of anarchists in Soviet jails. Her works include poetry: '//Rhymes from the Factory//' (1907), '//Songs of a Factory Girl//' (1911), and '//Voices of Womanhood//' (1914); children stories: '//Lazy-Land, And Other Delightful Stories//' (1911), '//The Magic Shoe And Other Tales//' (1912), and '//The Lamp Girl, and other stories//' (1913); and novels: '//Miss Nobody//' (1913), '//Helen of Four Gates//' (1917), '//The Taming of Nan//' (1919), '//The Marriage of Elizabeth//' (1920), '//The House that Jill Built//' (1920), '//General Belinda//' (1924), '//This Slavery//' (1925), '//The Quest of the Golden Garter//' (1927), '//Eagles' Crag//' (1928), '//All On Her Own//' (1929), and '//Barbara Dennison//' (1929). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Carnie_Holdsworth www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/DEAL/Miss_Nobody.pdf www.wcml.org.uk/events/international-womens-day-2012/ www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/mar/08/neglected-women-writers-class-issue]

1886 - [N.S. Jan. 13] Evstolia Pavlovna Rogozinnikova aka 'Little Bear' (Евстолия Павловна Рогозинникова 'Медвежонок'; d. 1907), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), born. [see: Jan. 13]

1908 - [O.S. Dec. 19] Vera Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Вера Спиридоновна Любатович; b. 1855), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), dies. [see: Aug 7]

1911 - The opening in New York of a 'Modern School' founded by the Ferrer Association, with the assistance of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman.

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: A new labour law comes into effect in Massachusetts reducing the fifty-six hour working week to fifty-four hours for women and children. Workers feared that this would mean a corresponding wage cut, and their suspicions were sharpened when the mill corporations speeded up the machines and posted notices that, following January 1, the fifty-four-hour work week would be maximum for both men and women operatives. When Polish women weavers in the Everett Cotton Mills opened their pay envelopes on January 11, they discovered a shortage of thirty two cents and, stopping their looms, they left the mill shouting "short pay, short pay!" Other such actions took place throughout Lawrence and the following morning workers at the Washington and Wood mills joined the walkout. The Bread & Roses strike had begun. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

[B1] 1919 - Sara Berenguer Laosa (d. 20 10), Catalan poet, anarchist and member of Mujeres Libres, is born in Barcelona. Wrote a narrative autobiography '//Entre El Sol y la Tormenta//' (Between the Sun and the Storm; 1988). [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7468 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0101.html www.monde-libertaire.fr/portraits/13535-sara-berenguer-laosa-hasta-luego-companera www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/Berenguer.htm]

[E2] 1921 - Sarah Goldberg (d. 2003), Belgian Jew, member of the Rote Kappelle (Red Orchestra) anti-Nazi resistance network and founding member of Amnesty International in Belgium, born. In 1936, aged 15, under the influence of her sister Esther and her brother-in-law Marcus Lustbader, she joined the militant communist organised Unité sports club and participated in the solidarity campaigns for the International Brigades in Spain. Following the fall of Belgium, she took refuge in France in St. Ironwood, near Revel in Haute-Garonne, getting a job as a clerk in the local police station. There she copied lists of wanted persons, mostly people who had participated in the Spanish Civil War alongside the Republican forces and who had managed to evade detention in the camps at Gurs and Saint-Cyprien. After returning to Belgium, she joined friends involved in the Jeunes Gardes Socialistes Unifiés, participating in the distribution of leaflets and underground newspapers. In June 1941, she was contacted by Hermann Izbutski, a former member in the International Brigades' Jewish Botwin Company in Spain, and asked to work illegally under the name 'Lilly' for the Soviet military intelligence network, becoming a radio operator. Following the arrest of Hermann Izbutski in August 1942, Sarah Goldberg lost contact with the network. Meanwhile, her brother Marcus was arrested and sent to Breendonk, where he was tortured by the Gestapo; he was later deported to Auschwitz and then to Buchenwald and was repatriated in 1945. Her father and step-mother were also deported to Germany (on September 26, 1942) but were killed in the Auschwitz gas chambers 2 days later. A few months later she managed to reconnect with her friends from the Unité group, and Leibke Rabinowiz ('Rosa') contacted Jacob Gutfrajnd ('Albin'), commander of the 1re Compagnie Juive du Corps mobile des Partisans Armés (1st company of the Mobile Jewish Partisan Armed Corps), part of the Front de l'Indépendance (FI), in Brusselles. Given permission to join actions to assassinate traitors, collaborators and German officers, she was involved in the death of a Jewish informer, I. Glogowski aka 'Jacques', working for the Gestapo and helped move Jacob Gutfrajnd to Etterbeek hospital on April 26 1943 following his wounding during a Partisans Armés action. She was arrested on June 4, 1943, together with her ​​fiancé Henri Wajnberg (Jules) and her friend Laja Bryftreger-Rabinowitch, following a denunciation, the day before a major sabotage action against the rail route to Germany. Deported on July 31, 1943, together with 'Jules' (killed in a gas chamber on January 25, 1944) to Auschwitz-Birkenau, she ended up working for the Schuh-Kommando, surving numerous selections, typhoid, dysentery, boils, scurvy. She also took part in the January 18, 1945, death march to Ravensbrück (arriving on January 22), on February 26 to Malchow, a commando at Ravensbrück and then to Leipzig, finally to be liberated on April 23 on the banks of the Elbe by the Red Army. Back in Belgium, she recovered in the Blankenberge home of the Solidarité organisation, affiliated to the Front de l'Indépendance, later working for Aide aux Israélites victimes de la guerre. She would later become one of the first members of the Belgian section of Amnesty International. During the last years of her life, she devoted herself to the Comités de défense des sans-papiers (Committees for the Defence of undocumented migrants) locked up in detention centres and also gave talks in schools on the deportations to Nazi camps. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Goldberg]

1921 - Mary Reid Macarthur (Mary Reid Anderson; b. 1880), Scottish suffragist and trades unionist, dies of cancer following two unsuccessful operations. [see: Aug. 13]

1962 - Orli Wald (b. 1914), member of the German Resistance in Nazi Germany, who was sentenced to 4.5 years hard labour for high treason and later sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she was held in "protective custody" as a danger to the Third Reich, dies in a psychiatric clinic, having suffered from depressions and later a complete mental breakdown as a result of her wartime experiences. [see: Jul. 1]

[E1] 1983 - Women protesters break into cruise missile base at the Greenham Common US Air Force base and dance on silos at dawn on New Year's day.

1984 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (b. 1899), Italian-American agricultural worker and Galleanist anarchist, who earned the nickname the Dynamite Girl when she was arrested on a train from Steubenville to Chicago in January 1918 carrying a black leather case containing thirty-six sticks of dynamite and a .32 calibre Colt automatic, which were to be used to carry out revenge attacks for the arrests and persecution of the Milwaukee anarchists and the death in custody of Augusto Marinell on September 15, 1917, dies of cancer in Miami. [see: Sep. 10] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]
 * = 2 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: "It was about midnight when a large crowd, this time all on foot, dressed in a variety of garments, faces blackened, and armed with the usual array of weaponry, walked up to the gate at Pwll Trap. They halted a few yards short, and the lady Rebecca - stooped, hobbling, and leaning like an old woman on 'her' blackthorn stick - walked up to the gate. Her sight apparently failing her, she reached out with her staff and touched it. 'Children,' she said, 'there is something put up here; I cannot go on.' 'What is it mother?' cried her daughters. 'Nothing should stop your way.' Rebecca, peering at the gate, replied 'I do not know children. I am old and cannot see well.' 'Shall we come on mother and move it out of the way?' 'Stop,' said she, 'let me see and she tapped the gate again with her staff. 'It seems like a great gate put across the road to stop your old mother,' whined the old one. 'We will break it mother,' her daughters cried in unison; 'Nothing shall hinder you on your journey.' 'No,' she persisted, 'let us see; perhaps it will open.' She felt the lock, as would one who was blind. 'No children,' she called, 'it is bolted and locked and I cannot go on. What is to be done?' 'It must be taken down mother, because you and your children must pass.' ......Rebecca's reply came loud and clear: 'Off with it then my dear children. It has no business here.' And within ten minutes the gate was chopped to pieces and the 'family' had vanished into the night."

[EE] 1886 - Elise Ottesen-Jensen, aka 'Ottar' (d. 1973), Norwegian-Swedish sex educator, journalist, feminist and anarchist agitator, who was a member of the Swedish anarcho-syndicalist union Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and a pioneer of women's right to understand and control their own body and sexuality, born. She was one of the founders of the Riksförbundet för Sexuell Upplysning (Swedish Association for Sexuality Education) and the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Through her international contacts in the sex education movement, she helped many German sex educators, openly gay Germans and Jews to find refuge in Sweden. In the 1920s, Ottar was a regular writer for Arbetaren, with her own column focusing on feminist issues. After a disagreements with the other editors of Arbetaren in 1925, she started her own paper, '//Vi Kvinnor//' (We Women). The paper did however not last for long. A few years later, she also wrote for the anarchist magazine '//Brand//' (Fire). "I dream of the day when every new born child is welcome, when men and women are equal, and when sexuality is an expression of intimacy, joy and tenderness." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen nbl.snl.no/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0201.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html www.sac.se/Om-SAC/Historik/Biografier/Ottesen-Jensen,-Elise-1886-1973 www.aftenposten.no/norge/Elise-Ottesen-Jensen-kjempet-pa-barrikadene-for-den-forbudte-prevensjonsopplysningen-584650b.html]

[C2/E1] 1920 - Anne-Sofie Østvedt (d. 2009), Norwegian university student active in the anti-Nazi resistance, who was one of the leaders of the Norwegian intelligence organisation XU, born. A 20-year-old chemistry student at the University of Oslo, she wasted no time in becoming involved in the Norwegian resistance, first by writing, editing, and distributing an underground, illegal newspaper and later by formally joining the resistance. In December 1941 XU recruited her, and she later became second in command of the organisation. However, her identity was a strict secret and almost none within the XU knew her except for her cover name 'Aslak', a male name in Norway, leading many to assume she was a man. Even the Gestapo, who began hunting her in the Autumn of 1942, forcing her to live undercover for the rest of the war, thought so. [www.aauw.org/2013/05/08/norwegian-resistance-fighter/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sofie_Østvedt]

1937 - In England Emma Goldman begins organising a publicity campaign about the Spanish revolution, including planning mass meetings in London and the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with and lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona.

[E2] 1996 - An estimated 100,000 Bangladeshi women travel to attend a rally in Dacca, to protest Islamist clerics’ attacks on women’s education and employment.

2005 - 26-year-old Victoria Robinson, the fourth self-inflicted death in HMP New Hall in 10 months, is found hanging in her prison cell despite being on suicide watch.

2015 - The death of Tanisha Anderson, a 37-year-old black schizophrenic woman who died after being restrained face down on the ground by Cleveland police after her family had requested that they escort her to a hospital to undergo a psychiatric evaluation on November 13, 2014, is ruled a homicide by the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's Office. [www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/11/cleveland_woman_with_mental_il_1.html www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/01/tanisha_anderson_was_restraine.html] ||
 * = 3 || [A1/E1] 1792 - Mary Wollstonecraft completes '//A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects//'.

1850 - [N.S. Jan. 15] Sofia Kovalevskaya [Со́фья Ковале́вская] (Sofia Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Со́фья Васи́льевна Корвин-Круковская]; d. 1891), Russian mathematician, engineer and Narodnik (народники), whose sister was the socialist and feminist Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya), born. [see: Jan. 15]

[E2] 1924 - Ulyana Mateevna Gromova (Улья́на Матве́евна Гро́мова; d. 1943), Ukrainian staff member of the underground Komsomol partisan group Molodaya Gvardiya (Молодая гвардия), the 'Young Guards', born. The youngest in a family of five children, she was just eighteen and had only a month earlier graduated from high school, when the Nazis occupied her home province in the Voroshilovgrad Region on July 17, 1942. With no one around to care for her sick mother, she was unable to flee eastwards and instead helped organise an underground resistance group with fellow Young Communist League members in her village, Pervomaysky (Первомайке). In September that year, her group and others were brought together in the newly formed Molodaya Gvardiya organisation as part of the anti-fascist struggle. In October 1942, Gromova was elected a member of staff of the organisation, taking part in the planning and carrying out of military operations, the preparation and dissemination of anti-Nazi leaflets and agitating the local population against the occupiers, urging them not to aid the Germans, whilst attempting to prevent the recruitment of workers for German factories. On January 10, 1943, she was arrested by the Gestapo whilst preparing a plan to free prisoners following a mass arrest of the underground in the nearby city of Krasnodon (Краснодоне). During her interrogations, she refused to give evidence on the activities of the underground or betray her comrades, despite being hung by the hair, having a five-pointed star cut into her back, her breasts cut off and salt rubbed into the wounds, burned with a hot iron, and put on a hot plate, as well as suffering a broken arm and broken ribs. Following days of torture, on January 16, 1943, she was executed along with a number of other Young Guards and thrown into Krasnodon's Mine Number 5. On March 1, 1943, following the liberation of Krasnodon, she and her fellow dead Young Guards comrades were reburied in a mass grave in the central square of Krasnodon, where a memorial to the Young Guards was erected. On September 13 that year she was posthumous made a Hero of the Soviet Union. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Громова,_Ульяна_Матвеевна www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1146 www.molodguard.ru/guardian3.htm www.secretintelligenceservice.org/?page_id=6360 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Guard_(Soviet_resistance)]

1952 - Harriette Vyda Simms Moore (b. 1902), African-American teacher and civil rights worker, dies of the injuries sustained by her following a bomb attack on her and her husband, Harry T. Moore (November 18, 1905 - December 25, 1951), founder of the first branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) in Brevard County, Florida, on Christmas night, 1951 - their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. [see: Jun. 19] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Occhipinti it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Occhipinti www.katesharpleylibrary.net/5x6bcx www.katesharpleylibrary.net/x95zhh www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/08/with-that-outsiders-face-the-journey-of-maria-occhipinti-con-quella-faccia-di-straniera-il-viaggio-di-maria-occhipinti-a-documentary-review-by-pippo-gurrieri-sicilia-li/]
 * = 4 || [D1] 1945 - In Raguse, Sicily, Maria Occhipinti lies down in front of army trucks which have come to find new young conscripts to incorporate into the new Italian army. Within minutes, a crowd surrounds the soldiers, forcing them to release their recruits, but they also kill a demonstrator, setting off a major revolt. [expand]

[E2] 1972 - Fosca Corsinovi, aka Marie Thérèse Noblino & Fosca Barbieri (b. 1897), Italian anarchist, who volunteered in the Spanish Civil War as a nurse with the CNT-FAI, dies. [see: Sep. 24]

2007 - Helen Hill (b. 1970), American animation filmmaker and social activist, dies. [see: May 9]

[E1] 2009 - Helen Suzman (b. 1917), who was hailed by the African National Congress as a woman who became "a thorn in the flesh of apartheid by openly criticising segregation of Blacks by a Whites-only apartheid system", is buried in Johannesburg. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Suzman jwa.org/thisweek/jan/04/2009/helen-suzman www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/world/africa/02suzman.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Roussel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Roussel www.estelnegre.org/documents/nellyroussel/nellyroussel.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Nelly_Roussel]
 * = 5 || [E2] 1878 - Nelly Roussel (d. 1922), French essayist, journalist, free thinker, anarchist, anarcha-feminist, franc-maçonne, and néo-Malthusienne, born. In 1902, she became the first French woman to publicly declare herself in favour of contraception and, with Madeleine Pelletier, she stressed the importance of sex education for girls. [expand]

1885 - Alternative date given for the birth of Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; d. 1953), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist. [see: Dec. 5]

[EE2] 1891 - Lilian Ida Lenton, aka 'Ida Inkley' aka 'May Dennis' aka 'Miss Red' (d. 1972), English dancer, suffragette, and winner of a French Red Cross medal for her service as an orderly in WWI, born. The oldest of five children in a working class family, she joined the WSPU at 21 and immediately got involved in the March 1912 window-smashing campaign and that to destroy the contents of pillar-boxes. The former campaign led to her first arrest on March 5, 1912 and her first prison sentence, two months in prison under the false name of 'Ida Inkley', for smashing windows in Oxford Street alongside May Billinghurst, who had concealed their window-breaking stones under her rug which kept her warm in her invalid tricycle, and more than 150 other suffragettes. In early 1913, with Olive Wharry, she began a series of arson attacks in London, and was arrested on February 19, 1913, on suspicion of having set on fire the Tea House at Kew Gardens. In court it was reported: "The constables gave chase, and just before they caught them each of the women who had separated was seen to throw away a portmanteau. At the station the women gave the names of Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry. In one of the bags which the women threw away were found a hammer, a saw, a bundle to tow, strongly redolent of paraffin and some paper smelling strongly of tar. The other bag was empty, but it had evidently contained inflammables." Whilst on remand in Holloway Prison, she held a hunger strike for two days before being forcibly fed. It took two doctors and seven warders to restrain her as she struggled so fiercely, and on February 23 the force-feeding [entailing being tied to a chair, having ones head forced backwards and an un-lubricated tube inserted through the nose and down the oesophagus or, in Lenton's case, down the trachea] resulted food entering her lungs, causing her to become seriously ill with pleurisy. Swiftly and quietly released, she managed the first of her soon to be famous escapes when police, thinking that she had just been taken by ambulance to hospital from May Billinghurst's home in Barnes, relaxed their guard, allowing Lilian to dash across the road and jump on a moving bus. The police gave chase à la Keystone Cops but she successfully made her escape. The furore around Lenton's force-feeding and the claim by the then Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna, that Lenton's own doctor had stated that her pleurisy had not been caused by the force-feeding, the controversy spilled over onto the letters page of '//The Times//', leading ultimately to the passing of the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act, better known as the 'Cat and Mouse Act', rushed through Parliament that April allowing the release of ill suffragette (the 'mice') on temporary licence to recover their health, who could then be re-arrested and imprisoned again later. After her recovery, Lenton managed to evade recapture, despite her virtually one woman campaign of setting fire to buildings and burning "Votes for Women" into golf greens and cricket pitches across the country, until she was arrested on June 9, 1913 in Doncaster during the trial of Harry Johnson, a local trainee journalist who hung out at the suffragette safe house where Lenton was staying, and Augusta Winship, a servant there, who were standing trial for the "burglariously entering Westfield House, Doncaster" with the plan of setting fire to it. Called as a witness under the name 'May Dennis', Lenton admitted that she and not Winship had been the person who had broken into the house and that she only failed to carry out the arson because they were disturbed by an elderly housekeeper there. Arrested and placed in the dock, she refused to recognise the court and the following day was committed for trial at Leeds assizes. As she was being removed to the cells, she told the accompanying police that she was going on hunger strike and, when released, she would again abscond and continue her arson campaign until she brought down the government. Her aim was: "to burn two buildings a week, in order to create such a condition in the country that it would prove impossible to govern without the consent of the governed." She was then held in custody at Armley Prison in Leeds (having violently resisted having her fingerprints taken upon admission), during which her famous 'FIT' photograph was secretly taken as she exercised in the prison yard, whilst she pursued her hunger-strike but, on June 17th, she was released on license under the Cat & Mouse Act. This time, a grocer's van had arrived at the house's back door and an errand boy, in reality suffragette Elsie Duval in disguise, eating an apple and carrying a large and heavy hamper entered the house. Duval then swapped clothing with Lenton, who then exited carrying the now empty hamper and eating the apple. Jumping into the front seat under the noses of the watching detectives, the van and Lilian Lenton disappeared. Travelling by taxi to Harrogate and then Scarborough, she then adopted the disguise of a children’s nurse carrying the baby son of a fellow WSPU member. On arrival at the station a policeman helpfully opened the taxi door, where upon Lilian hid behind the child to prevent the officer recognising her. From there she took a train to Edinburgh and the following month she escaped to France in a private yacht. Lenton was soon back in England setting fire to buildings and continuing to evade the police despite her description and photograph having been widely circulated. On one occasion, when she was transporting two bombs into Edinburgh in an attaché case, she stopped to ask a policeman directions and he helpfully show her the way to her tram whilst carrying her case for her! However, on October 9, 1913 she was arrested at Paddington Station as she went to collect her bicycle from the left luggage office. Formally charged with the fire at Kew Gardens and remanded in prison, she went on a hunger and thirst strike and was again forcibly fed. She was released under the Cat and Mouse Act on October 15, 1913 due to concerns about her health. The police kept a strict watch on the house where she was staying, but again she managed to escape. By now the newspapers had begun to refer to her as the 'elusive suffragette'. On December 22, 1913 she was arrested at Cheltenham under the name 'Miss Red' (along with a second woman, 'Miss Black') and charged with setting fire to an unoccupied mansion in Cheltenham. She went on a hunger-and-thirst strike and was released on Christmas Day to a house in King’s Norton. Again she escaped from under the noses of the watching police. She continued to evade the authorities until an eagle-eyed cop spotted her walking down a street in Birkenhead on May 4, 1914 and arrested her. She appeared in Leeds Assizes on May 8 in connection with the Doncaster arson. She again refused to recognise the court and kept up a tirade against the government addressed directly to the jury throughout the hearing. Lenton was sentenced to one year in prison but was released on May 12 on license to stay at the Pomona Food Reform Boarding House in Harrogate, run by fellow suffragist Leonora Cohen. This time the police would not be thwarted; Lilian Lenton was not to be allowed to escape. "Acetylene motor-car lamps are trained on the house back and front during the hours of darkness, and four police-officers are engaged day and night scrutinising everybody who leaves the house. A motor-car is at call ready to follow any vehicle that may be employed by Miss Lenton’s friends..." '//Yorkshire Evening Post//' May 15, 1914. When on May 19 the police enter the boarding house where she was staying to rearrested after the end of her license period, they found her gone, much to their embarrassment. It was thought that she made good her escape on the night of Saturday May 16, when 40 or 50 men and women visiting the house had all left simultaneous (the women all veiled), scattering in all directions and preventing police following them of pursuing them all. She fled to the Lake District, where she met D.H. Lawrence, who she later claimed tried and failed to get her into bed Lilian remained free until the outbreak of war in August 1914 brought a suspension of militant activity. She served with the Scottish Women’s Hospitals Unit in Serbia during the war. After the war she worked in Norway, was a spokesperson for the Save the Children Fund, was employed as a travelling organiser and speaker for the Women's Freedom League, as well as being financial secretary of the National Union of Women Teachers. Lenton later recalled: "Personally, I didn't vote for a long time, because I hadn't either a husband or furniture, although I was over 30." In 1970, as Treasurer of the Suffragette Fellowship, she unveiled a memorial in Christchurch Gardens, Westminster, dedicated to all the men and women who “had braved derision, opposition and ostracism, many enduring physical violence and suffering” to get women the vote. Lilian Lenton died in Twickenham on October 28, 1972, aged 81. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Lenton spartacus-educational.com/WlentonL.htm leicestershirelalala.com/lilian-lenton-the-leicester-suffragette-who-the-home-secretary-wanted-stopped/ www.sheilahanlon.com/?p=228 www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/major-llewellyn-atcherley-and-the-elusive-suffragette/ www.uncoveryourancestors.org/blog/the-illusive-pimpernel dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/12/14/the-reluctant-suffragette/]

1911 - Emma Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer School in New York City.

1918 - Alice Télot (d. 1918), French social worker, writer and anarchist, best known by her penname Jacques Fréhel, dies of pulmonary congestion. [Feb. 6]

[A2] 1936 - Emma Goldman lectures to the Leicester Secular Society on '//Traders in Death (The International Munitions Clique)//'.

1942 - Tina Modotti (Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini; b. 1896), Italian photographer, model, actress and revolutionary political activist, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

[C] 1945 - Róża Robota [or Rojza, Rozia, Rosa](Shohanah Robota; b. 1921), Ala Gertner [Alla, Alina, Ella, Ela](b. 1912), Regina Safirsztajn [sometimes given as Safir, Safirstein, or Saphirstein (b. 1915), and Estera Wajcblum (Estusia Wajcblum; b. 1924), members of the Jewish resistance movement in Auschwitz-Birkenau, are hung for their part in the Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, which saw the blowing up of Crematorium IV and uprisings and escape attempts in the other crematoria. One of the roles of the Birkenau camp was to provide labour for the nearby Weichsel - Union Metallwerke ammunition factory and resistance members amongst the Sonderkommando, knowing that at some point they and their successors would be liquidated, began planning a mass uprising. One element of this entailed the long-term smuggling of small amounts of gunpowder out from the factory into the camp in order to make improvised grenades. Amongst those involved the smuggling operation were:

· Ester Wajcblum, who had previously been deported to Majdanek with her sister Hanka and their parents, Jakub and Rebeka, both deaf-mutes who were murdered on arrival there, before arriving in Birkenau; · Hanka Wajcblum [also refered as Hana Wajcblum or Chana Weissman, and who later became Anna Heilman](1928-2011), one of the few involved in the Sonderkommando uprising to survive the War; · Ala Gertner, who was deported to the Geppersdorf labour camp in 1940 before being allowed back to the Sosnowiec Ghetto the following year, spending time in the Będzin ghetto before being sent to Birkenau in mid-1943; · Regina Safirsztajn, the forewoman of the Gunpowder Room, who was recruited by her friend Ala Gertner to join the resistance movement, and about whom little is known; and · Róża Robota, a member of Hashomer Hatzair Zionist-socialist youth movement, who joined that movement's underground upon the Nazi occupation but was arrested in 1942 and deported to the Birkenau women's camp. Róża worked in the clothing depot at Birkenau and helped get the gunpowder smuggled out of the factory by the women working there into the camp itself, passing it on the the resistance network established in the various parts of Auschwitz-Birkenau. · Also involved in the smuggling operation were Hadassah Zlotnicka, Inge Frank, Genia Fischer, Marta Bindiger, Ruzia Grunapfel, and several other unnamed women.

Following the uprising and the destruction of Crematorium IV, an investigation into where the gunpowder had come from after a couple of weeks led back to the ammunition factory. Regina Safirsztajn, as the forewoman was arrested first, followed by all those from the gunpowder room. All were interrogated and tortured by the Gestapo in the infamous Bloc 23. Eventually Regina, Ala, Ester, and Róza were betrayed. They were tortured again and repeatedly raped but refused to reveal the names of others who participated in the smuggling operation. Ester Wajcblum and Regina Safirsztajn were hanged at the morning roll-call assembly and Ala Gertner and Róża Robota in the evening - in front of the rest of the camp prisoners just two weeks before the camp was evacuated. [www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/auschwitz-revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robota-roza en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Robota en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Gertner]

1945 - Róża Robota [or Rojza, Rozia, Rosa](Shohanah Robota; b. 1921), Jewish participant in the resistance movement in Auschwitz-Birkenau, is hung along with 3 other women for their part in the Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944. A member of Hashomer Hatzair Zionist-socialist youth movement, she joined that movement's underground upon the Nazi occupation and was arrested in 1942 and deported to the Birkenau women's camp. The camp also served as an ammunition factory and Róża, who worked in the clothing depot at Birkenau, helped get the gunpowder smuggled out of the factory by the women working there into the camp itself, passing it on the the resistance network established in the various parts of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Following the uprising and the destruction of Crematorium IV, Róża was arrested, along with Ala Gertner, Regina Saperstein [Regina Safirsztajn] and Estera Wajcblum [Estusia Wajcblum]. All four were tortured and repeatedly raped but refused to give up any information. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Robota pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Róża_Robota jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robota-roza www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html]

[E2] 1948 - Ericka Huggins (Ericka Jenkins), African-American activist and educator, poet, former political prisoner and leading member of the Black Panther Party, born. In 1963, she attended the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and, in 1967, she joined the BPP, going on to become a leader in the Los Angeles chapter and later led the BPP chapter in New Haven, Connecticut alongside Kathleen Neal Cleaver and Elaine Brown. Her 14-year tenure as a leader of the Black Panther Party would be the longest of any woman in the leadership. Three weeks after the birth of their daughter Mai, her husband was John Huggins was shot to death on the UCLA campus on January 17, 1969, as part of a FBI-fueled fued with the rival black nationalist group 'US Organization' [as in us]. In May 1969, Huggins and fellow Party leader Bobby Seale were targeted and arrested on murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy charges following the torture and murder of Alex Rackley by members of the New Haven Black Panthers in the early hours of May 21, 1969. All the charges against her were eventually dismissed on May 25, 1971, with the jury in her and Seale's trial unable to reach a verdict, deadlocked 10 to 2 for Huggin's acquittal [and 11 to 1 for Seale's acquittal]. From 1973-81, Huggins was Director of the Oakland Community School, a groundbreaking community-run child development centre and elementary school founded by the Black Panther Party, and is a professor of Sociology and African-American Studies in Oakland and at Berkeley City College. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericka_Huggins www.erickahuggins.com/Home.html blackthen.com/ericka-huggins/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials]

1962 - Marcelle Capy (Marcelle Marques; b. 1891), French journalist, writer, militant syndicalist, libertarian socialist, pacifist and feminist, dies. [see: Mar. 26]

1990 - Lola Iturbe (Dolores Iturbe Arizcuren; b. 1902), Catalonian militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, who wrote under the pseudonym Kyralina, in tribute to the famous novel by Panaït Istrati dies. [see: Aug. 1]

1993 - Maria Zazzi (b. 1904), life-long Italian anarchist militant, dies. [see: Jun. 10] ||
 * = 6 || 1883 - Eugénie Niboyet (Eugenie Mouchon; b. 1796), French author, journalist and early feminist, who is best known for founding '//La Voix des Femmes//' (The Women's Voice), the first feminist daily newspaper in France, dies. [see: Sep. 10]

[E2] 1894 - Ona Šimaitė (d. 1970), Lithuania librarian, who used her position at Vilnius University to aid and rescue Jews in the Vilna Ghetto, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_Šimaitė www.lituanus.org/2008/08_2_01 Sukys.html libcom.org/library/solidarity-silence-story-ona-šimaitė-librarian-lifesaver]

[1901 - Pasqualina Martino (d. unknown), Italian anarchist [www.estelnegre.org/documents/martino/martino.html]

[A] 1907 - Emma Goldman is arrested by the New York City Anarchist Police Squad while delivering a lecture entitled 'False and True Conceptions of Anarchism', which she had successfully presented the previous month at a meeting organised by the Brooklyn Philosophical Association. She is charged with publicly expressing "incendiary sentiments." Berkman and two others are also arrested.

[1919 - Julia Barranco Hanglin (d. 1998), Catalan anarchist and member of the anti-Francoist resistance [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0601.html]

[1988 - Maria Duran, aka 'Rosina' (b. 1912), Catalan-born Brazilian anarchist propagandist [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0601.html]

1997 - Nieves González (Nieves Floristán) (b. unknown), Spanish anarchist and anarchosyndicalist, who was the partner of the anarchosyndicalist Julián Floristán Urrecho for more than sixty years, dies. At the beginning of the Revolution of 1936 she actively participated in the organisation of the Joventuts Llibertàries and the collectives in the Vall-de-roures region (Matarranya and Franja de Ponent) until their destruction in 1937 by troops under the command of the Stalinist counter-revolutionary Enrique Líster. In 1939, with the triumph of Franco, she went into exile in France with her companion. In the early fifties became a militant in the Local Federation of the CNT in Royan until her death. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0601.html]

[E1] 2006 - Comandanta Ramona (b. 1959), Mexican and Tzotzil women's rights activist, as well as the female face of the Zapatista revolution in Chiapas, dies of kidney failure en route from the town of San Andrés de Larrainzer to the hospital in San Cristobal de las Casas. Born in 1959 in a Tzotzil Maya community in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, Ramona earned a meagre wage by selling artisan crafts before joining the EZLN in 1993 and taking on her famous nom de guerre. A member of the Zapatista lead council, the Comité Clandestino Revolucionario Indígena (Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Committee), she was also one of seven female member (out of a total of 23) in leadership positions in an army of Tzotzil and Tzeltal Mayan Indians, one-third of whom were women. It was Ramona who led the Zapatista rebels into San Cristóbal de las Casas on New Year's Day 1994, demanding greater rights for the indigenous people of Chiapas and protesting at Mexico's involvement in the North American Free Trade Agreement. And it was she who was dispatched in February 1994 by the Comité to represent it at the first peace talks with the Mexican government, held in the colonial cathedral of San Cristóbal. However, 1994 was also the year that she began another fight, this time against cancer of the kidney, receiving a donor transplant from her brother in 1996, something made possible by donations from Zapatista supporters. In October that year, though sick and frail, she defied a government ban and showed up in Mexico City for the Congreso Nacional Indígena (National Indigenous Congress), the first Zapatista representative to appear in the capital. Protected from potential arrest by the massed ranks of Zapatista supporters, she addressed the congress and later, to a rapturous reception, a crowd of 100,000 supporters in the Zócalo, Mexico City's massive central square. Ramona's last public appearence was during the preparatory meetings for La Otra Campaña (The Other Campaign, the main political campaign of the Zapatistas aimed at the protection of indigenous rights and autonomy, by organising horizontally from below and uniting all the disparate radical and anti-capitalist elements within Mexican society) on September 16, 2005, in the Caracol (autonomous council) in La Garrucha. La Otra Campaña was temporarily suspended for the duration of her funeral as a sign of respect. Her real name and details of her pre-revolutionary life have never been revealed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comandanta_Ramona en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comandanta_Ramona www.cedoz.org/site/content.php?doc=1127&cat=73 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejército_Zapatista_de_Liberación_Nacional es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Otra_Campaña www.narconews.com/Issue40/article1542.html schoolsforchiapas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Who-is-Comandanta-Ramona_.pdf www.onthisdeity.com/6th-january-206-–-the-death-of-comandante-ramona/ bitchmedia.org/post/adventures-in-feministory-comandante-ramona-zapatista rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=25243 www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/comandante-ramona-6112340.html]

[EEE] 2014 - Marina Ginestà i Coloma (b. 1919), French-born Spanish journalist, translator, and anti-fascist miliciana and militant in the PSUC and JSUC, who became famous due to the photo taken by Juan Guzmán on the rooftop of Hotel Colón, Barcelona during the July 1936 military uprising, one of the most iconic photographs of the Spanish Civil War, dies at the age of 94. [see: Jan. 29] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Попова,_Валентина_Павловна www.memorial.krsk.ru/Articles/Kolosov/0.htm socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/34-people/344-popova-v-p ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]
 * = 7 || 1881 - [O.S Dec. 26, 1880] Valentina Kolosova [Валентина Колосова] (Valentina Pavlovna Popova [Валентина Павловна Попова]; d. 1937), Russian revolutionary, member of the S-R Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. Soon after joining the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров) and being arrested with a suitcase full of illegal literature in May 1903, she was sent to learn bomb-making. In autumn 1907, she fled to France with her son. In 1916 she returned to Russia and 4 years later Valentina was arrested in Omsk, but after a few months in prison, she was released. Following her next arrest in 1925, Valentine and her partner Evgeny Evgenyevich Kolosov (Евгением Евгеньевич Колосовым) were sentenced to 3 years for "participating in an organisation acting in the direction of assistance the international bourgeoisie." In January 1928, she was released following an amnesty decree, but in February 14, 1933, she was arrested again and sentenced to two years in prison for "organising a counter-revolutionary group, whose goal is to overthrow the Soviet regime". In 1935 Valentin was exiled to Tobolsk (Тобольск), where she was joined a year later Eugene. In 1937 Kolosov was once again charged with participating in counter-revolutionary activities and sentenced in absentia to death. She was shot on August 7 or 12 [most likely date], 1937 in Tobolsk.

1891 - Zora Neale Hurston (d. 1960), US folklorist, anthropologist, novelist, short story writer and civil right activist, who was a fixture of the Harlem Renaissance before writing her masterwork, 'Their Eyes Were Watching God' (1937), born. The daughter of two former slaves, to support herself and finance her efforts to get an education, Hurston worked a variety of jobs, including as a maid for an actress in a touring Gilbert and Sullivan group. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston www.zoranealehurston.com/]

1895 - Georgette Ryner (d. 1975), French writer, poet, teacher and anarchist activist, who was also the daughter of anarchist thinker Han Ryner and companion of the individualist anarchist Louis Simon, born. Worked on numerous newspaper and journals including '//Le Semeur de Normandie//' (The Sower), '//l'En Dehors//' (The Outside) and '//Ce Qu'il Faut Dire//' (What Must Be Said) and was author of numerous books and poems including '//Dans la Ronde Éternelle//' (In the Eternal Round; 1926) and '//Adolescente Passionnée//' (1969). [NB: Numerous internet sources state that Georgette was Han Ryner's partner (pace 'The Daily Bleed'). This is incorrect.] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2403.html]

1904 - Ruth Landshoff-Yorck (Ruth Levy; d. 1966), German-American actress, writer, journalist and translator, whose first appearance in a film was in Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's '//Nosferatu//' (1922), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Landshoff de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Landshoff www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/ruth-landshoff-yorck/]

[E2] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 25, 1904] Esther Dolgoff (Esther Miller; d. 1989), US anarchist activist and member of the IWW, born in Russia. A friend of Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy and other noted anarchists, Esther Dolgoff was active in the anarchist movement since her teens, she met Sam, her life companion, in Cleveland in 1930 whilst he was on an IWW speaking tour. Together they founded Libertarian League in 1955 and were active in the Libertarian Book Club and the Industrial Workers of the World. A contributor to many anarchist movement publications, she was co-editor of the New York anarchist journal 'Views and Comments' and translated important anarchist works into English, most notably Joseph Cohen's 'Di yidish-anarkhistishe bavegung in Amerike : historisher iberblik un perzenlekhe iberlebungen' (The Jewish Anarchist Movement In The United States: A Historical Review And Personal Reminiscences; 1945). [socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6fr0tsp raforum.info/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=esther+dolgoff theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ann-allen-sam-dolgoff-esther-dolgoff-interview-with-sam-and-esther-dolgoff flag.blackened.net/lpp/aboutlucy/ashbaugh_radical_wmn.html]

1938 - Vera Samoilovna Gassoh (Вера Самойловна Гассо́х; b. 1860), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) and later of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), dies in Paris. On April 3, 1889, she took part in the armed resistance during the Yakutsk tragedy (Якутская трагедия) aka Monastyrёvsky Riot (Монастырёвский бунт) [when a group of 33 exiled Jews and Russians were ambushed and attacked by the military. The exiles fought back but six of their number were killed and seven others wounded. The survivours were brought before a military court in Yakutsk and charged with rebellion. Three were sentenced to death and the others received prison sentences. One of the three, Lev Matveevich Kogan-Bernstein (Лев Матвеевич Коган-Бернштейн), was so badly injured that he was hung whilst still chained to his sick bed], for which she was sentenced to deprivation of property rights and life with hard labour, later commuted to 15 years hard labour. One of the founding members of the Paris Committee of the Political Red Cross (политическом Красном Кресте). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гассох,_Вера_Самойловна]

1945 - Shulamith Firestone (August 28, 2012), Canadian-American writer and radical 'second generation' feminist, born. She was a founding member of the New York Radical Women, Redstockings, and New York Radical Feminists and wrote 'The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution' (1970), a classic text in second-wave feminism in the United States. In the early seventies, she withdrew from politics, working as a painter and in the last decades of her life she battled schizophrenia, surviving on public assistance. On August 28, 2012, she was found dead in her New York apartment, probably having starved to death – though the New York City Medical Examiner's Office recorded her as having died from natural causes (no autopsy was conducted, by preference of her Orthodox Jewish family). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary]

[E1] 1949 - Althea Francois (d. 2009), African-American prisoner rights and community activist, and ex-Black Panther, born. She joined the Black Panther Party in New Orleans in 1970 as a community worker, later working as the Party's New Orleans health officer, raised funds for the breakfast programmes for school children and worked in the Sickle Cell Research Center. Later as a direct result of the high levels of imprisonment of Black Panthers at the time, Althea began supporting political prisoners and others in prison in Louisiana. In 2001, she became a member of the Prison Activists Resource Center's Advisory board and also co-founded the New Orleans Prison Organizing Resource Centre, being hired as its director in 2002. She was also one of Angola 3's earliest supporters, accompanying Robert King Wilkerson on his 2002 UK speaking tour, and remained a stalwart of the campaign up to her death in December 2009. [www.itsabouttimebpp.com/our_stories/Where_Are_They_Now/AltheaFrancois.html sfbayview.com/2010/03/remembering-althea-francois-beloved-louisiana-black-panther-prison-abolitionist-‘pillar-in-our-struggle’/ www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Memorials/htm/Althea_Francois.htm www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Memorials/htm/Join_us_in_Helping_to_send_Sister_Althea_on_her_journey_home.htm louisianajusticeinstitute.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/rest-in-peace-althea-francois.html]

1949 - Elin Matilda Elisabet Wägner (b. 1882), prolific Swedish writer, novelist, journalist, feminist pioneer, teacher, ecologist and pacifist, who in 1935 issued a call for a "women's unarmed insurrection against war" in '//Tidevarvet//', the Swedish weekly newspaper published by the Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund (Liberal Women's Federation), dies of cancer. [see: May 16]

[1973 - María Rodríguez (b. 1913), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, who was born to parents who were CNT militants [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0701.html]

1993 - Leah (Leila) Feldman, aka 'the Makhnovist Granny' (b. ca. 1899), Polish-English life-long adherent of anarchism, who had died a few days before, is cremated in her native East London - a true working class hero. [expand] [1994 also wrongly given as the year] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dr7tzs www.katesharpleylibrary.net/gmscch flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws93/leah39.html katesharpleylibrary.pbworks.com/w/page/66877419/Leah%20Feldman's%20photo%20album]

1998 - Queen Silver (b. 1910), US office worker, court reporter, "girl scientist", feminist, freethinker, and social activist and orator, dies. [see: Dec. 13] || "Tired of asking and begging, of being the plaything, the object of pleasure and our infamous exploiters and our vile husbands, we have decided to raise our voices in the society and demand, we say demand - that we take part in the pleasures of the banquet of life. Ni Dieu, Ni Patron, Ni Marido." "Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido" (No god, no boss, no husband) became the paper's motto. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer]
 * = 8 || [E] 1896 - The first issue of '//La Voz de la Mujer//' probably "The ONLY newspaper in America and perhaps the world to propagate our ideals, written by women and especially for them", is published, in Buenos Aires. Those involved include Virginia Bolten, Pepita Guerra, Teresa Marchiso, Josefa Martinez, Soledad Gustavo, Ana Lopez and Irma Ciminaghi. Ten issues appear until 10 March 1897.

1954 - Henrietta Karlovna Derman [Генрие́тта Ка́рловна Де́рман (ru.) / Henriete Matilde Dermane (lv.)] (nee Abel [Абеле (ru.) / Ābele (lv); b. 1882), Latvian librarian and one of the country's first revolutionaries, who spent the last 15 years of her life in Soviet gulags, dies shortly after her release from the Vorkuta gulag and her second stroke. [see: Aug. 20]

[B] 1996 - Carmen Conde Abellán, aka Florentina (b. 1907), Spanish teacher, narrative writer, poet, children's author, militant anarcha-feminist and Mujeres Libres member, dies. [see: Aug. 15]

2009 - Alison Colk, a 36-year-old mother of one, is found hanging in her cell at HMP Styal one day into a 28 day sentence for theft. She was not on suicide watch. || In 1874, Makarevich was sentenced to five years hard labour in 1874 for his activities and Anja, fearing possible arrest, fled Odessa, living underground in Kiev and later in Kharkov, often singing in public parks to earn a living. In Kiev she joined a Zemlya i Volya group engaged in armed resistance against the Tsarist regime as well as agitation in peasant communities, including participating in the failed 'Chigirinsky Plot' (Чигиринский заговор) in 1876. When her Zemlya i Volya comrades were arrested, she managed to escape and in April 1877 she fled Russia for Switzerland using someone else's passport. There she changed her name to Kuliscioff (Russian for a labourer) to avoid being traced by Tsarist spies and became involved in anarchist circles. She also met and became the partner of the Italian anarchist Andrea Costa, a turbulent relationship that lasted for five years of constant separation through imprisonment and exile. In Paris the following year she was arrested for her political activities but was released following the intervention of the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, who was fascinated by her beauty and personality, and deported from France, ending up in Italy. There she and Costa became active in the anarchist movement but was arrested in 1879 in Florence on charges of conspiracy against the institutions of the State. She spent thirteen month in prison before being acquitted at her trial, during which she was to describe herself as a revolutionary socialist. Whilst in prison this time round she also contracted tuberculosis. Ejected to Switzerland, they soon returned clandestinely to Italy where they were arrested in Milan in April 1880, where they had begun the publication of the '//Rivista Internazionale del Socialismo//'. In the 'Programma' of the paper, Kuliscioff had written for the first time about the need for women's involvement in the transformation of society towards socialism. Upon her release, she was escorted to the Swiss border and settled in Lugano until the following year, when she returned to Italy and was reunited with Andrea Costa in Imola. There she gave birth to her daughter Andreina in December 1881. Anna's relationship with Costa however had begun to break down due to his 'traditional' and repressive attitude to women, despite his avowed support for women's suffrage, etc.. Anna eventually left him, taking with her their infant daughter, in order to study medicine in Bern against Costa’s wishes. In Switzerland, she reacquaints herself with Russian socialist circles, meeting Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (Гео́ргий Валенти́нович Плеха́нов) and becomes involved in the Marxist Emancipation of Labour (Освобождение труда) group. In January 1884, her state of health forced her to transfer from the Faculty of Medicine in Bern to that in Naples, a move supported by the academic Arnaldo Cantani. Her arrival coincided with an outbreak of cholera, brought back from the Crimea by army veterans and which results in 3,500 deaths over a fifteen day period. She also met Errico Maltesta during this time whilst he was in hiding from the authorities. Despite her poverty, she graduated as a doctor of medicine in November 1886 (one of the first woman to do so in Italy), having taken additional courses in Turin and Pavia to complete her specialisation in obstetrics and gynaecology. Her doctorate dissertation was on the aetiology of puerperal fever, a major cause of postpartum deaths, and her research on its bacterial origin, conducted in Pavia in collaboration with the future Nobel laureate in medicine Camillo Golgi, opened the way to a discovery that would save the lives of millions of women whilst giving birth. To combat the academic ostracism that she was subject to in Naples (she was the first female graduate from its Faculty of Medicine), she moved to Turin for further studies in gynaecology. At this time, and having finally ended her relationship with Costa, she began a new one with the young lawyer socialist Filippo Turati, with whom she had begun corresponding at the suggestion of the prominent Italian feminist Anna Maria Mozzoni. Following another rejection, this time from the university medical clinic in Padua, she returned to Milan, where she opened a medical practice, caring for working women and the poor, working alongside the philanthropist Alexandrina Ravizza and earning herself the name "dottora dei poveri". In 1889, Anna and Turati founded the Lega Socialista Milanese, and two years later in 1891, they founded the socialist news magazine '//Critica Sociale//', of which Anna would become the editor. That same year she was forced to abandon her practice due to her ongoing ill health, as well as fulfilling a desire to devote herself to politics. On April 27, 1890, she made her first appearance on a public platform on the feminist question, speaking at the Circolo Filologico in Milan. The talk, entitled 'Monopolio dell'uomo' (The Monopoly of Man), which stressed the differences between her standpoint and those of Mozzoni and other early feminists, went into print immediately and swiftly became an influential feminist tract. Kuliscioff argued not only for women’s education and social equality, but for their political rights, for equal pay for women and protested against women’s exploitation by both their employers and their husbands, even arguing that women should be paid for housework as an occupation; ideas totally new in Italy at the time. In this she was showing her ardent support for August Bebel, who had introduced "the women's question" into Marxism, arguing that the working class and women were two subject peoples whose liberation would coincide. 'Monopolio dell'uomo' cemented Anna Kuliscioff's position as one of Italy’s leading feminists of the period and her views caused her to clash regularly with other leading Marxists and socialists of the period, including her partner Turati. Despite this, in 1892 Kuliscioff particiapted in the convention that resulted in the foundation of the Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani, the forerunner of the Partito Socialista Italiano. All this political activity inevitably attracted the attention of the State and on May 8, 1898 an armed group broke into her by now famous salon in the Portici Galleria, where the '//Critica Sociale//' was laid out and celebrities and 'lowly' workers rubbed shoulder and discussed the issues of the day, arresting her on charges of crimes of conscience and subversion. In December she was released during an amnesty, but Turati remained in prison a further year. Despite this arrest, she participated in the drafting of legislation on children's and women's work, the Legge Carcano, sponsored through parliament by the PSI in 1902. In 1911, together with the prominent syndicalist and feminist Maria Goia, Anna participated in the organisation of the Comitato Socialista per il Suffragio Semminile (Socialist Committee for Women's Suffrage). In January 1912, she also helped found the bimonthly magazine '//La Difesa delle Lavoratrici//' which she ran for two years until the advent of the war, which was to cause a falling out between her and the other editors. The same year, however, saw the introduction of the so-called legge di Giolitti, the Legge elettorale italiana del 1912, which widened universal male suffrage to all men over 30, even to those who were illiterate, and to men over 21 who had served in the army or had an elementary school education (increasing the electorate from 7% to 23% of the population), but continued to exclude women from the vote. The new law and her on-going ill health (down in large part to her earlier repeated spells in prison) plunged Anna into a period of despondency, during which her relationship with Filippo Turati, whom she had always been more radical than, ended. The advent of Fascism, which brought serious political and emotional difficulties for anti-fascists like her, also had the effect of further destabilising her self-belief. Anna Kuliscioff died on December 27, 1925, in Milan and was buried in the cemetery Chimitero Monumental di Milano. In anticipation of her funeral procession, large crowds had gathered under her window on the Piazza del Duomo, but the procession itself was disrupted, attacked by Fascisti thugs who destroyed the flowers and wreaths sent by well-wishers. As the historian Luigi Salvatorelli said at the time: "Fascism did far worse things, but perhaps nothing revealed more clearly its irrevocable moral repugnance." [* NB. There is some dispute over the exact year and it may have been ani between 1853 and 1857] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кулишёва,_Анна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Kuliscioff www.fondazioneannakuliscioff.it/anna_kuliscioff/chi_e/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kuliscioff-anna cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/annakuli.htm www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/anna-kuliscioff/ silkandmettle.com/sito_g000024.pdf it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_elettorale_italiana_del_1912]
 * = 9 || 1857* - [O.S. Dec. 28, 1856] Anna Kuliscioff or Kulischov, Kulisciov (Анна Кулишёва) (Anna Moiseyeva Rosenstein [Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн]; d. 1925), Russian Jewish revolutionary, prominent feminist, Bakunin-influenced anarchist, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant in Italy, is born into a wealthy and privileged Jewish merchant family. A natural scholar, she studied a number of foreign languages under private tuition before, in 1871, being sent to study engineering at the Zürich Polytechnic, where she also took courses in philosophy, Swiss universities being a prominent destination for the young Russian women who were denied the right to further education in the Empire. There, in a new-found environment of intellectual and political freedom, her nascent interest in political ideas developed after encountering narodnist and anarchist ideas. In 1873 Anja abandoned her studies and married the Russian revolutionary Pyotr Makarevich (Петра Макаревича), a member of Bakunin's circle. Forced to return to Russia following an order from the tsar, who feared the spread of revolutionary ideas from Switzerland via the Empires youth studying there, she and Makarevich joined the revolutionary movement, first in the Odessa group known as the Tchaikovsky Circle, or the Grand Propaganda Society (Чайковцы, Большое общество пропаганды) around Nikolai Vasilyevich Tchaikovsky (Никола́й Васи́льевич Чайко́вский) and Felix Vadimovich Volkhovsky (Феликс Вадимович Волховский), a populist (narodnist group based on the idead of Bakunin who pursued a "go to the people" ideology (and amongst whose members was Peter Kropotkin).

1874 - Helen Tufts Bailie (d. 1962), US anarchist, who was involved in the Modern School movement and outed the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1921 for maintaining lists of "doubtful speakers" which included individuals and organisations such as Mary Woolley, Jane Addams, William Allen White, The National Federation of Women's Clubs, and the American Peace Society, born. She served on Francisco Ferrer Association committee, producing a pamphlet on Ferrer; co-wrote 'The Background of Francisco Ferrer’s Assassination', with Hippolyte Havel and Leonard Abbott, for 'Man!' 1: 9-10 (Sept-Oct 1934) and 'Darling Daughter: A Satirical Novel' (1956) about the DAR blacklists and the 'Red Scare'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Tufts_Bailie infomotions.com/sandbox/liam/data/mnsss130.rdf]

[A] 1905 - Louise Michel (b. 1830), French anarchist, member of the 1871 Paris Commune and co-founder of the Women's Batallion, dies. Her funeral will be attended by 100,000 mourners.

1907 - The case against Emma Goldman from the Oct. 30, 1906 arrest is dismissed by the New York City grand jury.

1908 - Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (d. 1986), French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist, born. [expand] "A freedom that is interested only in denying freedom must be denied." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Sex www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/de-beauvoir/1976/interview.htm www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/review/Gray-t.html?pagewanted=all womenshistory.about.com/od/simonedebeauvoir/a/simone-de-beauvoir-second-wave.htm www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/review/Gray-t.html?pagewanted=all www.openculture.com/2013/05/simone_de_beauvoir_explains_why_im_a_feminist_in_a_rare_tv_interview_1975.html www.philosophytalk.org/community/blog/laura-maguire/2015/04/simone-de-beauvoir womenshistory.about.com/od/simonedebeauvoir/a/simone-de-beauvoir-second-wave.htm c4ss.org/content/38031 www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/de-beauvoir/ambiguity/ch02.htm]

1954 - Herminia Catalina Brumana (b. 1897), Argentinian teacher, writer, journalist, playwright, anarchist and feminist activist, dies. [see: Sep. 12]

[E] 1959 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum, K'iche indigenous activist, who has dedicated her life to publicising the rights of Guatemala's indigenous peoples and campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan armed forces, born. Her father, Vicente Menchú, was a member of the guerrilla movement Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (Guerrilla Army of the Poor) and died in 1980 during the Burning of the Spanish Embassy after being captured and tortured for his role in organising against abusive landowners. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta_Menchú]

2007 - Mary Stanley Low (b. 1912), Anglo-Australian Trotskyist and later anarchist, poet, Surrealist, linguist and classics teacher, dies. [see: May 14] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1001.html]
 * = 10 || [1894 - Emilia Pérez Pazos, aka 'Manchada' (d. 1960), libertarian anti-Francoist militant

[E] 1906 - The word ‘suffragette’ first appears in print today, in an article in the '//Daily Mail//' of all places!

1918 - [O.S. Dec. 28] Olga Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Ольга Спиридоновна Любатович), aka 'Shaeek' (Акула), Olga Doroshenko (Ольга Дорошенко), (Maria Svyatskaya) Мария Святская (d. 1917), Russian anarchist-influenced revolutionary, narodnitsa and member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), dies. [see: Jun. 29]

1947 - Afeni Shakur (Alice Faye Williams; d. 2016), African-American social activist, former Black Panther Party member and record company executive, who was best known as the mother of Tupac Shakur, born. In 1964 Alice Williams became involved in community politics and four years later joined the BPP. The same year she moved in with fellow Panther Lumumba Abdul Shakur, changing her name to Afeni Shakur. In April 1969 she was arrested in connection with the New York 21 Panthers case and accused of conspiracy to bomb police stations, the Bronx Botanical Gardens, a city commuter train and five department stores, as well as long-range rifle attack on two police stations and an education office in New York City. Heavily pregnant with Tupac, she eventually stood trial and was acquitted with the 12 other defendants on all charges on May 12, 1971. On June 16, 1971, Shakur gave birth to her son, whom she reportedly named Lesane Parish Crooks, but who she later renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur. She never returned to the Black Panther movement and drifted into drug addiction. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeni_Shakur www.thetalkingdrum.com/afeni.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_21 www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Chapter_History/pdf/New_York/New_York_21.pdf www.colorlines.com/articles/black-panther-alumns-pay-tribute-sister-mentor-comrade-leader-afeni-shakur www.wargs.com/other/shakur.html]

2009 - Julia Hermosilla Sagredo (b. 1916), Basque anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance movement, dies. [see: Apr. 1] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1001.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/juliahermosilla/juliahermosilla.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/julia-hermosilla-el-10-de-enero-de-2009.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/] www.onthisdeity.com/9th-july-1977-–%C2%A0the-death-of-alice-paul/]
 * = 11 || 1885 - Alice Paul (d. 1977), US suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist, and the main leader and strategist of the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote, born.

1911 - First Modern School, based on ideas of Francisco Ferrer, founded by a group including Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, New York City. Established in 1911, it was moved to Stelton, New Jersey, in 1914.

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: Beginning of the IWW-organised 'Bread & Roses' textile strike of 32,000 women and children at Lawrence, Massachusetts. The first to walk out were a group of Polish women who, upon collecting their pay, exclaimed that they had been cheated and promptly abandoned their looms. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1915 - Germaine Violette Nozière (d. 1966), notorious French parricide of a father who had raped her throughout her teenage years, born. The 18-year-old only daughter of an engine driver and a housewife who lived in a claustrophobic two-room apartment in the working-class 12th Arrondissement of Paris, the police, courts and press had suppressed the rape/incest evidence, instead trying the "the monster in petticoats" from a "respectable home" for the company she kept, "effete" morally questionable Latin Quarter students: "men with jackets of extremely narrow waist and coat-hanger shoulders, with Mexican-style trousers", as one Paris daily condemningly put it. "Violette Nozière will remain in our memories a sad and lovely ode to perversity", said a writer in 'Paris-Midi'. "She is the inverted muse of youth, the scarlet idol of a capsized world, the flower of evil of our age." Having given both parents a lethal dose of soménal (a sleeping pill) in their drinks (her mother did not drink all her's and survived), Violette was charged with attempted intentional killing her legal parents and the murder of her father. Found guilty of parricide on October 12, 1934, she was sentenced to death. An appeal is dismissed December 6, 1934, by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation but President Albert Lebrun commuted the death sentence against Violet, that of hard labour for life on December 24 following an appeal for clemency. Following the intervention of the Catholic Church (Violette having undergone a Catholic 'rebirth' in prison), Marshal Philippe Petain reduced her sentence to 12 years hard labour from the date of her imprisonment in 1933 by a decree on August 6, 1942. She was finally released on August 29, 1945. In 1953, André Breton became an advocate for her rehabilitaion under the law but it was not until a decade later (March 13, 1963) that she was officially rehabilitated andable to fully exercise her civil rights and have a blank criminal record again. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Nozière murderpedia.org/female.N/n/noziere-violette.htm]

1931 - Emma Goldman finishes her autobiography, '//Living My Life//'.

1933 - Sucesos de Casas Viejas: In Casas Viejas libertarian communism and common ownership of the land is declared, the town's archive and the property deeds are set on fire and its food store distributed. Early that morning María Silva Cruz, aka 'La Libertaria', and her friend Manuela Lago y Gallinito, both anarchist militants, march through the village with a red and black flag. The town's mayor is dismissed and, armed with shotguns and the odd handgun, the insurgents surround the Guardia Civil barracks, and its three guards and one sergeant are called upon to to surrender. When they refused, an exchange of gunshots erupts and the sergeant and one of the guards are seriously wounded. At 14:00, a team of twelve Guardia Civil under a Sergeant Anarte arrive in Casas Viejas, free their colleagues, who had been left behind in the barracks and take over the village. Three hours after that, a further batch of police reinforcements arrive under the command of Lieutenant Gregorio Fernández Artal: they comprise 4 Guardia Civil and 12 Guardias de Asalto. They promptly set about arresting those allegedly responsible for the attack on the civil guards barracks, two of whom after torture, point the finger at two sons and a son-in-law of Francisco Cruz Gutierrez, nicknamed Seisdedos (Six Fingers), a 70 year old charcoal maker and CNT member, who had sought refuge in his home, a mud-and-stone shack, alongside his family. On attempting to break down the door to Seisdedos’s home, one assault guard is shot dead on the doorstep and another is seriously wounded. An unsuccessful attempt to storm the shack is made at ten o’clock that night. Sometime after midnight, Captain Rojas ordered his men to open up on the shack with their rifles and machine-guns and later gave the order for it to be torched, killing all but one inhabitant. [see: Jan. 12] [www.fundacioncasasviejas1933.com.es/ historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Sucesos de Casas Viejas historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Las fotografías de los Sucesos de Casas Viejas es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Casas_Viejas ccec.revues.org/5527 www.diariodecadiz.es/article/provincia/1435748/medico/nos/dijo/han/quedado/tres/con/vida/dadles/tiro/gracia.html www.andalucia.cc/adn/1296nar.htm www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article490 www.nodo50.org/forumperlamemoria/?11-Enero-1933-Ocurrio-en-Casas comprenderelayer.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/la-matanza-de-casas-viejas/ www.infocadiz.com/Rivadavia/CasasViejas/welcome.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1934/05/25/001.html]

[E] 1933 - Maria Isidine, aka Maria Goldsmith or Maria Korn (Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith [Гольдсмит Мария Исидоровна]; b. 1871), Russian Jew, Socialist-Revolutionary, anarchist militant and biologist (animal psychology) at the Sorbonne préparatrice zoology laboratory, commits suicide following the death of her mother. [see: Jul. 31]

1980 - Celia Sánchez Manduley (Celia Esther de los Desamparados Sánchez Manduley; b. 1920), Cuban revolutionary fighter, politician, researcher and archivist of the Revolution, dies of lung cancer. [see: May 8]

2006 - Maria Rosa Alorda Gràcia (b. 1918), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

2007 - Yael Langella (Yael Sylvie Langella-Klépov; b. 1953), French-Catalan polyglot teacher writer, poet, translator, photographer and libertarian activist, dies. [see: Oct. 11] ||
 * = 12 || 1875 - Jenny d'Héricourt (Jeanne-Marie-Fabienne Poinsard; b. 1809), French novelist, feminist activist, revolutionary, and physician-midwife, who founded the Société pour l'Émancipation des Femmes in 1848, dies. [see: Sep. 10]

[EE] 1881 - Mary Eleanor Gawthorpe (d. 1973) British teacher, suffragette, socialist, trade unionist and co-editor of the radical periodical, '//The Freewoman:A Weekly Feminist Review//' (1911-12), born. Disillusioned with the Nation Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the Women's Labour League, Mary joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in October 1905. The following year she gave up teaching and became the full-time organiser of the WSPU in Leeds and one of the Union's main speakers. Imprisoned on several occasions for her political activities, Gawthorpe was also badly beaten, suffering serious internal injuries after heckling Winston Churchill in 1909. In January 1910 on Polling Day in Southport, Gawthorpe and her fellow suffragettes Dora Marsden and Mabel Capper were the subject of a violent assault whilst demonstrating at the polling booths. Gawthorpe emigrated to New York in 1916 and was active in the American suffrage movement and later in the Trade Union movement, becoming an official of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union. In 1962 Mary Gawthorpe published '//Up Hill to Holloway//', the story of her life up to her release from prison in November 1906. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe spartacus-educational.com/Wgawthorpe.htm]

1902 - María Mateo Bruna (d. 1992), Spanish anarchist and Moviment Llibertari Espanyol militant, born. On July 19, 1936, she participated in the construction of barricades in the Gracia district of Barcelona, resupplying the fighters and taking care of the wounded. She later worker in the popular collectivsed bars and cafés. After the war she settled in France with her partner and poet, Miguel Alba Lozano, who contributed to the anarchist periodical '//Cenit//' (1991-96). Her brother Blas was also an anarchist militant. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/mateobruna/mateobruna.html]

1942 - Bernardine Dohrn (Bernardine Rae Ohrnstein), US associate professor of law and former prominent activist in the Weather Underground, who spent time on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list for her WUO activities, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn www.aivit.org/bernardine-dohrn/ www.pbs.org/independentlens/weatherunderground/today.html]

1944 - Inge Viett, German author and former member of Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) and the second generation Rote Armee Fraktion, born. [expand]

[E] 1958 - Rita Algranati aka 'compagna Marzia', Italian former member of the Brigate Rosse, who became a fugitive in 1985 following her being handed a life sentence for her involvement in the Aldo Moro kidnapping, born. [/it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Algranati] ||
 * = 13 || 1844 - [N.S. Jan. 25] Yekaterína Bréshko-Breshkóvsky [Екатери́на Бре́шко-Брешко́вская] (Yekaterína Konstantínovna Verigo [Екатери́на Константи́новна Вериго]; d. 1934), Russian activist in the revolutionary movement and teacher, who was one of the founders and leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Fighting Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. [see: Jan. 25]

1886 - [O.S. Jan. 1] Evstolia Pavlovna Rogozinnikova aka 'Little Bear' (Евстолия Павловна Рогозинникова 'Медвежонок'; d. 1907), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), born. She took part in plotting the assassination attempt on Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столыпин) in July 1907. Killed the Head of Prison Administration Alexander Mikhailovich Maximovsky (Александр Михайлович Максимовский) on Oct. 28 [15], 1907. Tried the following day and executed in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Рогозинникова,_Евстолия_Павловна argumenti.ru/history/n364/212582]

1909 - Emma Goldman lectures on 'The Dissolution of Our Institutions' in San Francisco, California, followed by a statement by William Buwalda, a soldier court-martialed last year and recently pardoned by President Roosevelt. This event actually takes place without police interference.

1921 - Dachine Rainer (Sylvia Newman; d. 2000), US Anglophile writer, poet, essayist, anarchist and pacifist, born. As a child was radicalised following the executions in 1927 of the Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, and her readings of Tolstoy and Kropotkin. Her penname is derived from Rainer Maria Rilke, whose political and humanitarian writings she admired. From 1946 until 1960, Dachine Rainer edited the quarterly anarchist magazine '//Retort//', which was hand-set and hand-printed by herself and her partner, the anarchist and short story writer Holley Cantine. Amongst her works are novellas and novels, including '//Outside Time//' (1948), '//A Room at the Inn//' (1958), '//The Uncomfortable Inn//' (1960) and '//Giornale de Venezia//' (1996). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachine_Rainer www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/1354485/Dachine-Rainer.html]

[E] 1925 - Anna Maria Pietroni (d. 1974), Italian anarchist activist, born. From a family of anarchists (her father was a comrade of Malatesta and her brother Manilo was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment by a special court in 1940 for anarchist activities. She took part in the anti-fascist resistance as a messenger of the Maquis but later left the Communist Party and returned to anarchism, working on the weekly '//Umanità Nova//'. Active in the post-Piazza Fontana bombing [see: Dec. 12] support campaigns for Valpreda and other arrested anarchists, and that for poet and anarchist militant Giovanni Marini. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1301.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Maria_Pietroni www.ephemanar.net/janvier13.html#pietroni plus.google.com/photos/109915495419504304431/album/6007303516374561409/6007303524434730690]

1928 - Mara Buneva (Мара Бунева; b. 1901 or 02), Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary, member of the IMRO, who is famed for the assassination of a Serbian official Velimir Prelić after which she committed suicide, born. She followed her brother Boris into the ranks of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya [Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация](bg) / Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija [Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација](mk)) and, on the direct order of the leader of the IMRO, Ivan Mihaylov (Иван Михайлов), she was trained in Sofia to take on future terrorist actions. In 1927 she went back to Yugoslavia and opened a shop in Skopje as part of her conspiratorial mission. There she managed to acquaint herself with Velimir Prelić, the legal adviser of the Serbian governor of the Skopje district, who was known for ordering arrests and tortures of young local students, members of Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization [Македонска младежка тайна революционна организация (bg) /: Македонска младинска тајна револуционерна организација (mk)], many of whom were sentenced to long terms in prison in December 1927. As result IMRO ordered the execution of Prelić. At the appointed time on January 13, 1928, Buneva intercepted him on his way to lunch and shot the official after which she shot herself. Prelić hung on tol ife for a few days but ultimately succumbed to his wound. Buneva was buried in an unmarked grave [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Buneva bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мара_Бунева www.mkd.mk/kolumni/mara-buneva-makedonski-revolucioner pomnimli.wordpress.com/2012/09/16/защото-обичам-отечеството-си-мара-бу/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Youth_Secret_Revolutionary_Organization] ||
 * = 14 || 1909 - Ben Reitman and Emma Goldman arrested on charges of conspiracy against the US government.

[C] 1914 - Emmy Eugenie Andriesse (d. 1953), Dutch photographer and resistance fighter, who was part of the De Ondergedoken Camera (The Underground Camera) group that documented the Nazi Occupation, born. Emmy Andriesse was the only child of liberal Jewish parents, who both worked in the textile/fashion industries. At fifteen, she lost her mother and, since her father was an international representative and often travelled abroad, she was raised by several aunts. The aunts, all independent career women, inspired Emmy in her early interest in women's and leftist political ideas. After high school she studied advertising design at the Academy of Fine Arts in The Hague with its radical curriculum based on non-authoritarian teaching methods and functionalist ideas about the fair use of materials and the application of contemporary techniques, including photography and film. Although initially enrolled to train as a graphic designer, from her second year she focused almost exclusively on photography, gaining the nickname 'Emma Leica' - though her preferred camera would soon become the Rolleiflex that she and many other Ondergedoken Camera network members would use during the War. At the academy Emmy belonged to the group of students gathered around the left-wing designer Paul Schuitem, some of who lived together in a 'community centre' in Voorburg. The residents maintained close contacts with various anti-fascist and communist organisations, such as the Holland Section of International Red Aid and Nederland-Nieuw Rusland [Netherlands-New Russia, a pro-Soviet Union but anti-Dutch CP grouping]. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Emmy became involved in the Spaanse Burgeroorlog (Help to Spain) committee and established contact with the Bond van Kunstenaars voor Kulturele Rechten (Union of Artists for Cultural Rights), a grouping composed of various anti-fascist artists organisations. Through the latter she met a number of socially committed Nieuwe Fotografie reportage photographers based in Amsterdam, such as Eva Besnyö, Cas Oorthuys and Carel Blazer, who would all go on to be involved with her in De Ondergedoken Camera. Following the showing of Emmy Andriesse's first major series of reportage photos, '//In de Jordaan//' (In Jordaan [the Amsterdam neighbourhood]), at the Photo '37 international exhibition in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam and her graduation, she settled in Amsterdam, where she worked as a freelance photographer for various newspapers and magazines, including the journal of the Social Democratic Party '//Wij, Ons Werk, Ons Leven//' (We, Our Work, Our Lives). Her photographs for the latter were very much in the Nieuwe Fotografie (New Photography) style, displaying a strong attention to detail (portraying what the eye actually sees rather than previous more 'painterly' images photographers made), utilising surprising camera angles, close-ups, the repetition of shapes and patterns, as well as displaying the movement's penchant for diagonal structure in their documentary photographs of working class lives in cities and villages, machinery, landscape, etc. In 1941 Emmy married with the artist and graphic designer Dick Elffers, with whom she had two sons, Cas and Joost, the eldest of whom, Cas, drowned on holiday in 1945 died at the age of two. During the German occupation, as the daughter of Jewish parents she could not work and had to go into hiding until, in 1944, her anthropologist friend Arie de Froe arranged a forged Aryan declaration for her and she could rejoin the public life. She immediately joined the clandestine resistance being carried out by her fellow Dutch photographers, which became known after the war as De Ondergedoken Camera group. The images such as '//Jongen met pannetje//' (Boy with pan), '//De doodgraver//' (The gravedigger) and '//Kinderen op Kattenburg//' (Children on Kattenburg) that she captured during the horrific conditions of the Hongerwinter (hunger winter) of 1944-45 in Amsterdam would become iconic, not just as representatives of her work but the whole of the Ondergedoken Camera output. After the war, she continued to photograph the cities and landscapes of the Netherlands and its peoples, producing the well-known '//Amsterdam, its beauty and character//' (1949), as well as producing the series of portraits of French, Belgian and Swiss sculptors and painters taken in their studios (1947-51), a commission by the Stedelijk Museum, and the '//De Wereld van Van Gogh//' (The World of Van Gogh; 1951) photos she took in Provence, and contributing to the '//Family of Man//' exhibition at the New York Museum of Modern Art in 1955. She was also a member of the Vereniging van Beoefenaars van Gebonden Kunsten (Association of Practitioners of Bound Arts), founded in the immediate post-liberation period, taking part in the 'Photo '48' group show and, along with Blazer, Besnyö and Oorthuys, the '//Photographie//' exhibition, both held in Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum. She also worked as a fashion photographer and her photos of fabrics, fashion design and clothing appeared in many fashion and women's magazines, and brochures around the world. Shortly after finishing the '//De Wereld van Van Gogh//' commission she became seriously ill and died on February 20, 1953, after a long battle with cancer aged just 39 years of age. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Andriesse nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Andriesse nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Ondergedoken_Camera resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn4/andriesse sites.google.com/site/bintphotobooks/emmyandriesse(1914-1953)]

1918 - Emma Goldman is fined and sentenced to 2 years in prison for obstruction of justice (opposing the draft). Raised in America, but born in Lithuania, the young anarchist feminist will soon be deported from the Land of the Free.

1918 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (d. 2011), Catalan anti-fascist militant, cenetista, secretary of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL), National Committee member and Treasurer of SIA, born. [expand][NB: d.o.b. also given as 19th] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Laviña_Carreras www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1401.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/lavinya/rosalavinya.pdf losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4088 www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=4048 www.casimages.com/f_get.php?f=120114093203493707.pdf memoriarepressiofranquista.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html anarquismo.jimdo.com/anarquistas-kr-lo/ alacantobrer.wordpress.com/2012/03/06/enero/ ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/ojs/index.php/lusohispanic/article/view/3256/1472 www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/17-31964-2014-04-20.html]

1938 - Ethel Mannin and Emma Goldman speak on '//The Betrayal of the Spanish Peopl//e' at a CNT-FAI program in London; the audience turns against the Communists when they attempt to break up the meeting.

[E] 1945 - Cathy Wilkerson (Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson), US radical member of the Students for a Democratic Society and later of the Weather Underground, who survived the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion alongside Kathy Boudin and spent seven years on the run, born into a comfortable haute bourgeois family. In her first year at the elite Swathmore College, Wilkerson first became involved in politics in April, 1962 with a civil rights group, organising anti-segregation work in Cambridge, Maryland. She also soon became involved in the SDS and writing political tracts, such as the SDS pamphlet '//Rats, Washtubs, and Block Organizations//' (1964). In November 1963, she was one of 57 students (members of the Swarthmore Political Action Club, SDS members and local Blacks) arrested whilst leafleting and picketing outside a dangerously decrepit and overcrowded black school in Chester, Connecticut. The pickets (Nov. 4-14) proved successful, with the city authorities caving in to all the campaign's demands. The charges against all the demonstrators were also dropped. Following her graduation in June 1966, she spent summer and working for the liberal Democrat Representative for Wisconsin, Robert Kastenmeier, and that December began working in the SDS national office in Chicago. Wilkinson also spent eight months editing the SDS newsletter, '//New Left Notes//', as well as being voted on to the group's National Interim Council in July 1967, one of only three women in major organisational roles at the time. That September, she was given $200 to establish a regional office in Washington, moving there and living in a commune. Shortly after, she went to Cambodia with Jeffrey Jones and Steve Halliwell as SDS representatives at a meeting organised with the Vietnamese National Liberation Front, writing a number of articles about her experiences there and the war generally. At the same time she was active in helping set up and running the Washington Draft Resistance Union group (as its director). On August 25, 1968, Cathy was arrested in Chicago the day before the Democratic National Convention opened and charged with disorderly conduct and posting flyers on private property without the owners' permission. These charges were later dismissed by a judge. Her participation in the SDS's campus demonstrations led to another arrest, this time the invasion and takeover of Maury Hall at George Washington University in Washington, DC. on April 23, 1969, resulting in charges of unlawful entry and destroying property. That June, Wilkerson aligned herself with the Weatherman [soon the become more commonly referred to as the Weathermen] faction, which had emerged as the dominant grouping within the SDS during its national convention in Chicago. She is then alleged to have travelled to Cuba [having previously visited shortly after graduating from college] with 30 other Weatherman members to meet with North Vietnamese representatives, who are said to have requested armed political action in order to halt the US government's war in Vietnam. Other Weatherman activities included their high school 'jailbreaks', where they leafleted and entered high schools to address the students with the aim of recruiting for the forthcoming 'Days of Rage', planned for October 8–11, 1969. On September 4, Wilkerson was part of a group of Weatherwomen that marched on the mostly white, working-class South Hills High School in Pittsburgh. Carrying a Vietcong flag, they handed out leaflets during the lunch break, whilst another group interrupted a history lesson to decry the curriculum. Some students joined the protesters as they left but the intervention of a group of local construction workers led to a physical confrontation. When the police arrived, Wilkerson was one of 26 people arrested and charged with riot, inciting a riot and disorderly conduct. On October 9, 1969, during the Days of Rage actions, Wilkerson was arrested for attacking a Chicago policeman with a club., when she and about 70 other members of the group's 'women's militia' gathered in Grant Park and set off for a nearby armed forces induction centre with the avowed intention to destroying it. This time she was charged with mob action, aggravated battery, and resisting arrest, and after spending two and half weeks in jail, she was released on bail. Having taken part in the Weather Underground Organization's 'War Council' in Flint, Michigan in December [27-31] 1969, she was sent to Seattle, Washington to join a local collective there. Days later she was in NYC. During the Flint War Council it had been decided that the WU, whose collectives were facing increased police attention, should go underground and pursue a campaign of guerrilla warfare in its ongoing fight against the US government. The Weathermen collective in New York had already taken this decision on board when Wilkerson arrived, with a series of firebombings including the February 21, 1970, early morning Molotov cocktail attack on the home of New York State Supreme Court Justice Murtagh, who at the time was presiding over the 'Panther 21' trial. Dissatisfied by the outcome of this and other fire bombings (including on the Columbia University's International Law Library, the group had decided to abandon the use of Molotovs and on Army and Navy recruiting booths close to the Brooklyn College campus in Brooklyn), despite a total lack of knowledge of the theory and practice in the use of explosives, switch to dynamite, something that would all too soon prove to be a disastrous mistake. The location selected for the setting up of their bomb factory was the basement in Wilkerson's father's townhouse at 18 West 11th Street and for their first targets they decided upon a Non-Commissioned Officers’ dance at the Fort Dix U.S. Army base and the Butler Library at Columbia University. Given their lack of expertise, they chose a simple design for their nailbombs: a battery, a fuse, a clock, and wires to connect these elements to dynamite and roofing nails packed into a one-foot length of water pipe. No safety devices were included in the design. Shortly before 12:00 on Friday, March 6, 1970, Cathy Wilkerson and Kathy Boudin asleep in the front of the house, Ted Gold and a number of other people were elsewhere in the house.

"Downstairs, bent over the workbench, Terry Robbins, twenty-one, a Kenyon College dropout, and Diana Oughton, twenty-eight, a 1963 Bryn Mawr graduate and Peace Corps veteran, were at work fastening some doorbell wire from a cheap dimestore alarm clock through a small battery to a blasting cap set in a bundle of dynamite. Near them, on the floor and on open shelves, were more alarm clocks and batteries, additional wire, perhaps a hundred other sticks of dynamite, a number of already constructed pipe bombs and "antipersonnel" explosives studded with roofing nails, and several more blasting caps. A few minutes before twelve o'clock, one of the wires from the bomb they were assembling was attached in the wrong place, completing the electrical circuit. Out through the back garden, with its pebbled walks and rococo fountain, at least three people stumbled, coughing and partially blinded, then made their way over the walls into adjoining gardens; they immediately disappeared and were never identified. In the front of the house, Wilkerson, dressed only in a pair of blue jeans, and Boudin, naked, scrambled through the rubble and out of a front window, faces covered with dust, glass cuts on their bodies, dazed and trembling but apparently composed. Two passers-by helped the women out and Ann Hoffman — who lived in an apartment right next door to the Wilkerson house and whose husband, the actor Dustin Hoffman, had ironically become a symbol of youthful discontent through his recent movie, '//The Graduate//' — grabbed a curtain blown from the windows to cover the naked Boudin. Susan Wager, the former wife of actor Henry Fonda who lived a few doors down the block, ran up and helped pull the women away as more flames licked up the front wall and a part of it crumbled and collapsed; she quickly guided the two women to her own house, showed them the upstairs bathroom where they could wash and mend themselves, grabbed a few old clothes and dropped them outside the bathroom door, then returned to the burning house to see if anything more could be done. Behind her, Wilkerson and Boudin, hardly waiting to get clean, quickly put on the clothes and left the house, telling the housekeeper they were only going to the drugstore for some medicine; they, too, vanished without a trace and have never been seen in public again. Inside the demolished house, three people lay dead. Ted Gold's body, recovered late that night, was crushed and mangled under the century-old beams, a victim of what the coroner called "asphyxia from compression". In the basement the torso of Diana Oughton was found four days later, without head or hands, riddled with roofing nails, every bone in it broken, and it was not until seven more days that she was identified, through a print taken from the severed tip of a right-hand little finger found nearby. The body of Terry Robbins was so thoroughly blown apart that there was not even enough of him left for a formal identification, and his identity was learned only through the subsequent messages of his companions." [Kirkpatrick Sale - '//SDS: The Rise And Development Of The Students For A Democratic Society//', 1973]

Wilkerson and Boudin stayed overnight at Boudin's parents' house a few blocks away on St. Luke's Place before they both went underground. Both women were charged in absentia with illegal possession of dynamite and criminally negligent homicide and on June 23, 1970, Wilkerson and twelve other members of Weather Underground Organization were indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring to bomb and kill. The FBI later placed the thirteen on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Wilkerson succeeded in avoiding capture for a decade, during which time she gave birth in California to her daughter Bess. Wilkerson surrendered in July 1980 and was tried and convicted of illegal possession of dynamite and sentenced to three years in prison. She was released on a sentencing technicality after serving 11 months, a decision that received widespread criticism. She went on the spend the following decades teaching mathematics in high schools and adult education programs, and in 2010 had a book, '//Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman//', published. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society archive.org/stream/SdsTheRiseAndDevelopmentOfTheStudentsForADemocraticSociety/sds_djvu.txt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Rage en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks chiseler.org/post/23950619005/stormy-weather-underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion]

1977 - Anaïs Nin (Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell; b. 1903), American author and diarist, who frequented anarchist circles and was involved in a long intellectual and sexual relationship with Henry Miller at the Villa Seurat in Paris, dies. [see: Feb. 21]

1994 - Federica Montseny (b. 1905), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anarcha-feminist, poet and Minister of Health during the Civil War, dies. The daughter of Catalan libertarian activists and educators Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé), who also co-edited the anarchists journal, '//La Revista Blanca//' (1898-1905), she joined the CNT at seventeen years old. She wrote for anarchist journals such as '//Solidaridad Obrera//', '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Nueva Senda//', and published her first novel under the name 'Blanca Montsan' in the series '//La Novela Roja//'. In 1923 she urged her parents to relaunch '//La Revista Blanca//', which led to the family to establishing in the publishing firm Ediciones de La Revista Blanca, specialising in promoting libertarian ideals throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Federica Montseny participated as an editor of the serials '//La Novela Ideal//' and '//La Novela Libre//', writing many of the novels herself. The 'Novela Ideal' had a weekly edition of 50,000 issues and the 'Novela Libre' a monthly publication of 64 pages, 20,000 issues. [see: Feb. 12] || The first major Russian female mathematician, she was responsible for important original contributions to analysis, partial differential equations and mechanics. She was also the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe and was one of the first women to work for a scientific journal as an editor. Sophia organised a sham marriage with a young palaeontology student Vladimir Kovalevsky, who would later become famous for his collaboration with Charles Darwin, in order to gain the permission to study abroad that her father had denied her. Sympathetic to utopian socialist and anarchist ideas, absorbed in part from her sister Anna, in 1871 she travelled to Paris together with her husband in order to attend to the injured from the Paris Commune. Kovalevskaya also helped save Victor Jaclard, her sister's husband. Author of the partly autobiographical novel '//The Woman Nihilist//' (Нигилистка; 1884) and the memoir '//Memories of Childhood//' (Воспоминания детства; 1890). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaïa ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ковалевская,_Софья_Васильевна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Sophia_Kovalevskaya.htm www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Kovalevskaya.html]
 * = 15 || 1850 - [O.S. Jan. 3] Sofia Kovalevskaya [Со́фья Ковале́вская] (Sofia Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Со́фья Васи́льевна Корвин-Круковская]; d. 1891), Russian mathematician, engineer and Narodnik (народники), whose sister was the socialist and feminist Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya), born.

[E] 1919 - Rosa Luxemburg (b. 1871), German philosopher, economist, anti-militarist and revolutionist, is captured along with Karl Liebknecht by the Freikorps' Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision. They are brutally questioned by Captain Waldemar Pabst and Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung. Luxemburg is beaten with a rifle butt by soldier Otto Runge, then shot in the head, either by Lieutenant Kurt Vogel or Lieutenant Hermann Souchon. Her body is then flung into Berlin's Landwehr Canal. In the Tiergarten Karl Liebknecht is later shot and his body, without a name, taken to a morgue. It is not until June 1, 1919, that Luxemburg's corpse is found and identified. [see: Mar. 5] [www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv5n1/luxembrg.htm]

1937 - Emma Goldman and Ethel Mannin address a public meeting on '//The Spanish Revolution and the CNT-FAI//' held in London and chaired by Fenner Brockway of the Independent Labour Party. It was one of the many meetings that Goldman made as propagandist of the Spanish Revolution, always in contact with the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and Federación Anarquista Ibérica. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1801.html]

1944 - Zina Portnova (Zinaida Martynovna Portnova [Зина Портнова / Зинаида Мартыновна Портнова]; b. 1926), Russian teenager and Soviet partisan, born. She was on school holiday at her grandmothers house in the Vitebsk region when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, is either killed during torture or is taken into the woods and shot after being tortured and blinded. [see: Feb. 20]

1965 - Andrea Wolf aka Ronahî (d. 1998), German radical leftist activist and PKK militant, born. Her first involvment with the radical German left was via squatting at the beginning of the 1980s, and she and her brother Tom joined Freizeit 81. Both were arrested and sentenced to 18 months in prison for an arson attacks on a branch of Dresdner Bank, not her first arrest or time in custody. In November 1984, Tom Wolf died in a fall from a window, a suspected act of suicide. Andrea continued her autonomous activism in Munich via anti-fascist and anti-globalisation protests and those against the planned Wackersdorf nuclear reprocessing plant. Other activities included support for the hunger strike by female prisoners in Berlin in the summer of 1987; arrest in September 1987 and two months on remand after being linked to a bombing campaign, after which Wolf joined the autonomous group Kein Friede; support for the Rote Armee Fraktion hungerstrikers; protests against the World Economic Summit in Munich in 1992; as well as travel to El Salvador, the US and Guatemala. After being linked to the RAF bomb attack on the JVA Weiterstadt on March 27, 1993, rumours of her being linked to the secret service and the issuing of an arrest warrent for her in the summer of 1995, she went underground and at the end of 1996 she fled to Kurdistan and joined the PKK. After spending a few weeks with cadres of PKK, she joined the ARGK (Artesa Rizgariya gels Kurdistan / People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan) as a member of an all-woman YAJK (Yeketiya Azadiya jinen Kurdistan / Free Women's Union of Kurdistan). There she received military training, fighting against the Kurdish peshmerga of the Partiya Demokrata Kurdistanê and later against the Turkish army. It is believed that on October 23, 1998 Andrea Wolf was captured in a clash with the Turkish army and killed by an officer, her body dumped in a mass grave with 40 other Kurdish fighters. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Wolf ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/6/turkey3263.htm hgmsblog.weebly.com/blog/remembering-ronahi-remembering-internationalism]

2008 - In Àvila, Castella the first and only issue of '//Acratela//', the publication of the Àvila anarcha-feminist collective of the same name. The articles on Anarcha-Feminism, the history of libertarian women, sexist language, education, biographies, poetry, comics, etc. were all published under pseudonyms.

2014 - Carmen Bruna (born Bruna Carmen Zucarelli; b. 1928), Argentinian poet, Surrealist, physician and anarchist agitator, dies. [see: Jul. 16] [surrint.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/carmen-bruna.html] || She visited Haymarket anarchists in prison during her 1886 lecture tour of the US. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Marx spartacus-educational.com/Wmarx.htm www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/]
 * = 16 || 1855 - Eleanor Marx, aka 'Tussy' (Jenny Julia Eleanor Marx; d. 1898), English socialist activist and member of Socialist League in Britain, who was Karl Marx’s youngest daughter, born.

1880 - Paulette Brupbacher (d. 1967), Swiss physician, militant feminist, anarchist, author and member of the central committee of International Workers' Aid, is born in Pinsk, in what is now Belarus. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/brupbacher/brupbacher.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette_Brupbacher]

1908 - Marie Anastasie Vincentine Krysinska (d. 1857), Polish-born French poet, innovator of free verse, musician, femme chansonnier, composer, and novelist of the decadent and symbolist period, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

[EE] 1915 - Virginia Gervasini, aka 'Sonia' and 'Marta' (d. 1993), Italian seamstress, Trotskyist revolutionary, anti-fascist, miliciana and Résistance fighter, born. Together with her father, the anarchist cabinetmaker Carlo Emilio Gervasini, she was exiled in France in 1924. There she was a regular attendee along side her father of anarchist social events but, around the age of eighteen, she became a Trotskyist in the Gruppo di Unità Comunista and formed a long-term relationship with fellow Trotskyist Nicola Di Bartolomeo aka 'Fosco'. In 1934, they helped found the dissident Trotskyist group around the paper 'La Nostra Parola' (Our Word). In April 1936, the couple took refuge in Barccelona where they and some German comrades were arrested by the Spanish police. Her release was secured through the intervention of POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), following which she helped found the Comité Unico Internacional de los Refugiados Antifascistas (CUIRA) together with fellow Italian anti-fascist Giuseppe Capizzi (killed in the fighting in Siétamo, Huesca, on August 1, 1936) and the Italian anarchist Duilio Balduini (who had fought on the barricades in Berlin along side the Spartacists in 1919 and joined the ranks of POUM's Lenin column). With the fascist revolt in July 1936, she was immediately caught up in the fighting and was amongst the revolutionaries seizing the Hôtel Falcó. In August, Virginia enrolled in POUM's Columna Internacional 'Lenin', formed from the ranks of CUIRA, and took on the job of registering foreign volunteers coming to fight in the POUM ranks. Virginia also began working as an announcer for the Italian and French-language broadcasts of Radio POUM. However, sectarian fighting within the ranks of the French Trotskyists led to Fosco's expulsion from the party and their pair forming the independent group, 'Le Soviet'. She also became responsible for the typing and publication of its self-titled bulletin (Jan. 1937 - Jan. 1938). Virginia and Fosco remained active within POUM ranks, taking part in the 'May Days' events, but in January 1938, having been warned by the Italian republican leader Mario Angeloni of Fosco's imminent arrest by the Stalinists, the couple left for France. There they joined the Parti Communiste Internationaliste and were active in various Troskyist entrist adventures. In July 1939 Virginia and Fosco travelled to Brussels and London, but upon their return to Paris a month later they were overtaken by the outbreak of war. Fosco's attempt to escape via Belgium was thwarted when he was arrested at the border. Interned in the concentration camp of Vernet-sur-l’Ariège that October, her was eventually handed over to the Italian Fascist police in the summer of 1940. Following the fall of Paris, Virginia ended up in the south of France, joining the Résistance in Toulouse and in whose ranks she fought until the war's end. She returned to Italy, settling in Palermo and opening up a tailoring workshop there. In 1976 she received a gold medal for her activity as an anti-Fascist militant in Spain, refusing to shake the hand of the former Stalinist agent Vittorio Vidali aka 'Carlos Contreras', a member of the presentation team. Virginia Gervasini died in Varese on November 6, 1993. [www.radiomaremmarossa.it/?page_id=7167 www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol5/no4/casciola5.html]

1943 - Ulyana Mateevna Gromova (Улья́на Матве́евна Гро́мова; b.1924), Ukranian leader of the underground Komsomol partisan group the 'Young Guards', is executed and thrown into a mine after days of Gestapo torture. [see: Jan. 3]

[E] 1947 - Sara Jane Olson (Kathleen Ann Soliah), US member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was allegedly involved in the 1975 robbery of the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California and an attempted bombing of a Los Angeles Police Department patrol car and spent 23 years living clandestinely, born. From a conservative Lutheran family, Soliah had a typical middle-American upbringing and even volunteered on Richard Nixon's presidential campaign in 1968. However, like many Nixon-era students, she was radicalised during her time at university and after graduating from the University of California-Santa Barbara she moved to Berkeley in 1972. There she met aspiring actress Angela Atwood, and through her members of the Symbionese Liberation Army. However, Soliah and her partner James Kilgore did not join the SLA at the time. When Atwood was killed during the May 17, 1974 police raid on the SLA safehouse in Los Angeles, she and her siblings Steve and Josephine, both SLA sympathiser, organised a series of memorial rallies including a rally in Berkeley's Willard Park where Kathleen made an impassioned speech in support of the SLA and her friend 'Gelina' (Angela Atwood), stating: "SLA soldiers - I know it is not necessary to say; but keep on fighting. I'm with you and we are with you!" Shortly after, Soliah was visited at the bookshop where she worked by the then underground and on-the-run SLA member Emily Harris and agreed to help hide and support the SLA, sourcing the birth certificates of dead infants in order to secure fake IDs and providing supplies for their San Francisco safehouse. Soliah later joined their ranks, allegedly taking part in the April 21, 1975 robbery of the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California (during which 42-year-old mother of four Myrna Opsahl was shot and killed) and the planting of two pipebombs on August 21 that year under LAPD police cars, both of which failed to detonate. Soliah was linked by police to both crimes and was indicted in absentia in connection with the pipebombs in February 1976. She then disappeared off the federal authoties' radar for the next 23 years. She moved to Minnesota and, having assumed the name Sara Jane Olson, married a doctor, had three children and lived a normal bourgeoise existence - throwing lavish parties, appearing in local productions of Shakespeare and becoming a community activist. At the same time, via a San Francisco reporter, she made contact with the FBI in an attempt to discuss terms for her surrender. Then around the the date of the 25th anniversary of the California bank shooting, she was profiled on two episode of 'America's Most Wanted' TV programme in March and May 1999. On June 16, 1999, she was pulled over by the police whilst driving her camper van and arrested. She was charged with conspiracy to commit murder, possession of explosives, explosion, and attempt to ignite an explosive with intent to murder. Shortly after her arrest, Soliah legally changed her name to that of her alais (as well as publishing a cookbook titled '//Serving Time: America's Most Wanted Recipes//' in support of the Sara Olson Defense Fund Committee). On October 31, 2001, she accepted a plea bargain, pleading guilty to two counts of possessing explosives with intent to murder, the other charges being dropped. Immediately after entering the plea, however, Olson claimed that she was innocent and had only accepted the deal because, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, she felt that she could not expect a 'fair trial'. On November 13, Olson filed a motion requesting the withdrawal of her guilty plea. On January 18, 2002, she was sentenced to two consecutive 10-years-to-life terms, having refused to testify in her defence. On January 16, 2002, first-degree murder charges for the killing of Myrna Opsahl were filed against Olson and four other SLA members: Emily Harris, Bill Harris, Michael Bortin, and James Kilgore, who remained a fugitive. Having pleaded not guilty, she later changed her mind and pled guilty. She was sentenced on February 14, 2003, to six years, the maximum term allowed under her plea bargain, to run concurrently with the 14-year sentence she was already serving (the 10-to-life having already been changed in October 2002 by the Board of Prison Terms). Having served her time under maximum security 'Close A' status, she was released on parole on March 17, 2008 and rearrested four days later, when it was decided that she had been mistakenly released a year early following a miscalculation by the parole board! She was funally released on March 17, 2009, having served seven years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Jane_Olson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army]

1949 - Barbara Balzerani aka 'Sara', Italian writer and former member of the Brigate Rosse, born. She was involved in the kidnap of Aldo Moro and, following the BR split in 1981, led the Brigate Rosse - Partito Comunista Combattente group. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Balzerani it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Balzerani] || She had already been married with a daughter, been divorced, run away with an acting troop, travelled in France, been forced into prostitution, become a performer at the Künstlerkneipe Simplizissimus and other cabarets in Munich, as well as a friend and lover of Erich Müsham, and been involved in libertarian and anti-militarist circles, before she met the Bakuninist, and her future life partner, Hugo Ball in 1913. She had also had her poetry published in '//PAN//' and '//Die Aktion//', and that same year she published a short poetry collection '//Äthergedichte//' (Ether Poems). She would also soon collaborate with Ball and Hans Leybold on their magazine '//Revolution//'. In 1914 she had spent time in prison for theft and the suspected forging of passports for draft dodgers and, with Ball under threat after having made a number of public anti-war pronouncements, they both moved to Zurich the following year, where they decided to form their own 'vaudeville' ensemble (called Arabella, with Ball playing the piano and Hennings reciting verse, including in their repertoire some of Erich Müsham's poetry). However, their idea for their own venue, the Künstlerkneipe Voltaire, soon mutated into the Cabaret Voltaire, and they found themselves at the forefront of the founding of Dadaism. Yet, Henning and Ball's time as Dadaist was very short, consisting of only two active years, and they went to live in Bern in 1917. In 1920 they married and Ball was to reconvert to Catholicism. Towards the end of her life, Hennings wrote a number of revisionist memoirs, effectively writing-out her own artistic and political activities (as other have subsequently written her out of history) in favour of a catholic reinvention of her life and a hagiography of Ball's, something she admitted to Herman Hesse, who had become her closest friend after the death of Ball in 1927. And it is only due to the publication of her letters that we have gotten to know of her life as a morphine addict, prostitute and hustler, a promoter of free-love, anarchy and social revolution, and of her stints several in prison. Amongst her other writings are the poetry collection '//Die Letzte Freude//' (The Last Joy; 1913); the novels '//Gefängnis//' (Prison; 1919) and '//Das Brandmal. Ein Tagebuch//' (The Stigmata. A Diary; 1920); and her biographical writings: '//Hugo Ball. Sein Leben in Briefen und Gedichten//' (Hugo Ball His Life in Letters and Poems; 1930), with a foreword by Hermann Hesse; '//Hugo Balls Weg zu Gott. Ein Buch der Erinnerung//' (Hugo Ball's Path to God. A Book of Remembrance; 1931); and '//Ruf und Echo. Mein Leben mit Hugo Ball//' (Call and response. My Life with Hugo Ball; 1953).
 * = 17 || [BB] 1885 - Emmy Hennings (born Emma Maria Cordsen; d. 1948), German cabaret performer, poet, chanteuse, dancer, puppeteer, painter and 'mystical anarchist', born. Probably the most misunderstood and ignored of all the Dadaists, she was both anarchist and Catholic, a well-published writer and an active member of the Bohemian intelligentsia, who was THE driving force behind the Cabaret Voltaire, effectively keeping it open by managing the club's finances and occasionally making ends meet by working as a prostitute.

Dir ist als ob ich schon gezeichnet wäre Und auf der Stunde Totenliste. Es hält mich ab von mancher Sünde. Langsam am Leben wie ich zehre. Ängstlich und sind meine Schritte oft, Mein Herz hat einen Schlag kranken Schwacher und wird mit jedem Tag's. Todesengel steht ein meines Zimmers in Mitte. Tanz ich doch bis zur Atemnot. Bald werde ich im Grabe liegen Niemand und wird sich an mich schmiegen. Ach, küssen will ich bis zum Tod.

(To you it's as if I was Already Marked and waiting on Death's list.  It keeps me safe from many sins.  How slowly drains life out of me.  My steps are Often steeped in gloom,  My heart beats in a sickly way  And it gets Weaker every day.  A death angel stands in the middle of my room.  Yet I dance till I'm out of breath.  Soon lying in the grave I'll be  And No One Will snuggle up to me.  Oh, give me kisses up till death.)

- '//Tänzerin//' (Dancer)

Wir warten auf ein letztes Abenteuer Was kümmert uns der Sonnenschein? Hochaufgetürmte Tage stürzen ein Unruhige Nächte - Gebet im Fegefeuer.

Wir lesen auch nicht mehr die Tagespost Nur manchmal lächeln wir still in die Kissen, Weil wir alles wissen, und gerissen Fliegen wir hin und her im Fieberfrost.

Mögen Menschen eilen und streben Heut fällt der Regen noch trüber Wir treiben haltlos durchs Leben Und schlafen, verwirrt, hinüber...

(We expect the last adventure What matters sunlight?  Days filled with illusions collapse  Restless nights - Prayers in purgatory

We do not read the news of the day It only happens sometimes we laugh secretly Because we know everything, and malignant, We sail here and there, frisonnants fever

Men can run well after their futile concerns Today the rain falls more sullen We wander through the ropes without existence And helpless, we fall asleep to the other side...)

- '//Morfin//' (Morphine)

"The world lies outside there, life roars there. There men may go where they will. Once we also belonged to them. And now we are forgotten and sunk into oblivion." - excert from '//Prison//' (1916).

[de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Hennings crystaljhoffman.wordpress.com/academic-writing/emmy-hennings-star-of-the-cabaret-voltaire-and-dadas-mystic-mother/ meyerhoff.goucher.edu/verge1/submissions/CorriganFIN.htm sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/dadas/hennings.htm dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/10395/1392/2/Schönfeld, C.(2000), 'Confessional Narrative/Fragmented Identity: Emily Henning's Das Brandmal. Ein Tagebuch'.(Book Chapter).pdf members.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/hennings.html www.vintagevenus.com.au/bohemia/anti/dada/dadaists/hennings/hennings.htm www.arthistoryunstuffed.com/dada-and-the-great-war/]

[A] 1915 - Anarchist Lucy Parsons leads hunger march in Chicago; IWW songwriter Ralph Chaplin wrote his famous labour song, '//Solidarity Forever//' for the march.

[E] 1943 - Wendy Masako Yoshimura, US still life watercolour painter, better known for her involvement with the Revolutionary Army in Berkeley, California and, later, the Symbionese Liberation Army, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Yoshimura en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army]

1970 - Ona Šimaitė (b. 1894), Lithuania librarian, who used her position at Vilnius University to aid and rescue Jews in the Vilna Ghetto, dies in Paris. [see: Jan. 6] ||
 * = 18 || [E] 1882 - Louise Michel sent to prison for fifteen days for insulting the authorities (//outrages à agents//).

1894 - Takamure Itsue (高群 逸枝; d. 1964), Japanese poet, activist-writer, anarcha-feminist, ethnologist and the first historian of Japanese women, born. Her mother was the daughter of a Buddhist priest and her father a primary school teacher. The latter taught her classical Chinese and encouraged her literary talents, with her first work (a poem) being published in 1906. In 1910, she was expelled shortly after admission into her normal school in Kumamoto after questioning the educational policies of the school's principal. Following a period in a girl's private school, she went to work in a cotton-spinning factory but was fired from her clerk's job after she wrote a letter to the management complaining about the company's emphasis on duty to the company, the 'nation', and the Emperor, as well as the low wages being paid to its female employees. Returning to her home city in 1914, Itsue became a substitute teacher in her father's primary school. She also began a correspondence with Hashimoto Kenzō, a fellow teacher three years a junior and admirer of nihilist thought, who would become her lover and with whom she would have a tempestuous life-long relationship [Kenzō became Itsue's literary executor after her death, somewhat controversially as he suppressed (left unpublished or anthologised) many of he anarchist works and articles], with regular periods of estrangement and reconciliation. One such estrangement [which is said to have involved a third party, a young man who ardently pursued her, writing her love letter composed in his own blood three times a day!] led to her taking what would become a famed Shikoku Pilgrimage, Buddhist-inspired expedition to the temples on island of Shikoku, following in the footsteps of a great Buddhist saint, Kôbô Daishi. She left Kumamoto on June 4, 1918 with only the ten yen, an advance for a series of articles about her pilgrimage from the City Editor of the '//Kyūshū Nichi Nichi Shinbun//' (九州日日新聞 / Kyushu Daily Newspaper), the paper on which she had failed to get a job after having quit her teaching job to go into journalism. The fact that she undertook the five month long pilgrimage as an unmarried woman alone and which she wrote about in 105 newspaper articles published in the '//Kyūshū Nichi Nichi Shinbun//' made her something of a celebrity in Japan at the time. The articles were published after her death in the collection '//Musume Junreik//' (娘巡礼記 / An account of a young woman's pilgrimage; 1979). Upon her return on October 25, she and Kenzō were reconciled, getting officially engaged on April 14, 1919 (a date Takamure referred to as their 'anniversary though they legally 'married' three years later) whilst living together again. In August 1920, Itsue left to live in Tokyo alone and had her first two serious books of poetry published. She returned to Kumamoto with Kenzō in August 1921 but by the following spring they had returned to Tokyo, where her only child was stillborn, an event that played a major role in her awareness of 'bosei' (母性 / natural maternal instincts), something that became an essential element in the development of her personal philosophy of anarchism. The conflict between her intellectual independence and her role as a traditional wife led to another schism and reconciliation in 1923 and two years later, when she again left Kenzō for another man, the news caused a public scandal, increasing her public notoriety further, despite a swift reconciliation. In 1926 Itsue met the anarchist and pioneering Japanese feminist Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいてう), a move that would be accompanied by the full-flowering of Itsue's anarchism and feminist thought. That same year saw the publication of her first book on women's issues, '//Ren'ai Sōsei//' (恋愛創生 / Genesis of Love), as well as her joining the Independent Peasant Movement (農民自治会を結) set up by the labour leader Yasaburō Shimonaka (下中弥三郎), anarchist Ishikawa Sanshirō (石川三四郎), and others. Her then role as chief income-earner for the household saw her (Kenzō having lost his teaching position), saw her publish a great many articles in various journals and newspapers during this period and her becoming one of the best known exponents of feminist thought in Japan. She also engaged in dialogues in print with other prominent Japanese feminists in journals and magazines such as '//Fujin Koron//' (Women's Forum), '//Nyonin Geijutsu//' (Women and Art), 'Kuroiro Sensen' (Black Front), and '//Chuo Koron//' (Central Forum). her debate with Yamakawa Kikue (山川菊栄), one of the founding members of the socialist group Sekirankai (赤らん会 / Red Wave Society), which saw Itsue laying out her views on the relationships between the sexes in a post-revolutionary society based on her central advocacy of free love and her ideal of a Kropotkinesque agrarian self-government with women and mothers as a central element of that future society, a standpoint in stark contrast to Kikue's standard Marxist "marriage as a bourgeois institution of economic oppression" position. In 1930, Itsue founded the anarcha-feminist group the Proletarian Women's Arts League (無産婦人芸術連盟) and its paper '//Fujin Sensen//' (婦人戦線 / Women's Front), published from March 1930 to June 1931, of which she was editor and a major contributor under a number of pseudonyms. The group and paper marked a major turning point in Itsue's life and in her ideological stance. However, the paper drew the attention of the authorities and it was eventually closed down by the Thought Section of the Criminal Affairs Bureau of the Special Higher Police. The suppression and the occurrence of another 'extra-marital' relationship, led to Itsue and Kenzō moving out from the city to what she called the Mori no ie (森の家 / House in the Woods), named in homage to Henry David Thoreau's 'Walden'. This move marked the end of her activism and her devoting herself fulltime to academic study of Japanese women's history, with Kenzō as her assistant, and took place against a backdrop of an increasingly proto-fascist and isolationist society. It was not until after her death on June 7, 1964 from peritoneal cancer that her the importance of her findings about the matriarchal tradition of Japan were recognised and taken up by the academic world, providing an invaluable legacy for historians, sociologists, and anthropologists, as well as going on to provide a unique historical framework for feminists of the 60s and 70s. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamure_Itsue ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/高群逸枝 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6915 takamure.weebly.com blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/10/JBE-Green.pdf www.geocities.jp/michio_nozawa/03episode/episode40.html limen.mi2.hr/limen1-2001/susan_tennant.html www.en-soph.org/archives/42596040.html open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0095577 enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag386256.pdf]

1911 - 26 defendants are found guilt of conspiring to assassinate the Japanese emperor. 24 are sentenced to hang, including anarchist Kanno Suga (she shouts "Museifu Shugi Banzai!” [Long Live Anarchy!] from the dock) and is the first woman political prisoner to be executed in modern Japanese history. [see: May 20 & Jan. 24]

1949 - Susan Edith Saxe, former US student radical and fugitive from the FBI, born. She and her Brandeis University room-mate Katherine Ann Power worked to organise student protests through the National Student Strike Force in the late 1960s. With Power and NSSF member Stanley Ray Bond, she became involved in a plot to arm the Black Panthers as a response to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, robbing a bank in Brighton, Massachusetts on September 23. Bond and two others, William Gilday and Robert Valeri, who had taken part in the robbery were arrested shortly after. She and Power eluded capture and in November 1970, they became the sixteenth and seventeenth persons on the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives list. On the run with Power, they hid out in women’s communes until she was arrested in Philadelphia after a police officer recognised her from a photo distributed by the FBI the same day. She served seven years in prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Edith_Saxe] || Rosa was an avid consumer of the library's anarchist literature and was apprenticed as a dressmaker with the Sitges family, only for her and her mother to be fired for celebrating May Day. She then went to work for a local tailors and her mother to the cork factory. When the war broke out she joined the FIJL, becoming its secretary and collaborated on '//Ruta//', the organisation's Barcelona-based paper, as well as joining the local SIA group alongside her father, something that he mother was uneasy about. For a while she was head of the local Sindicat del Tèxtil of the Confederación Nacional del Treball and, following her military training, she worked as a nurse as well as caring for evacuated children in the town. With the end of the civil war approaching, the family spent four days walking across the Pyrenees but only Rosa and her mother were allowed into france when they arrived at the border at Pertús. Rosa said goodbye to her father and that was the last time she saw him (he died in the Arràs concentration camp of congestive heart failure three months later). Rosa spent a year in the Argelès concentration camp where she worked as a nursing assistant, before being hired as a nursemaid in Perpignan from where she fled after being treated like a slave. After returning to Argelès, Rosa and her mother were contracted to work in a hotel. Later during the Nazi occupation they set up home in Montauban near Toulouse and the house was to serve during the Occupation and post-Liberation as a shelter for many members of the various libertarian maquis guerrilla groups, such as those of Marcelino Massana and Ramon Vila Capdevilla, whilst en route to and from Spain. Following the death of her partner of the previous 38 years Pedro Vaqué 'Migreio', with whom she had a daughter, Rosa Laviña moved to Toulouse in 1954. There she worked as a dressmaker as well as again becoming secretary of the FIJL and a member of the National Committee of the SIA. She also conducted a number of clandestine missions into Spain on behalf of the CNT to carry out activities in support of the families of fellow militants locked up in Franco's prisons. At the same time set up and ran a vegetarian restaurant with her new partner, the French anarchist militant and Esperantist Etienne Guillemeau, as well as collaborating on a number of the newspapers of the exile community, such as '//Cenit//', '//Espoir//', '//La Proa//' and '//Ruta//', and became a close friend of Frederica Montseny and her circle. After the death of her companion Etienne in 1999, she remained active in the libertarian movement in Toulouse into the early 2000s. She returned to live in Palafrugell for a period and was involved in the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia) there. Rosa Laviña dies on May 29, 2011 in Toulouse. [NB: d.o.b. also given as Jan. 14] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Laviña_Carreras estelnegre.balearweb.net/post/68412 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4088 www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=4048 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20140114 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/117506 www.estelnegre.org/documents/lavinya/rosalavinya.pdf www.casimages.com/f_get.php?f=120114093203493707.pdf memoriarepressiofranquista.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/enero-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html anarquismo.jimdo.com/anarquistas-kr-lo/ alacantobrer.wordpress.com/2012/03/06/enero/ ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/ojs/index.php/lusohispanic/article/view/3256/1472 www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/17-31964-2014-04-20.html]
 * = 19 || [E] 1918 - Rosa Laviña i Carreras (d. 2011), Catalan seamstress, anarchist, ancho-syndicalist and anti-fascist militant, secretary of the Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries (Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth), National Committee member and treasurer of Solidaritat Internacional Antifeixista (International Antifascist Solidarity), born. The daughter of Engràcia Carreras, a dressmaker and worker in Palafrugell's cork factory, and Martí Laviña Torroella, a barber and anarchist militant, whose activism led to him being blacklisted and the family being discriminated against. An example of the later involved Rosa herself, when in 1925 she was deliberately chosen to deliver a bouquet of flowers to welcome the king Alfonso XIII on the occasion of the opening of the Torres Jonama schools, a deliberate attempted humiliation which Laviña Torroella refused to countenance. A representative of the Asociación Internacional Antifascista in the town, contributor to the town's newspaper '//Ara//' (Now) and prominent activist in Palafrugell's Ateneu Llibertari, he also ran a bookshop in the Carrer dels Valls that, because of his principles, only sold libertarian books and papers, philosophical works, and school textbooks, which failed to earn him and the family enough to get by on; hence working as a barber. In the end, he closed the bookshop down and reopened it as a library.

1944 - Helen Duncan becomes the last person to be charged under the 1735 Witchcraft Act. She gets nine months.

1966 - Ruth Landshoff-Yorck (Ruth Levy; b. 1904), German-American actress, writer, journalist and translator, whose first appearance in a film was in Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's '//Nosferatu//' (1922), dies on stage during a theatre performance of '//Marat/Sade//' by Peter Weiss. [see: Jan. 7]

1970 - Llibertat Ródenas Domínguez (b. 1893*), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist member of the Mujeres Libres, who fought with the Durruti Column, dies in exile in Mexico. [see: Sep. 23] [* alternative dates given as 1891 and 1892]

1981 - Marietta di Monaco (Maria Kirndörfer; b. 1893), German cabaret artist, poet, chanteuse, dancer, artist's model and poet's muse, who was involved in the Cabaret Voltaire, birthplace of Dada, in Zurich, dies. [see: Mar. 14]

1982 - Newbury Council votes to evict the women's peace camp at Greenham Common.

2003 - 18-year-old Sarah Campbell, a sufferer of clinical depression, dies after having taken an overdose of prescription drugs at Styal Prison in Cheshire the previous day. Despite being an obviously vulnerable prisoner, Sarah was not placed on suicide watch or sent to a secure hospital as her mother, Pauline Campbell, had argued. Pauline goes on to become an outspoken campaigner against self-inflicted deaths in women's prisons.

[C] 2009 - Anastasia Eduardovna Baburova (Анастасия Эдуардовна Бабурова; b. 1983), Russian journalist, anarchist and ecological activist, is shot dead, together with Russian lawyer and human rights activist Stanislav Markelov, by a neo-Nazi militant outside press conference in Moscow. Their deaths sparked widespread protests and in November 2009 their killer, neo-Nazi killer Nikita Tikhonov, and his girlfriend, Yevgenia Khasis, were arrested. In May 2011 they were both convicted of the murders, Tikhonov being sentenced to life imprisonment, and Khasis to 18 years in prison. Active in Autonomous Action and various eco groups, Baburova also worked for 'Novaya Gazeta' and regularly wrote articles about the activities of neo-Nazis in Russia. [161crew.bzzz.net/anastazja-baburova/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Baburova www.theotherrussia.org/2011/04/29/orlovs-statement-on-conviction-of-ultranationalists-in-murder-trial/ www.economist.com/node/13055783 upogau.org/eng/inform/ournews/pressreleases_679.html]

2013 - Audrey Goodfriend (b. 1920), American lifelong anarchist militant, radical educator and "black diaper baby" (her parents were anarchists, and she was raised in that culture), who was was instrumental in the formation of the Walden Center and School in Berkeley, California, dies in her sleep. [see: Nov. 14] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2001.html]
 * = 20 || 1911 - Julia Miravé Barrau [sometimes rendered as Miravet, Mirabé Vallejo, Mirabé Barreau, etc.](d. 2000), Spainish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born.

1936 - Between January 20 and 30, Emma Goldman presents three popular lectures in London. The first is at the Workers Circle House under the title '//The Two Communisms (Bolshevist and Anarchist. A Parallel)//', a second at the National Trade Union Club called '//Russian Literature//'; and a third, '//Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin (How far do their common methods lead to similar results?)//' in Hammersmith.

1948 - Pauline Campbell (d. 2008), vociferous campaigner against self-inflicted deaths in women's prisons following her daughter Sarah's death in HMP Styal in 2003, born.

[1998 - Julia Barranco Hanglin (b. 1919), Catalan anarchist and member of the anti-Francoist resistance [autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/julia-hermosilla-el-10-de-enero-de-2009.html]

[E] 2012 - Eight members of the group Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] stage a performance of '//Putin Zassal//' [Путин зассал](Putin has Pissed Himself) on the Lobnoye Mesto in Red Square. The song, which was inspired by the events of December 24, 2011, during which approximately 100,000 people attended anti-Putin rallies in central Moscow, called for a popular revolt against the Russian government and an occupation of Red Square. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [*some sources give the years as 1874 or 1878]
 * = 21 || 1876* - [N.S. Feb. 2] Olga Iljinicna Taratuta [Ольги Іллівни Таратути (uk) / Ольга Ильинична Таратута (ru)], aka Babushka ,Valia, Tania, D. Basist (real name Elka Golda Eljevna Ruvinskaia [Елька Гольда Еліївна Рувинська (uk) / Элька Гольда Эльевна Рувинская (ru)]; d. 1938), Ukrainian teacher, anarcho-communist revolutionary and founder of the Ukrainian Anarchist Black Cross, born. [see: Feb. 2]

[B/E] 1895 - Noe Itō (伊藤野枝; d. 1923), Japanese anarchist, social critic, author, novelist, translator and feminist, born in the rural village of Imajuku on the island of Kyūshū. Hers was a once prosperous family but which now lived in poverty and destitution, with her father a failed maritime agent now working in a tile factory and her mother working in the fields around their village. At the age of six, Noe entered school and soon proved to be gifted pupil. However, the economic situation of the parents deteriorated further and, after three years in school in Imajuku, the young Noe was sent to live with her uncle in Nagasaki in June 1904. Her new city life allows her to have access to a larger library and to continue her education, in which she demonstrates a great intellectual precocity. At the age of fourteen, she returned to her parents' home and had to work in the post office there to help support the family. Wishing to continue her studies, she pleaded her cause with her uncle who had since moved to Tokyo, and he arranged in April 1910 for a scholarship for her to study at the prestigious Ueno Girls High School, a progressive school that refused to include in its principles the famous Japanese patriarchal adage "Good wife, wise mother." There she studied philosophy, literature and foreign languages, including English. She graduated in 1912, at the time winning the admiration of the famous Japanese writer and novelist Murakami Namiroku (村上浪六). That same year under her uncle's management, a marriage was arranged with a certain Fukutaro, the choice of her parents. He had recently returned from studying in the United States and Noe Itō reluctantly agreed to the marriage with the hope that he would take her back to America with him, planning to leave him as soon as they arrived on the continent. But his wish was not to be and, shortly after the ceremony, she fled. taking refuge with her former English teacher, the Dadaist and libertarian Tsuji Jun (辻潤), the first translator into Japanese of the anarchist philosopher Max Stirner. With his help, and that of her uncle, the seventeen year old Noe got a divorce. Tsuji encouraged Noe to continue with her education and they soon became partners, going on to have two sons together, Makoto and Ryuji, in 1914 and 1915 respectively. In late 1912, Noe Itō joined the Bluestocking Society (青鞜社 / Seitō-sha), founded by the anarchist and feminist writer Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいてう) and others, and began contributing essays, criticism and translations of foreign feminist works [her poetry had already appeared in its pages as early as November 1912, and it was claimed that the February 1913 issue was censored due to one of her articles] to its arts and culture magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), later joining its editorial group. "Written by women's hands for women" and despite nominally being 'non-political', '//Seitō//' attacked the inequalities suffered by women in its pages, whilst dealing with numerous themes such as prostitution, maternity and abortion. Noe herself condemned forced marriage in the pages of '//Seitō//', basing her article on her own experience. She also obtained Emma Goldman's book '//Anarchism and other Essays//' (1906) in late 1913 and translated three essays from the collection into Japanese ('//The Tragedy of the Emancipation of Women//', which appeared in the March 25, 1914 edition of '//Seitō//'; '//Marriage and Love//'; and '//Minorities against Majorities//'). This marked a turning point as she approached anarchism, expressing her support for 'free unions' and her rejection of the system of marriage, whilst rejecting the superficial characterisation of the so-called 'liberated woman' of the times - the wearing of western clothes instead of traditional Japanese outfits, or the modernising of hairstyles or drinking alcohol. In September 1914 she met the charismatic anarchist militant and intellectual Ōsugi Sakae (大杉 栄) and began corresponding with him, and when his weekly paper '//Heimin Shimbun//' (平民新聞 / The Commoner's News) was confiscated by the police in October of that year, she defended him from the pages of '//Seitō//'. In January 1915, she was made the editor-in-chief of '//Seitō//', transforming it into an essentially anarchist publication but quickly found herself more and more isolated, abandoned by many of the monthly magazine's collaborators. Most of these were from a rather bourgeois milieu and used the magazine solely for the purpose of expressing their literary talent and, having already subjected Noe to criticism and attacks for her support of free unions, now found the magazine too contentious and political for them. The magazine's income dropped and its premises were transferred to Noe and Tsuji's house, where they live in poverty with their two children. Less and less satisfied with a small bourgeois feminist movement and the criticism that she was receiving from her colleagues on 'Seitō' for her "indecent behaviour", she began to take more of an interest in social issues, such as the injustices linked to the expropriation of peasant lands by the State, and now became a committed anarchist. In 1916, she was finally forced to close '//Seitō//' down, with the February 1 (vol. 2 no. 6) being its last issue. Around the same time she began a free union without obligations with Ōsugi Sakae, one based on economic independence and respect for the freedom of the other. That September she left Tsuji Jun and moved in with Sakae, who at the time was still living with with his legal wife Hori Yasuko (堀保子), who he had married in 1906. However, Ōsugi was also in a relationship with the journalist, socialist and Seitō-sha member Kanaka Ichiko (神近 市子), which he had started the year before and Kanaka, jealous of this new lover, attacked Ōsugi, stabbing him in the neck in November 1916 in what became known as the Hikage Teahouse incident [also known as the Shichya incident (日蔭茶屋事件)]. Kanaka was sentenced to four years in prison (later commuted to two) for attempted murder. The case cause a massive scandal as the bourgeois press seized on it to discredit the anarchist movement in general. Noe was attacked and severely beaten by a close friend of Kanaka and the publicity brought about the cancellation of the betrothal of Ōsugi's, who later committed suicide in disgarce. Ōsugi's wife also divorced him. Subsequently, the two lovers settled together in complete destitution, and in 1917 Noe had the first of four daughters she would have with Sakae. In January 1918 the couple settled in the working-class neighbourhood of Kameido in Tokyo and founded the magazine '//Bunmei Hihyō//' (文明批評 / Critique of Civilisation), which appeared from January to April 1918. Noe Ito actively participated in the anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist movements and wrote numerous articles in Ōsugi's newspapers, '//Rōdō Shimbun//' (労働新聞 / Journal of Labour) and '//Rōdō Undō//' ( 労働運動 / Labour Movement). On March 13, 1921, Noe gave birth to their third child, a daughter named Emma, after Emma Goldman. In April 1921 she participated with Yamakawa Kikue (山川菊栄), Sakai Makoto (堺真柄), Kozumi Fusako (九津見房子), Akizuki Shizie（秋月静枝), and Hashiura Haruko (橋浦はる子) in the founding of the 'Sekirankai' (赤瀾会 / Red Wave Society, the first socialist women's organisation founded in Japan, which was banned the following year and had to go underground. On June 7, 1922, she gave birth to her fourth daughter, Louise (after Louise Michel). That December Ōsugi left Japan in order to attend the international anarchist festival to be held in Berlin the following year. However, he spent all his time in France, where he was arrested and thrown into La Santé Prison. Rather than standing trial, he accepted deportation and did not return from France until July the following year. A month later on August 9, Noe gave birth to their final child, a boy named Nestor after Makhno. On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake hit Japan, devastated the Kanto Plain ( Honshū Island, Japan's main island) and killed more than 100,000 people. Several cities are devastated by the earthquake itself, by fires and violent winds caused by a nearby typhoon. The result is real chaos, and rumours that the Koreans are taking advantage of the situation and plundering are spreading very quickly. Then began a wave of violence and lynching against the Koreans, and martial law was enacted. In confusion, the military police massively arrests socialist, communist and anarchist militants. On September 16, 1923, Noe Itō, Ōsugi Sakae and his six-year-old nephew Tachibana Munekazu (の橘宗一 ) were arrested and taken to the military police headquarters in Kojimacho, where they were strangled and beaten to death by Lieutenant Amakasu Masahiko (甘粕 正彦) and his Kempeitai (憲兵隊 / Military Police Corps) squad. Their lifeless bodies are found a few days later, at the bottom of a nearby well. The murder of these two well-known militants and such a young boy, known as the Amakasu Incident (甘粕事件), caused a wave of indignation and anger across Japan, and an attempt by a number of militants to kill Amakasu in revenge on the first anniversary of the killings failed. That December, Amakasu was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment by a military tribunal (for the death of Noe and Ōsugi), but only served three, before being reinstated in the army as a national hero following his release. He committed suicide after the defeat of fascist Japan in 1945. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/伊藤野枝 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noe_Itō ita.anarchopedia.org/Noe_Ito www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2101.html libcom.org/history/articles/1895-1923-ito-noe www.ephemanar.net/septembre16.html#ito histoireparlesfemmes.com/2016/01/18/ito-noe-feministe-anarchiste/ www.alternativelibertaire.org/?En-1923-Il-Ito-Noe-parcours-d-une ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/大杉栄 tamutamu2011.kuronowish.com/oosugisakae ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/甘粕正彦 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/甘粕事件 www.filmonfilm.org/events/eros_plus_massacre/osugi_ito_legends.pdf]

1951 - Yuriko Miyamoto (宮本 百合子) (Yuriko Chūjō [中條百合子集]; b 1899), Japanese feminist, socialist, and novelist of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods, dies of sepsis as a complication due to acute meningitis. [see: Feb. 13]

1984 - A Women’s Peace Camp was set up near Volkel Airbase in The Netherlands to protest siting of U.S. nuclear weapons there. || [muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/nineteenth_century_french_studies/v031/31.1whidden.html]
 * = 22 || 1857 - Marie Anastasie Vincentine Krysinska (d. 1908), Polish-born French poet, innovator of free verse, musician, femme chansonnier, composer, and novelist of the decadent and symbolist period, born. The only female member of such fin-de-siècle literary and artistic circles as the Hydropathes, Hirsutes, Jemenfoutistes, and Zutistes, and a prominent figure at Le Chat Noir cabaret. Many of her poems appeared in the anarchist press of the time, including her famous '//Le Poème des Couleurs//' in 'La Revue Blanche' in 1893.

1858 - Beatrice Webb (d. 1943), Fabian socialist socialite, born.

1871 - Soulèvement du 22 Janvier 1871 [Uprising of January 22, 1871]: Armed with a rifle, Louise Michel fires her first shot in anger during the siege of Paris. Her target is the Breton Gardes mobiles of General Louis Jules Trochu who have just fired on the crowd protesting in front of the Hôtel-de-Ville during the early stages of the uprising that would see the establishment of the Paris Commune. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulèvement_du_22_janvier_1871]

1888 - Having delivering a speech that afternoon at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Le Havre, Louise Michel is attacked that evening by a royalist, Pierre Lucas, whilst giving a second speech in the hall of the Élysée. Enraged by Michel "denouncing wars, especially colonial ones, where soldiers are trained to commit theft and murder", he asks to speak. Mounts the stage, he makes an incoherent attempt to speak, gives up and returns to his seat. The meeting resumes and shortly after Lucas is back on stage behind Michel, firing two shots from a revolver. One bullet lodges in Louise Michel's left temple, the other in the lining of her hat. Michel tries to calm the crowd which is close to lynching Lucas, "This is nothing. It is a fool who fired blanks." before she realises that she is in fact injured. Lucas is arrested but Louise refuses to press charges against her attacker, even later testifying on his behalf, arguing for his acquittal.. Given first aid by two doctors attending her speech at the Élysée, she returned to Paris the following morning, despite the advice of the doctors. Her doctor in Levallois (Paris) was also unable to remove the bullet, as later was Dr. Labbé at Baujon hospital, and the bullet remained lodged in her skull until her death 17 years later. [library.libertarian-labyrinth.org/items/show/2531 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2201.html gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num27/num27page3.htm]

1898 - Vicenta Sáez (or Sáenz) Barcina (d. 1971), Spanish weaver and anarchist, who was active in the prisoner support movement in Barcelona during the 1920s, born. Due to the activities of the pistoleros, she and her partner, the anarchist militant Justo Donoso Millán (Donoso Germinal), were forced into exile in France in 1927. In 1931, with the declaration of the Republic, they returned to the Peninsula, where Donoso held the position of manager of the weekly '//Tierra y Libertad//', an activity in which she helped. In 1939, with the fascist victory, the couple went into exile, first in France and then on July 27, 1939, they arrive in Veracruz, Mexico. Vicenta Sáez Barcina died on April 13, 1971, in Mexico. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2201.html]

[E] 1905 - The funeral of Louise Michel takes place in Paris. The procession starts out at 08:00 from the Gare de Lyon but a crowd of more than 100,000 people along the route means that it takes 9 hours to reach the Levallois-Perret cemetery.

1911 - Lina Odena (Paulina Odena García; d. 1936), Catalan Communist militant, who was one of the first milicianas to die during the Civil War, shooting herself rather than fall into Falangist hands, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Odena www.sbhac.net/Republica/Personajes/Biografias/LinaOdena.htm vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jiws]

1917 - Ethel Higgins Byrne (1883-1955), the first woman to be tried in connection with the arrests over the contraception clinic on October 26, is sentenced to thirty days in the workhouse on Blackwell's Island. In protest to what she believed was an unjust conviction, she went on a hunger strike, vowing to die for the birth control cause. This made front page news for several days in the New York Times, and after over 100 hours of fasting, she was forcibly fed by prison authorities. On 2 February 1917, Byrne was pardoned by Governor Whitman on the condition that after her release, she would not attempt breaking the law again. Sanger made assurances on behalf of her sister, as she said that Byrne was in no condition to make any promises. Although Byrne recovered from her ordeal, it effectively ended her involvement in the birth control movement and brought to the surface a permanent rift in relations between her and Sanger. Byrne resented Sanger's attempt to create new social and political connections stemmed from their new fame. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/122/ wyatt.elasticbeanstalk.com/mep/MS/xml/bbyrnee.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Byrne socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6rx9f9s www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_brownsville_clinic.php sangerpapers.wordpress.com/tag/brownsville-clinic/ feminist.org/blog/?s=byrne]

[EEE] 1923 - Germaine Berton, a young anarchist walks into the office of right-wing newspaper Action Française and shoots right-wing extremist Marius Plateau. She was later acquitted for the act. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2201.html]

1945 - Else Lasker-Schüler (b. 1869), German-Jewish Expressionist poet and playwright, dies. [see: Feb. 11]

1980 - Teresa Noce, aka 'Estella' (b. 1900), Italian metal worker, journalist, labour leader, Communist activist, anti-fascist and feminist, dies. [see: Jul. 29] ||
 * = 23 || [E] 1906 - [O.S. Jan. 10] Ludmila Volkenshtein [Людмила Волкенштейн](Ludmila Alexandrovna Alexandrova [Людмила Александровна Алекса́ндрова]; b. 1857), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), is killed during the storming of the Vladivostok fortress in a successful attempt to free prisoners held there at the end of the Russo-Japanese War. [see: Sep. 30]

1909 - Édith Thomas (d. 1970), Fench novelist and journalist, palaeographical archivist and historian, who was a pioneer of women's history in France, and reputedly inspired the character of Anne-Marie in the famous erotic novel '//Histoire d'O.//', written by her lover Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, born. A member of the Association des écrivains et des artistes révolutionnaires, she became a journalist on '//Ce Soir//', the left-wing evening newspaper close to the Popular Front government. She covered the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side from Catalonia, writing articles for '//Vendredi//', '//Europe//' and '//Regards//' and during WWII she joined the Résistance and of the Comité national des écrivains, the intellectual Résistance group led by Louis Aragon. In 1942, she also became a member of the French Communist Party. Although Thomas declared herself heterosexual, she had her most enduring affair with the translator and editor Anne Desclos. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édith_Thomas fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édith_Thomas clio.revues.org/9142 next.liberation.fr/livres/1995/02/23/journal-et-memoires-de-edith-thomas-une-femme-plus-resistante_122309]

[B] 1937 - Chiquet Mawet aka 'La Woow' (Michelle Beaujean; d. 2000), Belgian playwright, storyteller, poet, polemicist, social activist and professor of ethics, who was a regular contributor to the Belgian anarchist monthly '//Alternative Libertaire//', born. An adherent of the Yugoslav model of self-managed socialism (Titoism) and activist in the Joventuts Comunistes de Verviers in the 1950s, Michelle Beaujean spent six years (1955-61) in Yugoslavia studying Serbo-Croat and 'slavisme'. There she met her first husband, an actor, theatre director and accordionist, and their university theatre group toured the country. In 1961 she returned to Wallonia and became a teacher, whilst working with several theatre groups. In the 1970s, a period when she acquired the nickname 'Le Woow', she helped kick-start the Belgian anti-nuclear movement, representing the Association pour la Protection contre les Rayonnements Ionisants (APRI / Association for the Protection against Ionizing Radiation) at the press conference on June 19, 1975 that announced the creation of the Front commun Anti-Nucléaire (FAAN / Common Anti-Nuclear Front). On March 12 the following year during the constitutive general assembly of the Belgian section of Friends of the Earth held in Namur, Beaujean was appointed to the board of directors of this new ecological association. An active member of the radical anti-nuclear movement, she coordinated the organisation of protesters travelling from Belgium for the large demonstration on July 31, 1977 against the Superphénix nuclear reactor at Creys-Malville in France, and during which a protester died during violent clashes with the police. In 1989, she took part in the Verviers-based artists' collective 'Silence, les Dunes!' and, into the 1990s, moved close to the anarchist movement, working regularly with the monthly newspaper 'Alternative Libertaire' and adopting her pseudonym Chiquet Mawet. In 1997 Chiquet helped found the Liege-based anti-electoral organisation the 'Cercle Carlo Levi' and the 'Chômeur, Pas Chien!' (Unemployed, not a dog!) collective, set up to campaign against the discriminatory regulations and policies then being enacted against the Belgian unemployed. That year she also collaborated on the collective book '//Le Hasard et la Nécessité : Comment Je suis Devenu Libertaire//' (Chance and Need: How I Became a Libertarian), éditions Alternative Libertaire Belgique, 1997. Amongst her theatrical works are '//La véritable histoire de Juliette et Roméo//' (The true story of Juliette and Roméo; 1988), '//Piratons Perrault! ou L'horrible fin du sapiens : sortie sur le parvis du XXI e siècle//' (Piratons Perrault! Or The horrible end of the sapiens: exit on the forecourt of the 21st century; 1990); '//Caius et Umbrella//' (1990), '//La Pomme des Hommes//' (The Apple of Man; 1991), '//La Reine des Gorilles//' (The Queen of the Gorillas; 1991), '//Le Pape et la Putain//' (The Pope and the Whore ; 1994), '//Le Prince-Serpent//' (1994), and '//Nuinottenakt//' (1995). After a long illness during which she did not publicise her illness and had refused further treatment, Chiquet Mawet died during the night of July 4-5, 2000, aged 62. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquet_Mawet www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2301.html www.anarchie.be/AL/pdf/231.pdf]

1952 - Võ Thị Sáu (Nguyễn Thị Sáu; b. 1933), Vietnamese schoolgirl who fought as a guerilla against the French occupiers of Vietnam, is executed by the French colonialists. At the age of twelve, having witness the French and their 'Việt gian' collaborationist minions killings and with her brothers already active in the anti-colonialist resistance, she joined the local underground resistance. Two years later she accompanied one of her brothers, escaping to the anti-French war zone in the north to join the Viet Minh. In 1949, she joined the police volunteers as cover for her underground activities and that year she threw a grenade at a group of French soldiers in a crowded market area in Đất Đỏ, killing a French officer and wound 23 soldiers. In 1950, Võ Thị Sáu was arrested by the Vietnamese National Government after throwing a grenade that killed two French officers. [NB: Other sources clain that she was arrested in late 1949 when her attempt to assassinate a collaborationist local canton chief, a local man responsible executing hundreds of suspected Viet Minh sympathisers, failed when her grenade did not explode.] Aged just sixteen, she was sentenced to death and the confiscation of all property. Her response to the judge's announcement of the sentence was to shout, "Down with the French colonialists!" A military court confirmed her death sentence in April 1951, despite her still being under the age of eighteen and she was executed by firing squad at 07:00 on January 23, 1952 whilst she sang what had been the North Vietnamese national anthem, 'Tiến Quân Ca' (Song of Advancing Soldiers). [NB: Mar. 13, 1952, the date given in Paul Grace - 'Vietnamese women in society and revolution. Volume 1' (1974), is incorrect.] [vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Võ_Thị_Sáu en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Võ_Thị_Sáu]

1999 - Maria Suceso Portales (b. 1904), Spanish anarchist militant and member of the Mujeres Libres, dies. [see: Mar. 4]

2008 - Lisa Marley, a 32-year-old mother on suicide watch, was discovered hanged in her cell at women’s HMP Styal. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Durand_(féministe) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Durand]
 * = 24 || 1864 - Marguerite Durand (Charlotte Marguerite Durand; d. 1936), French stage actress, journalist, socialist and feminist, who founded the daily feminist newspaper '//La Fronde//', born.

[B] 1890 - Jeanne Humbert (Henriette Jeanne Rigaudin; d. 1986), French writer, journalist, pacifist and anarchist militant, who belonged to the néo-Malthusien movement, fighting for sexual freedom and the right to contraception and abortion, born. Raised in Romans-sur-Isère and then, from 1901, in Tours, Jeanne Rigaudin was greatly influenced from the age of ten onwards by her mother's companion, the anarchist weaver Auguste Delalé. In Tours Jeanne got to know anarchist figures such as Laurent Tailhade and Jean Marestan. After Delalé was dismissed following his militant activities, the family went up to Paris where they were helped by Alfred Fromentin, 'l'anarchiste milionnaire', who owned the garage in Choisy run by Jules Dubois where Jules Bonnot and Octave Garnier were killed on April 28, 1912. In Paris Jeanne became the pupil of Eugène Vigo, aka Miguel Almereyda, the father of the libertarian filmmaker Jean Vigo, with Eugène teaching her shorthand. Following his birth in 1905, Jeanne became the secular godmother of Eugène's son Jean. Among Eugène Vigo's circle was the Néo-Malthusien militant Eugène Humbert, whom Jeanne met in 1908 after she had become involved with the Ligue de la Régénération Humaine (League of Human Regeneration). Impressed by Humbert's views on free motherhood and women's emancipation, when in 1909 he asked her to join the secretariat running his Neo-Malthusian newspaper '//Génération Consciente//', she accepted and they went on to collaborate closely, as well as becoming life partners, later marrying in 1924, and together they had a daughter in September 1915. Jeanne also collaborated on numerous other anarchist, pacifist and naturist publications including '//Le Libertaire//', '//La Voie de la Paix//', '//Liberté//', '//Le Monde Libertaire//', '//La Patrie Humaine//', etc. In the pre-war period, neo-Malthusian propaganda encountered severe repression, and Eugène had several periods in prison and when the war broke out in 1914, he took refuge in Barcelona. Jeanne joined him there. After their return to France in 1919, Eugène was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison. On November 5, 1921, under the new laws (passed in 1920) to repress anti-natalist propaganda, Jeanne and Eugène were both sentenced to two years in prison and a fine of 3,000 francs. Jeanne, who spent her prison term in Saint-Lazare prison, was on July 30, 1922. Eugène however was not released until February 1924. They continued their activities promoting free motherhood but also in the naturist movement, of which Jeanne was inspired to write the 1928 novel 'En Pleine Vie' (In Full Life). With Eugène, she also participated in the creation of the French section of the World League for Sexual Reform (Ligue Mondiale pour la Réforme Sexuelle) andthey collaborated on Humbert's new publication '//La Grande Réforme//' (May 1931- Aug. 1939), paper of the Ligue de la Régénération Humaine. From 1932 to the declaration of war she was a member of the Ligue internationale des Combattants de la paix (International League of Fighters for Peace), created by Victor Méric, writing articles and making numerous lectures for the movement. During the same period she also collaborated on the Parisian review '//Controverse//' (Jan. 1932 - Nov. 1934) and the Bordeaux bulletin Lucifer (1929-1931 and 1934-1935), edited by Aristide Lapeyre. She also authored numerous articles for Sébastien Faure's '//Encyclopedia Anarchiste//' and toured widely in France lecturing on birth control and pacifism, famously being quoted on the theme of both saying: "Et d'abord les femmes ne doivent plus faire d'enfants tant que les patries auront le droit de les assassiner" (And first of all, women must not make children until their homelands have the right to assassinate them). This led to her being sentenced on July 18, 1934, to three months' imprisonment and a 100 francs fine but was pardoned following the protests of friends, fellow writers and intellectuals. During the war she had taken refuge with her daughter Claude in Lisieux, where Eugène was arrested and imprisoned before dying under a bombardment at Amiens on June 25, 1944. In March 1946, Jeanne Humbert resumed the publication of '//La Grande Réforme//', which she had to stop publishing for lack of resources three years later, after the thirty-second issue, having "vendu mes quelques bijoux que je tenais de ma mère, mes meubles, enfin tout" (Sold my few jewels that I held of my mother, my furniture, finally everything). In 1981, Bernard Baissat made the film, '//Ecoutez Jeanne Humbert//', interviewing Jeanne on her life and times. Jeanne Humbert's many works include '//Sous la cagoule. A Fresnes, prison modèle//' (Under the cowl. In Fresnes, model prison; 1933), '//Contre la guerre qui vient//', (Against the coming War; 1933), Éditions de la Ligue internationale des combattants de la paix, '//Jean Vigo, cinéaste avant-garde//' (1957), '//Eugène Humbert : la vie et l'œuvre d'un néo-malthusien//' (Eugène Humbert: the life and work of a neo-Malthusian; 1947), '//Sébastien Faure : l'homme, l'apôtre, une époque//' (Sébastien Faure: the man, the apostle, an era; 1949), 'Les Problèmes du couple' (The Problems of the Couple; 1970), '//Deux grandes figures du mouvement pacifiste et néo-malthusien : Eugène Humbert et Sébastien Faure//' (Two great figures of the pacifist and neo-Malthusian movement: Eugène Humbert and Sébastien Faure), as a special issue of '//La Voix de la Paix//', 1970. Jeanne Humbert died on August 1, 1986 in Paris. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Humbert militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2738 penselibre.org/spip.php?article88 www.ephemanar.net/aout01.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3024&lang=en www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Jeanne_Humbert anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_HumbertJeanne.html search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00598/Export?style=PDF cgecaf.com/mot1265.html]

[D] 1911 - Eleven anarchists are hung for their supposed part in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken) plot against the Japanese Emperor's life. [see: May 20]

1911 - Kanno Sugako (管野須賀子; b. 1881), also called Suga, Japanese anarcha-feminist journalist, writer and activist, is executed alongside her partner Kōtoku Shūsui (幸徳 秋水) and 9 other anarchists for their supposed part in the High Treason Incident (大逆事件; Taigyaku Jiken) or Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件; Kōtoku Jiken). [see: Jun. 7]

[E] 1977 - 21-year-old university student María Luz Nájera Julián dies in Madrid after being hit on the head by a smoke grenade fired by police at one of the numerous demonstrations across Spain protesting the death of Arturo Ruiz Garcia the previous day. [elpais.com/diario/1977/01/25/espana/222994831_850215.html www.memoriahistoricacartagena.com/2014/01/maria-luz-najera-murio-alcanzada-por-un.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_días_de_enero www.transicion.sbhac.net/Transicion02.htm] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Брешко-Брешковская,_Екатерина_Константиновна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Breshkovsky archive.org/details/littlegrandmothe00bres womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/ekaterina-konstantinovna-breshko-breshkovskaya spartacus-educational.com/RUSbreshkovskaya.htm www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/breshko_bresh.php avtonom.org/news/ekaterina-breshko-breshkovskaya-tri-anarkhista-pakropotkin-most-i-luiza-mishel-vospominaniya www.peoples.ru/state/politics/ekaterina_breshko-breshkovskaya/ az.lib.ru/b/breshkobreshkowskaja_e_k/]
 * = 25 || 1844 - [O.S. Jan. 13] Yekaterína Bréshko-Breshkóvsky [Екатери́на Бре́шко-Брешко́вская], aka ' Babushka', 'grandmother of the Russian Revolution' (бабушка русской революции) (Yekaterína Konstantínovna Verigo [Екатери́на Константи́новна Вериго]; d. 1934), Russian activist in the revolutionary movement and teacher, who was one of the founders and leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Fighting Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), born. Best known for her memoirs '//The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution: reminiscences and letters of Catherine Breshkovsky//' (ca. 1917). Initially a follower of anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, she was imprisoned in the katorga (ка́торга) system as a Narodnik revolutionary in 1874, and exiled to Siberia in 1878. After her release in 1896, she formed a Socialist-Revolutionary group and helped to organise the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in 1901. She escaped to Switzerland and the United States in 1900. After returning to Imperial Russia in 1905, she was captured and exiled to Siberia again. After the February Revolution of 1917, political prisoners were released, and Breshkovsky was offered a seat in Aleksandr Kerensky's government, which she turned down. When the Bolsheviks (who Breshkovsky was critical of) organised the October Revolution, she was again forced to flee. She died in Czechoslovakia.

1899 - [N.S. Feb. 6] Maria Alexandrovna Ananyina (b. 1849), Russian revolutionary and member of the so-called terrorist faction (Террористи́ческая фра́кция) of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies of kindey disease. [see: Feb. 6]

[E] [1903 - Fumiko Kaneko (金子 文子; January 25, 1903* - July 23, 1926), Japanese anarchist and nihilist. She was convicted of plotting to assassinate members of the Japanese Imperial family. [* official records state 1902, however, these were drawn up many lears later & her family give it as 1903] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2501.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Fumiko_Kaneko en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Kaneko ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/金子文子 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Kaneko kotobank.jp/word/金子文子-1066558 www.jca.apc.org/nashinoki-sha/jiyusiri-zu/jiyu1.htm]

1911* - Carme Millà i Tersol (d. 1999), Catalant artist (line drawing), designer, publicist and anarcho-syndicalist poster artist, born. Following the fascist military coup in July 1936, she was one of the creators in August 1936 (along with Enric Money, Gustau Cochet, Frank Alpresa, Ricardo Fernández, Lluís Alsina, Enrique del Amo, Enric Saperas, Josep Ballús, Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, Joaquim Cadena, Josep Company, Eduard Badia Vilató, Albert Sanmartí, etc.) of the Secció de Dibuixants, Pintors i Escultors (Designers, Painters and Sculptors Section) of the Sindicat Únic de Professions Liberals (Single Union of Liberal Professions) in the CNT in Barcelona, known as the 'Dibuixants CNT' (CNT Designers), and a member of the section's Secretariat. In July 1936, she wrote the statutes of the Comitè de l'Escola Nova Unificada (Committee of the New Unified School) and designed its poster 'Escola Nova: Poble Lliure'. In October 1936, along with Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, appointed on behalf of the CNT to the Standing Liaison Committee of the Sindicat de Dibuixants Professionals (Union of Professional Designers), affiliated to the Unión General de Trabajadores. In May 1937, following the bloody events that took place in Barcelona, ​​she signed along with other CNY and UGT militants, a manifesto demanding the end to all violence amongst the workers; on the same date, she was appointed professor of art by the Catalan Generalitat. In 1938 she married her fellow anarcho-syndicalist artist Ramon Saladrigas Balbé and in March that year was appointed vice president of the 'Dibuixants CNT' (with Ramon as president). In April 1938 he signed, along with her fellow cenetistas Ramon Saladrigas, Eugenio Vicente, Ramon Arqués, Felipe Prado, Emili Freixes, Josep Company, Gaietà Marí i Joan Abellí, a manifesto addressed to the people of Catalonia calling on then to resist the fascist onslaught. With the fascist victory, she and Ramon left for France and eventually left for the Americas, arriving on July 27, 1939 in the port of Veracruz, Mexico. In 1941, along with Pere Calders and Ramon Saladrigas Ballbé, she held an exhibition of her work in Veracruz. She also illustrated numerous books, including Jaime Félix Gil de Terradillos - '//Los Senderos Fantásticos//' (1949) and Josep Maria Francés - '//13½ Cuentos//' (1954), and led the editorial group on the 'Diccionario enciclopedico U.T.E.H.A.' (Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Union Tipografica Editorial Hispano Americana), that was eventually published in 1967. In 1959, she returned to Barcelona, where in May she held an exhibition of her Mexican water colours in the Selecciones Jaimes gallery. She returned to Mexico in 1960 but returned permanently to Barcelona the following year, working in advertising. Carmen Millà Tersol died on December 1, 1999 in Barcelona. [* many sources cite 1907] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2501.html cartellistes.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/els-cartellistes-del-sindicat-de.html andalucia.cnt.es/node/3942]

1949 - Katherine Ann Power, aka Mae Kelly and Alice Louise Metzinger, US academic and former student radical and fugitive from the FBI, born. She and her Brandeis University room-mate Susan Saxe worked to organise student protests through the National Student Strike Force in the late 1960s. With Saxe and NSSF member Stanley Ray Bond, she became involved in a plot to arm the Black Panthers as a response to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, robbing a National Guard armoury in Newburyport, Massachusetts on September 20, 1970, and a bank in Brighton, Massachusetts three days later on September 23. Bond and two others, William Gilday and Robert Valeri, who had taken part in the robberies were arrested shortly after. She and Saxe eluded capture and in November 1970, they became the sixteenth and seventeenth persons on the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives list. On the run with Saxe (who eluded arrest until 1975), they hid out in women’s communes and she took the name Mae Kelly and, in 1977, Alice Louise Metzinger. She settled in Oregan in 1979, had a son, Jamie, working in resturants and becoming a food writer. In 1993, Katherine Ann Power negotiated a surrender with authorities and ended 23 years of hiding. On September 15, 1993, she pleaded guilty to two counts of armed robbery and manslaughter in Boston, and was sentenced to eight to twelve years in prison for the bank robbery, and five years and a $10,000 fine for the National Guard armoury crimes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Ann_Power www.nytimes.com/1993/09/17/us/a-conscience-haunted-by-a-radical-s-crime.html?pagewanted=all]

1961 - Nadezhda Andreeva Udaltsova (Наде́жда Андре́евна Удальцо́ва; b. 1886), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist artist and painter associated with the anarchist movement during the 1917 Revolution, dies. [see: Nov. 29]

1962 - Lucy Fox Robins Lang (b. 1884), US anarchist and labour activist, dies. [see: Mar. 30]

1975 - Willie Roger Holder and Catherine Marie Kerkow, both of who had been involved in the hijacking of Western Airlines Flight 701 from Los Angeles to Seattle on June 2, 1972, are arrested in Paris by French police after having entered the country illegally from Algeria on fake passports under the names Leavy Forte and Janice Ann Forte. Widely reported as being Black Panther members, indeed the FBI claimed that Holder was a "leading member", they were in fact an African American Vietnam veteran, and his girlfriend, who was a stripper and small-time weed dealer. Broke and out of jobs, they hatched their hijack plan, 'Operation Sisyphus', and initially planned to fly to North Vietnam and ask for political asylum there. On board Flight 701, the hijackers claimed they had a bomb in an attaché case and demanded $3 million in ransom, later reduced to $500,000. After allowing half the passengers to get off in San Francisco and the other half to get off in New York on a re-fuelling stop, they flew on to Algeria, in what remains the longest-distance hijacking in American history. Arriving in Algiers the following day, they requested political asylum, and also asked to be met at the airport by Eldridge Cleaver, who had been granted asylum there after escaping an attempted-murder charge in the US. More interested in the ransom money, the Panthers' International Section in Algiers being desperately in need of cash, Cleaver met them and Holder and Kerkow were eventually allowed to leave in the Panthers’ custody. The group hailed them as revolutionary heroes until they learned that the country’s president, unconvinced that the couple were political refugees, announced that he was sending $488,000 of the ransom money back to the US. The pair joined the International Section of the Black Panther Party but grew bored with the revolutionary life, eventually securing fake passports and, after Kerkow had made a number of undetected trips to France, they decided to leave Algeria for good and set up in Paris in a flat there. Arrested at the request of the FBI, on April 15, 1975, a French court refused a US extradition request for the pair on grounds the hijacking was a political act. In July 1986, French authorities moved to deport Holder to the US after he completed his sentence for 1984 assault charges. Kerkow, who remains on the FBI wanted list, was never extradited, and her whereabouts and status remain unknown. [nypost.com/2013/06/16/what-do-i-wear-to-a-hijacking/ liveitoutloud.com/post/2013/06/23/Fly-the-friendly-skies.aspx en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wright_(fugitive) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines#Accidents_and_incidents news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/brendan-i-koerner-the-golden-age-of-skyjacking news.google.com/newspapers?id=TIZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6061,4443636&hl=en www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/nyregion/ex-black-panther-extradited-to-us.html www.fbi.gov/wanted/dt/catherine-marie-kerkow/view] || www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2601.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7622]
 * = 26 || 1901 - Marguerite Aspès (d. 1937), French anarchist militant and revolutionary syndicalist, born.

1913 - Juana Quesada (d. 2003), Argentinian feminist activist and anarchist, born in Pilar, Buenos Aires. Raised in a working class family of libertarian ideals, her brother Fernando Quesada also stood out as an anarchist militant. Based in the 1930s in Bahia Blanca, Juana joined the Federación Femenina Antiguerra and, following the fascist uprising in Spain in 1936, joined Ayuda al Pueblo Republicano, an anti-fascist solidarity organisation suporting the Second Spanish Republic, where she forged links with other anarchist women of the period including Carmen Vazquez, Juana and Menchu ​​Garballo, and Mercedes Vazquez. In 1938 she settled in Buenos Aires, joining the Federación Anarco Comunista Argentina, which in 1955 changed its name to the Federación Libertaria Argentina, where she took charge of the cultural commission. In 1942 she teamed with the anarchist Jacobo Maguid, known by his pseudonyms Jacinto Cimazo or Jacinto Macizo, and with whom she had a daughter. She died in Buenos Aires in October 2003). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Quesada]

1918 - Malka (Mala) Zimetbaum (d. 1944), a Belgian woman of Polish Jewish descent, known for her escape from the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (the first woman to do so) and the resistance she displayed at her execution following the escape's failure, born. [see: Sep. 15]

1935 - Maria Paula Figueiroa Rego, Portuguese-born British painter, collagist, printmaker, feminist and anti-fascist/anti-Salazarist, born. She was married to the British anarchist painter Victor Willing. [www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2004/jul/17/art.art www.webofstories.com/play/paula.rego/37]

1942 - Diana Oughton (d. 1970), US member of the Students for a Democratic Society Michigan Chapter, the SDS's radical Jesse James Gang (as well as its full-time organiser) and the Weather Underground, who died in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Oughton en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion]

[EE] 1944 - Angela Yvonne Davis, prominent African-American radical political activist, academic, educator, author, feminst, prisoner rights advocate and prison abolition campaigner, who helped found Critical Resistance, born. A prominent radical in the 1960s, she was active in the Civil Rights movement and, in 1967, joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and then the Black Panther Party, as well as the Che-Lumumba Club (an all-black branch of the CPUSA). A member of the Communist Party USA, in 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, urged by then-California Governor Ronald Reagan, fired her from her professorship for her party affiliation. This move was deemed illegal and she resumed her job, only to be sacked for "inflammatory language" that she had used in four different speeches. A supporter of the Soledad Brothers, she was charged in absentia with "aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley" following the August 7, 1970 attempt by George Jackson's younger brother Jonathan to kidnapping Superior Court judge Harold Haley from the Marin County Courthouse during the trial of another Black Panther named James McClain. The three guns used in the 'Marin County courthouse incident', which ended in a shootout during which Jonathan Jackson, Haley and two others dies, were purchased and registered in Davis' name. Davis fled to avoid arrest and was placed on the FBI’s ten most wanted list. She was captured by the FBI on October 13, 1970, with President Richard Nixon congratulating the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist, Angela Davis." In February 1972, after sixteen-month on remand in prison, the state finally allowed her release on bail and acquitted of all charges by an all-white jury on June 4, 1972. Her later academic career included Professor of Ethnic Studies at the San Francisco State University and professorships in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies Departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Davis left the Communist Party in 1991, leaving it to help found the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, which itself broke with the CPUSA folowing its support for the 1991 Soviet coup attempt. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis feministstudies.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?singleton=true&cruz_id=aydavis www.blackpast.org/aah/davis-angela-1944-0 www.jayepurplewolf.com/PASSION/ANGELADAVIS/ www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/08/home/davis-campaign.html www.colorlines.com/articles/masked-racism-reflections-prison-industrial-complex]

[E] 1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: In the ten minutes between 17:00 and 17:10, female FLN operatives (the prefered bomb couriers) again planted bombs in European Algiers, the targets being the popular student café-bar the Otomatic on Rue Michelet, the Cafétéria milk bar and the Coq-Hardi brasserie - Danièle Minne, accompanied by Zahia Kerfallah because as this was her first mission, planting the Otomatic bomb, Zoubida Fadila the one at the Cafétéria, and Djamila Bouazza at the Coq-Hardi. The first bomb in the Otomatic went off at 17:24 and the other two at 18:35, the three explosions leaving 4 dead and 50 wounded. In retaliation a Muslim was lynched on the spot by Pied-Noirs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-otomatic.html www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-milkbar.html babelouedstory.com/voix_du_bled/bombe_cafeteria/cafeteria.html]

1989 - Llum Gil Domènech (b. 1901), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. Introduced the libertarian movement at a young age by her father, she was particularly active in the CNT from the 1930s in the Sindicat Tèxtil. In 1976 she joined the CNT's Sindicat de Jubilats (Pensioners Union) in the Verneda neighborhood of Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2601.html] || By 1901, Juana had become a teacher and was living in the town of Guanajuato, and it was there that she and fellow schoolteacher Elisa Acuña y Rossetti founded the weekly newspaper, '//Vésper//', with Gutiérrez having sold some of her goats in order to raise sufficient cash to buy a small printing press. She has also become an active member of the Movimiento Precursor, a small but committed group throughout Mexico which agitated against the increasingly oppressive regime of President Porfirio Díaz. In the pages of '//Vésper//' Juana regularly attacked the clergy in Guanajuato, wrote against the domination of foreign influences in Mexico and continued her campaigning against Díaz and his contempt for the ordinary people of the country. '//Vésper//' quickly gained a reputation outside of Guanajuato itself, with the PLM newspaper '//Regeneración//' stating: "Now, when many men have lost heart and, out of cowardice, retired from the fight…. now that many men, without vigour, retreat… there appears a spirited and brave woman, ready to fight for our principles, when the weakness of many men has permitted them to be trampled and spit upon." As the main contributor to '//Vésper//' and its printer, she was denounced and the paper seized, and to avoid another spell in prison, she moved to Ciudad de México (Mexico City). In 1902, she resumed the publication of '//Vésper//' in the capital, continuing her attacks on the government. The following year she joined the Club Liberal Ponciano Arriaga, signing (on February 27, 1903) as First Member (primer vocal)[i.e. first listed non-official] the Manifiesto del Club Liberal Ponciano Arriaga, which called for the release of political prisoners and universal suffrage, amongst others demands. During the meeting, undercover police staged a 'riot', a pantomime that provided the excuse necessary for the arrest of Juana Belén, Elisa Acuña y Rossetti, Camilo Arriaga, Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and Juan Sarabia, who were all were held in the dismal prison of Belén. Later she was banished to Laredo, Texas, where she met up with the brothers Flores Magón, Santiago de la Hoz, Juan Sarabia, Elisa Acuña y Rossetti and Sara Estela Ramírez. With Elisa Acuña and Sara Estela Ramírez, Gutiérrez recommenced the publication of '//Vésper//' and, with Acuña, she edited the socialist newspaper '//Fiat Lux//'. In 1905, Juana returned to Mexico City, where she brought together groups of workers under the banner Socialismo Mexicano, and edited the group's new newspaper '//Anáhuac//'. At the same time, she also wrote for the more mainstream '//Excélsior//' newspaper. In 1907, she founded Las Hijas de Anáhuac, a group of some 300 libertarian women, which agitated for strikes for better working conditions for women. The group was also prominent in the activities of the anti-Díaz Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista, with Porfirio Díaz ordering her deportation to the United States as a consequence of her involvement in the organisation. Upon her return to Mexico in 1909, Gutiérrez founded the Amigas del Pueblo, a women's political association that involved Dolores Arana, Manuela y Delfina Peláez, Manuela Gutiérrez, Dolores Jiménez y Muro, María Trejo, Rosa G. de Maciel, Laura Mendoza, Dolores Medina and Jacoba González amongst others. With the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1911, she became an active participant. Still close to Camilo Arriaga, she was involved in the Complot de Tacubaya on March 27, 1911, an unsuccessful attempt sponsored by the Círculo Ponciano Arriaga to ferment the rebellion of troops stationed in the barracks of San Diego, in Tacubaya, which was supposed to precipitate the spontaneous insurrection of the whole population, something that did not happen, and ended up with her being imprisoned for three years in San Juan de Ulúa prison in the company of Dolores Jiménez y Muro, María Dolores Malvaes and Elisa Acuña. Following the resignation of Porfirio Díaz in May 1911, Juana Belén was one of the first voices to demand that the government of Francisco I. Madero accede to the claims of the workers and give the vote to women. She also quickly perceived that Madero was cut from exactly the same politically venal cloth as Díaz and Gutiérrez became an enthusiastic supporter of Emiliano Zapata, the fiery champion of Mexico's oppressed peasants and Indians, becoming part of the group that elaborated Plan de Ayala, first proclaimed on November 25, 1911. In 1914 upon her release from prison, Zapata made her a colonel in the Victoria regiment, a military unit which she not only commanded but set up from scratch. During this time, she also served as editor of the indigenist newspaper '//La Reforma//' in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, which advocated the liberation of the Indian masses, whilst continuing the tough organisational and political work of the revolution. Marked out by Venustiano Carranza, Primer Jefe of the Constitutionalist Army, as a 'convicted Zapatista' for her outspoken writings, she was imprisoned in 1916 for ten months, after having been captured by government forces. Even with the assassination of Zapata in April 1919, Juana Gutiérrez refused to give up on the idea that one day Mexico's peasants would possess the land they laboured on, and Mexico's women would be liberated from their ancient burdens and discriminations. In June 1919, she began yet another publishing project, 'El Desmonte', in which she continued to lay out her critique of Mexican society and put forward her own views on workers' and women's rights and politics in general during its short lifespan. In October 1919, she founded the Consejo Nacional de Mujeres Mexicanas (National Council of Mexican Women) with Elena Torres, Evelyn T. Roy, Thoberg de Haberman, María del Refugio García and Estela Carrasco, taking the presidency in this organisation. She also took part in the Frente Único Pro-Derechos de la Mujer (United Front for the Rights of Women), becoming one of its major figures. In the 1920s and 30s, she continued her precarious living as a journalist, whilst founding an experimental agricultural colony in the State of Morelos in 1921 and, in 1922, founded another indigenist newspaper, '//¡Alto!//', in which she railed against the current state of land reform in the country whilst campaigning for an effective system of rural education. During the early 1920s, Juana Gutiérrez was appointed missionary teacher for the indigenous ethnic groups in the states of Jalisco and Zacatecas and also became director of the Hospital Civil de Zacatecas. In 1924 she published '//¡Por la tierra y por la raza!//' (For Land and for Race!), which sold out almost immediately. However, the book was not reprinted until 1967, when her daughter Laura Mendoza Gutiérrez and granddaughter Susana Mendoza brought out a second edition. Between 1926 and 1930 she was also the inspector of federal schools in Querétaro and in Zacatecas. In 1930, and now 73 years of age, she returned to publishing with the newspaper '//Alma Mexicana: Por la Tierra y Por la Raza//', in which she took to task both those feminists she believed to be "un-Mexican", due to their inability to understand the needs of ordinary women, as well as those involved in what she saw as engaging in pointless ideological dogmatism and infighting within the women's movement. In 1932,' //Vésper//' entered its fourth and final season. Juana Gutiérrez lived in extreme poverty in her later years, and she was forced to burn many of her papers in order to heat beans that she sold on the street. However, she did not allow this her destitution to defeat her, and continued to speak out for the cause of social and economic justice for women. Thus in 1940, she founded the group La Republica Femenina (named after a 1936 book of hers), which argued that the social imbalance came from the triumph of patriarchy over matriarchy, and continued to collaborate in various newspapers up til her death, on July 13, 1942 in Mexico City. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/gutierrezdemendoza/gutierrezdemendoza.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Juana_Belén_Gutierrez_de_Mendoza puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3134-juana-belen-gutierrez-de-mendoza.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Belén_Gutiérrez_de_Mendoza es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Belem_Gutiérrez_de_Mendoza www.bibliotecas.tv/zapata/1911/z27mar11.html www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/historia/programa/21.html ideasfem.wordpress.com/textos/f/f27/ ideasfem.wordpress.com/textos/f/f32/ www.historia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/articulos/esp-genero/2parte/CAP6AnaLau.htm]
 * = 27 || [B] 1875 - Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza (María Juana Francisca Gutiérrez Chávez; d. 1942), Mexican anarcha-feminist activist, typographer, journalist and poet, born. The daughter of a mestizo father, Santiago Gutiérrez, and a mother, Porfiria Chávez, of Indian descent, hers was a poor rural family typical of the period, surviving on the meagre wages her father earned as a blacksmith, horse-tamer and farm labourer. The family's one claim to fame was one of Juana Belén's grandfathers, a poor working man, who had been executed by firing squad because of his beliefs and was held in high esteem by the family. Even so, she was able to overcame this adversity. Largely self-taught, it was through the reading of Peter Kropotkin, Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre Joseph Proudhon, whose works she would later translate into Spanish, that she began to identify within the anarcho-syndicalist current. In 1887, at the age twelve, she married an illiterate miner in Sierra Mojada, Chihuahua, called Cirilo Mendoza, who Juana taught to read and write. In 1897, she began to collaborate on the newspapers '//El Diario del Hogar//' and '//El Hijo del Ahuizote//', and began learning the craft of typography. That same year she was imprisoned in the Minas Nuevas prison for her defence in print of the labour rights of the miners at the La Esmeralda mine in Chihuahua state, contained in a report she had written criticising the poor working conditions in the mine. Following her release, in 1899 she founded the Club Liberal Benito Juárez, a group frequented by the Flores Macon brothers, Camilo Arriaga, Librado Rivera and others. The following year she published a book of her poetry and participated in the creation of the libertarian Partido Liberal Mexicano (Mexican Liberal Party) with her fellow Club Liberal Benito Juárez members.

[E] 1882 - Poss. date [see also: Jul. 27] for the birth of Hélène Brion (d. 1962), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she is given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of 'La Voie Féministe' (1978) who never finished her monumental 'Encyclopédie Féministe', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time.

1903 - Police arrest Emma Goldman and Max Baginski in New York City for being "suspicious persons". They are released after questioning.

1906 - [N.S. Feb. 9] Ekaterina Adolfovna Izmailovich (Екатерина Адольфовна Измайлович; b. 1881) Russian revolutionary, who followed her elder sister Alexandra Izmailovich (Александре Измайлович) into the SR Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), is shot is Sevastopol after a failed assassination attempt on on the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Gregory Chukhnin (Григо́рий Чухни́н). [see: Feb. 9]

1978 - In an interview for the ITV current affairs programme '//World in Action//', Conservative MP and future prime minister Margaret Thatcher claims that British people fear being 'swamped' by immigrants from the new Commonwealth and Pakistan. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/59/margaret-thatcher-claims-britons-fear-being-swamped.html]

1987 - Clara Thalmann (Clara Ensner; b. 1908), Swiss revolutionary and anarchist, who fought in the Spanish Revolution with the Columna Durruti and founded the Serena Commune in Nice in 1953 with her partner Pavel (Paul), dies from lung cancer. [see: Sep. 24] “I am going to make the revolution in the the sky” - Clara Thalmann, 1953.

2012 - Adela García Murillo (b. 1919), Spanish anarchist, who joined the CNT when the Columna Maroto, headed by Francisco Maroto del Ojo, arrive in Güéjar Sierra, dies. During the war, along with her son-in-law José Barcojo and other militants, she participated in the reorganisation of the clandestine CNT in Granada and was involved in the post-1939 maquis support networks. Arrested following a tip-off, pent 10 years in a women's prison and, upon her release, she devoted herself to the reorganisation of the confederation in the city of Granada. After the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, she actively participated in the reappearance of the CNT in Granada. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/6m9146 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/actividades-no-sindicales/1515-adela-garcia-murillo.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2701.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette www.amisdecolette.fr/biographie/]
 * = 28 || 1873 - Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette; d. 1954), French novelist, mime, actress and journalist, born.

[E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: The inimitable Flora Drummond (known as 'the General' in WSPU ranks) attempts to lead a Women's Social and Political Union march from the Agricultural Hall in Islington to the House of Commons to demand an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George. The interview was refused and the WSPU newspaper '//Votes for Women//' records that the "women were treated with violence by the police". Flora Drummond was knocked down and slightly injured, whilst a number of shop and Government office windows in Whitehall were broken and around 30 women were arrested. [lifeandtimesofflorencenightingale.wordpress.com/suffragette-newspaper-index/january-28-1913/]

1935 - Iceland becomes the first Western country* to legalise therapeutic abortion. Law No. 38 declared that the mother’s health and "domestic conditions" such as rape, incest and poverty, may be taken into consideration when considering whether to permit doctors to perform an abortion. [*The Soviet Union had effectively legalised abortion on demand in 1920 but it would be revoked on June 27, 1936.]

1943 - Le Procès des 42: In Nantes courthouse, forty-two anti-fascist members of the Résistance, considered terrorists by the Nazis, are found guilty by a German military court after a two week trial. Thirty-seven were sentenced to death and five others, including two women, Renée Losq and Marie Michel, are sentenced to deportation and forced labour in Germany. Three others are acquitted due to lack of evidence. [see: Jan. 15] [www.resistance-44.fr/Renee-Losq www.resistance-44.fr/Renee-Losq www.reze.fr/Decouvrir-Reze/Histoire/Reze-au-20e-siecle/1943-Les-fusilles-rezeens-des-Proces-des-42-et-des-16 www.resistance-44.fr/?Nantes-1943 ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/ENCOURS/Proces.html ftpf.procesdes42.pagesperso-orange.fr/listefusilles.html dossiersactua.voila.net/otage/otages.htm www.acer-aver.fr/index.php/actions/evenements/267-hommage-aux-cinq-rblicains-espagnols-fusillle-13-fier-1943]

1960 - Zora Neale Hurston (b. 1891), US folklorist, anthropologist, novelist, short story writer and civil right activist, who was a fixture of the Harlem Renaissance before writing her masterwork, '//Their Eyes Were Watching God//' (1937), dies of hypertensive heart disease. [see: Jan. 7]

1993 - Hannah Wilke (Arlene Hannah Butter; b. 1940), pioneering US feminist conceptual artist [painting, sculpture, assemblage, photography, performance, video and performance], dies of lymphoma, using her slow physical decline as the basis of her final artworks. [see: Mar. 7] ||
 * = 29 || 1891 - [N.S. Feb. 10] Sofia Kovalevskaya [Со́фья Ковале́вская] (Sofia Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Со́фья Васи́льевна Корвин-Круковская]; January 15 [3] 1850), Russian mathematician, engineer and Narodnik (народники), whose sister was the socialist and feminist Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya), dies of influenza. [see: Jan. 15]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike / Death of Anna LoPizzo: At one of the largest demonstrations of the Bread & Roses strike, I.W.W. Executive Board member Joseph Ettor addresses a mass meeting on the Lawrence Common, urging the strikers to be peaceful and orderly, and leads them on a march through the business district. At one of the mills, a company of militiamen refuses to let them pass. Ettor avertes a conflict by waving the paraders up a side street. They follow, cheering him for his good sense. During the evening, independent of the earlier demonstration, Anna LoPizzo, a woman striker, is shot and killed by a police officer (Oscar Benoit) as police try to break up a picket line. Despite being three miles away at the time talking to a meeting of German workers, Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti are arrested as "accessories to the murder" and charged with inciting and provoking the violence. They were refused bail and imprisoned for eight months without trial. In April, Joseph Caruso, an Italian striker, was arrested and jailed in an attempt by Lawrence police to find the man who had fire the fatal shot. Martial law is enforced following the arrest of the two I.W.W. strike leaders. City officials declare all parades, open air meetings, and gatherings of three or more illegal, and Governor Foss (also a mill owner) calls out an additional twelve companies of infantry and two troops of cavalry to patrol the streets. A militiaman's bayonet killed a fifteen-year old Syrian boy in another clash between strikers and police. The arrest of Ettor and Ciovannitti was aimed at disrupting the strike. However, the I.W.W. sent Bill Haywood to Lawrence, and with him came I.W.W. organisers William Trautmann, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and, later, Carlo Tresca, an Italian anarchist. More than 15,000 strikers met Haywood at the railroad station and carried him down Essex Street to the Lawrence Common, where he addressed a group of 25,000 strikers. Group by group, they sang the "Internationale" for him in their various tongues. Looking down from the speaker's stand and seeing the young strikers in the crowd, Haywood roared in his foghorn voice: "Those kids should be in school instead of slaving in the mills." A third victim, Lithuanian immigrant Jonas Smolskas, was beaten to death several months after the strike ended for wearing a pro-labour pin on his lapel. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 libcom.org/files/1912 The Lawrence textile strike.pdf spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike www.onthisdeity.com/29th-january-1912-–-the-death-of-anna-lopizzo/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_LoPizzo exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/63 dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/end/remembering]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: WSPU members smash windows at the Home Office, the Treasury, the Admiralty, and the Local Government Board in Whitehall, the Hamburg-America Shipping Company's office and other properties in Regent Street. Oxford Street, Charing Cross and other business centres. During the day 22 arrests are made. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

[EEE] 1919 - Marina Ginestà i Coloma (d. 2014), French-born Spanish journalist, translator, and anti-fascist miliciana and militant in the PSUC and JSUC, who became famous due to the photo taken by Juan Guzmán on the rooftop of Hotel Colón, Barcelona during the July 1936 military uprising, one of the most iconic photographs of the Spanish Civil War, born. She grew up in Toulouse, the daughter of two trade unionists: Bruno Ginestà, secretary of the liaison committee CNT-UGT de Catalunya, Empar Coloma, a member of the Agrupació Femenina de Propaganda Cooperativista (Association of Women Propaganda Cooperativista), and moved to Barcelona with her parents at the age of 11. Ginestà later joined the Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya and the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas de Cataluña. She worked as a translator during the Olimpiada Popular and, when the war broke out, she served as a reporter and a translator assisting Mikhail Koltsov, a correspondent of the Soviet newspaper '//Pravda//'. Caught up in the port of Alicante towards the end of the war, she was imprisoned in a concentration camp but was released when she was not found on any list of people who should be judged. Attempting to cross the Pyrenees with her wounded partner, a young political commissar, she fell and broke her wrist. Unable to return to her partner, Marina managed to get to Montpellier and, pretending to be French, was treated there. A few days later Ginestà was reunited with her parents and the family was interned in the camps of Argelès-sur-Mer and Agde. When France was occupied by the Nazis, she left Europe with her family for Mexico and, ultimately, the Dominican Republic, where she married. In 1946 she was forced to leave the country because of the persecution under the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo. In 1952, Ginestà married a Belgian diplomat and returned to Barcelona. She moved to Paris in the early 1970s. Marina Ginestà died there at the age of 94 on January 6, 2014. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà_i_Coloma es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10559135/Marina-Ginesta-obituary.html elpais.com/m/elpais/2014/01/08/inenglish/1389196276_294270.html?rel=rosEP www.eldiario.es/politica/Marina-Ginesta-reconoce-EFE-imagen_0_215928753.html rarehistoricalphotos.com/marina-ginesta-17-year-old-communist-militant-overlooking-barcelona-spanish-civil-war-1936/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Guzmán_(photographer)]

1925 - Emma Goldman lectures on '//The Bolshevik Myth & the Condition of the Political Prisoners//' at South Place Institute, London, her first public meeting in England at which she denounces the Bolsheviks, prompting vocal protests from some members of the audience.

[E] 1939 - Germaine Greer, the 'Untamed Shrew', a ratbag ("being tuppence in the quid") and intellectual, 'second-wave' feminist writer, and one-time anarchist communist as a member of the Libertarian Push in Sydney, is born in Melbourne, Australia. [expand] self-described anarchist communist [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer www.takver.com/history/sydney/greer.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2901.html www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/01/germaine-greer-angry-outspoken-feminist-lioness www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/57/winant.php web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/push.html]

1996 - Four women Ploughshares activists cause millions in damage at the British Aerospace Warton site, disarming a F-16 fighter jet destined to be sold to Indonesia for use in its illegal occupation and genocide of East Timor. The women were later acquitted of all charges on the grounds of preventing a greater crime.

2011 - Dorothy Thompson (Dorothy Katharine Gane Towers; b. 1923), British socialist and feminist historian, and political activist, first in the Communist Party (she and her husband Edward broke with the party in 1956) and then in the peace movement, dies. [see: Oct. 30] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3001.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2189]
 * = 30 || [E] 1899 - Dolores Morata Díaz (d. 1974), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. She was also known as Dolores Aguilar due to her 'unió lliure' (free union) with her fellow anarchist militant Miguel Aguilar Doñate, which began in 1922, and with whom she had four sons and a daughter. That same year, under pressure from the Primo de Rivera regime, the couple went into exile in France and settled in Lavelanet. In 1931, with the proclamation of the Second Republic, they returned to the Peninsula. Listed as a "dangerous anarchist", they suffered constant persecution and regular periods of imprisonment, and in February 1932 they were deported to the African prison colony of Bata in Spanish Guinea. In 1939 with the Fascist victory, they went in exile to France. With the declaration of war her companion was expelled and emigrated to Mexico. Dolores remained in France with their children. A member of the CNT in exile, Dolores Morata Diaz died on December 18, 1974 in Toulouse.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Two hundred letter bomb incendiary devices in a box at the Vere Street post office were set on fire and considerably damaged. Similar device explode in York and other towns andcities. The Hamburg-America Shipping Company had a second window broken costing £150. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Bonnington House, Lanark completely gutted. [glasgowpunter.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/votes-for-women-glasgow-and-suffragettes.html]

1997 - Pepita Grau (Josepa Grau i Ferrer; b. 1916), Catalan anarcho-syndicalsits and anarcha-feminist militant, active in the CNT and the Mujeres Libres, dies. [see: Feb. 15]

2008 - Conchita Guillen Bertolin (b. 1919), Spanish militant anarchist and member of Mujeres Libres, dies. [see: Aug. 16] || After the war, Vrbenský led an exodus of members into the Česká Národně Socialistické Strany (Czech National Socialist Party) and, after a series of negotiations involving Landová-Štychová, renamed itself the České Strana Socialistická (Czech Socialist Party) and allocated the anarcho-communist current three positions on its Executive Committee. Whilst the FČA was effectively absorbed into the ČSS, the anarcho-communists maintained their own organisational structures within the party, holding their own independent anarchist congresses. Landová-Štychová also participated in the preparation for the general strike on the October 14, 1918 as a member of the Socialist Council's action committee, helping draft the strike appeal which openly talked about a Czechoslovak Republic — the first such public declaration to refer to Czechoslovakia as a new state entity. Initially organised by the Socialist Council as a demonstration in protest against the export of food and goods to Austria, it mutated into all-out revolt across the country aimed at creating the new republic. Between 1918-1923, Landová-Štychová was a member of the Revolučním Národním Shromáždění (Revolutionary National Assembly) as a representative of the ČSS, one of only three women at the time, and she used her position to actively campaign on feminist issues: highlighted the need to reform family law so that even housewives were paid an eight-hour working day and given full voting rights; to reform of the marriage law and called the possibility of establish civil marriages and legal separation; the decriminalisation of abortion; the expropriation of empty properties for the establishment of a homes for children and orphans; the introduction of physical and sexual health education in schools; as well as campaigning against prostitution, smoking and alcoholism. However, disputes between the anarcho-communist wing and the ČSNS rump over issues, such as forming a Left front with the KSČ (Komunistická Strana Československa / Communist Party of Czechoslovakia), erupted and Landová-Štychová lost her parliamentary seat and the anarchist were marginalised. Finally, the more radical Vrbenský wing was expelled in 1923 for voting against the Law on Protection of the Republic and stripped of their parliamentary mandate. Later that year Landová-Štychová and Vrbenský co-founded the Neodvislá Socialistickou Stranu Dělnickou (Independent Socialist Workers Party), which went on to closely cooperate with the Neodvislá Radikální Sociálně Demokratická Stranou (Independent Radical Social Democratic Party), forming the Socialistické Sjednocení (Socialist Unification), which ultimately fell apart at its first congress the following year. In 1925 the vestiges of the NSSD merged with the KSČ. Landová-Štychová went on to be a member of parliament (1925-29) for the KSČ, member of the Svazu Proletářských Bezvěrců (Union of Proletarian Atheists), the vice-president (1928-31) of Mezinárodní Dělnický Pomoc (International Workers' Aid), and, in 1925, president of Mezinárodní Rudá Pomoc (International Red Aid). An active anti-fascist, she helped organise support for anti-fascists in the Spanish Revolution and provided support for German anti-fascists escaping Nazi Germany and seeking asylum in in Czechoslovakia. After 1945 she devoted herself to the popularisation of scientific knowledge and was the author of several publications and pamphlets, and in 1952 was made the vice-president of the Československé Společnosti pro Šíření Politických a Vědeckých Znalostí (Czechoslovak Society for the Propagation of Political and Scientific Knowledge). Luisa Landová-Štychová dies on August 31, 1969 in Prague. Amongst her publications are the memoir '//Žena v Manželství//' (A Woman in a Marriage; 1923); '//Pomoc Proletářským Dětem//' (Helping Proletarian Children; 1927), '//Proti Dnešnímu Vězeňskému Režimu v Československu//' (Against Today's Prison Regime in Czechoslovakia; 1928), '//Proč Demonstrují Političtí Vězňové na Pankráci Hladovkou?//' (Why Demonstrate in Support of the Political Prisoners on Hunger Strike in Pankrac?; 1928), '//Sociálně-Revoluční Význam 14. Října 1918//' (The Socio-Revolutionary Significance of October 14, 1918; 1935), '//Výchova Dětí v Bezvěrecké Rodině//' (Raising Children in an Atheist Family; 1947), '//Proslovy k Pohřbům Osob bez Vyznání//' (Speeches for Funerals of People without Religion; 1949), and '//Astronomie v Boji s Vatikánem//' (Astronomy in the Fight Against the Vatican; 1951). [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Landová-Štychová www.cojeco.cz/index.php?s_term=&s_lang=2&detail=1&id_desc=51581 cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus_v_Česku cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodvislá_socialistická_strana_dělnická]
 * = 31 || [E] 1885 - Luisa Landová-Štychová (Aloisie Vorlíčková; d. 1969), Czech journalist, populariser of science, pioneer feminist, atheist, anarchist and then communist politician, born. The daughter of a grocery and baker shop owner, she refused to take over the store despite her father's insistence and Aloisie changed her surname to Landová, the maiden name of her paternal grandmother. Politically active pre-WWI, especially among the Northern Bohemian miners, joining the Česká Anarchistická Federace (Czech Anarchist Federation) in 1907 and participating in its anti-militarist campaigns. In 1912 she became known for her radical feminist views and is arguable the first Czech anarchist to promote feminist or anarcha-feminist views. The following year she and her partner, the scientist and anarchist Jaroslav Štych, founded the atheist Svaz Socialistických Monistů (Union of Socialist Monists), which was banned during the war but continued its activities clandestinely as the Sdružení Dělnických Abstinentů (Workers' Association of Abstainers). Štych was also responsible for introducing Landová-Štychová to astronomy, and together they founded an observatory in Petrin and their astronomical society, the Astronomickém Kroužku (Astronomical Circle), would go on to become a gathering place for anarchist and socialists. The anarcho-communists amongst the group, including Landová-Štychová herself, having realised the limited opportunities for organising political struggle available within the group, in 1914 set up the Federace Českých Anarchokomunistů (Federation of Czech Anarcho-communists) under the iniative of Bohuslav Vrbenský and based on the ideas of Stanislaus Kostka Neumann. However, the development of the FČA was interruped by the war and many members were either jailed or ended up joining the army.

1943 - Susan Stern (Susan Ellen Tanenbaum; d. 1976), US political activist, who was a member of Students for a Democratic Society, the Weathermen (expelled after five months) and the radical anti-Vietnam War movement, Seattle Liberation Front, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stern en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Liberation_Front]

1987 - Oksana Shachko [Оксана Шачко], Ukrainian artist and founder member of the international feminist protest group FEMEN, along with Anna Hutsol [Ганна Гуцол] and Alexandra Shevchenko [Олександра Шевченко], born. She invented the bare breast protest when she went topless on August 4, 2009 during a FEMEN demonstration on Ukrainian independence day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Shachko en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMEN femen.org]

2012 - Dorothea Margaret Tanning (b. 1910), American Surrealist painter, printmaker, sculptor, writer, poet, ballet set and costume designer, dies. [see: Aug. 23] ||


 * = FEBRUARY ||
 * = 1 || 1851 - Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley (b. 1797) dies. [see: Aug. 30]

1882 - [N.S. Feb 13] Gesya Mirovna Gelfman (Ге́ся Ми́ровна Ге́льфман; b. ca. 1852-55), Russian dressmaker, student midwife, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, dies of untreated peritonitis suffered during childbirth. [see: Feb. 13]

1972 - Leymah Roberta Gbowee, Liberian peace activist responsible for leading the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement that helped bring an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee leymahgbowee.com womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee]

[C] 1980 - Yolanda González Martín (b. 1961), an anti-Fascist from Deusto, Bilbao, in the Basque Country, who was active in the Trotskyist Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST; Socialist Workers Party), is abducted by the Batallón Vasco Español, a right wing paramilitary group after leaving a PST meeting late that evening in Madrid. She is then tortured and killed and her body is found by the Guardia Civil the following morning in the San Martin de Valdeiglesias area. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_González www.antifeixistes.org/3516_memoria-yolanda-gonzalez-anys-assassinat.htm]

1984 - Lucien Chardonneau (b. 1896), French roofer and lead worker, militant anarcho-syndicalist and trade unionist, dies. [see: Sep. 18]

[E] 1985 - Asmaa Mahfouz (أسماء محفوظ‎‎), Egyptian activist and one of the founders of the April 6 Youth Movement, who is credited with helping to spark mass uprising through her video blog posted one week before the start of the 2011 Egyptian revolution, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz] || While in Switzerland in 1903, Taratuta became an anarcho-communist. In 1904, she returned to Russia where she joined the Soyuz Neprimirimyye (Союз Непримиримые / Union of Intransigents) anarchist group in Odessa around the Pole Jan Wacław Machajski. She was arrested in April 1904 but was freed in the autumn for lack of evidence. She then joined the Odessa Workers Group of Anarchist Communists (Рабочая группа анархистов-коммунистов), which distributed propaganda and organised workers’ circles. During this period, she began using the pseudonym Babushka (a strange alias given that she was still only thirty) and soon began to gain a reputation in anarchist circles. [EXPAND]
 * = 2 || 1876* - [O.S. Jan. 21] Olga Iljinicna Taratuta [Ольги Іллівни Таратути (uk) / Ольга Ильинична Таратута (ru)], aka Babushka ,Valia, Tania, D. Basist (real name Elka Golda Eljevna Ruvinskaia [Елька Гольда Еліївна Рувинська (uk) / Элька Гольда Эльевна Рувинская (ru)]; d. 1938), Ukrainian teacher, anarcho-communist revolutionary and founder of the Ukrainian Anarchist Black Cross, born. Taratuta worked as a teacher after completing her studies and was arrested on "political suspicions" in 1895. In 1897 she joined a social democratic group associated with Abram [Аврам] and Juda Grossman [Иуда Гроссман] in Ekaterinoslav (Елисаветграде). Taratuta was a member of the South Russian Workers' Union (Южно-русский рабочий союз) and the Elizavetgrad committee of the RDSLP ( 1898-1901). In 1901 she fled abroad, living in Germany and Switzerland, where she worked on the party organ '//Iskra//' and met Georgi Plekhanov and Vladimir Lenin.

[At the beginning of October 1905 she was arrested again but was again released with the October amnesty. She joined the combat organisation of the South Russian Group of Anarchist Communists (Южно-русской группы коммунистов-анархистов) which used the tactic of "motiveless terror" - that is attacks on institutions and representatives of the autocratic regime rather than particular targeted individuals, helping prepare the notorious attack on the Libman café in December 30 [17] 1905 early 1906 - arrested and sentenced to 17 years hard labour. 1906 - on the run: participated in the creation of an anarchist group in Moscow. 1907-1908 - In Switzerland .: Member of the International Anarchist-Communists combat group (Боевой интернациональной группы анархистов-коммунистов) Боевого интернационального отряда а.-к 1908 - returned to Russia, was preparing attacks in Kiev, Odessa , Ekaterinoslav. 1908 - arrested and, in view of previous escape, sentenced to 21 years hard labour: available in 1917godu. 1918-1920. - Adviser in NI Makhno. 1920 - created in Kharkiv organisation Black Cross to assist anarchists, contained in Soviet prisons: arrested. 1922 - exiled to Vologda Province. 1924 - lives in Moscow. 1938 - repressed.] [*some sources give the years as 1874 or 1878] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2101.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Taratuta fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Taratuta libcom.org/history/taratuta-olga-ilyinichna-1876-1938-real-name-elka-golda-elievna-ruvinskaia-aka-babushka- www.lafeuillecharbinoise.com/?p=9033 procol-harum.livejournal.com/148875.html?thread=1775499 bestanarhist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/blog-post_3415.html odesskiy.com/chisto-fakti-iz-zhizni-i-istorii/anarhistskaja-odessa-odesskie-anarhisty.html www.n-slovo.com.ua/index.php/component/content/article/9-newspaper/1523-kjli.html bestanarhist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/blog-post_3415.html topwar.ru/62121-bomba-v-kafe-libmana-bezmotivnyy-terror.html grey-croco.livejournal.com/568628.html socialist.memo.ru/lists/shtrihi/l140.htm www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=14230]

1881 - Rosario (Roser) Dulcet Martí, aka 'Dolcet' (d. 1968), Catalan textile worker, anacrho-syndicalist militant and propagandist, born. [expand] [libcom.org/history/dulcet-marti-rosario-1881-2012 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0202.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Dolcet_Martí militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1372 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5751-libertad-rodenas-y-rosario-dulcet-biografia-de-dos-mujeres-anarquistas.html]

[C] 1902 - Mika Feldman de Etchebéhère (d. 1992), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist, who fought with the POUM in Spain, born. The only woman to lead a militia column in the Spanish Civil War. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juillet07.html#etchebehere www.estelnegre.org/documents/etchebehere/etchebehere.html interbrigadas.org/en/brigades_previous_mika_biography.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Feldman_de_Etchebéhère www.fundanin.org/mika.htm recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EtchebehereMika.htm www.elcorreo.eu.org/Mika-Feldman-Etchebehere-1902-1992,14986]

1915 - María García (d. 1998), Spanish militant cenetista, born. Moving to Madrid from Extremadura, she first encounter anarchism via the libertarian newspapers sold on the capital's street. She joined the CNT and worked in the ranks along side Cipriano Mera during the Civil War. She managed to escape from Alicante to Oran, where she ended up in the concentration camps. In 1947 in Oran she became the partner of fellow cenetista José Alcaraz and spent the 1970s in France, settling in Toulouse. María García died there on March 13, 1998. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0202.html]

1934 - Having received permission in 1933 to lecture in the United States under the condition that she speak only about drama and her autobiography – but not current political events, Emma Goldman returns to New York to generally positive press coverage – except from Communist publications. Soon she was surrounded by admirers and friends, besieged with invitations to talks and interviews. Her visa expired in May, and she went to Toronto in order to file another request to visit the US. However, this second attempt was denied.

1954 - Hella Wuolijoki (Ella Marie Murrik; b. 1886), Estonian-born Finnish feminist writer and playwright (under the pen name Juhani Tervapää), Marxist and Soviet spy, dies. [see: Jul. 22]

1972 - Natalie Clifford Barney (b. 1876), US playwright, poet and novelist who lived as an expatriate in Paris, dies of heart failure. [see: Oct. 31]

1978 - Emma Neri (b. 1897), Italian primary teacher, anarchist and antifascist, dies. [see: Sep. 5] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/neri/neri.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/66t2hz thefreeonline.wordpress.com/2016/02/06/anarchists-we-love-2/]

[EE] 2002 - Ani Pachen (Pachen Dolma; b. ca. 1933), Tibetan freedom fighter, who led a group of 600 resistance fighters in her role as chieftainess of the Lemdha clan in the fight against the Chinese occupiers in 1959, dies of heart failure. She was fourteen when the Chinese invaded Tibet in 1950 and soon after, as an only child, her father and chieftan of his clan, began training her in weapons and organising militant resistance. At 17, she successfully resisted plans to marry her off and, when her father died in 1958, she rode at the head of their 600 resistance fighters into the nearby hills to join the two-year armed Khampas resistance. Capture by overwhelming Chinese forces in late 1959, she was interrogated and beaten on account of her own crimes, as well as those of her father, and was imprisoned until January 1981. She participated in the 1987-89 unrest before fleeing to India in 1989 after discovering of her imminent arrest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_Pachen] ||
 * = 3 || 1889 - Belle Starr (Myra Maybelle Shirley; b. 1848), famed American outlaw associated with the James-Younger gang and others, is ambushed and killed two days before her 41st birthday. The exact circumstances of her death are disputed. [see: Feb. 5]

[B] 1902 - Hélène Patou (d. 1975), French writer, militant anarchist and néo-Malthusian, born. She first encountered anarchism working in a textile mill and subsequently went on to live and work in the libertarian community of Le Milieu Libre at Vaux and was one of the founders of the Bascon commune. In 1936, she modelled for Matisse and Picabia and was a member of the Durruti Column during the Spanish Civil War. She later became a proofreader and partner of the French anarchist writer and champion of Proletarian Literature, Henry Poulaille. Hélène Patou was also author of the novel '//Le Domaine du Hameau Perdu//' (The Domain of the Lost Hamlet; 1972). [www.estelnegre.org/documents/patou/patou.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hélène_Patou]

[E] 1909 - Simone Weil (d. 1943), French philosopher and writer, one-time Marxist, pacifist, trade unionist, then anarchist miliciana, Christian mystic and humanist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article3722 libcom.org/history/international-volunteers-poum-militias comptoir.org/2015/06/22/avec-simone-weil-george-orwell-pour-socialisme-vraiment-populaire/ www.bib.ub.edu/fileadmin/bibs/filosofia_geo_hist/Weil/Simone_Weil.pdf]

1912 - 32,000 textile mill workers now involved in the Bread & Roses strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

1930 - In Russia Vera Figner, the 78-year old director of the Kropotkin Museum, is banished for protesting against the maltreatment of women in communist prisons.

2005 - 26-year-old Victoria Robinson is found hanging in her prison cell at HMP New Hall despite being on suicide watch. Victoria is the fourth woman to die at the jail over the previous 12 months. In the previous year there were 13 self-inflicted deaths of women in jails in England and Wales; three of them at New Hall. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/the-eligibility-of-constance-markievicz/ www.marxists.org/archive/markievicz/index.htm]
 * = 4 || 1868 - Countess Constance Markievicz (Constance Georgine Gore-Booth; d. 1927), Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette, socialist and landscape painter, born. In December 1918, the "Larkinite rebel countess" was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and, along with the other 72 Sinn Féin TDs, formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position (Minister for Labour of the Irish Republic, 1919-22). She took part in the 1916 Easter Rising as part of James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army.

1904 - Deng Yingchao [邓颖超] (Deng Wenshu [鄧文淑]; b. 1992), Chinese Communist revolutionary, who was a team leader in the Wusi Yundong (五四運動 / May Fourth Movement) anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement, and future wife of Zhou Enlai (周恩来), is born into a poverty-stricken family - her father dies when she was young and her single mother taught and practiced medicine. It was in the Wusi Yundong that she met her partner Zhou, the future first Chinese Premier, and they later adopted several orphans of "revolutionary martyrs", including Li Peng (李鹏), future Premier of the People's Republic of China. Her other claim to fame is her participation in the abolition of foot binding in women. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Yingchao zh.wikipedia.org/zh/邓颖超 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement]

1913 - Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (d. 2005), African American civil rights activist and NAACP member, who in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, refused to obey bus driver's order to give up her seat in the 'coloured section' to a white passenger, after the 'white section' was filled, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_parks_rosa_1913_2005/]

1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes burn two Scottish mansions.

1917 - Franceska Mann (Franciszka Rosenberg-Manheimer; d. 1943), Polish dancer who had been a performer at the Melody Palace nightclub and Teatrze Femina in Warsaw, and who became famous for an act of resistance at Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, born. [see: Oct. 23]

1955 - Charlotte Anita Whitney (b. 1867), US women's rights activist, political activist, pacifist, socialist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organiser in California, dies. [see: Jul. 7]

1956 - Clara Gilbert Cole (b. 1868), English anti-militarist, anarchist and active suffragette in the Women’s Social and Political Union, dies. [see: Dec. 4]

1956 - Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; b. 1872), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, dies. [see: Dec. 3]

[A] 1974 - Patty Hearst, 19-year-old granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, is kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA).

1974 - Police raids in Hamburg and Frankfurt result in the re-arrests of Ilse Stachowiak, Christa Eckes, and Margit Schiller, and the arrests of Helmut Pohl, Kay-Werner Allnach, and Wolfgang Beer. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1974-timeline/]

[E] 1987 - Meena Keshwar Kamal (مینا کشور کمال‎‎; b. 1956), Afghan revolutionary political activist, feminist, women's rights activist and founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), is assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan – the victim of either agents of the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD, the Afghan secret police, or of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. [see: Feb. 27] [www.onthisdeity.com/4th-february-1987-–-the-murder-of-meena-keshwar-kamal/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Starr www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2406 www.whitsett-wall.com/Fort_Smith/BelleStar.htm]
 * = 5 || 1848 - Belle Starr (Myra Maybelle Shirley; d. 1889), famed American outlaw associated with the James-Younger gang and others, born.

[A/E] 1878 - [O.S. Jan. 24] Vera Zasulich [Ве́ра Засу́лич], Russian revolutionary anarchist, attempts to shoot General Fyodor Trepov [Фёдор Тре́пов], prefect of police of St Petersburg. Trepov is wounded and Zasulich is acquitted at her trial.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Scottish suffragette threw red pepper in the face of a constable. Upon being fined £20 in court she repeated the act upon a police officer, and then smashed 12 windows of the court-room. Four live pinfire cartridges dropped into pillar boxes in Portugal Street and Northumberland Avenue, and destroyed a large number of letters. Eight shop windows smashed in Holborn. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

[BB] 1916 - First performance of the Cabaret Voltaire at the Holländische Meierei in Spiegelgasse 1, Zurich. The Künstlerkneipe (artists' local) Voltaire as it was initially called was advertised in the local Zürcher Allgemeine Zeitung with the following press notice: "Cabaret Voltaire. Under this name a group of young artists and writers has been formed whose aim is to create a centre for artistic entertainment. The idea of the cabaret will be that guest artists will come and give musical performances and readings at the daily meetings. The young artists of Zurich, whatever their orientation, are invited to come along with suggestions and contributions of all kinds." Amongst those present were founders Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara, plus Georges Janco, Arthur Segal and Marcel Slodki and his balalaika orchestra. [www.cabaretvoltaire.ch/about/english.php olgaistefan.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/cabaret-voltaire-from-dada-to-nietniet/ members.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/cabaret_voltaire.html]

1939 - Soledad Gustavo ( Teresa Mañé i Miravet; b. 1865), Catalan anarchist propagandist and mother of Federica Montseny, an important figure in Spanish anarchism, dies. [see: Nov. 29]

2011 - Nagata Hiroko (永田 洋子; b. 1945), Japanese leftist radical, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death for participating in the lynching of fellow Rengō Sekigun (連合赤軍), or United Red Army, members during a purge in February 1972 prior to the notorious Asama-Sansō incident, dies of a brain tumour. [see: Feb. 8]

2015 - Twenty-eight prisoners escape from Nova Mutum public jail, near Cuiaba in central Brazil, after three women in fantasy police costumes 'seduced' and drugged 3 prison wardens. Arriving at 03:00, the 3 women, who included the girlfriend of one of the escapees, drugged the prison guards by giving them spiked whisky after convincing them to take part in an orgy. The women then handcuffed them, took their keys and unlocked all the prison's cells. The released prisoners then left the prison through the main doors, taking with them guns and munitions they had taken from prison caches. Police later found a bag of lingerie and dominatrix police uniforms believed to have been worn by the temptresses. ||
 * = 6 || [A] 1788 - First women convicts come ashore in Australia and there follows a "//scene of debauchery and riot.//"

1861 - Alice Télot (d. 1918), French social worker, writer and anarchist, best known by her pen-name Jacques Fréhel, born. In April 1899, she met the anarchist writer Han Ryner (Henri Ner), with whom she started a clandestine affair, as she worked in child protection for a private charity, that remained secret until after her death when Ryner published '//Le Sillage Parfumé//' (The Perfumed Wake') in 1958. Between late 1900 and early 1910 they collaborated ghost-writing for a feuilletonniste (writing serials) and indiviually she was the author of poems, novels and literary collections '//Dorine//' (1890), '//Breton//' (1891), '//Déçue//' (1893) '//Tablettes d'Argile//' (1894), '//Vaine Pâture//' (1899), '//Le Cabaret des Larmes//' (1902), '//Les Ailes Brisées//' (1903') and '//La Guirlande Sauvage//' (1911). Perhaps the best-known of her several novels is '//Le Précurseur//' (1905), a philosophical love-story set in a kind of female phalanstery operating on the principles of Stoicism, Epicureanism and feminism. Many of her works were also published in various periodicals, including '//Boulevard Montmartre//',' //Le Figaro Illustré//', '//La Fronde//', '//Le Livre//', '//La Nouvelle Revue//', '//Nouvelle Revue Internationale Européenne//', etc. Their protagonists are almost always women. Alice Télot died on January 5, 1918 in Paris due to pulmonary congestion. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html]

1894 - Maria Deraismes (Marie Adélaïde Deraismes; b. 1828), French author, orator, franc-maçonne, anti-clericalist and feminist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1899 - [O.S. Jan. 25] Maria Alexandrovna Ananyina (b. 1849), Russian revolutionary and member of the so-called terrorist faction (Террористи́ческая фра́кция) of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies of kindey disease. She had been amongst those sentenced to deprivation of property rights and the death penalty by hanging (later commuted to 20 years) during the 'Second March 1' (Второго 1 марта) trial following the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III in St. Petersburg on March 1 [N.S. Mr. 13], 1887. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ананьина,_Мария_Александровна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Террористическая_фракция]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: While being sorted a mass of letters burst into flames at Dundee Central Post Office, causing considerable damage and injuring four sorters. Sylvia Pankhurst sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment for attempting .to damage a picture in St. Stephen's Hall. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

[E] 1915 - Soledad Estorach Esterri (d. 1993), Catalan anarcha-feminist militant and founding member of Mujeres Libres, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1496 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3181-soledad-estorach-esterri-mujeres-libres.html www.dbd.cat/fitxa_biografies.php?id=2036 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneo/index.php/Soledad_Estorach_Esterri www.collectif-smolny.org/article.php3?id_article=1649 www.nodo50.org/mujeresred/libertarias.html]

1919 - Benigna Galve (d. unknown), Spanish anarchist, who was especially active in the libertarian ateneus (free schools), born. Shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, she became partner of the prominent anarchist Manuel Villar Mingo. At the end of the civil war they arrested by Franco's authorities and she spent four years in various prison, including València, Barcelona, Figueres and Madrid. Following her release, she continued to visit her partner in prison and, after spending 16 years apart, they had a son together. In 1960, the couple emigrated to Buenos Aires, where their old friend Diego Abad de Santillán help support them. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html]

1949 - Angela DeAngelis Atwood, aka 'General Gelina' (d. 1974), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who played a prominent role in the kidnapping of Patty Hearst and was killed during the 1974 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Atwood en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout]

1975 - Hélène Patou (b. 1902), French writer, militant anarchist, néo-Malthusian and artist's model (Matisse and Picabia, among others) who was a member of the Durruti column, dies. [see: Feb. 3] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_March_(Suffragists) patriciahysell.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/mud-march/ archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft/suffragettehisto00pankuoft_djvu.txt]
 * = 7 || 1907 - Mud March: The first large procession organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies takes place with a suffragist march on Parliament. So-called because of the awful weather, with more than 3,000 women trudging through the wet, cold and muddy streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall. Millicent Fawcett, co-led the march with fellow 'constitutionalist' suffragists Lady Strachey, Lady Frances Balfour, and Keir Hardie.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Charles Hobhouse, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Francis Dyke Acland, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, are temporarily blinded by pepper and snuff, which was sent them in envelopes marked 'private'.

[E] 1979 - Tawakkol Abdel-Salam Karman (توكل عبد السلام خالد كرمان), Yemeni journalist, politician, and human rights activist, who co-founded the human rights group Women Journalists Without Chains, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman]

2008 - Pilar Molina Beneyto (b. 1949), Valencian writer, photographer, documentary filmmaker, historian, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Apr. 11] ||
 * = 8 || 1878 - [N.S. Feb. 20] Maria Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Мария Дмитриевна Субботина; b. 1854), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from tuberculosis under sentence of exile in Novouzensk (Новоузенск). [see: Feb. 20]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: A night stoker on his usual round of checks at 04:00 discovers that 30 panes of glass in the Orchid House have been smashed, and some of the plants destroyed. 'Votes for Women' leaflets had also been left at the scene. [www.kew.org/discover/blogs/suffragettes-kew]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: At Selfridge's Oxford St. store a suffragette broke two windows, each valued at £80. Thirty telephone and five telegraph wires cut.

1914 - During the Guerra do Contestado (Contestado War) guerrilla war, which was fought for land between settlers and landowners (the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces) and lasted from October 1912 to August 1916, the federal and state governments send 700 men, supported by artillery and machine guns, to the rebel stronghold of Taquaruçu. Led by Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl, a sort of Joan of Arc figure, famed for riding on a white horse whilst dressed all in white, the rebels retreat to Caraguatá, a more remote location where 2,000 other people had already settled. Maria Rosa had taken over the leadership of the 6000-strong armed rebellion after the death of the rebels' previous leader, the 'holy monk' José Maria de Santo Agostinho (real name Miguel Boaventura Lucena, allegedly an army deserter wanted for rape), in battle on October 22, 1912. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rosa_(Contestado) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestado_War www.passeiweb.com/estudos/livros/chica_pelega_a_guerreira_de_taquarucu]

[E] 1938 - Olga Iljinicna Taratuta [Ольги Іллівни Таратути (uk) / Ольга Ильинична Таратута (ru)], aka Babushka ,Valia, Tania, D. Basist (real name Elka Golda Eljevna Ruvinskaia [Елька Гольда Еліївна Рувинська (uk) / Элька Гольда Эльевна Рувинская (ru)]; b. 1876*), Ukrainian teacher, anarcho-communist revolutionary and founder of the Ukrainian Anarchist Black Cross, is tried and condemned to death, accused of anarchist and anti-Soviet activities. She is executed the same day. [see: Feb. 2] [* some sources give 1874 or 1878]

1945 - Nagata Hiroko (永田 洋子; d. 2011), Japanese leftist radical, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death for participating in the lynching of fellow Rengō Sekigun (連合赤軍), or United Red Army, members during a purge in February 1972 prior to the notorious Asama-Sansō incident, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Nagata ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/永田洋子 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍]

1999 - Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; b. 1914), militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist, nurse and life-long companion of Acácio Tomás de Aquino, dies. [see: Jun. 19] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Clay]
 * = 9 || 1849 - Laura Clay (d. 1941), prominent US suffragist and orator, who was co-founder and first president of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association, born. In 1920 at the Democratic National Convention, she was the first woman to have her name placed into nomination for the presidency at the convention of a major political party.

[E] 1906 - [O.S. Jan. 27] Ekaterina Adolfovna Izmailovich (Екатерина Адольфовна Измайлович; b. 1881) Russian revolutionary, who followed her elder sister Alexandra Izmailovich (Александре Измайлович) into the Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция) of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), attempts to assassinate the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Gregory Chukhnin (Григо́рий Па́влович Чухни́н) in revenge for the shelling of the cruiser Ochakov (Очаков) during the November 1905 Sevastopol Uprising (Севастопольское Восстание). Chukhnin is shot and wounded in the stomach and shoulder but survives, immediately ordering the summary execution of Ekaterina Izmailovich by a naval patrol. Despite being given special protection following that attack, a successful attack was made on him by her fellow SR revolutionary Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков) on July 12, 1906 [O.S. Jun. 29]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Измайлович,_Екатерина_Адольфовна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чухнин,_Григорий_Павлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович www.memo.ru/nerczinsk/izm-plus.htm www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/106/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1983 - Marie-Adele Anciaux, aka Mary Smiles (b. 1887), French anarchist militant, anti-vivisectionist and libertarian teacher, lifelong companion of Stephen Mac Say, dies. [see: Mar. 8] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raicho_Hiratsuka ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/平塚らいてう www.womeninworldhistory.com/sample-193.html www.illustratedwomeninhistory.com/post/142686777565/raichō-hiratsuka-was-a-writer-journalist www.distinguishedwomen.com/bio.php?womanid=1450 www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/380.html blue-stocking.org.uk/2009/12/01/‘in-the-beginning-woman-was-the-sun’and-the-foundation-of-japan’s-first-feminist-journal/ shojopower.com/in-the-beginning-woman-was-the-sun/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine) ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜]
 * = 10 || [EE] 1886 - Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいちょう) (Hiratsuka Haru [平塚 明]; d. 1971), Japanese writer, journalist, political activist, anarchist and pioneer of feminism in Japan, who founded the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), born. Raichō Hiratsuka founded '//Seitō//' in 1911 with Yasumochi Yoshiko, Mozume Kazuko, Kiuchi Teiko and Nakano Hatsuko, all fellow members of the Seitō-sha (青鞜社 / Bluestocking Society). The first issue opened with the statement: "In the beginning, a woman was the sun", which was considered as the Declaration of Women's Rights in Japan. The magazine closed in 1916. In 1920, she formed the Shin-Fujin Kyokai (新婦人協会 / New Woman's Association) together with Fusae Ichikawa. The first Japanese organisation formed expressly for the improvement of the status and welfare of women, it was instrumental in establishing the Women's Suffrage Movement in Japan.

1890 - [N.S. Feb. 22] Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; d. 1918), Russian Socialist Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, born. [see: Feb. 22] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkaplan.htm]

1891 - [O.S. Jan. 29] Sofia Kovalevskaya [Со́фья Ковале́вская] (Sofia Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Со́фья Васи́льевна Корвин-Круковская]; January 15 [3] 1850), Russian mathematician, engineer and Narodnik (народники), whose sister was the socialist and feminist Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya), dies of influenza. [see: Jan. 15]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: 120 children from Lawrence leave for New York, under a scheme organised by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, to be temporarily fostered at supporters homes in the city for the duration of the strike. They are met by 5,000 members of the Italian Socialist Federation and the Socialist Party singing the 'Marseille' and the 'Internationale'. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Windows smashed at the Reform, Carlton, Junior Carlton, Oxford,' and Cambridge Clubs, and also at the residence of Prince Christian. Case containing exhibits at the Royal Scottish Museum smashed.

[E] 1953 - Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; b. 1885), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist, dies. One-time editor at the socialist newspaper '//Il Popolo d'Italia//', founded by Benito Mussolini in 1914. Later an anti-fascist exile in France and wrote '//Rivelazioni sul Fuoruscitismo Italiano in Francia//' (Revelations about Antifascist Exiles in France; 1946). [see: Dec. 5]

1971 - RAF members Astrid Proll and Manfred Grashof are stopped by two undercover police agents but narrowly escape with the aid of a sympathetic passer-by. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Lasker-Schüler de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Lasker-Schüler jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lasker-schueler-else]
 * = 11 || 1869 - Else Lasker-Schüler (d. 1945), German-Jewish Expressionist poet and playwright, born. Friend of Gustav Landauer and Johannes Holzmann (it was Else that thought up his pseudonym Senna Hoy). In her 1924 polemic, '//Ich Räume Auf!//' (I’m Cleaning Up!), she also praised Ernst Toller and Erich Müsham, claiming: "The poet is better equipped to build a world than to form a state."

[E] 1872 - Hannah Mitchell (Hannah Maria Webster; d. 1956), English dressmaker, Socialist, pacifist and suffragette, born. Largely self-educated (she had only received only two weeks of formal schooling), her father taught to her to read and she became passionately fond of books, even doing her brothers’ chores in return for being allowed to read the books they brought home from school. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Mitchell spartacus-educational.com/Wmitchell.htm radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/04/23/hannah-mitchell-socialist-and-suffragette/ www.hannahmitchell.org.uk/about/hannah-mitchell/]

[C] 1890 - Virgilia d'Andrea (d. 1932), Italian anarchist poetess, anti-fascist, teacher and writer, born. She first became interested in anarchism aged 12 at convent school when the nuns made her pray for the dead King Umberto I, who had been shot and killed by the anarchist Gaetano Brescia in revenge for the May 1898 Protesta dello Stomaco (Protest of the Stomach) massacre. Her sympathies were more with the young avenger than the king. Her curiosity aroused, she began to supplement her passion for poetry by reading political works. Qualifying as a teacher, she left the convent in 1908 and taught in a number of elementary schools in the Abruzzo region. She joined the Italian Socialist Party, helping establish a women's section. But having witnessed the Settimana Rosso (Red Week) in Milan in 1914 and the state's inadequate response to the 1915 Abruzzo earthquake, she became even more radicalised, participating in the anti-interventionist movement at the beginning of WWI and developing a greater admiration for the anarchists she met. In 1917 she was introduced to the anarcho-syndicalist Armando Borghi, secretary of the USI (Union Syndicale Italian) and its newspaper, the weekly '//Guerra di Classe//’ (Class War), then interned in Abruzzo. He would become her life-long companion and collaborator. She then became involved in the USI (editing 'Guerra di Classe’ when Borghi was exiled to Isernia), giving talks and writing prose for the movement in addition to her poetry. The political police also began to take notice of her, labelling her an effective and dangerous radical anti-war agitator and she too was placed under house arrest for the duration of the war. In 1922 D'Andrea published her first book of poetry, 'Tormento' (Torment), which featured an introduction by Errico Malatesta. The Italian state seized and banned all copies, charging her prose with the ability to disrupt public order and incite class hatred. Sadly, the rest of her literary output is slim: 'L’Ora di Maramaldo’ (The Hour of the Defenceless; 1925), a collection of prose published in France in 1928; and 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933), a collection of articles and treatises published in New York a few days before her death. With the rise of fascism, something d'Andrea was to label as a war of violence waged against civilisation, she wrote advocating an all-out struggle against it: "attacking fascism amounts to a defence of humanity's present and future." Inevitably, her and Borghi's high profile anti-fascist activities led to death threats and, following the fascist March on Rome, the went into exile, first in Berlin (1923), then Paris (1924), where she founded the magazine 'Veglia' (Vigil) and became active in support of Sacco and Vanzetti, then finally to the US in 1928. There they continued their political activities, campaigning for Sacco and Vanzetti, doing anti-fascist work whilst collaborating on the anarchist newspaper '//L'Adunata dei Refratari//’ (Call of the Refractaires [i.e. the unmanageable]). Meanwhile her health deteriorated and she was diagnosed with bowel cancer. On May 1, 1933, she was hospitalised in New York and died a few days later, during the night of May 11-12, aged forty-three.

“Ancora due che salgono il monte del martirio”, mi disse qualcuno con la voce piena di tristezza. “Ma siamo qui tutti noi” rispose un giovanetto forte a cui i venti anni empivano d’avvenire le pupille radiose. “Viva Sacco e Vanzetti!” gridò un fanciullo esuberante, e agitò un lembo della bandiera guardando fissamente in alto… …Non so se il cielo grigio che pesava sul nostro capo o la distesa fresca e canora dei suoi magnifici sogni… “Non vi addolorate, non vi scoraggiate per il nostro destino” essi avevano scritto. “Ci vogliono morti e sia”. Io avevo guardato a lungo la lettera dei due morituri. Non una lacrima, non una esitazione, non una sillaba mal certa. I due uomini che hanno vissuto da anni a faccia a faccia con la morte si sono sovrumanati si sono sublimati. Avrebbero potuto impazzire. Hanno invece saputo trovare nella sapiente capacità dello spirito loro, tutto il perchè vero e vivo della vita. Avrebbero potuto morire. Hanno saputo invece ricercare nell’intrico dell’oscurità che non ha più mattino, la sorgente sovrana che rinnova lo spirito. Avrebbero potuto rinnegare. Hanno saputo invece serbare per i viventi, dopo i colloqui aspri e freddi con la morte, le parole più belle e più pure dello spirito che si denuda per la tomba. Quelle che sorgono nel cuore allorchè recisa è la visione dei sogni. Quelle che sembrano raccolte da una fiorita di rose. Quelle che sembrano distaccate da una roccia di perle.

("Two more to go up the mountain of the martyr," someone said to me, her voice full of sadness. "But we are all of us here," said a young man whose strong in the twenty years empivano of the future pupils radiant.  "Viva Sacco and Vanzetti, "cried an exuberant child, and waved a piece of the flag looking steadily at the top ...  I do not know ... if the gray sky that weighed on our head or the expanse of fresh and beautiful singing of his dreams ...  "Do not grieve, do not be discouraged for our destiny," they had written. "It takes dead and it is."  I had a long look at the letter of the two moribund. Not a tear, not a hesitation, not a syllable sore certain.  The two men who have lived for years in face-to-face with death were sovrumanati you are sublimated.  They could go crazy.  Instead, they have been able to find the skilled ability of spirit, because all the true and living life. They could die. They knew how to be sought in the tangle of darkness that no longer am, the sovereign source that renews the spirit. They could deny. They have instead been able to preserve the living, after talks harsh and cold with death, the words most beautiful and purest spirit that is laid bare to the grave. Those that are in the heart severed policies where is the vision of dreams. What appear gathered from a flowering of roses. Those that seem detached from a rock of pearls.) - extract from 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933)

[www.katesharpleylibrary.net/f1vj8p www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qjq3h0 libcom.org/history/d-andrea-virgilia-1890-1933 giuseppecapograssi.wordpress.com/2013/01/13/virgilia-dandrea-anarchica-e-poetessa-sulmonese/ www.classicistranieri.com/?s=Virgilia+d%27Andrea+ www.sguardi.info/index.php?id=181,1617,0,0,1,0 www.liberliber.it/libri/d/d_andrea/index.php]

1916 - Shortly before she is about to give a public lecture, Emma Goldman is arrested yet again and charged with violating the Comstock Law, this time for distributing information about birth control during a lecture in New York City the previous month. At her court case in April, she is convicted of violating Section 1142 of the New York State Criminal Code and, rather than paying the $100 fine, opts to spend fifteen days in the Queens County Penitentiary instead, something she saw as an "opportunity" to reconnect with those rejected by society. [www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-control-pioneer-arrested memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb11.html]

1947 - Emily Harris, aka 'Yolanda' (Emily Montague Schwartz), US computer programmer and former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was involved in a number of bank robberies, kidnapping and murders, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Harris en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/fall-2014-radicals/death-fascist-insect-looking-back-40-years-does-sla-make-any freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC514_scans/514.SLA.WilliamandEmilyHarris.Statement.pdf]

1949 - Dianne Marie Donghi, US former member of Students for a Democratic Society and the Weather Underground, who was indicted in the Resistance Conspiracy case, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Donghi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case]

1971 - Police forcibly remove four defence witnesses who were due to give evidence in the trial at Bow Street Magistrates court of the people arrested at the Miss World contest protests in November 1970. Charges are brought against Scotland Yard for assault (of those dragged away from Bow Street) and for wrongful arrest and imprisonment. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1981 - Fusae Ichikawa (市川 房枝; b. 1893), Japanese teacher, journalist, feminist, politician and women's suffrage leader, dies. [see: May 15]

1992 - Angela Carter (b. 1940), English feminist novelist, who includes a number of anarchists amongst her characters, dies. [see: May 7]

1994 - Mercedes Comaposada i Guillén (b. 1901), militant Catalan anarcha-feminist, teacher and lawyer, dies. Born into a militant household, she starts work at an early age and becomes an editor at a film production company and joins the CNT Public Performances in Barcelona. Later, after studying law, she became a women's educator and helped found the Mujeres Libres in April 1936 and started publishing the group's magazine, illustrated by her partner, the libertarian sculptor Baltasar Lobo. After the defeat of the Republic, she and Lobo move to Paris under the wing of Pablo Picasso, where she works as a secretary and translates the work of a number of Castilian writers, especially Lope de Vega. She also contributed to the '//Mujeres Libres//' magazine (and was also editor in chief), '//Ruta//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' , '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Umbral//'. She was also author of '//Esquemas//' (Schemes; 1937, a book of poetry), '//Las Mujeres en Nuestra Revolución//' (Woment in Our Revolution; 1937), '//La Ciencia en la Mochila//' (Science in a Rucksack; 1938), '//Conversaciones Cono los Artistas Españoles de la Escuela de París//' (Coverstions with Spanish Artists of the Paris School; 1960, under the pseudonym Mercedes Guillén), '//Picasso//' (1973, as Mercedes Guillén) and an unpublished work '//Mujeres Libres//'. [see: Aug. 14] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3872-francesca-saperas-miro-militante-anarquista.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Saperas_i_Miró dbd.cat/?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2038 www.revistaigualada.cat/ImatgesArticles/2009/26.07.14.pdf]
 * = 12 || 1851 - Francesca Saperas i Miró (d. 1933), Catalan seamstress, and militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. In 1869, she married anarchist shoemaker Martí Borràs Jover, first director of the paper 'Tierra y Libertad', on which Francesca also worked. In 1889, she helped organise a large rally in Barcelona's Plaza Cataluña in solidarity with striking German workers but the organisers were arrested and the demonstration never took place. In 1894, she was widowed when her partner committed suicide in jail after having written a letter to his wife saying goodbye affectionately. She then turned her house in the Calle Tallers into a shelter for persecuted anarchists and worked on the newspaper '//La Justicia Humana//' (1895). Later she became a partner of Ascheri Fossati, who was sentenced to death in 1897, accused of being responsible for the attack on the Corpus Christi procession. A few hours before the execution, Francesca and Ascheri were married in his dungeon. During her time in Montjuïc prison she, like other comdemned women prisoners, were tortured. In 1897, she was exiled to France, where she actively participated in the international campaign against the regime in Montjuïc, but returned the following year. Later she began a relationship with Francisco Callis, another victim of Montjuïc who would also commit suicide, unable to overcome the psychological effects of the suffering inflicted upon him. She emigrated to the Americas and lived between 1912-14 in Buenos Aires, later spending time in Mexico and the United States, returning to Barcelona permanently in 1923. During the late 1920s, she suffered from paralysis and a 1929 committee was set up to aid her. She died in August 1933 and only 5 of her 10 children outlived her.

[E] 1905 - Federica Montseny i Mañé (d. 1994), Spanish poet, novelist, essayist, and children's writer, anarchist, anarcha-feminist, naturist and Minister of Health during the Civil War, born in Madrid. The daughter of Catalan libertarian activists and educators Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé), who also co-edited the anarchists journal, '//La Revista Blanca//' (1898-1905), she wrote her first novel, '//Peregrina de amor//' (Pilgrim of Love), which was published under the name Blanca Montsan in the series '//La Novela Roja//' (most copies of which were destroyed in a fire), when still only 15 and her first play, '//La tragedia del pueblo//' (The tragedy of the people) about the Barcelona working class, soon afterwards. She also joined the CNT at seventeen years old and wrote for anarchist journals such as '//Solidaridad Obrera'//, '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Nueva Senda//'. In 1923 she urged her parents to relaunch '//La Revista Blanca//', which led to the family to establishing in the publishing firm Ediciones de La Revista Blanca, specialising in promoting libertarian ideals throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Federica Montseny participated as an editor of the serials '//La Novela Ideal//' and '//La Novela Libre//', writing many of the novels herself. The '//Novela Ideal//' appeared in a weekly edition of 50,000 and the '//Novela Libre//' a monthly 64-page publication with a print run of 20,000. [www.msu.edu/user/madrid/Montseny.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1202.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny_i_Mañé es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/montseny/montsenybio.html mujereslibres.cgtvalencia.org/2012/01/federica-montseny.html]

1908 - Olga Benário Prestes (Olga Gutmann Benário; d. 1942), German-Brazilian Jewish communist militant, who was murdered by the Nazis, born. In 1923, when only fifteen ,she joined the Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands, the youth organisation of the KPD. In 1926, she and her lover and comrade Otto Braun were arrested and charged with 'attempted high treason'. She was put on probation for two months but Braun went on to face trial and, in 1928, she helped organise Braun's escape from the criminal court in Moabit. Using the KPD's underground network, she then left for Czechoslovakia and from there, reunited with Braun, to Moscow, where Benário attended the Lenin-School of the Comintern and then worked as an instructor of the Communist Youth International, in the Soviet Union and in France and Great Britain, where she participated in coordinating anti-fascist activities (and was briefly arrested in the latter). Olga attended a course in the Zhukovsky Military Academy, she was assigned in 1934 as a bodyguard to Luís Carlos Prestes, the secretary-general of the Brazilian Communist Party and tasked with helping him return to Brazil, travelling on false papers as a Portuguese married couple, something that became reality by the time they arrived at Rio de Janeiro in 1935. After the failed insurrection in November 1935, they went into hiding and were both eventually arrested in January 1936. Her cover blown, and despite various legal attempts and an international campaign to prevent a pregnant Olga being deported, she was taken back to Germany in September 1936 and thrown in prison, where she gave birth to a daughter, Anita Leocádia (who was later taken care of her grandmother, Leocádia Prestes). Olga was eventually sent via Lichtenburg concentration camp to Ravensbrück, and from there to Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) in 1942, where she was murdered using carbon monoxide gas in 'Aktion T4' (Tiergartenstraße 4) programme. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Benário_Prestes de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Benario-Prestes jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/prestes-olga-benario www.galerie-olga-benario.de/olga-benario/the-life-of-olga-benari/]

1920 - The first strike by textile workers at the Fábrica de Hilados y Tejidos (Fabricato) works in Bello-Antioquia, Colombia directed by their fellow worker Betsabé Espinoza Corría. The 400 striking women did not have the support of their (120) male peers. The strike ended on March 4, with Betsabé Espinosa, who was an excellent speaker, having managed to negotiate a 40% increase in wages and an agreement for 9 hours and 50 minutes working day, as well as the supply of espadrilles and the promise of the cessation of sexual harassament by bosses. She also helped set up women's self-defence squads ('swarms') to fight police repression as well as a Comité de Solidaridad to help finance the strike and support the women during it. This was the first big strike perpetuated solely by women in Colombia. [ojosparalapaz-colombia.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/betsabe-espinosa-joven-rebelde-primera-mujer-en-dirigir-una-huelga-obrera-en-colombia.html www.revolucionobrera.com/emancipacion/recordando-a-betsabe-espinoza/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html]

[C] 1943 - France Bloch-Sérazin (b. 1913), Jewish French militant communist, who made explosives for and fought with the Résistance, is beheaded by the Nazis. [see: Feb. 21]

1949 - Nella Giacomelli (b. 1873), Italian anarchist and propagandist, co-founder with Ettore Molinari of '//Il Grido della Folla//' (The Cry of the Crowd) in 1902 and of '//La Protesta Umana//' in 1906, and in the post-war period a contributor to Errico Malatesta's anarchist daily '//Umanita Nova//', dies. [see: Jul. 2]

1980 - Muriel Rukeyser (b. 1913), US feminist poet, radical political activist, anti-fascist and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [ see: Dec. 15] ||
 * = 13 || 1881 - Hubertine Auclert launches the French feminist monthly newspaper '//La Citoyenne//' (The Citizeness), primarily to advocate French women's enfranchisement and full citizenship as opposed to the then legalistic demands being put forward by the more mainstream French women's groups.

1882 - [O.S. Feb 1] Gesya Mirovna Gelfman (Ге́ся Ми́ровна Ге́льфман; b. ca. 1852-55), Russian dressmaker, student midwife, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, who was sentenced to hang at the Pervomartovtsy trial but, upon revealing that she was four months pregnant, had her sentence commuted to an indefinite period katorga (hard labour in a penal colony), dies of untreated peritonitis suffered during childbirth. Her daughter, who she gave birth to in October 1882, died shortly afterwards. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesya_Gelfman ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гельфман,_Геся_Мировна spartacus-educational.com/RUSgelfman.htm]

1884 - [N.S. Feb. 25] Maria Oskarovna Aveyde (Мария Оскаровна Авейде; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, member of the RSDLP member in the Volga region and the Urals, and in late 1918 a member of the underground RCP(b) [РКП(б)], born.  [see: Feb. 25]

1899 - Yuriko Miyamoto (宮本 百合子) (Yuriko Chūjō [中條百合子集]; d. 1951), Japanese feminist, socialist, and novelist of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods, born. In 1927, she traveled to the Soviet Union together with her lover Yuasa Yoshiko (湯浅 芳子). In Moscow, they studied the Russian language and Russian literature and developed a friendship with noted movie director Sergei Eisenstein. On their return to Japan, Miyamoto became editor of the Marxist literary journal '//Hataraku Fujin//' (働く婦人 / Working Women) and a leading figure in the proletarian literature movement. She also joined the Japan Communist Party, and, after separating from Yuasa, married its secretary-general, the communist literary critic Kenji Miyamoto (宮本顕治), in 1932. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Miyamoto ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/宮本百合子 www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000311/files/3084_10651.html]

[A/E] 1907 - The day after the State Opening of Parliament, The WSPU organise their own 'Women's Parliament' to meet in Caxton Hall to discuss the legislation that they considered was lacking in the previous day's King's Speech, and to rally their forces before marching on Parliament in an attempt to gain entry to the House. Organised in advance with a hard core of 200 activists, Charlotte Despard led around 400 women to the green outside Westminster Abbey where they were confronted by police lines. For several hours the women hurled themselves again and again against the police lines until 15 managed to break through and reach Parliament, but were promptly arrested. Fifty-one Women were finally arrested including Charlotte Despard, as well as Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst. [spartacus-educational.com/Wwspu.htm www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=871 www.johndclare.net/Women1_SuffragetteActions_Rosen.htm archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft/suffragettehisto00pankuoft_djvu.txt]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Set fire to the refreshment shed at the Regent's Park Cricket Ground. Damage £700.

1971 - Searches at the homes of Hilary Creek, John Barker, Kate McLean, Chris Allen and others in a hunt for explosives. Jake Prescott is charged with conspiracy to cause explosions between July 30 1970 and December 1971, and with the specific bombings of Carr's home, the Dept of Employment and the Miss World contest. [Angry Brigade chronology] ||
 * = 14 || 1869 - [N.S. Feb. 26] Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская); d. 1939), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", born. [see: Feb. 26]

1877 - Julia Bertrand (b. 1960), French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist and free thinker, born. She collaborated on the feminist newspaper '//La Femme Affranchie//' (The Emancipated Woman) and the journal '//La Vrille//' (The Spiral) published by the anarchist Victor Loquier. Register in the '//Carnet B//' (the Interior Ministry's book of monitored subversives) as an anti-miltraist, she was arrested an interned in 1914. Released following protests, she is banned from teaching but begins work in Faure's La Ruche until it closes in November 1917, and eventually has her teaching certification reinstated in 1925. Active in the anarchist press, including '//L'en Dehors//', '//l'Idée Libre'//, '//Le Libertaire//', etc., in the Ligue d'Action Anticatholique and campaigning against vivisection. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Bertrand www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8267]

[E] 1898 - Angela Bambace (d. 1975), Italian-American garment worker, feminist, anti-fascist, anarchist, communist, and labour organiser for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union for over fifty years, born in Brazil. She helped organise garment workers, including the 1919 Dressmakers and Waistmakers strike in New York City and the 1932 Amagamated Clothing Workers strike in Elizabeth, New Jersey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bambace unite-archive.library.cornell.edu/resources/womeninunite.html]

1903 - Valentina Sáez Izquierdo, aka Valentina del Olmo (d. 1984), Spanish anarchist militant, born. In 1933, she was very active in the Comitè Revolucionari de Saragossa, along with Isaac Puente and others; managed to flee subsequent repression dressed as a nun along with her three children. Persecuted following the fascist coup of 1936, for three months she remained hidden in Zaragoza until January 17, 1937, when she managed to pass into the Republican zone. Installed in Barcelona, she participated in the Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista. After the war, in 1939 she and her children, Jesús Olmo, Malatesta, Fernando and Pilar - all libertarians, went to France, ending up in the Rivesaltes camp and, in 1945, settled in Montpeller. Valentina Izquierdo Sáez died of cancer on November 13, 1984, in Fàbregues, near Montpellier. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html]

1991 - Émilienne Léontine 'Mimi' Morin (b. 1901), French stenographer, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and companion of Buenaventura Durruti, dies. [see: Oct. 28] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3001.html]
 * = 15 || 1916 - Pepita Grau (Josepa Grau i Ferrer; d. 1997), Catalan anarcho-syndicalsit and anarcha-feminist militant, active in the CNT and the Mujeres Libres, born. During the Spanish Revolution she worked organising women's groups in Aragon and particiapted in the work of Maternitat de Barcelona, along side Félix Carrasquer and Áurea Cuadrado. In 1937 she also collaborated on the weekly publication '//Cultura y Acción//'. During the Retirada, she went into exile in France. In 1960, she returned to the Peninsula and fought for rights for war widows and the militants and militiamen wounded whilst serving the Second Republic. Pepita Grau Ferrer died on January 30, 1997 in Barcelona and was buried the following day in the Collserola cemetery.

[E] 1919 - Sophia Alexandrovna Subbotina (Софья Александровна Субботина; b. 1830), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who was also the mother of the revolutionaries Evgeniya, Nadezhda and Hope Subbotina, dies in Orel (Орёл). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Субботина,_Софья_Александровна]

1922 - Clara Gertrude Meijer-Wichmann (b. 1885), Dutch lawyer, philosopher, pacifist, anti-militarist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1946 - Jean Renoir's film of the Octave Mirbeau novel '//Diary of a Chambermaid//' is released. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_O'Reilly spartacus-educational.com/USAWoreilly.htm]
 * = 16 || 1870 - Leonora O’Reilly (d. 1927), US feminist, suffragist, and trade union organiser, born. Started work aged eleven in a collar factory (1881); inducted into the Knights of Labor (1886); formed the Working Women's Society (1886); joined the Synthetic Circle (1888) and the Social Reform Club (1894); organised a women's local for the United Garment Workers Union (1897); was a founder of the National Women's Trade Union League (1903) and a member of its executive committee (1903-15); was a founding member of the New York Women's Trade Union League (1904); was a founder of the group that became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909); joined the Socialist Party (1910); appointed chair of the industrial committee of the New York City Woman Suffrage party (1912); served as a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Women (1915); was a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Working Women (1919).

[B] 1875 - Valentine de Saint-Point (Anna Jeanne Valentine Marianne Glans de Cessiat-Vercell; d. 1953), French artist, writer, poet, painter, playwright, art critic, choreographer, lecturer, journalist, feminist and Futurist, who repudiated Marinetti's views on women, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_de_Saint-Point pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_de_Saint-Point www.lettres-et-arts.net/arts/59-qui_est-elle www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/action-feminine www.unknown.nu/futurism/lust.html www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2008/11/the-manifesto-1/ www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=1621 www.lekti-ecriture.com/blogs/alamblog/index.php/post/2006/11/13/198-valentine-de-saint-point www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2009/11/09/at-performa-valentine-de-saint-point-the-feminist-futurist nietzscheyouth.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/valentine-de-saint-point-futurist.html]

1916 - Emma Goldman is arrested in New York City for lecturing on birth-control.

[E] 1943 - Mildred Fish-Harnack (Mildred Elizabeth Fish; b. 1902), American-German literary historian, journalist, lecturer, translator, and German Resistance fighter, who was part of the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) network, is beheaded in Berlin's Plötzensee Prison. [see: Sep. 16] ||
 * = 17 || [EE] 1877 - Isabelle Eberhardt (d. 1904), Swiss explorer and writer, who lived and travelled extensively in North Africa dressed as man, using the name Si Mahmoud Essadi, born. Daughter of the Armenian-born anarchist, ex-priest and convert to Islam, Alexandre Trophimowsky. Isabelle was an extremely liberated individual, rejecting conventional European morality in favor of her own path and that of Islam. She died in 1904, in a flash flood in the Algerian desert at the age of 27. Her life was the basis for '//Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eberhardt'//, an opera composed by Missy Mazzoli.

[E] 1906 - Blanca Canales Torresola (d. 1996), Puerto Rican teacher and organiser of the Daughters of Freedom, the women's branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, she led the October 30, 1950, Jayuya Uprising against the Federal government of the United States, born. After surrendering on November 1, 1950, she was arrested for the murder of a police officer and the wounding of three others, and sentenced to life imprisonment plus sixty years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Canales es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Canales]

1908 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Anna Rasputin [Анна Распутина](Anna Mikhaylovna Shulyatikov [Анна Михайловна Шулятикова]; b. 1874), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. [see: Dec. 18]

1908 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Lydia Avgustovna Sture (Лидия Августовна Стуре; b. 1884), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. [see: Mar. 2]

1917 - Gabriela Lahuerta Giménez, Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, born. During the Civil War, she worked as a nurse in the hospital in Plana d'Utiel, Valencia, where she met her fellow anarcho-syndicalist militant Gabriel Aspas Argilés; in 1938 they became partners. During the war she worked as liaison with libertarian guerrillas until she was arrested and imprisoned. Once free, she and Aspas went secretly to France, settling in Beziers. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1702.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/aspas/aspas.html]

1918 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (1899-1984), the Dynamite Girl, is arrested [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/88/ lakecountyhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/gabriella-antolini-dynamite-girl.html]

1932 - Florence Kelley (b. 1859), pioneering US social and political reformer, Hull House activist, lawyer, socialist, pacifist and labour activist, who refused to be associated with any political party, dies. [see: Sep. 12]

1940 - In Canada, Emma Goldman suffers a severe stroke which leaves her paralysed on the right side, and although her hearing was unaffected, she is unable to speak; she is rushed to the hospital where she remains for six weeks. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1802.html]
 * = 18 || 1872 - Julienne Adam (Julienne-Louise Adam; d. unknown), French laundress and anarchist, born. In 1894 she was included on a list of anarchists belonging to the French railway police for border control purposes, the same year that she took refuge in London.

[C] 1904 - Felicia Mary Browne (d. 1936), English artist and communist, who was the first British volunteer to die in the Spanish Civil War, born. A member of the St. Pancras branch of the CPGB and the Artists International Association, she was travelling to Spain with the photographer Edith Bone in order to attend the People's Olympiad, when the military rebellion broke out. Arriving in Barcelona, she immediately joined a communist militia on August 3. On August 25, 1936, Felicia was killed in action on the Aragón front near Tardienta, part of a band of raiders that attempted to dynamite a Fascist munitions train. The group was ambushed and Browne was shot dead while trying to rescue an injured Italian comrade. [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WbrowneF.htm ianbone.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/felicia-browne-only-photo-of-spanish-civil-war-fighter/ www.international-brigades.org.uk/content/1936-madrid]

1931 - Toni Morrison, African-American Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and academic, who is first the first Black American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1993), born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison]

[E] 1934 - Audre Lorde (Audrey Geraldine Lorde; d. 1992), African-American poet, writer, radical feminist, lesbian, and civil rights activist, or "black feminist lesbian poet warrior mother" as she described herself, born. [expand] Lorde criticised feminists of the 1960s, such as the National Organization for Women and Betty Friedan (in '//The Feminine Mystique//') for focusing on the particular experiences and values of white middle-class women, and for not considering the effects of race and sexual orientation on feminism. "For the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. They may allow us temporarily to beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change. And this fact is only threatening to those women who still define the master's house as their only source of support." ['//Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches//' (1984)] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde blogs.presstelegram.com/outinthe562/2014/02/14/black-history-month-audre-lorde-was-a-pioneer-for-gay-lesbian-rights/ www.poemhunter.com/audre-lorde-2/biography/ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/feminist.htm]

[D] 1975 - In Italy Renato Curcio, Red Brigades leader, is freed in a daring prison assault led by his partner Margherita 'Mara' Cagol. She was later killed and Curcio recaptured on June 5, 1975, during a police raid on thei hideout where they were holding the kidnapped industrialist Vallarino Gancia. [www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/488-18-febbraio-1975-curcio-evade-da-casale-monferrato cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1975&month=02&day=18]

2014 - Five members of Pussy Riot are detained in Sochi together with a group of 12-15 others as the former attempt to perform a song called '//Putin Will Teach You to Love the Motherland//' [Путин научит тебя любить родину] during the Winter Olympics. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/boyle/boyle.htm www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76494/Kay-Boyle]
 * = 19 || 1902 - Kay Boyle (d. 1992), American writer, novelist, poet, journalist, educator, ant-war activist and anarchist fellow traveller, born. Author of the anti-Nazi novel '//Death of a Man//' (1936) and blacklisted victim of McCarthyism, who campaigned against the Vietnam War, set up the San Francisco chapter of Amnesty International and worked for the NAACP.

1912 - In the Bread & Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 200 police draw their clubs and go after 100 women pickets, knocking them to the ground and beating them.

[D] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's house destroyed by a suffragette bomb. [expand] [londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/ history.blog.gov.uk/2013/07/04/mrs-pankhurst-lloyd-george-suffragette-militancy/ www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Pankhurst.html www.open.ac.uk/Arts/history-from-police-archives/RB1/Pt2/pt2Suffragettes.html]

2000 - Maria Lozano Molina (also Maria Lozano Mombiola)(b. 1914), Spanish poet and anarchist, who fought with the Durruti Column, partisans in Grenade (Haute Garonne) during WWII and, in the post-war period, supported Sabaté and the autonomous assault groups of Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación and Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista, dies. [see: Mar. 3]

2014 - A second attempt to film a perfomance of '//Putin Will Teach You to Love the Motherland//' [Путин научит тебя любить родину] near the building of Sochi Seaport ends with Pussy Riot being beaten by uniformed Cossacks working as security for the Olympics. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html]

[E] 2016 - Vi Subversa (Frances Sokolov; b. 1935), English ceramicist, social worker, cabaret artist, anarcha-feminist, and singer and guitarist of British anarcho-punk band Poison Girls, dies after a short illness. [see: Jun. 20] || An active member of the Kinning Park Co-operative Guild. Her political activism began in earnest during the Glasgow rent strikes of 1915, when she actively organised tenant committees and eviction resistance. The protestors became known as 'Mrs Barbour's Army'. Barbour was also a founder of the Women's Peace Crusade (WPC) at the "Great Women's Peace Conference" in June 1916, and in 1920 she stood as the Labour candidate for Fairfield ward in Govan, and was elected to Glasgow Town Council, becoming the one of the city's first woman councillors. In 1925, Barbour helped create the first family planning centre in Glasgow - the Women's Welfare and Advisory Clinic, and from 1924-27 Barbour served as Glasgow Corporation's first woman baillie and was appointed as one of the first woman magistrates in Glasgow. [NB: Some sources give her d.o.b. as Feb. 22.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barbour remembermarybarbour.wordpress.com]
 * = 20 || [E] 1875 - Mary Barbour (Mary Rough; d. 1958), Scottish political activist, community leader and social policy pioneer, who played an outstanding part in the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915, born.

1878 - [O.S. Feb. 8] Maria Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Мария Дмитриевна Субботина; b. 1854), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from tuberculosis under sentence of exile in Novouzensk (Новоузенск). The daughter of Sophia Alexandrovna Subbotina (Софья Александровна Субботина) and sister of Eugenia (Евгения) and Hope (Надежда) Subbotina, all fellow narodnik revolutionaries. In 1872 she moved to Switzerland with her sister Eugenia and Anna Toporkova (Анна Топоркова) and enrolled in the Faculty of Science at the University of Zurich, where she joined the Fritsche circle of young Russian female emigrants. Banned by the Russian government from studying in Zurich, she moved to Geneva and then to Paris with Eugenia. At the beginning of 1874, she and Olga Lyubatovich (Ольга Любатович) went to Siberia as part of a propaganda campaign. In 1875, she joined the All-Russian Social-Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийскую социально-революционную организацию), aka the Muscovites Circle, (Кружок москвичей) and was later arrested in Orel with Lydia Figner. Transferred to Moscow's Butyrska prison for 'rebellion' and already ill with TB, she tried to commit suicide due to the severe conditions of detention and was eventually released on bail. In 1876, she was arrested again, this time accused on membership of the illegal Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty) as part of the Trial of the 50 (процесс 50-ти). On March 26 [14], 1877, the court sentenced her to four years of exile in Siberia. Having failed to get her exile dismissed due to her medical condition, she was sent to Novouzensk in the autumn of 1877, where she died of tuberculosis on February 20 [8], 1878. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Субботина,_Мария_Дмитриевна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Dmitrievna_Subbotina]

1882 - Margarethe Faas-Hardegger (b. 1963), Swiss anarchist, syndicalist, feminist, anti-fascist and peace militant, born. She preached and practised free love, and established an anarchist-communist agricultural community at Minusio. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarethe_Faas-Hardegger ita.anarchopedia.org/Margarethe_Faas-Hardegger www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2002.html www.ephemanar.net/fevrier20.html socialhistory.org/en/collections/gustav-landauer-and-margarethe-faas-hardegger]

1903 - Ella Maillart (d. 1997), French-speaking Swiss adventurer, ethnologist, travel writer, war reporter and photographer, born. [www.ellamaillart.ch/index_en.php en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Maillart]

[EE] 1913 - Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry arrested after breaking into Kew Gardens at 3 o'clock in the morning and setting fire to the tea pavilion. In court it was reported: "The constables gave chase, and just before they caught them each of the women who had separated was seen to throw away a portmanteau. At the station the women gave the names of Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry. In one of the bags which the women threw away were found a hammer, a saw, a bundle to tow, strongly redolent of paraffin and some paper smelling strongly of tar. The other bag was empty, but it had evidently contained inflammables." While in custody, Lenton went on hunger strike and was forcibly fed. She was quickly released from prison when she became seriously ill after food entered her lungs. After Lilian Lenton recovered she managed to evade recapture until arrested in June 1913 in Doncaster and charged with setting fire to an unoccupied house at Balby. She was held in custody at Armley Prison in Leeds. She immediately went on hunger-strike and was released after a few days under the Cat & Mouse Act. The following month she escaped to France in a private yacht. [NB: There is some confusion over the date, with Feb. 19 and other dates in the month regularly and incorrectly given.] [spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Lenton spartacus-educational.com/WlentonL.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Wharry spartacus-educational.com/Wwharry.htm www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/outrage-at-kew/]

[CC] 1926 - Zina Portnova (Zinaida Martynovna Portnova [Зина Портнова / Зинаида Мартыновна Портнова]; d. 1944), Russian teenager and Soviet partisan, born. She was on school holiday at her grandmothers house in the Vitebsk region when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, born. Provoked by the invading Nazi troops attacking her grandmother and stealing her cattle, she joined the Belarusian resistance movement, becoming a member of the local underground Komsomol organisation the Young Avengers. She began by distributing Soviet propaganda leaflets in German-occupied Belarus, collecting and hiding weapons for Soviet soldiers, and reporting on German Movements. After learning how to use weapons and explosives from the older members of the group, Portnova participated in sabotage actions at a pump, local power plant, and brick factory. These acts are estimated to have killed upwards of 100 German soldiers. In 1943, Portnova became employed as a kitchen aid in Obol. In August, she poisoned the food meant for the Nazi garrison stationed there. Immediately falling suspect, she said she was innocent and ate some of the food in front of the Nazis to prove it was not poisoned; after she did not fall ill immediately, they released her. Portnova became sick afterwards, vomiting heavily but eventually recovering from the poison after drinking much whey. After she did not return to work, the Germans realised she had been the culprit and started searching for her. In December 1943 or January 1944 Portnova was sent back to Obol but the local police, who knew her well, arrested her and turned her over to the Germans. There are various versions of how she managed to escape during a Gestapo interrogation in the village of Goriany (all involve the snatching of a pistol and a shoot-out) but they all end with her recapture shortly afterwards. Brutally tortured, she ended up blind and was either taken into the woods and shot or killed during torture on January 15, 1944. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Portnova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Портнова,_Зинаида_Мартыновна the-toast.net/2013/09/20/zinaida-portnova-young-avenger/]

1953 - Emmy Andriesse (b. 1914), Dutch photographer and resistance fighter, who was part of the De Ondergedoken Camera (The Underground Camera) group that documented the Nazi Occupation, dies after a long battle with cancer. [see: Jan. 14]

[fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss.Tic en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss.Tic missticinparis.com/ www.widewalls.ch/artist/miss-tic/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Waisbrooker www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html www.alf.org/board/wordpress/?cat=9 www.voltairine.org/womenresisters.html www.feministsf.org/reviews/waisbrooker.l.html]
 * 1) 1956 - Miss.Tic (Radhia de Ruiter), French street artist, graphic artist, performance artist, visual artist, poet, feminist and anarchist, born, known for her stencils of dark haired women, created with a palatte of black and red and accompanied by her poetry, that have been on display since 1985 in public spaces in Paris and in galleries, born.
 * = 21 || [E] 1826 - Lois Waisbrooker (d. 1909), American anarchist and feminist author, editor, publisher, spiritualist and campaigner on birth control, women's rights and free speech, born. Probably best remembered for her 1893 novel '//A Sex Revolution//'. [expand]

1829 - Kittur Chennamma (b. 1778), Indian freedom fighter and Queen of Kittur, a princely state in Karnataka, dies in Bailhongal Fort less than a month after her captue by British forces. [see: Oct. 23]

1898 - Felisa de Castro Sampedro (d. 1981), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist militant, born. Recognising the need for a specifically feminist organisation within the libertarian movement, she joined together with other women from within the syndicalist and libertarian ateneo movements, including Maruja Boadas, María Cerdán, Nicolasa Gutiérrez, Soledad Estorach, Elodia Pou and Conchita Liaño, and in late 1934 the Grupo Cultural Femenino de Cataluña was formed in Barcelona with the help of prominent militants Pilar Grangel, Libertad Ródenas and Áurea Cuadrado. One of their immediate initiatives was to set up rotating childcare arrangements so the women with children could attend meetings. The lack of usable spaces limited their scope for action. They did however manage to organise a successful rally at the Teatro Olimpia in Barcelona, ​​for which they requested the help of Frederica Montseny but, always reticent about groups specificly for women, she rejected the invitation. They also collaborated actively in the solidarity campaign organised by the CNT during the general strike in Zaragoza in 1934, when many Catalan families welcomed the children of the strikers, by contacting the Catalan women with Zaragozan mothers. In 1936 the Grupo merged with the Agrupaciones Mujeres Libres de Madrid to form a countrywide Mujeres Libres organisation. After the defeat of the Revolution, she went into exile in France where she met other comrades from the CNT and Mujeres Libres (especially Pepita Carpena and Pilar Grangel) whilst being held in the Clermont l'Hérault concentration camp. In 1943, she was living in Bordeaux. She died on November 16, 1981 in Caracas, Venezuela. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier21.html#castrofelisa www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2838-felisa-de-castro-fundadora-del-grupo-cultural-femenino.html]

1903 - Anaïs Nin (Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell; d. 1977), American author and diarist, who frequented anarchist circles and was involved in a long intellectual and sexual relationship with Henry Miller at the Villa Seurat in Paris, born. "When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system, a literary dogma, we become automatons." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaïs_Nin www.onthisdeity.com/14th-january-1977-%E2%80%93-the-death-of-anais-nin/ www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/anais-nin-210.php]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes filled the keyholes of many houses at Mapseley with small shot. At Edinburgh 2,000 letters in 20 letter boxes damaged by lire. Old Manchester Gold Club’s pavilion set fire to.

1913 - France Bloch-Sérazin (d. 1943), French laboaratoy technician, communist militant and Résistance activist, born. Having gained a degree in Chemistry, she began working at the National Institute of Chemistry. She also joined the PCF and became involved in the support of the Spanish Republicans. In February 1940, her husband and fellow communist Frédo Sérazin was arrested by the Daladier government. Finding herself barred from working in the laboratory as a Jewish communist, she joined the Résistance and installed a small, rudimentary laboratory in her two-room apartment in Paris, making grenades and detonators used in attacks organised by the Bataillons de la Jeunesse. She was arrested by the French police on May 16, 1942. After four months of interrogation and torture, she was condemned to death by a German military tribunal, along with 18 comrades. The 18 were all immediately executed but, as the death penalty for women being forbidden in France, Bloch herself was deported to Germany and imprisoned in a Lübeck-Lauerhof prison (Zuchthaus). Subjected to further torture, she was decapitated by guillotine in Hamburg on February 12, 1943. Frédo was murdered in prison by the Gestapo. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bloch-Sérazin www.des-gens.net/France-Bloch-Serazin www.executedtoday.com/2014/02/12/1943-france-bloch-serazin/]

1914 - Ethel Moorhead (1869-1955) becomes the first suffragette to be forceably fed in a Scottish prison. Imprisoned in Calton Jail, Edinburgh for attempted fire-raising, she was hurriedly released four days later after developing double pneumonia as a result of being forced feed and food getting into her lungs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Moorhead catandmouse.org.uk/docs/Ethel_Moorhead_op.pdf]

1978 - Hagar Olsson (b. 1893), Swedish-speaking Finnish modernist writer, literary critic, playwright, translator and feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 16]

2012 - Five members of Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] stage a performance in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour of '//Punk Prayer: Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!//' [Панк-молебен: Богородица, Путина прогони!], which urges the Virgin Mary to rid russia of Vladimir Putin and to "become a feminist", as well as criticising the subservience of many Russians to the church and attacking the church's links to the KGB and its traditionalist views on women. This performance led to the arrest and prosecution of three of their members. [see: Aug. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каплан,_Фанни_Ефимовна www.famhist.ru/famhist/karpach/00073707.htm www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/KAPLAN_FANNI_EFIMOVNA.html www.peoples.ru/state/citizen/kaplan/ www.executedtoday.com/2009/09/03/1918-fanya-kaplan-lenins-would-be-assassin/ www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkaplan.htm]
 * = 22 || 1890 - [O.S. Feb. 10] Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; d. 1918), Russian Socialist-Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, born.

[E] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Reports of acts of violence received from all quarters. At Battersea 14 plate-glass windows were smashed. Letters in pillars damaged. Golf links at Ashford damaged. Shelter house at Horsforth set on fire.

1943 - Three members of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) anti-Nazi resistance group, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst are condemned to death (having, amongst other things, urged students to rise up and overthrow the Nazi government in various clandestine leaflets and posters) for treason and beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. [see: May 9/Sep. 22/Nov. 6] [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/hernandezmarichal/hernandezmarichal.html www.revistacanarii.com/canarii/5/isabel-hernandez-marichal puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4697-isabel-hernandez-marichal-anarcosindicalista-conocida-como-la-tabacalera.html]
 * = 23 || 1909 - Isabel Hernández Marichal, aka 'La Tabaquera' (The Snuffbox) (d. 1983), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist is born in the Canary Islands. The eldest of three children, her father emigrated to Cuba when she was very young and the rest of the family moved to Tenerife. At 12-years-old, she began working in the tobacco factories and, aged 16, she joined the CNT's Sindicat de Tabaquers d'Ambdós Sexes, participating in numerous strikes, labour disputes and meetings, such as the celebrated 1936 May Day event in the Plaça de Toros in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Her miltancy led to a number of arrests and following the fascist coup on July 18, 1936, she went into hiding. She was amongst the 64 CNT members arrested and tried for the uprising on January 23, 1937, that resulted in 19 workers being shot dead. She was convicted of the "crime of rebellion" and sentenced to 12 years and one day in prison. However, she managed to go underground in Las Palmas, hiding out in friends' aprtments for 5 years and, using her sister Rosa's identity paper, worker again in tobacco factories. She established a romantic relationship with Blas Pérez Sicilia in 1943, with whom she had two daughters, Josefa and Nieves. With the 1945 pqardon for those not convicted of "delitos de sangre" (crimes of blood), the couple returned to Tenerife in 1949. Blas was pardoned in 1951, later emigrating to Venezuela. Following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, she participated in the revival of the CNT and spoke at the first public meeting to be held after the Franco regime on May 1 1978 at the Palais Royal in Tenerife. She was also appointed Coordinadora Feminista and participated in the commemorations of March 8, 1979. In his later years senile dementia decimated her powers. Isabel Hernández Marichal died on June 23, 1983 in Tenerife.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Contents of pillar boxes at Nottingham damaged. Telephone wires at Belfast cut. Bookstall at Walsall, in Staffordshire, fired.

[E] 1920 - Natasha Notkin (b. 1870), Russian-American pharmacist, nihilist and anarchist, who identified herself as being a nihilist before coming to the US at the age of 15, dies of bronchial pneumonia. While in Philadelphia, Notkin became a highly respected anarchist and was often referred to as the 'soul' of the Philadelphia anarchist scene and known for her self-sacrificing dedication, being "married to the movement". She worked as the city’s contact for anarchist newspaper, 'Free Society' and then for 'Mother Earth'. She was a close confidant of Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre. Goldman stated that "she was the true type of Russian woman revolutionist, with no other interests in life but the movement." With de Cleyre, she co-founded and helped run the Ladies Liberal League of Philadelphia and the Social Science Club. After de Cleyre fell victim of an assassination attack, Notkin and others formed the Friends of Voltairine de Cleyre to help pay for her medical expenses. Notkin became a pharmacist, learning the trade from a fellow anarchist, Jacob Joffe. She continued to work with Joffe until moved to Los Angeles with fellow pharmacist, William Eidelson (also known as Wolf Ethelson). The two married in Los Angeles on Dec. 19, 1917. At first they lived at 1419 N Normandie. Then in 1918, they purchased the Hollenbeck Pharmacy located at 2201 E. 4th Street, which was also listed as their residence. In February 1920, Notkin fell victim to influenza and eventually died of bronchial pneumonia on February 23, 1920, and was buried two days later at the Beth Israel Cemetery in Boyle Heights. [www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1205981326083991&id=259850690697064 deadanarchists.org/nihilists.html deadanarchists.org/doctors-and-druggists.html beforeitsnews.com/politics/2016/01/the-past-and-future-of-the-ladies-liberal-league-2771108.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-living-my-life#toc13] ||
 * = 24 || 1872 - [N.S. Mar. 8] Sophia Nikolaevna Chernosvitova (Софья Николаевна Черносвитова; d. 1934), Russian revolutionary and feminist, who was a member of the RSDLP and with Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, founded Zhenotdel (Женотдел), the Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Working Women, born. [see: Mar. 8]

[E] 1882 - Marie Ferré (1852), French poet, florist, libretarian and Pétroleuse, who was a close friend of Louise Michel and had exhausted much of her energies rescuing imprisoned Communards, dies of heart problems. The sister of fellow communard Théophile Hippolyte, she was dragged from her bed and arrested at the end of the Commune in May 1871 whilst suffering from typhus. On December 28, 1871, Marie wrote her '//Citoyens proscrits//' letter appealing for the return of exiled communards. She also acted as a repositary for Michel's writing when she was deported from France. She was buried on February 26, 1882 in her family vault in the : Cimetière de Levallois-Perret, Île-de-France, along side her executed brother, Théophile. Louise Michel would later be buried there also. Amongst those who attended the funeral were Louise Michel, Henri Rochefort, Clovis Hugues, Hubertine Auclert, Camille Blas, Émile Eudes, J. B. Clément, Kapt, Hoffman, Courapied, Martinet, Crié, Breuille, Wilhem, Combes, Acker, Avronsart, Josselin, Bérard, Hémery-Dufoug, Vasillat, Amouroux, Cadolle, Émile Digeon, Edmond Chamollet, Alphonse Humbert, Jules Allix, Émile Gautier, etc. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/marieferre/marieferre.html hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH02550.1007?locatt=view:pdf lrf.revues.org/1403]

[C/EEE] 1909 - Ethel MacDonald (d. 1960), Glasgow-based anarchist activist who was labelled the 'Scots Scarlet Pimpernel' by the British press for her activities in Spain in 1937, born. One of nine children, the 'Bellshill Girl Anarchist' left home at sixteen to become a lifelong activist in the working class and women's movements, joining the Independent Labour Party, (ILP). Working as a waitress and shop assisstant, in 1931 she met Guy Aldred and left the ILP to become active in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). In 1933 she accepted his invitation to work as his secretary, and together they formed the United Socialist Movement (USM) in June 1934. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and announcer and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [expand] [www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Ethel_MacDonald. www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SRB15209.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_MacDonald educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=15097 www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3733.html aberdeenanarchists.wordpress.com/category/ethel-macdonald/ spartacus-educational.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/ethel-macdonald-and-bob-smillie.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPmacdonaldE.htm iberianature.com/barcelona/history-of-barcelona/barcelona-radical-history/ethel-macdonald-in-barcelona/ www.spanishcivilwarfilm.com/thefilm/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bkv5]

1912 - Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike: Following the adverse publicity the authorities were getting as the families of strikers in Lawrence were forced to temporarily foster out their children, they ordered that no more children could leave for their temporary foster homes. To try and prevent them from leaving, fifty policemen and two militia companies were used to surround the Lawrence railroad station and the city marshal ordered the families of the 100 children gathered there to disperse. When defiant mothers still tried to get their children on board the train and resisted the authorities, police dragged them by the hair, beat them with clubs and arrested them as their horrified children looked on in tears. 30 women were detained in jail. When newspapers reported this ugly scene, complete with photographs of cops clubbing women and children, the reaction around the country was visceral and marked a turning point in the Bread and Roses Strike. President Taft asked his attorney general to investigate, and Congress began a hearing on the strike on March 2, hearing testimonies from children involved. As a result of the strikes and protests, employees gained improvements in wages, conditions, and work hours in textile mills not only for themselves but also for thousands of workers to follow. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years flag.blackened.net/lpp/iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2012/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-24-1912 griid.org/2012/02/24/the-day-in-resistance-history-100th-anniversary-of-the-lawrence-textile-strike/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Telegraph poles near Newcastle-on-Tyne cut down. Damage for week ending February estimated at £6,000. Signal wires on Great Western railway line cut at Newport.

1962 - Michelle Shocked (stage name of Karen Michelle Johnston), American singer-songwriter, who at one point called herself "a radical skateboard punk-rock anarchist", born. Once arrested during an Occupy L.A. protest (her first big album, '//Short Sharp Shocked//', featured a cover photo of a San Francisco riot cop with a choke-hold around her neck during an 1980s protest) and who for many years was presumed gay, is now a born again christian who came out with the following anti-gay rant: "When they stop Prop 8 and force priests at gunpoint to marry gays, it will be the downfall of civilisation, and Jesus will come back" on stage in San Francisco on 18/03/13. || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Авейде,_Мария_Оскаровна]
 * = 25 || 1884 - [N.S. Feb. 13] Maria Oskarovna Aveyde (Мария Оскаровна Авейде; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, member of the RSDLP member in the Volga region and the Urals, and in late 1918 a member of the underground RCP(b) [РКП(б)], born. Arrested by the White Czech forces on March 31, 1919, she was shot near the Upper Iset Ironworks near Ekaterinburg eight days later.

1900 - Emma Goldman lectures at the Athenaeum Hall, in London's Tottenham Court Road, on the subject '//The Basic Principles of Morality//'. At the farewell concert the following day at the same venue, Peter Kropotkin and Louise Michel spoke, as well as Michel herself. Music was supplied by the Slavonitzer Tamburitza Quartet. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2502.html]

1913 - IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) Paterson Silk Strike begins.

[D] 1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: British feminist Emmeline Pankhurst on trial for bombing Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's villa in Surrey a week ago. She takes responsibility for the event and describes it as "//guerilla warfare//", as well as other violent acts aimed at bringing attention to the suffragette movement. She and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia have previously been arrested and jailed for inciting riots. She gets three years in prison.

1957 - Anna Olay (Chaia Edelstein; b. 1898), Lithuanian-American anarchist militant, commits suicide. [see: May 1]

[E] 2002 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (b. 1913), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, member of the CNT from the age of 14 and secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres, dies. Following the defeat of the revolution, she organised a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the libertarian ateneo (college) 'Al Margen'. [see: Dec. 30] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крупская,_Надежда_Константиновна fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadejda_Kroupskaïa spartacus-educational.com/RUSkrupskaya.htm womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/nadezhda-konstantinovna-krupskaya www.counterfire.org/women-on-the-left/15628-women-on-the-left-nadezhda-krupskaya www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/27/soviet-chocolate-lenin-russia]
 * = 26 || [E] 1869 - [O.S. Feb. 14] Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская; d. 1939), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", born. From an impoverished family of upper class origins, she expressed an interest in education from a young age, and was particularly drawn to Tolstoy’s theory of democratic education. Krupskaya began to participate in several illegal discussion circles where she studied the theories of Marx, which was where she first met Lenin. Between 1891-1896, Krupskaya worked offering evening classes on reading, writing and arithmetic, providing her with contact with serious workers, soe of whom she taught illegal classes with a revolutionary influence to. She learned a lot about the workers’ conditions in the factories during this time, which helped Lenin when writing his pamphlets and which she distributed to the factories. In 1895 both Krupskaya andLenin were arrested for extending propaganda work among the proletariat of St. Petersburg, along with other Marxists who were organised into the Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class (Союза борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса). [expand]

1946 - Elena Melli (b. 1889), Italian anarchist militant, who was a companion of Errico Malatesta during the last years of his life, dies. [see: Jul. 4]

1969 - Jeanne Françoise 'Jane' Morand (b. 1883), French militant individualist anarchist and anti-militarist activist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1976 - Body of American Indian Movement activist Anna Mae Aquash, in a murder never prosecuted but widely attributed to the FBI, is found in rural South Dakota. ||
 * = 27 || 1863 - [N.S. Mar. 11] Iza Zielińska (Iza Gąsowska; d. 1934), Polish journalist, educator, social activist and participant in the Polish and International anarchist and socialist movements, born. [see: Mar. 11]

[E] 1911 - Fanny Edelman (Fanny Jabcovsky; d. 2011), Argentine textile worker, music teacher, Communist and feminist, who was active in International Red Aid and a member of the International Brigades in defence of the Second Spanish Republic, as well as honoury president of the Communist Party of Argentina, born. A leading figure in the women 's movement, she participated in the founding of the Unión de Mujeres de la Argentina (Women's Union of Argentina) and was made general secretary of the Federación Democrática Internacion al de Mujeres (Women's International Democratic Federation) in 1972 and promoted the creation of the International Women's Day. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Edelman www.ecured.cu/Fanny_Edelman seniales.blogspot.be/2011/11/fanny-edelman-1911-2011.html]

1913 - After 25 days of deliberations, the Paris trial of the twenty defendants of the Bonnot Gang (Bande à Bonnot) concludes and sentences are handed down for the more than thirty crimes or offences committed both in France and abroad tried:

Raymond Callemin (22 year old typographer), Eugene Dieudonne (28, carpenter), André Soudy (20, grocer) and Elie Monier (23, florist) are sentenced to death. Marius Metge (22, cook) and Edward Carouy (29, a metal worker) to prison for life. Jean De Boe (23, typographer) to ten years hard labour. Kléber Bénard (22 years, taxidermist) to six years in prison. André Poyer (21, mechanic) and Henry Crozat De Fleury (26, broker) to five years in prison. Victor Kibaltchiche [the future Victor Serge] (32, industrial designer and translator) to five years in prison. Jean Georges Dettweiller (37, mechanic) and David Belonie (27, commercial employee) to four years in prison. Pierre Jourdan (25, peddler) and Antoine Gauzy (33, peddler) to 18 months in prison. Charles Reinert (33, foundry worker) to one year in prison. Louis Rimbault (35, locksmith) aquitted (absent from the trial after simulating madness and being committed to an asylum - released 2 years later). Léon Alphonse Rodriguez (34, peddler) aquitted (for service to the police). __Marie Vuillemin__ (23, unemployed, Octave Garnier's lover), __Barbe-Marie Le Clerch__ (or Clerc'h; 22 years old, feather-worker) and __Rirette Maitrejean__ (27, a former teacher) are aquitted. Bernard Gorodesky (27, secondhand goods dealer) is sentenced to 6 months prison in absentia (he is on the run and is never found).

Raymond Callemin, André Soudy, and Antoine Monier faced the guillotiné on April 21st. Doubt over Eugene Dieudonne's guilt concerning the Rue Ordener attack results in his death sentence being commuted on April 20, 1913, to forced labour for life. [criminocorpus.revues.org/269 grands.criminels.free.fr/bonnot.html www.magasinpittoresque.be/dossiers/bonnot.htm www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot.htm]

1924 - Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (d. 1960), one of the three 'Las Mariposas', the Hermanas Mirabal (Mirabal Sisters), assassinated members of the clandestine opposition to the Dominican dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, who would become symbols of both popular and feminist resistance worldwide, born. In 1999, the date of their deaths, November 25 1960, was designated by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.

1939 - Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская); b. 1869), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", dies. Agter her death, Leningrad workers petitioned Sovnarcom, the Council of People's Commissars, to immortalise her by renaming the local chocolate factory in her honour. Hardly a fitting tribute. [see: Feb. 26]

1956 - Meena Keshwar Kamal (مینا کشور کمال‎‎; d. 1987), Afghan revolutionary political activist, feminist, women's rights activist and founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), who was assassinated by unknow assailants – either agents of the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD, the Afghan secret police, or of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_Keshwar_Kamal www.rawa.org/meena.html www.osservatorioafghanistan.org/2012/07/meena-keshwar-kamal-fondatrice-di-rawa/ www.onthisdeity.com/4th-february-1987-–-the-murder-of-meena-keshwar-kamal/]

1968 - Zofia Dzierżyńska aka Sofia Sigizmundovna Dzerzhinskaya [Софья Сигизмундовна Дзержинская (ru)] (Zofia Julia Muszkat; b. 1882), Polish teacher and communist activist, dies. [see: Dec. 4] ||
 * = 28 || 1909 - The earliest observance of International Women’s Day takes place in New York City as an event for women's voting rights organised by the National Women's Committee of the Socialist Party of America in memory of the 1908 strike of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, whose members were protesting poor work conditions. Charlotte Perkins Gilman addresses the crowd in New York City, proclaiming: "It is true that a woman's duty is centered in her home and motherhood but home should mean the whole country and not be confined to three or four rooms of a city or a state."

1934 - Emma Goldman featured a talk at Broadwood Hotel Auditorium in Philadelphia, organised by the Emma Goldman Committee in the city. The US government had given permission for a lecture tour of the United States on the condition that she spoke only in theatres and on her autobiography '//Living My Life//', and avoided talking about the prevailing political situation. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2802.html]

1934 - Marie Jenney Howe (b. 1870), US Unitarian minister, feminist writer and organiser, who founded the Heterodoxy Club for "women who did things and did them openly" and who was prominent in the National American Woman Suffrage Association and as a birth control advocate, dies. [see:Dec. 26]

[E] 1957 - Nathalie Ménigon, French union activist and founding member of Action Directe - Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1989 and given conditional release in 2008. In prison she suffered bouts of hemiplegia caused by two strokes. In 2003 she engaged in a campaign of self-harm in protest at prison conditions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Ménigon fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Ménigon]

1972 - Supposed date of the 'execution' of Ingeborg Barz (b. 1948), German secretary and 'disappeared' former first generation Rote Armee Fraktion member, by Andreas Baader. [see: Jul. 1] || 1862 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; d. 1908), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, born. Married to the textile worker and anarchist Alice Stolzenberg and father of four, including John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde. Accused of blasphemy in 1895, he fled the country with his wife and 3 children to Switzerland where they lived in poverty. Expelled from Switzerland, they lived in a mountain hut near Salzburg. In the summer of 1899, both disappeared, abandoning their children.His works include: '//Ein Fest auf der Bastilla. Vorspiel zu der Revolutions-Trilogie "Massen"//' (A Feast on the Bastilla. Prelude to the Revolution Trilogy "Masses"; 1891), '//Manometer auf 99!: Soziales Drama in 5 Akten//' (1893), and '//Groß-Natur. Ausgewählte Gedichte//' (Wholesale Natural. Selected Poems; 1893). In university towns across germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burningsde.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschlandwww.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htwww.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html] Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) 1862 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; d. 1908), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, born. Married to the textile worker and anarchist Alice Stolzenberg and father of four, including John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde. Accused of blasphemy in 1895, he fled the country with his wife and 3 children to Switzerland where they lived in poverty. Expelled from Switzerland, they lived in a mountain hut near Salzburg. In the summer of 1899, both disappeared, abandoning their children.His works include: '//Ein Fest auf der Bastilla. Vorspiel zu der Revolutions-Trilogie "Massen"//' (A Feast on the Bastilla. Prelude to the Revolution Trilogy "Masses"; 1891), '//Manometer auf 99!: Soziales Drama in 5 Akten//' (1893), and '//Groß-Natur. Ausgewählte Gedichte//' (Wholesale Natural. Selected Poems; 1893). In university towns across germany, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit", which ended in the burning of upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books. These heavily scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the gatherings, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, 'Feuersprüche' (fire oaths), and incantations.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burningsde.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bücherverbrennung_1933_in_Deutschlandwww.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htwww.buecherverbrennung33.de/index.html]mara
 * = 29 || 2012 - Maruja Lara (Angustias Lara Sanchez; d. 2012), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana, nurse and activist in the clandestine prisoners support group, Unión de Mujeres Demócratas, dies. [see: Sep. 11] ||