Insurrection,+etc.+Sep-Oct

"I am a socialist because I am an enemy of all governments and communist because with my brothers we want to work the land in common". [www.ephemanar.net/septembre01.html sanfernandotlalpanmxico.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/julio-chavez-lopez-1869.html]
 * = SEPTEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1869 - Julio Chavez Lopez (b. unknown), Mexican peasant and libertarian revolutionary propagandist, is captured by the army and shot in the courtyard of th Free and Modern School of Chaloco after being handed over to the police following 4 months of anarchist insurgency by a peasant army across Puebla and Veracruz.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: The Fascio di Santa Caterina is founded by 25-year-old Filippo Lo Vetere in his home town, despite residing in Palermo. Based in the Piazza Garibaldi, it is mainly made up of peasants and labourers, it is part of the Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani (Italian Workers Party). Within a few months it has 500 members. [siciliaisoladaamare.wordpress.com/la-figura-di-filippo-lo-vetere-1868-1931-di-leonardo-fiandaca/ ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 19] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Premier Pyotr Stolypin (Пётр Столы́пин) orders field courts-martial for civilians, with immediate sentencing and execution; the decree provokes nearly universal outrage. A state of emergency has been extended throughout most of Russia, as local governments are given extraordinary powers. Mass arrests pushes the SR Maximalists into retreat, with its groups becoming increasingly disconnected and unable to co-ordinate actions. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm istmat.info/node/21974 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Столыпин,_Пётр_Аркадьевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567065/Pyotr-Arkadyevich-Stolypin]

[C] 1906 - Missak Manouchian (d. 1944), French-Armenian poet, a militant communist in the MOI (Main d'Œuvre Immigrée or Immigrant Workers Movement), and military commissioner of the FTP-MOI (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Œuvre Immigrée; Partisan Irregular Riflemen of the MOI) in the Paris region, born in Adıyaman (now in southeastern Turkey). Manouchian's father died during the Armenian Genocide of 1915, and, with his mother dying soon afterwards, he and his brother, Karabet, now orphaned, joined the stream of Armenian refugees heading south into the French protectorate of Syria. In an orphanage there they learned the French language, carpentry and other manual skills. They remained until they were able to secure passage to Marseilles in 1925. In Paris Missak took a job as a lathe operator at a Citroën plant and joined the CGT (Confédération Générale du Travail). He also began writing poetry and with his Armenian friend Kégham Atmadjian, who used the pseudonym of Séma, founded two literary magazines, '//Tchank//' (Effort) and '//Mechagouyt//' (Culture). With the outbreak of war, in September 1939 Manouchian was evacuated from Paris as a foreigner. After the defeat of June 1940, he returned to occupied Paris and was arrested on June 22, 1941, by the Germans in an anti-Communist round-up in Paris. Interned in a prison camp at Compiègne, he was eventually released without charge due to the efforts of his wife. He was then the political chief of the Armenian section of the underground MOI until February 1943, when Manouchian transferred to the FTP-MOI, where he made his name commanding three detachments, totalling about 50 fighter. The Manouchian group, as it became known, is credited with the assassination on September 28, 1943, of General Julius Ritter, the assistant in France to Fritz Sauckel, head of forced labour under the German STO (Service du Travail Obligatoire) in Nazi-occupied Europe, and carrying out around thirty successful attacks on German interests from August to November 1943. However, the efforts of the Special Brigade No. 2 of General Intelligence eventually led to the complete dismantling of the FTP-MOI of Paris by mid-November 1943. On the morning of November 16, 1943, Manouchian was arrested in his headquarters at Évry-Petit Bourg. He and the other FTP-MOI fighters were tortured for information, and eventually handed over to the Germans' Geheime Feldpolizei (GFP). The 23 were given a 1944 show trial for propaganda purposes before execution. Manouchian and 21 of his comrades were shot at Fort Mont-Valérien near Paris on February 21, 1944. Following the executions, the Germans printed 15,000 propaganda posters on red background paper, the notorious '//Affiche Rouge//', featuring the photos of ten of the dead, each within its own black medallion. The central photo was of Manouchian and had the inscription: "Armenian gang leader, 56 bombings, 150 dead, 600 wounded". Aimed at portraying the MOI (and the Résistance in general) as criminal, murderous foreigners who were a danger to law-abiding, cooperative citizens, they were defaced with the words "Morts pour la France!" [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missak_Manouchian en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missak_Manouchian www.ajpn.org/personne-Manouchian-Missak-6836.html www.marxists.org/history/france/resistance/manouchian/ www.espritsnomades.com/sitelitterature/manouchian.html www.altersexualite.com/spip.php?article303 www.cdilavoisierpantin.fr/article-biographie-de-michel-manoukian-102600336.html www.globalarmenianheritage-adic.fr/fr/6histoire/a_d/20_resistance31.htm saintsulpice.unblog.fr/2009/09/13/missak-manouchian-les-armeniens-dans-la-resistance-en-france-mairie-du-4e-paris-du-14-au-26-septembre-2009 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiche_Rouge cdcapaca.chez.com/archives/manouchian.htm]

[CC] 1908 - Lou Kenton (d. 2012), English printer, potter, communist and anti-fascists, born in Stepney, east London, to Jewish Ukrainian refugees. He joined the Communist party in 1929 against the backdrop of rampant anti-Semitism in the East End. In the 1930s, he was a printer in Fleet Street, convenor of the Printing and Allied Trades Anti-Fascist Movement and was one of those heckling at the Blackshirts' rally at Olympia on June 7, 1934, and was in the thick of things during the battle of Cable Street two years later. In 1937, he volunteered as an International Brigades ambulance driver, distributed supplies, helped evacuate Basque children and raise funds back in Britain. His first wife, Lillian, an Austrian refugee, also went to Spain to work as a nurse. During WWII, he worked on a whaler in the south Atlantic but was later badly injured in a bombing raid back in Britain and was hospitalised for two years. After the war, he worked as an organiser for the Communist party in London, and helped run the ex-servicemen's squatting movement. Following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he left the CPGB and joined the Labour party. In retirement he found a new career, as a prolific maker of commemorative pottery for unions and other organisations. In 2009, he was one of the IB veterans awarded Spanish citizenship. When he died in 2012, aged 104, he was the oldest surviving British member of the International Brigades. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Kenton www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/30/lou-kenton-obituary]

1909 - In the wake of the La Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa [see: Jul. 26] and the ensuing closure of the secular schools, the Spanish government, at the behest of the Catholic Church, arrested Francisco Ferrer. He is to be put on trial as the supposed instigator of the La Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa [see: Oct. 9] and will be shot on October 13.

[D] 1911 - Revolución Méxicana: Emiliano Zapata manages to escape from the sugar cane fields, as General Huerta advances and takes the Villa Ayala, which he finds deserted as the inhabitants of the town had left with Zapata as he fled south towards Puebla. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata www.bibliotecas.tv/zapata/1911/z01sep11.html]

1918 - In the wake of the attempt on Lenin's life the previous day, the official decree launching the 'Red Terror' in Russian is released.

1922 - La Grève du Havre: With the prospect of the new school year and the threat of schools not opening their doors to the children of workers who remained out on strike, together with a hardening in the positions of some employers and their friends, including that of the landlords of some workers, who threatened to evict them if they continued their strike, the general strike in Le Harve in solidarity with the city's steelworkers ends. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1923 - The action group Los Solidarios, including Durruti, Rafael Torres Escartín, Gregorio Suberviela and Eusebio Brau, attack the Bank of Spain in Gijón at noon, seizing 650,000 pesetas but are intercepted by the Guardia Civil. Eusebio Brau and Rafael Torres Escartín cover the escape of their comrades but fail to escape themselves, being cornered the following day near Oviedo. Eusebio Brau is mortally wounded after they hold off the police for several hours but Torres Escartín is captured and tortured by the police before eventually being imprisoned.

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: A two-day strike is called by the CNT in response to the killing of Isidro Floria Sánchez by the Guardia Civil the previous day. The strike, which would last 4 days, was characterised by numerous acts of sabotage and armed clashes with the Guardia Civil and the army, which the government had sent in along with cavalry units to guard government buildings, banks, Telefónica premises and the Central Market. The army and police fire on strikers on a number of occasions. Strikes and sabotage spread across the country to town and cities including Cadiz, Huelva, Teruel, San Sebastián, Pozoblanco, Zamora, and Criptana. [see: Aug. 31]

1931 - In Valencia, during a waiters' strike, the CNT attacks premises that remain open. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[A] 1985 - A court case against four black defendants provokes a riot in Toxteth, Liverpool.

1985 - Agustí Centelles i Ossó (b. 1909), Spanish photojournalist noted for his iconic pictures of Republican Spain and especially Catalonia, dies. [see: May 22] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International]
 * = 2 || 1872 - The fifth General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association opens in The Hague. In the aftermath of the Paris Commune and Bakunin characterisation of Marx's ideas as authoritarian, arguing that if a Marxist party came to power its leaders would end up as bad as the ruling class they had fought against (c.f. '//Statism and Anarchy//'), it was inevitable that the Hague Congress of the First International would see the long-running conflict between anarchists and Marxists come to a head. It resulted in the expulsion of Bakunin and Guillaume and a split between the 'red' and 'black' internationals. The anarchist faction, including the Jura federation and the federations of Spain, Italy and Belgium, then held their own Congress of Saint-Imier a few days later on September 15-16, from which also emerged the Anarchist St. Imier International.

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 20] Inter-ethnic Armenian-Azerbaijani riots erupt in Baku, Tiflis and Erivan (Sep. 2-8); thousands are killed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1906 - Having chosen the date of September 16, 1906, the day that the Mexican Independence is celebrated, Ricardo Flores Magón and Juan Sarabia arrive in El Paso, Texas to coordinate plans for the uprising with Antonio I. Villarreal, Cesar E. Canales, Prisciliano G. Silva, Professor Lauro Aguirre and other members of PLM operating along the border. The plans involved 44 groups of //guerrilleros//, some involving with up to 300 (although the average was 50) who were to launch raids into México, capturing custom houses on the border, blowing up railways, cutting telegraph wires and raiding stores for weapons and supplies, fermenting a revolution across the country. However, US police began a series of raids over the following days in which they seized weapons and documents, and discovered the plans for the insurrection, which had to be postponed til September 26th.

1909 - Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen (d. 1942), German officer, commentator and anti-Nazi Resistance fighter, who was executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. In 1928, he joined the Jungdeutscher Orden, a youth organization in the Weimar Republic and the Studentenverbindung Albingia student organisation. He studied law in Freiburg (Baden-Württemberg), and Berlin, without finishing and, by 1930, was a supporter of the intellectual-nationalistic group, the Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung (People's National Imperial Union). The same year, he became editor of Franz Jung's left-liberal anti-fascist 'Der Gegner' (The Opponents) and in 1932 he organized the Treffen der revolutionären Jugend Europas (Meeting of Europe's Revolutionary Youth). In April 1933, when the offices of Der Gegner were destroyed by Brown Shirt thugs, Schulze-Boysen was beaten up and had swastikas carved into his flesh. In May 1933 he began pilot training, later working in the communications department of the Reich Air Transport Ministry. Beginning in 1935, he became part of a circle of left-leaning anti-fascists - artists, pacifists, and Communists - who published anti-fascist writings amongst other activities. In 1936, Schulze-Boysen made contact with Arvid Harnack and his circle, and also with the Communists Hilde and Hans Coppi (widely known as the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) group. In July 1942, the group's radio messages were intercepted and decoded, and on August 31, Harro and his wife Libertas Schulze-Boysen were arrested by the Gestapo. They were sentenced to death on December 19 and executed three days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harro_Schulze-Boysen www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/de/vertiefung/themen/thema/?them=/b17/b17-2-flug.php www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1910 - The return of the editorial board to Los Angeles, and the third epoch of '//Regeneración//' begins at 519 ½ E. 4th Street, Nelson Flats.

1917 - Mass arrests of Wobblies during the Palmer Raids.

1920 - The factory occupations extends to all the metal foundries in major Italian cities. In Rome, Bologna, La Spezia, Genoa and Turin, the occupations are carried out in the greatest enthusiasm. At the FIAT Lingotto factory in Turin, police try to enter under cover of darkness in order to capture new guns, but they are put to flight by the siren and repelled under heavy fire from the sentries. In Genoa, a guard opens fire as workers try to enter the Odero factory to occupy it. One worker is killed and five others injured.

1923 - Following yesterday's bank robbery by Los Solidarios, Rafael Torres Escartín, a member of the anarchist Los Solidarios, is arrested and tortured by the police. He manages to escape, but is later recaptured.

[D] 1945 - August Revolution [Cách mạng tháng Tám] / August General Uprising [Tổng Khởi nghĩa tháng Tám]: Hồ Chí Minh declares Vietnamese Independence from its French colonial rulers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Revolution]

[C] 1962 - With their planned march from Victoria Park Square to Shoreditch banned, Oswald Mosley's Union Movement go ahead with their meeting. However, it would collapse under a hail of stones, eggs and fruit, and resulted in over 40 arrests. Mr Jeffrey Hamm started the meeting with a few supporters. When Mosley arrived about an hour later, the crowd had increased and eggs were being thrown. He climbed onto the speaker's 'platform' - a lorry - and spoke for two minutes, but his speech was drowned by shouts of "Six million Jews! Belsen, down with Mosley!" Then the police ordered the meeting to close. As Mosley moved away the crowed advanced towards his car and hammered on the windows with their fists. He was followed by his supporters, mainly teenagers, in the speakers lorry. Five hundred police cleared the Park and forty persons were arrested. It was the fourth Mosley rally broken up by angry crowds since June 22. [www.jta.org/1962/08/31/archive/home-office-assures-jews-on-mosleyite-march-in-londons-east-end bjpa.org/Publications/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=17037 www.newspapers.com/newspage/11809168/ www.newspapers.com/newspage/49945323/ ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00010090/01753 afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1962 - At the same time that Mosley was hold his meeting In Victoria Park, the British National Party meeting, which was planned for Ridley Road, had to be held a quarter of a mile away at Hertford Road. This is because Yellow Star Movement members had jumped the BNP pitch early in the day, to hold a marathon filibuster meeting with 136 speakers. The Hertford Road BNP meeting was met with strong opposition by a large crowd of mostly Jewish people, and the speech by John Bean, the party's acting secretary, was largely inaudible ddue to loud heckling. Bean, who was guarded by mounted policemen, said his speaker system had been 'smashed' and a Land Rover had been wrecked. Two of his supporters stood in front of him with bandaged heads resulting in their earlier failed attempt to retake the Ridley Road pitch and were subsequently attacked in Hertford Rd. by 400 anti-fascists, including 62 Group members. [PR] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960) ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00010090/01753 afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/62_group.pdf afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

[A] 1964 - Stuart Christie and Fernando Carballo Blanco are sent to prison for planning to assassinate Franco during a Real Madrid football game, after Christie is arrested with a rucksack full of plastic explosives. Charged with Banditry and terrorism and tried by a drumhead court martial within two weeks of their arrest, Carballo gets 30 years and Christie 20.

1967 - Ex-British Army Major and pirate radio broadcaster Paddy Roy Bates, who had seized HM Fort Roughs, a former World War II Maunsell Sea Fort in the North Sea 13 km (7 nmi i.e. outside the then three-mile territorial water claim of the United Kingdom and therefore in international waters) off the coast of Suffolk on 14 August, declares independence from Britain and establishes the Principality of Sealand with himself as hereditary head of state ('His Royal Highness Prince Roy' and his wife 'Princess Joan', with his son becoming 'Prince Michael, Prince Regent').

1984 - Manos Katrakis (b. 1908), Greek theatre and film actor, who fought with the EAM/ELAS communist anti-fascist resistance during WWII and refused to sign a declaration of repentance during the Greek Civil War of 1946-49, dies. [see: Aug. 14]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: St. Louis County Police and Missouri State Highway Patrol arrest more than a dozen people, including Mary Moore, a freelance journalist who has worked for CNN. Protesters are charged with offences including failure to comply with police, noise ordinance violations and resisting arrest. In court they have to wear Guantanamo-style orange jumpsuits. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 3 || 1812 - Destruction of gig-mill at Southowram near Halifax. Shearing frames destroyed at Gildersome near Morley. [Luddites]

1843 - Greek Revolution [Επανάσταση της 3ης Σεπτεμβρίου]: Originally timed to coincide with the anniversary of the Revolution of 1821 (Επανάσταση του 1821), the armed uprising of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire, on March 25, 1844, with the number of those with knowledge of the dateincreasing, it was decied to bring the uprising forward. During the night of the 2nd-3rd, the uprising takes place and by 03:00 the new government is in place. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Επανάσταση_της_3ης_Σεπτεμβρίου en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_September_1843_Revolution]

[C] 1899 - Wilhelm (or Vilmos) Stepper-Tristis (d. unknown), Hungarian novelist, journalist, literary critic, communist and anti-fascist, who joined the French Résistance and is presumed to have died in a concentration camp, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Stepper-Tristis]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 20] Preobrazhenie Uprising [Преображенско въстание]: A strong Ottoman force begins reasserting their control. www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1906 - Thomas H. Rynningg leads Arizona Rangers and immigration officers in a raid on an underground cell of the Partido Liberal Méxicano during a meeting in Douglas. They discover dynamite, pistols and banners, and seven members are arrested for violation of the Neutrality Law. The group had been gathering weapons and ammunition for a major expedition into Méxic o which included capturing custom houses on the border, blowing up railways, cutting telegraph wires and raiding stores for weapons and supplies as part of the planned insurrection of September 16.

1918 - Fanya Kaplan (b. 1890), Russian Socialist Revolutionary who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on 31 August 1918, is executed. [see: Feb. 10]

1920 - In Spezia, nearly all the factories have been occupied and are under workers' control. [see: Sep. 2] [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/09ref.htm#01/1920]

1921 - Italian anarchist Giuseppe Morelli is attacked by a group of Royal Guards and Fascists in Piombino whilst putting up Arditi del Popolo posters against the Patto di Pacificazione (Pact of Pacification), the peace treaty between Fascists and Socialists. A Deputy Commissioner of Police shoots him dead. During the night, in an attempt to pre-empt an anarchist backlash, the police raid homes and workplaces (during night shifts), arresting more than 200 comrades. Having eliminated the most politically active and militant anarchist trades unionists, the fascists understood that this was the time to launch their attack. Having attacked the Camera del Lavoro (Trade Union hall) and the printshop of the regional socialist newspaper '//La Fiamma//', and then headed towards the Camera Confederale (Trade Union headquarters), they were intercepted by a patrol of young anarchists, who were soon reinforced by groups of workers, and the fascists had no choice but to surrender to the police in order to escape a severe dose of working class justice. [www.arivista.org/?nr=357&pag=dossier_antifascismo9_en.htm www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/60-piombino-citta-antifascista]

1923 - Foundry worker and anarchist guerilla Eusebio Brau (b. unknown), who was mortally wounded in the same firefight yesterday that resulted in Rafael Torres Escartín's capture, dies of his wounds. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8491 manelaisa.com/articulo/articulo-29-1920s-society-in-turmoil-2nd-draft-barcelona-1917-1923-2/]

1923 - Mario Castagna (1903-unknown), an exiled Italian anarchist militant and anti-fascist, is confronted in Paris by a group of fascists. Defending himself from attack, Castagna pulls a pistol and shoots dead one of the attackers. He is sentenced to 7 years in prison on June 28 1924, despite it clearly being a case of self-defence. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/castagna/castagna.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article681]

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: Clashes continue in Zaragoza and across the country. Meanwhile, the CNT calls an assembly of the Frontón Zaragozano at 16:00, chaired by Mariano Andrés. A return to work is agreed and demand that the governor frees prisoners and opens trade union halls within 48 hours. Several thousand workers attend the meeting. [see: Jul. 6 & Aug. 31] [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[D] 1931 - An insurrectionary general strike is launched in Barcelona in protest against the treatment of political prisoners. [3rd-4th] Police storm local CNT offices but only succeed in occupying the building workers' HQ after a long siege. In L'Hospitalet (Barcelona) the church of San Ramón is torched. Police actions against workers result in several deaths. [www.fundanin.org/nin32.htm hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1931/09/04/027.html]

1942 - Łachwa Ghetto Uprising: The ghetto in Lachwa was established on April 4, 1942, and was massively overcrowded and the meagre food allowance for Jews in the ghetto drove Jews to seek food outside of the ghetto, something punishable by death. In August and September 1941, news of massacres in the surrounding towns spread in Lachwa. Beginning in January 1942, Jewish youth organized underground groups led by Yitzhak Rochczyn and aided by Dov Lopatyn, head of the ghetto’s Judenrat. On September 3, 1942, the Germans informed Dov Lopatyn that the ghetto was to be liquidated, and ordered the ghetto inhabitants to gather for deportation, promising that the members of Judenrat, the ghetto doctor and 30 labourers (whom Lopatyn could choose personally) would be spared if they cooperated. Lopatyn refused the offer, reportedly responding: "Either we all live, or we all die." When the Germans entered the ghetto, Lopatyn set fire to the Judenrat headquarters, which was the signal to commence the uprising. Other buildings were also set on fire. Members of the Ghetto underground attacked the Germans as they entered the ghetto, using axes, sticks, molotov cocktails and their bare hands. This battle is believed to represent the first ghetto uprising of the war. Approximately 650 Jews were killed in the fighting or in the flames, with another 500 or so taken to the pits and shot. Six German soldiers and eight German and Ukrainian (or Belarusian) policemen were also killed. The ghetto fence was breached and approximately 1,000 Jews were able to escape, of whom about 600 were able to take refuge in the Prypeć (Pripet) Marshes. Rochczyn was shot and killed as he jumped into the Smierc River, after killing a German soldier with an axe to the head. Although an estimated 120 of the escapees were able to join partisan units, most of the others were eventually tracked down and killed. Approximately 90 residents of the ghetto survived the war. Dov Lopatyn joined a communist partisan unit and was killed on February 21, 1944, by a landmine. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łachwa_Ghetto www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/lachwa/ jewishpartisans.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/this-month-in-jewish-partisan-history.html www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007233 www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=399]

[AA] 1972 - French gangster Jaques Mesrine escapes with a comrade (Jean-Paul Mercier) from the maximum security Saint-Vincent-de-Paul prison in Canada. He later returns with weapons to attempt a mass breakout. This fails, Mercier is wounded, but they remain unapprehended.

[A] 1976 - Hull Prison riot ends but the prison would stay closed for the best part of a year following the damage wrought by the prisoners.

1983 - 5000 pepole take part in a demonstration protesting the events of August 28 1983 when the CRS attacked the Radio Libertaire premises, wrecking equipment and beating and arresting staff. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre03.html] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html#brocher militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7182 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Victorine_Brocher fra.anarchopedia.org/Victorine_Brocher-Rouchy libcom.org/history/brocher-rouchy-victorine-1838-1921 www.humanite.fr/tribunes/victorine-rouchy-brocher-1838-1921-une-morte-vivante-24]
 * = 4 || 1838 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy (born Victorine Malenfant; d. 1921), French member of the Internationale, Communard, militant anarchist and and socialist educator, born. [NB: Date also given as 1839]

1846 - David de Gaudenzi (d. unknown), French tinsmith and anarchist, who was involved in the 1882 Montceau-les-Mines protests, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2040]

[DD] 1870 - Commune de Lyon: At 07:30 a crowd began to collect at reading posters announcing news of the capture of Emperor Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan. The Hôtel de Ville is occupied and the préfet is taken prisoner. At 09:00, the Republic is proclaimed, half a day before Paris. The red flag flies from the top of the building and remains there until March 4, 1871. The insurgents set up a Comité de salut public (Committee of Public Safety ), comprising a majority of radical, free-thinking néo-Jacobines, radicale, as well as a number of individual internationalistes and moderate Republicans included the former député Hénon. [www.commune1871.org/?Lyon-et-la-Commune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Lyon atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/blogs/bakounine/bakounine-a-lyon-chronologie-des-evenements-405/ rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html passerellesdutemps.free.fr/edition_numerique/echantillon_pdf/regionalisme/Lyonnais/corpus/la_commune_a_lyon.pdf www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/48720-la-presse-lyonnaise-pendant-la-commune-septembre-1870-juin-1871.pdf]

1879 - Antoine Scipion Gauzy (d. 1963), French anarchist individualist and Bonnot gang member, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin12.html#gauzy militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2065]

1887 - The first issue of the Italian language free newspaper '//Il Ciclone//' (The Cyclone), "Bollettino rivoluzionario anarchico", is published in Paris by the Gli Intransigenti group of the anarchist illegalists Luigi Parmeggiani and Vittorio Pini. With its recipies for making explosives, its mottos are: "Mezzi of emancipazione: Espropirazione - PUGNALE - Dinamite" (Means of emancipation: expropriation - DAGGER - Dynamite) and "Più organizzazione my Bensi Autonomia completa dei dell'individuo and gruppi" (More organisation but the complete autonomy of the individual and groups). [www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html]

1897 - Ramón Sempau i Barril (1871-1909), Catalan lawyer, writer and journalist attempts to assassinate Lieutenant Narciso Portas, 'el botxí de Montjuïc', chief torturer at the Montjuïc prison. Editor of '//El Divulio//'(The Flood) and a member of the Catalan modernist group Colla del Foc Nou (League of New Fire), he was influenced by republicanism and anarchism and, at the start of the Procés de Montjuïc in 1896, he was forced to flee to France to avoid standing trial for his criticism of the actions of the Spanish authorities in Cuba. After visiting London and Brussels returned to Barcelona, ​​where, on September 3 1897, he attempted to shoot Narciso Portas, head of the policia judicial in Barcelona, specialising in the repression of the anarchism, and primarily responsible for torture at Montjuïc. His poor marksmanship and ancient pistol led to failure and he was captured. Sentenced to death before a court martial, his case was eventually moved into the civil jurisdiction, following the Liberals' victory in the 1989 general election, where he was acquitted (though he got two months and a day for using a false name). He was author of '//El capitán Dreyfus. Un proceso célebre//' (1899); '//Los victimarios. Notas relativas al proceso de Montjuïc//' (1900); and the novel '//Esclavas del oro (Trata de blancas)//' (Handmaids of gold (Trafficking of whites); 1902). [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Sempau_i_Barril www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0409.html]

[D] 1918 - American troops invade Northern Russia, one year after the Russian Revolution, landing at Archangel to "protect US interests". They are ultimately soundly defeated.

1931 - Huelga de Telefónica de 1931: Workers return to work following yesterday's decision by the CNT in Zaragoza but industrial unrest continues across the Second Republic.

1931 - Insurrectionary general strike in Barcelona [3rd-4th]: Heavy fighting in Barcelona concludes with one dead and 17 injured. [www.fundanin.org/nin32.htm]

1933 - Revuelta de los Sargentos [Revolt of the Sergeants] / Golpe de Estado en Cuba de 1933 [1933 Cuban Coup]: Noncommissioned officers in the Cuban army unexpectedly arrest their superiors and take over command of the island`s military forces. Skillfully organised by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar, the son of poor cane cutters from Oriente of mixed ancestry and the best stenographer in the army, overtrew the despotic regime of General Gerardo Machado y Morales. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista www.cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?artID=233 lanuevareplica.com/archivos/julio/66-4-de-septiembre-de-1933-la-rebelion-de-los-sargentos]

2005 - Six days after Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans, members of the city's police department kill two people: 17-year-old James Brissette and 40-year-old mentally disabled Ronald Madison, who is shot in the back, and wound four other people on the Danziger bridge. All victims are unarmed. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre#The_National_Convention en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror]
 * = 5 || 1792 - Maximilien Robespierre is elected first deputy for Paris to the National Convention in France, the first step on the path towards the victory of his faction, the Montagnards, over the Girondins, and the unleashing of La Terreur (the Reign of Terror, September 5, 1793 - July 28, 1794).

[D] 1793 - The French Revolution's Reign of Terror (La Terreur) begins, as the National Convention institutes harsh measures to repress counter-revolutionary activities. One delegate, claiming that the middle class Girondist (moderates) leaders be sentenced to death cried: "It is time for equality to wield its scythe over all the heads. Very well, Legislator, place Terror on the agenda!" The delegates agreed to arrest all suspects and dissenters, try them swiftly in the kangaroo courts known as the Revolutionary Tribunals, and sentence them uniformly to death. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror]

1839 - The First Opium War: Britain declares war on China in order to compel the Qing Dynasty to allow opium imports, a lucrative source of profits for the British. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-09-September.htm]

1884 - André Augustin Bastelica (d. 1845), French typographer/printer, member of the First International, Communard, agitator, anarchist //avant la lettre//, supporter of Bakunin and organiser of the Marseilles working class, dies. [see: Dec. 14]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 23-24] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Fourth Congress of the Union of Liberation (Союз Освобождения) is held in Moscow (Sep. 5-6), at which it is advocated that the union should participate in the elections to the Bulygin Duma and the founding of the Constitutional Democratic Party in conjunction with the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists. The Bolsheviks opposed the attempts by the Union of Liberation to seize the leadership of the revolutionary-liberation movement, and the zemstvo movement begins to split into factions, evolving into the liberal Kadet Party and the moderate conservative Octobrist Party. In October 1905, after the creation of the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of Liberation is disbanded. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_освобождения dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/16619/СОЮЗ]

1911 - Pupils desert their classrooms and parade through the Welsh town of Llanelli after a schoolboy is punished for passing round a note urging his friends to strike against corporal punishment. In the next fortnight, schools in over 60 major towns and cities come out in solidarity.

1917 - SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Mutiny: Two of the so-called 'ringleaders' of the mutiny on August 2 are executed by firing squad at the Wahr firing range training grounds near Cologne. [see: Aug. 2 & Oct. 29]

1917 - Palmer raids: Federal agents attack Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) halls and offices in 48 cities across the US.

1919 - In Barcelona, Commissioner Manuel Bravo Portillo, head of the employers' pistoleros and who led the band of gunmen on July 17 that kidnapped and killed the militant centista Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero', is found dead - riddled with bullets. The authorities react by immediately declaring a state of siege that allowed numerous arrests and the closure of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//'. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/bravoportillo/bravoportillo.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2491-asesinato-de-manuel-bravo-portillo.html]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Tolosa printing of the weekly '//Tradición Vasca//' is suspended. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1933 - Revuelta de los Sargentos [Revolt of the Sergeants] / Golpe de Estado en Cuba de 1933 [1933 Cuban Coup]: Cuban president Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and his cabinet abandon the Presidential palace following yesterday's coup. [www.cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?artID=233 lanuevareplica.com/archivos/julio/66-4-de-septiembre-de-1933-la-rebelion-de-los-sargentos en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_Céspedes_y_Quesada]

[C] 1936 - 24-year-old Federico 'Taino' Borrell García (b. 1845) dies. Valencian anarquista, member of the FAI, made famous by the iconic photo '//The Fallen Soldier//' (aka '//Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936//') by Robert Capa, who captured his moment of death. Later attempts to discredit Capa and the photograph have themselves been discredited. Founder of the local branch of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth) in Alcoi (Alcoy), and took part in the widespread sabotage carried out during the October insurrection by Asturian miners and others against the inclusion of fascists from the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups). At the beginning of the fascist uprising, he took part in the storming of the infantry barracks in Alcoi and joined the local Republican militia, the Columna Alcoiana, led by the local anarchist activist, Enrique Vaño Nicomedes. On the morning of September 5, 1936, Federico was one of fifty militia who arrived at the village of Cerro Muriano (Cordoba) to reinforce the militia’s frontline against the forces of Varela. In the afternoon Federico was defending the artillery battery in the rear of the detachment when Francoist troops infiltrated behind the lines and started shooting from behind as well as in front. Federico was shot at about 5pm and died instantly. According to records, he was the only member of the column to die in fighting that day. In his honour and that of another anarchist from Alcoi, Juan Ruescas Ángel, who died on September 25, 1936 at Espejo, a militia column was named 'Ruescas-Taino'. Much noise has been made since then about the authenticity of the shot(s), especially since a claim by José Manuel Susperregui in 2009 that the photo's were in fact taken near Espejo, 30 miles south of Cerro Muriano, something the likes of the Daily Mail and telegraph enthusiastically publicised. However, the arguments put forward by Capa's biographer Richard Whelan and the extensive work of José Manuel Serrano Esparza has effectively debunked this [see links below]. A recently discovered (in 2013) audio recording of Capa talking in 1947 about the taking of the shot tells a different different story. Make up your own mind. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borrell_García en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falling_Soldier ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borrell_García libcom.org/history/borrell-federico-1936 www.culturandalucia.com/GCE/Taino/La_identidad_de_Taino_en_una_foto_atribuida_a_Robert_Capa_INDICE.htm elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/robert-capa-in-cerro-muriano-day-in.html www.photographers.it/articoli/cd_capa/img/taino.pdf www.photographers.it/articoli/capa.htm www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/photoblog/2009/07/the_whole_story.html content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912110,00.html www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/robert-capa/in-love-and-war/47/ www.photographers.it/articoli/cd_capa/img/falling%20soldier.pdf elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/robert-capa-in-cerro-muriano-day-in.html elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/robert-capa-fotografias-de-la-masiva.html www.photographers.it/articoli/cd_capa/index.html www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/audioslideshow/2013/oct/29/robert-capa-spanish-civil-war www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/oct/29/robert-capa-best-picture-transcript]

1938 - Matanza del Seguro Obrero [Seguro Obrero Massacre (Workers Insurance's Massacre)]: Attempted coup by the Movimiento Nacional-Socialista de Chile (MNSCH), who occupy the Seguro Obrero building whilst another group take the headquarters of the Universidad de Chile. Ends in mass shooting as all captured Nazis lined up and shot - only 4 of the 63 involved survive. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_del_Seguro_Obrero en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre]

1944 - Dolle Dinsdag [Mad Tuesday]: Celebrations in the streets across occupied Netherlands following yesterday's Allied taking of Antwerp. There is widespread panic amongst the occupying forces and the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, leading 65,000 Dutch Nazi collaborators flee to Germany knowing that the game is up. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolle_Dinsdag en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolle_Dinsdag]

1972 - The Black September group take Israeli athletes hostage at the Munich Olympic Games.

1974 - 'Rivolta di S. Basilio': Nearly 150 families had occupied IACP apartments in the via Montecarotto and via Fabriano, in the village of San Basilio on the outskirts of Rome, for over a year. Warned of imminent eviction, a meeting was organised between those involved in the popular opposition to the evictions and militants of the revolutionary. The outcome was a mass defence of one of the largest occupations to take place in the city. When, on September 5, huge numbers of police arrived to start the eviction of the families, the defenders put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street battles. Barricades were erected and the police met with stones, molotovs and bolts launched with slingshots. The cops responded with tear gas but were forced to suspend the evictions that afternoon. By Saturday, all the empty apartments were occupied and a delegation went to the courts to try and get the evictions halted. Hundreds of demonstrators flocked in from all over the city, including many members of workers councils, as the fighting flared up again. A series of 'truces' were negotiated between the police and Lotta Continua, the main organisers of the occupation, led to breaks in the fighting and later the delegation with an agreement to suspend evictions until Monday morning. Nevertheless, on Sunday 8 the police again attacked, evicting families and smashing up apartments. A popular assembly that was called in the central square of the village was also attacked by the cops, inundating it with tear gas. In the battle that followed, a platoon of police was forced to retreat whilst resorting to live-fire. Ceruso Fabrizio, a 19-year-old member of Autonomi Operai and active in the Comitato Proletario di Tivoli, is hit in the chest by a bullet. Bundled into a taxi, he is dead on arrival at the hospital. As the news of Fabrizio's death became known, the whole neighborhood took to the streets. Anger spills over, lampposts are uprooted and roads plunged into darkness. This time the police are targeted shots fired from nearby houses. Eight policemen, including a captain, were injured, some seriously, and clashes continued late into the night. The following day negotiations began for the allocation of housing to the families of S. Basilio and the occupants of Casalbruciato and Bagni di Tivoli. [www.reti-invisibili.net/fabrizioceruso/]

1977 - German business leader Hanns Martin Schleyer is kidnapped in Cologne by the Red Army Faction. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-09-September.htm]

2003 - Revolutionary Struggle (Επαναστατικός Αγώνας) carry out their first action, a double bombing of the Courthouse in which a policeman is injured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Struggle revolutionarystruggle.wordpress.com rotehilfech.noblogs.org/files/2014/07/Gesammelte-Erklärungen-eng.pdf] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]
 * = 6 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: At Pontarddulais a crowd of over 100 Rebeccaites attacked the tollgate in the village. However, the ploice had been warned about the attack and Chief Constable Charles Napier of the Glamorgan Police, leading policemen and soldiers lay in wait. They suddenly appeared and challenged the rioters who fired shots at them for about 10 minutes and then tried to escape. Seven people were arrested and on October 26 they were tried at Cardiff Assizes. John Hughes, one of the leaders of the attack was sentenced to 20 years transportation, David Jones and John Hugh, seven years transportation, and the others lesser sentences.

1870 - Commune de Lyon: Challemel-Lacour, who was appointed //préfet// of Rhône by the Gouvernement de la Défense Nationale arrives in Lyon. [see: Sep. 4]

1880 - Jules Gustave Durand (d. 1926), French anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist and secretary of the Syndicat des Charbonniers in Le Harve, born. Durand was an initiator of the French general strike of 1910, and was wrongly charged with the murder of a blackleg in a brawl. On the back of a series of corrupt witnesses and a hate campaign by the press he was sentenced to death on November 25, 1910. In a tremendous show of solidarity against this injustice protests and strikes closed the docks at Le Harve and spread across the channel to English ports and to some American ports. After further protests spearheaded by the League of Human Rights, he was released on February 15, 1911. Sadly, due to his inhumane treatment and spending 40 days restrained in a straightjacket he suffered a complete mental breakdown and spent the rest of his days in an asylum where he died in 1926. His case was re-opened and his name was cleared and on June 15, 1918, it was stated that he had been completely innocent of the charge. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier20.html libcom.org/history/durand-jules-1880-1926]

[A] 1882 - Well over 10,000 workers demanding the 8-hour day marched to protest working conditions in the first-ever U.S. Labour Day parade, held in New York City. About a quarter million New Yorkers turned out to watch.

1892 - Manuel Pérez Feliu (d. 1940), Spanish cabinetmaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. Member of the Sindicat de la Fusta of the CNT, in May 1921 he was arrested, along with Bernardino Alonso García (El Porra), for having allegedly place a firecracker in a striking basketmaking workshop on April 1. In 1932, he was arrested and deported to Villa Cisneros, Rio de Oro, and then to Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. He was also chair of the Faros Agrupació Pro Cultura in Barcelona. In January 1934, he was arrested in Barcelona with 23 comrades at a clandestine meeting and was not released until April because he was refusing to pay a fine of 20,000 pesetas for possession of explosives and demanding a trial instead. Following the fascist coup in July 1936, he was appointed to the CNT representative to the Guardia Popular Antifascista (Brigadas Populares de Policía) in Valencia, vice president of the Consell Provincial de Seguretat (Provincial Security Council) and the Tribunal Especial de Justícia del Comitè Executiu Popular (Comitè de Salvació Pública) (Special Court of Justice of the People's Executive Committee (Committee Public Safety)). During the war he was also a member of the East Regional Committees of the CNT and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI). In 1938, he worked on the Valencia newspaper '//Fragua Social//'. That same year, he stood in for Torres Domingo Maeso, performing the duties of mayor of Valencia, replacing him permanently in 1939. With the triumph of Franco, he was arrested and locked up in a concentration camp Albatera, along side his friend Manuel Pérez Fernández. Identified by the fascist authorities, he was imprisoned in Valencia. Tried and sentenced to death, Manuel Pérez Feliu was shot on the August 27 1940 at the Paterna camp along with 20 other detainees. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6258]

1901 - The Polish anarchist individualist Leon Czolgosz (1873-1901) shoots the U.S. President William McKinley twice in the abdomen at point blank range during a walkabout by the politician at the Pan-American Exposition. Seriously wounded, McKnley dies eight days later from an infection. A grand jury indicted Czolgosz on September 16 with one count of first-degree murder. Czolgosz refused to speak to his appointed lawyers and they went on to try and convince the jury that Czolgosz is insane. However, Czolgosz was convicted on September 24, 1901 after the jury deliberated for only one hour. Two days later, they unanimously recommended the death penalty and Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair at Auburn State Prison on October 29, 1901.

1908 - The First Congress of the labour organisation Solidaridad Obrera is held in Barcelona (Sept. 6-8) and take the decision to establish a Confederació Regional de Societats de Resistència - Solidaritat Obrera based on the principle of direct action.

1911 - André Arru (Jean-René Saulière; d. 1999), French anarchist, pacifist and underground organiser during WWII, born. Already an anti-militarist in 1931 when he did his compulsory military service, he encountered anarchism for the first time whilst assisting at a conference where Sébastien Faure was speaking. He went on to particiapte in the anti-fascist solidarity with Spanish anarchists and discovered Stirner's '//The Ego and His Own//'. At the start of WWII, he went underground, moving from Bordeaux to Marseilles, the city of his birth. There he helped form an anarchist group, which included Voline and one Marcel-André Arru who gave him his army discharge papers, allowing him to change is name from Saulière to Arru. He also participated in the underground Résistance, producing propaganda and helping hide those being pursued by authorities. Post-WWII, Arru became the general secretary for the French SIA (International Antifascist Solidarity) and in the 1950s he participates in the establishment of the Fédération Anarchiste. In addition to his pacifist engagement, he was an active organiser of the Libre Pensée and the publication of the quarterly review '//La Libre Pensée des Bouches-du-Rhône//' (1969-1980). In addition, he was a member, since 1983, of the ADMD (an association for the right to die in dignity) and, in 1999 at the age of 87, he voluntarily ended his life, refusing to subject himself to the risks and dependency of advancing age and disease. [www.ephemanar.net/janvier02.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Sauli%C3%A8re www.katesharpleylibrary.net/3ffc0v ascaso-durruti.info/pagebarr/viecad/debpres/arru.htm]

1916 - Benito Milla Navarro (d. 1987), Spanish militant anarchist propaganist, editor and anti-fascist combatant, born. A member of the libertarian movement in the Alicante area, he moved to Barcelona in the early 1930s where he became a well-known activist. A member of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias, in July 1936 he joined the Durruti Column, organising FIJL groups at the front as the organisation's secretary within the Column. In 1938, he returned to Barcelona, ​​becoming the manager of '//Ruta//', the Libertarian Youth's newspaper and served as a delegate of the 121st Brigade's FIJL groups at the 2nd national congress of the FIJL in Valencia. Exiled in France during the retirada, he was interned in various camps before settling in Marseille during the Occupation and participating in the reorganisation of movement. After the liberation, he was elected general secretary of the FIJL in exile in April 1945. At he 2nd Congress in March 1946, he was appointed Secretario de relaciones internacionales and took over editing '//Ruta//', published weekly in Toulouse and Paris. During this period he was also firmly opposed to the tactics of the action groups of the Mouvement Libertaire de Résistance (MLR). In 1949 he left France for America and, in 1951, he moved to Montevideo where he founded and led several journals - '//Cuadernos Internacionales//', with Nicolas Sanchez Albornoz and Germinal Gracia, '//Deslinde//' (1956-61) and '//Temas//' (1965-67) - and collabortaed on the periodicals '//En Marcha//' and '//Accion//'. In 1958, he founded the publishing house Alfa, which would publish more than 400 titles, and in 1968 he emigrated to Venezuela, where he founded the publishing houses Monte Ávila Editores and, in 1971, Nuevo Tiempo. He returned to Spain in 1977 after the death of Franco, becoming a well-known publisher and was appointed director in Barcelona of the publishers Editions Laia, where he promoted the publishing of many anarchist books. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/benitomilla/benitomilla.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3978 www.ephemanar.net/septembre06.html]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Doña Mencia, the mayor leads an assault to the Guardia Civil post of the Civil Guard. Are five wounded, two of them policemen. In the city of Toledo and in several towns in the province, six killed and forty wounded in anti-anarchist reprisals by the Communists. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1960 - The Manifeste des 121: Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie (Declaration on the right of insubordination in the Algerian War), an open letter signed by 121 intellectuals calling on the French government and public opinion to recognise the Algerian War as a legitimate struggle for independence, denouncing the use of torture by the French army, and calling for French conscientious objectors to the conflict to be respected by the authorities, is published in the magazine 'Vérité-Liberté'. [www.dissident.info/resistance statements/Proclamation of the 121.htm]

1966 - Five nights of racial rioting begin in Atlanta. Stokely Carmichael arrested for "inciting riot" along with 15 others. [www.leagle.com/decision/19671252267FSupp985_11092 www.aavw.org/protest/carmichael_sncc_abstract06_full.html www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/student-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-sncc archive.vod.umd.edu/civil/carmichael1966int.htm]

1970 - Palestinian guerrillas seized control of three jetliners which were later blown up on the ground in Jordan after the passengers and crews were evacuated. [see: Sep. 18]

[D] 1971 - Before dawn in Montevideo, Uruguay, a 106 Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros) guerrillas escaped from prison through a precisely-engineered 40m tunnel lined with plastic coated cardboard that emerged into the middle of a neighbouring house's living room. The owner was held prisoner for 9 hours through the night. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raúl_Sendic en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupamaros archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/09/07/page/27/article/106-leftist-rebels-in-uruguay-escape-prison-thru-tunnel]

1973 - Rebellion at Statesville Prison, Indiana.

1974 - 'Rivolta di S. Basilio' [see: Sep. 5] || "It having been ascertained that a considerable reduction took place in the price of wheat in our market on Saturday last, (but which, it appears, did not exceed from 10 to 15 shillings per quarter on corn that was in a fit state to grind), the people naturally conceived that as the bakers and dealers in flour had profited by the rise in every instance, on their stock in hand they ought, on a principle of fair dealing, to concede the advantage of a fall in the prices of corn in the market to the public. They were therefore, persuaded, that flour would be sold on the Monday following at a proportionable reduced rate; but the dealers had bought in their stock at the highest possible price, they could not, without sustaining very material loss, lower it to the price so confidently expected, and so anxiously desired, and in consequence, a strong ferment was created in the public mind, which led to the commission of much mischief." "What added to the tumult was, the bread served out to the soldiers was found to be short of weight; and many of them were, on Monday, seen active in the mob." ['Nottingham Journal', 12/09/1812] "On Monday morning, a baker in Nottingham had the temerity to advance his flour two-pence a stone, in the face of a falling market, which so enraged the women, that several got a fishing-rod, and fixed a halfpenny loaf upon it, which they coloured over with reddle, in imitation of its being dipt in blood, and likewise adorned it with a piece of crape. With this they then began to parade the streets, and soon collected a very large mob, among which were two women with hand-bills, who were dignified with the titles of Madam and Lady Ludd. The first object of their vengeance was the Baker who had advanced the price of his flour; they broke his windows, and compelled him to drop his flour sixpence a stone. The mob then divided into several parties, and treated nearly every baker and flour-seller in the same manner; not sparing their windows till they had promised to drop flour sixpence per stone." ['Morning Chronicle', 11/09/1812] Military reinforcements were called out, and the Riot Act was read, and the crowd eventually dispersed. [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/7th-september-1812-madam-ludd-joins.html]
 * = 7 || [D] 1812 - The food riots that had affected Sheffield and Leeds in Yorkshire spread to Nottinghamshire, and the town of Nottingham itself.

[A] 1830 - Fences are torn down on Otmoor. Forty are arrested and taken to Oxford, but then freed by a mob which formed at the St.Giles Fair.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: In the small village of Hendy (Yr Hendy) near Llanedi, Carmarthenshire, Sarah Williams a young female gate keeper died during an atack on her tollgate. Warned that the rioters were on their way, she refused to leave and during the atack she could be heard shouting "I know who you are" by a family living up the road who had locked their doors from the rioters. Williams called for help at the house of John Thomas, a labourer, to extinguish a fire at the toll gate, but when she returned to the toll house, a shot was heard. Williams returned to the house of John Thomas, and collapsed at the threshold of the house. Two minutes later she was dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Riots]

1857 - Charles Malato (d. 1938), French revolutionary, journalist, theoretician and anarchist propagandist, born. Though from a 'noble' Neapolitan family, his father fought for the insurrectionist side in the 1848 Italian revolution, and later supported and fought to defend the Paris Commune, for which he was banished to the penal colony of New Caledonia, where Charles was born. After the 1881 amnesty, the family returned to France. In 1886 he founded the revolutionary paper '//La Révolution Cosmopolite//' as his politics shifted decidedly towards anarchism. In 1897, he published '//The Philosophy of Anarchy//' in which he laid out his anarchist communist views. His journalism at the time appeared in numerous papers including '//L'Art Social//', '//La Société Nouvelle//', '//L'Aurore//', '//Le Réveil Lyonnais//', as well as Ernest Gégout's journal '//L'Attaque//' where one of his articles earned him a fifteen months sentence in prison in April 1890 for "incitement to murder, looting and arson". Exiled as a non-French citizen, he went into exile in London. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre07.html#malato ita.anarchopedia.org/Charles_Malato theanarchistlibrary.org/library/charles-malato-a-conversation-with-charles-malato]

1893 - The Featherstone collieries are destroyed by strikers in England.

1919 - Bruno Filippi (b. 1900), Italian individualist anarchist writer and activist, dies when the bomb he is carrying explodes as he attempts to attack the Café Biffi in the gallery Vittorio Emanuele in Milan where the 'Circolo dei Nobili (club of nobles), the richest people of the city, are having a meeting. His foot is all that remains amongst the rubble but it will lead to his identification and the arrest of a number of his comrades. [see: Mar. 30]

1957 - Francisco Ballester Orovitg aka 'El Explorador' aka Sebastián Grado Ortega (b. 1920), Catalan carpernter, anarchist, anti-Franco //guerrilla// and Esperanto speaker, dies during a derailment of the Paris-Nîmes train. [see: Sep. 12]

[DD] 1969 - Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo]: In the wake of the Primer Rosariazo (First Rosariazo) and Cordobazo [see: May 29] the military government interferred in the running of the Unión Ferroviaria (Railway Union), labour agreements were modified unilaterally, union leaders were imprisoned and an across the board salary reduction was introduced. Tensions continued to simmer and soon reached boiling point. Rosario students returned to the streets on September 7th to commemorate the death of those killed in the conflict with the forces of repression. The following day, delegates from the UF's Rosario section went on strike to protest the suspension of the administrative delegate Mario J. Horat, who had been penalised for advocating anti-government strikes. More than 4,000 workers joined the action and that night decided to prolong it for for 72 hours. Other sectional groups joined the action. On September 12, the union declared a nationwide indefinite strike. The government responded by sending in the security forces and mobilising all railway workers uner the Código de Justicia Militar (Code of Military Justice), thereby criminalising the strike. Several factories were occupied in Córdoba, and there was a massive uprising in Cipolletti, Río Negro. On September 15, the CGT of Rosario declared a strike, and on the morning of the next day the workers marched on the city. Street fighting and repression were widespread throughout the city. Between 100,000 and 250,000 people are estimated to have taken part in the protests, which later came to be known as the Second Rosariazo (or the Proletarian Rosariazo). The workers converged on the seat of the CGT and were joined by students, who had previously gathered at the faculties. The police were eventually overwhelmed by the protesters, who set up barricades and re-grouped in many different points throughout the city. Public transport vehicles were set on fire. Police control was limited to a few important buildings such as the Command Seat of the Second Army Corps, the Police Headquarters, the courts and the major radio stations. The conflict then spread to the barrios on the outskirts of Rosario. In light of the deteriorating situation, on September 17 the Army took charge. Future president Colonel Leopoldo Galtieri was among the Army personnel involved in the repression. That evening, the Commander of the II Army Corps, Brig Gen. Herbert Robinson released the following statement: "The public is warned that in this mission, my troops are under orders to fire without warning on any outrage or attack." ('//Antenore//', 2004) From that point forward, the fight was effectively lost for the protesters. The Rozariazo ended with hundreds dead or wounded, and many arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

1974 - 'Rivolta di S. Basilio' [see: Sep. 5]

1974 - 7,000 anti-fascists occupy Hyde Park in London, forcing the police to reroute a NF and Ulster Loyalist march. Other anti-fascists were at the assembly point for the NF and clashed with the fascists only to be arrested. [PR]

[C] 1986 - Operación Siglo XX: Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet survives an assassination attempt. His motorcade is ambushed by at least 12 rebel fighters of the Marxist guerilla group, the Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez, as he made his way back from his country home to the Chilean capital. The fierce attack, using machine guns, rifles, bazookas and hand grenades, kills five of his bodyguards and wounds 11 more. Pinochet escapes with only minor injuries to his hand. The guerillas escape and Pinochet declares a 90-day "state of siege" - which gives him sweeping powers of detention and censorship.

2014 - Anti-fascists clashed with CRS as they tried to reach a far-right anti-immigrant protest [including Sauvons Calais, Réseau d'Identité & Parti de la France] in Calais. [www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/07/french-far-right-demonstrates-calais-protest-migrants] || "...it at length became necessary to call in gave the military, small parties of which were station in some of the bakers houses for the protection of their property. Hitherto the proceedings were principally confined to the women; but on Tuesday evening a large mob collected in Hockley, who insulted the Magistrates, and threw stones at the Hussars, who were at length ordered to clear the streets, and several pistols having been fired by way of intimidations the whole speedily dispersed without further mischief. The town has since remained perfectly tranquil." ['Nottingham Journal', 12/09/1812] [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/8th-september-1812-food-rioting.html]
 * = 8 || 1812 - Food Riots in Nottingham "On Tuesday morning the scenes of tumult were renewed with increased violence: carts loaded with potatoes were stopped in the streets and sold at reduced prices: a corn warehouse was attacked with great fury, as well as many bakers’ shops, without any mischief being done, except the breaking of windows, and some other trifling affairs. What added to the tumult was, the bread served out to the soldiers was found to be short of weight; and many of them were, on Monday, seen active in the mob. A peace officer and a party of the West Kent Militia are now stationed in every house or warehouse considered in danger, while parties of hussars constantly parade the streets." ['Morning Chronicle', 11/09/1812]

1820 - Andrew Hardie and John Baird executed for their part in the Scottish Insurrection of 1820. [see: Apr. 3] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMThe1820Radicals.aspx]

1843 - Rebecca Riots: The 'Daughters of Rebecca' set fire to wheat mows on the estate of the powerful Dynevor family again. [see: Aug. 30] [www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_1_3_Rees.pdf]

1870 - Commune de Lyon: Ten commissioners are nominated for the "intermédiaires du peuple lyonnais auprès du Comité de salut public" (intermediary for the people of Lyon to the Committee of Public Safety). [see: Sep. 4]

1873 - Sante Geronimo Caserio (Sante Jeronimo) (d. 1894), Italian anarchist who stabbed French President Sadi Carnot to avenge the execution of Auguste Valliant, born. [some give the date as Sep. 9][expand] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre09.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Sante_Caserio en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sante_Geronimo_Caserio fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sante_Geronimo_Caserio www.executedtoday.com/2008/08/16/1894-sante-geronimo-caserio-anarchist-assassin/]

1892 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: The Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone), one of the first //fasci// in rural Corleone is founded by Bernardino Verro. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro]

[D] 1902 - Repression of a demonstration against excessive taxation and administrative abuses in Candela, Foggia, leaves a total eight dead and ten wounded on both sides. [www.manganofoggia.it/eccidio.htm]

1903 - [O.S. Aug. 25] Preobrazhenie Uprising [Преображенско въстание]: In the Strandzha region the Turks have restored control and are mopping up the last pockets of resistance. [www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 26] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The first denunciation of master-terrorist Yevno Azef (Евгений Филиппович) as a police spy for the Okhrana, in an anonymous letter, is disregarded by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevno_Azef]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: Strikes take place in the port of Gijón and in the mining area of León. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1939 - The Gómez Talón group - Salvador and Rafael Gómez Talón, Juan Baeza Delgado, José Tarín Marchuet, Fulgencio Rosaledo Martinez, Juan Tarrazón Hernando, Pascual López Laguarta, Genaro Solsona Ronda, Mario Marcelino Goyeneche, Manuel Benet Beltrán, Rafael Valverde Cerdán, Alfonso Martí González, Juan Pallarés Mena, Pilar López Xiprés, Dolores Tarín Marchuet, Anita López López, Donato Sánchez Heredia, José Gómez Bujes and Magdalena Farrés Cortina - are arrested. Numerous weapons and ammunition are seized at nº 83 rue Cerdeña.

[CC] 1941 - Melkestreiken (Milk strike): Following the announcement in early August by Nazi authorities of the introduction of milk rationing, cutting the daily litre bottle of milk, an essential subsidy for many families in a country where wages were so low when workers lost their daily workplace quota of milk, workers arriving on Monday morning found that the subsidy has now been cut completely. A strike broke out in Oslo among workers at the shipyard Akers mekaniske verksted and the Spigerverk industry site in Christiania as workers left their workplaces after breakfast. By the 9th, the number of workers on strike was estimated to be 20-25,000, at around fifty industry sites and was especially strong in the steel industries. Reprisals by the Nazi authorities began, with about fifty workers at Akers mekaniske verksted being arrested. Throughout the day, workers at other enterprises were also arrested, leaving about 200 in German hands. On the third day of the strike the German Reichskommissar Josef Terboven declared martial law in Oslo and the neighbouring municipality Aker. Two union leaders, Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm, were summarily sentenced to death by a court-martial, and immediately executed by a SS Sonderkommando. Later three other union leaders - Ludvik Buland, Harry Vestli and Josef Larsson - would also be sentenced to death, but their convictions were changed to imprisonment for life in German jails. Both Buland and Vestli later died in German prisons. The leadership of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions also underwent a period of "Nazification", with members of the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling installed as leaders. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=1710 mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

[CCC] 1944 - Lela Carayannis (Λέλα Καραγιάννη; b. unknown), Greek grandmother and leader of the resistance/intelligence organisation known as 'Bouboulina' (Μπουμπουλίνας) is shot along with 71 of her followers and co-workers by Nazi execution squad in what is now the Diomideios Garden — the Botanical Garden now in the grounds of the University of Athens. The event came to be known as the Chaidari Massacre. Following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, Lela began to organise safe house for Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, helping the wounded get treatment and setting up an underground railroad whereby they could be helped to escape either over the mountains or via fishing boat. Very quickly, she managed to get an organisation of over 150 volunteers from all over Greece willing to take part in the resistance. She formed them into intelligence units and later into assault teams to fight the invader. Her organisation was given the code-name 'Bouboulina' after her own great grandmother, the Greek heroine in the war of independence over 100 years earlier. She managed to plant members of her team in many German offices, including the local Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe commands, and in the German and Italian high commands. She even managed to recruit agents from the enemy’s own ranks: disgruntled anti-Nazi German officers; Italian anti-fascists; and Germans who had married Greek women. The information they gathered on German army and ship movements, on enemy fortifications, and on movements of supplies and personnel was then to the Allied headquarters in the Middle East. Unfortunately, after working undercover for nigh-on three years, a member of her organisation was caught and interrogated. This led the Germans to Lela and on July 11, 1944, she was arrested at the Red Cross Hospital where she had been taken after she became ill. On August 14, in the office of the Gestapo interrogator Fritz Bäcke, Lela was brought face to face with her assistant who had been tortured and broken by the German interrogators. For three solid days, had been subjected to cruel torture by her SS interrogators. One by one her fingernails had been forceably removed and wounds inflicted on her body with razor blades, the cuts being salted for maximum pain. However, they failed to break her and, frustrated and humiliated by Lela’s courage and strength of character, Bäcke finally gave up. Lela and four of her children, her sons, Byron (my stepfather) along with Nelson, and two of her daughters, Ioanna, and Electra, were transferred to the concentration camp at Chaidari where they were subjected to horrific torture and abuse. In the early hours of that fateful morning of September 8, 1944, before Lela and 71 of her followers were machine-gunned to death. Witnesses observing from the hills said that the group of prisoners, led by Lela Carayannis, began to sing and that Lela led them in the Zallogos, a symbolic Greek dance of defiance in choosing death rather than loss of freedom or submission to the enemy. Lela’s children and some of her co-workers held in another part of the camp, destined for execution the following day, managed to escape with the help of an anti-Nazi German. They went into hiding in Athens and did not learn of their mother’s execution until several days later. After the war Lela was awarded the highest medals for valour, and her heroic actions are remembered every year in Greece on the anniversary of her execution. Her old house in Athens on the corner of Lela Karagiannis and Drosopoulou Streets in Kypseli was bequeathed to the University of Athens and the Ministry of Education on the understanding that it would be used to house indigent students from the Ionian Islands. However, it stood empty from 1960 onwards, falling into disrepair until the abandoned building was occupied by students in April 1988, going on to become a self-organised squatted social space, 'LK37', the oldest squat in Greece until its eviction in January 2013. [www.drgeorgepc.com/LelaCarayannis.html www.drgeorgepc.com/LelaCarayannisGrandmotherTribute.pdf squathost.com/anar_gr/en/s_lk.11a.htm www.enallaktikos.gr/kg15el_katalipsi-lelas-karagianni-lk37_a104.html]

[C] 1962 - A meeting by Mosley and the UM in Croydon is broken up by 3,000 anti-fascists. A rally in the East End the following day passes off largely peacefully. [www.jta.org/1962/09/10/archive/mosley-refrains-from-mentioning-jews-at-east-end-rally-in-london]

1968 - Ryszard Siwiec commits suicide by self-immolation in front of 100,000 people at a festival in Warsaw, as a protest against Polish complicity with the Soviet invasion of the Czech Republic.

1968 - Huey P. Newton is convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the killing an Oakland policeman. [www.mindfully.org/Reform/BPP-Newton-Guilty9sep68.htm]

1969 - Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo]: Following yesterday's student commemoration of those who died during the First Rosariazo, delegates from the UF's Rosario section go on strike to protest the suspension of the administrative delegate Mario J. Horat, who had been penalised for advocating anti-government strikes. More than 4,000 workers join the action and that night decide to prolong it for for 72 hours. Other sectional groups join the action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

1969 - Emilio Vilardaga Peralba (b. 1912), Catalan militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the 'Tierra y Libertad' column, who was imprisoned under Franco, dies in an industrial accident. [see: Jan. 26]

[A] 1970 - The London home of Attorney General, Sir Peter Rawlinson, in Chelsea, is bombed. Again this goes unreported. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1974 - Ceruso Fabrizio, a 19-year-old member of Autonomi Operai and active in the Comitato Proletario di Tivoli, is hit in the chest by a bullet during the 'Rivolta di S. Basilio'. [see: Sep. 5] Bundled into a taxi, he is dead on arrival at the hospital. As the news of Fabrizio's death became known, the whole neighborhood took to the streets. Anger spills over, lampposts are uprooted and roads plunged into darkness. This time the police are targeted shots fired from nearby houses. Eight policemen, including a captain, were injured, some seriously, and clashes continued late into the night. The following day negotiations began for the allocation of housing to the families of S. Basilio and the occupants of Casalbruciato and Bagni di Tivoli.

1976 - Robert Louzon (b. 1882), French engineer, anarchist, revolutionary syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Jun. 30] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]
 * = 9 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: "About 2 o'clock ... a party of men disguised in white dresses, went to Hendy Gate, about half a mile from Pontarddulais. They carried out the furniture from the toll-house, and told the old woman, whose name was Sarah Williams, to go away and not return. She went to the house of John Thomas, a labourer, and called him to assist in extinguishing the fire at the tollhouse, which had been ignited by the Rebeccaites. The old woman then re-entered the tollhouse. The report of a gun or pistol was soon afterwards heard. The old woman ran back to John Thomas's house, fell down at the threshold, and expired within two minutes. She had received several cautions to collect no more tolls."

1864 - Louis Lingg (d. 1887), German-American carpenter, trades unionist, anarchist and Haymarkeret martyr, born. [expand] [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/haymarket/lingg/linggbio.html libcom.org/library/lingg-louis-autobiography en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lingg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lingg www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlingg.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/59zwk6]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 27] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, allows students the right to assemble on university campuses, and removes the police. A mistake! [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1906 - [O.S. Aug. 27] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: State lands are transferred to the land bank for purchase by individual peasants. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

[AA] 1917 - Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police whilst he and others are heckling a priest at an open-air meeting, precipitating a riot. His comrade Augusta Marinelli is wounded and dies five days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for inciting the riot. Whilst still in prison a bomb explodes in the police station on November 24 and the eleven are charged for the explosion. They are all found guilty and sentenced to between 11-25 years imprisonment.

1919 - 1,000+ Boston police officers strike when 19 union leaders are fired for organising activities. The National Guard is called up to restore order and all strikers are fired.

1934 - Forced to move their planned rally from White City and lacking an alternative 'safe' indoor venue, Mosley and BUF announced a rally in Hyde Park on September 9. The Co-ordinating Committee for Anti-Fascist Activities sent out a call for a 'United Front Against Fascism on September 9th' that would "drown" the fascist in a "sea of organised working class activity". Moderates in the labour movement opposed the call but numerous leaflet drops across London, graffiti on a Kings Cross train ["March Against Fascism on Fascism on September 9"] and Nelson's column, pavement chalkings, the interruption of 3 live BBC broadcasts by 'microphone bandits', etc. were carried out in support of the call. On the day, 2,500 Blackshirts were peaceful opposed by enormous crowds (estimates range from 70,000 to 150,000), with The fascists marching in at 6.00 pm and out again at 7.00 pm protected by a massive force of police. The speakers were never heard and the fascists were effectively kept apart from the crowd which surrounded them while in the park. Many had marched the 12 miles from the East End to the Park to oppose the fascists, attacked at various points along the route by random groups of heavily outnumbered Blackshirts. A total of 18 arrests were made. The day was another humiliation for Mosley and the Blackshirts. [PR] [www.theguardian.com/politics/1934/jun/08/thefarright.uk www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Pfascists.htm wiki.leeds.ac.uk/index.php/The_Failure_of_the_BUF_and_the_CPGB_in_Inter-war_Britain_1918-1939 www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/topics/hyde-park.htm www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1977/09/violence.htm spitalfieldslife.com/2011/07/07/max-levitas-communist/ libcom.org/library/1850-1994-battle-hyde-park-ruffians-radicals-ravers?quicktabs_1=0 thesciencebookstore.com/2013/03/crowd-series/ kersplebedeb.com/posts/the-national-government-of-exploiters-and-warmongers-by-the-national-archives-uk/]

1939 - The Gómez Talón group are brought before a court martial chargd with armed robbery andfreeing prisoners. Salvador Gómez Talón, his brother Rafael, Fulgencio Rosaledo Martinez, José Tarín Marchuet, Juan Baeza Delgado and Juan Pallarés Mena are sentenced to death. Pascual López Laguarta, Rafael Giménez Otal and Rafael Valverde Cerdán are sentenced to 20 years in prison, and Alfonso González Martí to 30 years.

[CC] 1941 - Melkestreiken (Milk strike): The number of workers on strike is estimated to be 20-25,000, at around fifty industry sites and is especially strong in the steel industries. Reprisals by the Nazi authorities have already begun, with about fifty workers at Akers mekaniske verksted being arrested. Throughout the day, workers at other enterprises are also arrested, leaving about 200 in German hands. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

[D] 1971 - 1,000 prisoners seize control of Attica Correctional Facility in New York State in ongoing protests about brutal racist guards, overcrowding and the death of George Jackson.

1971 - Tupamaro rebels free the British ambassador after eight months.

[CC] 1985 - Handsworth Riots: The arrest of a black man at 4.45pm near the Acapulco Cafe, Lozells Road for a traffic offence sparks two days of rioting. Over 1500 police officers were drafted into the area and 50 shops were either burnt or looted. Damage to property was estimated at hundreds of thousands of pounds, 35 people were injured or hospitalised, 2 people unaccounted for and tragically 2 people lost their lives. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/99/handsworth-disturbances.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/the-handsworth-riots-25-years-on-131492 www.oomgallery.co.uk/gallery.asp?location=53&c=78555 www.newstatesman.com/blogs/film/2012/09/handsworth-1985-re-writing-riots]

1991 - Disenchanted youth riot in Newcastle, Cardiff, Birmingham, Oxford and Bristol.

[A] 2009 - A six-day strike is announced in 48 prisons across Italy, with up to 50,000 prisoners refusing food and work. || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar#Proclamation_of_presidency]
 * = 10 || [D] [1823 - Simón Bolívar, hero of the wars of independence against Spain, is given supreme military authority in Perú prior to Congress naming his as dictator on February 10, 1824.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: During the night an attack was launched on three homesteads belonging to William Chamber, where hay ricks, three corn stacks and even an outbuilding were destroyed by fire. This was the fourth or fifth arson attack made upon Chamber’s property since, as George Rice Trevor claimed, he had ‘acted zealously as a magistrate’. [www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_1_3_Rees.pdf]

1862 - Jean-Marie Giraudon (d. unknown), French locksmith, anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2236]

1878 - Karl Eduard Nobiling (b. 1848) German anarchist and doctor of philosophy, having mortally wounded himself (a shot to the head) following his failed assassination attempt on Kaiser Wilhelm I on June 2, 1878, succumbs to his injuries. [see: Apr. 10]

1891 - One of two possible birth dates (along with 10 November) for the birth of Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki; d. 1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter. One of the best-known prisoners of the penal colony in Ushuaia, where he was held for the assassination of Ramón Lorenzo Falcón, a head of police responsible for the brutal repression of Red Week in 1909 in Buenos Aires. Radowitzky was pardoned after 21 years, he left Argentina and fought with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. [libcom.org/history/simon-radowitzky-1891-1956 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RadowitzkySimon.htm]

1897 - 19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers killed and 36 wounded near Lattimer, Pennsylvania, for refusing to disperse, by a posse organised by the Luzerne County sheriff. The strikers, most of whom were shot in the back, were originally brought in as strike-breakers, but later organised themselves.

1898 - Anarchist Luigi Luccheni stabs Empress Elizabeth of Austria, in Geneva, using a frayed file, to strike against "the persecutors of the workers". The Swiss courts condemned him to forced labour. Found hung in prison in 1910. [Costantini pic]

1917 - Alexander Berkman is released from prison on $25,000 bail, having been falsely accused and arrested for murder in connection with the Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco.

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: Publication of the Madrid newspaper '//El Siglo Futuro//' (The Future Century) is suspended, as is the Bilbao daily '//Libertad Vasca//' (Basque Freedom). [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1933 - The Battle of Stockton-on-Tees: A supposedly secret British Union of Fascists meeting due to be held in Stockton-on-Tees Market Square on a quiet Sunday afternoon in support of the small local BUF group, who had come under regular attack by members of the National Unemployed Workers Movement and the Labour and Communist Parties, ends in a riot when just over 100 BUF members who had been bussed-in from Tyneside and the Manchester area are ambushed by 2,000 anti-fascists. Wooden staves and pickaxe handles are used to attack the fascists, and stones - and more lethally - potatoes studded with razor blades are thrown into the Blackshirted ranks. The BUF march broke ranks and were pursued across the High Street by the opposing crowds nearly, overturning a passing bus in their wake. They were later caught in a bottleneck in Silver Street and received another battering before being run out of town. The local police are caught totally unprepared but eventually managed to round-up straggling BUF members who had not already fled and escorted them back to their coaches to leave town with their tails between their legs. The local press reported around 20 casualties but many never stopped to get their injuries treated before hot-tailing it back to Newcastle and Machester. One fascist follower, the freelance photographer John Warburton, lost an eye to one of the missiles. [PR] [republic-of-teesside.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/battle-of-stockton.html www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/blogs/staff/echomemories/9309751.The_Battle_of_Stockton1933/ heritage.stockton.gov.uk/stories/battle-stockton-1933/ www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1470744/John-Warburton.html]

[CC] 1941 - Melkestreiken (Milk strike): The German Reichskommissar Josef Terboven declares martial law in Oslo and the neighbouring municipality Aker. Two union leaders, Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm, are summilarily sentenced to death by a court-martial, and immediately executed by a SS Sonderkommando. Later three other union leaders - Ludvik Buland, Harry Vestli and Josef Larsson - would also be sentenced to death, but their convictions were changed to imprisonment for life in German jails. Both Buland and Vestli later died in German prisons. The leadership of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions also underwent a period of "Nazification", with members of the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling installed as leaders. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkestreiken lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Melkestreiken_i_Oslo mediabase1.uib.no/paxlex/alfabetet/m/m07.html]

1941 - Harald Viggo Hansteen (b. 1900), Norwegian lawyer and Communist, is executed by the Nazis during their retaliation against the Oslo Melkestreiken (Milk strike). [see: Sep. 8 & 13]

1941 - Rolf Wickstrøm (b 1912) was a Norwegian labour activist and shop stewart at the Skabo Rail Coach Factory, is executed by the Nazis during their retaliation against the Oslo Melkestreiken (Milk strike). [see: Sep. 8 & Dec. 9]

1943 - Piombino, a steel town with a great libertarian tradition and a tradition above all of revolutionary syndicalism, is behind a popular uprising against the Nazis. Among the anarchists who takes part in the uprising is Adriano Vanni, a partisan who operated in the Maremma and who was called upon to join the local CLN (National Liberation Committee, a body made up of a spectrum of anti-fascist parties). [libcom.org/history/anarchist-partisans-in-italian-resistance www.arivista.org/?nr=357&pag=dossier_antifascismo9_en.htm] || [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]
 * = 11 || 1905 - [O.S. Aug. 29] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A bloody Cossack attack on socialist demonstration occurs in Tiflis.

1925 - Manuel Millán Calvo (d. 2003), Aragonese libertarian anti-Francoist //guerrillero//, born. Already a CNT militant when called up for national service in the Utrillas mines, he deserted with fellow CNTista Modesto Llueve Vera and the socialist Emilio Azuara Navarro aka 'Doroteo'. In 1947, all three joined the Agrupación Guerrillera de Levante (AGL), operating in the mountains of Utrillas, but were captured later that year. In May 6, 1947, he ended up in the prison of Zaragoza and was court-martialed on November 7 bythe Consejo de Guerra. He was sentenced to death for "rebellion, banditry and terrorism", but the sentence was later commuted to 30 years in prison. On November 16, 1949, he was transferred to the prison of San Miguel de los Reyes, learning both the trade of carpenter and to play the trombone in the orchestra assembled by prisoners. In 1959, he married in prison. Desperate at seeing his companions being released whilst he remained in prison, he attempted suicide, cutting the veins in his wrists, ending up interned for a year in a Madrid asylum. He was then sent to Laayoune (Sahara Spanish) for military service. In the mid sixties he was released under an amnesty. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2712.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5143]

1926 - In Rome, the anarchist Gino Lucetti makes an attempt on the life of Mussolini. The bomb is deflected by the car's windscreen and wounds 8 passersby. The 26-year-old Lucetti was sentenced to 30 years; he died in the Ischia prison in 1943. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/09ref.htm#11/1926]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Bilbao, fighting between Basque nationalists and Republicans leaves two dead. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[D] 1931 - The widespread repression carried out by General Rodolfo Graziani in Libya results the capture of Omar al-Mukhtar, head of the Arab resistance against Italian oppression. After a summary trial, he will be brutally hanged on September 16 by the Italian occupiers.

1941 - Generoso Gran Pérez a member of the CNT's Sindicato de la alimentación (Foodworker's Union) is captured. He had returned from France to act as a go-between exile groups and those in Spain.

[C] 1973 - CIA overthrows Chile's democratically elected government, ending nearly 150 years of democratic rule. Over 5,000 die and many others 'disappear'.

1976 - On the anniversary of the Chilean military coup against Allende, activists bomb the Chilean Embassy, the American Library and the offices of the Brazilian national airline in Rome.

1978 - Juan Ferrer Garcia (b. unknown), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist, dies during the night (Sep. 9-10). Whilst doing his military service in Mahon, Minorca, his unit was transfered to Barcelona where he enlisted in the militia, fighting on the Aragon front. Exiled in France during the Retirada, during the German occupation in 1942, he participated in the illegal reconstruction of the MLE in the Puy-de-Dôme. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1702]

1998 : Claudia López Benaiges, a young anarchist studying dance at university, is shot in the back by Carabiniers (police) in the village of La Pincoya in Santiago, Chile during a protest against the 25th anniversary of the fascist coup of Pinochet. No one was ever charged in connection with her death.

2003 - WTO in Cancun [expand]. || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-09-September.htm]
 * = 12 || 1837 - Hundreds of black Canadians confront British troops attempting to deport Solomon Moseby, an escaped slave from Kentucky, back to the United States. Slavery is illegal in the British Empire, so slaves who reach Upper Canada are supposed to be safe, but U.S. authorities have demanded that Moseby be deported back to the U.S. because he stole a horse from the slaveowner in order to escape. When news of the planned deportation becomes known in late August, blacks encircle the jail in Niagara-on-the-Lake in Upper Canada in order to prevent his removal. When the authorities make their move on September 12, the crowd attacks the troops guarding Moseby and enable him to escape. Two people are killed by the soldiers in the melee, and 40 are arrested.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: An arson attack is made on two large hayricks ablaze in the farmyard of Middleton Hall, the property of Edward Abadam, who returns home to find his family cowering in fear within the house, and the woods surrounding his mansion full of men watching the fire. It appeared the attackers had removed the plugs from the fish ponds in order to hinder any attempts at extinguishing the fires. These haystacks, containing about sixty tons of hay, worth upwards of £200, a substantial loss to the landlord. Four days later they were still smouldering. It seems the attack on Abadam’s property stood as retaliation for his actions as a magistrate, dealing with Rebeccaites in court harshly, and for his continual refusal to lower his rents. [www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_1_3_Rees.pdf]

1880 - The first issue of 'La Révolution Sociale' is published in Paris. Supposedly an "Organe anarchiste", it was in fact created and financed by the Préfet de police of Paris, Louis Andrieux, in order to infiltrate the anarchist movement via an undercover agent (Aegis Spilleux), who claimed that the money came from a wealthy English supporter. Fifty six issue were published (up til September 18, 1881), many including the names and addresses of active anarchists and attempts at provocations. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre12.html]

1896 - Elsa Yuryevna Triolet (born Ella Kagan; b. 1970), Russian-born French writer, one-time Futurist, Surrealist muse, communist and Résistance fighter, born. Wife of French Surrealist Louis Aragon and sister of Lili Brik, who was the partner and muse of the Futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. Triolet would be the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry into French. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Triolet www.maison-triolet-aragon.com/]

1909 - The elders of Anenecuilco, the village where he was born, vote Emiliano Zapata //calpuleque// (a Náhuatl word signifyling jefe, leader or president) de la junta de defensa de las tierras de Anenecuilco (defence committee of the lands), an age-old group charged with defending the community's interests. In this position, it was Zapata's duty to represent his village's rights before the president-dictator of México, Porfirio Díaz, and the governor of Morelos, Pablo Escandón. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata web.eecs.utk.edu/~miturria/project/zapata_frame.html www.emersonkent.com/history/timelines/mexican_revolution_timeline_1910.htm]

1920 - Francesc Ballester Orovitg aka 'El Explorador' aka Sebastián Grado Ortega (d. 1957), Catalan carpernter, anarchist, anti-Franco guerrilla and Esperanto speaker, born. At the beginning of the Civil War, Ballester was an activist in the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) in l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona and fought in the 143rd Brigade Mixte in Vilanova de la Barca during the June 1938 offensive in Aragon. Taken prisoner at the end of the war and interned in Tortosa. After he managed to escape and cross over into France, he joined the action groups and recrossed the Pyrenees to fight the Franco regime in the Barcelona area. In 1945, he joined the FIJL in Catalonia and, in July 1947, was a delegate at the clandestine Catalan regional FIJL congress in a factory on the outskirts of Madrid, also joining the Movimiento Libertario de Resistencia (MLR), the anti-Franco guerilla group with which he participated in many actions of the revolutionary struggle, especially bank expropriations. In late October 1947, he went to Toulouse with José Lluís Facérias and Manuel Fernández Fernández as FIJL delegates at the Second Congress of the MLR in exile, where they defended the activities of the action groups. They are back in Spain a month later, after a shot spell in a French prison followed by a greande accident, during which Ballester injured his knee and Mariano Puzo Cabero lost part of his arm. On December 18, 1947, he took part, alongside Facerias, Celedonio Garcia Casino and Pedro Adrover Font, in an expropriation of the Banco de Bilbao in the calle Mallorca in Barcelona, locking its employees and customers in the manager's office and seizing nearly 180,000 pesetas. However, with increasing repression, the MLR dissolved in February 1948 following numerous arrests. Ballester was arrested on May 24, 1948 in Barcelona, ​​and took advantage of his stay in the Modelo prison to identify imprisoned comrades and, following his release in January 12, 1949, he began organising, along with Francisco Sabaté Llopart (El Quico), assistance to prisoners and a lawyer to help in their defence. New groups sprang up to help finance this via more appropriations. Constantly the subject of police harrassment, he was arrested again and tortured to try and get information about Sabaté and his group. He eventually gave up erroneous information under that torture, sending police to the wrong location (the America cinema) of a proposed meeting, thereby allowing the Sabaté brothers to escape as only 3 police were at the Condal cinema (shooting an agent, Oswaldo Blanco, that they had recognised. At his trial on March 16, 1950, Francisco Ballester was sentenced to six years in prison for the use of forged documents. Receiving leniency, he was released August 10, 1953 and went to France. Ironically, after risking his life in the armed struggle, he died on September 7, 1957 in a derailment of the Paris-Nîmes train after giving up his seat to a woman who emerged unscathed from the accident. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article657 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3933-francisco-ballester-orovitg-anarquista-y-resistente-antifranquista.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre12.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Francisco_Ballester_Orovitg]

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: The government, having received information about the preparations for the rebellion, organises a massive campaign to try and prevent it, arresting about 2,000 BCP activists and liquidates the headquarters of the uprising in Sofia. In reaction to the arrests, a spontaneous uprising broke out without plan in isolated areas, initially around Kazanlak. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1927 - Sergio di Modugno, a 25 year old Italian worker exiled in France because of political persecution in Italy, assassinates the Italian Fascist vice-consul in Paris, Count Carlo Nardini, because of his despair and having been refused on numerous occassions a passport for his wife and son who remained in Italy.

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: A bomb explodes in the central telephone exchange in Seville. Official strike statistics for between April and June are published. In just two months the total number exceeds three hundred. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1939 - Gómez Talón group members Salvador Gómez Talón, his brother Rafael, Fulgencio Rosaledo Martinez, José Tarín Marchuet, Juan Baeza Delgado and Juan Pallarés Mena are executed at the Campo de la Bota in Barcelona.

1942 - The Lenin Garrison is destroyed during a partisan uprising against the Nazis. Having liquidated the Lenin Ghetto on August 14, 1942, leaving about 30 Jews alive to work directly for the Germans as tailors, shoemakers, builders, and photographers, a German garrison of 100 people and 30 local policemen remained based in Lenin to protect the town. The Soviet 'Kalinin' partisan unit took part attack on the garrison, assisted by two neighboring units (in total about 150 people), inflicting heavy losses, apparently killing 3 German officers (including commandant Grossman), 14 soldiers and 13 policemen. The ghetto quarter was burned down and the remaining Jews fled to the woods with the partisans. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_destruction_of_the_German_garrison_in_Lenin www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007217]

1943 - Mussolini is freed by German commandos from the ski resort hotel at Campo Imperatore on the Gran Sasso, Aquila, where he was being held. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid]

1948 - Antonio Ortiz, Primitivo Gomez and José Perez using a small private plane attempt to bomb the official platform in San Sebastien where Franco is making a speech. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre12.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/7pvmzh]

1969 - Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo]: The Unión Ferroviaria (Railway Union) declare a nationwide indefinite strike. The government responds by sending in the security forces and mobilising all railway workers under the Código de Justicia Militar (Code of Military Justice), thereby criminalising the strike. Several factories are occupied in Córdoba, and there is a massive uprising in Cipolletti, Río Negro. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

[A] 1970 - Timothy Leary escapes San Luis Obispo prison with help from the Weather Underground, and joins Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers.

[D] 1974 - A coup by the Derg, a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted men, removes Haile Selassie from power in Ethiopia, which he has ruled for 58 years.

1977 - Student anti-apartheid leader Steve Biko, 30, is murdered while in police custody in Port Elizabeth.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: UNGBO housing association demands the evacuation of Ryesgade 58 by Sunday 14th following the city council's refusal to recognise a compromise agreement between the occupants and UNGBO after nearly two years of negotiation that would have given the residents full control over the house as an officially recognised social experiment (rather thans as the autonomous housing that the squatters wanted). BZ collective called for demonstration at City Hall and march to the house at 22:00 on Sunday 14th. The police, who planned to move in at midnight on September 14 and evict the house while the squatters were still in their beds, assumed the posters with its large image of a burning car and text saying that it was a good idea to show up with your face masked was not significant and ignored the warning. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

[C] 1992 - Battle of Waterloo: In August 1992, posters proclaiming "Skrewdriver Back in London" began appearing advertising a Blood and Honour gig due to take place in London on September 12, the first time Skrewdriver had attempted to play in London since The Main Event, which had been targeted and seriously disrupted by AFA. The concert was once more touted to be a massive affair, with up to 2,000 neo-Nazis, many from across Europe, expected to attend and several bands playing, including Skrewdriver [ironically, Ian Stuart Donaldson was attacked in a Burton pub the night before the gig], Skullhead, No Remorse and a Swedish band called Dirlewanger. Once again the gig was at a secret location with a re-direction point, which this time was at Waterloo Station at 5.30pm. AFA tried to mobilised against the event, contacting other militant anti-fascist groups but got little positive response - the ANL even decided that they were going to hold a march in Thornton Heath, more than fifteen miles away, on the day. AFA had called a counter-demonstration at the station for 4:30pm, at exactly the time Neil Parrish, one of B&H‘s main organisers, had boasted to the media that he would be available on the station concourse to give interviews, and had managed to mobilise around 200 activists from AFA groups around the country. At 3.20pm, AFA’s Stewards’ Group appeared on the station concourse at Waterloo, causing a number of bones to flee for their lives. Others were picked off as they arrived. The police tried to intervene but, as more Nazis were attacked as they entered the station, and the police were forced to cordon off the neo-Nazis in the middle of the station concourse. Eventually, the police decided to escort the neo-Nazis out of the station to safety, but once outside, and out of view of the CCTV cameras, they were attacked by AFA Stewards who had infiltrated the original cordon. Over the next hour and a half, groups of anti-fascists continued ambushing nazi skinheads arriving at the fron to the station or coming up the escalators from the tube station. By 5pm, there were nearly 1,000 anti-fascists on the concourse and fights were still breaking out all over the place. Shortly afterwards, the station was shut down at the request of the manager, and the fighting spread to the streets surrounding the station. Nearby underground stations were shut down to try and limit the numbers of ordinary punters reaching Waterloo, many of whom were football supporters who got caught up in the fighting. Despite continuing to be protected by a cordon of police, the nazis came under continuous attack including missiles from a nearby footbridge. Skirmishes continued all around Waterloo as the [neo-Nazis] and their police escorts came under concerted attack by large numbers of anti-fascists. The police did not know what to do with their escorts and the fascists themselves did not know where the venue was because Neil Parrish and the rest of the organisers were sat in a pub at Victoria Station. Eventually the police managed to get things under control and escorted the remaining fash to Temple tube station where they were put on a commandeered train out of the area. In the end, less than 400 got into the gig at the Yorkshire Grey pub in Eltham, south-east London. The anti-fascists, meanwhile, were broken up into small groups by the police, cordoned off and escorted on foot across the Thames towards central and north London. The incident received international media coverage and became known as the "Battle of Waterloo". [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/afa-brit-battle-of-waterloo-select-mag.pdf www.redactionarchive.org/2012/03/it-woz-afa-wot-done-it.html libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/15-waterloo-blood-and-honour-gig-london-1992 slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=405 www.urban75.net/forums/threads/blood-and-honour-gig-28th-jan-london.287144/ antifascistarchive.com/tag/waterloo/ afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/afa-brit-battle-of-waterloo-select-mag.pdf afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/history/waterloo.html www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/station-closed-in-skinhead-battle-1551122.html www.vice.com/en_uk/read/britains-nazi-punk-scene-is-alive-and-limping]

1992 - Police in Peru captured Shining Path founder Abimael Guzman.

2003 - WTO in Cancun [expand].

2011 - The second Welling anti-fascists trial begins. The nine on trial are charged with 'conspiracy to commit violent disorder' follows a series of dawn raids resulting from the March 28, 2009 incident at Welling station close to a Nazi Blood & Honour gig, in the wake of which twenty three Antifa activists were arrested. The cases of two people who would have been in the second trial were dropped one working day before that trial commenced. The first trial of 11 defendants [March 6-29, 2011] had seen 7 convicted, with six being sent to prison for between 21-15 months and a seventh given a suspended sentence. All nine people in the second trial were acquitted. The trial lasted more than two weeks, but the jury took less than one hour to come to their unanimous verdict. They delivered it with pleasure to a cheering courtroom. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/10/485894.html antifascistprisonersupportuk.wordpress.com/about-2/ leedsabc.org/all-nine-anti-fascists-acquitted-in-second-welling-trial/ transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/anti-fascists-jailed-after-welling.html] || Nominated in 1960 for a Nobel Prize in literature. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120913 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilino_Ribeiro marcasdasciencias.fc.ul.pt/pagina/fichas/sujeitos/todos?id=331 colectivolibertarioevora.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/aquilino-ribeiro-1885-1963-um-anarquista-no-panteao-nacional/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_dictatorship]
 * = 13 || [B] 1885 - Aquilino Gomes Ribeiro (d. 1963), Portuguese novelist, writer and anarchist, born. A militant anarchist in his youth, he remained very attached to his libertarian principles through out his lfe. In 1907 he was arrested when a cache of explosives in his room at the Carrião Street, in Lisbon, exploded, killing two comrades, Gonçalves Lopes and Belmonte de Lemos. On January 12 1908, he managed to escape from prison and went underground in Lisbon. He then went into exile in Paris, studying at the Sorbonne. During WWI, he returned to Portugal where he taught at the Camões College and published his first novel '//A Via Sinuosa//' (The Winding Way; 1918). Took part in the failed Republican revolt of February 7, 1927, in Lisbon against the recently installed fascist Estado Novo government of Salazar and returned to exile in Paris. At the end of the year he returned to Portugal clandestinely, participating in 1928 Pinhel revolt. Incarcerated in Fontelo prison, he again managed to escape and returned to Paris. He was tried in absentia in a Lisbon military court and sentenced.

1893 - Benoît Malon (b. 1841), French Bakuninist, member of the International, Communard and then a socialist, dies. [see: Jun. 23]

1900 - Harald Viggo Hansteen (d. 1941), Norwegian lawyer and Communist, who was executed by the Nazis during the Oslo Melkestreiken, born. A member of the Norges Kommunistiske Parti (NKP) and judicial consultant for the Landsorganisasjonen i Norge (LO; Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions), he was prominent in the prevention of the attempt by Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering), Vidkun Quisling's Norwegian fascist party, to gain control of LO. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo_Hansteen]

[C] 1923 - Today and tomorrow, the military in Spain, headed by Primo de Rivera, seizes power in a coup. King Alfonso XIII and the various deposed politicians stand down without any fight. The CNT calls for a general strike for tomorrow, which fails to materialise. In a published statement, the CNT states: "En esta hora cuando estalla la cobardía general y donde el poder civil renuncia sin lucha al poder de los militares, es a la clase obrera a la que incumbe hacer sentir su presencia y de no dejarse patalear por hombres que, transgrediendo todas las formas de derecho, quieren reducir a cero todas las conquistas obreras obtenidas después de luchas largas y difíciles." ("In this time when the general cowardice and where the civil power abandons struggle against the power of the military, it is the working class's responsibility to make its presence felt and not to be trampled by men who, transgressing all forms of law, want to reduce to zero all workers gains obtained after long and difficult struggles.") [www.ephemanar.net/septembre13.html]

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: In reaction to mass arrest of BCP members, communist members in the village of Maglizh near Kazanlak begin insurrectionary late in the day, continuing into the following day. Their actions are backed by the BCP branch in Golyamo Dryanovo. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: In what in hindsight is an important event in the run up to the November coup/counter-coup, Brigadeiro Graduado Eurico de Deus Corvacho, who is aligned with the Esquerda Militar (Left Military) 'gonçalvistas', is replaced with the more moderate General António Pires Veloso as commander of the Região Militar Norte (RMN; Northern Military Region) following agitation from below (the troops of the RNM were general held to be more closely aligned with the Centro Militar (Centre Military), and the Partido Socialista and Partido Popular Democrático). [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarSetembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

[A] 1958 - Rudolf Rocker (b. 1873), German-American anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organiser and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Mar. 25]

1971 - The Attica prison riot ends as 450 National Guardsmen, prison guards and police assault the prison. They kill 29 inmates and 10 hostages in the process.

[D] 1996 - In Brazil, a masked crowd takes advantage of a policia miltar strike in Alegoias Province to burn down the police HQ.

2003 - WTO in Cancun [expand].

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Protesters attempt to cross police lines to meet with officers at the Ferguson Police Department. More than 50 protesters are arrested, during a staged and peaceful act of disobedience. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || After waiting a month for a surrender that never came, Napoleon was forced to lead his starving army out of the ruined city. Suddenly, General Mikhail Kutuzov’s army appeared and gave battle on October 19 at Maloyaroslavets, the beginning of a disaterous retreat that saw Napoleon’s army decimated, having suffered hunger, subzero temperatures and continual harassment from the merciless Russian army. [www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleon-enters-moscow en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia]
 * = 14 || [D] 1812 - One week after winning a bloody victory over the Russian army at the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon Bonaparte’s Grande Armée enters the city of Moscow, only to find the population of approximately 270,000 evacuated and the Russian army retreated again. Moscow was the goal of the invasion, but the deserted city held no tsarist officials to sue for peace and no great stores of food or supplies to reward the French soldiers for their long march. Then, just after midnight, fires broke out across the city, apparently set by Russian patriots, leaving Napoleon’s massive army with no means to survive the coming Russian winter.

1904 - In Castelluzzo, Italy, the state police shoot on farmers demonstrating against the dissolution of a meeting and the arrest of the leader of an agricultural cooperative, leaving 2 dead and 10 wounded.

1914 - Revolución Méxicana: Emiliano Zapata breaks with Venustiano Carranza for not implementing stronger social reforms, begins to distribute land to peasants.

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: Following the spontaneous uprising in Maglizh in reaction to mass arrest of BCP members, rebels seize Maglizh and Golyamo Dryanovo. However, receiving no support from the neighbouring branches, who decide to wait until the official proclamation of the uprising, withdrew into the mountains Golyamo Dryanovo several hours after seizing the villages. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

[C] 1923 - The general strike called by the CNT in reaction to yesterday's military coup in Spain fails (the socialists and UGT refuse to participate) and the CNT is forced underground.

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: A new General Strike breaks out in Granada. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1941 - Juan Bautista Vairoleto (b. 1894), Argentine anarchist and bandit, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1943 - Konstantinos Speras (Κωνσταντίνος Σπέρας; b. 1893), Greek tobacco woker, anarcho-syndicalist and one of the pioneers of the working class trade-union movement in Greece, is executed (beheaded) by ELAS Communist-led Greek partisans during the Axis occupation of Greece. [flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue66/reviews.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre14.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κώστας_Σπέρας en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinos_Speras]

1973 - Dafydd Ladd and Michael Tristram arrested in Bristol, charged with three attacks on Portuguese vice-consulates in Bristol and Cardiff (Wales), and outside the British Army Officers Club at Aldershot, claimed by a group calling itself 'Freedom Fighters for All', but manifestly part of the same spontaneous wave of actions during this period. In February 1974 Ladd is sentenced to seven years, Tristram to six.

[A/DD] 1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Caught unawares, the 2000 or more masked demonstrators that had turned up at City Hall marched to Ryesgade and managed to get through police lines. At the same time, the squatters in Ryesgade 58 had moved into the street and started to set up pre-prepared barbed-wire barricades, beginning nine days of street fighting between the barricaded squatters and the police. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

2003 - WTO in Cancun [expand]. ||
 * = 15 || 1870 - Commune de Lyon: Michel Bakunin arrives in Lyon. He is unhappy to see the International collaborating with Republicans, and, together with Lyonnais International members Albert Richard, Eugène Saignes and Gaspard Blanc, holds a series of meetings that bring together hundreds of people, during which an event is decided for September 28, in front of the Hôtel de Ville. [see: Sep. 4]

1906 - In San Luis, Librado Rivera is arrested and the '//Regeneración//' print works smashed up by the combined forces of the United States Department of Justice, immigration officials and Pinkerton detectives.

[C] 1908 - Abdulla Aliş (Alişev Ğabdullacan Ğäbdelbari ulı; d. 1944), Soviet Tatar poet, playwright, writer and resistance fighter, who wrote mostly novels for children, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulla_Aliş tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Aliş]

1924 - Fernando O'Neill Cuesta aka 'Zapicán' and 'Finito' (d. 2005), Uraguayan revolutionary and historian of anarchism in Uruguay, who later became a member of the Tupamaros, born. Spent much of his early years in various prisons and was befriended in Miguelete Prison by the Catalan anarchist Pedro Boadas Rivas and later in Punta Carretas by militant anarchists Domingo Aquino and José González Mentrosse. Previously apolitical, upon leaving prison in 1952, he joined the Joventut Llibertària in Montevideo. [expand] [www.irlandeses.org/dilab_oneillf.htm www.estelnegre.org/documents/oneill/oneill.html]

[D] 1931 - Sailors at Invergordon, Scotland, mutinied over pay cuts, as part of the generalised resistance to the government's economic austerity measures which began with the riots on 10 June.

1933 - Max Hoelz or Hölz aka 'Der Roter Robin Hood' (b. 1889), German communist, dies. [see: Oct. 14]

1941 - German soldiers are attacked by Résistance fighters in Paris, France.

1943 - Gino Lucetti (b. 1900), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in September 1926, for which he got 30 years in prison, dies during a German bombing raid on Ischia. [NB: Some sources give the date as September 17.][see: Aug. 31]

[CC] 1944 - Mala Zimetbaum, a Belgian Jewish woman, escaped from the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp with her Polish boyfriend, Edek Galinski, both dressed in stolen SS uniforms. They were later recaptured, tortured, and executed by the SS. Both were defiant to the end with Mala's defiance becoming legendary. As her sentence was being read out, Mala took a razor blade from her hair and quietly slit open her veins on the inside of her elbows. … One of the blockführers grabbed her by the hair. Mala slapped him across the face with her bleeding hand. The SS man broke her arm. Legend has it that she told him: "I shall die a heroine, but you shall die like a dog!" The camp staff jumped on her, knocking her to the ground, and taped her mouth shut. [NB. There are a number of different version of this story but they all detail her defiance.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Zimetbaum www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/MalaZimetbaum.html jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/zimetbaum-mala]

1973 - Victor Jara (b. 1932), Chilean political song writer, musician, teacher and Communist, is murdered in the Estadio Chile, which had been turned into a concentration camp cum torture centre post-coup. Before he is shot and his body dumped on the outskirts of Santiago, his captors broke the bones in both hands and taunted him to try and play the guitar. [see: Sep. 28]

1973 - Spanish anarchist militant members of the Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación-Grupos Autónomos de Combate (MIL), Oriol Solé Sugranyes and José Luis Pons Llobet, are captured near the French border after clashing with the Guardia Civil.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Ungbo request that the police clear the house. The bourgeois press lashes out at the BZerns, and fighting on the streets re-erupts. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

1988 - Celso Persici (d. 1896), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Oct. 9] ||
 * = 16 || 1400 - Owain Glyndwr rebels against the English oppressors in Wales. [expand]

1810 - Guerra de Independencia de México [Mexican War of Independence]: In the small town of Dolores, near Guanajuato in México, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest issues the Grito de Dolores [Cry of Dolores], a pronunciamiento on the Mexican War of Independence marking its beginning. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independencia_de_México es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inicio_de_la_Guerra_de_Independencia_de_México es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores]

1874 - Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (d. 1922), noted Mexican anarchist, revolutionary, author and journalist, brother of Enrique and Jesús, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Magón libcom.org/history/magon-ricardo-flores-1873-1922 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120916 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/magon/home.html flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_magon.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ricardo-flores-magon-collected-works]

1904 - Arvo Albin Turtiainen (d. 1980), Finnish left-wing poet, translator and anti-fascist fighter, born. [expand] [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_Turtiainen www.kirjasto.sci.fi/arvotur.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Arvo+Albin+Turtiainen]

1906 - The date (on which the Independence of México is traditionally celebrated) is chosen by the Partido Liberal Méxicano to launch the start of the Revolution, seizing customs posts on the US-Mexican border so as to maintain the supply of weapons into México, supplementing those the 44 groups of guerrilleros, some involving with up to 300 (although the average was 50) had managed to seize in-country. However, between September 2nd and 5th US police raids seized weapons and documents, and discovered plans of insurrection, which had to be postponed til September 26th.

1916 - Revolución Méxicana: Pancho Villa infiltrates Chihuahua City at 3 AM. Takes much booty and gives speech, gaining more recruits.

1919 - Ukrainian anarchist partisan Maria Grigorevna Nikiforova aka 'Marusya' (b. 1887)[NB: Some sources give 1885] and her companion, the Polish anarchist Witold Bzhostek (or Brzostek), are tried before a field court-martial, was held on September 16, 1919 before General Subbotin, commandant of Sevastopol Fortress. Marusya remains defiant throughout the proceedings but she and Bzhostek are sentenced to death and immediately shot. [expand] [www.nestormakhno.info/english/marusya.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova#Postmortem_mythology libcom.org/history/nikiforova-marussia-18-1919 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/t76jvf www.ephemanar.net/septembre16.html]

1920 - Galleanists (Italian anarchists) set off a bomb on Wall Street in front of J.P. Morgan’s bank. The explosion kills 38 and seriously injures 143. Most of the dead and injured are young workers working at poorly paid jobs in the area; the presumed target, banker J.P. Morgan, is not in his office: he is several thousand miles away, in Scotland. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-09-September.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing keithyorkcity.wordpress.com/2012/10/24/anarchists-in-america-the-wall-street-bombing-of-1920/ www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-bombing-anarchist-1920-2011-10?op=1&IR=T]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: Communists in the Zaragoza municipality of El Molón, attack the Guardia Civil headquarters resulting in one death. Communist in the Sevillian town of Olivares assault their local Guardia Civil barracks resulting in several injuries. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[C] 1931 - Omar Mukhtar (Omar Al-Mukhtār; b. 1858), leader of the native guerilla resistance to the Italian colonisation of Libya, is hung in front of his followers in the concentration camp of Suluq following his arrest on September 11 and a summary trial. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar]

[D] 1955 - Revolución Libertadora: The beginning of a popular military and civilian uprising that brings about the end of the second presidential term of Juan Perón in Argentina. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_Libertadora es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_Libertadora_(Argentina) www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/revolucion_libertadora/revolucion_libertadora.php]

1963 - The beginning of a five-day work strike at Folsom state prison, California.

1969 - Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo]: Following the declaration of a strike by the CGT of Rosario in solidarity with the railway workers, during the morning workers march on the city. Street fighting and repression are widespread throughout the city. Between 100,000 and 250,000 people are estimated to take part in the protests, which later came to be known as the Second Rosariazo (or the Proletarian Rosariazo). The workers converge on the seat of the CGT and are joined by students, who had previously gathered at the faculties. The police are eventually overwhelmed by the protesters, who set up barricades and re-group in many different points throughout the city. Public transport vehicles are set on fire. Police control is limited to a few important buildings such as the Command Seat of the Second Army Corps, the Police Headquarters, the courts and the major radio stations. The conflict then spreads to the barrios on the outskirts of Rosario. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

[A] 1971 - Bomb discovered in officers' mess inside Dartmoor prison. (News not released for two weeks). [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1971 - Tōhō Jūjiro Incident (東峰十字路事件): On the first day of the second round of forced land acquisitions around the Narita International Airport site, unknown protesters ambush a contingent of Japanese riot police, killing three and seriously injuring 20 more during the ensuing riot. In retaliation, police launch a campaign of violent repression and 55 people were arrested in connection with the 3 deaths. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東峰十字路事件 www.japansubculture.com/the-phantoms-of-narita-airport-the-forgotten-warriors-in-fading-green-fields/ www.tofugu.com/2014/03/06/narita-airports-troubled-past/]

1979 - Eight East Germans escape over the Berlin Wall in a home-made hot-air balloon.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: The young BZers and activists are accused in the bourgeois press of terrorism. Police try using access through the Red Cross office in Ryesgade 53 to get behind the barricades. That evening the Danish rock group Savage Rose performed on the barricades. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8520 www.ecn.org/uenne/archivio/archivio2004/un02/art3057.html archive.is/s17u]
 * = 17 || 1917 - Cesare Fuochi (d. 2003), Italian anarchist, syndicalist railway worker and anti-fascist partisan, born.

1923 - Jack van der Geest (Jacobus Petrus Cornelis van der Geest; d. 2009), Dutch member of the anti-Nazi resistance in both Holland and France, who was one of only eight people ever to escape from Buchenwald concentration camp, born. Betrayed by a neighbour, the Gestapo raided the van der Geest apartment in the Hague, arresting him and his mother Anna. Van der Geest was sent to Buchenwald on September 15, 1942, and was subjected to brutal medical experiments at the hands of Dr. Erwin Ding-Schuler. He managed to escape from the camp on March 3, 1943, by pretending to be dead. He was thrown onto a pile of bodies where he lay for 11 hours til he was able to kill an SS Guard, put on his uniform and rode a lorry out of the camp. With the assistance of the Maquis he managed to make it to France, where he became a member of the French Résistance. He became a U.S. citizen in 1953, and later wrote a book, '//Was God on Vacation?//' (1995). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_van_der_Geest www.jackvandergeest.com/]

1925 - Mosko Atanasov Rashev (or Rachev)(b. 1903), Bulgarian anarchist guerilla, is ambushed and killed by police and army units near Béderliy after a fierce firefight. [see: Aug. 27]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Las Palmas, the newspaper '//El Defensor//' is seized. In Cuenca, the '//El Centro//' newspaper is fined. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[C] 1936 - Battle of Holbeck Moor: "[F]ollowing a week of tension during which the BUF was forbidden by the city's Watch Committee to march through the Jewish quarter, Oswald Mosley paraded over 1,000 uniformed Blackshirts in Calverley Street, and marched them to Holbeck. Press reports suggest very few of them were Leeds natives. Opposition to the event had been organised and publicised some days previously, with the Communist Party taking the lead; relations between the parties being what they were, the Labour Party refused to take part in the protests. The newspapers reported a crowd of 30,000 on the moor with a very significant hostile element. As Mosley spoke, the '//Red Flag//' was sung repeatedly in efforts to drown him out, and a large number of stones were thrown at the fascists. Many of these found their targets, with Mosley himself being struck. The city magistrates moralised endlessly in the week that followed, but punishments for most of those apprehended were light." "Fourteen persons received injuries which required treatment at the General Infirmary and at the Dispensary. One of the injured was detained in the Infirmary with serious abdominal injuries. Scores of persons, mainly Fascists, received minor injuries, chiefly caused by stones with which the Fascists were freely pelted ... during the meeting, and at the beginning of their return march to the city... Mosley was struck on the body several times with stones thrown while he was addressing the meeting from the top of a van. He was also struck by a stone near the right temple as he was marching back with the Fascists from the Moor, receiving a wound which bled freely. A woman Fascist was felled by a stone which struck her on the head, causing a wound requiring nine stitches." ['//Yorkshire Post//', 28/09/36] "As the meeting was breaking up about 100 policemen - who had been brought to the Moor by bus - formed a lane through the crowd for the Blackshirts to leave. Despite their efforts much hand-to-hand fighting took place and more stones were thrown. One man evaded two policemen, had a sparring bout with a Blackshirt bigger than himself, in which the Blackshirt got two severe blows on the jaw, and then slipped away into the crowd. Fireworks wore thrown over the heads of the police into the marching ranks and one exploded among the Blackshirt standard bearers, causing momentary consternation. A wild rush greeted Sir Oswald as he marched from the platform, surrounded by a strong body of police. The entire group was swept and hustled from side to side. Armed with a chairleg, one of the crowd struggled forward, but could not reach the Blackshirt leader, who was eventually able to join his men on the edge of the Moor. Among the missiles were bottles, sticks and stones. The most serious stone throwing of all occurred in Holbeck Lane, where a number of people had hidden behind some hoardings. When the procession passed this ambush, more large stones and half-bricks were hurled over." ['//Yorkshire Evening News//', 28/09/36] [www.secretleeds.com/forum/Messages.aspx?ThreadID=2987 fordmaguire.org/Docs/Riot_Holbeck.doc chrisnickson.co.uk/2014/11/20/the-battle-of-holbeck-moor-a-leeds-story-but-a-true-one/ www.flickr.com/photos/68001538@N05/6219400617/]

1943 - Gino Lucetti (b. 1900), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate Mussolini in September 1926, for which he got 30 years in prison, dies during a German bombing raid on Ischia. [NB: Some sources give the date as September 15.][see: Aug. 31]

1969 - Segundo Rosariazo [Second Rosariazo]: In light of the deteriorating situation in Rosario, the Army takes charge. Future president Colonel Leopoldo Galtieri is among the Army personnel involved in the repression. That evening, the Commander of the II Army Corps, Brig Gen. Herbert Robinson releases the following statement: "The public is warned that in this mission, my troops are under orders to fire without warning on any outrage or attack." ('//Antenore//', 2004) From that point forward, the fight is effectively lost for the protesters. The Rozariazo ends with hundreds dead or wounded, and many arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo www.enredando.org.ar/2014/09/25/el-segundo-rosariazo-el-hecho-maldito-de-la-historia-rosarina/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=189965]

1970 - Jake Prescott paroled from Albany Prison, Isle of Wight. Political prisoner, member of the anarchist Angry Brigade. One of the crimes police tried to pin on him was the bombing of the Miss World contest.

1980 - Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated in Paraguay by a seven-person Sandinista commando team, in an attack known as 'Operation Reptile'. One of the Sandanista assassins: "We cannot tolerate the existence of millionaire playboys whilst thousands of Latin Americans are dying of hunger. We are perfectly willing to give up our lives for this cause." [NB: Incorrectly entered as Oct. 17 & used in 2016 Diary!] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle]

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Popular Danish musician Kim Larsen's Cirkus Himmelblå-fond (Circus Sky Fund) make an offer to the mayor, Egon Weidekamp, and the Copenhagen city council to buy the house from UNGBO and transfer it to the municipality so that the BZerns can stay there on their own terms, the so-called 'Yellow solution' (Himmelblå-løsning). [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

1995 - An armed stand-off between police and natives occupying a private ranch Gustafsen Lake, BC ends when a medicine man is allowed into the native camp; 17 people are charged by the RCMP.

[D] 2008 - Enric Duran publicly announces that he had 'robbed' dozens of Spanish banks of nearly half a million euros as part of a political action to denounce "el depredador sistema capitalista" (the predatory capitalist system) and to finance various anti-capitalist social movements - among the projects financed was the free newspaper publication '//Crisi//', 200,000 copies of which were distributed throughout Catalonia by volunteers. [see: Apr. 23] || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre18.html revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences./document.php?id=1838&format=print]
 * = 18 || 1857 - François Juillet (d. unknown), French miner, trade union activist and anarchist member of La Bande Noire, born. Involved in the fight against Chagot through the creation of trade associations alongside Dumay. He was sentenced in the first trial of La Bande Noire in 1882. Upon his release from prison in December 1883, he moved closer to libertarian circles.

1885 - Paul Henri Roussenq aka 'L'Inco' (d. 1949), French vagabond and itinerant, known as the "anarchist convict" for the long prison sentences he endured (including on the notorious Devil's Island in Guyana) following various offences against authority, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article472 www.ephemanar.net/aout03.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roussenq libcom.org/history/roussenq-paul-1885-1949 www.bagnedeguyane.fr/archives/2013/04/09/26886775.html www.monde-libertaire.fr/n1129s-hs-n10-ete-1998/10021-paul-roussenq-le-bagnard-de-saint-gilles-daniel-vidal]

1908 - Lise Børsum (Milly Elise Børsum; d. 1985), Norwegian resistance member during WWII and survivor of Ravensbrück concentration camp, best known for her books on her experiences as a prisoner and on the characteristics of concentration camps in '//Fange i Ravensbrück//' (Prisoner in Ravensbrück; 1946), '//Speilbilder//' (Reflections; 1947) and her book on Soviet concentration camps, '//Fjerndomstol Moskva. Fra Dagens Berlin og Sovjets Fangeleirer//' (Moscow's Remote Justice. From Berlin to Today's Soviet Prison Camps; 1951), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Børsum]

1942 - Stefan Witkowski (b. 1903), Polish engineer and designer, inventor, and leader of the underground organisation the Muszkieterzy or Muszkieterowie (Musketeers), is assassinated by Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army) officers after he had been sentenced to death by the Wojskowy Sąd Specjalny (Special Military Court) for insubordination and cooperation with the Abwehr and Gestapo. Witkowski, known by various nom-de-guerres including 'Kapitan', 'Doktor Zet', 'Dyrektor', 'Inżynier', 'Tęczyński', 'Kaniewski', 'Stewit', etc., was an anti-Communist who had fought in the Polish-Bolshevik War (1919-21) and the defence of Warsaw. The Musketeers were created in November 1939 [as part of the Centralnego Komitetu Organizacji Niepodległościowych (Central Committee of the Organisation for Independence)] in German-occupied Warsaw and began to cooperated with British Intelligence, mainly it would appear to maintain the organisation's independece fron the AK and the Związek Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ; Union of Armed Struggle). At the same time the group were cooperating with the Nazis, especially in Soviet-occupied Poland with Witkowski even travelling to Berlin in late 1941 for talks with Nazi officials. It was this palying both sides off against each other that ultimately got him killed and caused serious problems for SOE agents like Krystyna Skarbek aka Christine Granville (1908 - 1952) whom worked with the Musketeers. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Witkowski_(inżynier) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muszkieterzy_(organizacja) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralny_Komitet_Organizacji_Niepodległościowych pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojskowy_Sąd_Specjalny en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek]

1944 - Bernhard Bästlein (b. 1894), German Communist and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime, who helped form the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group, Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organisation and the Bewegung Freies Deutschland (Free Germany Movement) resistance organisations, is executed in Brandenburg-Görden Prison. [see: Dec. 3]

1945 - Voline (Vsévolod Mikhailovich Eichenbaum) (b. 1882), Russian anarchist, Makhnovist revolutionary and historian, dies. Trotsky had ordered his execution in 1921, but a hunger strike by the anarchists in prison publicly embarrassed the Bolsheviks and embroiled them in scandal, and Voline was among those released on condition they leave the country. It was the first time political prisoners were deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat. [see: Aug. 11]

1968 - Following demonstrations since midsummer, troops invade México City National University. Mexican federal troops occupy National University in México City, taking 3,000 prisoners, including professors and parents.

[D] 1975 - Eighteen months after her abduction, San Francisco police "rescue" Tania aka the kidnapped heiress-turned-revolutionary Patty Hearst. Police killed most of her Symbionese Liberation Army comrades in the process.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: The mayor, Egon Weidekamp, and the Copenhagen Municipality rejects the offer on town council meeting on the evening, while demonstrating outside City Hall for a solution. BZerns declare that they will be on the barricades until their demands are met. A large banner is also hung from the squat carrying the slogan "Hellere dø stående end leve på knæ" ("Better to die standing than live on your knees")[CF Emiliano Zapata & "It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees!"]. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

2001 - The Italian authorities organise a series of raids across Italy against a hypothetical insurgent anarchist organisation. After a hundred premises had been searched and 60 people questioned, 17 people were charged with "subversive association". The 'crime' of most suspects? Supporting Greek and Spanish prisoners. || [www.ephemanar.net/septembre19.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6532]
 * = 19 || 1862 - Jean-Pierre Buisson (d. unknown), French textile worker and anarchist, born. [expand]

[DD] 1868 - La Gloriosa [Glorious Revolution]: A military rebellion [Sep. 19-27] in Spain deposes Queen Isabella II. A coalition of liberals, moderates and republicans then set about trying to create the government under the control of General Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre. The Cortes initially rejected the notion of a republic and Serrano was named regent while a search was launched for a suitable monarch to lead the country. With the search proving more difficult that initially thought, General Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos, was named regent in 1869. Amongst those suggested were Isabella's young son Alfonso (the future Alfonso XII of Spain), rejected as he might be dominated by his mother and inherit her flaws; Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, the former regent of neighboring Portugal; and Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, whose nomination raised the spectre of the triggering of a Franco-Prussian War. In August 1870, they selected an Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy, the younger son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. He only lasted in power for two years, after which the first Spanish Republic was formed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1868 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)]

1892 - Alexander Berkman found guilty on all counts in his attempt to assassinate Henry Frick and sentenced to 22 years in prison; Emma Goldman learns of this sentence while lecturing in Baltimore. The announcement prompts audience pandemonium, police action and Emma's consequent arrest.

1894 - In Lugano, the Italian anarchist Pietro Gori, a political refugee in Switzerland, is the victim of an attack by unidemtified individuals. Though suffering several bullet wounds, he manages to drive off his attackers.

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: During the night of September 19-20 uprisings break out as planned in and around Stara Zagora, Nova Zagora, and around Chirpan. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1935 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Oerter aka Bernhard Rothmann (b. 1869), German lithographic worker and anarchist, dies. Along with his younger brother Sepp, he was active in the youth wing of the Social-Democratic Party but were expelled, joining the anarchist movement and smuggling anarchist literature into the country. Both brothers were arrested for delivering “//seditious speeches//” at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz. On Oct 25th 1893 Sepp was sentenced to 8 years in prison and Fritz to 1 year. Fritz was badly affected by prison and spent the next decade in poor health. Both the brothers participated in the Anarchistischen Föderation Deutschlands (German Anarchist Federation) and contributed to the paper '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' (Free Worker). In 1918/1919 Fritz participated in the activities of the Workers and Soldiers Councils in Fürth and he joined the FAUD, becoming influential within it as a leading proponent of the doctrine of passive resistance, and as editor of the FAUD paper '//Der Syndikalist//'. He also had close friendships Gustav Landauer, the playwright Ernst Toller and Erich Muehsam. In 1935 Fritz was arrested by the SA (Nazi stormtroopers) and detained. Following his interrogation he died a week later in hospital at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, apparently of pneumonia.

1936 - Vicente Ballester Tinoco (b. 1903), Spanish carpenter, cabinetmaker, writer, journalist, and prominent Andalusian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, dies. [see: Jun. 13]

1943 - Operation Concerto: Over 200,000 partisan combatants, from 193 different groups, begin an operation [September 19 - November 1] to disrupt German railroad logistics and communications in the enemy rear along a 900km front (over an area of approximately 350,000 sq. km.). Despite bad weather that only permitted the airlift of less than a half of the planned supplies, the operation lead to a 35-40% decrease in the railroad capacity in the area of operations The operation was co-ordinated with the forthcoming offensive of the Soviet troops in the Smolensk Offensive operation as part of the Summer-Autumn Campaign of 1943, it was one of the largest operations of World War II and was critical for the success of Soviet military operations that autumn. In Belarus alone the partisans claimed the destruction of more than 90,000 rails along with 1,061 trains, 72 railroad bridges and 58 Axis garrisons. Soviet historians claimed Axis losses totaled more than 53,000 soldiers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kube ww2.debello.ca/underground/ussr/bomb.html en.ria.ru/analysis/20050316/39699605.html]

1944 - Kaare Krabbe Filseth (b. 1901), Norwegian newspaper editor, anti-Nazi resistance fighter and district commander of Milorg (Militær Organisasjon, the main Norwegian resistance organisation), is shot after having been taken by the Nazis as a hostage following the blowing up of the command central of the State Police in Ringerike and the declaration of martial law. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaare_Filseth]

[1955 - Revolución Libertadora: Juan Perón resigns the presidency of Argentina following the popular military and civilian uprising that began in September 16. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_Libertadora es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_Libertadora_(Argentina) www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/revolucion_libertadora/revolucion_libertadora.php]

[1979 - Star Hotel Riot: 4,000 people fight with police on the streets of Newcastle, New South Wales [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Hotel_riot]

[D] 1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Police declare an emergency in the neighborhood, all who try and get in or out are arrested immediately. The initiative Støt den Himmelblå (Support the Sky) is founded. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen] ||
 * = 20 || [D] 1870 - Commune de Lyon: Establishment of the Lyon Commune sparks the revolutionary upsurge throughout the Rhone valley, giving further impetus to the Marseille and Paris Communes.

1895 - A successful protest movement leads to the amnesty of Luigi Molinari. A military tribunal, on January 31, 1894, condemned Molinari to 23-years imprisonment for instigating an insurrection in Lunigiana, where anarchist bands armed themselves in support of the Sicilian victims of a State of Siege (a repressive attempt to put down revolts against increased flour prices).

1898 - In Sao Paulo, police open fire on a demonstration. Italian anarchist Polonice Mattei is wounded by the gun fire and dies of his injuries two days later. He is the first anarchist to be murdered by the police in Brazil, who mount guard over the body and, alongside a squadron of cavalry, over the funeral in the cemetery of Araçá to prevent any public demonstration.

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Latvian socialists attack the Riga central prison to free one of their leaders. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[DD] 1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: During the night of September 19-20 uprisings break out in and around Stara Zagora, Nova Zagora, and Chirpan, in advance of the main uprising planned for two days later (22-23) following a decision taken by the local action committee. The lack of an organised uprising around Burgas allowed the government to mobilise strong forces and quickly crush the uprising around Stara Zagora, though there is particularly hard battles fought at Maglizh, Enina and Shipka. The city of Nova Zagora and the surrounding county are almost all controlled by the rebels, as are the villages in the vicinity of Chirpan. The city itself does not fall to the insurregents. The same day the BCP Central Committee hold a meeting, during which a decision is reached to also proclaim an uprising on the night of September 22-23. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1971 - A support of the Chelsea Bridge opposite the army barracks is bombed. (Blast heard three miles away.) [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

[A] 2002 - 30 prisoners die at La Vega prison in Dominican Republic after mattresses are set ablaze during riot set off by surprise weapons inspection. ||
 * = 21 || 1792 - The French National Convention votes to abolish the monarchy.

[D] 1797 - Sailors on the British warship HMS Hermione mutiny against their sadistic captain, Hugh Pigot, killing him and most of his officers. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-09-September.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(1782)]

1862 - Henri Cler (d. 1910), French cabinet maker and anarchist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article904 www.ephemanar.net/juin21.html#cler anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120921]

1881 - Andrea Salsedo (d. 1920), Sicilian typographer and Galleanist anarchist, born. A committed anarchist since his youth, he soon became involved in local politics, and was part of anarchist club Circolo Sociale founded by Luigi Galleani. On November 11, 1900, he was tried for the subversive views that he had expressed in a letter published in the Messina newspaper 'L'Avvenire Sociale', but the charges against him were dismissed. He emigrated to New York City in 1910 and renewed contacts with his friend Galleani, supporting him in the creation and distribution of his magazine, '//Cronaca Sovversiva//'. He was later included on a Justice Department of New York list of anarchists, which included Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Roberto Elia and Luigi Galleani, who had fled to México in order to avoid military service. He and the other Galleanists, considered to be dangerous and possible terrorists, were put under surveillance, and on February 25, 1920 Salsedo, was arrested whilst typesetting in the Canzani Printshop aand taken to the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation (BOI) offices on Park Row. Considered as one of the writers of radical pamphlet '//Plain Words//', Salsedo was brutally interrogated and denied his right to phone his lawyer and his family. Held incommunicado for 8 weeks, he was defenestrated from the 14th floor of the BOI on May 3. The Boston Herald reported that before he died, Salsedo had given up the names of "all terrorist plotters" and that he committed suicide but, given the length of time that he was tortured for, it is more likely that he was either thrown from the window by his interrogators a la Pinelli or, as Roberto Elia suggested, Salsedo killed himself for fear of betraying his fellow anarchists. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Andrea_Salsedo salsedo.altervista.org/saccovanzettisalsedo.htm query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12F93555157A93C6A9178ED85F448285F9 www.sicilialibertaria.it/2011/03/31/gruppo-anarchico-“andrea-salsedo”-–-trapani/]

1915 - Jacinto Pérez Merino aka 'Pinilla' (d. 2007), Basque metalworker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html gipuzkoa.cnt.es/spip.php?article357 www.errenteria.net/es/ficheros/40_7467es.pdf]

1920 - The Federación Estudiantes Universidad de Chile headquarters in Santiago is broken into and set on fire. The militant student organisation, which in that period had a strong anarchist and Marxist presence as well as strong links with the radical labour movement, is a victim of that year's widespread and brutal repression for the workers' movement.

[B] 1921 - Lev Chernyi (Лев Чёрный) psuedonym of Pavel Dmitrievich Turchaninov (Павел Дмитриевич Турчанинов; b. c. 1878), Russian anarchist theorist, activist and poet, is shot by the Cheka. As head of the Black Guard, an anarchist workers' militia, he served in the so-called Third Russian Revolution resistance against the Bolsheviks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Chernyi anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120921 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/ChernyiLev.htm www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Lev_Chernyi www.katesharpleylibrary.net/280h1v]

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: The Military Revolutionary Committee of the BCP in Sofia, the headquarters of the uprising, is arrested en masse. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1937 - In Barcelona, ​​the Republican government under orders from the Communist, having already disarmed the workers' militias, sends its police against the local CNT (La Casa de los Escolapios de San Antonio) which has been the seat of the Comité de Defensa del Centro of the CNT July 36 to May 37, and from the administrative headquarters of the Sindicato de Alimentación. In the building were arms stored to protect the union and to cope with a possible Communist putsch. FIJL youths guarding the building attempted to stop the search and a gunfight quickly broke out, bringing reinforcements from both sides including tanks and artillery. Juan José Domenech and Juan Garcia Oliver step in to mediate and try and avoid further bloodshed, fearing a repeat of the May Days fighting. However, the discovery and seizure of the hidden arms provided the ideal excuse for the intensification of Stalinist repression against anarchists. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre21.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-revolucion-traicionada/]

[A] 1970 - Wimbledon Conservative Association firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1976 - Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (b. 1932), Chilean economist, Socialist politician and diplomat during the presidency of Salvador Allende, is killed in Washington D.C., alongside his US assistant Ronni Moffitt, by a car bomb planted by CIA-backed agents of Pincohet's Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Demonstration in support of Ryesgade 58 held across the country. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen] ||
 * = 22 || [D] 1792 - A new calendar is adopted in revolutionary France, with ten-day weeks, three-week months, and 12-month years, all starting at Year One.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: The Pen-y-pistyll tollgate on the North Road from Rhayader is attacked. [history.powys.org.uk/history/rhaeadr/rebecca6.html]

1892 - Kléber Hoche Bernard (d. unknown), French tailor, anarcho-naturist and member of the illegalist Bonnot gang, born. Arrested for his involved in the theft of weapons on the night of January 9-10 1912 in Paris, in prison, he unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide "Parce que j'abhorre la prison. Le régime du prisonnier m'est odieux. J'aimerais mieux être condamné à mort qu'à six mois de prison." (Because I loathe prison. The regime of the prisoner is odious to me. I would rather be sentenced to death than spend six months in prison.) On February 27, 1912, along with other surviving members of the Bande de Bonnot, he is accused of concealing stolen weapons, complicity in weapons theft and conspiracy and the following day sentenced to six years in prison and five years of banishment.

1894 - The Italian government of Francesco Crispi, enacts the dissolution of all anarchist, socialist and workers' associations.

1914 - Revolución Méxicana: Pancho Villa refuses to acknowledge Venustiano Carranza as president. Alvaro Obregon agrees to go to the field to destroy the army of Villa.

1916 - Miguel Jiménez Rodriguez, Spanish chemist, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist activist, born. In May 1935, he joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Juventudes Libertarias. At the outbreak of the civil war, he fought with the XIII Brigada Internacional until he was wounded in Pozoblanco (Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain). Hospitalised in Barcelona and Mollà, where he remained an active militant. He later lent his support to the CNT in Albacete until the end of the war. With Franco's victory, he hid out in a farmhouse in his hometown and remained safe because of his having saved the life of an apothecary in Motril in 1937. In the early 1940s, he earned a living teaching science and also worked on the clandestine manufacture of soap. In 1943, he moved to Barcelona and continued his clandestine soap manufacturing activities, as well as joining the Juventudes Libertarias and the Sindicato de Artes Gráficas of the CNT. In 1946, he and José Luis Facerías were jointly appointed secretary of Propaganda of the Comité Regional de Cataluña of the CNT and the proceeds of his soap project financed the printing of the periodical '//Ruta//', which he directed and wrote for under the pseudonym Cherimoya. In December 1946 he was arrested and imprisoned in Barcelona's Modelo prison, where he was responsible for the underground newsletters '//Esfuerzo//' and '//Acarus Sciaberi//'. Later, with Liberto Sarrau, Raul Carballeira and Joaquina Dorado, he formed the 3 de Mayo anarchist group. [puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2579-miguel-jimenez-rodriguez-del-grupo-anarquista-3-de-mayo.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3925 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

1916 - Cipriano Damian Gonzalez (d. 1986), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco underground resistance, born. [see: Apr. 17]

[C] 1918 - Hans Fritz Scholl (d. 1943), founding member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) resistance movement in Nazi Germany, born. Co-author of six anti-Nazi Third Reich political resistance leaflets calling for passive resist against the Nazis. Hans and his sister Sophie were spotted throwing leaflets from the atrium at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich on February 18, 1943. They were arrested by the Gestapo and, with Christopher Probst, tried for treason. Found guilty and condemned to death on February 22, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison within hours of the court decision. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scholl de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scholl www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERschollH.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/whiterose.html www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchollHans/ whiterosemovementblog.wordpress.com/biographies-of-hans-and-sophie-scholl/]

[DD] 1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: The Revolutionary Committee, composed of Georgi Dimitrov, Vasil Kolarov and Gavril Genov, announces the uprising, despite opposition by the supporters of legal activity. The plan involves a mass uprising around Vratsa followed by the formation of an organised militia which would capture the capital Sofia. In response, Aleksandar Tsankov's government, which does not enjoy wide popular support and has to rely on the army, declares martial law and mobilises sizable forces to suppress the uprising. Groups of volunteers organised in Shpitskomandi (paramilitary formations) also fight against the rebels. Despite the government mobilisation, the uprising breaks out over night. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Corral de Almaguer, Toledo, and surrounding towns, the Communists seize power. The fighting leaves 6 dead and 40 wounded. In Madrid the publication of the newspaper '//La Correspondencia Militar//' is suspended indefinitly by government decreed. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[CC] 1943 - Operation Blow-up*: At 1:20am a time bomb placed in the Minsk apartment of Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, SS Gauleiter for Weissruthenien (Belarus), explodes, killing him. A senior official in the occupying government of the Soviet Union, he was also an important figure in the German Christian movement during the early years of Nazi rule. The bomb had been hidden in the mattress of Kube's bed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik (1914 - 1996), a Belarusian woman who had managed to find employment in his household as a maid in order to assassinate him. In retaliation for Kunbe's assassination, the SS killed more than 1,000 male citizens of Minsk. After the war, Yelena Mazanik and 2 other women involved in the operation, Maria Osipova and Nadezhda Troyan, were honoured with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. [*операции Возмездие in Russian - more accurately translated as Operation Retribution or Operation Nemesis]

1945 - A Vietminh-led anti-French General Strike shuts down Saigon.

1973 - Salvador Puig Antich arrested in Spain. A young anarchist militant in the guerilla MIL (Iberian Liberation Movement) fighting the yoke of Francoism, he had slipped back into the country in 1972. Despite international protests, Antich is executed March 2, 1974. Extensive militant reaction to Spanish government targets follows throughout British, Irish and European cities.

1986 - Slaget om Ryesgade [Battle of Ryesgade]: Against the backdrop of the demonstrations in support of Ryesgade 58 that had been held across the country the previous day, the squatters' representatives finally declare the negotiations with the municipality pointless after all the suggested compromises had been rejected by the city council, and not to mention the amassing of police drafted in from across the country ready to storm the squat and evict its residents (something that the police menacingly warned might result in serious injuries or deaths), the BZers decide to leave the building on their own terms. In the words of their press release: "There was only one solution, and they have rejected it. We will not be pawns in their game and be slowly suffocated. Our struggle continues. We decide when we will fight. Although we have lost a house, the support [we have been] given and the resistance [shown] have been a victory." Having announced that a press conference would take place at 21:00, the residents took the opportunity to quietly evacute the building in small groups with the aim of not alerting the beseiging forces of their intentions. So, when the police eventually turned up to clear the squat they found, much to their surprise, that the building was empty. [da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Ryesgade en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ryesgade www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=423 www.arbejderen.dk/artikel/2006-09-14/hellere-d-st-ende-end-leve-p-kn video.dfi.dk/undervisningsmaterialer/bz/18.htm da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bz-bevægelsen]

1987 - Benito Milla Navarro (b. 1916), Spanish militant anarchist propaganist, editor and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

2008 - Teofilo Navarro Fadrique aka 'Negro', 'Le Vieux'and 'Zapatero' (b. 1915), Spanish shoemaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, dies. [see: Feb. 6] || [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]
 * = 23 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: An attack on Hendy Toll house results in information being laid against John Jones and David Davies. On December 27, 1843 they and 39 of their followers were tried at Carmarthen Assizes. John Jones was sentence to Transportation for life, David Davies to 20 years transportation. Both laughed as they left the dock but very shortly afterward they both confessed and informed on others.

1868 - Puerto Rican uprising against imposed Spanish rule.

1878 - Karl Eduard Nobiling (b. 1848), German Doctor of Philosophy, supporter of propaganda by deed, who on June 5 1878 tries unsuccessfully to kill the German Kaiser Wilhelm I, dies in his prison cell. [see: Apr. 10]

1911 - In Los Angeles, the Junta Organizadora of the Liberal Party publishes a new manifesto aims in the pages of '//Regeneración//'. Under the title '//Tierra y Libertad//', its expressly anarchist principals, which would be echoed in Zapata's '//Plan de Ayala//' on November 28th, were intended to differentiate the PLM from the Maderists: "All others are offering you political liberty when they have triumphed. We Liberals invite you to take immediate possession of the land, the machinery, the means of transportation and the buildings, without expecting anyone to give them to you and without waiting for any law to decree it."

[D] 1913 - Ohrid–Debar Uprising [Охридско-Дебърско въстание (Bul) / Охридско-Дебaрско вoстание (Mkd) / Kryengritja e Dibër-Ohrit (Alb)]: An Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation ( Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация въстание) organised uprising of the Bulgarians, Macedonians and Albanians against the new Serbian government breaks out in the western part of Vardar Macedonia. After a fortnight (Sep. 23 - Oct. 7, 1913) of fierce fighting, a Serbian army of 100,000 regulars suppressed the uprising. Thousands were killed, and tens of thousands of local inhabitants fled for Bulgaria and Albania to save their lives. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Охридско-дебърско_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Охридско-дебарско_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid–Debar_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization self.gutenberg.org/articles/Bulgarian_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Committees]

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: The rebellion, which began overnight, see the seizure of Ferdinand (Фердинанд), now Montana (Монтана), where the Main Military Revolutionary Committee is located. The government response by dispatching military units from Shumen (Шумен) to the Vratsa (Враца) district. The uprising is particularly strong in northwestern Bulgaria, where in several districts, power passed to worker-peasant committees, which along with communists included members of the Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union. The uprising also spread to other regions, primarily southern Bulgaria. Detachments of insurgents fought stubbornly with government troops and captured district capitals and railroad stations. The uprising lasted until September 29, except in Stara Zagora, where it began on the night of September 20 and ended on September 22. The Tsankov government dealt brutally with the insurgents: more than 20,000 were killed or tortured. The uprising was a turning point in the bolshevization of the BCP, and it had a considerable impact on the political and social development of the country as a whole. The September antifascist uprising of 1923 was in effect a 'Bulgarian 1905', demonstrating the power of the militant and unified toilers of city and countryside and their readiness for determined struggle against fascism and reaction. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1936 - Robert Capa’s seminal photograph '//The Falling Soldier//', which captures the moment of death of 24-year-old anarchist Federico Borrell, appears in 'Vu' as part of a photo essay on the Alcoy local militia at Cerro Muriano during the Spanish Revolution. [www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/robert-capa/in-love-and-war/47/ www.culturandalucia.com/GCE/Taino/La_identidad_de_Taino_en_una_foto_atribuida_a_Robert_Capa_INDICE.htm]

[A] 1978 - In a protest against the development of maximum security prisons in Italy, inmates break down the walls dividing their cells at the Asinara prison in northern Sardinia.

2005 - FBI murders Puerto Rican independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios, firing 120 bullets into his house and leaving him to bleed to death.

2006 - Brussels Riots: Seven days (Sep. 23-29) of rioting are sparked by the death in custody of a local man of Moroccan origin, Fayçal Chaaban. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Brussels_riots]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: In the early hours a memorial to Michael Brown on Canfield Drive burns to the ground. Protesters gather at the site, and later in the day Ferguson police chief Thomas Jackson releases a video apology to the Brown family about the shooting of their son and the time it took to remove his body from the street. That evening, several hundreds of protesters gathered in front of the police headquarters asking for Jackson's resignation Protected by 50 police officers Jackson joined the protest and started to explain that changes were underway after Brown's killing, creating some agitation in the crowd. Within minutes the cops had to intervene to protect their boss. Several protesters were arrested and later the protest was declared unlawful. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || A month later, on November 7, Santiago Salvador threw two bombs in the Liceu Theatre, to avenge Pallas' death.
 * = 24 || 1893 - Paulino Pallas throws two Orsini bombs at the carriage carrying the Commander General (military governor) of Catalonia, General Arsenio Martínez Campos during a military parade in the Gran Via in Barcelona,, and shouting "Long live anarchy". A Civil Guard dies, hit by a bomb, but the general is only wounded. In the confusion, eight others die, either trampled by horses or shot by the garde civil. Paulino Pallás puts up no resistance during his arrest. Fellow workers Manuel Archs, Mariano Cerezuela, José Bernat and Martín Borrás are arrested as accomplices. Martín Borrás commits suicide in his cell, but the other three are executed on May 21, 1894.

1901 - Emma Goldman released from after the case linking her to the assassination of President McKinley is dropped due to the lack of evidence.

1905 - An unknown anarchist carries out a bomb attack on a train in Beijing carrying a ministerial delegation from the Chinese government. The bomber and three others are killed, and twenty wounded including Prince Tsai Ting-Fang Or, the Minister of Ways and Communications.

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: Government troops arrive in the Vratsa (Враца) district by rail from Shumen (Шумен). With additional reinforcements, they begin the attack on Ferdinand (Фердинанд), now Montana (Монтана), and the surrounding villages seized by the rebels. On September 27 government troops are able to enter Ferdinand and the uprising is effectively over 2 days later. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: On the docks at Santander clashes between socialists and the police leave one dead and six wounded. The UGT prevents, by force, Sindicato Católico (Catholic Union) members going out on strike. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

[C] 1944 - Ignacy Głuchowski aka ‘Morus’ (b. 1892), Polish anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Nazi resistance, dies in the fighting in Central Warsaw. A worker in the Państwowy Monopol Tytoniowy (State Tobacco Monopoly) factory and a syndicalist activist in Związek Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ: Union of Workers Unions) and the Robotniczy Instytut Oświaty i Kultury (Workers Institute of Education and Culture). In October 1939, he became vice-chairman of workers section in the Związek Syndykalistów Polskich (ZSP: Union of Polish Syndicalists). Sergeant, chief of 104 ZSP Company, he took part in the fighting in Warsaw's Stare Misato (Old Town) and Śródmieście and died on September 24, 1944, during the fighting there. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9]

[D] 1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following the arrest the previous day of a courier for Yacef Saâdi, head of the FLN in Algiers and the réseau bombes (bombs network), at 05:00 members of (General Massu's chief of staff) Colonel Yves Godard's 1e Régiment Étranger de Parachutistes (1st Foreign Parachute Regiment), commanded by Colonel Pierre Jeanpierre, seal off Rue Caton and raided Yacef's hideout at No. 3. Yacef and Zohra Drif had hid in a wall cavity, but this was soon located by the French troops. Yacef threw a grenade at the French troops but they were eager to take him alive and he and Zohra Drif eventually surrendered. Across the street at No 4, Ali La Pointe escaped the French cordon and went to another safe-house in the Casbah. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-deuxieme-saadi.html encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1970 - During the council workers strike, a bomb explodes in the cleansing department head office in Greenford, England. [Angry Brigade chronolgy]

[A] 1971 - Despite the fact that the police claim to have arrested all the Angry Brigade, the Albany Street Army Barracks (near the Bomb Squad HQ) is bombed by the Angry Brigade in protest against the actions of the British Army in Northern Ireland.

1982 - The Newham 8 are arrested following fighting between a group of Asian youths and three police officers in plain clothes. [www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/64/newham-8-arrested.html] || [history.powys.org.uk/history/rhaeadr/rebecca6.html]
 * = 25 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: A more concerted attack than on the Pen-y-pistyll tollgate 3 days prior succeeds in destroying the Llangurig gates and terrifying the gatekeeper. Sir John Benn Walsh, who was in Rhayader the following day recorded: "There was considerable excitement in the town from the news that a gate at Llangerig about 9 miles from Rhayader on the Aberystwyth road had been levelled last night by a party of Rebbecaites"

[D] 1870 - The armed workers of the Marseille Commune declare the abolition of the state and all debt. [expand]

1886 - Louise Michel, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Dr. Susini appear before the Assize Court of the Seine charged with "incitement to murder and pillage" for their part in a meeting which took place on June 3, 1886, in Paris at the hall of Théâtre du Château d'Eau in support of the Decazeville miners' strike. They will eventually all be acquitted by the jury, to the loud applause of the audience.

1896 - Paolo Lega (b. 1868), Italian anarchist illegalist who attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in Rome in 1894, for which he sentenced 20 years in prison, dies in Cagliari at the agricultural penal colony of St. Bartholomew. [see: Dec. 9]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 12-15] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A Zemstvo Congress in Moscow (Sep. 25-28 ) rejects the proposed Bulygin Duma, and demands civil liberties and a responsible Duma elected by universal suffrage. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[C] 1905 - Suzy Chevet (Suzanne Chevet; d. 1972), French teacher, militant socialist, Résistance member, libertarian syndicalist and anarchist, born. Trained as a teacher, she was a member of Marceau Pivert's Parti Socialiste but, in 1938, she joined the Parti Socialiste Ouvrier et Paysan (Socialist Workers and Peasants Party) and was active in the Saint Malo and Trélazé committees supporting the Spanish Revolution, helping many refugees find work and housing during the Retirada. In 1941, she was put under house arrest in Saint Malo and banned from teaching by the Vichy regime. After find a safe refuge for her daughter, she went to Jersey in the Channel islands, where she helped organise escape routes for Dutch sailors. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, she was transferred to Rennes for questioning and then taken to Angers, but managed to escape and went to Lorient. Under a new identity, she entered the offices of the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO) and until the liberation passed information to the local Résistance. In 1945, she joined the Fédération Anarchiste through which she met the anarchist theoritican Maurice Joyeux and they became partners. She also joined the Groupe libertaire Louise-Michel and edited its paper, '//La Rue//', "revue culturelle et littéraire d'expression anarchiste". [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Chevet militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article855 www.ephemanar.net/septembre15.html anars56.over-blog.org/article-28103841.html]

[A] 1919 - Left Social Revolutionaries and underground anarchists bomb the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression including Cheka raids on anarchist groups and the banning of the Anarchist Congress. Twelve Communists were killed and 45 others were wounded. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre25.html]

1919 - The Battle of Peregonovka: This evening, greatly outnumbered and completely surrounded by Denikin's troops, the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, which had been marching westwards, suddenly turns east and outflanks the White Army at the small Ukranian town of Peregonovka and, aided by the townsfolk, tomorrow scores a decisive victory against the massed might of General Denikin's army. The first encounter took place late in the evening near the village of Kruten'koe, where the Makhnovist first brigade attacked a Denikinist unit. Denikin's troops retreated to take up better positions and to draw the Makhnovists after them. But the Makhnovists did not pursue them. This misled the vigilance of the enemy, who concluded that the insurgents were still moving westward. However, in the middle of the night, all the Makhnovist forces, stationed in several villages, began marching eastward. The enemy's principal forces were concentrated near the village of Peregonovka; the village itself being occupied by the Makhnovists.

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание] / Battle of Boychinovski [Бойчиновски бой]: Government troops from the Shumen (Шуменския) garrison armed with artilley pieces, who had occupied the Boychinovtsi railway station in Krivodol (Криводол) the previous day, are attacked at 04:00 by poorly armed rebels; so poorly armed that less than half had rifles and tore sunflower stems from the surrounding fields so they looked in the morning twilight as they were carrying guns. Yet despite their disadvantage, they eventually force the government troops to retreat and eventually surrender. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1944 - Josef 'Beppo' Römer (b. 1892), German former member of the Freikorps Oberland and KPD activists, is executed in Brandenburg-Görden Prison for planning to assassinate Adolf Hitler. [see: Nov. 15]

1962 - A lecture by Oswald Mosley at the New York State University in Buffalo NJ was broken up by an angry audience shouting "Nazi" and "Jew-hater". He ducked through the back door and escaped while some of the students in the hall held the angry crowd back. Under the protection of a heavy police guard, he managed to successfully address students and faculty the following day. [www.jta.org/1962/09/27/archive/angry-crowd-breaks-up-mosleys-lecture-in-buffalo-leaves-platform www.jta.org/1962/09/27/archive/mosley-addresses-students-in-buffalo-without-incident]

1963 - In the Dominican Republic a coup d'etat overthrows democratically elected President Juan Bosch.

1973 - Anarchist militants and members of Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL) Salvador Puig Antich and Xavier Garriga Paituví are caught in a carefully arranged police ambush. A shootout occurs, during which a Guardia Civil officer, Francisco Anguas Barragán, is killed and Puig is wounded. Both anarchist are arrested and Puig charged with Anguas Barragan's death. Tried at a court martial (using a false witness statement from Garriga that he signed after torture, Puig is condemned to death and garrotted on March 2 1974.

1976 - NF holds a march in Walsall opposed by an International Socialist-organised anti-fascist counter-demonstration. 960 cops on duty arrest 20 anti-fascists but no NF.

1987 - Abba Kovner (אבא קובנר; b. 1918), Lithuanian Jewish Hebrew poet, writer, and commander of the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO; United Partisan Organisation) in the Vilna Ghetto, dies in israel. [see: Mar. 14] ||
 * = 26 || 1870 - Commune de Lyon: In the Rotonde hall in Brotteaux and meeting involving 6000 people, dicusses the urgent need to enact a mandatory loan (emprunt forcé), inpose the death penalty on wealthy fugitives, the impeachment all the officers, and in the first place, to remove the préfet Challemel-Lacour and Conseil Municipal (Municipal Council) from City Hall. A signed Call to Arms is turned into a red poster, which is pasted up all over the city. [see: Sep. 4]

1872 - Émile Henry (d. 1894), French anarchist and advocate of 'propaganda by deed', born in Spain to an exiled Communard father. Upon the family's return to Paris, he was cccepted into the prestigious École Polytechnique but was expelled and found work in a draper’s shop. Possibly under the influence of his older brother Fortune, he became an active anarchist which led to him loosing his job, but he will find a job making drawings for an architectural sculptor. He also began contributing to various anarchist journals including '//Le Père Peinard//' and was active in the management of '//L'Endehors//'. Suspected by the police, he was arrested on May 30, 1892 after a meeting in honour of Ravachol but the search of his home revealled nothing, and he was released shortly afterwards. Having travelled to support the strike of mine workers in Carmaux, he was appalled by the conditions he found there and further enraged following the defeat of the strike. Henry, whose father had also been a miner, decided to bomb the mining company’s offices. The bomb was discovered before it detonated, and inept police officers brought the bomb back to the police station on the Rue des Bons-enfants without defusing it first. It exploded, killing several officers. After the bombing, he took refuge in London, returning to Paris at the end of December 1893 and, under a false identity, he rented a room and began to manufacture explosives. Determined to strike at the insolent bourgeoisie in a random attack and avenge the execution of Auguste Vaillant, he threw his bomb into the Café Terminus at the Gare Saint-Lazare on the evening of February 12, 1894. Twenty people were injured in the explosion, one later dying from his injuries. Émile Henry fled but was immediately pursued by constomers and the police who he fired his gun at, but he was finally arrested. On February 14, 1894, a police agent dicovered the location of his room and it bomb factory. During his trial at the Seine Assizes on April 27-28, 1894, he boasted of his exploits, claiming the attack which ended in the deaths in the Rue des Bons-enfants, asking in a statement to the court: "But why, you ask, attack those peaceful café guests, who sat listening to music and who, no doubt, were neither judges nor deputies nor bureaucrats? Why? It is very simple. The bourgeoisie did not distinguish among the anarchists….Those good bourgeois who hold no office but who reap their dividends and live idly on the profits of the workers’ toil, they also must take their share in the reprisals." He happily welcomed his death sentence and May 21, at dawn, he was guillotined in the Place de la Roquette surrounded by soldiers. His final words: "Courage camarades, vive l'anarchie" (Courage comrades, long live anarchy). [www.ephemanar.net/mai21.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henry_(anarchist) libcom.org/history/articles/1872-1894-emile-henry www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/henry.html griid.org/2011/04/27/this-date-in-resistance-history-the-trial-of-emile-henry/]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 13] October All-Russian Political Strike: Ivan Sytin (Иван Сытин) and his fellow directors respond to the workers' August 24th [O.S. Aug. 11] demands, offering only a nine-hour day and sick pay for two weeks a year. For compositors and binders, who are paid by piecework rates, such a reduction in the workday without any increase in wages would mean a serious loss in earnings. They refuse to accept management's answer, waiting until after they have collected their next paychecks on October 2nd [O.S. Sep. 19], and go out on strike. They were immediately joined by most other workers in the plant. [see: Aug. 24] [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сытин,_Иван_Дмитриевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sytin]

1906 - The new start date for the Partido Liberal Mexicano's Revolution (postponed following police raids at the beginning of the month), Juan Jose Arredondo and León Ibarra, with 30 other rebel guerrilleros took the main square in Jiménez Coahuila, cut the main telephone lines and seized the village Treasury. However, after a few hours federal forces arrived and, outnumbered, they retreated. Other attacks produced similar results in Monclova, Zaragoza, Ciudad Porfirio Diaz (Piedras Negras) and other small towns in Coahuila.

1907 - Trial of Ricardo Flores Magón, Librado Rivera, and Antonio I. Villarreal. [expand]

[DD] 1919 - Battle of Peregonovka: After months of retreat, and having turned on its pursuers the previous evening, the anarchist Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army, headed by Nestor Makhno, between 3 and 4 a.m. join battle with the White Army. The battle rages for most of the morning and by 9 o'clock the Makhnovists began to lose ground. However, the combined forces of the Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army and the armed peasants of Peregonovka begin to turn the tide and, as the First Officers' Regiment of Simferopol begin to retreat, the whole White Army breaks ranks and goes into full retreat. Makhno sends his cavalry and artillery at full speed in pursuit of the retreating enemy, and he himself takes his best mounted to outflank Denikin’s troops at the Sinyukha River crossing. He manages to surprise Denikinist staff and the reserve regiment on the far bank, taking them prisoner and, against all conceivable odds, Makhno's army of Ukrainian peasants rout General Denikin’s elite imperialist forces, killing many and scattering the rest. The Insurrectionary Army later destroyed the White Army’s key ammunition base, artillery depot and severed railway lines – thus terminating Denekin’s seemingly unstoppable advance toward Moscow, where the seizure of power from the Bolshevik government had for some time appeared inevitable. [www.ditext.com/nomad/makhno.html www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001841.html www.onthisdeity.com/26th-september-1919-–-nestors-counterattack/]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: Clashes in Salamanca result in two dead and four wounded. In Manresa, no less than 16 bombs during a strike. In Seville, clashes between different communist groups results in one dead and 16 injured. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1970 - Simultaneous bomb attacks against Iberia in Geneva, Frankfurt, Paris and London airports. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

[D] 1970 - Hampstead Conservative Association firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[D] 1970 - Bomb exploded outside Barclays Bank, Heathrow. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1971 - Freetown Christiania declares itself open in Copenhagen (and it's still there today).

2011 - A second round of hunger strike protests begins in Secure Housing Units (SHUs) across California following the CDCR's failure to adhere to promises in the wake of the July hunger strike. Up to 12,000 prisoners having refused food at some point by the end of the first week of the 'rolling hunger strike'.

[AA] 2011 - Black Liberation Army member George Edward Wright arrested in Portugal after 39 years on the run. Portugal refuses to extradite him to the USA and sets him free. George Edward Wright had been arrested and convicted for murder in 1962. In 1970, he escaped dressed as a priest and with a gun hidden in a hollowed out bible. Two years later, he managed to hijack a plane and fly it to Algeria, where he and his accomplices claimed asylum. Wright then lived in Guinea-Bissau, then Portugal, where he became a Portuguese citizen and married. || [mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крушевска_република www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Илинденско-Преображенско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden–Preobrazhenie_Uprising www.bulgarianhistory.org/илинденско-преображенско-въстание-у/ bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вътрешна_македоно-одринска_революционна_организация en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization]
 * = 27 || 1903 - [O.S. Sep. 14] Krastovdensko Uprising [Кръстовденско въстание]: Another series of insurgent actions linked to the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie uprisings (Илинденско-Преображенско въстания) begin on the day of the Feast of the Cross, Krastovden (Кръстовден) in Bulgarian, across almost the whole territory of the Serres Revolutionary District (Серски революционен окръг), south western Bulgaria around the Pirin Mountains area. Militias active in the Serres region, led by Yane Sandanski (Яне Сандански), and an insurgent detachment of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation's (Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация) Supreme Committee, hold down a large Turkish force. These do not involve the local population as much as in other regions, and are well to the east of Monastir and to the west of Thrace.

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Sep. 13] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg SR combat committee endorses the random assassination of street policemen. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1907 - Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez (b. 1842), Andalusian teacher, writer, insurrectionist, early and important anarchist, dies. 50,000 people attended his burial and his tomb has never lacked a daily renewal of fresh flowers. [see: Mar. 1]

1910 - Revolución Mexicana: Porfirio Diaz is proclaimed president for his eighth term, prolonging his disastrous 35-year long regime. A general who became a hero fighting the French Intervention of 1864-7, Diaz was the top military commander under reformist President Juarez and became president after his death in 1876. To stop the cycle of military revolts he offered //pan o palo// (bread or the stick). Ambitious political and military leaders were put on the government payroll with high salaries or faced imprisonment or execution. "A dog with a bone neither bites or barks." Diaz had also quickly modernized Mexico at great cost. He had followed the advice of his cientifico (scientist) advisers who believed the Indian and mestizos (who made up 90% of the population) were only good for manual labour and their belief in social Darwinism, and left this huge class of people uneducated. Believing the Hacienda (large estates) were more efficient than traditional methods, many Indians and campesinos (farmers) lost their farms and became virtual slaves on the large haciendas. Poverty increased and workers wages remained low. Most large companies were foreign owned,paid little or no taxes and paid low wages. Foreign companies exploited Mexico vast oil and mineral wealth that benefited only the Mexican wealthy elite. Decades of injustice only needed a spark to explode. Francisco Madero, a reformer from a wealthy hacienda family ran against Porfirio Diaz and was thrown in jail after becoming too popular. Madero was unusual for his period. He didn't drink or smoke, was a vegetarian and practised a spiritual form of religion.

1911 - In protest against the possibility of war, a 24 hour general strike called for by the Italian Confederazione Generale del Lavoro takes place. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

1923 - September Antifascist Uprising [Септемврийско антифашистко въстание]: Government troops are able to enter Ferdinand (Фердинанд), now Montana (Монтана), and after 2 days of sporadic fighting between retreating rebels and the army, the uprising is effectively over September 29th. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Септемврийско_въстание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Uprising bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history septemvri23.com/Chervenkov_za_23_sept.htm septemvri23.com/za_septemvri1923/Dimitrov_za_septemvri1923_2.htm saint-juste.narod.ru/aresty.html topwar.ru/76059-oni-hoteli-ubit-carya-borisa-geroi-nochi-i-drugie-partizany-protiv-fashistskoy-diktatury.html berberian11.tripod.com/mitev_bcp.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/September+Antifascist+Uprising+of+1923 www.kilifarevo.eu/kilifarevo-komunisticheska-krepost-1983.html www.anarkismo.net/article/9678]

1943 - Quattro Giornate di Napoli [Four Days of Naples]: The beginning of a popular uprising in the Italian city of Naples (Sep. 27-30) against the occupying forces in the city during WWII results in the Germans being driven out of the city by the people and the Italian Resistance before the arrival of the first Allied forces in Naples on October 1. Large numbers of German troops capture about 8,000 Neapolitans, while 400-500 armed rioters begin armed attacks against them. The Germans begin evacuation operations, spurred by news (later proved to be false) of an imminent Allied landing at Bagnoli. A group of 200 insurgents assault and capture a weapons depot in Castel Sant'Elmo during the evening. Insurgents also attack and plunder the weapons stores in the barracks at Via Foria and Via San Giovanni a Carbonara. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattro_giornate_di_Napoli]

[C] 1943 - Boško Buha (Бошко Буха; b. 1926), young Serbian partisan, who was nicknamed the 'Partisan Artillery' for his prowess in blowing up German bunkers and became one of the great icons of WWII in Yugoslavia, is killed in a Chetnik ambush. Targeted by the Ustasha in Slavonia (Croatia), his family fled to Serbia where Buha attempted to join the Partisans. Rejected because he was only 15, he was eventually accepted into the 2nd Proletarian Brigade of Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV; National Liberation Army), where he gained fame for his ability to find bunkers and destroy them with grenades. He died near the village of Jabukovo near Prijepolje when the truck he was travelling in was caught in a Chetnik ambushed. On December 20, 1952 he was named a national hero of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. [sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boško_Buha hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boško_Buha]

1950 - President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the country's railroads to prevent a General Strike. The railroads were held by the military for two years.

1987 - Prisoners on HMP Peterhead's D-wing riot, taking a prison officer hostage. Most of the prisoners later gave themselves up but 5 men continued to resist until an SAS raid in the early hours of October 3. [news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4554697.stm www.sasspecialairservice.com/sas-peterhead-prison-scotland.html www.eliteukforces.info/special-air-service/sas-operations/peterhead/]

1998 - Berlin Reclaim the Streets event: "Resistance has no vote! No cars. No cops." || The popular uprising in Lyon has been suppressed. Michael Bakunin, freshly arrived on the September 15th, is now forced to flee in the face of an arrest warrant. [see: Sep. 4] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre28.html rebellyon.info/Le-28-septembre-1870-a-Lyon-on.html]
 * = 28 || 1870 - Commune de Lyon: The same day as the AIT-planned protest in front to the Hôtel de Ville, //chantiers nationaux// (national projects) workers, engaged in building fortification works, also decide to demonstrate in the Place des Terreaux in protest against the decision by city council to reduce their daily wage by 50 centimes. The City Hall is occupied by protesters and from the balcony, Saignes reads a statement announcing the creation of a Fédération Révolutionnaire des Communes. The préfet Challemel-Lacour is taken prisoner. Cluseret, responsible for the call to arms for the Guardes Nationaux de la Croix-Rousse, asks them to go to the City Hall, but without their weapons. Later in the day, at the instigation of the mayor, troops and the National Guard from the bourgeois districts of the city intervene and the unarmed insurrectionists are forced to flee.

1883 - Failed attempt on the Kaiser's life by August Reinsdorf, Franz Reinhold Rupsch and Emil Kuchler at the unveiling ceremony of the Niederwald Monument to the glory of the German armies in Rüdesheim am Rhein [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre28.html deu.anarchopedia.org/August_Reinsdorf de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Reinsdorf de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Küchler]

1893 - Emma Goldman goes on trial in NY City. Found guilty of incitement to riot, sent back to the Tombs until the October 18th, when she is sentenced to a year in Blackwell's Island Penitentiary.

1898 - André Gaudérique Jean Respaut (d. 1973), French author, Résistance activist, anarchist, survivor of Buchenwald, born. Mobilised in 1918 following the death 2 of his elder brothers and the fleeing of a third to Spain to avoid conscription, he joined up, despite his anarchist principles, to avoid problems for his mother with the authorities. Following the was, he worked in various jobs including as a gardener, cafe manager and gym teacher. He also helped found the Narbonne anarchist group in 1920 and cooperated with the CNT in south Catalonia. Between 1924-25 he was a member of the Fédération Révolutionnaire du Languedoc, founded in Béziers on October 19, 1924 and worked on the trilingual journal '//La Revue Internationale Anarchiste//'. In 1934, he moved to Paris to study philosophy at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Sociales with Félicien Challaye, an anti-colonialist and pacifist for who he held a lifelong admiration. During the Spanish civil war, in which his brother Fortuné fought as a volunteer, he was an organiser in the Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste (SIA), helping secure the passage of many trucks of arms and supplies for the benefit of the CNT. After the war, he returned to Narbonne with his Spanish partner, Teri Sisquella, who was ordered interned in the Argelès camp by the ssub-prefect of Narbonne. During the German occupation, he came into contact with the Combat movement and joined the Résistance, first distributing leaflets and from late 1942 as an intelligence officer. Meanwhile, with anarchist militants from Ales, Perpignan and the Spanish CNT, he participated in crossing into Spain. On October 18, 1943, he was arrested by the Gestapo. Knowing of his imminent arrest he had prepared an escape plan, but he abandoned this fearing that the Germans did arrest his aged mother. Extensively interrogated and tortured, André Respaut did not speak, and was later transferred to the camp at Compiegne, where on December 12, 1943, he was deported in sealed wagons to Buchenwald concentration camp. Due to its physical fitness, courage and generosity, he survived the horrors of the camp and managed to save several fellow deportees from certain death. After the camp was liberated April 11, 1945 by U.S. troops, André Respaut was repatriated to France at the end of the month. Back in Narbonne, he helped found the Fédération Nationale des Déportés Internés Résistants (FNDIR), an association of former prisoners and deportees, and was its regional president for several years. He also helped reform the Narbonne anarchist group, as part of the Fédération anarchiste (FA), and the local section of the CNTF, contributed to the Franco-Spanish magazine '//Universo//' and Louis Louvet's '//Défense de l'Homme//', and was a member of the Narbonne Fédération Communiste Libertaire (FCL) group. He was also author of '//Buchenwald Terre Maudite//' (Buchenwald Cursed Earth; 1946) and '//Sociologie Fédéraliste Libertaire//' (1961). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5072 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Respaut www.ephemanar.net/avril26.html]

1905 - The Junta Organizadora del Partido Liberal Mexicano is formed in St. Louis, Mo. with Ricardo Flores Magón as chairman; Juan Sarabia, vice president; Antonio I. Villarreal, Secretary; Enrique Flores Magón, treasurer; plus Librado Rivera, Manuel Sarbia, and Rosalío Bustamante. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_Organizadora_del_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano]

1931 - Industrial Unrest in Second Republic: In Seville one person is killed during clashes between members of the Sindicato Único and the communists. [www.diariosol.es/foro/topic.php?id=2659 www.infonacional.com/2012/01/los-crimenes-de-la-ii-republica.html]

1938 - Oster Conspiracy: As the anti-Nazi and anti-war sentiment among individual officers in the German army hardened, a hardcore group of ranking officers came together determined to depose Hitler, many of the generals who also feared for Germany's future given Hitler's plans for conquering Europe, favoured arresting and imprisonming him instead. Amongst the former, a plan was organised and developed by Lieutenant Colonel Hans Oster, Chief of Staff of the Abwer, the counterintelligence section of the military High Command, to assassinate Hitler if Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland. By September 15, an assault squad were wating and ready in a series of safe houses around Berlin maintained by the Abwehr. Throughout Berlin and the surrounding suburbs military officers, police officials, and civilians, all members of the conspiracy to overthrow the Nazi regime, waited tensely for the word to begin. Then the unthinkable happened. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain decided to confer with Hitler personally and arrange a deal. By on September 28 (the date of the final meeting), a deal had been brokered and Hitler renounced his plans to destroy Czechoslovakia. In return, France and Britain allowed him to occupy the Sudetenland with German troops. The threat of war was averted. So, too, was the threat to Hitler's life that had been mounted by the coup's assault squad hidden in buildings all around the Chancellory. The assault squad was dispersed and their weapons returned to the Abwehr warehouse. [valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oster_Conspiracy]

1943 - Quattro Giornate di Napoli [Four Days of Naples]:The fighting increases after more Neapolitan citizens join the uprising. In the Materdei district, a German patrol, which had taken shelter in a civil building, is surrounded and kept under siege for hours, until the arrival of reinforcements. By the end, three Neapolitans had lost their lives in the battle. At Porta Capuana, a group of 40 men—armed with rifles and machine guns—set up some kind of roadblock, killing six enemy soldiers and capturing four, while other fighting breaks out in other parts at the Maschio Angioino, at Vasto and at Monteoliveto. The Germans launch other raids, this time in the Vomero, amassing numerous prisoners inside the Campo Sportivo del Littorio, prompting an assault on the sports field by a party led by Enzo Stimolo, and the freeing of the prisoners the following day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattro_giornate_di_Napoli]

1943 - Underground anti-Nazi activists begin systematic smuggling Jews out of Denmark to Sweden.

[CC] 1955 - During a visit by Franco to Barcelona, Francisco Sabaté hails a cab and blithely drives around the Catalan capital firing anti-regime leaflets through the sun-roof from a mortar he had assembled from inside his suitcase on the back seat. He reassures a worried driver: "Don't worry, I work for the government and I am distributing informational materials." He leaves the cab driver with a generous tip. "Pueblo antifascista: Son ya demasiados los años que soportas Franco y sus sicarios. No basta con hacer la crítica de este corrompido régimen de miseria y de terror. Las palabras son palabras. La acción es necesaria. Fuera la tiranía! Viva la unión del pueblo! Movimiento Libertario. Comité de Relaciones" [ita.anarchopedia.org/Francisco_Sabaté_Llopart]

[D] 1973 - A bomb devastates part of the Latin American section of the ITT building in New York City, in retaliation for ITT's involvement (along with CIA) in the bloody overthrow of Chile's President Allende one week ago.

1974 - A right-wing coup attempt organised by General António de Spinola and his supporters under the guise of a march of the "silent majority", in Lisbon for Sunday September 29, 1974, in opposition to "extremist totalitarianism" is defeated. First called by Spinola on September 10, the granting of permission for the march by the Civil Government in Lisbon led to an immediate backlash by the left, who demanded the march — suspected to be a cover for a coup attempt — be banned, and mobilised against it. The left called people into the streets; Radio Renascenca invited workers to picnics on the main roads. Barricades were set up including on the roads leading to Lisbon; SP and CP organisers and members joined the movement. Army units were mobilised, although those on the streets were not sure what they were doing. It turned out some right-wingers were being rounded up by units loyal to the MFA (Movimento das Forças Armadas). On the evening of September 27th, MFA leaders had met at the Cova da Moura military headquarters and made plans for the arrest of 78 prominent reactionaries. However, speaking on radio Major Sanches Osario, Spinola’s right-hand man, declared the demonstration was going ahead and demanded the barricades be taken down. All morning the crowds protesting against the march increased in size. Eventually, at 1pm Spinola read a communique calling the march off. Two hours later 40,000 workers demonstrated in a massive victory parade. The right in the army, and in the country as a whole, had been defeated... for the time being. On September 30th Spinola, together with two Ministers and three members of the Council of State and the military Junta, resigned. Two hundred people involved in the plot were arrested. The MFA were now in control. [www.workersliberty.org/node/24429 www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1975/portugal/5-twocoups.htm [NB: Yigael gets the date wrong!] www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1974.htm]

1985 - Günter Sare (b. 1949), German mechanic, anti-Fascist and an employee of a left-wing youth centre in Frankfurt-Bockenheim, is run over by a police water cannon at a anti-Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) protest in the city. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günter_Sare killedbycops.blogsport.de/1985/09/28/28-september-1985-guenter-sare/]

[A] 1985 - During a raid on her house, police shoot Cherry Groce as she lays in her bed. An angry demonstration outside Brixton police station erupts into a riot.

1996 - The anarchist Reclaim the Future alliance throws its weight alongside sacked Liverpool dockers, their trade union and socialist supporters. A massive anniversary demo triggered a 24 hour strike by tugboat men.

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: During the evening a large protest takes place and bottles and rocks are thrown at the cops, who call in backup from other police forces. Eight protesters are arrested on failure to disperse and resisting arrest charges. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] ||
 * = 29 || [A] 1829 -The first appearance of the London Metropolitan Police is met by jeering and abuse.

1843 - Rebecca Riots: The local Rhayader Rebeccaites launched another attack [see: Sep. 25] on the bridge tollgates in Cwmdeuddwr parish near Rhayader bridge. According to John Davies the attackers came at about 1 o'clock in the morning, sawing off the gateposts, smashing the gates, and throwing the shattered fragments into the river. He reports that they were armed and fired off two shots and that the attack was made "by (according to some persons) about 40 to 50 persons in female attire; others state the number at 100 or 150, but those who wish to make the number larger were I fear themselves of the party". He also reported that the attackers were said to be men of Cwmdeuddwr and Llanwrthwl with most of the tenants Mr Evans of the Neuadd involved. Many in Rhayader claimed to know the identity of "Rebecca" but were not revealing anything. [history.powys.org.uk/history/rhaeadr/rebecca6.html]

1879 - Alexandre Marius Jacob (d. 1954), French anarchist illegalist burglar who was the inspiration for Maurice Leblanc's fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Jacob en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Jacob ita.anarchopedia.org/Alexandre_Marius_Jacob www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/tag/travailleurs-de-la-nuit/ amicaledesnidsapoussiere.over-blog.com/2014/08/marius-jacob-et-les-travailleurs-de-la-nuit-la-vie-illustree-mars-1905.html www.bagnedeguyane.fr/archives/2013/05/28/27275431.html en.calameo.com/read/0001463675fe0ecbf0f6c]

1892 - Aurelio Fernández Sánchez aka 'El Jerez', 'El Cojo', 'Charles Abella', 'Colas', 'Marini', 'González', etc. (d. 1974), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, member of Los Solidarios, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/aureliofernandez/aureliofernandez.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1686 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Fernández_Sánchez autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/aurelio-fernandez-sanchez-1892-1974.html]

1895 - Bertha Suzanne Faber-Guillot (d. 1983), French anarchist activist, born. With her companion the anarchist Séveran Ferandel, she ran the Librarie Sociale Internationale radical bookstore in Basses-Alpes, France. She later had a long-term relationship with Francisco Ascaso, living with him when he went into exile in France and Belgium, moving to Spain after the proclamation of the Republic in April 1931. There she took part in the social struggle, enduring period of Ascaso's imprisonment and exile. After Ascaso's death on July 20, 1936, during the assault on the Atarazanas barracks in Barcelona, she remained living in city through out the Revolution, eventually forming a relationship with the French conscientious objector Eugène Guillot, then in exile under the name Jacques Sallès. In early 1939, she left Spain with her companion during the Retirada. Back in Paris, she fell foul of the police during a raid on the headquarters of the Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste and had to go into hiding. After the war, she and Guillot became members of the radical group Amis de Sebastien Faure. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1510 www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html]

1902 - Emile Zola (b. 1840), French writer, experimental novelist and author of '//Germinal//', dies. [see: Apr. 2]

[D] 1913 - Revolución Méxicana: Pancho Villa captures Torreon, all federal officers are executed - the shooting of prisoners is routine on all sides.

1921 - The Cheka execute Fanya Baron (Fanya Anisimovna Baron / Фа́ня Ани́симовна Ба́рон; aka Fanny Grefenson; b. 1887) and nine other anarchist prisoners. (Fanya's execution was on the personal order of Lenin.) These executions follow that of the anarchist and poet Lev Chernyi on the 21st. Leon Trotsky remarks at the time: "We do not imprison the real anarchists, but criminals and bandits who cover themselves by claiming to be anarchists". [libcom.org/history/baron-fanya-nee-anisimovna-aka-fanny-baron-188-1921 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanya_Baron www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html]

1931 - Estevan or Black Tuesday Riot: Several hundred coal miners from nearby Bienfait, Saskatchewan, who had been on strike since September 7, 1931 hoping to improve their wages and working conditions, assembled in Estevan with their families to parade through the city in order to draw attention to their strike. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police confronted them and attempted to block and break up the procession. Violence broke out and the police opened fire on the strikers, killing three of them. Many strikers were wounded and arrested. The three striking miners who were killed have the inscription "murdered by RCMP" on their headstone, and locals have alternately erased and restored these words up to the present day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevan_Riot]

1934 - Following the October 16, 1933, BUF meeting in King's Hall, Belle Vue, Manchester, Mosley had decide on a return. However, an anti-fascist co-ordinating committee was quickly and a dynamic campaign of leafleting, fly-posting and public meetings were organised to mobilise the opposition. Attempts to get the meeting banned failed but Manchester's Chief Constable did band all marches. However, that failed to prevent the anti-fascists from holding 3 large marches from Openshaw, Miles Platting, and Cheetham to meet the hundreds already waiting to meet them at Ardwick Green to form a united demonstration of over 3,000 who would march along Hyde Road to join the protest meeting outside Belle Vue Park. Most then paid the small entrance fee to get into Belle Vue and went in search of the fascists. However, they were hiding in a hall under The Gallery from which Mosley was due to speak to his supporters assemble an open air dance floor protected from the rest of the park by a lake and, in addition to the usual gang of Blackshirt thugs, there were wooden barriers and the police. In case this was not enough searchlights were available to be directed against the anti-fascists and fire engines with water cannon at the ready. The scene was set. 500 blackshirts marched from a hall under The Gallery and formed up military style. Mosley, aping Mussolini stepped forward to the microphone to speak. He was greeted by a wall of sound that completely drowned his speech. "Down with fascism", "Down with the blackshirt thugs!", "The rats the rats clear out the rats!", "One two three four five we want Mosley, dead or alive!". Anti-fascist songs, the '//Red Flag//', and the '//Internationale//' were also sung. The sound never stopped for over an hour. In spite of the powerful amplifiers turned up to maximum Mosley's rantings about "the sweepings of the continental ghetto financed by Jewish financiers... an alien gang brought from the ghettos to Britain by Jewish money", marking the beginning of a sea-change in his rhetoric to a more openly anti-Semitic one, could not be heard. To quote '//The Manchester Guardian//': "Sitting in the midst of Sir Oswald’s personal bodyguard within three yards of where he was speaking one barely able to catch two consecutive sentences." The fascists slunk off to the waves of the crowd singing '//Bye Bye Blackshirt//' (to the tune of '//Bye Bye Blackbird//'). [PR] [www.mucjs.org/mwolf.htm www.hssr.mmu.ac.uk/mcrh/files/2013/01/mrhr_04i_gewirtz.pdf jarrott.co.uk/university-essays/far-right-and-fascism/sir-oswald-mosley-and-the-british-union-of-fascists/]

1943 - Quattro Giornate di Napoli [Four Days of Naples]:The streets of Naples witness fierce clashes. As no connection can be established with national anti-fascist organisations, the insurrection is still uncoordinated and is in the hands of local leaders. In Giuseppe Mazzini Square, a substantial German party reinforced by tanks attacks 50 rebels, killing 12 and injuring more than 15 of them. The workers' quarter of Ponticelli suffers a heavy artillery bombardment, after which German units commit several indiscriminate massacres among the population. Other fighting takes place near the Capodichino Airport and Piazza Ottocalli, in which three Italian airmen lose their lives. At the same time, in the German headquarters at Corso Vittorio Emanuele (which has been repeatedly attacked by insurgents), negotiations are started between Schöll and Stimolo for the return ofg the Campo Sportivo prisoners in exchange for the unhindered retreat of the Germans from Naples. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattro_giornate_di_Napoli]

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: A group of four anarchists - Amedeo Bertolo, Luigi Gerli , Gianfranco Pedron and Aimone Fornaciari - most members of Bandiera Nera/Croce, and four extra-parliamentary left socialist revolutionaries - Alberto Tomiolo, Vittorio De Tassis, Giorgio Bertani and Giambattista Novello-Paglianti - kidnap the in Milan. The action is taken to try and save the life of Jorge Conill Valls, a Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias member and chemistry student facing death in Franco's Spain having been found guilty of planting 3 bombs during the night of June 29-30, 1962. The bombs had caused no casulties and no significant material damage. The kidnapping dominated the front pages of the international press for days and triggered a campaign of anti-Francoist solidarity that brought considerable pressure to bear on the Franco regime at several levels — from street demonstrations to the 'humanitarian' intervention by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI (1963-1978). Conill’s death sentence was commuted after three days to one of thirty years imprisonment and Isu Elias was immediately released on October 2. The following day kidnappers Gianfranco Pedron, Alberto Tomiolo, Luigi Gerli and Vittorio De Tassis, along with 3 journalists, are arrested after a tip-off from a Communist journalist. Amedeo Bertolo escapes and takes refuge in Paris. On November 13, the first day of the trial of the Elias kidnappers, Bertolo manages to get right inside the courtroom in Varese, despite the massive presence of Carabinieri. There he surrenders to the judges. On November 21 the jury delivered their verdicts after just 2 hours and sentences of 8-5 months handed down, which were then suspended, as the accused had "acted for reasons of particular moral and social value". Conill Valls himself ended up becoming a communist whilst in prison and, when he was released, he was appointed political secretary of the Partit Socialista Unificat of Catalonia (PSUC). [ita.anarchopedia.org/Isu_Elias www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/asnsmp/rapimentoconsolespagnolo.html secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/jorge-conill-valls/ revistapolemica.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/el-secuestro-del-viceconsul-espanol-en-milan-en-1962/ www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2014/07/three-french-libertarians-in-francos-jails-alain-pecunia-bernard-ferri-and-guy-batoux-by-steven-forti-atlantica-translated-by-paul-sharkey/] [www.ephemanar.net/septembre29.html]

2014 - Ferguson, Missouri: Protesters gather in front of the police building, including a dozen clergy who prayed in the car park. They are told that they would be arrested if they did not clear the street and one clergyman is arrested. Protesters are also told that they would be arrested if the chants went on after 11:00 p.m. About that time, police moved slowly forward, but protesters refused to move backwards. As they were almost in contact, gunshots were heard, and both sides backed up. Later, Capt. Ron Johnson of the Missouri Highway Patrol told the crowd that the "five-second rule" would not be implemented and there would be no arrest as long as the protest remained peaceful. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ferguson_unrest] || [www.brigstowe.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/bridge.htm www.brh.org.uk/articles/bpp/bristolbridge.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_riots#Bristol_Bridge_riot.2C_1793]
 * = 30 || [A/D] 1793 - The Bristol Bridge Riot surrounded protests over the tolls levied on the bridge. The toll gates were burnt on a number of occasions and a series of riots eventually ended with 11 people dead and 45 injured.

1892 - The chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court swears out a warrant for the arrest of the entire advisory board of the striking steel union at the Carnegie plant in Homestead for treason against the state. The 29 strike leaders are charged with plotting "to incite insurrection, rebellion and war against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania".

[B] 1896 - Panagiotis Panas (Παναγιώτης Πανάς; b. 1832), Greek anarchist revolutionary, writer, journalist, poet, theorist and anarchist, dies. [ngnm.vrahokipos.net/index.php/part01?showall=&start=15 el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Παναγιώτης_Πανάς]

1904 - [O.S. Sep. 17] Liberal and revolutionary groups (including the Union of Liberation, the SR, Polish and Finnish nationalists - but not the RSDRP) secretly meet in Paris (Sep. 30-Oct. 9) to form a united front, encouraged by Japanese intelligence officer Motojirō Akashi (明石 元二郎). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Motojiro]

1906 - Rebelión de Acayucan: Considered a precursor to the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Uprisings break out in Acayucan, Minatitlán and Puerto México led by Hilario C. Salas and Cándido Donato Padu, PLM delegates in Veracruz and Tabasco. Salas and 300 men attack Acayucan, Veracruz as part of an overall plan involving 1,000 Partido Liberal rebels to seize Veracruz as part of their plans to overthrow the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, as well as establishing other demands such as the eight-hour day, the prohibition of child labour, minimum wage, compensation for accidents at work, and compulsory free secular education. However, the plans are discovered and the forces attacking Minatitlan and Puerto México are ambushed and arrested by government troops. In Acayucan, the palacio municipal is seized but the rebels run out of ammunition after four days and, with many killed or wounded including Salas, are forced to retreat to the mountains of Soteapan, where they continued their guerrilla war until 1911. Others were arrested and taken to the political prison of San Juan de Ulua. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelión_de_Acayucan]

1919 - Edward Wołonciej aka 'Czemier' (d. 1999), Polish solicitor, author, syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. During WWII, he attended clandestine classes, fought as a syndicalist soldier and joined the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army) in 1941. Took part in Warsaw Uprising and between September 1-15, 1944, he was a member of the Gustaw-Harnas battalion. After the capitulation of Warsaw Old Town, he was the captain commanding the Syndicalist Brigade [formed under the under the Syndykalistycznym Porozumieniem Powstańczym (Syndicalist Uprising Agreement)] in Śródmieście. After the surrender of the Uprising, he was imprisoned in Pruszkow camp, from where he fled to Krakow. In 1947, he became a student in the law faculty in Jagiellonian University, becoming an Organizacja Młodzieży Towarzystwa Uniwersytetu Robotniczego (OM TUR; Youth Organisation of Workers University Association] and Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS; Polish Socialist Party) activist. In 1950, he graduated from the diplomatic department of Academy of Political Science. Since 1953 he has been a solicitor. He also studied at the Ludwik Solski Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna (State Higher Theatre School) in the Director’s Faculty. He wrote diaries, stories and plays which he was unable to publish during the communist regime for their "incorrect content". He was victimized for taking part in the anti-communist struggle. Died February 3, 1999 in Warsaw. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Edward_WolonciejCzemier podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/brygada-syndykalistyczna-w-powstaniu-warszawskim/ zsp.net.pl/syndykalisci-w-powstaniu-warszawskim]

1943 - Quattro Giornate di Napoli [Four Days of Naples]:The Germans continue their retreat, all the time shelling areas of the city such as around Port'Alba and Piazza Mazzini, setting fires and massacring civilians. Casualty number s for the four days of the uprising vary: a number of authors claim 168 rioters and 159 unarmed citizens were killed; according to the post-war Ministerial Commission for the recognition of partisan victims, casualties amounted to 155, while the registers of the Poggioreale cemetery listed 562 deaths. At 09:30 on October 1, the first Allied tanks enter the city. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattro_giornate_di_Napoli]

1944 - Jerzy Zbigniew Złotowski aka 'Poręba' (b. 1911), Polish architectural engineer, syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, is shot and killed in fighting during the Uprising. [see: May 27]

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: The beginning of the campaign of urban guerrilla warfare carried out by the Jabhet Al-Taḥrīr Al-Waṭanī (جبهة التحرير الوطني) or‎ FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) in Algeria against the French Algerian authorities. That evening a trio of female FLN militants - Djamila Bouhired, Zohra Drif and Samia Lakhdari, who had been recruited by Yacef Saâdi aka 'Si Djaâfa' or 'Réda Lee', then head of the FLN in the Autonomous Zone of Algiers [Zone autonome d'Alger] and of the bombs network (réseau bombes) - carried out the first series of bomb attacks on three civilian targets in European Algiers. The bombs at the Milk Bar on Place Bugeaud and the Cafeteria on Rue Michelet killed 4 and injured 52, while the bomb at the Air France terminus failed to explode due to a faulty timer. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1977 - Walter Rossi (b. 1957), Italian militant communist activist with Lotta Continua, is murdered by fascists of the MSI. The political climate in Rome at the end of September 1977 was very tense, with frequent violent fascist actions against leftist militants of the left. On September 27, two students had been wounded by gunshots and on the evening of the 29th Elena Pacinelli, 19, was hit by three bullets on the streets of Hygeia, a meeting place for young people within the movement. On Friday 30th, the leafletting protest fliers in the neighborhood of Balduina had been arranged. In the Viale Medaglie d'Oro comrades of Elena, having been attacked with stones and bottles thrown from the nearby headquarters of the MSI, an armored police vehicle advanced slowly toward them, followed by a group of fascists using it as a shield. The fascists then started to shoot at the anti-fascists, one of these shots striking Walter in the neck. The police then charged at the anti-fascists, allegedly trying to help Walter who is found collapsed outside a nearby petrol station. Taken to hospital, he is dead on arrival. [www.reti-invisibili.net/walterrossi/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rossi] ||


 * = OCTOBER ||
 * = 1 || [A] 1851 - Syracuse crowd busts up a police station to free a recaptured escaped slave. William 'Jerry' Henry, a runaway slave and craftsman in Syracuse, NY is arrested by a US Marshall and scheduled to be returned to slavery. Ten thousand citizens of the city storm the sheriff's office, free Henry and aid his escape to Canada via the underground railroad.

1910 - Antonio Moreno Ronchas (d. 2006), Spanish railway worker, miliatant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Franco combatant, born. The third of 13 children, his family emigrated to Paris when he was 4 years old. His father, Antonio Moreno Fernández, libertarian and anti-militarist, joined the Confederació General del Treball Sindicalista Revolucionària (CGTSR). In 1925 he met both Buenaventura Durruti and Nestor Makhno during their Parisian exile. In 1930 he returned to Valladolid, intending to perform military service, but his father dissuaded him. Upon his return, he worked in the Basque Country and Castellón but his rebellious nature lost him many jobs. At the outbreak of civil war in 1936, while his brothers Isidore and Lazarus fought in the Durruti Column and a communist unit, respectively, Antonio Moreno volunteered in the milicias confederales de Guipúzcoa (Guipúzcoa confederal militias), fighting firstly in San Sebastián in Guipúzcoa confederal militias, first in San Sebastián and later in Oyarzun, slowing the fascist advance. After the fall of Irun, he managed to cross into France via Hendaye and then onto Barcelona, where he enlisted in Column Rojo y Negra. After its militarisation, to which he was opposed, he remained a member of the 3rd Battalion of the 127th Brigada Mixta, and later became a driver with the 4th Battalion of the 4th Compañía de Transportes (Transport Company). With the loss of the war, he made it to France where his knowledge of the language, the country and its geography helped him and a number of other refugees to escape the concentration camps as soon as the first opportunity arose. He remained in the Barcarès and Bram area until the Nazi invasion, when he enlisted in the 3rd Battalion of Foreig Legion and was sent to the Middle East (Syria and Lebanon). After the armistice, he was demobilised and returned to France, where he went to work in the construction of the submarine base in Brest, helping many Spanish forced labour prisoners to escape. This led to his arrest by the Gestapo, but a sympathetic judge freed him. After the liberation of France, Antonio was mainly devoted to propaganda in the local federation of the MLE/CNT in exile in Saint-Denis, Paris. In the 1960s, he participated in the French CNT and was very active during the events of May 1968. Speaking French with the accent of Parisian street urchin, he actively participated in the formation of the Organisation Révolutionnaire Anarchiste (ORA) and took part in numerous editorial meetings of the '//Front Libertaire//'. After Franco's death, he tried in vain to open a local CNT in Medina de Rioseco where his father Antonio Moreno Fernandez was the main leader of the anarcho-syndicalism before being assassinated by Franco in July 1936. He died on August 24, 2006 in a retirement home in Morcenx, leaving all his property in his will to the Valladolid CNT to be sold to raise funds for it. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?article464 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4079]

1910 - Émile Aubin delivers a speech in Lagny for which he is arrested for "antimilitarisme et outrages à Chef d'Etat", and sent to prison for 18 months. Just out of the military a few months (where he was serving punishment in a disciplinary battalion), Aubin was a member of the anti-militarist Groupe des Libérés des Bagnes Militaires which published the poster '//Galonnés assassins//' (Braided assassins).

1910 - The Partido Liberal Mexicano changes its motto to "Tierra y Libertad". In an editorial in '//Regeneración//', Ricardo Flores Magón writes: "The Land! shouted Bakunin, the Land! shouted Ferrer, the Land! shouts the Mexican Revolution."

[C] 1925 - Adolfo Kaminsky (Adolphe Kaminsky), Argentinian photographer and member of the French Résistance, who specialised in the forgery of identity documents, born. He later used his skill to assist Jewish emigration to the British Mandate for Palestine and to forge identity documents for the National Liberation Front and French draft dodgers during the Algerian War (1954-62). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Kaminsky emma.passicos.free.fr/KaminskyWeb/index.htm fr.actuphoto.com/22768-fontenay-sous-bois-expose-adolfo-kaminsky-un-homme-libre-.html]

1927 - At the Rawson Hospital in Buenos Aires, anarchists expropriators Miguel Arcangel Roscigna and the brothers Andres Vazquez Paredes and Vicente Antonio Moretti, attack a payroll delivery. The police escort is mortally wounded before he can draw his weapon and the anarchists seize the briefcase containing 141,000 pesos.

1934 - Revolución de 1934: The 1933 elections in Spain had seen a massive victory delivered to the right, represented by the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA), a coalition of largely Catholic conservative groups and Monarchists. Led by José María Gil-Robles, the CEDA soon allied itself with the close runner up of the elections, the Radical Republican Party, led by Alejandro Lerroux. Pushing Lerroux into the position of prime minister so as not to offend liberal sensibilities in the Constiuent Cortes (many liberals were wary of the often ultra-reactionary platitudes of Robles), the CEDA and the Radical Party soon found themselves embroiled in internal strife. Finding itself the focus of these disputes, the Lerroux cabinet soon collapsed on itself, only to be replaced by another Radical, Ricardo Samper. Continuing until the next year, the conflict within the coalition soon came to a head with the opening of the Cortes on October 1, 1934. After having denied cabinet positions to the CEDA for nearly a year, the Radical Party saw the Samper government collapse after a campaign of intense pressure from the right. Asked to form a new cabinet by the president, Lerroux had no choice but to give three ministries to the CEDA. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1934 - The Ricardo Samper PRR (Partido Republicano Radical) cabinet, the second since the November 19, 1933, election, collapses and the President, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, agrees to include three CEDA members in the new cabinet, a decision that ultimately led to the October general strike, an attempt at Catalonian cession and the Asturian Revolution. [see: Nov. 19 & Oct. 4] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934]

1943 - Leo Herman Frijda (b. 1923), Dutch resistance fighter with the CS-6 group and poet, is executed along with 18 other members of CS-6. Prohibited as a Jew from studying medicine at university and therefore became an apprentice medical analyst in the CIZ laboratory in Amsterdam. In the autumn of 1941 he, along with former school mate Theo Hondius, explored the possibility of escaping to England via sailboat but abandoned the plan. He joined the CS-6 sabotage group in 1942 and was involved, among other things, in the successful attack (along with Jan Verleun) on Lieutenant-General Seyffardt, the commander of the Volunteers' Legion in the Netherlands (February 5, 1943), in the attack on the railway in Rietlanden (March 1943) and the assassination of 2 Sipo informants Daan Blom and B. Hoff. On August 20, 1943, Herman Frijda was caught in Amsterdam and, following interrogation and a trial involving the majority of the members of the CS-6 group, 19 members of the group were condemned to death on 30 September. The following day they were shot in the dunes near Overveen, where most anti-Nazi resistance fighters were executed (unless sent to concetration camps in the East). His grave is at the Eerebegraafplaats in Bloemendaal. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Herman_Frijda www.eerebegraafplaatsbloemendaal.eu/Dbase/Biografie_F/Leo_Herman_FRIJDA.html www.joodsmonument.nl/person/527651?lang=en www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gid001198801_01/_gid001198801_01_0170.php jurgensmit.blogspot.com/2011/12/leo-herman-frijda-nederland-1923-1943.html nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.tekstidee.nl/v-Reina.htm forum.fok.nl/topic/660751]

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: The anarchists amongst the kidnappers send a press statement to the ANSA agency: "Communique of the FIJL (Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias) Young people of the free world you can not ignore the crimes committed by the Franco government against the freedom and lives of the poor Spanish. This kidnapping was organized to draw attention of the world's public to the sad fate of three young anarchists sentenced in Barcelona. Our goal is to arouse in all honest and democratic people of the world, a movement of moral and material solidarity with the Spanish people. We release, as promised, the Vice-Consul, to show that our methods are not like those used by Franco and his Falangist police. Milan, October 1st."

[D] [1984 - Egyptians in the industrial town of Kafr el-Dawar outside of Alexandria riot and fight with police for eight hours. [news.google.com/newspapers?id=noxaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2U8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5056,181044&dq=egypt+food+riots&hl=en] || One of a number of Food Riots which took place across Britain that autumn. [peopleshistreh.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/cheeseriotsebook.pdf archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/NOTTSGEN/2003-01/1041988774]
 * = 2 || [D] 1766 - Great Cheese Riot in Nottingham: A riot broke out during Nottingham’s Goose Fair. Stalls were attacked and ransacked, and cheeses distributed to the crowd. Being barrel-shaped they could easily be rolled, and soon they were being propelled down Wheeler Gate and Peck Lane. The mayor, trying desperately to intervene, stood in the middle of Peck Lane, only to be knocked over by an accelerating cheese.

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 19] October All-Russian Political Strike: Having refused to accept management's response to their August 24th [O.S. Aug. 11] demands, presented to them on on September 26th [O.S. Sep. 13], and having waited till the next pay day, the Sytin printers in Moscow collect their paychecks and go out on strike. They are immediately joined by most other workers in the plant. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print]

[1906 - [O.S. Sep. 19] The St. Petersburg Soviet is put on trial (Oct. 2-Nov. 15) - despite strong public support for the accused and a brilliant defense by Trotsky, the main defendants are sentenced to life deportation to Siberia [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1915 - José Pérez Montes (d. 1947), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist who fought in the Civil War and helped organising the clandestine resistance, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre02.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2630-jose-perez-montes-del-ateneo-obrero-de-santander.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6298 libcom.org/history/montes-jose-perez-pepin-1915-1947]

1936 - The Central Anti-Fascist Militias Committee (CAMC), originally founded on July 21, 1936 in Catalonia, is wound up.

1937 - Anti-fascists and fascists fight on the streets of Bermondsey as BU paper-sellers turn up in advance of tomorrow planned demonstration. In one incident, 2 fascists were in St. George's Sq. that evening, selling papers (with the headline 'No Jew red mob has the power to daunt us') and shouting provocative slogans, when word reached a nearby dance organised by Bermondsey Youth that the fascists are outside. They stream out and send the fascists packing. [PR]

1944 - Warsaw Uprising: Polish forces capitulate to the Wehrmacht and begin to surrender. The AK is left in disarray and the entire civilian population of Warsaw is expelled from the city and sent to the Durchgangslager 121 transit camp. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising www.polandinexile.com/rising.htm www.polishresistance-ak.org/4 Article.htm www.warsawuprising.com/ info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/pajak.html news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/3/newsid_3560000/3560811.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_after_the_Warsaw_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Warsaw_Uprising]

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: Following the commuting of Jorge Conill Valls’ death sentence to 30 years in prison, the kinappers release Isu Elias. [see: Sep. 29]

[C] 1968 - The Tlatelolco Massacre: The Mexican army ambushes a demonstration by 15,000 students attempting to protest against the army’s occupation of the city's University, killing around 300 (the exact number is unknown) and arresting several thousand. [Eyewitness accounts: [obrag.org/?p=1650 photojournalist Enrique Metinides' eyewitness account: [numerof.org/la-guardia-testimonio-de-enrique-metinides-en-la-noche-de-tlatelolco/ Photo archive of those arrested: [webcronic.com/ximenalabra/tlatelolco/?page_id=357 www.redpolitica.mx/metropoli/una-mirada-45-anos-de-la-masacre-en-tlatelolco-cronologia www.elzenzontle.org/hemeroteca/2octubre1968.pdf]

[A] 1992 - Riot breaks out in Carandirú Prison in Sao Paolo, Latin America's largest prison. The Brazilian government claimed 111 prisoners are left dead after 300 riot troops storm the building but the toll is believed to be much higher. ||
 * = 3 || 1849 - During electioneering in Baltimore, Edgar Allan Poe is kept drunk by a gang of political hacks who have him vote repeatedly at the polls; in four days he is dead. [see: Oct. 7]

1897 - Louis Aragon (d. 1982), French poet, novelist, editor, Dadaist then Surrealist, and a long-time member of the Communist Party, born. Fought with the Résistance. [expand] [www.gabrielperi.fr/L-engagement-de-Louis-Aragon www.uni-muenster.de/LouisAragon/werk/frueh/libert_f.htm]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Sep. 20] October All-Russian Political Strike: In Moscow, the underground printers' union are annoyed that the Sytin workers have gone out on strike, proclaiming in a leaflet, "without waiting for the Union to declare a general printers' strike when fully certain of success." The unionists tried nonetheless to influence events that had started without them, and organise a meeting in the yard of the Sytin plant, at which workers elected shop deputies and adopted most of the union's twenty-four demands, with a couple of significant exceptions: they replaced the symbolic demand for an eight-hour day with the more realistic demand for nine hours, and they added the demand that men and women doing the same work be paid equally (presumably reflecting the involvement of female bindery workers). Over the next few days, workers at other presses joined the strike, often presenting the union's list of demands. By the end of the week, almost all of the large printing firms in Moscow and many smaller firms had been closed down. The strike at Sytin Publishers now sets off a great wave of strikes in Moscow, and through out the middle of October there is renewed unrest and street clashes. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1923 - Simón Gracia Fleringán aka 'Miguel Montllor' & 'Aniceto Borrel' (d. 1950), Zaragozan anarchist member of the 'Los Maños' guerrilla group in the resistance to Franco following the fascist victory in the Civil War, born. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3434 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2634-simon-gracia-del-grupo-anarquista-los-manos.html www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/manos.html]

[C] 1925 - Simone Segouin, nom de guerre Nicole Minet, French Résistance fighter, in the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans group, born. Duaghter of an active Résistance member, her father claimed that she was a seamstress in order to avoid her working for the German occupiers, only to have them try to employ her to mend their uniforms. Hoisted on their own petard, Simone was forced to leave the family farm at Thivars, nar Chartres, to work in Paris. Upon her return home, she was encouraged in mid 1944 to join up with the local FTP (Francs Tireurs et Partisans) résistance group under the nom de guerre Nicole Minet. Her first jobs were the clandestine transport of arms on her trusty bicycle, but she quickly progressed onto armed actions, participating in the liberation of Chartres and, on August 23, 1944, the liberation of Paris. On March 24, 1946, she was promoted to lieutenant, and awarded the Croix de Guerre. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Segouin fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Segouin www.fondationresistance.org/pages/rech_doc/jeune-resistante-armee-chartres_photo1.htm]

1932 - All 164 students of the Kincaid High School in Illinois walk out on strike after they discover that the school is being heated with coal from a company employing scab labour.

[CCC] 1937 - Battle Of Bermondsey: A march called to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the foundation of the British Union of Fascists (BU) is routed by the people of Bermondsey. To cries of "Heil Mosley", the British fascists set off from Millbank accompanied by 28 horse-mounted police and hundreds of police along the route in addition to those following in vans and cars. The BUF marchers were greeted in Long Lane by shouts of "Mosley shall not pass" and by barricades made of costermongers' barrows, fencing and barbed wire, which the police demolished repeatedly, only for a new one to be thrown up. Red flags waved, a water tank was borrowed from a nearby factory, and missiles of stones, eggs, bricks, bottles and fireworks were hurled. The arrival of a busload of police, heralded a charge by them with truncheons drawn. They were pelted by missiles from a nearby building, and police went up and cleared the building. The march was repeatedly delayed, rerouted, and renegotiated. Workers blocked streets off with barricades and the power of numbers. Police corralled crowds down side streets to allow the march through. A crowd, which had been waiting for four hours at one point, learned that the procession had been diverted, and rushed to the new route. There they created further trouble, and Mosley was pelted. A number of arrests followed the arrival of further police reinforcements. The bulk of the procession halted before it reached West Lane Square, where Mosley gave an address. Despite loud speakers, his remarks were almost inaudible owing to hoots, jeers, and the explosion of fireworks, but he was heard to say: "Once again we have marched. We have passed." The march was then accompanied by hordes of anti-fascists throwing bottles and firecrackers until the march dispered at Southward Bridge. Earlier in the day crowds had occupied the square on West Lane where Mosley had originally planned to address the conclusion of the march. "Some of the streets were so crowded that it would have been impossible to clear them, and the police shepherding the procession diverted it time after time as they found solid masses of people determined to obstruct the march", the Times of London reported. The police and justice system protected Mosley and his fascists. 111 people were arrested, mostly workers and 30 anti-fascists were injured, many by blows from police batons. Tower Bridge Police Court Judge Bernard Campion sentenced Solly Stein, a 24-year-old who allegedly led a crowd of 400 workers against Mosley, to one month in jail. Among Stein’s crimes was his possession of a Marxist pamphlet, which Judge Campion declared a "pernicious document". [PR] [www.lydiasyson.com/the-battle-of-bermondsey/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/11083003 trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/41819805 www.jta.org/1937/10/04/archive/60-arrested-in-clashes-as-fascists-parade-in-london-18-injured www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/10/twih-o01.html]

1944 - Spanish //guerrilleros//, previously fighting the Nazis in France, make their first incursions into Spain, striking in Navarre. Some 3,000 guerrillas (including many //anarquistas//) mount two main attacks across the Pyrenees in 1944 against the Allied-supported fascists.

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: Following a tip-off from a Communist journalist, kidnappers Gianfranco Pedron, Alberto Tomiolo, Luigi Gerli and Vittorio De Tassis are arrested, together with 3 journalists. Amedeo Bertolo escapes and takes refuge in Paris. [see: Sep. 29]

1968 - In Peru the military seized power in a coup. President Fernando Belaúnde Terry was overthrown by leftist General Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado following a dispute with the International Petroleum Company over licenses to the La Brea y Pariñas oil fields in northern Peru. Juan Velasco ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado]

1974 - An IRA bombing at a pub in Guilford, near London, kills 5 people. The so-called Guildford Four are 'fitted-up' by poilce and sentenced to life in prison for the bombing. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings]

[A] 1981 - The end of the seven-month IRA prisoners' hunger strike that has claimed 10 lives.

1987 - SAS snatch squad of 4 enter HMP Peterhead's D-wing through a hole in the roof during its 5 day siege and free the prisoners' hostage 56 year old prison officer, Jackie Stuart.

1993 - October Coup [Октябрьский путч]: Against the backdrop of years of resistance by the former Communist nomenklatura in the Congress and the Supreme Soviet against the reforms started by Mikhail Gorbachev, and continued by his successor Boris Yeltsin, and which included the August Putsch, the attempted military coup of 1991, the constitutional crisis of September–October 1993 comes to a head as the 'old guard' attempt to overthrow the president, Boris Yeltsin. Despite the people’s deputies having elected Boris Yeltsin as their speaker (with a majority of just four votes) as they joined the popular pro-democracy movement wave sweeping the country, even opposing the attempted hardline coup d’état in August 1991, and granting Yeltsin the authority to conduct economic reforms, by early 1992 the majority in the Congress had turned against him and the Supreme Soviet had become the headquarters of hardline pro-communist forces. In addition, their numbers had been swollen by other reactionary elements, including Stalinists from the Working Russia movement, fascists from the Russian National Unity group, militants from Transnistria and Abkhazia, and former operatives of the Soviet Riga OMON. A constant presence outside the White House were the demonstrators - the self-styled 'defenders of the White House' - who chanted slogans against "traitors, Yids, and foreigners", displaying monarchist symbols alongside communist ones, whilst the Soviet red flag and the black, yellow, and white flag of imperial Russia flew above the White House. These are the forces that today back Vladimir Putin. In March 1993, the extraordinary 9th Congress of People’s Deputies had attempted to impeach the president (failing by just 72 votes - 689 to 617), they then rejected a referendum proposed new constitution in April 1993, turning it instead into a referendum on Yeltsin as president [the questions were: "Do you have confidence in the President of the Russian Federation, B. N. Yeltsin?"; "Do you support the economic and social policy that has been conducted since 1992 by the President and Government of the Russian Federation?"; "Should there be early elections for the President of the Russian Federation?" and "Should there be early elections for the People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation?"]. The plebicite voted for Yeltsin and against the Deputies but, rather than dissolving the Congress and the Supreme Soviet, Yeltsin sought to negotiate a compromise, someting that continued even after he had signed the decree (Decree #1400) on September 21. So, sensing weakness that 'old guard' went on the attack, Shortly before 16:00 (around the time that the latest round of talks at St. Daniel Monastery were supposed to restart), Vice President Alexander Rutskoi and Supreme Soviet Speaker Ruslan Khasbulatov addressed the mass of 'defenders of the White House' from the White House balcony. "Young people, battle-ready men! Form ranks here, in the left section; today we must storm and take over the [Moscow] City Hall and Ostankino [television center]," commanded the vice president. "I call on our valiant warriors to bring troops and tanks here in order to storm the Kremlin with the usurper, former criminal Yeltsin!" declared the speaker. "Yeltsin must be locked up in Matrosskaya Tishina [prison] today; his corrupt clique must be locked up in a dungeon!" Armed brigades began forming near the twentieth entrance of the White House. Within an hour, armed brigades under the command of their 'deputy defence minister', General Albert Makashov, had stormed the Moscow City Hall building adjacent to the Parliament. Faced with an armed offensive, police officers who were guarding City Hall did not put up any resistance. The doors of the building were smashed by seized police vehicles. The Soviet red flag was raised over the captured City Hall. An hour later, supporters of Rutskoi and Khasbulatov—including some 3,000 militants under Makashov’s command, armed with small weapons and grenade launchers—drove in buses and seized military vehicles to the Ostankino television center. There, around a thousand supporters of the Working Russia movement had already gathered, armed with construction equipment and truncheons seized from the police in an incident earlier that day, when a crowd of Supreme Soviet supporters broke through police lines near the Krymsky Bridge; three armored vehicles that had been seized after the storming of City Hall were also at the site, red flags flying over them. The attempted storming of Ostankino began with a truck breaking through the glass doors of the building. All television channels broadcasting from Ostankino went dark. The only channel still on the air was RTR, whose studios were situated at the reserve Shabolovka television centre. At 16:00 Yeltsin signed a decree introducing state of emergency in Moscow and Interior Ministry units and special forces who took positions in and around the TV complex, where a pitch battle broke out. 62 people were killed but before midnight, the Interior Ministry troops had managed to turn back the parliament loyalists. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/События_сентября_—_октября_1993_года_в_Москве imrussia.org/en/politics/564-the-shelling-of-parliament-myths-and-realities-of-october-1993 libcom.org/history/under-fire-between-lines-russian-anarchists-during-1993-yeltsin-coup www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst rt.com/politics/october-crisis-russia-politics-671/ www.russia-direct.org/analysis/failed-russian-coup-20-years-later]

2011 - On the eve of the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Cable Street, the jury in the second Welling trial [see: Sep. 12] return not guilty verdicts on the nine anti-fascists after less than an hour's deliberation after the prosecution's case fell apart during the trial, singularly failing to provide any evidence of 'conspiracy'. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/10/485894.html antifascistprisonersupportuk.wordpress.com/about-2/ leedsabc.org/all-nine-anti-fascists-acquitted-in-second-welling-trial/ transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/anti-fascists-jailed-after-welling.html] ||
 * = 4 || 1816 - Eugène Edine Pottier (d. 1887), French poet, revolutionist, participant in the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1881, author of '//The Internationale//', born.

"Arise ye starvelings from your slumbers, Arise ye prisoners of want,  For reason in revolt know thunders,  And at last ends the age of cant.  So away with all your superstitions  Servile masses, arise, arise,  We'll change henceforth the old tradition  And spurn the dust to win the prize." [www.ephemanar.net/octobre04.html#4 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/music/music.html]

1837 - Jean-François Varlet (b. 1764), French revolutionary considered by many an anarchist precursor, involved with Les Enragés faction in the French Revolution, dies. [see: Jul. 14]

[C] 1864 - Emidio Recchioni (d. 1934), Italian anarchist, anti-fascist and father of Vero Recchioni (Vernon Richards), born. Employed as a railroad-employee, he was originally a republican and follower of Giuseppe Mazzini, but moved towards anarchism under the influence of Cesare Agostinelli, the Ancona anarchist. He was active in anarchist activity in Ancona alongside Agostinelli, Romeo Tombolesi, Ariovisto Pezzotti and Polimanti. The group soon established contact with important anarchists like Malatesta, Pietro Gori and Amilcare Cipriani. He was active in organising railway workers and contributed satirical and polemical articles articles to the Livorno anarchist paper '//Siempre Avanti//' (Forever Forwards) under the pen names of Rastignac and Savarin between 1890 and 1894. In 1894 he founded and was one of the editors of the Ancona weekly '//Articolo 248//'. The police regarded him as the "most active and influential propagandist" and believed that he was involved in three bomb explosions in Ancona in January 1894. In June 1894, he was arrested in connection with the shooting of the Italian Prime Minister Crispi but was acquitted on 30th November 1895. However, two days later he was put under house arrest and then transferred to the prison colony on the Tremiti islands. He organised a protest against the restrictions imposed on the anarchist prisoners by the prison governor and then suffered two months solitary confinement. He was then transferred to another prison in Ancona and then to Ustica. Released on bail at the end of November 1896, he was not allowed to return to his job as a railway worker. In November 1897 he, Errico Malatesta and other comrades launched another Ancona-based newspaper '//L’Agitazione//' which led to his rearrest and deportation to the prison island of Ustica (one of Italy’s many island prison colonies) in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Escaping in 1898, he fled to London where he opened a popular delicatessen in Soho’s Old Compton Street named King Bomba, an ironic reference to the tyrant King Ferdinand II of the two Sicilies (1810-1859), which specialised in Italian wine, pasta and smoked hams. He also traded in Carrara marble, Carrara being a centre of Italian anarchist activism, and supported financially - and wrote for under his pen name 'Nemo' - the Italian anarchist press, especially La Protesta and the Galleanist paper '//L’Adunata dei Refrattari//'. Recchioni’s shop was frequented by British writers, intellectuals and political and literary exiles of the day and, later, following Mussolini’s accession to power, Italian anti-fascists. Recchioni’s influence, his wealth and his key role as a facilitator and funder of the Italian anarchist and anti-fascist movement (including the clandestine ‘Arditi del Popolo’ movement) made him a high-priority target for Mussolini’s secret police, the OVRA (Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell’Antifascismo - Organisation for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism). In 1913 he helped finance the anarchist paper Volonta in Ancona and was one of the signatories of the international anarchist anti-war statement '//The Manifesto of 35//' in 1915. With other anarchists like Pietro Gualducci, Calzitta and Enrico Defendi, he carried out a vigorous anti-militarist agitation, which nearly saw him expelled from Britain. At the end of the War, Recchioni moved from anti-militarist work to activity against the Fascist regime in Italy. Together with Silvio Corio, Gualducci, Decio Anzani, Francesco Galasso, and Vittorio Tabarelli, he produced the paper Il Comento which concentrated on anti-fascist agitation. This ran for six issues until 1924. He was also with Anzani and Alessandro Magri, he was most likely behind the founding of the London section of the Italian League for Human Rights. With the end of Il Comento, Recchioni and the others set up a secret grouping to inspire resistance against the Mussolini regime. Recchioni had always argued against socialists, communists and certain anarchists by asserting that fascist violence should be countered with a ferocious armed resistance. The Masonic lodge I Druidi was set up as a cover for this activity. At the end of the 1920s and beginning of the 1930s he was heavily involved in several attempts on Mussolini’s life. In this period he acquired a British passport, partly to save himself from expulsion, but also to help him with travel abroad in connection with his activities. He obtained such a passport in 1930. However, his application had alerted the British secret state to his activities. Recchioni in this period had assumed great respectability, and this fooled many in Special Branch that he was now a reformed character. Except for one Superintendent O’Brien, who was convinced that he was still an anarchist and still involved in agitation against the Mussolini regime, but who was over ruled by his superiors. However, the OVRA began circulating stories in British and Italian political and newspaper circles that Recchioni was organising and funding plots to assassinate Mussolini, something that the Daily Telegraph and the Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, former MI5 officer and right-wing fanatic Colonel John Carter, seized on. The latter was able to successfuly stymie Recchioni's application for British citizenship (something that was later overruled when Ramsay MacDonald, a personal friend of Recchioni via his frequenting of King Bomba, became Prime Minister. In 1931 Recchioni travelled to Brussels on his new British passport, shadowed closely by a Special Branch officer. According to Special Branch, Recchioni travelled to meet with members of the Brussels-based International Anarchist Defence Committee (CIDA), and supposedly a 28-year-old Italian anarchist coalminer by the name of Angelo Sbardellotto. Sbardellotto was arrested in June the following year with two handgrenades, a pistol and a forged Swiss passport. His mission, according to his confession — extracted by OVRA officers under torture — had been to assassinate Mussolini. Recchioni, he claimed, had provided him with the money, weapons and plan for the attempt. The Italian secret police sent Sbardellotto’s signed confession to London with a list of the dates on which they were alleged to have met, and a request for Recchioni’s extradition. Coinciding with this extradition attempt, was the publication of an article by the '//Daily Telegraph//', quoting Italian sources, that identified Recchioni as one of those involved in the alleged, and unsuccessful, assassination plot. Recchioni immediately sued the '//Daily Telegraph//' for damages to his reputation, as a 'virtuous man'. The '//Telegraph//' asked for Special Branch assistance but Carter would have had to expalin the source of his information if he appeared as a witness, something SB would not allow and the '//Telegraph//' lost the court case. Recchioni, who spent, apparently, a mere £35 in paying Sbardellotto’s costs to kill Mussolini, received £1,177 in damages. Two years later he was dead, having succumbed whilst undergoing an operation on his diseased vocal cords. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emidio_Recchioni libcom.org/history/recchioni-emidio-1864-1934-aka-nemo-rastignac-savarin www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2012/02/the-story-of-king-bomba-emidio-recchioni-1864-1934/]

1893 - Francesco Ghezzi (d. 1942), Italian individualist anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who died in a Soviet gulag, born. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Francesco_Ghezzi www.ephemanar.net/octobre04.html#ghezzi www.katesharpleylibrary.net/sj3w24 gulaganarchists.wordpress.com/tag/francesco-ghezzi/ acontretemps.org/spip.php?rubrique37 cartoliste.ficedl.info/article659.html]

1900 - Václav Krška (d. 1969), Czech writer, director and writer, born. The //básník českého filmu// (Czech poet of film) was famous for his film adaptations of anarchist Fráňa Šrámek's poetry. '//Měsíc Nad Řekou//' (Moon Over the River; 1953) and '//Stříbrný Vítr//' (Silver Wind; 1954). His homosexuality stymied him in career and led to this arrest in 1952. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stříbrný_vítr_(film)]

1902 - Lucien Tronchet (d. 1982), Swiss anarchist and trade unionist whose anti-fascist activities landed him in prison, born. As a youngster, he joined FOBB (Federation of Wood and Building Workers) with Clovis Abel Pignat. Tronchet went to Spain in 1936 with Luigi Bertoni to fight with the anarchists against Franco. Following WWII, he was an active militant trade unionist, and fought for abortion rights, anti-militarism and the creation of co-operatives. Supported the squatters movement in Geneva. Tronchet wrote the biography of his friend, Clovis Pignat, '//Une Vocation Syndicale Internationale//' (1971). [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier24.html#tronchet www.katesharpleylibrary.net/rxwf9n ml.ficedl.info/?article4627]

[DD] 1934 - Revolución de 1934: Following the massive victory of the right in the November 19, 1933 elections in Spain, the close runners-up the Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party), led by Alejandro Lerroux y García, formed a loose alliance with the winners, the recently formed Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA; Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups), a coalition of largely Catholic conservative groups and Monarchists led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones, and which would progressively begin to ape the NSDAP. Lerroux was appointed Prime Minister and the PRR filled all the government posts as the liberals in the Cortes clearly would not accept Robles and his grouping, with its expressed aim of defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism. However, the CEDA-PRR alliance soon found itself embroiled in internal strife and the Lerroux cabinet soon collapsed. It was replaced by another one drawn from the PRR and led by Ricardo Samper. When the Cortes opened on October 1, 1934, it too fell under right-wing pressure and CEDA ended up with 3 ministries. The new cabinet then proceeded to suspended most of the reforms of the previous Manuel Azaña government. The immediate response of the left was for the socialists of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), and its industrial wing, the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), to propose a Popular Front-style alliance of leftist parties and workers organisations of Spain under the guise of the Alianza Obrera (Workers Alliance). The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo demurred, unlike in Asturias where such an alliance, the Uníos Hermanos Proletarios (UHP; Union of Proletarian Brothers or Unite! Proletarian Brothers) aka Uníos Hijos del Proletariado (Unite! Children of the Proletariat) had been formed in February 1934. The UGT called a general strike, to begin on the evening of October 4, in the name of the Alianza Obrera and, despite the CNT's declared non-involvement, numerous CNT workers centres across Catalonia were raided on the 3rd, with hundreds of anarchist militants being taken away by the police. Efforts to reopen union buildings by force in Barcelona were repelled by armed groups of escamots, the paramilitary youths of the Esquerra, Catalonia's leading nationalist party. Disenchanted with the strike and suffering repeated attacks from the police, the CNT ordered its members back to work, forcing the collapse of the strike in Catalonia. The strike was not faring much better in other parts of the country. Owing to poor coordination and swift police action, the entire socialist leadership had been arrested in Madrid before the strike could take off. Following this, the poorly armed CNT workers in the capital were left largely to their own devices. Repeated attacks from the police and the unwillingness of the socialist committees to coordinate effectively forced them back to work. A suspicious interception by government troops of much needed arms heading towards Madrid only added to CNT mistrust towards the socialists. While the strike was falling apart across Spain, in the mining towns of Asturias things were very different. Having negotiated the Pacto CNT-UGT de Asturias and formed the UHP, the high levels of cooperation between miners of both organisations led to a much more successful outcome. By nightfall on the 4th, miners had occupied towns along the Aller and Nalón rivers, attacking and seizing local Civil and Assault Guard barracks. The following day saw columns of the miners advancing along the road to Oviedo, the provincial capital. With the exception of two barracks where fighting with government troops continued, the city was taken by October 6. The following days saw many outlying towns captured amidst heavy fighting, including the large industrial centre of La Felguera. In these liberated areas it quickly became clear that practical cooperation between the CNT and UGT would be difficult, with the UGT leadership wanting to retain full control over its strongholds, freezing out CNT involvement despite the willingness of UGT rank-and-file workers to cooperate with their counterparts in the CNT. As a result, on October 7 delegates from the anarchist controlled seaport towns of Gijón and Avilés arrived in Oviedo requesting urgently needed weapons to defend against a landing of government troops sent by Generals Manuel Goded and Francisco Franco. The socialists in Oviedo ignored their pleas and they returned empty handed. Gijón and Avilés fell the next day. Constant attacks out of the two ports over the coming week sealed the fate of Asturias, and the uprising was savagely crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish troops from Spanish Morocco. 3,000 miners had been killed in the fighting, and another 35,000 taken prisoner during the wave of repression that followed. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie]

1935 - Francisco Granado Gata (d. 1936), Spanish metalworker, anarcho-syndicalist member of the FIJL and CNT, born. During his military service he was diagnosed with leukemia and hospitalised. In 1960 he left for France and settled in Alès, where he worked as a blacksmith. Knowing that he had little time left to live because of his leukemia, he decided to participate in the anti-Franco action groups. In the summer of 1963 he went to Spain with the intention of preparing an attack against Franco in San Sebastien. Arrested in Madrid with Joaquin Delgado Martinez on 31 July, they were accused of having participated in an attack against the headquarters of the Police (DGS), an action which was actually carried out by two other militants, Antonio Martin and Sergio Bellido Hernandez. Despite an international campaign of protest, Francisco Granado Gata and Joaquin Delgado were both sentenced to death and garrotéd on August 16, 1963. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article3442 pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/francisco-granado-gata-muerto-garrote.html]

[A] 1936 - Battle of Cable Street: In late September 1936, Mosley and the BUF announced its intention to mount a show of strength on the afternoon of Sunday October 4 to celebrate the fourth birthday of the fascist party with a countrywide call-out of fascists. The plan was to march in 4 columns from the Royal Mint via Aldgate through the ten miles of East London, ending up with four mass rallies in what the fascists considered their strongholds of Shoreditch, Limehouse, Bow and Bethnal Green. Following the announcement and in the run up to the march, hundreds of meetings were held by Jewish organisations, political groups and trades union branches, especially amongst the dockers and garment workers in the East End, to organise opposition to the Blackshirts. The Board of Deputies opposed any active opposition and the CPGB was forced to call off their planned counter protest in Trafalgar Square against Mosley's support for the fascists in Spain. At the same time, the fascists were also holding numerous meetings, recruiting new members and agitating on the streets. In response, fascist posters were either torn down or obliterated with chalk or anti-fascist posters. Equipment to resist the fascists was also stockpiled close to the march's planned route. Boxes and bags of missiles, half-filled lemonade bottles (shaken and thrown, they would explode loudly upsetting the police horses and scattering glass fragments under hoof) and marbles. A builders yard on the corner of Christian Street and cable Street was one such store where dockers laid in material for the building of barricades. Plans for 15 first aid posts on Back Church Lane were also drawn up, something that was of great need on the day considering the vast number of injuries inflicted on the anti-fascists by a brutal police force determined to drive the fascist march through at any cost. In the run up to October 4, "[t]he East End became engulfed in a frenzy of political activity, with meetings every night – for and against the fascists. The Home Office recorded police attendance at 536 meetings in August, 603 in September and 647 in October. Nearly 300 extra police a day were drafted into the area." [Daphne Liddle - '//The Battle of Cable Street and the failure of fascism in Britain//' (2006)] On the day, 3,000 Blackshirts had assembled at Royal Mint Street near Tower Bridge, many wearing the so-called 'Action Press' uniform of cap, armband and high boots. Mosley himself arrived in such a uniform. Opposing them were between 150,000-300,000 anti-fascists, with 50,000 alone pressed around Gardner’s Corner, the hub of any route from the City into East London. Gardner’s Corner was completely blocked and a number of the trams that turned around there at the end of the route which the drivers had abandoned were used as barricades. Some of the 10,000 police [according to the Daily Herald’s estimate, but probably closer to 7,000, including the whole of London’s mounted police regiment] tried to force a route through the crowd for the BUF march, brutally wielding truncheons and trampling people under horses' hooves. But, with Mosley's original route up Whitechapel Road blocked, the police had to find a new route - via Cable Street. New barricades were hastily thrown up and the mounted police made a concerted attempt to break though, coming under volleys of missiles, rubbish, the contents of pisspots, etc. Eventually they gave up and ordered the BUF march to turn around and head for Hyde Park. Over 150 anti-fascists had been arrested and at least 175 people were injured, including 73 police officers, but the fascists had been stopped and, following a short rally in Osborn Street, the anti-fascist forces marched to Victoria Park in the stead of the fascists. Hundreds joined in. Thousands stood on the pavements and in the roads, clapping and cheering as we marched on singing traditional working class marching songs and anthems. "On the morning of 4th October, the East End was transformed into an expectant Madrid. Red flags were draped from windows, and variations of the slogan ‘They shall not pass’ adorned walls throughout the district. Gangs of youths marched through the streets chanting ‘Mosley shall not pass’ and ‘Bar the road to fascism’. “Members of the Jewish People’s Council distributed a handbill which ended, ‘This march must not take place’. Leaflets were distributed by the Communists calling for a demonstration at Aldgate. The Ex-Servicemen’s Movement Against Fascism distributed handbills calling on its supporters to parade. The national Unemployed Workers’ Movement boasted of a human barricade. The loudspeaker vans of the Communist Party and the Jewish ex-Servicemen’s Association echoed throughout the boroughs. Anti-fascist rallies were announced for 2pm at Cable Street and at 8pm at Shoreditch." [Robert Benewick - '//The Fascist Movement in Britain//' (1972)] [www.historytoday.com/daniel-tilles/myth-cable-street www.historyworkshop.org.uk/cable-street75/ www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/History/Cable.html libcom.org/library/battle-cable-st-1936-joe-jacobs libcom.org/files/1936 Fascists and Police Routed - the Battle of Cable Street.pdf newworkerfeatures.blogspot.co.uk/2006_10_01_archive.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street www.hopenothate.org.uk/cable-street/what-the-papers-said www.oswaldmosley.net/the-battle-of-cable-street.php www.oswaldmosley.com/battle-of-cable-street/ www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15171772 www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/mosley.html www.leftfutures.org/2011/10/the-real-lessons-of-cable-street/ www.heretical.com/British/charnley.html www.bills-bunker.de/63090.html]

1943 - The Alianza Obrera (Workers Alliance) de Cataluña calls for a general strike, which quickly spreads across the country lasting in Madrid, for example, for 9 days. CNT members support the strike in various places despite their non-membership of the Alliance. At the same time the separatist movement was flexing its muscles. The Catalan government armed its supporters and they chased many CNT workers out of their offices and places of work by force of arms. The same day the Catalan minister of the interior ordered the arrest of a large number of well-known anarchists, hoping to prevent the CNT from 'interfering' in the strike and to intimidate it into supporting the separatist movement's cause. as the Alianza Obrera was already doing. The CNT released a statement saying that they supported the struggle against fascism but would not support party political aims or the separatists.

[D] 1993 - October Coup [Октябрьский путч]: Following yesterday's attempted coup by the 'old guard' former Communist nomenklatura and other reactionary elements such as Stalinists from the Working Russia movement, fascists from the Russian National Unity group, militants from Transnistria and Abkhazia and various monarchist and Russian Orthadox groups, the army and a number of political groups, such as the Civic Union bloc, and commentators side with Yeltsin. During an emergency RTR broadcast in the early hours of the morning, the economist and politician Grigory Yavlinsky said: "The people who call themselves defenders of the White House have used force, provoked bloody disturbances, massacres—and thus forfeited any right to call themselves defenders of the law, of democracy, and of the Constitution. Today, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin must use all the means at his disposal . . . to stop the use of force by fascist, extremist criminal groups, who have assembled under the auspices of the White House. . . . For the sake of the future, we must remove the violators from our streets, from our squares, from Ostankino, and throw them out of our cities." By sunrise on October 4, the Russian army had encircled the parliament building, and at 06:50 the first gunshots were exchanged as combat vehicles began destroying the defenders' barricades. At 08:00, infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers directly targeted fire at the upper windows of the White House. At 09:20, six T-80 tanks launched a total of 12 rounds at the upper floors of the parliament building from the Kalininsky (Novoarbatsky) Bridge. 11:00: A cease-fire is announced in order to allow women and children to leave the White House. 12:00: The Public Opinion Foundation says 72 per cent of Muscovites support Yeltsin in the crisis, 9 per cent are on parliament’s side, with 19 per cent refusing to answer. 17:00: A mass surrender of 700 people takes place. 18:00: Vice president Aleksandr Rutskoy, Parliament leader Ruslan Khasbulatov and nationalist leader Albert Makashov are arrested. On October 8, official police figures claimed that 187 had died in the conflict and 437 had been wounded. Communist sources named much higher numbers: up to 2,000 dead. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/События_сентября_—_октября_1993_года_в_Москве imrussia.org/en/politics/564-the-shelling-of-parliament-myths-and-realities-of-october-1993 libcom.org/history/under-fire-between-lines-russian-anarchists-during-1993-yeltsin-coup www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst rt.com/news/parliament-siege-yeltsin-timeline-691/ rt.com/politics/october-crisis-russia-politics-671/ www.russia-direct.org/analysis/failed-russian-coup-20-years-later]

2009 - Alfredo Bonanno is arrested for bank robbery in Greece. [expand]

2012 - Residents of Totonicapán, a Guatemalan highland municipality with a majority Maya-K'iche' population, block the Inter-American Highway to protest against a hike in electricity rates, a series of constitutional reforms that indigenous peoples were not consulted about and the threat of restrictions on access to education in rural areas through a proposed change to the teaching curriculum. Government soldiers open fire on them, killing 6 and injuring more than 40. The troops' commander, Col Juan Chiroy Sal, and 8 soldiers are eventually arrested and charged with extra-judicial killing. || Eventually forced to face the crowd, a humiliated Antoinette shame-faced stands before the crowd, who hurl insults at her rather than stringing her up. The crowd then demands that King Louis XVI distribute bread that the palace had been hoarding, sanction the August Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and accompany them back to Paris to see for himself the plight of the city and its citizens. The King has no choice but to agree to their terms.
 * = 5 || [AA/D] 1789 - An angry mob of some 7,000 working women – armed with pitchforks, pikes and muskets – marches in the rain from Paris to Versailles chanting “Bread! Bread!” Despite being met by 20,000 French National Guardsmen who were protecting the royal family, the mob still manages to break into the palace to search for the Queen – who only narrowly escapes by fleeing to the King’s secure apartments through a secret passageway. Two of her bodyguards are not so lucky; their severed heads are impaled on pikes, serving as a clear statement of the mob’s intent.

1839 - Eugène Varlin (d. 1871, French bookbinder, labour activist, internationalist communard and libertarian, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre05.html#5]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 22] October All-Russian Political Strike: The University of Moscow is closed to prevent political agitation.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: The strike and the insurrection due to begin at midnight (Oct. 4-5) has been in preparation for months but, owing to poor coordination and swift police action, the entire socialist leadership is arrested in Madrid before the strike could take off. Following this, the poorly armed CNT workers in the capital are left largely to their own devices. Repeated attacks from the police and the unwillingness of the socialist committees to coordinate effectively force the workers back to work. A suspicious interception by government troops of much needed arms heading towards Madrid only adds to CNT mistrust towards the socialists. The Basque Country also took part with a week-long insurrection strike (Oct. 5-12), during which there were forty deaths (most of them insurgents). In Catalonia, with the labour sector of the alliance not having the CNT-FAI in its ranks, the uprising is barely noticed except in industrial towns like Sabadell. The strike, however, does take place even with the mass arrest of anarchists and CNT members. While the strike is falling apart in Madrid and elsewhere across Spain, workers of the mining towns of Asturias are taking up what little arms they have, intent on carrying the strike through. The province had long been a UGT stronghold, although the CNT also exercised a considerable influence of its own. Widely seen as being on the moderate wing of the union, the Asturian CNT has for many years been at the forefront of calls for CNT-UGT collaboration. The lack of antagonism (in comparison to relations between the unions in other parts of the country), and history of common action in Asturias results in high levels of cooperation between miners of both organisations during the insurrection. Before dawn in Asturias, all the Guardia Civil barracks throughout the villages of the province are called upon to surrender, and then attacked. Despite fierce resistance, 40 of the 90 these fall to the insurgents. Once overcome, revolutionary groups are set up in Sama, La Felguera and Mieres and columns of miners (around 1,000) advance along the road to attack Oviedo, the provincial capital, where there had only been uprisings in one or two barrios, and where the government forces had seized strategic positions. Attepmts by the authorities through the advance of a company of police from the south runs into trouble in the vicinity of Campomanes and half their numbers are killed in a clash with workers. Resistance in this area around Vega del Rey also holds up a large military force for days. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Obrera en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 lordo.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/informacion-y-propaganda-en-la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934/ www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/TextosIm/TDH/Octubre/Octubre.htm www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie]

1934 - In an attempt to shore up support in the West Country, Oswald Mosley flew into Plymouth Airport in October to give a speech in the Millbank Drill Hall in Plymouth. His speech was continuously interrupted by sections of the 3,500 audience singing the '//Red Flag//'. Towards the end of the meeting fighting broke out and a journalist and photographer for the local '//Western Morning News//' were beaten up by some of the 50 Blackshirt stewards [most were bussed in as the Plymouth BUF branch could now hardly muster a handful of local ones due to a plummeting membership caused by anti-fascist opposition to its activities] when they tried to photograph the fighting. His camera was also smashed. It descended into further farce when 20 anti-fascists stormed the stage followed by the electricity blowing and the lights going out. Nine Blackshirts were charged variously with assault, damage, and inciting the committing of a breach of the peace, to add to the three imprisoned at Exeter on assault charges following a visit to Plymouth looking for the lodgings of Nathan Birch, Director of Propaganda, and Maurice Isaacs, General Secretary, of the anti-fascist organisation the New World Fellowship, whose speaker loudspeaker vans had been in town prior to the BUF meeting, and had ended up attacking the elder owner of their lodgings. The press turned on BUF and financial difficulties led to Moseley winding up the Plymouth Fascist headquarters and leaving the city the following year. [PR] [devonsocialistarticles.wordpress.com/2008/01/06/plymouth-power-a-book-review-of-todd-grays-blackshirts-in-devon/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17113323 www.britishempire.co.uk/article/plymouth/oswaldmosley.htm]

1936 - The Jarrow March begins.

1939 - On September 28, Warsaw was forced to capitualte to the German Army and from October 1 troops began to occupy the city. Hitler planned to receive a massive victory parade of Gen. Blaskowitz's 8th Army to coincide with the completion of the Nazi-Soviet annexation of the country. In the last days of September, Polish General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski created the beginnings of a future underground organization, the Służby Zwycięstwu Polski (SZP; Polish Victory Service) and began a plan to assassinate Hitler on his visit to the Polish capital. Sappers laid two large caches of explosives (250 kg of TNT in each plus artillery shells) in ditches dug in the days of the siege of Warsaw. The boxes were covered with earth and made ​​to resemble the normal state of the road. One charge was placed near the National Economy Bank building, on the west corner of Nowy Swiat and Jerusalem Avenue; the second - in the building of the Directorate of Railways on the east corner, both on the route of his planned motorcade, and he command wires led to the basement of one of the ruined houses nearby. However, the charges, which would have devastated the surrounding area and killed many of the Poles that were silently witnessing the scene of the Nazi triumphalism trapped in the buildings lining the street, were never detonated and the definitive reason has never been stated. Franciszek Niepokólczycki aka 'Teodor', the sapper in charge of the action was unable to reach the basement due to the Germans closing off the street before he could get there and it is believed that the officer present hesitated and ultimately missed the opportunity. Having flown in on the day and received a rapturous greeting from the assembled troops, he returned by plane to Berlin later that day. [www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/historia/1519778,1,warszawski-zamach-na-hitlera.read en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michał_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski]

1968 - Seattle police kill Black Panther member Welton 'Butch' Armstead during an arrest for suspicion of car theft.

1974 - An IRA bombing at a pub in Guilford, near London, killing 5 people. The so-called Guildford Four are 'fitted-up' by poilce and sentenced to life in prison for the bombing. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings]

1993 - October Coup [Октябрьский путч]: The newspaper 'Izvestiya' published the Letter of Forty-Two, an open letter "Writers demand decisive actions of the government" to the government and President signed by 42 well-known Russian literati, listing seven demands which included the banning of various organisations, paramilitary groups, newspapers and even the television program '600 Seconds' (600 секунд), as well as the prosecution of those involved in the seige of the White House and various new laws. Later in the day Yeltsin complied, banning the National Salvation Front, the Russian Communist Party, the United Front of Workers and the Union of Officers, while 'Pravda', the former organ of the Soviet Communist Party, 'Den'', 'Sovetskaya Rossiya' and a number of other papers were told to cease publication. On October 6, Yeltsin also called on those regional Soviets that had opposed him (by far the majority) to disband. Valery Zorkin, chairman of the Constitutional Court, was forced to resign. The chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions was also sacked. The anti-Yeltsin TV broadcast '600 Seconds' of Alexander Nevzorov was ultimately closed down. On December 12, 1993, Russia held its first multiparty parliamentary elections since November 1917. That vote was won by the opposition. The elections in December 1995 resulted in an even more anti-Yeltsin Parliament, which, in the spring of 1999, fell only 17 votes short of impeaching the president. The fate of those who were defeated in October 1993 is telling. A number of former people’s deputies, including those actively involved in the confrontation (such as Sergei Baburin, Yuri Voronin, Nikolai Pavlov, Nikolai Kharitonov, and others), became members of the new State Duma. Also elected to the Duma was General Albert Makashov, whose work in Parliament will be remembered mostly for his promise to "take ten Yids to the underworld". The leaders of the rebellion, who had called for forming armed squadrons and storming the Kremlin, were released from prison under a parliamentary amnesty in February 1994. In 1996, Alexander Rutskoi was elected governor of the Kursk region; in 1999, he was among the co-founders of the pro-Putin Unity Bloc, now known as United Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/События_сентября_—_октября_1993_года_в_Москве imrussia.org/en/politics/564-the-shelling-of-parliament-myths-and-realities-of-october-1993 libcom.org/history/under-fire-between-lines-russian-anarchists-during-1993-yeltsin-coup www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst rt.com/news/parliament-siege-yeltsin-timeline-691/ rt.com/politics/october-crisis-russia-politics-671/ www.russia-direct.org/analysis/failed-russian-coup-20-years-later]

1996 - A bomb explodes in the mayoral offices of French Prime Minister Alain Juppe. There are no casualties. A Corsican separatist group later claima responsibility.

2008 - Six anti-fascists are arrested in a street fight against BNP activists in Bethnal Green, East London. ['//Docklands & East London Advertiser//'] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 6 || 1848 - Oktoberaufstand: Today and tomorrow, the citizens of Vienna demonstrate against the Emperor's [Ferdinand I of Austria and King Ferdinand V of Hungary] decision to send Austrian and Croatian troops to Hungary to crush a democratic rebellion there. On September 29th the Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarian revolutionary forces.

1885 - Joseph James 'Smiling Joe' Ettor (d. 1948), US IWW union organiser and famed activist in the Lawrence Bread & Roses Strike of 1912, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_James_Ettor spartacus-educational.com/USAettor.htm socialjusticehistory.org/projects/alww/index.php?title=ETTOR,_Joseph_James]

1901 - Les Travailleurs de la Nuit robbery at Bourdin's jewelers in an apartment on the 4th floor of the building located at 76 rue Quincampoix in Paris. They enter through a hole in the ceiling, break into the safe and completely wmpty it. Six days later, the rogatory commission launched by Judge Joseph Leydet claims that the booty carried away by thieves amounted to 121,486 francs. [www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2008/04/vol-bourdin-76-rue-quincampoix-paris-le-6-octobre-1901/]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 23] October All-Russian Political Strike: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russia's first General Strike.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: Oviedo is taken by the insurgents, with the exception of sites such as two barracks and an arms factory, where fighting with government troops continues. The Repubblica Socialista Asturiana is proclaimed in the city. The following days see the capture of many outlying towns amidst heavy fighting, including the large industrial centre of La Felguera. Many of these also see the formation of town assemblies or 'revolutionary committees', and it is in these bodies that practical differences between the socialists and anarchists become apparent. In areas under CNT control, popular assemblies of industrial workers (or peasants in rural areas) are formed, organising such things as food distribution. In contrast, areas under socialist control are characterised by highly centralised committees which keep any decision making largely in the hands of the local UGT bureaucracy. Often excluding CNT delegates to their committees, the determination of the socialist leadership to keep the strike strictly under their control significantly contributes to the defeat of the revolt in Asturias. Despite this, the willingness of UGT rank-and-file workers to cooperate with their counterparts in the CNT is demonstrated continuously throughout the uprising. In the south of the province, a significant contingent of army troops arrived, forcing groups of insurgents to fall back towards Vega del Rey, after destroying the railway line. Campomanes saw the arrival of a battalion Infantry Regiment No. 36, based on Leon; a section of rifles of the No. 12 Lugo Infantry Regiment and a Palencia cyclist battalion consisting of 400 men. By sundown, revolutionary forces had seized key positions on the higher areas around Vega del Rey overlooking the railway and highway, and government forces led by General Bosch had fallen into a trap from which they would not be able to extracate themselves for days. [see: Oct. 4 & 5] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2 anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/the-catalan-cnt-and-the-asturias-uprising libcom.org/history/1934-asturias-revolt www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/1304-la-revolucion-de-1934-o-de-como-la-republica-traiciono-a-los-trabajadores.html www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Asturias_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1934 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uníos_Hermanos_Proletarios es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Obrera en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners'_strike_of_1934 lordo.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/informacion-y-propaganda-en-la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934/ www.asturiasrepublicana.com/octdelapuente1.html paisajesdelaguerrilla.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/la-guerrilla-en-asturias-y-cantabria.html asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-revolucion-de-asturias-de-1934.html laverdadofende.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/la-revolucion-de-asturias-el-asalto-a-la-republica-del-psoe/ abelgalois.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/la-soledad-de-asturias-en-la-revolucion-de-octubre-de-1934/ www.sbhac.net/Republica/TextosIm/TDH/Octubre/Octubre.htm www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/Octubre/OctubreAs.htm www.publico.es/politica/revolucion-proletaria-1934-tuvo-oportunidad.html www.marxist.com/asturian-commune1934.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/rivolta_delle_Asturie]

1934 - Revolución de 1934: In Barcelona, ​​the president of the Generalitat, Lluís Companys i Jover, proclaims the formation of the Estat Català (Catalan State) within the Spanish Federal Republic. Companys and the members of his government were arrested sentenced on June 6, 1935 to thirty years' imprisonment. The Estatut d'autonomia de Catalunya de 1932 was suspended on January 2, 1933, and a governor-general imposed in place of the Generalitat.

1934 - Revolución de 1934: Following the mass arreas of anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists on the 3rd in advance of the general strike called by the UGT for the evening of October 4, in various parts of Barcelona, the CNT takes matters into their own hands and start to reopen union branch offices and halls that the police had closed 10 months previously. Armed groups of escamots, the paramilitary youths of the Esquerra, Catalonia's leading nationalist party, and the police then attacked the barnches, forcing the syndicalists to withdraw. [see: Oct. 4]

1934 - Revolución de 1934: During the evening and night, rebels take control of the town of Alguazas in Mucia, seizing the central Teléfonos y Telégrafos building and arresting at gunpoint the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of the municipality. The revolutionaries then proclaimed a Socialist Republic and raised the red flag on the balcony of the town hall. [expand] [www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1915&r=ReP-25629-DETALLE_REPORTAJES asturiasoctubre1934.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-revolucion-en-la-provincia-de-murcia.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1934]

[A] 1969 - Weathermen dynamite a statue of a policeman in Haymarket Square, Chicago in the run up to the Days Of Rage.

[A] 1970 - The rebuilt Haymarket police statue is blown up yet again by the Weather Underground.

[C] 1977 - Miquel Grau i Gómez, 20-year-old Catalan leftist and anti-Fascist, active in the Communist Movement of Valencia (MCPV), is killed by fascist Miguel Sandoval, a member of Fuerza Nueva. Sandoval, who was one of a group of fascists who attacked a group of MCPV militants putting up posters in the Plaza de Los Luceros in Alicante, threw a brick at Miquel, striking him on the head, killing him. [alicantevivotest.wordpress.com/2008/02/13/cronica-de-los-ultimos-dias-de-miquel-grau/]

1979 - Over 1400 people are arrested at Seabrook, New Hampshire, the construction site of two new nuclear power plant during an occupation organised by the Clamshell Alliance.

[D] 1985 - Broadwater Farm riot: Four police officers search the home of Mrs Cynthia Jarrett, near the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham. Mrs Jarrett’s son Floyd is currently in custody at Tottenham police station, having given a false name when found in a car with an inaccurately made out tax disc. The visit causes panic among some of the occupants, and in the furore Jarrett’s mother, Mrs Cynthia Jarrett, collapses. She is pronounced dead on arrival at hospital. With tensions already high in London following the shooting by police of Cherry Groce, a black woman from Brixton, during another raid a week earlier, which left her paralysed below the waist, two home Beat officers are attacked and seriously injured by a brick-throwing crowd, one of them having his spleen ruptured by a paving stone thrown onto his back when he had fallen. All day tension escalated with an increasing number of clashes between rioters and the police involving bricks and molotovs. Two police officers were shot and wounded and a number of news reporters also claimed to have been shot. Later that night, a serial of officers who were protect firefighters were attacked and one, PC Keith Blakelock, was killed. By midnight 58 policemen and 24 other people had been taken to hospital. Bernie Grant, leader of the Labour-controlled Haringey Council said in the aftermath that: "The youths around here believe the police were to blame for what happened on Sunday and what they got was a bloody good hiding." Over the following days (October 10-14th), an "amazing" [according to the Broadwater Farm Inquiry] 9,165 officers were operating on the estate or held in reserve and 359 people arrested in connection with the Blacklock killing, with just 94 being interviewed in the presence of a lawyer. Other incidents of "racist and oppressive policing" [Broadwater Farm Inquiry quote] included the smashing down of 18 front doors to homes with sledgehammers. The Inquiry was left asking if the police were "acting in this way simply to intimidate not just the occupants of the particular flats, but the estate as a whole?" On January 14 1987, 3 adults - Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite - and 3 juveniles - Mark Pennant (15-year old), Mark Lambie (14-year old) and Jason Hill (13-year-old) - were put on trial at the Old Bailey for Blakelock's murder. The judge later dismissed the charges against the youths because they had been detained without access to parents or a lawyer, but the 3 adults were found guilty on unanimous verdicts on March 9th. All three were cleared on November 25, 1991 by the Court of Appeal when an ESDA test demonstrated police notes of interrogations (the only evidence) had been tampered with. Out of the total of 359 people arrested, 159 were charged but only 49 men and youths were convicted of any offence arising from the riots (excluding Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite) In July 2013 Nicholas Jacobs was charged with the murder of Keith Blakelock (four other men arrested at the same time were not charged) but he was cleared on April 9, 2014 of all charges. [4wardeveruk.org/cases/adult-cases-uk/miscarraiges/cynthia-jarrett/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-26362633 kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2014/03/21/creating-the-beast-of-broadwater-farm/ www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/105/broadwater-farm-inquiry.html www.opendemocracy.net/forum/thread/riots-in-englanduprising-of-unheard] || Following 2 days of protest against Austria's intervention in Hungary, Emperor Ferdinand flees Vienna taking up residence in the fortress town of Olomouc in Moravia, in the east of the empire. On December 2, 1848, Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his nephew Franz Joseph. [see: Oct. 6] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 7 || [D] 1848 - Oktoberaufstand: The citizens of Vienna demonstrate for the second day running against the Emperor's [Ferdinand I of Austria and King Ferdinand V of Hungary] decision to send Austrian and Croatian troops to Hungary to crush a democratic rebellion there. On September 29th the Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarian revolutionary forces.

[1906 - [O.S. Sep. 24] Helsingfors (Helsinki) Conference (Oct. 7-11): the liberal Kadet Party officially abandons its radical 'Vyborg Manifesto' fourth session of the Cadet Party (Sept. 24-28 [Oct. 7-11], 1906) adopted a resolution rejecting implementation of the Vyborg Appeal [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm www.hrono.ru/dokum/190_dok/19060710vyb.php encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Constitutional+Democratic+Party]

1911 - Zapatista revolutionaries take Axochiapan, Morelos, from government forces during the Mexican Revolution.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: Delegates from the anarchist controlled seaport towns of Gijón (outside of which legionnaires and regular Army Africa troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Yagüe had landed) and Avilés arrive in Oviedo requesting urgently needed weapons to defend against a landing of government troops. Ignored by the socialist committee, the delegates returned to their town empty handed. Lacking even the basic arms needed to defend against the attacking troops, Gijón and Avilés fell the next day. Constant attacks out of the two ports over the coming week sealed the fate of Asturias, and the uprising was savagely crushed. 3,000 miners had been killed in the fighting, and another 35,000 taken prisoner during the wave of repression that followed. In Oviedo, the Northern Railways Police Headquarters, the Carabinieri barracks and the railway station fall to the insurgents. In the port of Avilés, the Agadir, a three thousand ton Basque merchant ship is sunk in the entrance to the Ria de Avilés to prevent the rumoured arrival of troops ships to launch an attack on Oviedo. In the south, the military launch artillery attack on the rebel positions around Vega del Rey. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

[CC] 1944 - Birkenau Sonderkommando Revolt: The Sonderkommando were Jewish prisoners who worked the death camps in return for special treatment and privileges. Every few months, the current sonderkommando was liquidated and the first task of their successors was to dispose of the bodies of the previous group. Since a Sonderkommando usually comprised men from incoming transports, their second task often consisted of disposing of the bodies of their own families. The Sonderkommando did not participate in the actual killing, that was carried out by the Nazis, they just did all the dirty work - guiding 'selections' to the gas chambers, removing bodies afterwards and collecting all the useful items (e.g. teeth, hair, etc.), cremating the bodies, etc.. At the end of June 1944, the 12th Sonderkommando started forming plans for a revolt, partially incited by a number of Soviet Prisoners of War. They began collecting weapons (knives and small axes) and female prisoner working in a nearby munitions factory smuggled in gunpowder. The idea had been to stage the uprising as the advancing Soviet army neared but, following an announcement that some of them would be selected to be "transferred to another camp" - a common Nazi euphemism for the murder of prisoners - the Jewish Sonderkommando of Birkenau Kommando III attacked the SS guards with stones, axes, and makeshift hand grenades (made from the smuggled in gunpowder over the preceding months from a munitions factory). An especially sadistic Nazi guard in Crematorium I is disarmed and stuffed into an oven to be burned alive. Two other SS guards are killed and 10 more wounded. However, the revolt is quickly put down but not before the Sonderkommando in Crematorium IV use their demolition charges to blow the oven rooms in a defiant suicide. Crematorium IV was damaged beyond repair and never used again. All 250 Jews were killed, most shot in the back of the head whilst lying face down outside the crematoria. Some are tortured and give up the names of the four Jewish women who had supplied the stolen explosive materials. The women - Ala Gartner, Roza Robota, Regina Safirsztajn and Estera Wajcblum - were captured and hanged in front of other prisoners on January 4, 1945 – as an act of revenge, but also to stop others resisting. One, Róża Robota (b. 1921), shouts "Be strong and be brave" as the trapdoor drops. [www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/aurevolt.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/auschwitz-revolt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp]

1957 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: The 1e Régiment Étranger de Parachutistes (1st Foreign Parachute Regiment) surround the hideout of Ali la Pointe, Yacef Saâdi's deputy, at 5 Rue des Abderames. The paratroops lay charges to blow away the false partition behind which Ali and his comrades are hiding, unfortunately the explosion detonate a store of bombs destroying the house and several neighbouring buildings, killing Ali, his 2 comrades and 17 other Muslims in neighbouring houses. The capture of Yacef Saâdi and the death of Ali la Pointe mark the defeat of the FLN in the city and the end of the Battle of Algiers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-deuxieme-ali la pointe.html encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

[A] 2009 - Libyan prison guards kill at least 6 and wound 50 Somali prisoners in Ganfuda (Benghazi) detention centre/prison during a mass escape attempt, but more than 100 detainees manage to escape. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/8th-october-1812-mass-attack-on-corn.html]
 * = 8 || [1812 - Mass attack on Corn Mill at Ilkeston, Derbyshire

1872 - Elisa Acuña y Rossetti (d. 1946), Mexican professor, journalist, revolutionary and anarcho-feminist, born. [expand] [www.emujeres.gob.mx/en_GB/elisa_acuna_rossetti puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2668-elisa-acuna-maestra-anarcofeminista-de-mejico.html www.anarkismo.net/article/22265]

1886 - Pierre Besnard (d. 1947), French railway worker and anarcho-syndicalist, who was co-founder and Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), prominent in the setting up in August 1936 of the Comité anarcho-syndicaliste pour la défense du prolétariat espagnol (which provided financial and material support to the CNT-FAI), became secretary of the Conference of these committees in October 1936 and later Secretary of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, and co-founder of the Confédération Nationale du Travail in December 1946, born. [www.fondation-besnard.org/spip.php?article184 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Besnard_(syndicaliste) maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article157323 maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article904 www.ephemanar.net/octobre08.html#8 www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1922-Les-anarcho-syndicalistes libcom.org/library/anarchosyndicalism-anarchism-pierre-besnard www.katesharpleylibrary.net/3ffc0v]

1897 - Antonio 'El Gallego' Soto Canalejo (d. 1963), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He is the subject of Xan Leira's documentary film '//Patagonia Utopía Liberataria//' (1998). [expand] [libcom.org/history/soto-antonio-1897-1963 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2z35m3 puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2659-interesante-biografia-antonio-soto-canalejo.html gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto_Canalejo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto www.ephemanar.net/octobre11.html#soto]

1919 - General Strike called to demand the release of San Francisco labour militant Tom Mooney and an amnesty for all political prisoners. Falsely convicted of a fatal bombing, Mooney is not released until 1939.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: The troops holed up the La Vega arms factory quit their positions and retreat to the Pelayo barracks. The city's Guardia Civil barracks falls. General López Ochoa (who would henceforth be known as 'el verdugo de Asturias' [the butcher of Asturias] and end up decapitated when captured during the Civil War in 1936) and his troops leave from Aviles en route to Oviedo, protected by 21 aircraft and with human shields, manacled prisoners in the front of the column (many of whom died, including the Socialist leader Bonifacio Martín). In the south the military, at a distinct disadvantage with their inferior positions, are driven back in fierce fighting around Vega del Rey. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1936 - Emile Cottin (b. 1896), French carpenter-cabinet maker and militant anarchist who tried to assassinate Clémenceau in 1919, dies whilst fighting with the international group of the anarchist Durruti Column during the Spanish Revolution. [see: Mar. 14]

[A] 1969 - The Weatherman-inspired Days Of Rage begin in Chicago. "Bring the war home".

[D] 1970 - Second explosion at the London home of Attorney General, Sir Peter Rawlinson. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1978 - Manchester NF's Sunday League football team, the Lillywhites, are turned over, literally, as the Luton box van that they are using as a makeshift changing room is attacked and rolled over by members of the Manchester Squad. ['//No Retareat//']

1980 - Arvo Albin Turtiainen (b. 1904), Finnish left-wing poet, translator and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Sep. 16] ||
 * = 9 || 1779 - The first 'Luddite' protesters [though it is arguable that the movement did not truly begin until 1811], named after one of their alleged members - Ned Ludd, smash stocking frames in Anstey, Leicestershire.

1896 - Celso Persici (d. 1988), Italian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2v6xd6 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4593 www.estelnegre.org/documents/persici/persici.html]

1905 - [O.S. Sep. 26] October All-Russian Political Strike: Cossack soldiers open fire on protestors in Moscow; ten people die. All Moscow publishers have been shut down by strikes [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1909 - Inside the Modelo prison in Barcelona, Francisco Ferrer appears before a court martial for his alleged responsibility in the Semaine Tragique. The one day show trial sentences him to death, which is carried out when he is shot in the moat of the Montjuic on October 13.

1922 - La Grève du Havre: The striking Le Harve steelworkers reluctantly return to ork, not having been able to gain any concessions from an intransigent Comité des Forges. [see: Jun. 19] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: In Oviedo the La Vega arms factory is occupied and large numbers of arms are seized but little ammunition is found. The Cárcel Modelo is also stormed and it too is found to contain a huge quantity of rifles and machine guns but no ammunition. However, the government troops are forced to retreat. The city has been taken against the superior forces of the army and Civil Guard: 1,500 soldiers, 400 assault guards and 100 civilians and police guards, however the miners failed to take the barracks of Pelayo and Santa Clara despite them being surrounded by the insurgents. All the city garrison can do now is try and resist the attacks of the workers, in the hope that a relief arrives. Meanwhile, Gijon, where the insurrectionary movement is restricted by its lack of weapons and ammunition, comes under bombardment by the Regular Army and Navy. Other towns suffer the same fate. In the south, army reinforcements from Zamora arrive via the Puerto de Pajares, allow General Bosch and his besieged troops, who were in serious condition without food and unable to care for the wounded, to withdraw to Campomanes on the 11th. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1934 - In the run up to an announce BUF meeting in Worthing, West Sussex, opposition gradually built, with numerous anti-fascist meeting held along the seafront. "'No More War. Damn Mosley. Fight Fascism' was written in tar on Worthing Town Hall and tar was also spread on the walls of the local fascist headquarters at 27 Marine Parade. On the night, just sixteen members of the Defence Force accompanied Mosley to the Pier Pavilion. He considerably underestimated the depth of local hostility towards him and his movement. As the meeting got underway, a crowd gathered outside that numbered several thousand by the time Blackshirts marched out in military formation. Fireworks were thrown as choruses of "Poor old Mosley's got the wind up" were sung to the tune of John Brown's Body. Mosley was struck, he retaliated and fights started that spread along the Esplanade. Blackshirts were forced to retreat to Barnes Cafe in the Arcade, a well-known BUF meeting place. The cafe was stormed, windows were broken, missiles thrown. As midnight neared, the Blackshirts tried to break out of the cafe but were spotted and attacked. A 'seething, struggling mass of howling people' poured into the road and fought each other in what has become known as the Battle of South Street." ['//Physical Resistance: A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2013)] Oswald Mosley, William Joyce, BUF's director of propaganda, Captain Charles H. B. Budd, the West Sussex district officer, and Bernard Mullans from the BUF national HQ were arrested on charges of riotous assembly. Mosley also had an assault charge for punching one "Jack Pritchard, a bystander". The assault charge was quickly dropped, despite witnesses. During the trial, the prosecution claimed that after the meeting, Mosley and the other defendants had marched around Worthing, threatening and assaulting civilians. The defence argued that the defendants had been deliberately provoked by a crowd of civilians, and several witnesses testified that the crowd had been throwing tomatoes and threatening Mosley. The judge eventually directed the jury on December 18 to return a verdict of "not guilty". [sussexhistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=1106.0 sussexhistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?PHPSESSID=3npd2b1145tbnrmb4poor8q0p0&topic=1106.15 trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17113323 trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/68131387]

[D] 1967 - A wounded Ernesto Che Guevara is captured and summarily executed in Bolivia, whilst trying to "export the revolution".

1969 - Days Of Rage: The 'Women's Militia' of around seventy female Weatherman members met at Grant Park, Chicago but are all arrested as they try to leave the park to raid a draft office.

1970 - Italian Trade Centre, Exhibition Building, Cork Street, London, bombed. Attacks simultaneously in Manchester, Birmingham and Paris against Italian State buildings. The attacks were claimed on behalf of Giuseppe Pinelli the Italian anarchist murdered by the police in 1969. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[A] 1975 - Irish Anarchist Black Cross members Noel and Marie Murray are arrested for murder following a bank appropriation in which a Garda died. ||
 * = 10 || 1609 - Gerrard Winstanley (d. 1676), English religious reformer and political thinker, a precursor of libertarian communism and Christian anarchism, born.

[A] 1758 - Townsfolk storm a meeting at Dunchurch and seize the list of people to be called up for military service. Three are arrested, two of whom are de-arrested on their way to Warwick jail.

1891 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) (d. 1956), legendary Polish anarchist who killed police chief Ramon Falcón by tossing a bomb into his car in Buenos Aires on 14 November 1909, born. [poss. alternate d.o.b. Nov. 10] [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier29.html#radowitzky libcom.org/history/simon-radowitzky-1891-1956 www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/r/radowitzky.php www.katesharpleylibrary.net/s4mxfw]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: In Syracuse, a protest (for the lack of implementation of the reduction of taxes, that the administration had promised to citizenship) degenerated into turmoil and was sacked the town hall (the tumult calmed the council approved the measures promised). [www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[C] 1900 - Umberto Marzocchi (d. 1986), Italian shipyard worker, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in the Arditi del Popolo, who fought on the Aragon front during the Spanish Civil War and, following the Retirada, joined the Foreign Legion (to gain French papers) and fought with the Maquis during WWII, born. Marzocchi became an anarchist at a very early age and by 1917 was secretary of the metalworkers’ union affiliated to the Unione Sindacale Italiana (Italian Syndicalist Union), thanks to his youth which precluded his being mobilised for front-line service as a reprisal. During the 'Biennio Rosso' (Red Biennium of 1919-20) he took part in the struggles alongside the renowned La Spezia anarchist, Pasquale Binazzi, the director of '//Il Libertario//' newspaper. In 1920 he was part of a gang of anarchists that attacked the La Spezia arsenal, overpowering the security guards and carrying off two machine guns and several rifles, in the, alas disappointed, hope of triggering a revolutionary uprising in the city. In 1921, visiting Rome to reach an agreement with Argo Secondari, he took over as organiser of the Arditi del Popolo (People’s Commandos) in the region; this organisation was to give good account of itself during the 'fatti di Sarzana' (events in Sarzana), the armed resistance of the civilian population and the Arditi del Popolo in and around Sarzana against fascist //squadre d'azione// groups backed up by the local Regio Esercito carabinieri. Moving to Savona, he organised the meeting between Malatesta and the pro-Bolshevik Russian anarchist Sandomirsky who arrived in Rapallo in the wake of the Chicherin delegation as its Press Officer. By 1922, wanted by the fascists, he left the country, playing an active part in the activities of the anarchist exiles in France and Belgium. In 1936 he was in Spain with the Italian Column and there took part in the battle of Almudevar. After Camillo Berneri was murdered, he returned to France where he handled aid to Spanish refugees. After the Nazi occupation, he joined the Maquis in the Pyrenees, part of a mixed unit made up of anarchists, socialists and French and Spanish communists (Group 31, Area 5). In 1945 after the Liberation he returned to Italy where he became one of the most active publicists, speakers and lecturers of the newly formed Federazione Anarchica Italiana (Italian Anarchist Federation), which at that time was an umbrella for the whole of the Italian anarchist movement. In 1971 he was appointed secretary of the International of Anarchist Federations’ Liaison Committee, a post he filled for 12 years. In 1977, by then almost eighty, he was arrested in Spain during an international anarchist gathering. He died in Savona on 4 June 1986. [libcom.org/history/articles/1900-1986-umberto-marzocchi www.katesharpleylibrary.net/nk99jr it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Marzocchi ita.anarchopedia.org/Umberto_Marzocchi militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article9266 www.ephemanar.net/octobre10.html#marzocchi www.umanitanova.org/node/15612 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/8179-un-anarquista-en-la-europa-del-siglo-xx-umberto-marzocchi-1900-1986.html]

1901 - Anarchist polemicist Laurent Tailhade (1854–1919) is jailed for a year for inciting murder in the pages of '//Le Libertaire//' on the occassion of a visit ot the Tsar to France.

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Sep. 27] October All-Russian Political Strike: The printers strike in Moscow has effectively escalated into a fully-fledged city-wide General Strike.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: In Oviedo, rebel ammuniton supplies are running very low but the insurgents still remain in control of the city. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1937 - Due to speak on some vacant land by Queens Drive in Liverpool, Mosley is greeted by a crowd of more than 800, most of whom are anti-fascists. "When an electrician started to erect a microphone on the van roof, cries of 'Down with Mosley' and 'We don't want fascism here' changed to volleys of bricks and stones - smashing the van's windscreen. G.C. Balfour, the district BUF treasurer, got up to speak and was hospitalised after being hit by a stone. Mosley arrived soon after by car and climbed onto the van. After giving the fascist salute, and before he'd spoken, he was also dropped by a stone hitting his left temple. Lying on the van roof he was hit again, on the back of the head, and knocked unconscious." ['//Fighting Talk//', Issue 13] He was only on top of the van for less than two minutes when an object thrown by a member of the crowd knocked him unconscious. Anti-fascists rushed towards the van and tried to turn it over. Mosley's minions ran for cover in the yard of a nearby warehouse and mounted police were us to restore order. Mosley was whisked off to Walton Hospital and discharged after a week recovering from concussion and a minor head wound. Balfour was also sent to hospital with head injuries and more than 20 others were injured by flying stones. The 250 cops present were largely powerless, though 12 male and 2 female anti-fascists were arrested. [streetsofliverpool.co.uk/liverpool-and-fascism/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/41438504 trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/11112742 www.jta.org/1937/10/11/archive/mosley-wounded-in-liverpool-stoned-by-hostile-crowd www.ljmu.ac.uk/HSS/HSS_Docs/SM_Aid_Spain.pdf afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1942 - Battle of Bowmanville: German prisoners of war in the Bowmanville prisoner of war camp, Ontario, Canada, most of whom were higher-ranking German officers rebel having objected to the intended shackling of 100 prisoners. After hand-to-hand fighting with the Veteran's Guard of Canada gaurding them, 400 prisoners then barricaded themselves in a hall. The stand-off lasted for three days (Oct. 10-12) until the barricaded prisoners were subdued with fire hoses and tear gas. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bowmanville www.camp30.ca/history.html]

[D] 1956 - Pro-Nationalist and pro-Communist factions riot in Hong Kong resulting in 59 deaths and approximately 500 injuries. Property damage was estimated at US$1,000,000. In the subsequent trials four people were convicted of murder and given death penalties. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1956_riots]

1965 - Six men and two women members of the British Ku Klux Klan are found guilty in a London court of charges growing out of a meeting at which they were reportedly told that the goal of the group was to "rid Britain of Jewish control". Seven are found guilty of wearing a uniform at a public meeting signifying association with a political organization, in violation of the 1936 Public Order Act, and all eight found guilty of aiding and abetting two of the other defendants. Patrick Webb, 36, and William Duncan, 45, each were sentenced to three months imprisonment for wearing uniforms. Robert Relf, 42, received a three-months jail term for aiding and abetting. Others received fines of between £20-25 pounds. All eight had pleaded innocent. During the trial, the prosecutor also told the court about a list of Jewish leaders, including Labour leader and Minister Mrs. Barbara Castle and the Jewish wife of Labour leader George Brown, of whom the movement planned "to get rid". The prosecutor said that the eight defendants met on June 19 in Rugby, all wearing long white robes with a black cross over the heart, and cloth head covers with slits for the eyes and mouth. [www.jta.org/1965/10/11/archive/british-k-k-k-members-sentenced-in-london-proclaimed-anti-jewish-aim]

1987 - 30,000 demonstrate against the Wackersdorf nuclear power plant in West Germany. || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Morant_Bay_Rebellion.htm]
 * = 11 || [D] 1865 - The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica. Although slavery has been abolished in Jamaica, most blacks are desperately poor, landless, and denied the vote. When a black man is arrested and imprisoned for ‘trespassing’ on a long-abandoned plantation, protesters march to the courthouse in Morant Bay. Militia fire on them, killing seven. The protesters retaliate by killing 18 militia and officials and taking control of the town. The Governor of Jamaica, Edward Eyre, then dispatches troops to engage in brutal reprisals. Hundreds of blacks are killed in the following days, many of them people who had had nothing to do with the events, shot down in cold blood as troops maraude through the countryside.

1908 - Suffragettes hold a mass meeting in Trafalgar Square, London, inviting public to future demonstrations.

1910 - Revolución Méxicana: Francisco Madero, head of anti-reelection party escapes from imprisonment in San Luis Potosi and flees to Texas. He issues his Plan of San Luis Potosi, declares the election to be illegal and urges a rebellion against Porfirio Diaz.

1917 - Hipólito Marivela Torres aka Germán Marivela (d. 1980), Castillian carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist and fighter with the Durruti Column, born. He was still very young when he joined the CNT and was one of the organisers of the Sindicato de Oficios Varios (SOD). In 1936, following the fascist uprising, left the first on the front enlisted as a volunteer in the Durruti Column, fighting in Madrid, Aragon and, later, in Catalonia. With Franco's victory in February 1939, he crossed the Pyrenees for Puigcerdà and was interned in the concentration camps Mont-Louis and Vernet, later joining the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE). With the German occupation, he fought in the Résistance but was arrested by the Nazis and sent on March 3, 1941, with the registration number 3525 to Mauthausen concentration camp, where he remained until the liberation of the Lager on May 5 1945. After World War II, he worked in the mines of the Grand Comba, becoming active in the CNT in Champclausson and Trescolí, where he actively campaigned in the CNT and occupied various official positions. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3108.html]

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: General Lopez Ochoa and his troops, who had been laid up outside of Oviedo due to the strong resistance they faced, and now reinforced by the legionnaires and regular Army Africa troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Yagüe, enter Oviedo and, late in the day, the Comité Revolucionario Provincial orders the withdrawal from the capital and dissolves itself. However, the fighting in the city centre continues and a new Comité, composed mostly of young socialists and communists formed, is formed within hours, ready to continue the fight, when the troops of Lopez Ochoa and Yagüe began their first acts of violence and looting. Fighting continued for the next two days, in which the workers' militia attacked the enemy from higher ground and from working-class neighborhoods. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1934 - Following the debacle 6 days previosuly [see: Oct. 5] a riot breaks out in Plymouth Market Square as about 1,000 anti-fascists confront some of the Blackshirts that had remained in town following their being bussed in as stewards for the Mosley rally as they try to hols an open air meeting. Amongst those injured by the Blackshirts, some of whom were wearing body armour and had their knuckles bound with tape, were "on octogenarian and a cripple" according to the press. [devonsocialistarticles.wordpress.com/2008/01/06/plymouth-power-a-book-review-of-todd-grays-blackshirts-in-devon/ trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17113323]

[C] 1936 - The Red 'Victory' March: The Sunday after Cable Street the Communist Party tried to hold another 'Victory' march in East London. The '//Morning Post//' reported (13/10/1936): "The Victory March organised by the Socialists and Communists had a stormy progress through the East End". "As we marched along Whitechapel Road the shouting grew louder. We got to Green Street, everyone braced themselves because we were about to enter the enemy’s strong-hold…the pavements were lined with Blackshirts and their supporters. They pelted us with rotten fruit and flour." [Joe Jacobs, Secretary of Stepney Communist Party - '//Out of the Ghetto//' (1978)] [www.oswaldmosley.com/battle-of-cable-street/ www.historytoday.com/daniel-tilles/myth-cable-street]

[C] 1936 - Mile End Pogrom: Whilst the CPGB were holding thie so-called 'Victory' march and tying up hundreds of cops, a gang of around 150 youths, some armed with iron bars and hatchets, shouting their support for Mosley, descended upon Mile End smashing Jewish shops windows and looting their contents, a car was torched, Jews were beaten in the street, and bystanders were assaulted including a pre-school-aged girl and an old man, who were thrown through a plate glass window. [www.workersliberty.org/story/2007/06/21/cable-street-1936-75th-anniversary-when-workers-stopped-fascists digirep.rhul.ac.uk/file/3f8d58cc-857b-44b3-5d27-f89d441c61cf/4/Daniel_Tilles_PhD_Thesis2.pdf www.historytoday.com/daniel-tilles/myth-cable-street]

1936 - Oswald Mosley, fresh from his wedding in Germany at Goebbels' ministerial home to Diana Guinness, had flown into Liverpool for a planned march and rally in the city. Before the start of the procession there was a demonstration fronted by the Liverpool Anti-Fascist Committee (AFC) in front of the Adelphi Hotel, near Lime Street Station. A section of the crowd believed that Oswald Mosley was inside and a fight between the two parties occurred. According to 'The Manchester Guardian', a crowd of more than 50,000 anti-fascists lined the streets of the proposed fascist march. Due to the volume and ferocity of the anti–fascist protesters, who repelled a charge by mounted police, Mosley was forced to travel to the Stadium by car to avoid an ugly confrontation. However, the 300-strong Blackshirt continent were subjected to a constamnt barrage of bricks as they marched to the stadium, with concerted attempts to break up the march at St. John's Lane, Whitechapel and Exchange Street East. The march was also rerouted to avoid more anti-fascists gathered at Liverpool's cenotaph. In the stadium Mosley spoke to around 2,500 BU sympathisers whils anti-fascists fought the police outside. All told, 12 anti-fascists were arrested - 2 were jailed for 2 months, the others fined. After the meeting, Mosley claimed the response of the people of Liverpool was: "an experience with which lately we are familiar of a very highly organised attack.... The Liverpool police did extremely well... We shall carry on in exactly the same way." ['//The Manchester Guardian//', 12/10/1936] [www.ljmu.ac.uk/HSS/HSS_Docs/SM_Aid_Spain.pdf]

1969 - The Days Of Rage peter-out following a mass arrest of protesters.

1972 - 50 prisoners at the Washington D.C. jail seize control of a cellblock, taking 12 prison officials hostage in protest over conditions. The siege is lifted after nearly 24 hours when a District Judge agrees to hear and act on their complaints and none of the inmates would face charges for their actions. 12 were eventually charged with conspiring to escape, attempted escape and rioting and ten convicted, despite arguments by their criminal defence attorneys that the jail director and a federal judge had granted them immunity from prosecution.

2010 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: The Mixed Jury Court of Amfissa delivers their verdicts on the two special guards involved in the killing of Alexis Grigoropoulos. Epaminondas Korkoneas is found guilty of "homicide with direct intention to cause harm" and sentenced to life plus an additional 15 months of imprisonment. Vasilis Saraliotis is found guilty as an accompliceand sentenced to ten years of imprisonment. The killing of 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos sparked the 2008 Greek riots and demonstrations and riots in over 70 cities around the world. [web.archive.org/web/20101012173519/ www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=1&artid=4598592 www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11513309] || [www.ephemanar.net/octobre12.html#12 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rfq www.anarchosyndicalism.net/protagonists/pouget.htmtheanarchistlibrary.org/library/emile-pouget-sabotage] [Portrait by Aristide Delannoy]
 * = 12 || 1860 - Émile Pouget (d. 1931), anarcho-communist militant and propagandist, born. A key figure of French and international anarchism and revolutionary syndicalism between 1880 and 1914, one of the most vocal militants and cunning strategists, a prolific journalist and pamphlet-writer whose career spans three decades. In the late 1870s formed a shopkeepers' union in Paris, although he did not become a wholehearted advocate of revolutionary trade unionism until the early 1890s. In 1883 he was imprisoned for leading a demonstration of unemployed workers with Louise Michel at Les Invalides, which ended in a bout of rioting and looting. It was on this occasion that the anarchist black flag is believed to have appeared for the first time. In 1888 he founded '//Le Père Peinard//', a fiercely anti-bourgeois, pro-strikes, and anti-colonial paper addressed to the worker, famous for its biting slang and artistic contributions. He was one of those indicted in the 1894 anti-anarchist Procès des Trente . He sought refuge in Britain and was condemned in absentia. Also author and signatory to the 'Charte d’Amiens' (Charter of Amiens; 1906), adopted by the CGT.

1879 - British troops occupied Kabul, Afghanistan. Not their first, or last, imperialsit mistake.

1905 - The '//Regeneración//' offices at 107 North Channing Ave. are raided by Pinkerton detectives. Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and Juan Sarabia are imprisoned and all the newspaper's equipment (presses, typewriters, furniture, etc.) are seized by the US authorities and sold.

1915 - Robert Rizal Ballester (d. 1936), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, born. Active in the CNT in Badalona, he was arrested and jailed on May 8, 1934, along with Fernando Lozano Vicente, accused of coercion, insulting behaviour and use of armed force during a strike. He was also accused, based on French evidence, of being a member of an international band of thieves. On February 11, 1935, he tried to escape the dungeons of the Direcció Superior de Policia in Barcelona by simulating a suicide. On 23 November 1935, he was court martialed for the 1934 events and was sentenced to five years in correctional prison. His comrade Lozano was sentenced to four years. During the Fascist uprising in July 1936, he was a member of the Comitè de Milícies Antifeixistes (Committee of Antifascist Militias). Also, as a member of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), he led the Badalona magazine '//Vía Libre//', organ of the CNT and FAI, during the civil war, collaborating on illustrations, collages and writings. With Franco's victory, he went to France, where he was eventually arrested by the Nazis, and sent to the death camps. Robert Rizal Ballester died on August 22, 1941 at Gusen concentration camp in Austria. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1210.html]

1923 - Léandre Valéro (d. 2011), Algerian anarchist and anarchist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and was active in the Algerian independence movement, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léandre_Valéro www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8511 libcom.org/history/valero-l%C3%A9andre-1923-2011 zabalaza.net/2011/11/24/tribute-last-to-witness-algerian-anarchism-leandre-valero-has-passed-away/]

1925 - American forces intervene (Oct. 12-25) in Panama to 'protect American interests'. Now where have we heard that one before? [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-10-October.htm]

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: With most of Oviedo in the hands of the military and lacking ammunition, the Provincial Committee is forced to surrender. General Lopez Ochoa, commanding, demanded surrender of the weapons of the captive Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto, restoration of all arms, the lives of prisoners taken to be spared, and the committees to give themselves up. No shots were to be fired on the advancing troops. The committees’ conditions for workers to lay down their arms were for the Tercio and Regulares to be kept out of the mining towns and withdrawn from the front on account of their bloody reputation. Ochoa agreed to these terms, and the Committee surrendered on condition that none of the committee were handed over. The agreement was read out to the population in Sama, who greeted it with cries of "treachery". They refused to surrender, knowing how vicious the repression would be. They said they would sooner take to the hills. In the end it was accepted as inevitable and when the troops entered the town there came the harshest repression yet known in Asturias. The wounded in the hospitals were rounded up and shot. They did not even enquire which side they were on. The prisoners were questioned and shot. A hundred would continue to hold out on Monte Naranco. In flushing them out, a young girl, 16 year old Aida de la Fuente was killed. Her friend was wounded and raped before being murdered. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1936 - In Spain a Generalidad decree dissolves the (revolutionary) Local Committees. These are shortly to be replaced by new, Popular Front-style town councils.

[C] 1942 - The creation of the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation).

[A] 1984 - The Grand Hotel in Brighton bombed during the Tory party conference. Thatcher survives, five people are killed, Norman Tebbit's wife is permanently disabled.

1999 - Björn Söderberg (b. 1958), Swedish anarcho-syndicalist militant of the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC) and anti-fascist activist, is assassinated by neo-Nazis (three bullets in the head) as he leaves his home in Sätra, Stockholm. He was targeted because of his anti-fascist activities in his union, specifically in exposing a fascist in his workplace. [see: Apr. 1] [arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Söderberg arbetaren.se/artiklar/sa-mordades-bjorn-soderberg/]

2001 - An ETA car bomb explodes in Madrid, injuring 12 people. The bomb, which exploded at night, was supposed to go off during a military parade that morning. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

2003 Two ETA bombs explode in Irun, Gipuzkoa causing great damage but no injuries. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

[D] 2003 - In Bolivia violence erupted at El Alto when the military tried to break a blockade against petrol lorries bound for Chile. The death toll grew to 59 after 4 days of clashes at El Alto. [bolivia.indymedia.org/es/2003/10/3225.shtml]

2008 - An angry crowd in central Mexico attacked police and helped nearly three dozen illegal Central American immigrants escape from custody after hearing that officers had allegedly sold the migrants to human smugglers in the farming town of Rafael Lara Grajales, Puebla state. Federal police managed to round up 21 migrants. ||
 * = 13 || 1766 - A mob of over a thousand rise in Great Colton, Warwickshire, against bread price rises. They split into flying squads 300 strong and traverse the country, enforcing prices and fighting the soldiery in Kidderminster, Birmingham, Alcester and Stratford.

1883 - Mario Buda (d. 1963), Italian-born American anarchist and Galleanist associate of Sacco and Vanzetti, born. Considered by some as the inventor of the car bomb when a car he owned was used in the September 16, 1920 Wall Street bombing. [www.ephemanar.net/juin01.html#buda]

[C] 1902 - A Carabinieri crackdown on a demonstration organised by the local farmer in the Lega dei Lavoratori (Workers League) at Giarratana, near Ragusa, Sicily, leaves three dead, including a military policeman, and fifty wounded. This was just one in a series of 'proletarian massacres' stemming from the repression of a wave of agrarian strikes affecting the whole of Italy that had begun the previous year. "A strike had been called in Giarratana. But not all workers were in agreement, many were dissidents. To avoid an outbreak of violence, as tempers very excited, the Carabinieri intervened, and faced with flying stones, and threatened by a series of scuffles, the Carabinieri, who were only armed with revolvers, fired into the air. That was the signal for the massacre. The Carabinieri were surrounded by the crowd, which, as if taken over by a madness for destruction, attacked them with stones and clubs. The soldiers, wilting under the vehement impact, tried to defend themselves. But, outnumbered, fired further revolver shots. Then we saw the red plumes of the soldiers being overwhelmed by the waves of the crowd, above which furiously waved sticks. The scrum became fearful, between cries of ferocity and terror, the Police were tight everywhere. The carabiniere Antonino Giancastro who was isolated by the crowd from his comrades, tried to defend himself with his gun, but he had to seek refuge in a nearby house. The crowd, enraged, chased him into the shelter, drunk with fury and blood. Seeing a big stir at the house where he had taken refuge, the Carabinieri came running. But too late: he had already been done in by his assailants." ['//Corriere Illustrato della Domenica//' Oct. 26, 1920] [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/quattro.html www.resistenze.org/sito/te/cu/st/cust4i04.htm www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-k/works/1907/militarism-antimilitarism/pt1-ch4b.htm sites.google.com/site/sentileranechecantano/cronologia/1902]

[D] 1914 - In New York City bombs are planted in St. Patrick's Cathedral and the Church of St. Alphonsus on this day, the five year anniversary of the execution of Francisco Ferrer. Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone, members of the Italian anarchist Gruppo Gaetano Bresci, are arrested and accused of conspiracy on March 2, 1915, and sentenced to 6-12 years prison on April 9th.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: Oviedo is now fully under military control and following its fall, many of the workers retreated to the coalfields, where the third and last Provincial Revolutionary Committee chaired by trained socialist Belarmino Tomás, based itself in Sama de Langreo, the capital of the Nalón basin. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1970 - Angela Davis, 26, a former faculty member at the University of California, Los Angeles, black militant and "self-proclaimed Communist" (//sic//), is arrested in N.Y. City in connection with a shoot-out in a San Raphael, California, courtroom six days before.

1977 - Four Palestinian terrorists hijack a Lufthansa jetliner, Palma de Majorca. They demand the release of "our comrades in German prisons", which would include the Baader-Meinhof gang: //"//We are fighting against the imperialist organizations of the world."

2007 - At around 4am, a young woman who is sleeping in the Piazza Verdi, Bologna, is noticed by cops, who decide that the girl’s behaviour must be 'corrected' by compulsory sanitary treatment (TSO). They forcibly keep the girl under their custody and call an ambulance to commit her to a mental hospital against her will. Juan Sorroche Fernandez, Cristian Facchinetti (Fako), Federico Razzoli, Sirio Manfrini and Maddalena Calore, five comrades of the anarchist space Fuoriluogo, witness the incident and try to block the ambulance staff in an attempt to free the girl. The reaction of the police is immediate and brutal. Shortly afterwards, the anarchists are handcuffed, having been severely beaten by cops. The invented accusations against them are quite heavy, including robbery charges (according to the prosecution, the comrades took a pair of handcuffs and a walkie-talkie, and attempted to steal a gun from one of the cops during the scuffle). On July 15, 2014, the investigation of the proceeding for the facts in the Piazza Verdi ended.

2012 - A failed escape attempt at the Senador Leite Neto Regional Prison in NE Brazil during visiting hours results in prisoners taking guards hostage and seizing control of the prison. They then stage a protest against conditions - built to house 180, the prison holds 500 inmates. Negotiations between the prisoners and prison authorities reach an agreement and inmates surrender the following day. One prisoner is wounded during the failed escape attempt. || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravachol www.drapeaunoir.org/propagande/attentats/ravachol.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php rebellyon.info/11-juillet-1892-execution-de-Ravachol-a.html www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/histoire/35-ravachol.html noms.rues.st.etienne.free.fr/rues/ravachol.html library.libertarian-labyrinth.org/items/show/2662]
 * = 14 || 1859 - Ravachol (François Claudius Koenigstein) (d. 1892), French anarchist bandit advocate of propaganda of the deed, and the subject of popular myth and song ('//La Ravachole, Sur l'Air de la Carmagnole//'), born. [expand]

1876 - Jules Bonnot (d. 1912), French auto mechanic, vegetarian, tea-totaller, anarchist 'illegalist', of the Bonnot Gang - the most famous of the //bandits tragiques//, born. [www.ephemanar.net/avril28.html#28]

1883 - Two-day founding congress (Oct. 12-14) of the International Working People's Association (IWPA) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Marks the beginning of the anarchist-trade union movement in the US. Endorses propaganda by the deed.

1889 - Max Hoelz or Hölz aka 'Der Roter Robin Hood' (d. 1933), German communist, born. "Max Hoelz was considered by the social democrats as a dangerous adventurer, by the official communists as an irresponsible and a traitor, by the communist left as an anarchist and by the anarchists as a Leninist" - Paco Ignacio Taibo II in '//Archangels//' (1998) [libcom.org/history/hoelz-max-1889-1933 www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HoelzMax/]

1894 - Sail Mohamed (Sail Mohamed Ameriane ben Amerzaine; d. 1953), Algerian anarchist, Spanish Civil War fighter and mechanic, a prominent anti-colonial militant, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre14.html libcom.org/history/mohamed-sail-1894-1953]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 1] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The 'October Manifesto' (Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября), officially 'The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order' (Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка), written by Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, and a member of the Council of State, Prince Alexis Obolensky (Алексе́й Оболе́нский), is presented to the Tsar. It closely follows the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic civil rights, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards universal suffrage, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Manifesto ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Манифест_17_октября_1905_года ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 1] October All-Russian Political Strike: The Moscow Okhrana reports that the strike movement is under control despite all the evidence to the contrary. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1906 - Hannah (Johanna) Arendt (d. 1975), German American political theorist on the nature of power, politics, authority and totalitarianism, born. Best known works include: '//The Origins of Totalitarianism//' (1951); '//The Human Condition//' (1958); '//On Revolution//' (1963); '//Men In Dark Times//' (1968); '//On Violence//' (1970) and '//Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution//' (1972). [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/arendt/ www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/arendt.html www.heartfield.org/love.htm www.firstthings.com/article/2010/02/assaulting-arendt newpol.org/content/intellectuals-and-anti-fascism-critical-historization]

[C] 1907 - Adrién Porchet (d. 2008), Swiss filmmaker, cinematographer and libertarian, who made propaganda films for the CNT during the Spanish Civil War, born. Son of the Swiss film pioneer Arturo-Adrien Porchet and brother of cinematographer Robert, who also worked on a number of his films for the CNT, including those made by Adrién. Amongst Porchet's Spanish films were '//Aguiluchos de la FAI por Tierras de Aragón. Estampas de la Revolución Antifascista//' (1936), a trio of documentary shorts; '//La Toma de Sietamo//' (1936) [both CNT - AIT, Sindicato Único de Espectáculos Públicos]; plus '//División Heroica (En El Frente de Huesca CNT)//' (1937), '//Aurora de Esperanza//' (Dawn of Hope; 1937) and '//Un Pueblo en Armas//' (A People Armed; 1937 - English release title '//Fury over Spain//'), a documentary on the activities of the Durruti Column that was later re-edited by Louis Frank as '//Amanecer sobre España//' (Dawn Over Spain; 1938 - English release title '//The Will of a People//'), all for the Sindicato de la Industria del Espectáculo (Entertainment Industry Union). He was also cinematographer on the prisoners of war documentary '//Le Drapeau de l'Humanité//' (1942), made for the ICRC. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Porchet gimenologues.org/spip.php?article128 www.xtec.cat/~xripoll/hcinec3.htm pr1314-4-d-cultu.blogspot.com/2014/02/el-cinema-catalunya-el-20-de-diciembre.html www.cnt.es/Documentos/cineyanarquismo/listado_pelis_filmo.htm www.christiebooks.com/Film Database/anarquismo/details/10108.html]

1911 - Benito Mussolini, Pietro Nenni, and Aurelio Lolli, are arrested in connection with the September 27th general strike, are convicted on all charges and transferred to prison to await the appeal in Bologna. [see: Nov. 23]

1913 - Revolución Méxicana: Pancho Villa fails to defeat federal garrison in Chihuahua City.

[D] 1920 - Demonstrations are held across Italy in support of the Russian Revolution and against the American and European invasions. Protesters also demand the release of political prisoners in Italy. In Bologna, where Errico Malatesta appears, police open fire on demonstrators, killing several.

[A] 1943 - Sobibor Uprising: Fearing that the camp may be due to be liquidated at any moment following rumours about similar fates for other camps such as Bełżec, in mid-August 1943 an underground organisation was formed, led by the head of the Judenrat in the Galician town of Zolkiew, Leon Feldhendler. The group, whose members were mostly the heads of the labour workshops, planned to organise a mass escape from the camp. Later, a Russian Jew, Officer Alexandr Pechersky, was chosen as commander. Several plans were drawn up. The aim of the one that was finally decided on was to kill the German staff, seize weapons and escape from the camp (there are, however, several versions of the course of the uprising). The rebels were joined by two Ukrainian kapos. The uprising broke out on October 14, 1943, at four o' clock in the afternoon, and in its course 12 Germans, including camp commander Franz Reichsleitner, and several Ukrainians were killed. Three hundred prisoners escaped, breaking through the barbed wire and risking their lives in the minefield surrounding the camp but most were killed. Those who did not or could not join the escape attempt were also killed. Over 100 escapees were recaptured Many were later hunted down and shot by Ukrainian guards sent on search parties. Around 50 prisoners survived the war, many of whom joined the Russian partisans operating in the area. [chelm.freeyellow.com/sobibor-rememberance.html chelm.freeyellow.com/partisans.html www.sobibor.info/dragnet.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibór_extermination_camp www.auschwitz.dk/Sobibor/uprising.htm www.sobibor-memorial.eu/articles.php?acid=270&lng=1]

1947 - Rita 'Bo' Brown aka 'The Gentleman Bank Robber', radical queer revolutionary, ex-prisoner and member of the George Jackson brigade, and prison abolitionist, born. ||
 * = 15 || 1907 - Oscar Lawler files federal charges against Antonio I. Villarreal, Ricardo Flores Magón, and Librado Rivera for violation of Arizona's neutrality laws.

1920 - Possible date (Oct. 10-15) for the signing of an agreement between Bolshevik and Makhnovist forces to co-operate against the White Army general Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel during the Russian Civil War.

1926 - Nakahama Tetsu (aka Tomioka Makoto; b. 1897), Japanese anarchist militant and author, is executed for acts of propaganda of the deed, including a plan to assassinate Prince Hirohito. Member of the Girochin Sha. [see: Jan. 1]

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: The troops of General Balmes on the southern front manage to overcome the last resistance that prevented their way to Mieres, in the Caudal basin. The Provincial Revolutionary Committee decide to negotiate the surrender and send a Guardia Civil Lieutenant, Gabriel Torrens Llompart, who had been taken prisoner by the insurgents, to meet with General Lopez Ochoa, commander of the 25,000 troops who had deployed the government to crush the uprising. At a second meeting, this time between General Lopez Ochoa and Belarmino Tomás himself, the terms of surrender of the insurgents were set. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

[A] 1966 - Bobby Seale and Huey P Newton launch the Black Panther Party for Self-Defence in Oakland, California.

[D] 1969 - The Imperial War Museum in London is gutted by an incendiary device. The attack is widely linked to other First of May Group/Angry Brigade actions.

1971 - Maryhill Barracks Army HQ, Glasgow, firebombed. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

2005 - Attempts by the US neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement to stage a protest picket and march against African-American gang activity in the North End of Toledo, Ohio, an economically depressed predominately black area policed by a mainly white police force, sparks a 4 hour riot by the community and the gathered anti-fascist protesters. The heavily outnumbered police, some armed with semi-automatic rifles, and who had tried to protect the nazis, was forced to retreat as they were charged and pelted with stones and bottles. The police were overwhelmed as the crowd surged forward and forced the nazis to retreat to their cars and leave the city. What followed was large-scale rioting against the police, with participants targeting police cars, media vehicles, and a military recruiter's vehicle. Over 100 people were arrested, and at least 12 police officers were injured. Eventually the city declared a state of emergency and an 8pm curfew, enforced on selected neighborhoods in the "problem" area. Twenty people were also arrested on curfew violations that night as over 100 officers patrolled the small neighborhood in North Toledo. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Toledo_Riot cleveland.indymedia.org/news/2005/10/17460.php]

2007 - In Aotearoa (New Zealand) 300+ police raid houses, arresting 17 members of the Tino Rangatiratanga, peace and environmental movement. ||
 * = 16 || [A] 1834 - In London the House of Parliament is burnt down, unfortunately by accident and not as a deliberate act of revolutionary zeal.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 3] October All-Russian Political Strike: Thousands march in the Moscow funeral of the liberal leader, philosopher and co-founder of the Moscow Conservatory, Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Troubetzkoy. Students in the march are attacked by Cossacks. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 3] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: From the relative safety of London, Lenin urges the Bolsheviks in Russia to make bombs and "form fighting squads at once everywhere". [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1907 - Antonio I. Villarreal, Ricardo Flores Magón, and Librado Rivera were escorted from the County Jail to the Federal courtroom on the fourth floor of the Tajo Building. More than two hundred sympathizers surrounded the trio shouting slogans. The sympathisers are keeping vigil because they are worried that the three might be sequestered and sent to México.

1907 - Roger Vailland (d. 1965), French novelist, essayist, screenwriter, youthful anarchist and, having fought alongside Communists in the Résistance, a Communist Party member, born. Fellow-traveller of the Paris Surrealist group who fell out with Breton and Aragon and helped form 'Le Grand Jou' in 1928. [www.roger-vailland.com/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vailland]

1912 - Revolución Méxicana: Nephew of Porfiro Diaz, Brig. Gen Felix Diaz, raises conservative revolt against Francisco Madero in Veracruz, is arrested.

1933 - A march of 400 Fascists in Manchester, led by Oswald Mosley, is attacked at by 60 anti-fascists throwing stones, which injured three of his bodyguards. The Fascists broke their ranks and charged the anti-fascist, injuring a number who were tended to by women from nearby houses. The march ended up at King's Hall, Belle Vue, where 2,500 fascists from all over England held a meeting and during which hand-to-hand fighting at the back of the hall broke out on a number of occasions. YCL member Benny Rothman, who intervened when Evelyn Taylor (later the wife of trades union leader Jack Jones) was physically attacked by BUF stewards as she heckled Mosley. Rothman also threw out some anti-Mosley leaflets but then was thrown bodily over the balcony, luckily having his fall broken by a blackshirt below. After the Belle Vue meeting, Mosley led a march of 400 Blackshirts to Longsight station to catch their special train back to London, they were ambushed by 60 young men hurling stones and bricks. A drummer was knocked unconscious and another fascist needed medical treatment. Two anti-fascists were injured in the fighting. [PR] [archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1008-pp/rothman.txt]

1936 - At Perdiguera, in Aragon, the 250 fighters of the International Group of the Durruti Column supports heavy fighting against the Moorish colonial troops of Franco. Dozens of foreign volunteers including a number of French militants are killed. Louis Berthomieu, a former captain of the French army living in Barcelona, blows himself up with dynamite rather than fall into the hands of the fascists. With him are Charles Ridel (Louis Mercier Vega) and François-Charles Carpentier, founder of the International Group. At least three women medical or canteen support workers are also killed, including Georgette Kokoczinski aka 'Mimosa', and the German socialists Augusta Marx and Madeleine Gierth.

1936 - Georgette Léontine Roberte Augustine Kokoczinski aka 'La Mimosa' (Georgette Léontine Brivadis-Ango; b. 1907), French anarchist, actress and nurse, disappears during the Battle of Perdiguera (Zaragoza) and dies (possibly shot by firing squad on Oct. 17) in circumstances that are not entirely clear. [see: Aug. 16]

1984 - Grimethorpe police station trashed as part of the UK Miners' Strike.

[C] 1993 - Welling 'Close down the BNP' protest: Following an upswing in electoral support in the east End, the BNP hoved their HQ cum bookshop to Welling in 1989 and this was followed up by the election in Tower Hamlets of Derek Beackon, the BNP's chief steward, to the party's first council seat in September 1993. The ANL's response was to organise a 'Close down the BNP' march, on the same day as an Anti-Racist Alliance held a rally in Trafalgar Square. In Welling a near-riot ensued when the police forced the 15,000 anti-BNP protesters in the march, which was led by an Auschwitz survivor, to change their route away from outside the party HQ building. A stand-off ensued with the police and handful of fascists who had assembled to 'protect' their HQ coming under a hail of missile. Attempts to break through the cordon were repelled by the police with liberal use of batons and horses were charged repeatedly into the crowd who had nowhere to go. A nearby cemetery wall collapsed under the weight of people and the fighting spilled over into the cemetery. 2,600 police officers were deployed, together with 84 police horses, with a further 3,000 police officers held in reserve. 31 people were arrested on the day (with more later following the cops' trawl of photos taken by mainstream media photographers, which which resulted in several dawn raids and arrests). Twenty-one police officers and 41 demonstrators were injured. As a footnote, on the day Red Action "found the BNP hiding in a pub a few miles away that day, and had a "free and fair exchange of views with them"!" ['//Bash the Fash: Anti-fascist recollections, 1984-1993//'] [www.dkrenton.co.uk/welling.html libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993/16-welling-kent-1993 pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr169/notes.htm hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1993/oct/18/welling-disturbances]

2005 - The inauguration in Mel, Belluno, Italy, of a monument in memory of the anarchist Angelo Sbardellotto shot by the fascists on June 17, 1932 in Rome. || [www.ephemanar.net/octobre17.html#marpeaux autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/edouard-aubin-marpeaux.html]
 * = 17 || 1866 - Edouard Aubin Marpeaux (d. 1894), French anarchist expropriator, and member of the Ligue des Antipatriotes, born. Convicted to life in prison for killing a policeman despite his denials of doing it. Marpaux was killed during a prison uprising on l'île du Salut. [see: Oct. 23]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 4] October All-Russian Political Strike: False rumours circulate that the government has arrested the railroad pension delegates at a St. Petersburg conference. The railroad union calls a general strike. Sytin management agree to the 9-hour day demand in order to try and end the strike, a raise in pay of from 7 to 10 percent, and half-pay for time spent on strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh&chunk.id=d0e10528&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e10528&brand=eschol]

1909 - A new demonstration in Paris against the execution of Francisco Ferrer brings 60,000 demonstrators out onto the streets, marching from Place Clichy to la Concorde singing the Internationale and uttering cries of vengeance against the Spanish monarchy.

1920 - In Italy Errico Malatesta, anarchist militant and writer, is arrested (along with 80 others). He is held responsible, along with Armando Borghi (arrested on October 13, shortly after his return from Russia), Corrado Quaglino, the local editor of 'Umanita Nova' and Virgilia d'Andrea, for the worker occupations of the factories in Milan during this past summer and in September.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: Having begun negotiations on Oct. 15 with General Lopez Ochoa, commander of the 25,000 troops who had deployed the government to crush the uprising, a second meeting takes place between General Lopez Ochoa and the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores leader Belarmino Tomás Álvarez to set the terms of surrender of the insurgents on behalf of the Provincial Revolutionary Committee.

1943 - André Respaut is arrested and tortured before being sent to Buchenwald, where he was known for his courage and generosity - saving several deportees from death. From 1939 to 1943, he was active in the Résistance and the Combat group. A lifelong anarchist, he worked with an association of deportees, and wrote the books '//Buchenwald Terre Maudite//' (1946) and '//Sociologie Fédéraliste Libertaire//' (1961). André was released on April 11, 1945 by the Americans.

1949 - Josep (José) Sabaté i Llopart aka Pepe (b. 1909*), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, guerrilla fighter against Franco, and older brother of Francesc (Francisco) 'El Quico' Sabaté and Manuel aka Manolo, dies in a police ambush. Following a series ambushes in Barcelona of his comrades over the preceding days during which Luciano Alpuente Hernández aka 'Madurga' was gunned down on the 14th and Eusebio Montes Brescos arrested two days later and brutally tortured. Earlier on October 17 Juan 'el Chofer' Serrano and Francisco Massip Valls aka 'Cisco de Lleida' were ambushed along the river Llobregat and el Chofer wounded, but both men had managed to escape. Meanwhile, thanks to an informer, an ambush had also been arranged for Pepe on the Calle del Bruch where he waited for a tram. However, having noticed the waiting police, he managed to open fire first and flee into the Calle Trafalgar, where he shot dead the Brigada Político-Social agent Luis García Dagas. Though wounded, Pepe continued his flight down the street he ran into two other BPS agents and was arrested. He was transported to the nearby Dispensari Municipal on the Carrer Sepúlveda, where he died from his wounds. [see: Aug. 17] [*NB: some sources give the year of birth as 1910] [www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/grupo-jose-sabate.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1710.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7434 libcom.org/history/llopart-jose-sabate-1910-1949 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Sabaté_i_Llopart]

[C] 1961 - Police massacre over 200 (possibly 300) Algerians protesting against police oppression and the curfew imposed against their community in Paris. Police search Algerian ghettos for FLN members, indiscriminately killing innocent Algerians before turning their guns on a large group of protesters gathered near the Seine River. The next day police release an official death toll of three dead and 67 wounded, a figure disputed by witnesses who observe bodies littering the area and floating in the Seine. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_du_17_octobre_1961 etudescoloniales.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/22/23307274.html algeroisementvotre.free.fr/site0301/octo1961/octobre4.html www.fantompowa.net/Flame/algerians.htm www.fantompowa.net/Flame/algerians_liberte.htm www.france24.com/en/20121017-paris-massacre-algeria-october-17-1961-51-years-anniversary-historian-einaudi/ news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1604970.stm encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1966 - The anarchist collective, The Diggers, holds its first free street food handout in Frisco.

1970 - During the so-called October Crisis (La crise d'Octobre), which was sparked by the kidnap by the Front de libération du Québec (Quebec Liberation Front) of the British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec's Minister of Labour and Vice-Premier Pierre Laporte, Cross' body is found a week after his kidnapping. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Crisis]

[D] 1980 - INCORRECT || The intervention of the prefect was, however, poorly received by some manufacturers who considered his actions to be demagogic, and the concessions afforded by their representatives to be a sign of weakness. 104 of them refused to apply the rate, claiming it was against the principles of the French Revolution. Laws such as the Le Chapelier Law and the Allarde decree of 1791 established the principle of economic non-intervention by the state, in addition to explicitly banning guilds, and denying the right to strike. The manufacturers claimed the fixed rate was contrary to freedom of enterprise. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 18 || 1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: Against the backdrop of poor economic circumstances and a resultant drop in silk prices, which caused a drop in workers' wages, the canuts (master silk workers, often working on Jacquard looms) request that the préfet du Rhône, Louis Bouvier-Dumolart, help them negotiate with the manufacturers. The canuts wanted a fixed price to be established, which would stop the further decrease of the price of silk goods. The prefect organised a group of owners and workers, which was able to establish a fixed rate on October 26. A labour court, the Conseil de prud'hommes, was given the role of ensuring the rate was applied.

1844 - Amilcare Cipriani (d. 1918), Italian Garibaldian revolutionary, partisan internationalist, communard, anarchist and socialist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre18.html#18 ita.anarchopedia.org/Amilcare_Cipriani www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/amilcare-cipriani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.anarkismo.net/article/18491]

1860 - British High Commissioner to China Lord Elgin (James Bruce) orders the destruction of the Yuanmingyuan (Old Summer Palace) in Beijing in retaliation to the torture and executions of 20 British, French and Indian prisoners. It takes 3,500 British troops to set the entire place ablaze, which continues to burn for the following three days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace]

1875 - Marius Antoine Joseph Baudy (aka Oulié; d. 1912), French illegalist anarchist and jobbing sculptor, born. A member of Alexandre Jacob's Les Travailleurs de la Nuit burglar group. Famed for his 1905 texts '//Pourquoi J'ai Cambriolé//' (Why I Rob) and '//Pourquoi je suis Anarchiste//', both published in the newspaper '//Germinal//'. Sentenced to 7 years imprisonment on October 1, 1905, he sailed to Guyana on December 23, 1909. Declared "fit to work all in all housing conditions", he died from physical exhaustion on January 2, 1912. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8789 www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2008/04/marius-baudy/ www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/tag/marius-baudy/ jccabanel.free.fr/th_pourquoi_je_suis_anarchiste.htm]

1881 - Amilcare Cipriani is arrested and imprisoned in Italy for the killing of an Italian in Alexandria in 1867. This incident was previously ruled self-defence but was invoked by Italian authorities to put the anarchist Cipriani out of commission during his revolutionary campaigning in 1881. Cipriani's imprisonment became a celebrated case across the left.

1893 - In New York, Emma Goldman is sentenced to one year in prison for "inciting to riot".

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 5] October All-Russian Political Strike: The Moscow Okhrana reports that he Moscow printers’ strike is clearly weakening, whereas exactly the opposite is true. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1911 - Zapatistas in México attack government troops in Huitzililla and Xalostoc.

[C] 1912 - Henri Bouyé aka Henri or André Deval & André Vigne (d. 1999), French florist and anarchist, who was instrumental in rebuilding and restoring the French anarchist movement after the Nazi occupation, born. He joined the Federation Anarchiste when it was set up in 1933, co-founded the paper Terre Libre in 1934 and later the florists union section of the CGT. At the outbreak of WWII, he was the treasurer of the Fédération Anarchiste de langue Française (FAF), a split from the Union Anarchiste, and when called up, he managed to be discharged on health grounds. Under the occupation he went underground under the alias of Henri Duval. In Paris on the Avenue de la Republique, he set up a florist shop run by his companion. It served as a cover for underground activities and, despite several visits from the Gestapo, the underground work remained undetected. In the cellar was equipment to manufacture false papers, and it served as a hideout for people about to be passed over the border, mostly to Spain. Scores of Jews had their lives saved by the Bouyé network. Henri also maintained the Paris anarchist movement's liaison and its contact with other liaisons in the rest of France. As the Liberation neared, he began work in resurrecting the anarchist movement in France, visiting the regions and printing the Manifeste de la Fédération Libertaire Unifiée. In late July 1944, during the fighting liberation in Paris, a Fédération Anarchiste leaflet and a poster titled 'Retour à la liberté' was released. As secretary of the Federation he prepared for the October 1945 Conference at Paris which put the organisation on a firm footing. He continued his involvement with the anarchist movement in France with the FA and the Union Federal Anarchiste. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article513 libcom.org/history/bouye-henri-1912-1999 raforum.info/spip.php?article2 www.la-presse-anarchiste.net/spip.php?article3824]

1916 - Julián Ángel Aransáez Caicedo (d. 2001), Basque anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-Francoist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/201210 efemeridesanarquistas1septiembre2012.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/18-de-octubre.html]

[DDD] 1920 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: During the night, the acting governor of Santa Cruz, Edelmiro Correa Falcón, ordered the raid and detention of all the workers gathered in Assembly in Rio Gallegos Workers' Society. Police surround the headquarters of the Federación Obrera and arrest 20 people including Antonio Soto, Antonio Fernández, Paulino Martínez and Fernando Ulacia. With their premises closed and their leaders imprisoned, the Federación Obrera immediately called a general strike throughout the Territory. From the Santa Cruz River in the south, columns of peons march to Rio Gallegos. They demand the immediate release of prisoners, improvements in wages and working conditions. The first strike Patagonia has begun. [scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2832&context=theses]

1924 - Jesús del Olmo Sáez (aka Malatesta; d. 1958), Spanish anarchist and anti-Francoist resistance fighter, born. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/201210]

1927 - Industrial Workers of the World Colorado Mine strike; first time all the coal fields are out.

1927 - The trial of Sholom Schwartzbard begins for the killing of Symon Petliura, who he blamed for the deaths of 15 members of his family in Pogroms in Ukraine.

1934 - Revolución de 1934 / Asturian Miners' Strike: With the terms for the surrender of the insurgents in Asturias having been set in a meeting with General Lopez Ochoa the previous day, the Unión General de Trabajadores leader Belarmino Tomás Álvarez attempts to persuade the workers and miners to end their fight. From the balcony of the city hall in Sama, Langreo he makes the following appeal: "Comrades! Red soldiers! Before you, convinced that we have been faithful to the trust you have place in us, we come to tell you of the sad situation that our glorious insurrection movement has been reduced to. We must confess our peace talks with the commander of the enemy army. But we have been defeated only for a while. All we can say is that in the other provinces of Spain, workers have failed to fulfill their duty and have not helped us. Because of this, the government has been able to dominate the insurrection in Asturias. Moreover, although we have rifles, machine guns, and cannons, we lack ammunition. All we can do is make peace. But this does not mean abandoning the class struggle. Our surrender today will be nothing more than a halt along the way, which will help us to correct our mistakes and to prepare for the next battle, which will be completed in the final victory of the exploited." The terms of the agreement, though not without some resistance, were accepted by the assemblies of the miners. Rather than give them up their weapons in line with the surrender agreement, many chose to hide them, others chose to flee through the mountains. On October 18, two weeks after starting the insurrection, the last stronghold surrendered and government troops occupied the coalfields. A few days later, the random uncontrolled repression previously practiced gave way to an official repression, with mass arrests and numerous summarrary executions. [see: Oct. 4 & 5]

1936 - Emma Goldmann appears at a mass rally of 16,000 people organised by the CNT-FAI.

1966 - Miguel Chueca Cuartero (b. 1901), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies in Paris. [see: Jan. 3]

[A] 1968 - American track medallists John Carlos and Tommie Smith suspended and stripped of awards for their 'black power' salute on the 16th at the México City Olympics.

[CC] 1976 - Laureano Cerrada Santos (b. 1902), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist counterfeiter, facilitator and guerilla veteran of the plot to kill Franco and Hitler together, is murdered in Paris by a Spanish Nazi who was later given asylum in Canada. A student of José Alberola, he was a member of the CNT (railroad union) and anarchist organisations. Active under the republic, in 1936 he helped in the taking of the Atarazanas barracks and Captaincy-General building in Barcelona and, as the man in charge of the Central Railway Administration Fund, was a great help to the Aragon front. He really became popular, though, in exile in France after the civil war, becoming very active in the struggle against the Nazis. A key figure in the WWII anti-Nazi Resistance and escape and evasion networks, he organised extensive propaganda networks, clandestine arms dumps and safe houses and was also in contact with many underground guerillas and dabbled in arms-trafficking. Cerrada was also a master forger and an influential figure in France’s criminal demi-monde, especially the Parisian and Marseilles milieux, and was, undoubtedly, one of the most problematic, enigmatic and mysterious figures of the Spanish anarchist diaspora. After the end of the Second World War, he enjoyed enormous prestige in CNT circles: he was secretary of the Paris regional committee (1945), but appears to have refused the position of CNT general secretary (declining to have his name included in the list of candidates) and some take the view that his refusal led to the success of Esgleas’s candidacy in 1945. He funded CNT propaganda and direct action activity against Franco and furnished forged papers to many victims of persecution. He also purchased a powerful US Navy Vedette speedboat used by the CNT’s defence committee to transport arms, propaganda and militants from France into Spain, and the high point in his war on Franco came in 1948 when, together with Ortiz, he prepared the aerial attack on Franco’s yacht in San Sebastian. He also tried to flood the country with counterfeit currency. His star began to wane in 1951: an informer brought him to the attention of the police who accused him of being a counterfeiter (of currency and official papers): many CNT personnel distanced themselves from him (and he was even expelled from the CNT for resorting to "unacceptable methods") and his life was lived on the blurred margins shared by criminality and anarchist idealism, torn between one and the other. Jailed again from 1970 to 1974, he was murdered in his old age. A very energetic man of tremendous daring, a born activist none too scrupulous in fighting the enemy, his style did not go down well with some people. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre18.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1624 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/z613wc www.katesharpleylibrary.net/hmgr7f diariodevurgos.com/dvwps/el-hombre-que-mato-a-laureano-cerrada.php www.cazarabet.com/lalibreria/fichas24/laureano.htm]

[AA/D] 1977 - Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe murdered by the German state in Stammheim Prison. Irmgard Moller survives assassination. The assassinations are timed to coincide with Operation 'Feuerzauber' (Magic Fire), the freeing of passenger and crew (and killing three of the four Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijackers) of Lufthansa flight 181 at Mogadishu airport. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesnacht_von_Stammheim en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction#The_.22Death_Night.22 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee_Fraktion www.baader-meinhof.com/death-night/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Möller www.socialhistoryportal.org/raf www.gerhard-richter.com/en/quotes/subjects-2/october-18-1977baader-meinhof-11]

1977 - Operation 'Feuerzauber' [Magic Fire]: West German commandos storm the hijacked Lufthansa flight 181 jet that was on the ground at Mogadishu airport in Somalia, freeing all 86 hostages and killing three of the four hijackers, Palestinians of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entführung_des_Flugzeugs_Landshut en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_181 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine]

1979 - Prudencio Iguacel Piedrafita (b. 1913), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist resistance fighter, dies. [see: Apr. 28]

2000 - The Earth Liberation Front sabotages logging equipment in Martin County State Forest, Indiana. || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-10-October.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws]
 * = 19 || 1878 - The German government, headed by Bismarck, passes the first in a series of Anti-Socialist Laws following the two assassination attempts earlier that year on Kaiser Wilhelm I - Max Hödel in May on Karl Nobiling in June. While the legislation does not ban the socialist Social-Democratic Party (SPD) outright, it bans any meetings whose aim is to spread socialist ideas, it outlaws trade unions, and it closes down socialist newspapers - ironically both wouldbe assassins were anarchists. The SPD works to circumvent the legislation with some success by relocating publications outside of Germany and running candidates as ostensible independents; support for the party actually increases during the period of the Anti-Socialist Laws. The laws are allowed to lapse after Bismarck leaves office in 1890.

1899 - Michele Schirru (d. 1931), Italian-American anarchist and anti-fascist, born. Arrested in a hotel room in Rome on February 3, 1931, with two bombs intended for an assassination attempt on Mussolini's life, he attempts to kill himself before falling into police hands. On May 28, 1931 a Special Court rules that he has acknowledged having had the intention to kill Mussolini. Convicted, he is sentenced to death and is shot the following morning at Fort Braschi.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 6] October All-Russian Political Strike: Workers on the Moscow-Kazan railroad goes out on strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1906 - Juan Sarabia, vice-president of the PLM, Cesar B. Canales and Vincente de la Torre are arrested in Ciudad Juarez after being led into a trap by an old school friend of Sarabia, a trap instigated by the Governor of Chihuahua, Enrique C. Creel. In El Paso, Antonio I. Villareal, Lauro Aguirre and a journalist José Cano are arrested by American police during a raid on the Junta, whilst Modesto Diaz and Ricardo Flores Magón, the latter by jumping through a window, manage to escape. These imprisonments seriously disrupted the insurrectional movement, forcing the PLM to go into a period of withdrawal before attempting new insurrections.

1907 - Consul Antonio Lozano, having initially brought libel charges against Ricardo Flores Magón and the others, filed an affidavit of complaint in the U.S. District Court at Los Angeles. Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio I. Villarreal, and Librado Rivera were charged with murder and larceny for actions allegedly committed on September 15 1906 in Jiménez, Coahuila. Their detention was continued after mid-September by a temporary commitment based on a 'John Doe' murder charge.

1910 - Luigi Lucheni (b. 1873), is found hanging in his cell. Anarchist advocate of propaganda by the deed, he killed the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria, (Sept. 10, 1878) and at age 25, received a life sentence with hard labour. [see: Apr. 22]

[D] 1915 - US recognises Primer Jefe of the Constitutional Army General Venustiano Carranza, as opposed to Pancho Villa, as the president of México, and imposed an embargo on the shipment of arms to all Mexican territories except those controlled by Carranza.

1920 - Clash between //cenetistas// and //pistoleros del Libre// (rightwing gunmen) on the street of Riera Alta in Madrid. CNT member Jaime Martínez Palau is arrested; also apprehended are Juan Lopez and Bartholomew Llabrés. The latter cenetistas are implicated in several atentados and end up spending six years in jail.

[A] 1989 - The Guildford Four released from prison after their sentences for the 1974 Guildford and Woolwich pub bombing were quashed. ||
 * = 20 || 1823 - François Léopold Charles Ostyn (d. 1912), French woodturner, communard, Bakuninst and anarchist, born. Member of the first Central Committee of the National Guard. Elected March 26 to the Council of the Commune, he sat on the board of Subsistances, then the Utilities. He voted against the creation of a committee of public salvation.

[B] 1854 - Arthur Rimbaud (d. 1891), French poet, anti-bourgeois anarchist, deserter, gun-runner and notorious homosexual absinthe and hashish aficionado, born. He published his first poem at the age of 16 and quit writing aged 20. A rebel from an early age, he ran away from home three times – most notoriously, in February 1871, to join the anarchist insurgents of the Paris Commune. The precocious boy-poet of French symbolism, he wrote some of the most remarkable poetry and prose of the 19th century before he abandoned writing for gun-running. "J'ai choisi d'attaquer les clichés, les a priori, les fantasmes, voire les mensonges publiés au sujet du poète. Le but de cet essai est d'essayer de savoir pourquoi l'adolescent, qui rassemblait tous les ingrédients de l'anarchie, s'écarta de la lutte sociale, de l'amour et enfin de la poésie, pour plonger dans un individualisme itinérant." ("I chose to tackle the stereotypes, assumptions, fantasies or lies published about the poet. The purpose of this test is to find out why the teenager, who brought together all the ingredients of anarchy, moved away from the social struggle, love poetry and finally, to dive into a travelling individualism.") [www.onthisdeity.com/10th-november-1891-%E2%80%93-the-death-of-arthur-rimbaud/ www.mag4.net/Rimbaud/Biography.html www.helium.com/items/1054324-the-option-of-anarchy chroniques-rebelles.info/spip.php?article651]

1895 - Gaston Leval (born Pierre Robert Piller; also used the pseudonyms Max Stephan, Silvio Agreste, José Benito, Felipe Montblanc, Josep Venutto and Robert Le Franc; d. 1978), French anti-authoritarian writer, combatant and historian of the Spanish Revolution of 1936, born. Wrote '//The Collectives in Aragon//' (1938), and '//Collectives in Spain//' (1945). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6468 www.ephemanar.net/octobre20.html#20]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 7] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Hundreds are killed or injured in a clash between revolutionaries and Black Hundreds (Чёрная сотня) in Tomsk, Siberia. A young Sergei Kirov (Серге́й Ки́ров) participates. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[C] 1945 - El Quico (Francisco Sabaté) and two other anarchist guerillas, Jaime 'Abisinio' Pares Adán and Juan 'El Roget' Salas Millón, at the request of Committee of Resistance of the CNT, break three prisoners out of jail in Barcelona.

[A] 1971 - Home of Bryant, Birmingham building boss, bombed while his workers are on strike. Communique issued by the Angry Brigade.

1971 - Eduard Vives (b. 1917), Catalan militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 15]

1974 - Adelchi Argada, Italian left-wing militant of the Revolutionary Communist Popular Front of Calabria, is killed by fascists in Lamezia Terme, Calabria.

1975 - Joan Enseñat Rigo, aka 'El Periodista' (b. 1901), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html]

1981 - Ex-members of Weather Underground, now belonging to the May 19th Communist Organisation, and members of the Black Liberation Army attempt to rob a Brinks armoured truck containing $1.6 million. All the money was subsequently recovered and most of those involved were either arrested or killed during shoot-outs.

1983 - Juan Francisco Abad Fornieles (b. ca. 1921), Spanish anarchist, journalist, poet and writer, dies. In the libertarian ranks from an early age, he joined the war at fifteen years old together with his father and in 1938 served as a press correspondent, writing regularly in '//Solidaridad Obrera//' (Workers Solidarity) and '//Tierra y Libertad//' (Land and Freedom). Imprisoned by the Fascists on January 8, 1940, he spent time in a number of prisons including Torrero-Zaragoza (1942), Ocaña (1945) and Puerto de Santa Maria (1947), where he formed a lasting friendship with the social prisoner Vega Álvarez. Released in June 1951, survived like other anarchists (Guzman, Gomez Casas, Vega, Olcina) by writing western novels, policieres, war stories and romances (publishing more than two hundred under several pseudonyms, including Juan de España and Marsh Scrape) and from 1955 onwards he combined his "survival writing" with working in a factory until his emigration (first to France, where was not understood by the Toulouse libertarians, and then, since 1960, in Germany). In his German years he stopped writing and quit politics until well into the seventies, when animated by Cristóbal Vega he returned to the anarchist fold and to the pen. A poet from the age of eleven, he wrote much, but published very little and was a poet of "bitter sweetness" in the opinion of Vega Álvarez. He collaborated on '//Correo Literario//', '//Espoir//', '//Ideas-Ortho//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in Barcelona (during the war and in the post-Franco era), '//Tierra y Libertad//' in Spain and México and '//Umbral//' (Threshold). He also wrote the preface to Raimundo Ramirez de Antón's poetry collection '//Antes de Ser el Alba//' (Before the Dawn; 1984) and author of '//Tierra de olvido y seis poemas a norte fijo//' (Land of oblivion and six poems of fixed north; 1981) and '//Pulsando mi Lira//' (Playing my Lyre; 1982). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2010.html www.losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article9883]

1994 - Antonio Ramos Palomares (aka El Carbonero; b. 1905), Andalusian anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist fighter, dies. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6738 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121020] || [guillotine.cultureforum.net/t1366p45-les-bagnes-de-guyane www.bagnedeguyane.fr/ libcom.org/history/the-prisoners-revolt-and-massacre-at-cayenne militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2250 www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2009/04/revolte-d’anarchistes-en-guyane/ www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2014/02/une-revolte-au-bagne/ www.ephemanar.net/octobre21.html collin.francois.free.fr/Le_tour_du_monde/textes/ATLM1910/Bagne de Guyane 1910.htm www.lexpress.fr/region/c-eacute-tait-le-bagne_489768.html www.lahulotte-guyane.fr/ilesdusalut/default.asp]
 * = 21 || [AA/DD] 1894 - Révolte de forçats sur les Îles du Salut: A large group of anarchist prisoners on Saint-Joseph, Îles du Salut, French Guyana organise a prison uprising. In September a guard named Mosca had killed the anarchist convict François Briens, and his comrades had sworn revenge. On the night of October 21, they seized their opportunity. Forcing open a newly unlocked cell door, they attacked and stabbed two guards (some sources claim three), freeing a number of other prisoners. They quickly sought out Mosca and killed him. Some escaped the prison grounds; others quietly returned to their cells, hoping to escape detection. However, informers had tipped off prison officials to the revolt and they were just waiting. The escapees were ruthlessly hunted down, their bullet-riddled bodies thrown into the sea. All told, four guards and 12 convicts, including ten anarchists, died during the uprising.

1905 [O.S. Oct. 8] October All-Russian Political Strike: The strike by railway workers has by now developed into a general strike in St. Petersburg and Moscow. This prompts the setting up of the short-lived St Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The rail strike reaches Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kursk, and the Urals. The telephone and telegraph service shuts down in central Russia, and the Union of Unions begins setting up strike committees throughout Russia in support of the rail strike [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1920 - About 25 delegates of the Unione Sindicale Italiana (USI), the 300,000-strong syndicalist union, meeting in Bologna, are all arrested as part of an on-going government crackdown against the union and numerous anarchist organisations and publications.

1920 - CNT activist Ramón Jaume Mateu is attacked by Pistoleros del Libre. Attacks by these right wing assassins, supported by anti-labour businessmen and the Catholic Church, against militant workers are common during this period.

1920 - Anarchist general Kim Jwa-jin draws Japanese forces into an ambush, leading to the victory of Korean nationalists in the Battle of Chingshanli

1921 - Massive demonstrations all over Europe in support of the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. In Paris 10,000 police and 18,000 soldiers attempt to control the crowds.

[A] 1928 - Giuseppe 'Pino' Pinelli (d. 1969), Italian railway worker, organiser in Gioventu Libertaria (Libertarian Youth) and secretary of Milan Anarchist Black Cross whose death whilst under police interrogation inspired the Dario Fo play '//Accidental Death of an Anarchist//', born. [www.libcom.org/history/articles/revolutionary-song-italy/ www.ephemanar.net/octobre21.html#pinelli]

1936 - Fascist siege of Madrid begins.

1939 - Serge Livrozet, French burglar sent to prison numerous times who became an anarchist and writer, born. Was active in the struggle against high-security prisons and the death penalty and, after meeting Michel Foucault, they formed the 'Comités d'Action des Prisonniers'. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre21.html]

[C] 1943 - The Minsk Ghetto, notable for its large scale resistance organisation, which cooperated closely with Soviet partisans and where about 10,000 Jews were able to escape the ghetto and join partisan groups in the nearby forests (as many as 20,000 are also estimated to have died trying to escape the Ghetto to join the partisans), is liquidated. By the time the Red Army retook the city on July 3, 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto]

1949 - The anarchist Miguel Garcia is arrested. Tried and sentenced to death along with eight other companions, five of whom were executed. Garcia spent 38 days in the condemned cell until his sentence was commuted to 30 years imprisonment.

1949 - Julio Rodríguez Fernandez, aka 'El Cubano', a fighter with Catalan //guerrilla// groups, and his comrades José Barroso Ruiz and Francisco Martínez Márquez, aka 'Paco' (b. 1922), die in a clash with the fascist police in Barcelona. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wsts2g]

1967 - Three days (Oct. 21–23) of anti-Vietnam war actions organised by the National Mobe (National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam), including the March on the Pentagon to Confront the War Makers, begin. 100,000 are at the Lincoln Memorial on the D.C. Mall, 35,000 (or up to 50,000?) go on to the Pentagon for another rally and an all-night vigil, others to engage in acts of civil disobedience and various Yippies try to levitate the building. 647 are arrested, among them novelist Norman Mailer, who describes the events surrounding the protest (including his time sharing a jail cell with Noam Chomsky) in his book 'The Armies of the Night'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Vietnam_War#1967]

[D] 1969 - On International Anti-War Day, Japanese police arrest more than 1,400 students from organisations such as the anti-war youth committee and the Peace-For-Vietnam Committee. The Socialist Party, Communist party and the SOHYO (General Council of Trade Unions of Japan) march together with 860,000 people. Under stiff conditions of repression, the various parties of the New Left engage in armed struggle around Tokyo. Police departments and police boxes are attacked. Tactics escalate with the organised use of molotov cocktails as well as explosives. Over 1,500 people are arrested. [en.internationalism.org/2008/09/japan-1968 libcom.org/files/BeyondtheNewLeftpart2.pdf]

1969 - Bolesław Stein (d. 1907), Polish doctor, anarcho-syndicalist and WWII freedom fighter, dies. [see: Apr. 29]

1981 - Black anarchist Kuwasi Balagoon is finally captured by the state following the Brinks robbery || [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121022 www.todoslosnombres.org/php/generica.php?enlace=muestrabiografia&idbiografia=8 www.andalupedia.es/p_termino_detalle.php?id_ter=18636]
 * = 22 || 1864 - José Sánchez Rosa (d. 1936), Spanish autodictat, teacher, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. A member of Mano Negra (1883), he was arrested several times and sentenced to various penalties, including death in 1892 as one of the supposed leaders of peasant revolt at Jerez de la Frontera, despite his avowed pacifism. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, during which he met his own teacher in anarchist thoughtFermín Salvochea, and in 1901 he was pardoned. Upon his release he became involved in the establishing of numerous rationalist schools across Andalusia, in which he also taught. He also undertook a speaking tour in 1904 on behalf of the Federació de Societats Obreres de la Regió Espanyola (Federation of Workers Societies of the Spanish Region; FSORE) and ended up in prison in Tangiers. Released in Jan. 1905, he settled in Aznalcóllar. In 1910 he moved to Seville, where taught in the district school in Triana and became director of the Agrupación Pro-Enseñanza Racionalista (Pro-Rationalist Education Association), as well as setting up a workers library in his home and founding and directing the anarchist newspapers '//El Productor//' and '//La Anarquíay//' (1919-1921). [expand]

1882 - During the night a bomb explodes at the restaurant of the Bellecour Theatre in Lyon, killing an employee. The anarchist Antoine Cyvoct is wrongly suspected because of an article published in the Lyon anarchist paper 'Le Droit Social'. Cyvoct was sentenced to death, despite no proof that he was responsible. His sentence was eventually commuted to forced labour and, despite an intense campaign by anarchists in 1895 to gain his release, Cyvoct was not amnestied until March 1898.

1892 - The first issue of '//Ravachol//', "Periódico anarquista", is published in Sabadell, Catalonia. The editor, Joaquim Pascual Soler, is prosecuted and imprisoned, but manages to escape from prison. The cover states "this paper will come out when it can" but only manages 2 issues. Banned, it will reappear as '//El Eco Ravachol//'.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: In Floresta, in the province of Messina, the police station is attacked during a Fasci protest. The police are disarmed and taken prisoner. In Marineo the fascio organises a demonstration to quash rumours that it has disbanded. As with the other Fasci, it would continue its protests against the duties on essential goods and against the activities of the municipal administration. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

[AA/DD] 1894 - Révolte de forçats sur les Îles du Salut: Ten* anarchists - Benoît Chevenet, Jules Stanislas Joseph Amboise Garnier, Léon Jules Léauthier, Luis Lebeau, Eugène dit Vulgo Mattei, Julien Mazarguil, Henri Pierre Meyrueis, Charles Achille Simon aka 'Biscuit', who took part alongside Ravachol on the attack against the president of the cour d'assises de la Seine, Benoit, and his deputy Bulot, Maxime François Thiervoz, and Edmond Aubin Marpaux - who had all taken part in yesterday's attempted uprising, are hunted down and summarily shot [Marpaux on the morning of the 23rd]. Simon, Léauthier, Lebault and Maservin's last words were to shout "Vive l'anarchie!" "Cold blood and no quarter given" were the orders of the Commander Bonafi, chief of Internal Security, whose men had gotten as drunk as pigs for the occasion. The following day their bullet ridden bodies were thrown into the sea for the sharks to eat, while the hurriedly appointed Commission of Inquiry continued the repression, putting in irons anyone who was even slightly suspected of helping the rebels. Of these, Jean-Baptiste Eugène Anthelme Girier aka 'Lorion', considered "the soul of the plot", and Bernard Mamert, alleged to have been one of the assassins of Mosca, plus five others, Forest, Heuzelin, Bonnacourci, Flameng, and Bernard, were later brought before the special maritime Court of Cayenne. Girier and Mamert were sentenced to death in June 1895 and all the others were acquitted. Mamert died in prison on October 11, 1895, a few days after an appeal against his death sentence had been rejected. Girier's death sentence was commuted to five years in solitary confinement on January 16, 1896, though he did not hear about the commutation until a month later. He died on November 16, 1898. [*There is some dispute over the exact number with some sources also giving the numbers of 11 & 12 dead, possibly due to two others (Jean-Baptiste Eugène Anthelme Girier aka 'Lorion' and Bernard Mamert) also having been given death sentences and later having died in prison.][guillotine.cultureforum.net/t1366p45-les-bagnes-de-guyane [www.bagnedeguyane.fr/ libcom.org/history/the-prisoners-revolt-and-massacre-at-cayenne militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2250 www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2009/04/revolte-d’anarchistes-en-guyane/ www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2014/02/une-revolte-au-bagne/ www.ephemanar.net/octobre21.html collin.francois.free.fr/Le_tour_du_monde/textes/ATLM1910/Bagne de Guyane 1910.htm www.lexpress.fr/region/c-eacute-tait-le-bagne_489768.html www.lahulotte-guyane.fr/ilesdusalut/default.asp]

1894 - Léon Jules Léauthier (b. 1874), French anarchist shoe-maker who stabbed and seriously wounded the Minister of Serbia, dies during a prison uprising on the island of St. Joseph, Guyana. [see: Jan. 5]

1905 [O.S. Oct. 9] October All-Russian Political Strike: The rail strike reaches Kiev and Voronezh. Assistant Interior Minister Trepov is now urging "the most drastic measures" to end the strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 9] October All-Russian Political Strike: As telegraph workers join the strike, Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) confronts the Tsar, warning him that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship, and demands either a constitutional government or a military dictatorship; he misinforms the Tsar that under a constitution the crown could still revoke any law. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

[D] 1905 - Argentian police massacre some 200 demonstrators opposing a tax on cattle, called by the Comité Pro Abolición. Popular outrage sweeps the country and workers call a General Strike. The government declares a state of siege. Despite heavy military protection of the cowards who hide in the palace, insurreccionadas attempt to take the building.

1905 - Today, during the Semana Roja (Red Week), a crucial event in early Chilean workers' history, 30,000 people join the uprising in Santiago, inspired by the revolutionary ideas sweeping working class public opinion.

1908 - Benigno Andrade García aka 'Foucellas' (d. 1952), Spanish locksmith, anarchist militant and anti-Francoist guerilla, born. He fought in the Civil War but with its end, he carried on with his guerilla activities alongside an autonomous band based in the Bacelo hills. Early in 1952, he was ambushed in Betanzos as a result of treachery and was wounded and arrested. Brutally tortured, he was sentenced to death and executed by garrote at 7 am on August 7, 1952 in the provincial prison of A Coruña, Galicia. [puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2358-benigno-andrade-garcia-ejecutado-a-garrote-vil.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article395 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4qrg39]

[CC] 1924 - Despite not being a member, the notoriously rabid anti-Semite William Joyce is a steward (as leader of the BF's 'I Squad' - he regularly stewarded for the British Fascisti and was a habitual participant in their street fights with anti-fascists) at a Conservative Party election meeting at Lambeth Baths Hall. There he becomes involved in a fight, receiving a razor cut from the corner of his mouth to behind his right ear that left him permanently scarred (to add to his broken nose picked up fighting during his school days). Joyce is convinced that his assailant was a "Jewish Communist" and the injury made his anti-Semitic stance even more implacable. [PR] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWjoyceW.htm]

1936 - Bobby Seale, radical political activist and co-founder, with Huey Newton, of the Black Panther Party, born.

1974 - Thirty members of the Oxford Anti-fascist Committee force their way into an election meeting at Headington Middle School for the NF candidate Ian Anderson. The audience of five people watch in disbelief as Union flags are torn down, the speaker's table overturned and Anderson is physically thrown out of his own meeting. This fiasco is followed a few days later when a much large meeting in Oxford Town Hall is invaded by around 100 anti-fascists who force Anderson from the platform and stage their own anti-fascist speeches. [PR]

1996 - 25 Venezuelan prisoners die in a fire at La Planta prison in Caracas deliberately set by guards. ||
 * = 23 || 1685 - Elizabeth Gaunt, an Anabaptist shop-keeper in London, is the last woman to have been executed for a political crime in England - sentenced to death for treason after having been convicted for involvement in the Rye House Plot.

1894 - Révolte de forçats sur les Îles du Salut: Edouard Aubin Marpeaux (b. 1866), French anarchist expropriator, and member of the Ligue des Antipatriotes, dies during a prison mutiny on l'île du Salut. [see: Oct. 17]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 10] October All-Russian Political Strike: The rail strike reaches Kharkov and Reval (Tallinn). All Moscow rail services have been shut down; a general strike is called in the city. St. Petersburg communications and service employees strike and Menshevik youths urge St. Petersburg workers to form a soviet / strike committee. Moscow Bolsheviks belatedly come out in favour of the general strike. A general strike is also in place in Batum. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1921 - Massive demonstrations all over Europe in support of Sacco and Vanzetti. The demonstration in Paris is barely contained by 10,000 police and 18,000 soldiers.

[B] 1927 - Philip Lamantia (d. 2005), Sicilian-American anarchist and Surrealist poet, born. A key link between the Surrealists and, as an influence, the Beats. Expelled from a junior high school for "intellectual delinquency", Lamantia discovered Surrealism as a teenager. He was immediately drawn to this movement and began to write poetry, leaving California for NY to meet André Breton, who recognised his talent and began publishing his poems. Lamantia's work appeared in Breton's '//VVV//', as well as Charles Henri Ford's '//View//' and other experimental journals. Married to Nancy Peters, a surrealist poet and co-owner, with Lawrence Ferlinghetti, of City Lights Books publishers. [interactivist.autonomedia.org/node/4259 ginsbergblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/philip-lamantia-1927-2005.html www.cprw.com/in-memoriam%C2%A0philip-lamantia-1927-2005]

[C] 1943 - Bergen-Belsen Transport Uprising: A transport of around 1700 of Polish Jews had arrived on passenger trains at the death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, although they had been told that they were being taken to a transfer camp called Bergau near Dresden, from where they would continue on to Switzerland to be exchanged for German POWs. One of the passengers was Franceska Mann, a beautiful dancer who had probably obtained her foreign passport from the Hotel Polski on the Aryan side of the Warsaw Ghetto. In July 1943 the Germans arrested the 600 Jewish inhabitants of the hotel and some of them were sent to Bergen-Belsen as exchange Jews. Others were sent to Vittel in France to await transfer to South America. The new arrivals at Auschwitz II (also known as Birkenau) were not registered but were told that they had to be disinfected before crossing the border into Switzerland. They were taken into the undressing room next to the gas chamber and ordered to undress. Different accounts give different details of what happened next, but what is confirmed is that she fatally wounded the roll call officer Josef Schillinger, using a pistol (many accounts say his own) and fired two shots, wounding him in the stomach. Then she fired a third shot which wounded another SS Sergeant named Emmerich. According to Jerzy Tabau [a prisoner who later escaped from Birkenau and wrote a report on the incident], the shots served as a signal for the other women to attack the SS men; one SS man had his nose torn off, and another was scalped. However, different accounts say different things; in some Schillinger and Emmerich are the only victims. Reinforcements were summoned and the camp commander, Rudolf Höss, came with other SS men carrying machine guns and grenades. According to Filip Mueller, all people not yet inside the gas chamber where mowed down by machine guns. Due to various conflicting accounts, it is unclear what truly happened next; the only things that are certain are on that day Schillinger died, Emmerich was wounded, and all the Jewish women were killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceska_Mann pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszka_Mann www.scrapbookpages.com/BergenBelsen/BergenBelsen00.html www.scrapbookpages.com/AuschwitzScrapbook/History/Articles/BelsenIncident.html articles.philly.com/2015-01-20/news/58235702_1_david-wisnia-auschwitz-birkenau-auschwitz-concentration-camp#1YIyR18LdCDcI7zL.99]

[A/D] 1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Within 4 months of the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953, Mátyás Rákosi, self-styled 'Stalin’s best pupil' and General Secretary of the Magyar Kommunista Párt (Hungarian Communist Party) since October 1944, had been replaced by Imre Nagy at the instigation of the Soviet politburo. Under Rákosi’s rule over 300,000 Hungarians had been purged: exiled, imprisoned or killed. The ousting of Hungary's own 'Vlad the Impaler' proved popular and under Nagy; life improved, goods appeared in shops, and political prisoners were released. However, Nagy became too popular for the Kremlin’s liking and in April 1955 Rákosi was put back in charge and the oppression started anew. But Nagy remained a popular hero. A year after his re-appointment, Rákosi was replaced by fellow hard-line Stalinist, Ernő Gerő. (The Kremlin, finally realising how unpopular Rákosi was, told him to resign on grounds of ill health and fly to Moscow for treatment. He did, never to return to his home country. He was not missed). But under Gerő, nothing changed – arrests continued, the AVO, the Hungarian secret police, was busier than ever, while discontent simmered and people longed for the return of Imre Nagy. On October 23, 1956, students in Budapest stage a peaceful demonstration, having, the night before, drawn up a list of sixteen demands (Sixteen Points). Among them, the demand for a new government led by Imre Nagy; that all criminal leaders of the Stalin-Rákosi era be immediately relieved of their duties; general elections by universal and secret ballot to elect a new National Assembly with all political parties participating; for the Russian language to cease being a compulsory subject in Hungarian schools; and for the removal of Soviet troops from Hungarian soil. The students meet at the statue of General Jozsef Bem, a national hero of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution. By 18:00, the demonstration has reached 200,000 in number. Spirited, but peaceful, the demonstrators shouted: "Russians go home!" Red stars are torn down from buildings. At 20:00, First Secretary Ernő Gerő broadcast a speech condemning the writers' and students' demands. Angered by Gerő's hard-line rejection, some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands: the 30-foot bronze statue of Stalin in the city’s Hero Square, erected five years previously as a gift to the dictator from the Hungarian People, is pulled down, leaving only his boots on the plinth, in which Hungarian flags are placed. A delegation of protestors try to broadcast their demands on national radio from the Radio Budapest building, demanding that the radio should belong to the people. Guarded by the Államvédelmi Hatóság (State Protection Authority), the secret police throw tear gas from the building's upper windows and then open fire on the crowd, killing many. Ernő Gerő condemns the protest and sends in the troops, but, to his dismay, finds that many of his soldiers side with the demonstrators, tearing the red stars from their caps and joining them. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1972 - The 'Research Group' (研究会) of the L-Class Struggle Committee (Lクラス闘争委員会), the forerunner of anarchist East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線), bombs the Fusetsu no Gunzo (風雪の群像), a bronze monument celebrating the Japanese colonisation of the Ainu, and the Institute of Northern Cultures (北方文化研究施設), two targets symbols of Japan’s imperialistic aggression against the Ainu Moshiri (アイヌモシリ) or Ainu homeland problem [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Fusetsu_no_Gunzo_and_Institute_of_Northern_Cultures ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/風雪の群像・北方文化研究施設爆破事件] ||
 * = 24 || 1870 - Mikhail Bakunin manages to escape from France, having been in hiding since the end of the Lyon Commune and the issuing of a warrant for his arrest, sailing from Marseilles to Locarno.

1886 - A letter by French anarchist militant Clément Duval of La Panthère des Batignolles justifying the group's activities appears in '//Le Révolté//': "Le vol n'est que la restitution, opéré à son profit par un individu conscient des richesses produites collectivement, et indûment accaparée par quelques-uns." (The theft is only restitution, operated on their behalf by an individual conscious of the wealth produced collectively and unduly monopolised by a few.)

1893 - Berek Lajcher [also remembered by Treblinka survivors by the names Dr Marius Leichert and Dr. Lecher](d. 1943), Jewish physician, former reserve officer in the Polish Army and social activist from Wyszków before the Holocaust in Poland, who was a leading member of the Organising Committee in the prisoner uprising at Treblinka extermination camp, born. Lajcher became the leader and secret organiser of the Treblinka revolt. On August 2, 1943, after a long period of preparation, the prisoners stole some weapons from the arsenal and made an attempt at an armed escape from the Totenlager. Lajcher was killed in the fighting. Several Trawniki guards were killed and some 150 Jewish prisoners escaped. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berek_Lajcher holocaust-history.org/operation-reinhard/uprising-in-treblinka.shtml]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 11] October All-Russian Political Strike: The rail strike reaches Smolensk, Kozlov, Łódź, and Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk), where there is bloody street fighting to Oct.27 - Moscow rail workers present demands to Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, including a call for a constituent assembly - a mass meeting in St. Petersburg calls for a nation-wide rail strike [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1907 - Ana María Cruzado Sánchez (d. 1982), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, born. Active member of the Sindicat del Vestir of thea CNT and in the Joventuts Llibertàries, where she met her future partner and fellow anarcho-syndicalist militant Antonio Zapata Córdoba (1908-2000). In February 1939 at the end the Civil War, they went into exile in France and lived in Font Romeu and Toulouse. In 1945, she returned clandestinely to Spain and was arrested. Following her release, she continued her underground activities in the CNT in Barcelona and was again arrested. In 1946, she went into exile in France and finally settled in Toulouse, where she participated in the freedom movement until her death. Her brother, Alfonso Cruzado Sánchez (1910-​​1983)[see: Oct. 27], was a member of the Sindicat del Transport of the CNT in Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1933]

1917 - [N.S. Nov. 6] October Revolution [Октя́брьская револю́ция]: A Bolshevik coup in Petrograd against the Kerensky Provisional Government begins in the early hours of the night (Oct. 24-25) takes place when parties of Bolshevik operatives are sent out from the Smolny Institute, then Lenin's HQ. They take over all the major government facilities, key communication, installations and vantage points in Petrograd with little opposition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution spartacus-educational.com/RUSnovemberR.htm www.onthisdeity.com/25th-october-1917-%E2%80%93%C2%A0the-bolshevik-october-revolution/ www.culturahistorica.es/rosenstone/october_as_history.pdf www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bolshevik.htm www.theguardian.com/century/1910-1919/Story/0,,126504,00.html?redirection=century static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2015/2/6/1423242198803/Revolution-in-Russia-as-T-001.jpg]

1918 - Wilhelmshaven Mutiny [Matrosenaufstand von Wilhelmshaven]: Flottenbefehl vom 24. Oktober 1918 (Fleet Command of October 24, 1918) is issued by the German Admiralty in an attempt to provoke a decisive battle between the German High Seas Fleet and the British Grand Fleet in the southern North Sea. It will help provoke the Wilhelmshaven and Kile Mutinies. [see: Oct. 29 & Nov. 3] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottenbefehl_vom_24._Oktober_1918 www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.radiobremen.de/wissen/geschichte/erster-weltkrieg/ersterweltkrieg-matrosenaufstand100.html www1.wdr.de/themen/archiv/stichtag/stichtag7884.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel%20mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

[DDD] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: The offices of the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) in Río Gallegos, Puerto Deseado, San Julián and Puerto Santa Cruz are searched and closed, and labour leaders arrested. Antonio Paris, general secretary of the FORA is detained and tortured by the police, and deported along with other labour leaders. A second general strike is declared in Santa Cruz. [see: Nov. 1] Meanwhile, Antonio Soto, general secretary of the FORA branch in Río Gallegos and the 'Líder de la patagonia rebelde', had set out with his fellow anarchists Luis Sambucetti, Severino Fernández and Pedro Mongilnitzkiof on September 15 on a recruitment and propaganda tour, via car and horseback, of the estancias in the mountain region. Hearing the news of the general strike on the Bella Vista estancia where he was staying, he hoisted a red and black flag of anarchism and began to promote the strike around the farms he was visiting. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.com/2012/12/la-patagonia-rebelde-o-la-patagonia.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html temakel.net/ghptragica.htm www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.drault.com/pdb/bayer/fechas-5.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

[C] 1924 - Italian anarchist militant Ernesto Bonomini (aka Dick Perry) is sentenced to eight years hard labour (later commuted to prison time) for killing fascist Nicola Bonservizi, a writer for Mussolini's fascist newspaper '//Popolo d' Italia//', in a Paris restaurant. He originally faced the death penalty but the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, an Italian antifascist politician, by Mussolini's henchmen on June 10, 1924, created a sympathetic atmosphere at the time of his sentencing.

[D] 1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Following the disturbances that had continued well into the night, the Hungarian Working People's Party ( Magyar Dolgozók Pártja ) Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention "to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale." The first Soviet tanks begin arriving in Budapest at 02:00. Martial law is imposed. What had began as a peaceful demonstration had turned very quickly into a fullscale revolution. Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest, and are reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid-morning. By noon, Soviet tanks are stationed outside the Parliament, and Soviet soldiers guard key bridges and crossroads. The Kremlin replaced the Prime Minister András Hegedüs with Imre Nagy, hoping that limited concessions might calm things down. On the radio, Nagy promised the people a return to reforms in return for an end to the violence. However, the population continues to arm itself as sporadic violence continues. Armed protesters seize the radio building. At the offices of the Communist newspaper 'Szabad Nép' unarmed demonstrators are fired upon by ÁVH guards who are then driven out as armed demonstrators arrive. At this point, the revolutionaries' wrath is focused on the ÁVH; Soviet military units are not yet fully engaged, and there are reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators. Hungarian troops are warned of the prospect of execution of those who refuse orders to fight the insurgency. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

[A] 1969 - The beating of prisoners in segregation sparks off a major riot in HMP Parkhurst on the Isle of Wight.

1970 - During the Council workers' strike a bomb explodes in the cleansing department head office, Greenford. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1975 - Ricard Sanz i García aka Cipriano Mera Sanz (b. 1897), French anarcho-syndicalist, militia leader and army commander in the Spanish Revolution, dies. [see: Nov. 4] ||
 * = 25 || [A] 1870 - The Marseilles Commune declares the abolition of both the state and all debt. [source?]

1878 - Spanish anarchist Juan Oliva Moncasi attempts to shoot Alfonso XII of Spain, but is disarmed by the crowd, and executed several weeks later, after refusing to be pardoned. The attack is used as an excuse to arrest many internationalist militants, especially in Andalusia. [see: Dec. 4]

1886 - Eleuterio Quintanilla Prieto (d. 1966), Asturian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Freemason and rationalist eductor, active in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and the Orto group in the FAI, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuterio_Quintanilla www.estelnegre.org/documents/quintanilla/quintanilla.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2749-eleuterio-quintanilla-pedagogo-y-anarcosindicalista.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/eleuterio-quintanilla-prieto.html]

1886 - The anarchist burglar Clément Duval is arrested for breaking into a rich woman's apartment, stealing her jewels, and setting the place on fire (accidentally). It all ends badly. [see: Jan 11/Feb. 11 & 28/Mar. 25]

1891 - Gregorio Jover Cortés (d. 1964), Spanish militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist activist and fighter against Franco, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/mars22.html#jover militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2864 ita.anarchopedia.org/Gregorio_Jover www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Gregorio_Jover]

1893 - Josef 'Sepp' Oerter is sentenced to 8 years in prison and his brother Fritz to 1 year for delivering "//seditious speeches//" at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz in Dec. 1892.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 12] October All-Russian Political Strike: Strike action in St Petersburg spreads to become a general strike. Over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the Caucasus resulted in Armenian-Tatar massacres, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku oilfields. The rail strike reaches Samara and Poltava. St. Petersburg is utterly paralyzed by a general strike; all rail service to the Tsar’s palace is shut down; troops are moving into the city. After days of inactivity, the Tsar orders Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, to deal vigorously with the unrest; Trepov in turn orders provincial police to "act in the most drastic manner ... not stopping at the direct application of force." During the night (Oct. 25-26), the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks belatedly come out in favour of the general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Liberal Kadet Party (Constitutional Democratic Party / Конституционно-демократическая партия) is established by the Union of Unions and Zemstvo groups. It holds its First Congress in Moscow on October 30th. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party]

[D] 1917 - [N.S. Nov. 7] October Revolution [Октя́брьская револю́ция]: As Red Guards 'storm' the Winter Palace at 02.10, the Cossacks guarding the building desert when they approach, and the Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the Women's Battalion surrender rather than resist the 40,000 strong army. The Aurora was then commandeered to then fire blanks at the palace in a symbolic act of rejection of the government. In fact the effectively unoccupied Winter Palace fell not because of acts of courage or a military barrage as the Bolshevik mythology has it, but because the defenders were heavily outnumbered and there was no one inside the building worth defending and the 'takeover' resembled little more than the changing of the guard. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution spartacus-educational.com/RUSnovemberR.htm www.onthisdeity.com/25th-october-1917-%E2%80%93%C2%A0the-bolshevik-october-revolution/ www.culturahistorica.es/rosenstone/october_as_history.pdf www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bolshevik.htm www.theguardian.com/century/1910-1919/Story/0,,126504,00.html?redirection=century static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2015/2/6/1423242198803/Revolution-in-Russia-as-T-001.jpg]

1928 - Catalan anarchists Jaime Tadeo Peña, Agustin Garcia Capdevilla and Pedro Boadas Rivas along with the Argentinians Antonio and Vicente Moretti rob the currency exchange in Messina, Montevideo, of 4,000 pesos. In the attack the director of the agency, an employee and a taxi driver are killed. Three others are wounded. All 5 anarchists are arrested on November 5.

[C] 1948 - Over 100 fascists try to storm a Peace Conference organised by Hackney Trades Council in Stoke Newington Town Hall. The 43 Group had been warned by informants that there was a likelihood of it being attacked by fascists and told the organisers, who in turn had asked for police help. Several hundred fascists began to attack at 7.15pm, using a variety of weapons, including knuckle-dusters but were repelled a number of times by 43 Group stewards. Petrol bombs and broken bottles were also used in the fighting. The police arrived at 7.45 and refused to help the besieged members of the Trades Council to provide any of the delegates, not even the Dean of Canterbury, with an escort. [www.dkrenton.co.uk/old/old1.html trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/56826452]

1955 - Ettore Cropalti (b. 1900), Italian shoemaker, anarchist and anti-fascist militant, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution] / Véres Csütörtök [Bloody Thursday]: In Kossuth Square, where a number of Soviet tanks have been stationed since yesterday, a protest of about 5,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in front of the Parliament building. Some of the Russians are fraternising with the Hungarians when, according to an American eyewitness (the building contained American diplomatic apartments), around 11:00 an ordnance charge ia dropped from an apartment building roof near the Széchenyi Rakpart, onto the Russian tanks below. [Other versiosn have the tanks firing, causing the 'loud explosion'.] Nobody knows who dropped the ordnance, but firing by ÁVH secret police snipers from the roof of the Agriculture Building across the square into the demonstrators. ÁVH units also began shooting from the rooftops of other neighbouring buildings. Some Soviet soldiers began returning fire on the ÁVH, mistakenly believing that they are the intended targets. Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who have joined the uprising, some in the crowd start shooting back. The crowd in the square found it difficult to escape. The massacre killed 61 and wounded more than 300 according to a report by the United Nation. Other sources claim upto 800-1,000 died. Armed insurrection became inevitable and the Corvin (Budapest VIII. district) insurgents began attacking with renewed vigor against the Soviet troops and secret police units. Units led by Béla Király, after attacking the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, carry out the killings of dozens of suspected communists, state security members, and military personnel. Photographs showed victims with signs of torture. [hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortűz_a_Parlamentnél_1956-ban www.hungarianreview.com/article/20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1986 - Ricardo Sanz Asensio (b. 1898), Valencian anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist fighter against Franco, dies. [see: Oct. 25]

2011 - Police arrested more than 100 people as they forcefully evicted the Occupy Oakland encampment in Frank H. Ogawa Plaza, renamed Oscar Grant Plaza by protesters in honor of the unarmed, handcuffed 22-year-old father slain by Bay Area Rapid Transit police officer Johannes Mehserle in 2009. ||
 * = 26 || [D] 1795 - Fired up by the French Revolution, a mass meeting of workers is held today in Islington. In its turn, the meeting prompts, three days later, an angry crowd to waylay the corrupt King George III in St. James Park. He is stoned and jeered, and the bootmaker John Ridley is unfortunately foiled in his attempt to haul him from his coach and lynch him (though Ridley is never apprehended).

[B] 1879 - Biófilo Panclasta (born Vicente Rojas Lizcano; d. 1942), Colombian writer, poet, militant individualist anarchist and agitator, born. Biófilo Panclasta ranslates as "over of life, enemy of all", his pen name. A prolific propagandist for his Stirnerite and Nietszchean views, he visited more than fifty countries - bannished from many, imprisoned in others - carrying the anarchist message, participating in demonstrations and workers' protests and in the process meeting the likes of Kropotkin, Ravanchol, Lenin and Maxim Gorky. Author of numerous articles published in the world's press, of a series of memoirs on his many years in prison including '//Mis prisiones, mis destierros y mi vida//' (My prisons, my destiny and my life; 1929) and '//Siete años enterrado vivo en una de las mazmorras de Gomezuela: Horripilante relato de un resucitado//' (Seven years buried alive in one of the dungeons of Gomezuela: A harrowing tale of one of the resurrected; 1932), and a series of letters in the form of prose poems. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html#panclasta es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi ó filo_Panclasta ita.anarchopedia.org/Bi ó filo_Panclasta www.estelnegre.org/documents/panclasta/panclasta.html www.chinacota.com/BIOFILO_PANCLASTA/Eterno_prisionero.html www.chinacota.com/BIOFILO_PANCLASTA/BIOFILO.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/biofilo-panclasta-i-do-not-rectify-i-ratify theanarchistlibrary.org/library/biofilo-panclasta-prisons theanarchistlibrary.org/library/biofilo-panclasta-and-dreams-of-ambition theanarchistlibrary.org/library/biofilo-panclasta-on-the-way-ii]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 13] October All-Russian Political Strike: The rail strike reaches Minsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kremenchug and Simferopol; rail traffic and telegraphs are shut down throughout European Russia. Moscow hospitals strike. Moscow industrialists and bankers urge stern measures against the general strike. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, orders the suppression of illegal Moscow meetings by force if necessary. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 13] October All-Russian Political Strike: The first meeting of the new St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов), taking its name form the coordinating group of striking workers that formed in late January–early February 1905, and that met at the apartment of Voline. Formed on the initiative of the printers' strike committee to represent striking workers and better co-ordinate the strike, it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/history/1905.html]

[C] 1913 - José Ester i Borrás (d. 1980), Spanish anarchist, arrested by the communists in Spain, then the Nazis in France, born. Active in the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias anarchist youth movement and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, he fought in the famous Colonna Tierra y Libertad during the Spanish Civil War, seeing combat on the Aagon front, in Madrid and catalonia. In May 1938 he was arrested by the Communists and accused with two other of having killed a member of the brigade, remaining imprisoned until the fall of the front. He later fled to France after the fall of the Spanish Republic, where fought in the Résistance against the Nazis and was arrested and deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp. Ester returned to France in 1945 and founded the Federación Española de Deportados e Internados Políticos (Spanish Federation of Former Political Prisoners and Camp Inmates), which campaigned for political prisoners in Franco's Spain, but also for the Spanish antifascists who were deported to labour camps in the Soviet Union after the Civil War. These prisoners were released only in 1956. Ester also worked, from 1953 onwards, for the Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides (French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) and remained active until well into the 1970s, and died in 1980. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre26.html#esterborras militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1488 socialhistory.org/nl/collections/jose-ester-borras autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/josep-ester-borras.html libcom.org/history/jos-ester-borr-s]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Russian tanks fire on unarmed demonstrators in Budapest. Armed resistance begins in industrial centres, General Strike begins, and state power disrupted as power is now in the factories and the streets. The central committee of the Magyar Dolgozók Pártja (Hungarian Workers Party) meet. Members of the military committee demanded the ruthless suppression of the uprising, but others declare support for the protests. Insurgent groups form, centred on Hay Square (Széna Téren), Moricz Zsigmond Square (Móricz Zsigmond Körtéren) and the Thököly Road - Dózsa György Road (Thököly út – Dózsa György út) intersection, successfully deploying Molotov cocktails primarily against the Soviet tanks in the narrow streets of the city. In the town of Kecskemét, demonstrations in front of the office of State Security and the local jail are fired uppon by the Third Corps under the orders of Major General Lajos Gyurkó, leading to seven protesters being shot and several of the organisers arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyurkó_Lajos]

1970 - Barclays Bank at Stoke Newington firebombed. Newspaper report says: "Police are investigating several similar incidents at other branches". Today there are also simultaneous bomb attacks against Iberia Airlines in Geneva, Frankfurt, Paris and London airports. [Angry Brigade chronology]

2011 - Hundreds of Occupy Oakland demonstrators take to the streets in response to yesterday's evictions and are attacked by police using rubber-coated steel bullets, chemical agents including tear gas, concussion grenades and other 'less lethal' projectiles. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1789)]
 * = 27 || [D] 1789 - Battle of Turnhout: One of the pivotal moments of the Brabant Revolution and the Belgian émigré Patriots army's unlikely victory led to the expulsion of Austrian forces to Luxembourg from the Southern Netherlands for nearly a year.

1889 - Nestor Makhno (d. 1934), Ukrainian anarcho-communist guerilla leader, born. [N.S. November 8] [nestormakhno.info/english/ nestormakhno.info/english/makfaq/h_6_1.htm www.ephemanar.net/octobre27.html#27 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/d254zf libcom.org/history/makhno-nestor-1889-1934 libcom.org/history/warrior-nestor-makhno-bandit-who-saved-moscow en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno www.ditext.com/nomad/makhno.html www.onthisdeity.com/26th-september-1919-–--nestors-counterattack/]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 14] October All-Russian Political Strike: The general strike reaches into Siberia, Central Asia, and Georgia. The Trans-Siberian Railway, and hence European Russia, is paralysed. Only one newspaper is being printed in the entire Russian Empire (in Kiev); electricity is off in St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg lawyers, doctors, and civil servants strike. The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) presents radical demands to the startled city council: the St. Petersburg Soviet quickly begins to act as a shadow government. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, publicly orders the St. Petersburg garrison: "Spare no cartridges and use no blanks." The police and the army ignore the order; War Minister General Aleksandr Rediger (Алекса́ндр Ре́дигер) is concerned about the army’s loyalty. Bloody clashes between troops and strikers take place in Odessa. In Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) the stike is now city-wide, and has swept out to the other cities of the Don region and all the way to Vladikavkaz. A number of revolutionary leaders and activists, and opposition group members in Rostov have also been arrested, further heating up the political situation in the city. That evening, Sergei Witte’s assistant draws up the 'October Manifesto', based on the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in Sep. In a series of meetings (Oct.31 to early Nov.) Witte fails to gain liberal support as the liberals are astounded at the appointment of the reactionary Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) as Minister of the Interior on October 22nd. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ռուսական_հեղափոխություն_(1905–1907) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дурново,_Пётр_Николаевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Durnovo]

[1906 - [O.S. Oct. 14] SR Maximalists stage a violent robbery of 400,000 rubles of state funds in St. Petersburg [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm]

1908 - Antonio Zapata Córdoba (d. 2000), Spanish construction worker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Spanish Civil War fighter, born. The youngest of four brothers of a family of day labourers, he attended a rationalist school set up by miners from the age of 5, which had a profound effect on him. At the age of 9 he had to start work in the fields. He went to Barcelona at the age of 12 here his brothers were working. There he worked first as a market gardener, then in a belt buckle factory, before going on to the building sites. He became involved in the anarcho-syndicalist trade union, the CNT, taking part in activities during the years of repression under the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. He was imprisoned for his activities for the first time at the age of 22. Here, he came in contact with the flower of the militants of the Spanish anarchist movement, which was a school for his own anarchism. With the declaration of the Republic in 1931, he was freed and militated in the CNT in the shanty town of Gracia. He was a member of the Groups of Confederal Defence, which physically defended the CNT from the attacks of the bosses and the State. He took part in the building workers strike, and then in the Civil War of 1936-9 joined in the fighting against the right-wing coup led by General Franco. He became a member of the Control and Administration Commission of Urban Property in Barcelona. He fought on the front, and like so many others had to flee to France with his then partner, Ana María Cruzado Sánchez (1907-1982)[see: Oct. 24]. He settled in Toulouse, remaining a supporter of the CNT until his death in on the night of January 12-13, 2000. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/zapatacordoba/zapatacordoba.html libcom.org/history/cordoba-antonio-zapata-1908-2000 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4361-antonio-zapata-cordoba-anarquista-y-fundador-del-ateneo-libertario-de-gracia.html]

[C] 1912 - Conlon Samuel Nancarrow (d. 1997), US avant garde composer, jazz trumpeter, CPUSA member and anti-fascist combatant, born. He joined the Communist party in June 1935 after a period as a 'fellow-traveller' and the following year he travelled to Europe for a month as the trumpeter on a ship’s band. There he visited London, Paris, Austria and Germany, where he presumably encounters fascism for the first time. In March 1937 he set sail for Spain to fight against the Franco dictatorship. In May of that year he joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, fighting in various anti-aircraft batteries for the Defensa Contra Aviación (DECA) and the German Dimitrov Battery of the International Anti-Aircraft Battery until the International Brigades were disbanded in September 1938. Having stayed in Spain after demobilisation, he spent some time in the south of the country (not in combat) and managed to escape Valencia in January 1939 in the hold of a freighter bound for Barcelona. He then missed the evacuees' train in Figueres, arriving in Barcelona on January 26, the day that Barcelona fell to Franco's troops. Setting off on foot towards the border in the company of other ex-Brigaders, they found the border closed (except for women, children and old men) at Port-Bou amd continued inland. They eventually crossed into France on February 7, just after the border had been reopened to troops and men of military age, and Nancarrow spent five days in the Argelès-sur-Mer concentration camp [not Gers as is widely claimed] before being released as he was a U.S. citizen. After a brief sojourn in Paris, he arrived back in New York on February 25m, 1939, aged 27 years old. Upon his return to the United States in 1939, he learned that his Brigade colleagues were having trouble getting their U.S. passports renewed because of their Communist Party membership. After spending time in New York City in 1940, Nancarrow eventually fled the U.S. for México City to avoid being arrested for his former Communist affiliations. Upon his first subsequent return to the U.S., in 1981 (for the New Music America festival in San Francisco), he consulted a lawyer about the possibility of returning to his native country, since the pollution in Mexico City was worsening his emphysema. He was told that he would have to sign a statement swearing that he had been "young and foolish" when he embraced communism, which he refused to do. Consequently, he continued living in Las Águilas, México City, (eventually taking up Mexican citizenship) where he remained in political exile until his death in 1997, aged 84. "Cage isn't really an anarchist, he just doesn't want to be bothered!" [www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/conlon-samuel-nancarrow www.nancarrow.de/ conlonnancarrow.org/nancarrow/Home.html conlonnancarrow.org/symposium/papers/meyer/meyer.pdf www.americancomposers.org/gann_nancarrow.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow www.otherminds.org/shtml/Nancarrow.shtml]

1936 - A Generalidad decree orders militarisation of Spain's People's Militias.

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: During the morning, Imre Nagy forms a new government, which in addition to the reform communist MDP (Hungarian Workers Party) members, contains former Kisgazdapárt (Smallholders' Party) members, including Zoltan Tildy and Bela Kovacs. The new government announces an immediate ceasefire and demands that the people have the right to decide on the direction of radical political change. Overight Nagy and Kádár hold a long discussion in the Soviet embassy with Moscow's CPSU delegates, Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov, about the need for a ceasefire and withdrawal of Soviet tanks from the capital. In Budapest and other areas, the Hungarian Communist committees organise defence. At the working-class stronghold of Csepel in Budapest by the Danube River, scene of some of the heaviest fighting, some 250 Communists defend the Csepel Iron and Steel Works. On 27 October, army units were brought in to secure Csepel and restore order. 27 fighter jet strafed a protest in the town of Tiszakécske, killing 17 people and wounding 117. In Kecskemét, a tank is used to fire on a demonstration, killing three protestors. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyurkó_Lajos]

1969 - 22-year-old Cesare Pardini Italian student is killed by police in Pisa. Following an attack on a group of students by Fascists, a large demonstration is called by trade unions and left-wing parties. 100,000 take to the streets including Cesare. After the march, hundreds try to break through police lines and attack the HQ of the fascist MSI. Vicious hand to hand fighting breaks out. Cesara is struck in the chest at pointblank range by a tear-gas bomb and then brutally clubbed by the police, suffering a broken a rib and other injuries, from which he dies. [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/tredici.html]

1991 - In Peru anarchist Andrés Villaverde arrested for sabotage. Sent to prison without trial and held for years despite a total lack of proof to substantiate charges of membership of the Maoist Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) guerilla group.

2001 - Liberto Sarrau Royes (b. 1920), Spanish militant anarchist, anti-fascist fighter and writer, dies age of 81. [see: Oct. 27]

[A] 2005 - Three weeks of mass urban unrest erupts across France following the deaths of 2 teenagers being pursued by police in Clichy-sous-Bois, a Parisian banlieue. || [www.ephemanar.net/mars21.html#carpentier militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2786 autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/francois-charles-carpentier.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CarpentierFrancois.htm]
 * = 28 || 1904 - François-Charles Carpentier (d. 1988), French militant anarchist and combatant during the Spanish Revolution, born.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 15] October All-Russian Political Strike: St. Petersburg bank, post and telegraph workers, ballet dancers, servants, janitors, cab drivers, and retail clerks strike. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior orders police to surround the University of St. Petersburg, forbids rallies, and threatens to clear the campus by force. Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, presents the 'October Manifesto' to the Tsar and refuses to participate in a military dictatorship. Discussions are held on the possible need to evacuate the Imperial family abroad. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

[C] 1909 - Claude Bourdet (d. 1996), French writer, journalist, anti-fascist, anti-colonialist and militant socialist, born. During WWII, he was active in the Résistance, helping found the '//Combat//' newspaper, the Noyautage des Administrations Publiques (NAP) intelligence and sabotage network, becoming its leader, and a member of the Conseil National de la Résistance. In 1944, he was arrested by the Gestapo and, after being imprisoned at Fresnes, he was deported to various concentration camps, including Neuengamme, Sachsenhausen, and Buchenwald, emerging in an emaciated state from the latter. After the Liberation, he was involved in the Centre d'Action des Gauches Indépendantes (CAGI) and, with various members of Socialisme et Liberté, founded the journal '//Octobre//'. He also continued writing for '//Combat//', succeeded Albert Camus as editor in 1947. He resigned in 1950 to found 'L'Observateur', which went on to become '//L'Observateur Aujourd'hui//' (1953), then '//France Observateur//' (1954) and finally the '//Nouvel Observateur//' (1964). In the spring of 1956, he was arrested at his home, handcuffed and hauled off to be strip-searched at Fresnes Prison, where the Gestapo had taken him upon his arrest in 1944. The 1956 seizure followed a series of articles in which Bourdet attacked the French campaign to destroy the guerillas battling for Algerian independence and condemned plans to call up 100,000 military reservists. In 1961, he investigated and denounced Maurice Papon, the prefect of the police force, in connection with the shootings of Algerian FLN demonstrators on October 17 in what became known as the 'Paris Massacre'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bourdet fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bourdet www.nytimes.com/1996/03/22/arts/claude-bourdet-86-leader-of-french-resistance-and-leftist-editor.html www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-claude-bourdet-1343622.html jacques.morel67.pagesperso-orange.fr/ccfo/crimcol/node12.html]

[D] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: The general strike called by the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina in Puerto Santa Cruz has spread and developed into a second national general strike. [see: Oct. 24]

1942 - A group of around 25, led by Shmuel Gruber (also known as Samuel Gruber; 1913 - 2006) and another prisoner named Kaganowicz (first name either Berko or Josef), escape from the Lipowa Street camp in Lublin. Kaganowicz was later found dead. [chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html]

1954 - Enrique Flores Magón (b. 1877), Mexican revolutionary anarchist and brother to the better known Ricardo Flores Magón, dies. [see: Apr. 13]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: At dawn, the Soviets launch an offensive on the Corvin Közi (Corvin Alley) area despite the agreement of the previous evening. Colonel Paul Maléter and soldiers in the Kilian Barracks and the Kossuth Artillery Officers' School (Kossuth Tüzér Tiszti Iskola) refuse to participate in the attack on the insurgents. The attack is swiftly repelled and the rebels destroy one of the Soviet tanks during fierce resistance. At noon, the government declares a cease-fire and accept the demands of the uprising. The House holds a meeting and at 14:00 the new government takes the oath of office. At around 17:30, Nagy makes a speech on radio announcing the new government, a general amnesty for the participants in the uprising, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest, the disbanding of the Államvédelmi Hatóság (ÁVH), the reintroduction of the Kossuth-címerrel (Kossuth coat of arms) as the emblem of the Republic, and declares March 15 as a national holiday. He also states that the new government is not against the revolution, but as a national democratic movement, appreciates what took place. In the evening, during the ten o'clock news bulletin on the radio a call goes out asking young people to join the new Nemzetőrséghez (National Guards) force, as well as the suspension of the curfew. During the night, Gerő Ernőt, Hegedüs András and several other Stalinist party leader and their families flee to Moscow via airplane. October 28 signals the de facto victory of the revolution. Khrushchev withdraws his troops from Hungary – but only as far as over the border. Hungarians sense victory. Political parties, long since banded, reform; new newspapers spring up, most only a side long, and are plastered up on shop fronts, trees and street lamps. Hundreds of Hungary’s secret police are lynched – punishment for their years of torture and oppression of the Hungary people. Imre Nagy, riding the wave of optimism, promises open elections and a coalition government. A few days later he went even further – promising Hungary’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyurkó_Lajos]

1959 - Camilo Cienfuegos (b. 1932) dies when his small plane disappears. Raised in a family of Spanish anarchist emigres, he became a key figure of the Cuban Revolution. [see: Feb. 6]

1967 - Black Panther Huey P. Newton is shot and arrested, and later charged with murder, in Oakland, Califonia. ||
 * = 29 || [A/D] 1795 - In response to the French Revolution, 200,000 people smash up Downing Street and mob the English King in St.James Park, chanting "No War! No King!"

1901 - Leon Czolgosz (b. 1873), self-proclaimed anarchist (the '//Free Society//' newspaper carried a warning that he might be a police spy and doubts persisted about his motives), is electrocuted for the assassination of US President McKinley. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre29.html]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 16] October All-Russian Political Strike: The general strike reaches Zhitomir. All Russian rail lines are shut down by strikes. Dmitri Trepov (Дми́трий Тре́пов), Assistant Minister of Interior, warns the Tsar that order cannot be forcibly restored without very heavy bloodshed. Government troops open fire on a Social Democrat demonstration at a street market in Revel (Tallinn), Estonia, killing 94 (or 150, depending on sources) and injuring over 200. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.estonica.org/en/History/1850-1914_National_awakening/Emergence_of_parties_and_the_1905_revolution/ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Трепов,_Дмитрий_Фёдорович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov]

1918 - Wilhelmshaven Mutiny [Matrosenaufstand von Wilhelmshaven]: Disquiet amongst war-weary German sailors, hopeful of a successful negotiations for an armistice with the Allies, that they might be putting to sea to engage with the British Fleet, provokes a mutiny amongst Wilhelmshaven sailors. Following the Battle of Jutland, the capital ships of the Imperial Navy had been confined to inactive service in harbour. Many officers and crewmen had volunteered to transfer to the submarines and light vessels which still had a major part to play in the war. The discipline and spirit of those who remained, on lower rations, with the battleships tied up at dock-side inevitably suffered. Five days before the mutiny an order, the Flottenbefehl vom 24. Oktober 1918 (Fleet Command of October 24, 1918), had been issued by the German Admiralty in an attempt to provoke a decisive battle between the German High Seas Fleet and the British Grand Fleet in the southern North Sea. As part of the plan, the German High Seas Fleet assembled on Schillig Roads off Wilhelmshaven on the afternoon of October 29. The plan called for the fleet to sail the following day, under the guise of a training exercise, with the raid on the Thames and the Flanders Coast scheduled for dawn on October 31, followed by a battle with the British Fleet later the same day. However, the evening of October 29 was marked by unrest and serious acts of indiscipline in the German Fleet, as the men became convinced their commanders were intent on sacrificing them in a deliberate attempt to sabotage the Armistice negotiations, as well as attempting to rescue their military honour (the German Fleet largely having been laid up without fighting since mid 1916 and the Battle of Jutland) through their sacrifice, and they wanted to prevent the military leadership compromising the chances of the imposition of parliamentary government through an armistice (as demanded by the Americans). Despite secrecy, in no time word the plan spread. A large number of stokers from the SMS Derfflinger and Von der Tann failed to return from liberty ashore and were rounded up by the authorities; mutiny and sabotage were rampant on board the I. Squadron ships SMS Thüringen, Kaiserin, Helgoland and Regensberg; and mutinous demonstrations took place on the III. Squadron ships SMS König, Kronprinz Wilhelm, Großer Kurfürst and Markgraf - on the König, Markgraf and Großer Kurfürst the sailors also refused to weigh anchor. Even on the fleet flagship SMS Baden the mood of the crew was dangerous. The mutinous behaviour however was confined to the crews of the larger ships; the crews of torpedo-boats, submarines and minesweepers remained loyal. When a day later, some torpedo boats pointed their cannons at these ships, the mutineers gave up and were led away without any resistance. Nevertheless, the Naval Command had to cancel the operation on October 30 as the crew's loyalty could no longer be relied upon, and the fleet was dispersed in the hope of quelling the insurrection. The III. Battle Squadron was ordered back to Kiel and during the trip through the Kiel Canal, Vice-Admiral Kraft had 47 sailors of the Markgraf, who were regarded as ringleaders, arrested. When the squadron arrived back in Kiel on November 1, their men helped spark the Kiel mutiny on November 3. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel%20mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1922 - General Strike throughout Spain. [source]

1941 - Kaunas Massacre: In the Kaunas Ghetto around 9,200 Jews are murdered by SS Einsatzgruppen units, in collaboration with Lithuanian partisans, in a single day at the Ninth Fort, Kaunas [Каунас] (also known by an earlier Russian name Kovno [Ковно]), Lithuania. Known as the 'Grosse Aktion', it was the second of two aktions to take place at the Ninth Fort, which had been used by the NKVD to house political prisoners on their way to the labour camps in Siberia during the 1940-41 Soviet occupation. The previous had taken place on September 25. In both aktions, selected ghetto inmates were taken to the Fort, which had been used by the NKVD to house political prisoners on their way to the labour camps in Siberia during the 1940-41 Soviet occupation, and shot in ditches dug by prisoners of war. First children were thrown in, then the naked women, and finally the men. On this single day 2,007 Jewish men, 2,920 women, and 4,273 children were killed - the largest mass murder of Lithuanian Jews. Kaunas is also notorious for the Lietūkis Garage Massacre when, on June 25 (or 27 [two contradictory date given for the event that was part of a pogrom stretching over four days as the Germany army invaded Lithuania and the Red Army beat a hasty retreat]), 1941, when local Lithuanian "patriots" wearing the white armbands of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF), butchered dozens of Jewish passers-by at the NVKD garage on Kaunas’s Vytautas Avenue, using a variety of execution methods, including clubbing to death with crowbars, and particularly, forcing water from high-pressure hoses into bodily orifices of the victims until they burst. A growing crowd, including women holding up their young children to get the best views, cheered them on. Nealry 4,000 Jews were murdered in Kaunas during the four-day (June 25–29) pogrom and a further 1,200 in other towns in the immediate region. [www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/kovno.html vilnews.com/2012-12-18261 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Fort_massacres_of_November_1941 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Kauen www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/gelpernusdiary5.html www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/ninthseventhfort.html defendinghistory.com/the-june-2015-memorial-for-the-lietukis-garage-massacre/74966 www.das-andere-leben.de/ghetto.html]

1948 - Safsaf Massacre: During an operation (Operation Hiram) in Galilee, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) kill 52-64 villagers during the capture of the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf. The village, which is defended by the Arab Liberation Army's Second Yarmuk Battalion, is attacked by two platoons of armored cars and a tank in a battle that lasts until the early hours of the following day. Evidence suggests that 52 of the dead men had their hands tied and shot and killed, and then buried in a pit. Several women were also allegedly raped, including a 14-year-old, and killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safsaf_massacre]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: The Hungarian army, having gone into the working-class stronghold of the Csepel neighbourhood in Budapest on the 27th, withdraws and the insurgent groups resume control of the area. The police, the army and the rebel leaders discussed the details of the truce. Janza Károly ordered ordered the reformation of the revolutionary soldiers' councils (forradalmi katonatanácsok alakítására). During the day in the capital's many institutions revolutionary committees were formed. The government continued the reorganisation of the National Guard, the police and the Armed Forces in order to defend the achievements of the revolution, to ensure public order and control the armed rebels. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1969 - During the Chicago Eight Trial, U.S. Federal Judge Julius Hoffman orders Bobby Seale bound and gagged for the next 4 days after Seale is refused permission to act as or have his own defence counsel. Bobby Seale and seven others (David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, Thomas Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Lee Weiner, and John Froines) are charged with conspiring to cross state lines "with the intent to incite, organise, promote, encourage, participate in, and carry out a riot" by organising the anti-war demonstrations in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

2006 - Peter Gingold (b. 1916), German Communist resistance fighter against National Socialism, dies. [see: Mar. 8] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_de_las_Cruces es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Monte_de_las_Cruces en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla]
 * = 30 || 1810 - Guerra de Independencia de México [Mexican War of Independence]: The insurgent troops of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Ignacio Allende encounter the New Spain royalist troops of General Torcuato Trujillo in battle in the Sierra de las Cruces mountains between México City and Toluca. Despite the fact that Hidalgo's army won the Battle of Monte de las Cruces [Batalla del Monte de las Cruces], it marks the furthest advance towards México City of the first rebel campaign, before Hidalgo decided to retreat towards Guadalajara.

1904 - The Leon Czolgosz issue [see Oct. 29, 1901] continues unabated and Emma Goldman is arrested for articles published in 'Mother Earth' defending Czolgosz and for 'inciting to riot'. She is due to speak at a meeting to protest the arrests of several anarchists who had debated on Oct.27th whether Czolgosz was an anarchist.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 17] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Nicholas II finally signs and issues the 'October Manifesto' [see: Oct. 14], owing to his desire to avoid a massacre, and a realisation that there was insufficient military force available to do otherwise. The document grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) prints its first issue of the newsheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Manifesto ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Манифест_17_октября_1905_года ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet rushist.com/index.php/russia/3024-manifest-17-oktyabrya-1905-goda]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 17] October All-Russian Political Strike: The St. Petersburg Soviet (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) elects a non-partisan Executive Committee and a chairman. The first issue of the Soviet’s secretly printed newspaper 'Izvestia' is published and the government is forced to use soldiers to print its official gazette. That afternoon, Grand Duke Nicholas allegedly threatens to shoot himself in front of the Tsar unless the Nicholas II signs the 'October Manifesto'. After crossing himself, a hesitant, shaken Tsar signs the Maifesto, pledging a constitution, an extended franchise, and civil liberties. Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) becomes Premier that evening, and urges an amnesty for political prisoners. Rumours of Witte’s imminent fall from power begin to circulate almost immediately. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1910 - Miguel Hernández Gilabert (d. 1942), Spanish poet, playwright and anti-fascist, born. Hernández campaigned for the Republic during the Spanish Civil War, writing poetry and addressing troops deployed to the front. However, he was unable to escape following the fall of the Republic and was constantly harassed, arrested and imprisoned for his anti-fascist sympathies, and was eventually sentenced to death. His death sentence, however, was commuted to a prison term of 30 years, leading to incarceration in multiple jails under extraordinarily harsh conditions until he eventually succumbed to tuberculosis in 1942. Just before his death, Hernández scrawled his last verse on the wall of the hospital: "Goodbye, brothers, comrades, friends: let me take my leave of the sun and the fields." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez mhernandez.narod.ru/poesia.htm www.amediavoz.com/hernandez.htm www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/miguel-hernandez]

1911 - Conscript Italian Trooper and anarchist Augusto Masetti fires a gunshot at his colonel on the parade ground of the Cialdini barracks, in Bologna, while shouting out 'Down with the war! Long live Anarchy!' in protest of the war in Libya.

1918 - Wilhelmshaven Mutiny [Matrosenaufstand von Wilhelmshaven]: In response to yesterday's refusal by sailors to follow orders and sail into battle against the British Navy, the Naval Command orders units under their control to supress the mutiny. When a number of torpedo boats pointed their cannons at these ships, the mutineers gave up and were led away without any resistance. Admiral Hipper cancels the operation set out under Flottenbefehl vom 24. Oktober 1918 (Fleet Command of October 24, 1918) and orders the fleet dispersed in the hope of quelling the insurrection. The III. Battle Squadron was ordered back to Kiel and during the trip through the Kiel Canal, Vice-Admiral Hugo Kraft had 47 sailors of the Markgraf, who were regarded as ringleaders, arrested. When the squadron arrived back in Kiel on November 1, their men helped spark the Kiel mutiny on November 3. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www1.wdr.de/themen/archiv/stichtag/stichtag7884.html www.radiobremen.de/wissen/geschichte/erster-weltkrieg/ersterweltkrieg-matrosenaufstand100.html www.welt.de/kultur/history/article12259142/Die-Meuterei-an-deren-Ende-das-Kaiserreich-unterging.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: The fighting finally subsided, the bulk of the Soviet troops left Budapest and retreated to barracks in the country. Király's forces attacked the Central Committee of the Magyar Dolgozók Pártja building in Republic Square (Köztársaság Téren) defended by 46 ÁVH soldiers who remained in the building despite the fact that the government had dismissed the body and thus constituted an illegal armed group. All the revolutionary committees and workers' council now recognised the National Government, and the municipalities, factories and mines began electing a new decision-making bodies through new free and democratic decision making processes. Workers' councils were now recognised as the true owners of the country's factories and mines, a historically unique situation. Nagy also announced that the various rebel groups would be involved in the setting up of a new police force, yet these groups continued to detain thousands of people, many of whose names were on a series of death lists in circulation, without reference to the government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

[A] 1971 - Post Office Tower in London is bombed by the Angry Brigade.

[D] 1975 - Having had a series of massive heart attacks and internal bleeding in the past three weeks, the dictator Francisco Franco's grip on power in Spain is loosened, as he makes his heir designate, Prince Carlos, provisional head of state for Spain. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_2464000/2464945.stm]

1995 - Over 80 people were arrested at Sugarloaf Mountain in southern Oregon during a massive direct action to prevent clear-cutting of old-growth forests on public land by private timber companies.

2011 - At 3am the Occupy Newcastle camp is attacked by 20-30 EDL, SDL and BNP supporters, who had been demonstrating in the city the day before. People were held down and punched and kicked. Bricks where thrown, whilst one occupier was hit in the face and another was stamped on. The police were called, it took them ten minutes to arrive, by which time the EDL thugs had vanished. one occupier was hit in the face, bricks were thrown. Nobody had to be hospitalised but it could have been worse. [www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/10/487677.html uaf.org.uk/2011/10/fascist-edl-thugs-attack-occupy-newcastle-protestors/ www.workersliberty.org/story/2011/11/02/fascists-attack-occupy-newcastle] ||
 * = 31 || 1870 - French national guards revolt on this date during the siege of Paris. There is also a massive demonstration in front of the Town hall supporting the Paris Commune. Louise Michel is a participant.

1892 - Maurizio Garino (d. 1977), Italian anarchist and syndicalist, who was involved in the Biennio Rosso and the Italian factory council movement, born. [www.ephemanar.net/octobre31.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Maurizio_Garino libcom.org/history/maurizio-garino-1892-1977]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] October All-Russian Political Strike: The St. Petersburg Soviet and the RSDRP order the general strike to continue, but strikers are returning to work en masse. Moscow calls off its strike, bringing and end to Russia's first political general strike. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/history/1905.html cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Massive demonstrations for and against the 'October Manifesto' take place in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Right-wing violence begins to erupt throughout Russia with attacks on workers, students, and intellectuals and pogroms against Jews (690 pogroms are recorded by mid November - for the whole month there are an estimated 25,000 Jews killed; 100,000 injured; 200,000 Jewish families ruined with losses of 400,000,000 roubles.). The professional Bolshevik revolutionary Nikolai Bauman (Никола́й Ба́уман) is beaten to death by a member of the reactionary Black Hundred in Moscow, having spent the past 16 months in Tagan prison. A bloody pogrom breaks out in Odessa; police stand by while 800 Jews are murdered and 5,000 wounded, and intervene only against Jewish self-defense units. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajc-yb-v08-pogroms.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] Rostov-on-Don Anti-Jewish Riots: A pogrom in Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) rages for three days [Oct. 31-Nov. 2] with the active participation of Cossack units. More then 150 Jews are murdered and 500 are wounded, with Jewish shops, stores, warehouses, and mills damaged and looted. During the morning news of the 'October Manifesto' and its contents reaches Rostov-on-Don where the Social Democrats have organised a midday mass demonstration of workers and students, leaving from the train station on the main street and ending in the area of the city prison and tram depot. There a rally of 10,000 demanded the release of political prisoners (as allowed for in the Manifesto - 23 recently arrested on suspicion of opposition activities were released during the rally. Meanwhile, a rumour allegedly started by members of the Black Hundreds, and certainly fanned by them, spread that "the Jews had attacked Russians, beat them up and had torn up and thrown away a portrait of Nicholas II". Large numbers of drunk members of the Union of the Russian People and assorted thugs, stirred up against the revolutionaries and Jews, gathered them in New Church of the Intercession (Ново-Покровской церкви), located on the site of the present Kirov Square. There a large crowd of reactionaries with national flags and portraits of the king accumulated. By dusk the crowd of revolutionaries gradually thinned out and dispersed and with only 200-400 people left, a large group reactionaries (includes disguised gendarmes), attacked from the west including mounted Cossacks. The protesters outside the prison walls began throwing stones in self-defence as the fascists began beating them. at least one shot was heard, probably from ​​a provocateur. As the Cossacks rode into the crowd, beating them with whips (with wire wowen into them), wooden staves, and iron and rubber coshes, prison guards were ordered to fire on the radicals, but (sympathetic to the protesters) fired over their heads instead. Many demonstrators were killed or injured by reactionaries shouting "Death to the Jews! Beat the protesters!" ("Бей жидов! Бей демонстрантов!"). Drunk with human blood, the Black Hundreds crowd rushed to the Pokrovsky Bazaar (located near to the New Church of the IntercessionNew Church of the Intercession), where began a smash Jewish shops. By 22:00 the Pokrovsky Bazaar was in flames and the massacre had spread to the whole city. From the Pokrovsky Bazaar they moved to the New Bazaar (Новый базар) and Moscow Street (Московскую улицу) as the pogrom swept Jewish homes, stores, shops, synagogues and streets; from Haymarket Street (Сенной улица), now Gorky (М. Горького) to Police Street (Полицейской улица), now Turgenev (Тургеневской ), and from Bogatyanovsky Lane (Богатяновского пер) to Post Office (Почтового) Lane [Ostrovsky (Островского)] including the Old and New Markets (Старый базар & Новый базар). According to participants in the events, shops were looted by a certain plan involving groups of 10-15 people, led by plainclothes policemen and gendarmes. First they smashed the windows of jewelry stores, then they attacked clothes shoes and cobblers, then furniture, tableware and music shops. Some shops were torched; all were looted. "Jews were hiding in basements, attics, and homes of compassionate Russians as the crowds of thugs swept on, reinforced by the crowds coming from the side streets, forming an instant raging whirlpool spinning in one place and suddenly rushing to change direction." [www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rostov-on-Don rslovar.com/content/еврейские-погромы-в-ростове-на-дону-1883-1905-1920-гг www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Поалей_Цион]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 18] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In the summer of 1905 revolutionary ferment grew stronger in the Kronstadt garrison, which had been reinforced by a large number of reservists, many of whom were revolutionary-minded workers. In addition, more than 2,000 'unreliable' sailors and soldiers from other garrisons had been transferred to Kronstadt. Following the destruction of the fleet by the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, Kronstadt joined the general uprising which swept the demoralised country, and widespread agitation began to manifest itself in September 1905. Following a call by the Kronstadt Committee of the RSDLP, reacting to the publication of the 'October Manifesto', sailors, soldiers, and workers held an anti-government demonstration in Kronstadt. Further protests would following in the next days, resulting in a spontaneous uprising on November 8th-9th.

1918 - Wilhelmshaven Mutiny [Matrosenaufstand von Wilhelmshaven]: Following the mutiny and sabotage committed by I. and III. Squadron crews during the night on October 29-30, Admiral Hipper cancels the operation set out under Flottenbefehl vom 24. Oktober 1918 (Fleet Command of October 24, 1918) and orders the fleet dispersed in the hope of quelling the insurrection. The III. Battle Squadron was ordered back to Kiel and during the trip through the Kiel Canal, Vice-Admiral Hugo Kraft had 47 sailors of the Markgraf, who were regarded as ringleaders, arrested. In Holtenau (at the eastern end of the Kiel canal) they were taken to the Kiel Arrestanstalt (military prison) and to Fort Herwarth in the north of Kiel. When the squadron itself arrived back in Kiel late on November 1, their men immediately began organising to prevent the fleet from setting sail again and to achieve the release of their comrades, actions which would result in the mutiny on November 3. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www1.wdr.de/themen/archiv/stichtag/stichtag7884.html www.radiobremen.de/wissen/geschichte/erster-weltkrieg/ersterweltkrieg-matrosenaufstand100.html www.welt.de/kultur/history/article12259142/Die-Meuterei-an-deren-Ende-das-Kaiserreich-unterging.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

[DDD] 1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: Within seven days of the beginning of the strike in Patagonia, Antonio Soto had managed to ferment a revolt across a wide section of the southwestern territory of Santa Cruz. So far, the workers on the Buitreras, Alquinta, Rincon de los Morros, Glencross, La Esperanza and Bella Vista estancias had been pursuaded to join the rural workers movement. This first part was achieved absolutely peacefully: entering the estancias, talking with the peons, requisitioning weapons and provisions, which are documented with Soto's signed receipts, and when owners or managers are present, taking them hostage. The rebels are organised into 2 large groups, the columna Antonio Soto and the columna José Font, better known as the columna Facón Grande after José Font's nickname. Based at the estancia La Anita in the Punta Alta with a force of around 600 strikers, Soto resolved that while he continued leading the movement in the country, his fellow militants on September 15 on a recruitment and propaganda tour, by car and on horseback, should try to enter Rio Gallegos to replace the strike leaders recently imprisoned there and try and reestablish a foothold in the city. When the 3 anarchists arrive in Rio Gallegos are swiftly arrested and beaten by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

[(CCC)] 1926 - Anteo Zamboni (b. 1911), 15-year old Italian anarchist, who having just attempted to assassinate Benito Mussolini in Bologna by shooting at him during the parade celebrating the March on Rome, is immediately attacked and lynched by nearby squadristi. The man who first detained him and identified him as the would-be assassin was cavalry officer Carlo Alberto Pasolini, father of film director Pier Paolo Pasolini. The event was used as political leverage by the fascist government to abolish liberties and dissolve the remaining opposition parties. The son of a former anarcho-syndicalist (and now fascist) Mammolo Zamboni, his extended family is arrested and his father Mamolo and his aunt Virginia Tabarroni were both sentenced to 30 years in prison after being found guilty of "guilty of complicity in failed premeditated murder". [see: Apr. 11] [www.archiviodistatobologna.it/it/bologna/attività/mostre-eventi/scritture-al-femminile/vetrina-8-viola-virginia-tabarroni-presenza]

[D] 1931 - Led by unemployed lumberjack Jesse Jackson, the first Hooverville was built on vacant land owned by the Port of Seattle near Pioneer Square. Within two days over 50 shacks were erected and by 1934, 600-1000 people were living in them. By 1941, Seattle's 'Hooverville' covered 25 blocks. Hoovervilles eventually spread throughout the country.

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Imre Nagy broadcast that Hungary would begin negotiations on Hungary's withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and becoming a neutral state. This was pushing the Russians too far and János Kádár left the government in disgust, establishing a rival government in eastern Hungary which was supported by Soviet tanks. The Soviets had already been told of the Hungarian position the previous day and had decided to intervene in the country again. A 'Pravda' article states that: "The Soviet Government is ready to begin the necessary negotiations with the Government of the Hungarian People's Republic and other Member States of the Warsaw Pact on the question of Soviet troops remaining in Hungary." The MDP is disbanded and replaced by the Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party). Political prisoners also begin to be released from prisons. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

[A] 1977 - The Free State of Frestonia declares independence from the UK.

1978 - 30,000 oil workers strike against repressive rule of the Shah in Iran.

[C] 2002 - Bernard Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Aniela' & 'Kondek' (b. 1922), Polish journalist, libertarian and a key figure in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, dies. [see: Aug. 20] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) 1859 - Ravachol