Insurrection,+etc.+Nov-Dec


 * = NOVEMBER ||
 * = 1 || [A/D] 1870 - Proclamation of a 'Revolutionary Commune' in Marseille. It lasts a mere 3 days.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 19] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Street fighting breaks out in St. Petersburg between Black Hundreds and workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 19] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Then Chairman of the Committee of Ministers Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) revives and empowers the Council of Ministers, with himself as Chairman i.e. Prime Minister. The newly 'disenfranchised' Tsar calls Witte’s government "a lot of frightened hens". The St. Petersburg Soviet proclaims freedom of the press, but outlaws government newspapers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 19] Rostov-on-Don Anti-Jewish Riots: The only people who have been standing up in defence of the Jews of Rostov and against the Black Hundreds and Cossack units rampaging across the city are a few Jewish-Russian troops and small self-defence groups organised by members of the Poale Zion (Поалей Цион / Workers of Zion) organisation, the liberals, students and the workers from the Vladikavkaz railway workshops, who are at the forefront of the strike. In the morning the city police chief A.M. Prokopovich (А. М. Прокопович) sends detachments of Cossacks against them, as the pogrom resumes with him "sitting in a phaeton with a revolver in his hand, shouting:"Jews, give up this minute, otherwise you will all be shot!" ("Жиды, сдавайтесь сию минуту, иначе всех вас сейчас перестреляем!"). Almost all of New Bazaar (Новый базар) and Moscow Street (Московскую улицу) are destroyed by fire. An emergency meeting of city council is held, which decides to take decisive action to stop the pogroms. The Cathedral archpriest accompanied by banners from nearby churches went to Cathedral Square and, getting down on his knees, asked the rioters to stop looting. From the Cathedral Square the procession went down another street on which the bewildered looters stopped to stare as the procession went by but as soon as it was out of sight, they resume the pogrom. [see: Oct. 31] [www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rostov-on-Don rslovar.com/content/еврейские-погромы-в-ростове-на-дону-1883-1905-1920-гг www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Поалей_Цион]

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa with 6,000 remaining troops attack Agua Priesta and are beaten off. 400 desert Villa.

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: The squadron commander Vizeadmiral Hugo Kraft exercised a manoeuvre with his battleships in the Heligoland Bight. When it "functioned perfectly" (tadellos funktionierte) he believed he was master of his crews again. While moving through the Kiel Canal he had 47 sailors from the Markgraf, who were seen as the ringleaders, imprisoned. In Holtenau (end of the canal in Kiel) they were brought to the Arrestanstalt (the military prison in Kiel) and to Fort Herwarth in the north of Kiel. Having arrived in Kiel on November 1st, the sailors and stokers of the squadron now set themselves to preventing the fleet from setting sail again and to achieving the release of their comrades. That evening 250 of them met in the Union House in Kiel. Delegations, sent to their officers requesting the mutineers' release, were not heard. The sailors were now looking for closer ties to the unions, the Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD; Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany) and the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD). In response, the Union House was closed by police, leading to an even larger joint open-air meeting on November 2, at the Großer Exerzierplatz drill ground. Led by the sailor Karl Artelt, who worked in the repair ship yard for torpedo boats in Kiel-Wik and by the mobilised shipyard worker Lothar Popp, both USPD members, the sailors called for a large meeting the following day at the same place. This call, communicated by printed fliers as well as word of mouth, was heeded by several thousand people on the afternoon of November 3 with workers' representatives also being present. The slogan "Frieden und Brot" (Peace and Bread) was raised showing that the sailors and workers demanded not only the release of the imprisoned but also the end of the war and the improvement of food provisions. Eventually the people supported Artelt's call to free the prisoners and they moved in the direction of the military prison. Sublieutenant Steinhäuser, who had orders to stop the demonstrators, ordered his patrol to give warning shots and then to shoot directly into the demonstrators. Seven men were killed and 29 were severely injured. Some demonstrators also opened fire. Steinhäuser was severely injured by rifle-butt blows and shots, but contrary to later statements, he was not killed. After this incident, which is commonly viewed as the starting point of the German Revolution, the demonstrators dispersed and the patrol withdrew. The mass protest turned into a general revolt. On the morning of November 4 groups of mutineers moved through the town. Sailors in a large Wik Garrison barracks compound at the Tirpitz Hafen base in northern Kiel refused orders: after a Division inspection of the commander, a spontaneous demonstrations took place. Karl Artelt organised the first soldiers' council, and soon many more were set up. The governor of the navy station, Wilhelm Souchon, had to negotiate. The imprisoned sailors and stokers were freed. Soldiers and workers took public and military institutions under their control. When, despite Souchon's promise, different troops advanced to quash the rebellion, they were intercepted by the mutineers and were either sent back or joined the sailors and workers. By the evening of November 4, Kiel was firmly in the hands of approximately 40,000 rebellious sailors, soldiers and workers, as was Wilhelmshaven two days later. Late in the evening of the November 4, a meeting of sailors and workers representatives in the union house led to the establishment of a soldier's and a worker's council. The Kiel fourteen points of the soldier's council were issued:

Resolutions and demands of the soldiers’ council:

The release of all inmates and political prisoners. Complete freedom of speech and the press. The abolition of mail censorship. Appropriate treatment of crews by superiors. No punishment for all comrades on returning to the ships and to the barracks. The launching of the fleet is to be prevented under all circumstances. Any defensive measures involving bloodshed are to be prevented. The withdrawal of all troops not belonging to the garrison. All measures for the protection of private property will be determined by the Soldier’s Council immediately. Superiors will no longer be recognized outside of duty. Unlimited personal freedom of every man from the end of his tour of duty until the beginning of his next tour of duty. Officers who declare themselves in agreement with the measures of the newly established Soldier’s Council, are welcomed in our midst. All the others have to quit their duty without entitlement to provision. Every member of the Soldier’s Council is to be released from any duty. All measures to be introduced in the future can only be introduced with the consent of the Soldiers’ Council.

These demands are orders of the Soldier’s Council and are binding for every military person. On the same evening the SPD deputy Gustav Noske arrived in Kiel and was welcomed enthusiastically, although he had orders from the new government and the SPD leadership to bring the rising under control. He had himself elected chairman of the soldiers' council and reinstated peace and order. Some days later he took over the governor's post, while Lothar Popp from the USPD became chairman of the overall soldiers council. During the coming weeks Noske actually managed to reduce the influence of the councils in Kiel, but he could not prevent the spreading of the revolution to all of Germany. The events had already spread far beyond the city limits. On the morning of November 5 at sunrise, all the warships in the port hoisted red flags except the battleship König, whose captain had the battle standard raised instead. The König's captain, Carl Wilhelm Weniger, commanded two officers, Bruno Heinemann and Wolfgang Zenker, to defend the flag at the masthead. In a prolonged firefight the three were badly wounded, after which the red flag was also raised on the König. A sailor and the 2 officers died, and Weniger survived. The Nazis would name two destroyers in the mid 1930s, Bruno Heinemann and Wolfgang Zenker. On November 7, the Kiel workers and soldiers declared in an appeal: "Die politische Macht ist in unserer Hand" (Political power is in our hands); the same day the revolution had reached Munich, causing Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee. Three days later on November 10, a large crows gathered at the Eichhof Park Cemetery to bury the fallen of November 3rd, with Gustav Garbe and Lothar Popp giving graveside orations. The military personnel were buried a day later at the Nordfriedhof (North Cemetery) in Kiel. Gustav Noske gave the graveside speech. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1920 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: In the aftermath of WWI, the price of wool had dropped significantly, provoking an economic crisis in sheep-breeding Argentine Patagonia. In August and September 1920 there had been a number of strikes in the province of Santa Cruz, organised by the Sociedad Obrera de Río Gallegos, affiliated to the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina an led by Spanish anarchist Antonio Soto, against police repression and in support of better working conditions and increased wages. The bosses organisation, the Sociedad Rural, rejected the demands and a general strike (the first Patagonia Rebelde strike) was declared on November 1, with most of the strikers being shearers and rural workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: The car that is carrying Antonio Soto's comrades Luis Sambucetti, Severino Fernández and Pedro Mongilnitzki into Rio Gallegos is stopped by the Police and they are taken prisoner. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1922 - Mollie Steimer and photographer Senya Fleshin are arrested and imprisoned in Russia for "aiding criminal elements" i.e. propagating anarchism; released and deported in 1923 only after they begin a hunger strike.

1954 - The revolt against French colonial rule in Algeria begins.

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Soviet troops in the Hungarian countryside go on the move, encircling Ferihegy Airport. The Soviet Ambassador Yuri Andropov is unable to supply a satisfactory explaination of the troops' movements. Nagy is told that 2 aircraft stand ready at Budapest airport is the government needs to escape. The Hungarian government responds to Soviet actions by announcing its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and declares its neutrality. It also asks the UN for support. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1971 - Army Tank HQ in Everton Street, London, bombed by the Angry Brigade.

1998 - Over 2,000 people gather in Santiago's public cemetery on Day of Dead to pay tribute to Pinochet's victims, while thousands more watch the march and cheer them on. Carrying flowers, the mourners chant: "The blood of the victims is not negotiable!"

2001 - An Anarchist Platform event against the war in Afghanistan and capitalist exploitation takes place in Istanbul. The protesters forced the gates of the park Beyazit (a hotbed of protest in Turkey) and burn American flags, but whilst a statement is being read, the police attack the crowd. Sixty activists are arrested and beaten.

[C] 2013 - Two members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn, Manolis Kapelonis and Giorgos Fountoulis, are killed, and a third (Alexandros Gerontas) wounded, in a drive-by shooting by 2 masked men on a motorcycle outside the local party office in the Athens suburb of Neo Heraclio. || The keeper had been awoken by a voice saying "lie still or death will be your doom" and had wisely stayed indoors while the gates were wrecked. "From here they proceeded across the fields to the East gate on the Penybont Road. The Sergeant followed but all was demolished by the time he reached there. The toll keeper here was an old woman called Sarah Rees who had received the same warning as the Keeper at the North gate. The Sergeant caught up with the rioters near the Bear Inn. They had warned the specials not to come too near and one who did so was hit with a musket. They marched four deep around the Lion and Castle...The front and rear ranks carried muskets loaded with ball and the centre rank had blank. They demonstrated in North Street before Mr John Harvey's mill. Two constables had been stationed at the Wye Bridge gate. They were drawn off by two women who told them that the New Gate was being attacked. Immediately they had gone the Rebeccas demolished the gate and house." Thomas describes the rioters as wearing the typical Rebecca outfit of bonnets and petticoats over their working clothing. [history.powys.org.uk/history/rhaeadr/rebecca6.html]
 * = 2 || 1843 - Rebecca Riots: Perhaps the best recorded of the attacks in the Rhayader area is a first hand account describes the attempts of a Metropolitan Police Sergeant (Thomas P. Davies) and his small band of Special Constables to thwart the determined attacks of large groups of local Rebeccaites: "Between 2 and 3 am when the moon had disappeared he [Sergeant Shaw] heard that men were levelling the North Gate on the Llanidloes Road. By the time he got there the place had been razed and the men had gone."

1892 - Jean Roumilhac (d. 1949), French libertarian activist, born. Fought in the Spanish Revolution and was first president of the French section of the S.I.A. (International Solidarity Antifascist). In the 1940s Roumilhac created an agricultural company in the Rhone delta, enabling Spanish anarchist refugees to obtain legal residence permits. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet27.html#roumilhac]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: In Moscow an immense armed funeral processions for the slain Bolshevik Nikolai Bauman (Никола́й Ба́уман) [see: Oct. 31] and for the slain demonstrators in Revel [see: Oct. 29] takes place. The police are directed to avoid using the emergency powers that were granted to them by Trepov on October 27th. A grandiose demonstration, used by the Bolsheviks to emphasise their growing power, his coffin is draped in red with 6 party members in leather as pall bearers and a man in black at its head swinging a palm branch. 100,000 followers were behind, the party leaders in front carrying flags, wreaths and banners. At the Conservatory a student orchestra played 'You Fell Victim to a Fateful Struggle'. By night torches were lit and Bauman's widow made a speech urging vengeance on the Tsarist government. Fights broke out with Black Hundred gangs. Street fighting in St. Petersburg also continues between Black Hundreds and workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Bauman]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 20] Rostov-on-Don Anti-Jewish Riots: On the third day of rioting the "pogrom reached such proportions that the bourgeoisie asked workers to organise self-defence. However, the forces were unequal, the Cossacks rushed at us. When all was smashed and looted, when the danger was threatened and the government itself, then only the authorities take steps to stop the pogrom." [memoirs of S.M. Gurvich (С. М. Гурвич), 1925] According to police reports, the city's hospitals reported up to 40 killed and 160 wounded; 514 Jewish shops were looted, 2 steam mills, 5 coal warehouses and 8 private apartments. As the result of 25 acts of arson, 311 buildings were destroyed by fire. According to a report of Karl Walter, the German consul in Rostov-on-Don, details of which were published by a member of the State Duma, V.P. Obninsk (В. П. Обнинским), 176 people died and 500 were wounded. For comparison, during the October 1905 riots across Russia 936 people were killed and 1,918 injured. It was reported that more than 10,000 Jews were left without means of livelihood, with the municipal duma having to allocate 10,000 roubles on October 24th. What is clear is that the pogrom was well organised and had been some time in planning - rumour of the possibility had spread well before October 31 [O.S. Oct. 18]. Even if the authorities had not participated in its planning, though many believe they did, they certainly co-opted it in order to also attack the strikers and their supporters. [see: Oct. 31] [www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rostov-on-Don rslovar.com/content/еврейские-погромы-в-ростове-на-дону-1883-1905-1920-гг www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Поалей_Цион]

[C] 1914 - Josef Valčík (d. 1942), Czech soldier and resistance fighter, one of a team of Czechoslovak British-trained paratroopers who took part in Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of acting Reichsprotektor (Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia, SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, on May 27, 1942, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Valčík]

1915 - Emilio Covelli (b. 1846), Italian anarchist organiser involved in the Matese insurrection of 1877, member of the Italian Federation of the AIT, dies. [see: Aug. 5]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: In response to yesterday's meeting of sailors and stokers in the Kiel Union House, it is closed by police, leading to an even larger joint open-air meeting at the Großer Exerzierplatz drill ground. Led by the sailor Karl Artelt, who works in the repair ship yard for torpedo boats in Kiel-Wik and by the mobilised shipyard worker Lothar Popp, both Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD; Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany) members, the sailors call for a large meeting the following day at the same place. As a contributor, Artelt moves beyond the demand for immediate release of the imprisoned, calling for the "overpowering of the militarism and the overthrow of the ruling class" and seeks to join hands with the shop stewards of the USPD. During this night the first leaflets are printed. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

[D] 1920 - Ocoee Massacre: A violent race riot breaks out on the day of the presidential election of 1920, in Ocoee in Orange County, Florida. African-American-owned buildings and residences in northern Ocoee were burned to the ground, and as many as 500 African Americans may have been killed throughout the conflict. The African-Americans residing in Ocoee who were not direct victims of the race riot were later driven out by threats or force. Ocoee would then become an all-white town and remain as such until sixty-one years later in 1981. The 2 men were Mose Norman and Julius 'July' Perry. Both land owners and payees of the poll tax who, when they turned up at the poll station, were told that they were not on the register, were turned away and told not to come back. Mose Norman returns to the polls later that evening with a shot gun. An altercation ensues, and Mose Norman is pistol whipped and sent away a second time. Later that evening a lynch mob led by Colonel Sam Salisbury, a prominet white Ocoee resident and former chief of police of Orlando, went in search of Mose Norman. Told his was at last seen at July Perry's house, theyw ent there annd demanded the pair surrender. When they received no answer, the crowd tried to force their way into Perry's house. Two whites, Elmer McDaniels and Leo Borgard, were shot and killed as they attempted to enter the back door. Salisbury was wounded in the arm. Later, a white mob stormed into Ocoee and burned 25 black homes, two churches and a Masonic lodge. The white mob then withdrew to gather reinforcements. By nightfall, over 250 Klansmen from around the state of Florida and white Ocoee residents had collected inside the town and began a burning spree in the Black section of town. The Black citizens fled for their lives into the orange groves, swamps and neighbouring towns. However, many were burned in their homes or shot as they tried to flee the infernos. In the aftermath, twenty five homes, two churches, and a masonic lodge were incinerated; and the death toll is said to have been above fifty. That night, and in the weeks that followed, the Ocoee area's black population — estimated at 495 — disappeared. On the morning of November 3rd, July Perry's body was found hanging from a lamppost. Mose Norman is never seen or heard from again. The land left behind by the fleeing black citizens was divied up and sold for $1.50 an acre. Blacks would not inhabit the city until sixty one years later in 1981. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocoee_massacre www.southernstudies.org/2010/05/ocoee-florida-remembering-the-single-bloodiest-day-in-modern-us-political-history.html articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-02-05/news/0102050189_1_ocoee-race-riot-black-population]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Further Soviet troops arrived in Hungary, increasing the number of Soviet divisions stationed in the country from five to seventeen. The newly arrived troops crew were mainly from Central Asia, and they were informed by their superiors that they will be fighting against German Nazis. Nagy protested to the Soviet ambasador Yuri Andropov about the troop movements and continued to keep the other ambassadors in Budapest informed of developments. Another telegram was sent to the United Nations, which repeated the called for recognition of the neutrality of Hungary as a guarantee of the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Artillery batteries are positioned at key locations in Budapest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1973 - Robert Siewert (b. 1887), German communist, anti-Stalinist and member of the anti-Nazi Resistance, dies. [see: Dec. 30]

1979 - Political bank robber and France's public enemy number one, Jacques Mesrine machine-gunned by //flics// in Paris.

[A] 1979 - Members of the Black Liberation Army free black radical Assata Shakur from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey. Shakur lives on the run for several years. In 1984, she is granted political asylum in Cuba.

2002 - 50 prisoners killed in fire at overcrowded Sidi Moussa Prison in coastal town of El Jadida, Morocco. Authorities blamed electrical short circuit for Morocco's worst prison fire.

[AA] 2010 - Three days of disturbances begin at HMP/YOI Moorland near Doncaster leaving more than £1m worth of damage. The same evening there are disturbances at HMYOI Warren Hill also.

2011 - General strike in Oakland, USA, shuts down the port and the city. Kayvan Sabehgi, a former US Army Ranger who served tours in both the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, on his way home after participating in the General Strike is detained and severely beaten by Oakland police. He suffers a ruptured spleen and is hospitalised in an intensive care unit as a result of the beating. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Revolution]
 * = 3 || [1898 - Negros Revolution aka Al Cinco de Noviembre: Revolutionaries on Negros Island (part of the Visayas Islands) in the Philippines meet and decide to begin their planned revolt on November 5 in an attempt to end Spanish control of the island and form a government run by the Negrense natives.

1901 - André Malraux (d. 1976), French novelist, art theorist, anti-fascist and post-war Minister of Cultural Affairs, born.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 21] October All-Russian Political Strike: The St Petersburg Soviet orders an end to the general strike. Strikers return to work in disciplined ranks. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1915 - Bernardino Verro (b. 1866), Sicilain socialist and syndicalist, who helped found Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone) in 1892 and became the first Socialist mayor of Corleone in 1914, is assassinated by a Mafia gunman as he returns home. [see: Jul. 3]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: On board the Markgraf 57 more sailors and stokers are rounded up and, after protests from the rest of the crew, taken to Fort Herwarth. A meeting of high ranking marine officers in the Stationsgebäude of Kiel during the morning decides that the town alarm should be raised at around 16:00, in order to prevent sailors from attending the meeting scheduled for 17:00. The alarm is raised but has no impact. The call put out by the sailors of the III. Battle Squadron yesterday, communicated by printed fliers as well as word of mouth, is heeded by 5-6,000 people, 80% of whom are sailors, during the afternoon, with workers' representatives also being present. At the Großer Exerzierplatz (large drill ground) the slogan "Frieden und Brot" (Peace and Bread) is raised showing that the sailors and workers demand not only the release of the imprisoned but also the end of the war and the improvement of food provisions. The main speakers are Gustav Garbe (union chairman in Kiel) and the sailor and USPD member Karl Artelt. Eventually the people come round to supporting Artelt's call to free the prisoners and they move in the direction of the Arrestanstalt (military prison). At the junction of the Feldstraße and Langer Segen, Sublieutenant Steinhäuser, who has orders to stop the demonstrators, orders his patrol to give warning shots and then to shoot directly into the demonstrators. Seven men are killed and 29 are severely injured, two of whom die later on. Some demonstrators return fire. Steinhäuser is severely injured by rifle-butt blows and biullet wounds, but contrary to later statements, he is not killed. After this incident, which is commonly viewed as the starting point of the German Revolution, the demonstrators disperse and the patrol withdraws. The mass protest turns into a general revolt. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

[D] 1920 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: Antonio Soto, organiser of the Sociedad Obrera de Río Gallegos and leader of the ongoing strike in Patagonia, survives an assassination attempt. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1935 - Mosley and his Blackshirts return to South Shields to try and hold a rally in the Palace Cinema. Located in the Holborn riverside district of South Shields and home to a sizeable Yemeni community, they hope to provoke a race riot. Fascist stewards were bused in from all over the country, but the anti-fascists mobilised thousands. Fighting inside and outside the hall broke out, and the fascist buses from London, Leeds and Liverpool were bricked on their way out. The meeting turned out to be yet another failure for BUF. [PR] [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: A new coalition government is formed and Hungarian-Soviet talks continue in the Parliament building. It was agreed that these talks would continue taht evening in Tököl, where the Hungarian delegation is arrested by the KGB. That night Budapest is completely encircled by Soviet troops and armour. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1972 - Following the arrival of the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan in Washington DC, the protesters set up camp outside the BIA HQ. Evicted by police they occupy the building for 6 days, during which time Nixon is re-elected.

[C] 1979 - Five anti-Fascists are shot dead by the KKK and the American Nazi Party at a protest in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. 10 protesters are also injured. Those murdered: - Sandi Smith, president of the student body and a founding member of the Student Organisation for Black Unity (SOBU) at Greensboro’s Bennett College. She was a community organiser for the Greensboro Association of Poor People (GAPP) and became a worker at the textile mill where she and others formed the Revolution Organising Committee (ROC) to unionise the plant. Sandi was a leader of a march of over 3,000 people in Raleigh to free the Wilmington 10, ten young activists jailed on false charges to stop them from organising. In her work at a Cone Mills textile plant, she battled sexual harassment, low wages, and unhealthy working conditions. - Dr. Jim Waller who received his medical degree from the University of Chicago and trained at the Lincoln Hospital Collective in New York City. In 1973 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Waller organised medical aid and set up a clinic to aid American Indian Movement activists under siege by the FBI. When he moved to North Carolina to teach at Duke University he coordinated Brown Lung screenings in textile mills, co-founding the Carolina Brown Lung Association. He later gave up his medical practice to organise workers becoming vice president of the AFL-CIO local textile workers union Waller and went to work in a Cone Mills textile plant in Haw River. From inside he helped organise and eventually became president of the AFL-CIO union local after leading a strike in 1978 that helped the union grow from about 25 members to almost 200. - William 'Bill' Sampson was a student anti-war activist and president of his college student body. He studied at the Sorbonne in Paris during college, received his Masters degree in Divinity from Harvard in 1971, then studied medicine at the University of Virginia. As a medical student he organised health care workers to support the liberation struggles in southern Africa. Bill left medical school to work and organise in one of Cone Mills’ Greensboro textile plant, where he built the union and focused on training new leaders. The workers had chosen Bill to run for president of the local. - Cesar Cauce was a Cuban immigrant who graduated //magna cum laude// from Duke University, where he was a campus leader in the anti-war movement. He rejected a full scholarship to study history at the University of California at Berkeley and instead to help to unionise Duke Hospital workers. Cesar organised strike support for union struggles throughout NC and was a regular participant in the Goldkist strike, a campaign to organise poultry workers in Durham. He also travelled extensively throughout the South, writing about class struggles for the Workers Viewpoint. - Dr. Michael Nathan, chief of pediatrics at Lincoln Community Health Center in Durham, a clinic that helped children from low-income families. Nathan had been an anti-war and civil rights student activist at Duke University. He organised and led a chapter of the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR), an organisation that fought for improved health care for poor people. Mike studied child health and treated sick children in a mountain clinic in Guatemala in 1972 and 1973, and was a leader in a movement to send aid to liberation fighters who eventually toppled the apartheid system is what’s now Zimbabwe. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_massacre library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/GreensMassacre.aspx www.greensborotrc.org/ www.ibiblio.org/prism/jan98/chron.html thenewliberator.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/the-1979-greensboro-massacre/]

[A] 2006 - ABC activists invade the Philippines embassy in Kensington Palace Gardens, London in support of the Sagada 11 and are removed by armed police. ||
 * = 4 || 1811 - After a brief lull, Luddites destroy six more knitting frames in Bulwell, near Nottingham, UK.

1839 - Chartist uprising in Newport, South Wales.

1889 - Vittorio Pini (1860-1903) is sentenced to 20 years in prison for political banditry. An Italian shoemaker and illegalist living in Paris, his expropriations supported //Intransigenti// groups and their propaganda efforts. He also supported the 'Cloche de Bois', an organisation discreetly helping those unable to pay their landlords: "Nous, anarchistes, c'est avec l'entière conscience d'accomplir un devoir, que nous attaquons la propriété." [www.ephemanar.net/novembre04.html#pini www.umanitanova.org/n-5-anno-91/achille-vittorio-pini]

1897 - Cipriano Mera Sanz (d. 1975), French anarcho-syndicalist, militia leader and army commander in the Spanish Revolution, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre24.html#mera www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Cipriano_Mera_Sanz www.katesharpleylibrary.net/kwh83j recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MeraCipriano.htm autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/julian-vadillo-texto-publicado-en.html www.generalisimofranco.com/VIDAS/cipriano_mera/001.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 22] October All-Russian Political Strike: Black Hundred outrages continue in Moscow, with two dozen workers and students killed. The newly installed Prime Minister Witte vigorously condemns the right-wing violence. In St. Petersburg the Soviet cancels a mass funeral/demonstration that was set for November 5th, for fear of police action. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Acording to a Moscow newspaper, Nikolai Fedotovich Mikhalin (Николай Федотович Михалина), the 29-year-old former soldier and peasant farmer from Tambov who killed the prominent Bolshevik Nikolai Bauman (Никола́й Ба́уман) on October 31 [18], is freed when: "A crowd of demonstrators besieged the district court and demanded that the prosecutor immediate release Bauman's killer from the Trial Chamber. The prosecutor agreed and ordered the immediate release of the arrested. The demonstrators went to jail and solemnly brought out the killer, gaving him a standing ovation." The RSDLP (b) version of events claimed that a Black Hundreds mob forced the release of Mikhalin. Mikhalin was later rearrested and sentenced in June 1906 to one and a half years in prison for the equivalent of manslaughter. At a retrial in March 1907, after Mikhalin had appealed his sentence, he was convicted of murder in "a fit of temper" but his original sentence was not increased. However, the Bolsheviks had their revenge in 1926 when Mikhalin, having changed his name to Mikhal'chuk (Михальчук), was arrested by the GPU, tortured and shot. [www.vozvr.ru/tabid/248/ArticleId/1557/language/en-US/Default.aspx nngan.livejournal.com/28262.html hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/bauman_ne.php his.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200303607 secret-r.net/arkhiv-publikatsij/9-2009/pravda-ob-ubijstve-baumana iu5bmstu.ru/index.php/Николай_Эрнестович_Бауман]

[A] 1913 - The 'Peoples Army' - formed to resist police interference with the demonstrations of the East London Federation of Suffragettes - begin paramilitary assembly and gun drill in Victoria Park.

1917 - Carlos Vidal Pasanau (d. 1950), Catalan mechanic, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of Francisco Sabate Llopart 'El Quico' //guerrilla// group, born [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8570]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: During the morning, groups of armed mutineers move somewhat aimlessly from barrack to barrack and through the town. The III. Battle Squadron except the König, which has already docked, sets sail for Travemünde, hoping that the brewing trouble could be defused that way. The crews do not take part in casting off, this has to be done by ensigns and deck officers. Around 1000 sailors from the III. Squadron remain on shore. At 10:00, workers at the Germania ship yard and from the torpedo workshop in Kiel-Friedrichsort down tools. Meeting of shop stewards are held in the union house. During the early afternoon sailors in a large Wik Garnison barracks compound at the Tirpitz Hafen base in northern Kiel refuse orders: after a Division inspection of the commander, a spontaneous demonstrations takes place. Karl Artelt organises the first soldiers' council, and soon many more are set up. The town commander and chief of the military police now admit that they no longer control the situation. The governor of the navy station, Wilhelm Souchon, is now forced to negotiate, summonsing representatives of the rebels to submit their demands. Karl Artelt and other sailors go by car to the governor. On their car they carry a large red flag. At 15:00 the first negotiations between the governor and the sailors and representatives from the SPD and the USPD take place. Their demands are communicated to all navy units in Kiel by the governor at around 17:00. After a "triumphal procession" from the Wik to the navy prisons in the in the Feldstraße, several thousand sailors receive their released comrades. Soldiers and workers take public and military institutions under their control and when, despite Souchon's promise, different troops advance to quash the rebellion, they are intercepted by the mutineers and are either sent back or join the sailors and workers. By the evening, Kiel is firmly in the hands of approximately 40,000 rebellious sailors, soldiers and workers, as Wilhelmshaven is two days later. Later that evening, a meeting of sailors and workers representatives in the union house leads to the establishment of a soldier's and a worker's council. The 14 Kieler Punkte des Soldatenrats (14 Points of the Kiel Soldiers' Council) are issued:

Resolutions and demands of the soldiers’ council:

The release of all inmates and political prisoners. Complete freedom of speech and the press. The abolition of mail censorship. Appropriate treatment of crews by superiors. No punishment for all comrades on returning to the ships and to the barracks. The launching of the fleet is to be prevented under all circumstances. Any defensive measures involving bloodshed are to be prevented. The withdrawal of all troops not belonging to the garrison. All measures for the protection of private property will be determined by the Soldier’s Council immediately. Superiors will no longer be recognized outside of duty. Unlimited personal freedom of every man from the end of his tour of duty until the beginning of his next tour of duty. Officers who declare themselves in agreement with the measures of the newly established Soldier’s Council, are welcomed in our midst. All the others have to quit their duty without entitlement to provision. Every member of the Soldier’s Council is to be released from any duty. All measures to be introduced in the future can only be introduced with the consent of the Soldiers’ Council.

These demands are orders of the Soldier’s Council and are binding for every military person. That same evening the SPD deputy Gustav Noske arrives in Kiel and is welcomed enthusiastically, although he has orders from the new government and the SPD leadership to bring the rising under control. He goes on to have himself elected chairman of the soldiers' council and reinstates peace and order. Some days later he took over the governor's post, while Lothar Popp from the USPD became chairman of the overall soldiers council. During the coming weeks Noske actually managed to reduce the influence of the councils in Kiel, but he could not prevent the spreading of the revolution to all of Germany. The events had already spread far beyond the city limits. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1921 - Victorine Brocher-Rouchy (born Victorine Malenfant; b. 1838), French member of the Internationale, Communard, militant anarchist and and socialist educator, dies. [see: Sep. 4]

[C/(CCC)] 1924 - Urbano Lazzaro aka 'Bill' (d. 2006), Italian communist partisan who played an important role in capturing Benito Mussolini near the end of World War II, born. He was with the partisans of the 52nd Garibaldi brigade, checking lorries carrying German troops to the Swiss border, when one of the partisans became suspicious about a man in the corner of the fifth truck. He was wearing glasses, wrapped in a greatcoat with his helmet pulled down. One of the Germans explained that he was a "drunken comrade". But the partisan remained dubious. Knowing that Italy's fascist dictator was attempting to flee the country, and the troop convoy had been given safe passage only on condition no Italians were hidden among the retreating soldiers, he called in the political commissar of his unit. "When I saw him," Urbano Lazzaro recalled, "I called out 'excellency'. But he didn't reply. I also shouted 'comrade'. Still nothing. So I got into the lorry. I went up to him and I said: 'Cavaliere (sir) Benito Mussolini'. It was as if I had given him an electric shock." Lazzaro was not present at Mussolini's subsequent execution. However, he investigated the execution after the war and came to believe that Mussolini was shot the same day he was arrested, in contrast to the officially accepted version of events. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_Lazzaro it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_Lazzaro www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/urbano-lazzaro/ www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/28/guardianobituaries.italy]

1925 - Socialist deputy Tito Zaniboni (1883 - 1960) is arrested for his part in an assassination attempt against Benito Mussolini. [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Zaniboni it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentati_a_Benito_Mussolini]

1931 - Luigi Galleani (b. 1861), influential Italian anarchist, dies at the age of 70 of a heart attack. [see: Aug. 12]

1936 - Four leaders of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT - Juan Garcia Oliver (Justice), Juan Peiro (Industry) Juan Lopez Sanchez (Trade), Federica Montseny (Health; she is the first woman minister in a Spanish cabinet) - split the Spanish anarchist movement by joining the new Republican Popular Front government as Cabinet Ministers.

[D] 1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Soviet tanks enter Budapest to "restore order" / put down the anti-Stalinist uprising, acting with immense brutality, even 'finishing off' wounded people. Tanks are used to drag bodies through the streets of Budapest as a warning to others who are still protesting. Nagy appeared on Radio Budapest at 05:20 as the tanks their attack on the capital: "This is Imre Nagy speaking. Today at daybreak Soviet forces started an attack against our capital, obviously with the intention to overthrow the legal Hungarian democratic government. Our troops are still fighting; the Government is still in its place. I notify the people of our country and the entire world of this fact." And that was it. Nagy’s voice disappeared – no one ever heard it again. Seconds later, the old National Anthem played (i.e. not the communist version). A couple hours later, at 8.10, Radio Budapest broadcast its last appeal: "Help Hungary… help, help, help," before being taken off air. Just after 13:00 on 4 November, Moscow radio announced: "The Hungarian counter-revolution has been crushed." At 06:00, in the town of Szolnok, János Kádár proclaimed his own Forradalmi Munkás-Paraszt Kormány (Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government). His statement declared: "We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements". He would be forced to remain in Szolnok under Soviet protection much longer than anyone had predicted due to the heavy resistance the invaders faced. Even though 1,000 Russian tanks had rolled into Budapest and the Hungarian army had been rapidly destroyed, ordinary members of the Hungarian public - even children - continued fighting the Russian troops with machine guns. They face a force comprised of 16 Soviet divisions, roughly 200,000 troops, and 2,000 tanks. The odds are heavily in the Soviet's favour. In the end, approximately 2,500-3,000 Hungarians were killed (though some sources quote figures up to 10 times that) and 13,000 were wounded. Amongst those swept up in the mass arrests that followed, 3,000 were later executed in retaliation for the Hungarian's decision to take their destiny into their won hands. To flee the expected Soviet reprisals, over 200,000 Hungarians fled across the border into Austria and the West until that escape route was sealed off. Nagy sought sanctuary in the Yugoslavian embassy and was replaced by the more hardline János Kádár, who, loyal to Moscow, welcomed the return of Soviet force to crush the 'counter-revolutionary threat'. Imre Nagy, lured out of the embassy by a promise of safe passage to Belgrade, a promise written by Kádár himself, was arrested and taken to Romania. Later, he was smuggled back into Hungary, charged with treason, tried and, on the orders of Kádár, was hung on June16 1958. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the prison yard. By November 14, order had been restored. Soviet rule was re-established. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html] ||
 * = 5 || [A/D] 1605 - Guy Fawkes is unfortunately caught with a large amount of gunpowder and a slow fuse in a cellar underneath the House of Lords.

1775 - Native American Indians burn every building in the Spanish enclave of San Diego.

1863 - Guildford Guy Riots: Troops are called in to prevent Guildford celebrating its ritual November Fifth Bonfire Night riots. 200 troops occupy the town to prevent trouble. [see November 20]

[1898 - Negros Revolution aka Al Cinco de Noviembre: The revolt began in Central and Northern Negros in the Philippines [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Revolution]

1898 - Ricard Sanz i García aka Ricardo Sanz Asensio (d. 1986), Valencian anarchist and anarchosyndicalist fighter against Franco, born. He participated in the founding of the anarchist group Los Solidarios with Buenaventura Durruti and Juan Garcia Oliver. Author. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/octobre25.html#sanzricardo ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Sanz_Garc%C3%ADa guerracivildiadia.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/ricardo-sanz-1898-1986.html]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 22] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A peasant uprising takes place in the Chernigov province. Across the Empire, peasant unrest, together with the ongoing pogroms against Jews and other ethnic minorities, reach a crescendo, with increasing violence. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 23] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Thousands of people gather in Kronstadt to hear a speech by the Bolshevik Joseph Fedorovich Dubrovinsky (Иосифа Федоровича Дубровинского), who had been sent from Moscow to Kronstadt by the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). The resolution adopted at the meeting made demands for the improvement of the legal and material condition of servicemen, as well as general political demands for a democratic republic, universal suffrage, and the abolition of the social estates. [tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

1916 - The Everett Massacre: IWW members attempting to support a five-month long strike by shingle workers in Washington State are attacked by 200 vigilantes, who precipitate by the vigilantes, an unknown number died including 2 deputies shot by their comrades in the back. [see: March 5 & May 5]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: At sunrise, all the warships in the port hoist red flags except the battleship SMS König, whose captain has the battle standard raised instead. The König's captain, Carl Wilhelm Weniger, having commanded two officers, Bruno Heinemann and Wolfgang Zenker, to defend the flag at the masthead is involved in a prolonged firefight during which the three are badly wounded, and after which the red flag is also raised on the König. A sailor and the 2 officers died, and Weniger survived. The Nazis named two destroyers in the mid 1930s, Bruno Heinemann and Wolfgang Zenker. On the SMS Schlesien the war flag was hoisted and the ship fled from the port of Kiel to Flensburg. There many of its sailors and stokers left the ship. It would later be included in Admiral Scheer's planned operations against the rebels, which fail to materialise. In the early hours of the morning a workers' council is established. Gustav Garbe, SPD, is elected chairman. As of 10:00 the council controls the city authorities, with the top officials not being replaced but getting so called by-appointees from the workers' council working alongside them. Only the Food Authority is taken over directly by the worker's council. Still afraid of a counter attack from the military, the sailors remove the rank badges and weapons from their officers. In different parts of the town patrols are fired upon from surrounding windows by, the rebels believe, officers who retain their weapons. These incidents result in 10 dead and 21 wounded. Town commander Heine is shot by a patrol when he resists his arrest. The soldiers' council forbids the "set-up of patrols on own initiative (selbstständige Patrouillengestellung)" of the sailors and, at a 13:00 meeting on the Wilhelmplatz, Noske becomes temporary head of the soldiers' council. The naval command in Berlin pre-empts any government decision and sends a telegram to the high sea fleet command, claiming to do so with government consent: any resistance has to be broken immediately, the IX. Army Corps shall shut off Kiel from the land side and the high sea command from sea side. Early that evening, Haußmann returns to Berlin and in the cabinet stands up for the demands of the sailors and stresses that the issue can only be solved by the social democrats and the unions. However the state secretary of the Imperial naval authority, Ritter v. Mann and the Prussian war minister, Scheüch demand strongest measures and a cordoning off of Kiel as a warning to others. The decision is postponed. Meanwhile, at the suggestion of Admiral Scheer, the Kaiser replaces as the governor of Kiel, Wilhelm Souchon, with Admiral v. Schröder. That evening Prinz Heinrich, the brother of Kaiser Wilhelms flees from Kiel, carrying a red flag on his car. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: The business of every Estancia in southern Santa Cruz is paralyzed by the strike. Workers dominate the roads, moving in columns of 60, 100 and 200 men marching with red and black flag. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1933 - Rogelio Madrigal Torres (d. 1960), Spanish anarchist //guerrillero//, born. In 1956 he deserted the army in Seu d'Urgell and took refuge in France, settling in Dijon, where he became a mason. He entered the guerilla struggle against Franco in late December 1959, crossed the Pyrenees with group of Quico Sabaté (including Francisco Sabaté himself plus Antonio Miracle Guitart, Francisco Conesa Alcaráz and Martin Ruiz Montoya), but during the night of January 3-4, 1960, they were ambushed by the Civil Guard at Mas Clarà, Sarria de Ter, near Girona in Catalonia. The whole group, except miraculously Sabaté who escaped, were shot dead while trying to escape. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/madrigaltorres.html]

1936 - Buenaventura Durruti makes a radio broadcast from the Madrid front, in which he opposes the decree issued by the Generalidad militarising the militias, and calls for greater commitment and sacrifice from the rearguard if the war is to be won. [libcom.org/library/part-3-1]

1937 - Julius Nolden, a car plant worker from Duisburg was sentenced by the 'The People's Court' in Berlin to a ten year prison term for "preparing an act of high treason with aggravating circumstances". Nolden had been at the head of the FAUD (anarcho-syndicalist Free Union of German Workers) in the Rhineland when that underground Organisation was dismantled by the Gestapo in January 1937. Arrested with him were 88 other male and female anarcho-syndicalists who stood trial in the Rhineland in early 1938. [flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws54_fascism.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/hx3g6n]

1944 - Members of the Communist-led Union Nationale Espagnole shoot 4 activists in Montfort-sur-Boulzane who had refused to join their organisation. The four are the Spanish socialists Pedro Perez and José Ibanez, and the libertarians Antonio Rodriguez (aka Victoriano Vonilla), and Miguel Gonzales Espada. The latter had fought in the Jeunesses Libertaires de Calanda, Teruel, where he had been a farmer, and later in the Durruti Column. As a refugee in France he had been a lumberjack, dying at the hands of the Stalinists rather than the Fascists.

[C] 1944 The first British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, an openly fascist and anti-Semetic organisation founded by Jeffrey Hamm, an ex-BU member and 18B internee, holds a meeting in Hyde Park, where a speaker endorses racial purity and "Britain for the British", inspiring a hostile reaction from the crowd. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hamm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women www.dkrenton.co.uk/old/old1.html www.oswaldmosley.com/how-mi5-made-jeffrey-hamm/]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: The Soviets make a concerted attack on the Kilián Barracks and the Corvin Alley fighters who, however, drive them back. Kőbánya, Obuda, the VIII. District (Baross area), IX. District (Ferenc Square, Tűzoltó Street, Tompa Street), Széna Square and the main railway stations all continued to offer resistance to the Soviet attack. The fight was much tougher than the Soviets had expected. Outside of Budapest, serious military resistance emerged in many other localities, the most important being the city of Sztálinváros (Dunaújváros). Using its historical name Dunapentele again, the fierce fighting continued there for another 2 days as did the broadcasts of the Rákóczi radio station. Created by the revolutionaries, it broadcast from a bus that constantly moved around in the city so that it couldn't be located by the Soviets. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

[BB] 1969 - The Chicago Eight Trial: The trial of Bobby Seale is severed from the trial of what now becomes the Chicago Seven. Because of his courtroom outbursts (after being refused permission to act as or have his own defence counsel), Bobby Seale has been bound and gagged during the trial since October 29th. Judge Julius Hoffman cites Seale for contempt and sentences him to four years in jail; a retrial is ordered on Seale's case.

[CC] 1980 - The Print Factory aka Wilson Press print works in Uckfield, Sussex, which is the main printing press for all facist and extreme nationalist paper and books in Britain including '//NF News//', '//The Holocaust News//', '//The Hoax of the Twentieth Century//' by Arthur Butz, and '//Did Six Million Really Die?//' by Richard Verrall, is firebombed causing more than £50,000 worth of damage. The print works were owned by Alan Hancock, one of the early leaders of the Racial Preservation Society and a former member of the British Union of Fascists, and sunbequently by his son Tony who, like if father, was a holocaust denier and member of numerous British far Right groups including the RPS, NP, BM, BNP, etc., as well as being owner of the Heidelberg Hotel in Lower Rock Gardens, Brighton, a popular visiting spot for neo-Nazis from across the world including his friend the Italian neo-Fascist terrorist Roberto Fiore. Maurice 'Manny' Carpel, ex-62 Group member and 'freelance Searchlight researcher', was jailed for 2.5 years in April 1981 for the firebombing. [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hancock en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hancock_(publisher)]

2001 - At least four hunger strikers protesting Turkish prison conditions die in a police raid, bringing the total to 45 deaths in the last year. Hundreds of jailed left-wing militants have joined the death fast to protest being kept in isolation cells in 'F-type' high security prisons, where torture, beatings and abuse have been a persistent problem.

2007 - Eight simultanious demonstrations in solidarity with prison uprisings in Athens, Thessaloniki, Patra, Heraklion Crete, Larisa, Volos, Ioannina, and Komotini. In Athens the riot police attacked the demo of 800-1.000 anarchists, which resulted to clashes and tear gas. ||
 * = 6 || 1811 - About a 1000 men from Arnold, Hucknall and other surrounding villages gathered at the seventh milestone on the Mansfield to Nottingham road to launch a new wave of attacks. [Luddites]

1817 - Miloš Obrenović becomes the Prince of the Principality of Serbia following the defeat of the Ottoman Turks in the Second Serbian Uprising (Други српски устанак). [see: Jul. 26] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution]

1887 - Eugène Edine Pottier (b. 1816), French poet, revolutionist, participant in the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1881, author of 'The Internationale', dies. [see: Oct. 4]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 24] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg City Council authorises a popular civic guard to replace the police. Count Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) officially becomes the first Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire, prime minister of the new constitutional monarchy. The Association of Manufacturers is formed in St. Petersburg; it adopts a hard line policy against strikers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 24] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Anti-government demonstrations in Kronstadt continue. [see: Oct. 31 & Nov. 8]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Madero wins presidential election and takes oath of office. Slow to take action on land reform ,insisting the hacienda owners be paid for the land lost and loses liberal support. Also criticised by conservatives as being anti-business. Francisco Madero levies tax on oil companies to pay for education, angering American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. Pascual Orozco,once an ally of Pancho Villa, raises a well equipped army of 6,000 in the north, supported by powerful hacienda landowners. He plans to march on México City. Madero turns to Gen. Victoriano Huerta to deal with Orozco.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: The constitutional Convention of Aguascalientes recognises Eulalio Guiterrez as interim president. Venustiano Carranza refuses to accept and is declared a rebel.Guiterrez appoints Pancho Villa as military commander to drive Carranza from power.

[B] 1915 - María Bruguera Pérez (d. 1992), Spanish member of Mujeres Libres, anarchist, anti-fascist fighter, born. Daughter and sister of anarchists, she joined the Juventudes Libertarias (Libertarian Youth) since its foundation in 1932 and is particularly involved in the activities of the artistic and theatrical group called Ni No Amo Dios (Neither God Nor Master). [www.ephemanar.net/novembre06.html#bruguera www.estelnegre.org/documents/mariabruguera/mariabruguera.html anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121106]

1917 - [O.S. Oct. 24] October Revolution [Октя́брьская револю́ция]: A Bolshevik coup in Petrograd against the Kerensky Provisional Government begins in the early hours of the night (Nov. 6-7) takes place when parties of Bolshevik operatives are sent out from the Smolny Institute, then Lenin's HQ. They take over all the major government facilities, key communication, installations and vantage points in Petrograd with little opposition. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution spartacus-educational.com/RUSnovemberR.htm www.onthisdeity.com/25th-october-1917-%E2%80%93%C2%A0the-bolshevik-october-revolution/ www.culturahistorica.es/rosenstone/october_as_history.pdf www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bolshevik.htm www.theguardian.com/century/1910-1919/Story/0,,126504,00.html?redirection=century static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2015/2/6/1423242198803/Revolution-in-Russia-as-T-001.jpg]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: At a large meeting in Kiel SPD deputy Gustav Noske tries to convince the sailors to abandon their mutiny. Luther Popp and Gustav Garbe speak against it. A motion to abandon their struggle is turned down unanimously. Upon Lothar Popp's initiative all units elect representatives. These in turn elect the Großen Soldatenrat (Great Soldiers' Council) and this elects an Obersten Soldatenrat (Supreme Soldiers' Council), with Popp and Noske becoming joint chairmen of the latter. The cabinet in Berlin accepts Haußmann's proposal unanimously and, with unrest brewing in other coastal towns. Troops from Altona who were destined to be used in Kiel are ordered to put these down. The Seekriegsleitung (naval command) in Berlin affirms their orders from the day before. The Imperial government vehemently refuses the transfer of Admiral Schröder to Kiel. Scheer suggests to the Kaiser to withdraw the order, as he also has to admit that nothing can be achieved by military force any more, and the Kaiser agrees. As delegations from the Workers’ and Soldiers’ Councils spread out to other industrial centres in Germany, revolts broke out at the shipyard in Kiel, Hamburg and Bremen, with the creation of workers' councils there. Mass demonstrations also continued in Wilhelmshaven, where the crowds manage to free arrested sailors there. Three days later, Berlin in turn holds protests, then the whole of Germany, marking the beginning of the Spartacist revolution. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1918 - Christoph Hermann Probst (d. 1943), German medical student and member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) anti-Nazi resistance group, born. He was arrested himself following the apprehension of Sophie and Hans Scholl after an anti-war leaflet drop from the atrium at Ludwig Maximilians University. Tried for treason on February 22, along with fellow Weiße Rose members Hans and Sophie Scholl, they were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison within hours of the court decision. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Probst de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Probst www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERprobst.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose libcom.org/library/white-rose-documents de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: With Lieutenant Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela and 200 troops well-armed troops of the Regimiento 10° de Caballería (10th Cavalry Regiment), the 'Húsares de Pueyrredón', rapidly approaching Antonio Soto's locale, a meeting of the strikers is called during the night of November 6-7. Chilean worker Juan Farina, proposes surrender and the vast majority of rural labourers support his motion. Another worker, Pablo Schulz, argued that they should fight the army. Soto, seeing that such a fight was unlikely, argues that it is necessary to continue the strike, and finally suggests that they send two men with a white flag to parley with army troops to discuss conditions and guarantees, in addition to demanding compliance with the terms of the agreement negotiated last year. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1924 - CNT militants (including Durruti) attempt a revolt in Vera de Bidassoa, as cenetistas attack the Atarazanas barracks in Barcelona. Anarchists and civil guards clash for two days. A guard is killed, two militants die, four wounded, 19 taken prisoner. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre06.html]

1926 - Leggi Fascistissime [Fascist Laws] or Leggi Eccezionali del Fascismo [Exceptional Laws of Fascism]: Royal Decree No. 1848 'Testo Unico delle Leggi di Pubblica Sicurezza' aka TULPS (Consolidated Laws of Public Safety) are passed, extending the powers of prefects: can dissolve associations, organisations, institutions, parties, groups and political organisations, and establishing imprisonment as a sanction for actions against the regime. Consolidated under the Legge Speciale Law No. 2008 Provvedimenti per la Difesa dello Stato (Provisions for the Defence of the State) of Novermber 25, 1926. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggi_fascistissime www.istoreco.re.it/default.asp?page=664,ita www.armentanidue.altervista.org/Leggi fascistissime.htm win.storiain.net/arret/num150/artic5.asp]

[D] 1936 - The Republic's government (along with the four new anarcho-syndicalist ministers) flees Madrid for the safety of Valencia. The populace of Madrid's response is the cry of "Long live Madrid without government!"

[C] 1944 - 'Boy' Segundo Jorge Adelberto Ecury (b. 1922), Dutch communist and Resistance fighter in WWII, who was a member of the Oisterwijk Raad van Verzet (Oisterwijk Resistance Council), is shot by the Nazis at the at the Waalsdorpervlakte in The Hague. [see: Apr. 23]

1948 - José Gómez Gayoso aka 'Juan', 'Carlos' and 'López' (b. 1909) and Antonio Seoane Sánchez aka 'Julián', 'Jorge' and 'Aureliano Barral' (b. 1906), Communist (PCE) anti-Francoist guerillas, who had both spent time in Argentina following the defeat of the Republic and had returned to Spain independantly, are executed by //garrote vil// in the Campo de la Rata.

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: Heavily outnumber (2,000 tanks had invaded Hungary and 16 Soviet divisions, roughly 200,000 troops), large-scale rural resistance began to collapse, as did many of the centres of resistance in Budapest, Széna Square, Gellért Hill, Óbuda and, finally, Corvin, where about 500 people were taken prisoners, all fell to the Soviets on Novemebr 6th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1996 - Carabinieri raid the home of Italino Rossi, editor of the anarchist weekly '//Umanita Nova//' and member of the Italian anarchist Federation (FAI), looking for weapons connected with attacks on electric pylons in Tuscany.

[A] 1971 - Amsterdam: attack against Lloyds Bank; Basle: Italian Consulate attacked; Rome: British Embassy attacked; Barcelona: British Embassy attacked. All in support of the Stoke Newington Eight and the Italian anarchists imprisoned on trumped-up charges of 'conspiracy' and subversion. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praieira_revolt pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_Praieira www.ahimtb.org.br/c3n.htm]
 * = 7 || [1848 - Revolução Praieira [Praieira Revolt]: The beginning of an uprising in Brazil inspired by events in Europe that lasted through to March 1849.

1891 - Santiago Salvador Franch tosses two bombs into the audience at Teatre Liceu opera house during a performance of the opera '//William Tell//', killing 22 people. The bombing was initially blamed on the anarchist José Codina, then on Mariano Cerezuela (both executed on May 21, 1894) and and finally attributed to Salvador.

1893 - Felice Orsini tosses two bombs into a Barcelona opera house to avenge the execution of Pauli Pallas (who killed a civil guard during an rebellion September 24, 1893). 20 dead and several casualties. A state of siege is declared in the city and hundreds of //anarquistas// arrested and tortured by the army.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 25] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Fearful of handing police powers over to the left, the Moscow city City Council, unlike its St. Petersburg counterparts [see: Nov. 6], refuses to authorise a popular militia. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 25] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Anti-government demonstrations in Kronstadt continue. [see: Oct. 31 & Nov. 8]

1915 - Emiliano Zapata finally issues a proposed labour law. It includes an 8-hour day, prohibition of work for children under age14, worker cooperatives to run factories abandoned by owners, and a fixed minimum wage. But "it failed to respond to some of the most important demands [of the] Mexican labour movement", and exposes Zapata's lack of understanding of his urban counterparts.

[D] 1917 - [O.S. Oct. 25] October Revolution [Октя́брьская револю́ция]: As Red Guards 'storm' the Winter Palace at 02.10, the Cossacks guarding the building desert when they approach, and the Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the Women's Battalion surrender rather than resist the 40,000 strong army. The Aurora was then commandeered to then fire blanks at the palace in a symbolic act of rejection of the government. In fact the effectively unoccupied Winter Palace fell not because of acts of courage or a military barrage as the Bolshevik mythology has it, but because the defenders were heavily outnumbered and there was no one inside the building worth defending and the 'takeover' resembled little more than the changing of the guard. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution spartacus-educational.com/RUSnovemberR.htm www.onthisdeity.com/25th-october-1917-%E2%80%93%C2%A0the-bolshevik-october-revolution/ www.culturahistorica.es/rosenstone/october_as_history.pdf www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bolshevik.htm www.theguardian.com/century/1910-1919/Story/0,,126504,00.html?redirection=century static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2015/2/6/1423242198803/Revolution-in-Russia-as-T-001.jpg]

1918 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublikthe]: On the afternoon of November 7, 1918, the first anniversary of the Russian revolution, USPU (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany) politician Kurt Eisner addressed a 60,000-strong crowd, on the Theresienwiese in Berlin. He demanded an immediate peace, an 8 hour workday, relief for the unemployed, abdication of the Bavarian king, King Ludwig III, and Kaiser Wilhelm II, and proposed the formation of workers' and soldiers' councils. The crowd marched to various army barracks - those of the Ersatzkompanie (Alternate Company) of the Münchner Landsturmbataillons (Munich militia battalion), the Marsfeldkaserne and Türkenkaserne barracks, and the barracks on the Oberwiesenfeld and Dachauer Straßes - and won over most of the soldiers to the side of the revolution. That night, the King went into exile. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/bayern1918]

[A] 1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: Lothar Popp becomes chairman of the overall soldiers' council. The Kiel workers and soldiers declare in an appeal: "Die politische Macht ist in unserer Hand" (Political power is in our hands). "Unser Ziel ist die freie soziale Volksrepublik." (Our aim is the free social people's republic.) Gustav Noske replaces Admiral Souchon as governor, Kiel gets back to "orderly circumstances". The Seekriegsleitung (naval command) in Berlin again reaffirms its orders but they are singularly unable to carry them out because the necessary troop numbers are unavailable. The same day [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: Arriving at Cerro Comisión, the commander of the detachment of soldiers Captain Viñas Ibarra is surprised to find two Chilean delegates from last night's strikers meeting calling for an interview with the head of the troops, as equals, to talk about the conditions of the arrangement. Outraged that two "ragged and smelly" foreign-raised bandits dared to ask for conditions, Viñas Ibarra had the two envoys immediately shot. When the troops reached the estancia La Anita, Viñas Ibarra demanded the unconditional surrender to all the strikers. Soto takes a dramatic speech to continue the fight but is ignored by most of the strikers, who decide to surrender and end the strike. Varela's troops will shoot a good number of these strikers. Soto and twelve men flee on horseback to Chile. Never be caught by the authorities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1925 - Luís Andrés Edo (d. 2009), Spanish anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-militarist, deserter, anti-Francoist fighter, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier14.html#edo libcom.org/history/edo-luis-andres-1925-2009 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/xd26cp anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121107 elpais.com/diario/2009/02/15/necrologicas/1234652402_850215.html luisandresedo.net/es/books/view/17 gruposurrealistademadrid.org/grupo-surrealista-de-madrid-homenaje-a-luis-andres-edo-del-grupo-surrealista-de-madrid]

1936 - Francisco Pérez Mateo (b. 1903), Spanish sculptor, communist and anti-Francoist fighter, dies during the defence of Madrid. [see: May 17]

1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: At dawn, János Kádár and members of the Soviet-backed government, arrived in Budapest accompanied by Soviet tanks. Resistance in Sztálinváros (Dunaújváros) is finally ended and martial law is declared. Russian tanks are stationed on most street corners. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1971 - Paweł Lew Marek (born Melajach Lew; b. 1902), Polish journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist, co-founder of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski during the Second Republic, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

1974 - A huge wall poster, critical of the regime, is posted on Peking Road in Canton. Entitled '//Concerning Socialist Democracy and Legal System: Dedicated to Chairman Mao and the fourth National People's Congress//', it is written by a group of ex-Red Guards under the collective pseudonym of Li I-che.

1975 - Indonesia invades and occupies the territory of Portuguese Timor. ||
 * = 8 || 1830 - Fire and riot ensues at Robertsbridge, East Sussex after Poor Law administrators (all of them millers) try to distribute bad flour. No one can be found to enlist as special constables to quell the mob.

1887 - Demos in London banned (Nov. 8th & 18th), by order of Charles Warren, commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis.

1892 - Anarchist Emile Henry places a bomb at the Carmaux Mining Company in Paris. It is discovered and taken to a police station, where it explodes, killing five officers.

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 26] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The formation of the proto-fascist Union of the Russian People (Союз Русского Народа), an attempt at a right-wing mass party, led by the unbalanced anti-Semite and promulgator of the Zhidomasonstvo (Judeo-Masonic) conspiracy theory Alexander Dubrovin (Алекса́ндр Дубро́вин), is announced. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_русского_народа en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 26] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: On their own initiative, St. Petersburg factory workers begin introducing eight-hour workdays over the following two days. The workers' increasingly radical demands are beginning to isolate them from the bourgeois liberals factions. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[DD] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 26] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Renowned throughout Russia as fearless troops, the Kronstadt garrison is one of the first military units to mutiny during the unrest of October-November 1905. Angered by decades of "bad food, maltreatment by officers... and humiliating prohibitions" [Israel Getzler - 'Kronstadt 1917-1921', 2002] the sailors and soldiers stage a spontaneous uprising. During the morning of October 26 soldiers of the 2nd Fortress Infantry Battalion present their demands to the officers and stage a demonstration. By evening 52 soldiers have been arrested and a number of sailors and soldiers attempt to free them. During one clash a sailor is killed and several wounded. When this news spreads through the garrison, sailors of the 4th and 7th ship’s crews and the mine and artillery training detachments rebel. Before the day is over, the rebels have been joined by the sailors of 12 of the 20 ships’ crews, as well as by the soldiers of the fortress artillery. A total of about 3,000 sailors and 1,500 soldiers (25 percent of the sailors and 20 percent of the soldiers stationed in the city) took part in the uprising. Although the active sailor participants do not succeed in winning over the majority of military units, by the evening of October 26, Kronstadt is, in effect, in the hands of the rebels. The Kronstadt Mutiny marks the start of widespread military mutinies in Imperial Russia: there are 211 incidents in the army alone by late December, involving a third of all infantry units. [tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

1918 - Rosa Luxemburg released from prison in Breslau.

[D] 1918 - Bavarian Council Republic [Bayerische / Münchner Räterepublikthe]: In the early hours of the morning, Kurt Eisner declared Bavaria a 'free state', with him as prime minster and foreign minister of a revolutionary government composed of SPD and USPD members, one that would protect property rights. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchner_Räterepublik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/muenchner-raeterepublik.html www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/bayern1918]

[C] 1923 - Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch: Also known as the Hitlerputsch or, more commonly, the Beer Hall Putsch (Bürgerbräu-Putsch), was a failed coup attempt by the Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, inspired in large part by Benito Mussolini's 'March on Rome, to seize power in Bavaria (the state capital Munich being a NSDAP stronghold) and thereby launch a larger revolution against the Weimar Republic. Hatched between the NSADP hierarchy together with Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders, they would kidnap the state commissioner of Bavaria, Gustav von Kahr (who had rejected Hitler's overtures to become part of the plot), together with General Otto von Lossow, the Bavarian commander of the Reichswehr, and Colonel Hans von Seißer, the commander of the Bavarian police, forcing them at gunpoint to accept Hitler as their leader. Then, famed right-wing WWI general Ludendorff, acting as a figurehead, would win over the German Army, proclaim a nationwide revolt and lead a march on Berlin to overthrow the Weimar Republic. Hearing that von Kahr as guest of honour was scheduled to address a large gathering of businessmen and members of various nationalist camps in the Bürgerbräukeller, one of the biggest beer halls in Munich, on November 8, 1923, Hitler quickly improvised a coup plan. That evening, the SA and hundreds of his followers surrounded the hall and at 20:30, half an hour into von Kahr's speech., the Nazi Party leader and about 20 of his associates burst into the hall. Climbing on to a chair and firing a shot into the ceiling, Hitler declared: "The national revolution has broken out! The hall is filled with six hundred men. Nobody is allowed to leave." He also claimed that the Bavarian government had been deposed and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. Von Kahr, Lossow and Seißer were herded into a back room where Hitler informed them that if they were to join him in proclaiming a Nazi revolution, they would become part of the new government. Von Kahr, who had been assured a few days previously that Hitler would not attempt any coup, refused to acquiesce, this despite his having waved a gun at the captives, yelling: "I have four shots in my pistol! Three for you, gentlemen. The last bullet for myself!" Hitler then ordered that Ludendorff be fetched to try and convince the three Bavarian leaders to give in to Hitler’s demands, and that Ernst Röhm, who was waiting with members of his Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society in the Löwenbräukeller, another beer hall, was to be told to seize key buildings throughout the city. Elsewhere, Rudolf Hess and 30 armed SA-men had taken hostage Prime Minister Eugen von Knilling, Minister of Justice Franz Gurtner, Interior Minister Franz Schweyer, Agriculture Minister John Wutzlhofer, the Munich police chief Karl Coat and other high-ranking politicians, who were held in the private house of the Nazi supporter Julius Lehmann. Meanwhile, Hitler returned to the main auditorium where Herman Göring had been giving a speech to give his own, ranting against "...the Berlin Jew government and the November criminals of 1918." The crowd in the hall backed Hitler with a roar of approval. When Ludendorff finally arrived at the hall, he appealed to the three Bavarian leaders sense of duty and managed to persuade the three to give in to Hitler’s demands. Buoyed up by their victory, Hitler, Ludendorff and the others returned to the main hall to a round of mass backslapping and congratulatory speeches. However, Hitler then made the mistake of leaving the beer hall later that night to deal with crises elsewhere in the city, where his followers had been supposed to take over government buildings throughout Munich but their attempts were largely foiled by the city’s military. Meanwhile, Ludendorff had allowed von Kahr and the others to leave the beer hall after Hitler’s departure. By the next morning, the putsch had fizzled out like a damp squib. At around 03:00, Röhm's contingent, who had managed to occupy only one building, the Army headquarters at the War Ministry, were ambushed by the local Reichswehr garrison as they made their way from the Löwenbräukeller to the nearby Reichswehr barracks. Taking casualties, they were forced to fall back. The garrison was now put on alert and reinforcements called for. Meanwhile, General Otto von Lossow's support for the coup had come under immediate challenge by his fellow Reichswehr commanders upon his release, and by 23:00 he had been persuaded to repudiate the putsch. Elsewhere, one member of the cabinet, the staunchly conservative Roman Catholic vice-premier and minister of education and culture, Franz Matt, had not at the Bürgerbräukeller. He had been having dinner with the Archbishop of Munich and with the Papal Nuncio to Bavaria when he learned of the putsch. He immediately set about plans for a government-in-exile in Regensburg and calling upon all police officers, members of the armed forces, and civil servants to remain loyal to the government. By 02:55, and aware of the plans Franz Matt, Gustav von Kahr recanted, and issued a statement lambasting Hitler: "Declarations extorted from me, General Lossow and Colonel von Seißer by pistol point are null and void. Had the senseless and purposeless attempt at revolt succeeded, Germany would have been plunged into the abyss and Bavaria with it." He also announced that the NSDAP, the Freikorps Oberland (which formed the core of the SA) and Reichskriegsflagge Bund had been dissolved. By dawn the War Ministry building containing Röhm and his troops was surrounded and Hitler, who had been up all night trying to decide what to do next, had become increasingly desperate, ordering the seizure of the Munich city council as hostages and attempting to enlist the aid of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria to negotiate between Lossow and the putschists, to no avail. Realising that the jig was up and with Hitler about to call an end to the attempted coup, when Ludendorff came up with a harebrained scheme. "Wir marschieren!" (We will march!) he shouted, claiming that because of his WWI fame, no one would dare fire on him. At around 11:00, Hitler, Göring and Ludendorff set out on a spontaneous march towards the city centre, leading around 2,500-3,000 supporters in the direction of the Bavarian War Ministry. Along their route, the marchers were blocked by a group of about 130 armed state police officers. Hitler shouted at them to surrender. They didn't. In an exchange of fire that lasted about a minute, four police officers were killed along with 16 Nazis, who included amongst their number four merchants, three bank officials, a milliner, a head-waiter, a locksmith, a student, a High Court Judge, an engineer and a diplomat. Göring was hit in the groin. Hitler suffered a dislocated shoulder when the man he had locked arms with was shot and pulled him down onto the pavement. Hitler's bodyguard, Ulrich Graf, then jumped onto Hitler to shield him and took several bullets, probably saving Hitler's life. He crawled along the pavement and fled in a car waiting nearby, leaving his comrades behind. Ludendorff walked straight ahead into the ranks of the police, who refused to fire on him, and was then arrested. The rest of the Nazis scattered or were arrested. Hitler went into hiding at the home his friends, the Hanfstaengls, where he contemplated suicide and was arrested after three days. He was taken to the prison at Landsberg where his spirits lifted somewhat after he was told he was going to get a public trial. Adolf Hitler in 1924 sentenced to imprisonment, while the court acquitted Erich Ludendorff. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlerputsch spartacus-educational.com/GERbeer.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/hitler-putsch-1923.html www.lpb-bw.de/hitlerputsch.html]

1926 - Arrest of Antonio Gramsci under Royal Decree No. 1848 [see: Nov. 2 + 25]

1927 - 270 men, mainly miners from South Wales, take part in a hunger march through London against the Government's new Unemployment Bill. Called by A. J. Cook, the miners' leader at the time, during a demonstration on September 18 — Red Sunday in Rhondda Valley — A. J. Cook, the miners' leader at the time, called for a march to London to arrive on November 8 (when Parliament re-opened). Initially supported by the South Wales Miners' Federation (SWMF), it withdrew its support but the march went ahead [in October, date unknown] in spite of hostility from the trades unions, press and government. They did, however, gain support from Trades Councils in every town and village they passed through (which included Pontypridd, Newport, Bristol, Bath, Chippenham and Swindon). Arriving in London, the march was harassment by various Fascists, causing the organisers to be met by an armed escort of 100 members of the Labour League of Ex-Servicemen (LLX) at Chiswick. Wal Hannington from the LLX later wote in a pamphlet entitled 'The March of the Miners: How we Smashed the Opposition' about the event. [www.museumwales.ac.uk/2053/]

[CCC] 1939 - Adolf Hitler narrowly avoids being killed by Georg Elser's concealed time bomb in the Munich Bürgerbräukeller on the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. There are at least 60 recorded instances of assassination plots and attempts on Adolph Hitler's life following his gaining of the leadership of the NSDAP, including numerous coups attempted by disillusioned Wermacht officers. All failed, with the Führer leading something of a charmed life. One of the most audacious of these was undertaken single-handedly by a humble carpenter and master electrician, Johann Georg Elser. It came within 13 minutes of changing the history of Europe, and only the July 20, 1944, 'Operation Walküre' bomb plot came closer to killing Hitler. Born on January 4, 1903, Elser grew up in a working-class family in Württemberg and, after having to give up training as an iron turner because of ill-health, he took up a carpentry apprenticeship in 1919. In 1925 he began working as a journeyman carpenter in various establishments and companies, including a clock factory, something that would later prove useful in his assassination attempt. He returned to Königsbronn in 1932 and set up a small carpenter’s shop, later making his living from odd jobs and working in an instruments factory. A member of the Federation of Woodworkers Union, it was through them that he joined the Roten Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' Union) in 1928 but, despite his obvious anti-Nazism (refusing to give the Hitler salute, etc.), his political activities remained isolated and low key as he saw no organisation really taking decisive action against Hitler’s takeover of the government. Then, with the Munich Agreement in the Autumn of 1938, Elser decided he had to engage in some form of militant resistance against the Nazi regime of his own, with the hope of preventing the world war that loomed on Europe's horizon. He decided to target the annual commemoration of the Beer Hall Putsch attempt of November 9, 1923, to be held in the Munich Bürgerbräukeller, where Hitler regularly spoke before the leaders and 'Old Fighters' of the NSDAP. His plan was to conceal a home-made bomb in a pillar located directly behind the platform from which Hitler traditionally delivered his speech. The pillar was also a main support for the roof and he hope that if the blast did not kill Hitler directly, then the roof falling in would. Having failed to get a job in the bierkeller, he was forced to conceal himself in the hall overnight and, undetected, make a concealed cavity in which to hide the timer, two Westminster clocks synchronized to pinpoint the timing of the explosion, and the explosives. To source exactly the right sort of explosive, Donarit, he also got himself a job in a quarry. Beginning in August, his preparations took more than 30 nights work but, by the beginning of November he plans were in place, despite the placing of the hall under maximum security with a contingent of crack SS guards. With Germany being in the midst of the invasion of Poland, the meeting organisers initially scaled back the programme with no speech from Hitler, but at the eleventh hour Hitler changed his mind. However, thick fog further complicated things, closing the airport and forcing him to catch a train back to Berlin, meaning he would have to cut short his speech and forgo his normal meet and greet with the rank and file. So, having instructed the driver to leave at exactly 9:31pm, he would have to leave at 9:10pm in order to make the train. Arriving at 8p.m., Hitler strode to the platform but had to wait 10 minutes before the applause died down and he could begin his speech, a diatribe against Great Britain which lasted nearly one hour. Again and again his speech was interrupted by wild cheering. At 9:07, Hitler ended his speech and he and his entourage promptly left the hall amid the deafening cheers of his supporters. Thirteen minutes after leaving the hall on the way to the station in his car, a loud explosion was heard coming from the direction of the hall - Hitler had escaped fate yet again. The detonation had caused a section of the roof to collapse, and would probably have killed Hitler. Instead it killed a waitress and six members of the audience. Sixty-three were injured. Elser, who had already left Munich, was arrested at 8:45 p.m., about half an hour before the bomb detonated, on the Swiss border and handed over to the Gestapo because of suspicious items in his pockets, including an unsent Bürgerbräukeller postcard, drawings of detonators and substantial sums of money. Under repeated beatings and torture, Elser confessed to setting the bomb but steadfastly refused to implicate anyone else, even reconstructing the bombs and helping produced a film with the Gestapo showing exactly how he has done it. Unlike other attempted assassins, he was not subjected to a show trial and execution, instead he was held in a succession of concentration camps as a "special prisoner", known under the code name 'Eller'. A planned show trial, constructing non-existent connections between the 'communist' Elser, Hitler's old National Socialist nemesis, Otto Strasser, and the British Secret Service, never took place. On April 9, 1945, Georg Elser was shot dead in Dachau concentration camp on instructions from "the very top" and his fully dressed body immediately burned in the crematorium. There have been various posthumous attempts to undermine Elser's act by conspiracy theorists, claiming that he was a SS agent and that Hilter and/or Himmler were in on the plot but, like the majority of such theories, these remain fantasies. Elser acted alone and nearly succeeded but for the intervention of inclement weather. [www.georg-elser.de/dok/index.html www.georg-elser-arbeitskreis.de/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Elser www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-johann-georg-elser.html www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article112934231/In-Venlo-lockten-SS-Emissaere-den-MI6-in-die-Falle.html]

1949 - Group of Italian anarchists attack the Spanish consulate with grenades in Genoa. Eugenio De Lucchi (21), Gaspare Mancuso (26), and Gaetano Busico (25). [feartosleep.espivblogs.net/2012/07/10/the-attack-on-spains-embassy-in-genoa-in-1949/

[A] 1984 - Stainforth police station in South Yorkshire is attacked by striking miners.

1991 - Bronislawa Rosloniec (Bronislawa Frydman; b. 1912), Polish anarchist activist of Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski (AFP: Anarchist Federation of Poland), dies in Uppsala, Sweden. Before WWII, she worked as a clerk. During the occupation, evicted to ghetto from where she fled and was hidden by her husband (Stefan Rosloniec). After WWII lived in Lodz (central Poland). [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5382] || "Vive Louise Michel, vive la Commune, A bas les assassins!"
 * = 9 || 1880 - Louise Michel is freed by amnesty after nine years in prison, is met in Gare Saint-Lazare by an enormous crowd cheering her with cries of:

1899 - Acácio Tomás de Aquino (d. 1998), militant Portuguese anarco-syndicalist who was active in the Confederação Geral do Trabalho and the Organização Libertária Prisional, born. He spent the period 1933-1949 in various prisons and concentration camps after having been sentenced to 12 years in exile by a Military Tribunal for being involved in an attempted inssurection (it was claimed he was delivering bombs to another militant when arrested). [see: Dec. 11]**​** [www.ephemanar.net/novembre09.html#aquino]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 27] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the outbreak of the spontaneous uprising yesterday, events begin to deteriorate as the rebels have no central aim. There is also a lack of any organised political groups influential enough to help organise the rebellion (including the Bolsheviks who, despite the presence of Dubrovinsky, are numerically too weak to seize control as they would in 1917). This situation is exploited by the police and the Black Hundreds. Led by the priest Johann of Kronstadt, they organise some of the more 'disreputable' elements in raids on liquor storehouses, shops, and residences. Some of the more unstable and opportunistic elements among the rebels join them. The attempts of the politically conscious sailors and soldiers to prevent these raids and organise resistance to troops loyal to the government fail and the uprising begins to breakdown into a drunken riot. Most of the rebels disperse, returning to their crews and barracks. [encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 27] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The first issue of the Bolshevik RSDLP newspaper '//Novaya Zhizn//' (Новая Жизнь / New Life). [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: In Texas, revolutionary leader Emilio Vazquez Gomes calls for revolt against Francisco Madero.

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: The III. Squadron, which left Kiel on November 4, returns and it too hoists the red flag whilst coming into the port. A majority of the officers had already left the ships before their return. The Weimar Republic is declared in Berlin as Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates and the Chancellor, Max von Baden, hands power over to Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (German Social Democrat Party). Rosa Luxemburg is released from prison. [www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/chron.htm]

[A] 1921 - Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir William Horwood, is poisoned by arsenic-laced chocolates.

[D] [1923 - Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch / Beer Hall Putsch:

1925 - Perez Millan, the rightwing nationalist who killed the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens whilst he was in his prison cell, is killed in an asylum in Buenos Aires. Boris Vladimirovitch, a doctor and biologist serving time for an "expropriation", feigned madness so as to be transferred to Millan's asylum. Vladimirovitch was unable to get close enough (Millan was "protected"), so pursuaded another internee to kill him.

1928 - At 4 a.m. in Montevideo, 300 Uruguayan police and soldiers encircle the house at 41-J.J. Rousseau street, trapping a group of anarchist illegalists inside that had been involved in the currency exchange robbery taht took place on October 25. They include the 3 Catalans - glazier Jaime Tadeo Peña (22 years old), cabinetmaker Agustin Garcia Capdevilla (23) and glazier Pedro Boadas Rivas (32), plus brothers Antonio and Vicente Moretti and their companions Pura Ruiz and Dolores Rom. To avoid certain death, they decide to surrender, all except Antonio Moretti, who burns the robbery money and shoots himself in the head. Those sent to prison escape on March 18, 1931 thanks to a tunnel built by anarchist comrades.

[C] 1932 - Fusillade du 9 Novembre 1932 anka Blutnacht von Genf: In Geneva, the army opens fire on a crowd of thousands gathered for an anti-fascist demonstration, killing 13 and wounding nearly a hundred others. On the night of November 5-6 a poster from the Union Nationale (the Swiss fascist party founded by Georges Oltramare in 1930, whose members wore a uniform of berets and grey shirts) appeared on the streets announcing public indictment of the leaders of the Parti Socialiste Suisse (PSS), Léon Nicole and Jacques Dickers, on November 9 at 20:30 in the Plainpalais community hall in Geneva. A demand by the PSS on the 6th for the UN meeting to be banned was refused by the state adviser to the justice and police department, Frédéric Martin, on the grounds of freedom of assembly. The following day, the Socialist newspaper Le Travail called for mobilisation: "The fascist rabble trying get tough in Geneva... These gentlemen want to talk... We will fight them with the weapons that they themselves have chosen." That same day an anonymous leaflet hit the streets: "The foul Nicoulaz, the Jew Dicker and their clique are preparing civil war. They are the servants of the Soviets. Cut them down! Down the revolutionary clique." On the morning of November 9, at the request of Frédéric Martin the State Council appealed to the military to send troops to reinforce the city's gendarmes and those police drafted in from the surrounding countryside. The decision was taken to dispatch 610 recruits, just in their sixth week of training, together with thirty officers under the leadership of Major Ernest Lederrey. A select number of troops were told that "the revolution had erupted in Geneva" and given live ammunition. When four soldiers refused to follow the orders, they were immediately placed under arrest. By later afternoon, the first anti-fascist protesters (around 4-5,000) had already converged on the Plainpalais and were being refused entry by the gendarmes as they lacked official UN invitations. Meanwhile, roadblocks were being set up by police in nearby streets to prevent protesters from approaching the hall and at 17:30 the 610 raw recruits arrived in Geneva to support the city's police. At 18:45, 15 minutes after the meeting had commenced, a number of socialists, communists and anarchists had managed to gain entry to the Plainpalais but were quickly ejected. Outside the hall, standing on the shoulders of a militant a voluble Nicole, who would later leave the PSS to set up his own Stalinist grouping after the party refused to form a united front with the communists, harangued the waiting crowd. At 21:15, the 108 men of the Première Compagnie, which had been ordered into position to strengthen the police roadblocks when they had begun to be breached by the protests, encountered a crowd of counter-demonstrators. Eighteen of their number were disarmed and called upon to refuse orders and join the crowds. The officer in charge, Lieutenant Raymond Burnat, ordered the troops to fall back to the entrance of the Palais des Expositions where, after a bugle call, he gave the order to open fire: "A coup, tirez bas feu!" In the following 12 seconds, 20 soldiers fired 150 rounds, killing thirteen protestors and wounding 65 more, three of whom would later succumb to their injuries. Many of those shot were bystanders (only 3 of the dead were active militants) who had not taken part in the disarming of the soldiers. The crowds quickly dispersed as more troops were sent in to set up further roadblocks nay of which were manned with machineguns. On November 10, the committee of the Union des Syndicats du Canton de Genève (USCG; Union of Trade Unions of the Canton of Geneva) and the various unions affiliated to the Union Syndicale Suisse rejected the Communists' call for a general strike but the following day a meeting of 225 USCG delegates voted in favour of a general strike to honour the dead, whose funerals were scheduled for November 12. The funerals for the victims attracted thousands of angry Genevois but there were no clashes. The general strike was only partially successful, as the Christian unions did not participate. In the opinion of the Geneva authorities, blame for the bloodshed itself laid fairly and squarely at the door of Léon Nicole and the communists. On November 10, the State Council "prohibited any gathering or procession on public roads", placed certain public buildings under the protection of the Geneva regiment, and decreed the application of military law to civilians. Frédéric Martin issued warrants for the arrest of Nicole and 39 other leftists. In June of the following year, Nicole received a 6-month sentence for riot. Others tried alongside him got 4-month terms. The cases brought against the officers and soldiers involved in the massacre all ended in acquittals, as they were held to have acted in self-defence. In December 1932, the Geneva State Council decreed a series of laws on public order with penalties up to 10 years of imprisonment to be imposed against anyone who participates in, or writes in favour of, collective acts that tend not only to change through the means of violence the constitutional order, but also to "disrupt" public services and "break into a building site!". In addition, State officials enrolled in the Communist Party and all civil servants participating in the demonstration on November 9 were sacked in early 1933 and excluded from public office. This 'Berufverbot' (professional ban) against communist employees would last for decades in Switzerland. [www.20min.ch/wissen/history/story/20719118 www.cgas.ch/9novembre/spip.php?article1 www.sinistra.ch/?p=2252 www.ordiecole.com/geneve_1932.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_du_9_novembre_1932_à_Genève libcom.org/history/1932-the-geneva-massacre www.fonjallaz.net/CH/9-nov-1932/ [bizarre anti-communist website]]

1938 - Kristallnacht takes place during the night of the 9-10 November 1938.

[CC] 1938 - Maurice Bavaud (1916 - 1941), a Swiss Catholic theology student abandons his plan to assassinate Adolf Hitler in the Feldherrnhalle, Munich on the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch as he did not want to injure any other Nazi leaders who he would be marching with. Having made a second failed attempt to gain an audience with Hitler via a forged letter, and having run out of money, he jumped a train to Paris, only to be arrested. Interrogated by the Gestapo, he admitted his plans to assassinate Hitler. He was tried by the Volksgerichtshof on December 18, 1939. Found guilty, he was executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison on the morning of May 14, 1941. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bavaud valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1986 - Remeberance Sunday: 2,000 anti-fascists march up Whitehall and Celia Stubbs, the partner of Blair Peach, lays a wreath at the Cenotaph for all those, past and present, who lost their lives in the struggle against fascism. [PR]

1989 - The Berlin Wall falls.

[2012 - A riot breaks out at Welikada Prison in Sri Lanka during a search for illegal arms that leaves 27 people dead and 40 injured. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Welikada_prison_riot www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20267735 www.thelondoneveningpost.com/features/welikada-prison-massacre-the-re-appearance-of-dictatorship/]

2013 - Supporters of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party attempting to hold a rally at the Greek embassy are intercepted by members of the AFN. Golden Dawn flags are seized and burnt. [actforfree.nostate.net/?p=15516] ||
 * = 10 || 1811 - Luddites destroy machinery and Edward Hollingworth's house at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. One of their number is shot and killed.

1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: Following the intervention of the préfet du Rhône in the canuts' attempts to negotiate a fixed price for their labours, the manufacturers reject the salary claims of the canuts, which they considered to be exorbitant. This attitude infuriated much of the working class. [see: Oct. 18]

1868 - Matawhero Massacre: Just before midnight on November 9, 1868, Māori resistance fighter Te Kooti and around 100 of his followers, 60 of them on horseback, forded the Waipāoa River near Pātūtahi on the Poverty Bay flats. They moved quietly towards the nearby Pākehā settlement of Matawhero. By dawn they had killed about 60 people in Matawhero and the adjacent kāinga (Māori village) – roughly equal numbers of Māori and Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent) – and torched their homes. The victims ranged from babies to the elderly. Some were shot, but most were despatched with bayonets, tomahawks or patu to avoid alerting their neighbours. The attack was utu (revenge) for Te Kooti’s treatment after his capture at Waerenga-a-hika in October 1865 (he was accused of being a spy and was arrested after the siege ended, and rearrested 6 months later and interned without trial for 2 years). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Kooti's_War www.nzhistory.net.nz/te-kooti-attacks-matawhero history-nz.org/wars3.html]

1869 - Gaetano Bresci (d. 1901), Italian-American anarchist who assassinated the King of Italy in revenge of the army's butchery in repressing the 1898 Milan massacre (300 demonstrators were slaughtered protesting bread prices; see May 7-8), born. [www.ephemanar.net/mai22.html#22 www.andreagaddini.it/Bresci_en.html]

1887 - Chicago Haymarket defendant Louis Lingg (b. 1864), cheats the state the day before he and the other anarchist's scheduled execution, commiting suicide in his prison cell with the use of a blasting cap smuggled in by another prisoner, which he places in his mouth and lights. [see: Sep. 9] "...I despise you. I despise your order, your laws, your force-propped authority. Hang me for it!"

1891 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) (d. 1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', Ukrainian-born legendary Polish anarchist freedom fighter, born. One of the best-known prisoners of the penal colony in Ushuaia, where he was held for the assassination of Ramón Lorenzo Falcón, a head of police responsible for the brutal repression of Red Week in 1909 in Buenos Aires. Radowitzky was pardoned after 21 years, he left Argentina and fought with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. [poss. alternate d.o.b. Oct. 10] [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier29.html#radowitzky libcom.org/history/simon-radowitzky-1891-1956 www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/r/radowitzky.php www.katesharpleylibrary.net/s4mxfw recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RadowitzkySimon.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 28] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: During the morning warships with specially selected crews approach Kronstadt. In the city martial law is declared, and the sailors and soldiers are disarmed. As many as 4,000 sailors and about 800 soldiers are arrested and threatened with field courts-martial and severe punishments. [encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

1918 - Kiel Mutiny [Kieler Matrosenaufstand]: A large crows gathers at the Eichhof Parkfriedhof (Park Cemetery) to bury the fallen of November 3rd, with Gustav Garbe and Lothar Popp giving graveside orations. The military personnel are buried a day later at the Nordfriedhof (North Cemetry) in Kiel. Gustav Noske gives the graveside speech. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_Matrosenaufstand www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html www.kurkuhl.de/en/novrev/timeline.html www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Matrosenaufstand.html self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0003407677/kiel mutiny www.onthisdeity.com/3rd-november-1918-–%C2%A0the-kiel-mutiny/ www.kurkuhl.de/en/index_en.html www.reocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ikarint.htm collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/radical/id/9987 libcom.org/history/how-did-first-world-war-actually-end-paul-mason libcom.org/history/schneider-ernst-wilhelm-1883-19461970-aka-ikarus-icarus www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/schneider/wilhelmshaven-revolt.htm]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: Colonel Varela returns to Rio Gallegos, where striking laborers and workers ending up before firing squads. With the Chilean government working with Argentine forces, the army pursues fleeing strikers, with those caught subject to summary execution. In total, around 1500 workers and strikers were killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1924 - CNT militants 26-year-old José Llacer and 19-year-old Juan Montejo, are executed following the November 6th attack on the Atarazanas barracks. Both were also implicated in assassinating Rogelio Pérez, the 'Torturer of Barcelona', on May 28 1924.

1944 - Ehrenfeld Group: Hans Steinbrück and twelve of his followers (incl. six teenagers, members of the Edelweiss Pirates) are executed without trial in Cologne. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfeld_Group]

[C] 1961 - Operação Vagô [Operation Vague]: A group of six Portuguese anti-fascists - Hermínio da Palma Inácio, Amândio Silva,, Camilo Mortágua, João Martins, Fernando Vasconcelos and a pregnant Helena Vidal - conduct the first 'hijacking' of a commercial airplane whilst in the air in history, diverting a TAP (Air Portugal) Super-Constellation plane on a flight between Casablanca and Lisbon in order to drop approx. 100,000 anti-fascist leaflets over Lisbon and four other Portuguese cities. On the morning of November 10, the six boarded the plane as passengers carrying the Frente Antitotalitária dos Portugueses Livres no Estrangeiro (Anti-totalitarian Front of Free Portuguese Abroad) leaflets protesting against the Portuguese dictator Oliveira Salazar and denouncing the electoral farce that was to perform two days later in their bags, which escaped being opened by airport security. At 09:15, the plane took off on its one and a half hour direct flight to Lisbon. Fourty-five minutes later Maria Helena withdrew the five concealed pistols she had carried on to the plane strapped around her waist and Palma Inácio immediately went to the cockpit, where he pointed his long-barrelled revolver at the head of the pilot, Jose Marcelino, announcing: "This is a revolutionary action. I do not want to hurt anyone." The plan of the revolutionaries was risky: they intended to follow the route to Lisbon, simulate landing at Portela and then fly low over the capital, Barreiro, Setúbal, Beja and Faro, whilst launching their leaflets appealing for a popular revolt against the dictatorship. Once safely landed back in Tangier, Ignacio Palma and his comrades would then appeal for political asylum. In the cockpit co-pilot Teles Grilo, the flight engineer Alberto Coelho, and the chief mechanic António Coragem all remained silent but the pilot Marcelino tried to claim that they did not have enough fuel to return to Tangier. However, Palma Inácio was an aircraft mechanic and had qualified as a transport pilot in the USA and was not fooled. Demanding the plane's flight records, Palma found there was more than enough fuel on board. Now the pilot tries another diversionary tactic, "How are you going to throw out your leaflets? I can not open the plane windows", Marcelino argued. Palma's response silenced him: "You can. Fly as low as possible, depressurise the cabin and we can open an emergency window." Now fully in control of the situation, the other revolutionaries did not have to display their weapons and the actions of the steward Orloff Esteves and his two assistants, Maria del Pilar and Luísa Infante, who remained clam through out, meant that some of the other thirteen passengers remained ignorant of the hijack until they were about to land back in Tangiers. Having been given permission to land at Lisbon airport and followed a normal approach, shortly before touchdown the plane the plane aborted its landing, gaining height and moving away from the airport. José Marcelino then reported to the tower that he had been compelled by those on board to make a close flyby of Lisbon and other cities to the south. At the same time an Air Force general, Costa Macedo, witnessing the incident from a plane nearby, ordered an alert. Minutes later, two F-84 fighter jets were scrambled from Monte Real airforce base with orders to shoot down the plane if they could not force it to land on Portuguese soil. Thus began a dangerous game of cat and mouse, with the Super-Constellation having to fly low, just 100 meters above the ground, in order to escape being tracked by radar and to evade the fighters. This it managed to do, whilst the revolutionaries discharged their cargo of leaflets, which rained down over Lisbon, Barreiro, Setúbal, Beja and Faro. Having dropped the last load of leaflets over Faro, the pilot Marcellin continued to fly at low altitude over the sea to avoid being seen on radar. However, on this beautiful clear autumn morning the pilots spotted two warships on their flight path and there was only one way to escape the possibility of being shot down by the ships' guns: dive to half a dozen meters above the waves and pass directly between the two - and that's exactly what José Marcelino managed. At 12:45, three and half hours after taking off from Casablanca, the plane landed safely at Tangiers airport. Waiting for them were Captain Henrique Galvão, a prominent leader of the non-Communist opposition the Salazar regime, numerous journalists and the Moroccan authorities, who Galvão had persuade to grant the six revolutionaries temporary asylum status until they find a country to take him in permanently, which turned out to be Brazil. Operação Vagô had proved to be a total success and had a major impact on world press. Salazar was left foaming with rage too. Interestingly, the origins of the Operação Vagô plan had been somewhat different. Henrique Galvao and another member of the non-Communist opposition, General Humberto Delgado, had joined forces with other exiled opponents of the Estado Novo regime, including elements of the opposition within Portugal itself, in order to organise a coup sometime in late 1961. Thus, the Operação Vagô leaflets had originally been meant to call for insurrection and carry instructions on how to make bombs but, with plans for the insurrection about to be delayed, and the plotters' base of operations in Tangiers plagued with PIDE secret police agents and spies, Operação Vagô itself could not be delayed any longer. So, the original leaflets were replaced by new ones denouncing the fraudulent elections for the National Assembly, scheduled for two days later, but also still calling for popular revolt. The delayed coup attempt eventually took place on the night of December 31, 1961 - January 1, 1962. The little-know Golpe de Beja - an assault on the barracks of the Regimento de Infantaria 3 at Beja by a small number of members of the military and accompanying civilians, designed to spark a general uprising amongst the military against the regime - failed, due largely to a lack of communication and the militaries had some forewarning of the coup attempt (though not of its intended target). One rebel died in the attack, as did Lieutenant Colonel Jaime Filipe da Fonseca, Deputy Secretary of the Army. On the rebel side Captain João Maria Paulo Varela Gomes was left with serious wounds, ending up being dismissed from the army and spending 6 years in fascist prisons. Hundreds were arrested in connection with the attempted coup; many others sought refuge in foreign embassies. A total of 82 people eventually stood trial in civilian and military courts, of whom 65 received prison sentences and 17 were found not guilty. Operação Vagô and the Golpe de Beja, one a success, the other a failure, ended what was an annus horribilis for the Salazar dictatorship, one that had begun with Operação Dulcineia, the hijacking of the Santa Maria, marked the beginning of the end for the Estado Novo and Salazar. [www.vidaslusofonas.pt/biografia.php?id=cKu0FCPd12H www.publico.pt/politica/noticia/radiografia-de-um-golpe-de-charme-1391747 especiedemocracia.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/assalto-ao-aviao-ii-panfletos-com-asas.html paginaglobal.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/operacao-vago-foi-ha-50-anos.html pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operação_Vagô pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermínio_da_Palma_Inácio irenepimentel.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/no-50-aniversario-da-revolta-de-beja.html]

[A] 1976 - London Murray Defence Group occupy Aer Lingus offices in Regent Street. Similar protests are made in Madrid and Sydney, the first 'reciprocal' protest to be made in Spain for years.

1985 - 100 AFA members take over the NF assembly point for Remembrance day march at Bressendon Place in Victoria, London, causing them much confusion and embarrassment.

[D] 1989 - Bulgarian Communist leader Todor Zhivkov is forced out of office after 35 years of dictatorship. Having survived the Sino-Soviet split, Khrushchev's fall in October 1964, an attempted Stalinist-Maoist coup d’état in 1965, Brezhnev's death in 1982, and Mikhail Gorbachev's post-1985 reforms, he no doubt felt immortal. However, following a number of 'miss-steps', including the riots and massive death toll that stemmed from his December 1984 policy of the forced assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish minority, which also led to his granting permission in May 1989 of all Turks to emmigrate, with over 300,000 leaving for Turkey within three months; and the international opprobrium resulting from brutal beating of Bulgarian environmental activists and supporters from Ecoglasnost by CSS secret police and militia officers at the October 1989 OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe) environmental summit in Sofia and the subsequent abuse of 36 other opposition activists, his days were numbered. Shortly after Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov (who later became president) threatened him that unless he resigned the Politburo would vote him out and have him executed. He went quietly realising that the the jig was up. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov]

1991 - AFA draws 3,500-4,500 to their (unopposed) National Demonstration through Bethnal Green in east London on Remembrance day. The demonstration is called to draw attention to rascist attacks and the BNP's 'Rights for Whites' campaign in the area.

1999 - Ken Saro-Wiwa, author and activist, hanged by the Nigerian state for daring to resist Royal Dutch Shell, alongside eight other people.

2001 - Julián Ángel Aransáez Caicedo (b. 1916), Basque anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-Francoist and anti-Nazi fighter, dies. [see: Oct. 18]

2004 - The Comisión Valech (Comisión Nacional Sobre Prisón Politica y Tortura / National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture) report covering the abuses under the 1973-90 dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet is submitted to President Ricardo Lagos. The commission concludes that torture was a habitual practice of the armed forces and police throughout Pinochet’s dictatorship, something that we all knew anyway. [www.usip.org/publications/commission-of-inquiry-chile-03 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valech_Report]

2006 - Around a hundred Romanian anarchists hold an anti-fascist march in Bucharest under the legal cover of 'Asociaţii Aquarius'. [jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/anarhistii-ne-mai-lipseau-111351.html]

2008 - The 'Ta Nea' newspaper publishes photographs showing young men in civilian clothes carrying metal clubs and other crude weapons within police ranks in the center of Athens. The related article includes the eyewitness account of Theodoros Margaritis, an official of the Synaspismos party (which later evolved to today’s Syriza party), according to which five hooded protesters carrying rocks attempted to join a rally of GSEE (the General Confederation of Greek Workers) but fled when confronted and asked to show their IDs. The police denied that undercover police were among the protesters engaged in violence at the demonstrations, saying that such actions are forbidden. The force however acknowledged that plainclothes police forces were present at the demonstrations with the aim of facilitating arrests, and ordered an investigation into the identities of the violent protesters. The mayor of Patras also claimed that demonstrations were being infiltrated by individuals belonging to far-right groups, a claim supported by photographs and other evidence. [www.thepressproject.net/article/52639/The-Murder-of-Alexandros-Grigoropoulos]

2008 - Seven days into the first organised widespread protest against Greek prison conditions, 4,500 prisoners are now on hunger strike.

2008 - Seven days into the first organised widespread protest against Greek prison conditions, 4,500 prisoners are now on hunger strike.

2010 - During student protests, Millbank 30 (the campaign headquarters of the Conservative Party) is stormed and trashed. || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/11th-november-1812-whitehaven.html]
 * = 11 || [1812 - Whitehaven magistrates report huge foods riots in the Town

[A] 1887 - Haymarket Martyrs August Spies [see: Dec. 10], Albert Parsons [see: Jun. 20], Adolph Fischer [see below] and George Engel [see: Apr. 15] are hanged.

1887 - Adolph Fischer (b. 1858), German-born American anarchist propagandist and Haymarket Martyr, dies. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre11.html#fischer dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Fischer.html www.chicagohistory.org/hadc/books/b01/B01S004.htm]

1890 - Attilio Bulzamini (d. 1938), Spanish anarchist militant and member of the Ascaso column, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article419 www.estelnegre.org/documents/bulzamini/bulzamini.html]

1895 - Umberto Nicola Palmiotti (d. 1969), Italian-American anarchist, who emigrated to America to avoid fighting in WWI, born. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/112401 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4406]

1898 - Antonio Cieri (d. 1937), Italian anarchist rail worker, anti-fascist militant and Spanish Civil War fighter, born. He served as an officer in the Italian Army during World War I and was decorated. After the war he became active in the anarchist movement in Ancona and worked as a technical designer for the Italian railways. Because of his participation in the mass working class resistance to Italy's imperialist intervention in Albania, in 1921 he was disciplined and transferred to Parma. There he became a leading light in the anti-fascist Arditi del Popolo in the working class neighbourhood of Borgo Naviglio, defending it and the neighbouring areas against fascist provocations. Sacked from the railways in 1923 and forced into exile, he finally arrived in Paris together with his wife in 1925 where he continued his anarchist activity. He founded the anarchist paper '//Umanita Nova//' with Camillo Berneri and others and for a long time was its editor. In 1936 he moved to Spain and enlisted in a military column. He was one of the founders of the Italian Column which became attached to the Ascaso Column and was one of its commanders alongside fellow anarchist Giuseppe Bifolchi from December 1936 until April 1937 (both refused to continue with the positions upon militarisation). On April 7th (or possibly the 8th), he was killed leading a team of Bomberos during the assault on Huesca. There were strong suspicions that he had been shot in the back by a Stalinist and this allegation was made in '//Guerra di Classe//', Berneri’s paper. His two children, Ubaldo and Renee, were adopted and brought up by Giovanna Caleffi, the companion of Camillo Berneri. [libcom.org/history/cieri-antonio-1898-1937 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article885 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cieri ita.anarchopedia.org/Antonio_Cieri]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 29] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: St. Petersburg workers are frantically arming themselves in response to rumours of a pogrom. Despite some reservations, the St. Petersburg Soviet proclaims an eight-hour working day. Employers respond with massive lock-outs. By the end of the month the Soviet has abandoned its eight-hour working day campaign. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1905 - [O.S. Oct. 29] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Workers in St. Petersburg rise up in defence of Kronstadt's revolutionary sailors. Meetings are held in the capital demanding the release of those who had been arrested. [encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

1919 - Centralia Massacre: American Legion 'patriots' attack and destroy an IWW labour hall in Centralia, Washington. Five of their number are killed. Later the same day, Wesley Everest, a WWI veteran and IWW organiser, is seized from the local jail, tortured and lynched. [jobspapa.com/id20/regal-families-the-world.html]

1942 - A group of 22 prisoners, led by Stefan Finkiel escape from the Lipowa Street camp in Lublin with arms taken by force from their German guards. [chelm.freeyellow.com/revolts.html]

1949 - Juan Vilella Peralba aka 'Moreno', his daugter Lourdes Vilella Soler and son-in-law José Bertobillo Moles Delgado, José Puertas Puertas, and Miguel and Jaime Guitó Gramunt. Vilella Peralba was accused of allowing his farm to used as a base for the anarchist guerilla Marcelino Massana Bancells aka 'Pancho', and the rest of collaborating with Pancho. All were horribly tortured by the Guardia Civil in Berga and, on November 14, Juan Vilella, José Bartobillo and José Puertas were taken to the nearby Vilada bridge and murdered (//ley de fugas//). [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8612 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article762 losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8613]

[D] 1956 - 1956-os Forradalom [Hungarian Revolution]: The longest sustained armed resistance by independence fighters was in the Csepel (XXI.) district of Budapest and, with its occupation, the armed resistance is finally ended after 7 days. János Kádár makes his first radio speech since November 4, declaring that the revolt had been crushed. At the end of the fighting, Hungarian casualties totalled at around 2,500 dead with an additional 20,000 wounded. Budapest bore the brunt of the bloodshed, with 1,569 civilians killed.[62] Approximately 53 percent of the dead were workers, and about half of all the casualties were people younger than thirty. On the Soviet side, 699 men were killed, 1,450 men were wounded, and 51 men were missing in action. Estimates place around 80 percent of all casualties occurring in fighting with the insurgents in the eighth and ninth districts of Budapest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom www.budapestbylocals.com/event/23rd-october-1956-revolution/ www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/naviga/index.htm www.origo.hu/tudomany/tortenelem/20130616-az-1956-os-forradalom-korabban-nem-latott-kepeken.html]

1971 - Haverstock Street, Islington, raided. Angie Weir arrested, taken to Albany Street and charged with conspiracy to cause explosions. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1978 - Gay San Francisco city supervisor Harvey Milk and mayor George Moscone are assassinated by ex-supervisor Dan White.

1981 - Greta Kuckhoff (b. 1902), member of the German Resistance group, the Red Orchestra during the Nazi era, dies. [see: Dec. 14] || John Graudenz was arrested on September 12, 1942 and on December 19, 1942 the Reich Court Martial sentenced him to death. Three days later he was hanged in Plötzensee prison. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graudenz de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Kapelle]
 * = 12 || 1884 - John Graudenz (Johannes Graudenz; d. 1942), John Graudenz (Johannes Graudenz; b. 1884), German press photographer and resistance fighter in anti-Nazi Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. One of the founding members of the Kommunistischen Arbeiterpartei (Communist Workers' Party) in 1921 and travelled extensively in the Soviet Union. There he witness the hunger and misery endemic under the regime and was subsequently expelled from the country because of his public criticism of the situation. In 1928 he and Franz Jung founded the Berlin photo agency Dephot and from 1928 to 1932 he worked for the '//New York Times//'. In 1933 he began making contacts with various resistance groups, as well as maintaining those that he already had with Franz Jung and the Roten Kämpfern (Red Fighters). He also helped the daughter of Jung's old friend the anarchist Otto Gross escape the country. In the spring of 1939, via Jung's contacts, he joined the Schulze-Boysen circle and began participating in the Berlin Rote Kapelle group's activities, writing and printing pamplets and leaflets and secretly obtaining information on the latest aviation technology.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 30] Vladivostok Uprising [Владивостокские Восстания]: A ban imposed on junior ranks attending meetings and rallies and leaving the barracks to go to the city aroused general indignation. So, when 2,000 sailors appeared in the streets, they were joined by 10,000 soldiers of the Khabarovsk Reserve Regiment (by the fall of 1905 the Vladivostok garrison numbered 60,000 men). Rioting broke out spontaneously, and shops in the bazaar were smashed up and set on fire. The small military units called up by the garrison commander refused to shoot at the rebels, and some soldiers crossed over to the other side. In the evening, the rebels continued to set fire to parts of the city. Matrosskaya Sloboda (Матросская слобода), the district military court, the Orsk Assembly(орское собрание), and numerous shops were burned. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1912 - In Madrid, Spanish anarchist Manuel Pardiñas assassinates President José Canalejas, then commits suicide in revenge for Canalejas' actions the previous September, when he had ended a general railways strike by conscripting all railway-workers into the army.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata declares war on Venustiano Carranza.

1921 - Gunnar Dyrberg (d. 2012), member of the Danish resistance movement during World War II, leading the Holger Danske, a Danish resistance group in the capital Copenhagen (1943-45), born [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Dyrberg da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Dyrberg]

[C] 1978 - 3,208 police officers are deployed to marshall an anti-fascist demonstration against the annual display of hypocrisy that is the National Front Remembrance Sunday march, which took place from Bressenden Place to the Cenotaph in London. Twenty eight people are arrested and four police officers injured. [The figures come from '//Hansard//' and, as is traditional, do not include how many suffered injuries at the hands of the cops.] [hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1978/nov/24/remembrance-sunday-national-front#S5CV0958P0_19781124_CWA_40]

[A] 1984 - US Plowshares protesters target a Minuteman II nuclear-missile silo in Missouri, taking a pneumatic drill to the silo cap. Four activists are arrested and, in March 1985, they are convicted of conspiracy, destruction of government property, and intent to damage the national defence. Their prison sentences range from eight to 18 years.

1990 - A march of 100,000 school students through Paris demanding better education provision ends in looting and rioting.

1990 - Police evict three homeless squats in the Pfarrstrasse and the Cotheniusstrasse in Berlin Following protest actions in the Friedrichshain neighbourhood, water cannons begin to spray 12 squatted houses in the Mainzerstrasse. A riot starts and last into the night, forcing the police to retreat.

1991 - Dili (or Santa Cruz) Massacre: Indonesian troops fire on an East Timorese pro-independence demonstration. At least 250 are killed and television pictures of the massacre are shown worldwide. ||
 * = 13 || 1811 - Mass Luddite attack at Sutton-in-Ashfield.

1882 - François Le Levé (d. 1945), French militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. One of the 15 who signed the '//Manifeste des Seize//', along with Kropotkin, Grave and others, favouring the Allies during WWI. A member of the Résistance during WWII, he was captured and interned. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre13.html#le leve militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3260]

1887 - Bloody Sunday: three people are killed and 200 injured during a public meeting in Trafalgar Square against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, imprisoned for incitement. Amongst those present included Walter Crane, William Morris, H. H. Hyndman, George Bernard Shaw, Annie Besant and John Burns.

1887 - Over 20,000 workers join the funeral march for the Haymarket anarchists.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: A //fascio dei lavoratori// is formed in Giardinello with a peasant Giuseppe Piazza named as its president. Immediately after his election as president, Piazza had submitted a request for reduction of taxes on bread, on vehicles and on duties of consumption. The Mayor Angelo Caruso, after promising to ease the harshest levies, actually tightened enforcement. The first explosion of discontent occurred December 3, 1893 with the demonstration of protest against the mayor who had signed an agreement with the Duke of Aumale about the waters from the Scorsone spring without provision for the building of public washing facilities promised by the Duke, a washhouse was essential for the needs of the population. [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

1893 - Leon-Jules Léauthier, a young anarchist shoe-maker, stabs and seriously wounds the minister of Serbia in Paris. Condemned (February 23, 1894) to life in prison, where he was killed during the suppression of the October 21, 1894 prison uprising at Iles du Salut.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Oct. 31] Vladivostok Uprising [Владивостокские Восстания]: The rebels, many of whom were now drunk, captured the brig, the military prison and guard house, destroying them and freeing the prisoners. By the end of the day nearly all of Vladivostok was in their hands. However, despite the fact that the Tsarist troops sent against them refused to fire on them, they were unable to take advantage of the situation. The sailors and soldiers did not have strong leadership and the revolutionary organizations in the city were weak and few in number. So, whilst they spontaneously rioted, smashing everything around them, the authorities managed to easily put down the rebellion by simply promising to fulfill some of the requirements of the rebels, thereby quietening the revolutionary mood of the riots. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

[1905 - [O.S. Oct. 31] Markovo Republic: Peasants in the 'Markovo Republic' (Марково Республика) 150 kilometers outside Moscow declare themselves independent of Russia, announcing via a resolution (prigovor) that henceforth they will refuse to obey the established authority, pay taxes or rents, or provide any conscripts for the draft. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Марковская_республика ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Марковская_республика cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1912 - Wiesław Protschke aka 'Wieslaw' (d. 1945), Polish syndicalist and anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi fighter, born in Lemberg, Lwiw, the son of an architect. Graduated from the law faculty of Jan Kazimierz University in Lwiw. During his studies, he co-operated with the '//Sygnaly//' (Signals) periodical. From 1935-39, he was an activist in Związku Polskiej Młodzieży Demokratycznej (ZPMD; Union of Polish Democratic Youth) and the Robotniczego Instytutu Oświaty i Kultury (RIOK; Workers Institute of Education and Culture). Great propagator of cooperative ideas of the political philosopher Edward Abramowski (a famous Polish anti-state socialist). A member of the Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) and of the editorial staff of '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front), '//Głos Pracownika Umysłowego//' (Intellectual Workers’ Voice), the ZZZ paper (1934-37), and '//Przebudowa//' (Reconstruction), the ZPMD paper. His article '//Bakunin – the freedom fighter//' in '//Front Robotniczy//' was the cause of his conflict with Stanisław 'Cat' Mackiewicz (famous conservative and monarchist editor of the paper '//Słowo//') who appealed for police intervention against "Bolsheviks in ZZZ". In November 1939, together with Bolesław Stein, he founded the underground anti-Soviet organization Rewolucyjny Zwiazek Niepodleglosci i Wolnosci (Revolutionary Union of Independence and Freedom) which was created by syndicalists, socialists and peasant organisation members. The organisation was destroyed in January 1940 as a result of the arrests of the NKVD. From 1940, Protschke was chair of the Central Committee of the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolność' (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation 'Freedom'). During WWII, he was working in publishing cooperative Czytelnik (Reader) in Krakow. Protschke, together with Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Tomasz Pilarski', represented SOW-a on the Centralny Komitet Ludowy (CKL; Central Committee of the People). After unification of the military division of SOW-a with the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army), he became a political officer of AK. In September 1944, during Warsaw Uprising he was arrested and sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, then to Mauthausen, where he was murdered in the Melk sub-camp in January 1945. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesław_Protschke pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność" pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Robotniczy_(dwutygodnik_syndykalistyczny) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucyjny_Związek_Niepodległości_i_Wolności]

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: On the first day of the trial of the kidnappers of the Spanish vice-consul in Milan, fugitive Amedeo Bertolo manages to get right inside the courtroom in Varese, despite the massive presence of Carabinieri. There he surrenders to the judges. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Isu_Elias www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/asnsmp/rapimentoconsolespagnolo.html secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/jorge-conill-valls/ revistapolemica.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/el-secuestro-del-viceconsul-espanol-en-milan-en-1962/ www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2014/07/three-french-libertarians-in-francos-jails-alain-pecunia-bernard-ferri-and-guy-batoux-by-steven-forti-atlantica-translated-by-paul-sharkey/]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: As what can be seen as a prelude to the forthcoming coup and one of the last acts of the //verão quente// (hot summer) of left-right tensions, building workers go on strike in Portugal. 30,000 march to the Parliament in Sao Bento, Lisbon, blockading it and trapping Ministers inside, an event often called the 'cerco a S. Bento' (siege of St. Benedict). The government, swayed by Mário Soares' claim that there was a threat of a 'communist assault' on the Constituent Assembly ("I went to a window and realized that a true paramilitary militia, which ringed the protesters, was preparing to occupy certain key positions near the exits"), called on COPCON (Comando Operacional do Continente / Continental Operations Command) to save them, but COPCON troops having turned up, refuse to intervene. The workers are demanding higher wages, nationalisation of the main sites and a collective contract. They refuse to compromise, and when the Prime Minister told them he had to leave to attend an important meeting, they told him to stuff his meeting. At 01:00 in the following morning the Prime Minister caved in and accepted all their demands. As a result, the Socialists called for Brigadier General Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho to be sacked for COPCON’s failure to defend the government. The bourgeois government felt under threat, not only from the events taking place on the streets but also with the growing rumours of a left-wing coup, which sectors of the right were activiely preparing to counter. The verão quente was coming to the boil! [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1994 - Enrique Marco Nadal (b. 1914), Valencian CNT militant and anti-fascist, who fought with the Iron Column during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. After leaving Spain he fought with other exiles for the Allies during WWII, captured at Colmar and sent to the Langwasser camp in Nurenberg. Following the war Marco joined the anti-fascist underground in Spain and was secretary of the clandestine National Committee of CNT inside Spain from May 1946 to April 1947. Betrayed, he was arrested on May 27, 1947, and condemned to death in 1949, but his sentence was commuted to 30 years imprisonment. He then spent 17 years in Franco’s jails. Author of '//Todos contra Franco. La Alianza Nacional de Fuerzas Democráticas, 1944-1947//' (All against Franco: National Alliance of Democratic Forces, 1944-1947; 1982) and the autobiographical '//Condenado a Muerte//' (Sentenced to Death; 1966).

[AA] 1995 - At HMP Full Sutton, a high security dispersal prison, up to 250 prisoners go on work strike against the introduction of the new Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme, a pernicious carrot and stick (light on the former and heavy on the latter, needless to say) prisoner discipline system created following the Strangeways riot.

[C] 2005 - Timur Vladimirovich Kacharava (Тиму́р Влади́мирович Качара́ва; b. 1985), Russian member of the punk/hardcore band Sandinista!, anti-fascist activist and participant in Food Not Bombs, is murdered by a group of about 10 neo-Nazi skinheads after a Food not Bombs action in Vladimirskaya Square in the centre of St. Petersburg. His friend Max 'Zgibov' Zgibai was also attacked and has been hospitalised with serious injuries. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Kacharava www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2005/11/327886.html slackbastard.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/timur-kacharava-21081985-13112005.html] || [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906]
 * = 14 || [D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 1] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) calls a second general strike to show solidarity with the Kronstadt rebels and to protest the lock-outs and government repression in Poland and in support of the struggle for the eight-hour day. The bosses put up stiff resistance and the strike ends in failure, with the Soviet calling off the strike on November 25 [O.S. Nov. 12].

1907 - In Rome the republican, socialist, and anarchist leagues threaten to hold a General Strike unless the government releases 50 anarchists.

1909 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki;1891-1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', legendary Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter, assassinates local police chief Ramón Lorenzo Falcón with a bomb in Buenos Aires. Falcon had ruthlessly suppressed a rent strike and the (Red Week) workers' May Day celebrations. [see: May 1 & Nov. 10]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: In the vicinity of Punta Alta the Regimiento 10° de Caballería (10th Cavalry Regiment), the 'Húsares de Pueyrredón' commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela, attack a poorly armed (with a few firearms, most having only knives) group of a hundred strikers with, killing 5 strikers and taking prisoners about 80, of which they shot about half. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Soto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers'_Federation www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html www.fondation-besnard.org/IMG/pdf/Bayer_Osvaldo_La_Patagonia_Rebelde.pdf coyunturapolitica.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/la-revuelta-obrera-de-puerto-natales-en-1919-un-aporte-a-la-historia-de-los-trabajadores-de-la-patagonia/ www.elortiba.org/patag.html www.drault.com/pdb/fechas/indice.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=La_Patagonia_Rebelde]

1927 - A rally takes place in Quadrado do Congresso (Congress Square) in Buenos Aires demanding the release of Simon Radowitzky on the eighteenth anniversary of his gesture of social revenge.

1949 - Juan Vilella, José Bartobillo and José Puertas are taken to the nearby Vilada bridge and murdered (//ley de fugas//). [see: Nov. 11]

1951 - 75 members of the CNT are tried in Seville prison, accused of reorganising their union and aiding //guerrilleros//, in particular the attempted evacuation a group of guerillas by sea in 1949. Two are sentenced to death, others get eight to thirty years’ imprisonment.

1952 - Agustin Rueda Sierra (d. 1978), Spanish militant anarchist, who was active in the Coordinadora de Presos en Lucha (COPEL) whilst imprisoned following his arrest together with a number of his comrades on explosive charges following their betrayal by an informer, born. Following the discovery of an escape tunnel at Carabanchel prison, he was beaten and tortured together with 7 other prisoners and dies from his injuries in the early hours of March 14, 1978. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_Rueda_Sierra www.todoporhacer.org/a-35-anos-del-asesinato-en-prision-de-agustin-rueda www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/2932-agustin-rueda-preso-anarquista-asesinado-en-la-carcel-en-1978.html www.forumperlamemoria.org/?Agustin-Rueda-Sierra-asesinado-el laamapolalibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/asesinato-de-agustin-rueda-1978.html]

[C/DD] 1973 - Athens Polytechnic Uprising: The Athens Polytechnic uprising begins as students from Athens Polytechnic, also known as the Polytechneion or the National Technical University, go on strike, barricading themselves inside buildings and broadcasting to the populace using a homemade radio transmitter, constructed from materials liberated from the laboratories. "This is the Polytechneion! People of Greece, the Polytechneion is the flag bearer of our struggle and your struggle, our common struggle against the dictatorship and for democracy!" (Εδώ Πολυτεχνείο! Λαέ της Ελλάδας το Πολυτεχνείο είναι σημαιοφόρος του αγώνα μας, του αγώνα σας, του κοινού αγώνα μας ενάντια στη δικτατορία και για την Δημοκρατία!) The revolt at the University was the key events of the dictatorship and effectively heralded the beginning of the end for the Colonels, who from April 21, 1967 onwards had imposed a brutal dictatorship in the country. The countdown began on February 14, 1973, the eve of the 'Trial of the Eleven' - eleven students arrested in late January 1973 when they and others challenged a police raid at the Athens Polytechnic and were to face charges, including "insulting authority" and "teddyboyism" - when students occupied the Law School in protest against police brutality. They also demanded the abolition of decree 1347/73, which provided for the forced conscription of male students who acted in an "anti-national" manner i.e. those involved in union activities during their studies. Even though the occupation only lasted a few hours, 120 male students who were supposedly among the most active were told at short notice that their suspension of military service for study purposes was no longer active and that they should appear in the army headquarters in order to "serve the patria". A second occupation followed on February 21, when 3-4,000 mainly law and humanities students in an action organised by the Anti-EFEE (Anti-Dictatorship Students Union) occupied the building of the Law School in the centre of Athens. For the first time the slogans "Democracy", "Down with the junta" and "Long Live Freedom" were heard, together various anti-American slogans. Once again the police intervened to quell the rebellion, but the forcible expulsion of students from the building of the Law further strengthened their militancy. A third occupation of the Law School took place the following month, however it was not until the November of that year that the militancy showed its true colours.

"Ψωμί, Παιδεία, Ελευθερία, Εθνική Ανεξαρτησία" (Bread, Education, Freedom, National Independence) - the 'official' slogan of the occupation.

On the morning of November 14, University students gathered in the courtyard of the University and decided the declaration of abstinence courses, seeking to hold elections for student unions in December of that year and not at the end of next year, as announced by the regime. Student assemblies also quickly followed at the Medical and Law Schools. At the latter, law students adopted a resolution, which demanded the withdrawal of the decisions of the junta to conduct student elections, democratisation of universities, increase spending on education to 20% of the overall budget, and the withdrawing of decree 1347/73. As the day went on, more and more students began to gather at the University as news of the protests spread. The police were powerless to prevent their numbers swelling and by mid afternoon the decision had been taken to occupy the Polytechnic. Calling themselves "Ελεύθεροι Πολιορκημένοι" (The Besieged Free), they barricaded themselves inside the faculty building at Patission Street and began the operation of an independent radio station, built in a few hours in the laboratories of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. A coordination committee of all the faculties was also formed to organise the gathering of foods and medicines, distribution of megaphones and "imposes control over irresponsible slogans". Now they had to galvanise the growing support for their actions across the city and further afield, which would culminate in the erecting barricades and conducting of street fighting between insurgents and the police. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Εξέγερση_του_Πολυτεχνείου en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising www.sansimera.gr/articles/190 www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t9-97-7polytechnic.htm anoixtosxoleio.weebly.com/17eta-nuomicron941mubetarhoeta.html www.eyedoll.gr/ngine/article/4378/εδώ-πολυτεχνείο asomatoi.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/blog-post_11.html epitropesdiodiastop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/blog-post_582.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Νεκροί_του_Πολυτεχνείου damomac.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/polytechnic/]

1992 - Pedro Calvo Calvo (b. 1908), Aragonese basketmaker, railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

1997 - The Indonesian Military enters the grounds of University of East Timor to quell anti-government protests, shooting at least six students.

2003 - Ramón Álvarez Palomo 'Ramonín' (b. 1913), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Mar. 7] ||
 * = 15 || 1816 - Prelude to the Spa Fields Riots: A mass meeting (~10,000) is called at Spa Fields, Islington, to seek popular support for the delivery of a petition to the Prince Regent, requesting electoral reform and relief from hardship and distress. Henry Hunt is elected to deliver the petition but is refused an audience. A follow-up meeting on Dec 2 results in the Spa Fields Riots.

1902 - In Brussels, Gennaro Rubino, an Italian individualist anarchist, attempts to kill King Léopold II with the cry "Long live the social revolution Long live anarchy!" Seized by the crowd, he barely escapes with his life. The plan stems from his having been exposed as a spy for the Italian Secret Service whilst in exile in London and deciding to commit the assassination in order to prove his allegiance to the anarchist cause.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 2] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Despite the weak and patchy response from the exhausted workers to yesterday's call by the St. Petersburg Soviet for a second general strike to show solidarity with the Kronstadt rebels and to protest the lock-outs and government repression in Poland, the majority of the capital’s industries and railroad junctions are affected today and tomorrow. Premier Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) attempts to prevent the general strike with a telegram beginning "Brother workers!" [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 2] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Police arrest the staff of the Bolshevik RSDLP newspaper 'Novaya Zhizn' (Новая Жизнь / New Life), but within six days the paper reappears unchanged. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa takes Ciudad Juarez by commandeering a coal train and sneaking into town. Several hundred executed.

[A] 1919 - Palmer Raids: The IWW headquarters in New York City is destroyed in one of a series of ant-radical/trades union organisations raids organised by US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

1922 - A General Strike is called by the anarcho-syndicalist-inspired union FTRE - reuniting nearly all the workers and craftsmen in Guayaqui, the Ecuadoran capital - precipitating a later massacre of the workers.

[D] 1936 - 1,800 Durruti Column militiamen from the Aragon front enter into combat in the defence of Ciudad Universitaria (University City), Madrid.

[C] 1939 - Twenty seven Republicans are shot in secret and buried in a mass grave in the Alicante cemetery, with the dictatorship later putting date of "death" as 1942: Ricardo Baeza Sancleto (Ricardo Baeza Sandeto), soldier 28 years old; Francisco Berenguer Estenaga, 29, a mason from Banyeres; Evaristo Botella Jordá, clerk, 29 years old; Raimundo Cots Alonso, 32; al papelero de Cocentaina; Salustiano Espí Reig, 24, a furrier and socialista from Elda; Rafael García Segura, 47; a farmer from Tibi; Carlos Jorquera Martínez, barber from Alicante, 25 years old; Francisco Maestre Payá, Elda lawyer and member of the Tribunal Popular nº2 de Alicante, 46 years old; Antonio Rech Picó, 30, bricklayer from Relleu; Vicente Rico Mollá, jornalist and CNT militant from Castalla, 36 years old; Emilio Rodríguez Carbonell, empleado de 28 years old; and Francisco Salort Cristóbal, 23, mason from El Vergel; plus 4 anti-fascist militants from Elche: Pedro Escalante Coves (Pedro Escalante Cores), shoemaker, 32 years old; Manuel Granados Irles, chauffeur, 54; Onofre Núñez Cantos (José Núñez Cantos), 39 years old worker; Francisco Valero Quiles, baker, 27 years old; six anti-fascists from Rojales: Jesús Cartagena Gil, carpenter, 48 years old; Manuel García León, farmer worker, 35 years old; Manuel Hurtado Huerta, 30 years old, an agricultural worker from Almoradí; Cayetano Manchón Sarabia, 37 years old, a farmer from nearby Callosa de Segura; Antonio Martínez Sala, 28 years old, a carpenter from Torrevieja; and José Pastor Navarro, 38 years old labourer from Rojales. Also were shot with them a group of prisoners from other locales: José Acosta Téllez, 25, a worker from Jerez; Francisco Boades Soler, 22 year old weaver from Girona; José Feliu Fernández (José Felín Fernández), 27, weaver from Formentera; José Martí Guillen, 56, metalworker from Nules and Etelvino Vega Martínez, 33 years old metalworker from Mieres, who was also a central committee of the PCE and military commander of Alicante. On March 27, 2005, a monument was erected to their memory. [www.foroporlamemoria.info/noticias/2005/alicante_febrero2005.htm blogs.ua.es/elda/la-represion-en-elda/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvino_Vega en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvino_Vega www.elche.me/biografia/escalante-coves-pedro-0]

1939 - Jaume Soler Lloret (b. 1898), Alicante born CNT member, teacher and town clerk in Manresa during the war, is shot at Camp de la Bota Barcelona. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8002]

1947 - During a general strike by peasants and protest march in Cerignola, Foggia, against neo-fascist outrages and widespread unemployment, police opened fire, killing Domenico Angelini and Onofrio Perrone. In response, the protesters attack the local agricultural offices of M. Cirillo and the party offices of the Democrazia Cristiana, FUCI (Federazione Universitaria Cattolici Italiana), Partito Democratico del Lavoro, the Don Minzoni cooperative and EU agriculture office. The police announce a state of siege as 2 cops are killed and a number of protesters are wounded. 114 workers are arrested. [guerrasociale.altervista.org/secoli_fedeli.htm]

[DD] 1973 - Athens Polytechnic Uprising: Nov. 15, 1973 - Athens Polytechnic Uprising: By the next morning, the buildings and forecourt of Athens Polytechnic were filled by students and tens of thousands of people and students, who had come from schools across the city, gathered as the radical students brought more and more food, medicine and other resources for the occupation. A Steering Committee was elected, consisting of 22 students and two workers from the University, in order to manage the occupation. The Steering Committee swiftly announced that the occupation was an explicity anti-fascist and anti-imperialist protest. In addition, committees were created in all the other university faculties, to organise the wider occupation and communications with wider Greek society. For this purpose, it began operating a radio station, initially in the Chemistry faculty building and later in a building in the Mechanical Engineeringv faculty, with Maria Damanaki, Dimitris Papahristos and Miltos Charalambides as its announcers; "Here is Polytechneion! Here is Polytechneion! We are speaking from the Radio Station of the free struggling students, the free struggling Greeks. Down with the junta, down with Papadopoulos, kick out the Americans, down with fascism, the junta will fall by [the hands of] the people ... O people, come down on the pavements, come stand with us, your are free to come and see ... " Elsehwere, stencil machines (printers) were sourced, which worked day and night to inform students and the world for the decisions of the Coordinating Committee and student assemblies. Students formed teams to write slogans on placards, on walls, buses and taxis across the city to emplore the support of the Athenians. The University occupiers organised a restaurant and a hospital, and student groups took turns to safeguard the site, making sure that amongst the enthusiastic Athenians who had gathered at the occupation were not used as cover by potential provocateurs. The first reaction of the dictatorial regime was to send a number of undercover agents to be blended into the crowd that that had flocked to the University and put in place snipers on top of surrounding buildings. Across the capital and Greece protests, rallies and demonstrations against the junta and in support of the students began to take place. In Thessaloniki and Patras students also occupied university buildings. Farmers from Megara in West Attica set off for Athens to support the occupation. In Egaleo, in the western part of Athens, and in Piraeus a number of acts of revolutionary solidarity also took place, with attacks on the police. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Εξέγερση_του_Πολυτεχνείου en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising www.sansimera.gr/articles/190 www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t9-97-7polytechnic.htm anoixtosxoleio.weebly.com/17eta-nuomicron941mubetarhoeta.html www.eyedoll.gr/ngine/article/4378/εδώ-πολυτεχνείο asomatoi.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/blog-post_11.html epitropesdiodiastop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/blog-post_582.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Νεκροί_του_Πολυτεχνείου damomac.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/polytechnic/]

1984 - Teodora Badell (b. 1893), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/112474] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyades_de_Nantes]
 * = 16 || [D] 1793 - Noyades de Nantes: French revolutionaries load a barge with 90 priests, then tow it out to sea and sink it off Nantes.

1871 - Élisée Reclus is sentenced to transportation for life for his role in the Paris Commune; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer and anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.

1898 - Anthelme Girier aka Jean Baptiste Lorion (b. 1869), French anarchist orator, who was imprisoned and involved in the revolt at the Iles du Salut penal colony, dies. [see: Apr. 21] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121116]

1899 - Carlo Rosselli (d. 1937), Italian non-Marxist Socialist, journalist, historian and anti-fascist activist, born. Detained on the island of Lipari for his role in the escape to France in 1926 of the socialist politician Filippo Turati, he managed to escape to Tunisia in July 1929, from where he made his way to France. With other Italian refugees in Paris, he helped found the anti-fascist militant movement Giustizia e Libertà, later fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. Alongside Camillo Berneri, Rosselli headed the Matteotti Battalion, a mixed volunteer unit of anarchist, liberal, socialist and communist Italians. The unit fought on the Aragon front, and participated in a victory against Francoist forces in the Battle of Monte Pelato. Having fallen ill early in 1937, he returned to Paris and, together with his brother Nello, he was assassinated on June 9, 1937 by French fascists. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/rosselli.htm www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/carlo-e-nello-rosselli/]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 3] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The government desperately calls on peasants to cease their disorders, and halves their redemption payments for 1906. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 3] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The general strike in St. Petersburg continues, somewhat patchily. It is clear that the workers are too tired and that their hearts are not in it. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1910 - Ricardo Flores Magón issues a circular to all Liberal Party members informing them of the timing of Francisco Madero’s revolt, but warning them of the difference between themselves and Madero’s movement.

1920 - Antonio Navarro Velázquez (d. 1999), Castillian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, born. Known as 'Antonio el Zapatero' or simply 'Zapatero', he was 12 years old he joined the CNT in Caravaca de la Cruz. In 1935 he moved to Barcelona, where he became a militant in an anarchist group. With the fascist military coup in July 1936, he tried to join the CNT militia, but one had to be at least 17 ​​years old, and from 1937 served in the Ejército Popular (People's Army) of the Second Republic. With Franco's victory went to France and took part in the Résistance, fighting against the Nazi occupation. In 1947 re-entered the Peninsula but was arrested the following year. He was sentenced to a long prison term, spending time prison in Zaragoza, San Miguel de los Reyes and finally in Burgos. In 1960 he was paroled. In Barcelona, ​​with José Navarro Muñoz and Joaquín Amores Ortiz, participated in the organisation of the anarchist group Perseverancia (Perseverance) which, until 1970, helped colleagues sought by Franco's police to escape to France. A few months before the death of dictator Franco, went himself returned to France fleeing arrest. He was also a member of the National Committee of the CNT, and was close to Manuel Saldaña de la Cruz. In the mid seventies he participated in the reorganisation of the CNT in Barcelona. On March 30, 1978 he was arrested, along with three other colleagues (Francisco Rodríguez Meroño, José Luis López Moreno and Ana María Álvarez López ), accused of being the 'brains' of a "specific group" (Grupos Autónomos Libertarios) of the FAI and of shooting-up, on March 19, 1978, the barracks of the Policía Armada (Armed Police) in Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona. In the nineties he was active in the CNT in Barcelona and, shortly before his death, in the Local Federation of the CNT in Cornellà with the intention, with Manuel Saldaña, of forming a new union. His partner was Carmen Edo. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1611.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4147-antonio-navarro-velazquez-del-grupo-anarquista-perseverancia.html]

1938 - The Republican army of Catalonia, made up of anarchist and communist forces, is defeated after three months by pro-Franco forces, leaving tens of thousands dead or casualties. The Republican forces had held for three months during the great battle on the front at the Ebre River.

[C] 1942 - Italian-Australian anarchist Francesco Fantin (b. 1901) is murdered by fascist fellow internees in an Australian internment camp. [see: Jan. 20]

1943 - Operation Spark*: At a long delayed viewing of a new German army uniform - the standard uniforms had proven inadequate for the harsh conditions of the Russian winter - to be adopted by the Waffen-SS and the Luftwaffe Field Divisions, in addition to the Wehrmacht, an attemtp is planned to assassinate Adolf Hitler, SS chief Heinrich Himmler and Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring. Captain von dem Bussche (1919 - 1993), who was due to model the uniform, had volunteered to carry a landmine in the knapsack of the uniform, and detonate it when the three Nazi leaders were gathered around him. However, the night before the scheduled demonstration, the freight car containing the new uniforms was destroyed in an Allied air raid and the viewing was rescheduled. [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1952 - Román Delgado (b. 1894), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who was active in Cuba (expelled for inciting the workers of the sugar to go on strike), North America and México, dies. [see: Feb. 2]

[DD] 1973 - Athens Polytechnic Uprising: Following the events of the previous day, the occupation and the various solidarity events across Greece were splashed across the country's newspapers. At the Polytechneion itself, crowds thronged around the University with more than 150,000 people thunderously chanting: "Down with the junta, the junta will fall at the hands of the people!" Under threat, the regime had to respond. The dictator Georgios Papadopoulos ordered the army on to the streets. Across the capital during the late afternoon and evening tanks and armoured personnel carriers began to take up positions. Near At Larissa station three Special Foces (ΛΟΚ) brigades and one brigades of paratroopers from Thessaloniki took up positions waiting for orders. At 19:30, large numbers of police began to attack the crowd was gathered outside the Polytechnic with batons, teargas and rubber bullets. Many of those gathered there fled but others began to set up barricades using hijacked trolleybuses and gathered material from a nearby building site. Fires were lit to try and neutralise the clouds of teargas. Police eventually began resorting to live fire and the first deaths began to take place. The unarmed students and workers at the Polytechneion refused to give in and began hand to hand fighting with the police. Eventually, with the police unable to gain entry into the barricaded University compound, around midnight Papadopoulos ordered the army in, something that would prolong the bloodshed into the ear.y hours of the next day.

List of the eight people who died in the hours before midnight on Friday November 16th: Spyros Kontomaris (Σπυρίδων Κοντομάρης), 57-year-old lawyer and former MP who suffered a heart attack suffered during the teargas attack some time between 20.30-21.00; Diomedes Komnenos (Διομήδης Κομνηνός), 17-year-old student shot through the heart by riot police between 21.30 and 21.45; Sokratis Michail (Σωκράτης Μιχαήλ), 57, an insurance worker, between 21.00 and 22.30 he suffered a heart attack during the teargas attack; Toril Margrethe Engeland, 22-year-old student from Norway was fatally wounded in the chest by riot police around 23.30; Vasilis Famellos (Βασίλειος Φάμελλος), 26, around 23.30 he was fatally wounded in the head by riot police; Yiorgos Samouris (Γεώργιος Σαμούρης), 22-year-old student, around 24.00 mortally wounded in the neck by police gunfire whilst in the greater area of ​​Athens (Kallidromiou and Zosimadon); Dimitris Kyriakopoulos (Δημήτριος Κυριακόπουλος), a 35-year-old builder affected by tear gas in the University area and then beaten by police baton, as a result of which died from acute aortic rupture three days later on November 19th; Spyros Marinos (Σπύρος Μαρίνος), known as Georgaras, 31, affected by tear gas in the University area and then beaten by police baton, suffering head injuries. He was taken to Penteli Infirmary where he died on Monday 19th of an acute stroke. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Εξέγερση_του_Πολυτεχνείου en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising www.sansimera.gr/articles/190 www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t9-97-7polytechnic.htm anoixtosxoleio.weebly.com/17eta-nuomicron941mubetarhoeta.html www.eyedoll.gr/ngine/article/4378/εδώ-πολυτεχνείο asomatoi.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/blog-post_11.html epitropesdiodiastop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/blog-post_582.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Νεκροί_του_Πολυτεχνείου damomac.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/polytechnic/]

2009 - Anne-Sofie Østvedt (b. 1920), Norwegian university student active in the anti-Nazi resistance, who was one of the leaders of the Norwegian intelligence organisation XU, dies. [see: Jan. 2] || While driving along the Via Toledo, Umberto I was stabbed in the right arm by the anarchist Giovanni Paissanante, who shouted to him "My bosses have always treated me as scum. Death to the king. Long live the universal republic." Minister Cairoli, who used his body as a shield to protect his king, was wounded in the right leg. [ Costantini pic ]
 * = 17 || 1878 - 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante attempts to assassinate King Humbert I in Naples. Condemned to death, Passannante's sentence was commuted and he died in prison in 1910.

[C] 1892 - Josef 'Beppo' Römer (d. 1944), German member of the Freikorps Oberland [which was instrumental in crushing the Bavarian Soviet Republic in April 1919 and fought against the Ruhr workers in March and April 1920], born. However, by the time of the Silesian Uprisings in 1921, he had become sympathetic to the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) and was involved in the Oberland's refusal to break a strike in the Silesian city of Ratibor in mid 1921. He was later expelled from the Korps for embezzlment, having channeled Oberland funds to the KPD as part of a plan to help prevent the return of the monarchy in Bavaria (something exploited by a faction sympathetic to the Nazis as it attempted to purge more left-leaning leaders), and became an organiser for the KPD and editor in chief of its periodical '//Aufbruch//' (New Start). He worked against the Third Reich, actively participated in plans to assassinate Hitler in 1934 which led to his arrest and imprisonment in the Dachau concentration camp until 1939. After his release, Römer immediately became involved with the worker’s opposition, publishing a bulletin for the resistance, '//Informationsdienst//' (Information Service), creating a network of opposition workplace cells, and again laying plans for another assassination attempt on Hitler. These cells were later infiltrated by the Gestapo and Römer was arrested in February 1942. Sentenced to death on June 16, 1944, he was executed on September 25 of that year at Brandenburg-Görden Prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppo_Römer]

1903 - [O.S. Nov. 4] The decisions taken at the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (July 17 - August 10) fially cause the irreconcilable split of the party into two separate factions - the Bolshinstvo (majority) and Menshinstvo (minority) - at a conference of Social-Democratic committees held in Pskov (Псков).

1904 - U.S. forces intervene (Nov. 17-24) in Panama to 'protect American interests. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-11-November.htm]

1917 - [O.S. Nov. 4] Lenin defends the "temporary" removal of freedom of the press.

1945 - Emilio Canzi (b. 1893), Italian partisan, anarchist and anti-fascist combattant in the Spanish Civil War, dies. [see: Mar. 14]

1967 - French author Regis Debray (b. 1940) is sentenced in Bolivia to 30 years in prison after being convicted of having been part of Guevara's guerrilla group (he was capture short before Guevara's own capture and subsequent murder). He was released in 1970 after an international campaign for his release which included Jean-Paul Sartre, André Malraux, General De Gaulle and Pope Paul VI. His '//Révolution dans la révolution? et autres essais//' (1967) was used a the equivalent [along side Guevera's own '//La Guerra de Guerrillas//' (1961)] as the 'official' handbook on South American guerrilla warfare. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Debray]

1971 - 89 Talbot Road raided: Chris Allen charged with conspiracy to cause explosions. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[DD] 1973 - Athens Polytechnic Uprising: With the failure of the large numbers of police deployed outside the Polytechneion to gain entry, despite their having deployed live fire in their attempts to breach the erected barricades, it was now the turn of the military to try and end the occupation. At 02:00, three tanks came down from the Goudi towards the University. Two parked on Stournara and Tositsa streets, blocking the side entrances of the institution and the other took up a position opposite the main gate. The students outside the University began shouting: "Soldiers, we are unarmed, we are brothers, do not crush us, come join us" and chanting the National Anthem. Having been presented with an ultimatum to leave within 15 minutes of the troops would attack, the Coordinating Committee of the students tried to negotiate more time, but their request was rejected. Meanwhile, the Radio Station continued denouncing on air the brutal events unfolding at the behest of the dictator outside the University gates. At 03:00, the tank opposite the main gate was ordered to attack. It demolished the iron gates and railings of the Polytechneion, knocking over a woman pearched on the railings holding a Greek flag - witnesses claimed that atleast two, and possible three, students were crushed under the tracks of the tank, casualties that do not appear in the official records. Other students suffered fractures amongst the rubble of the gateposts and railings. The official investigation after the fall of the Junta found that no students of the Athens Polytechnic were killed during the incident and only a few were injured by the tank. Following the breach of the barricaded gate, a unit of armed Special Forces (ΛΟΚ) commandos entered the University courtyard and begun to lead students out via the Stournara Street entrance. Outside the Stournara Street pavements were lined with riot police, who immediately set to beating the students. In some cases the commandos intervened to protect the students from the swarms of secret police (KYΠ) and riot police gathered there. Many managed to find asylum in the surrounding apartment buildings, only to be later arrested outside and taken away to be brutally tortured by the General Security (Γενική Ασφάλεια) and Military Police (ΕΣΑ). Police snipers also opened fire from surrounding rooftops at those trying to flee. Meanwhile, the announcers at the University radio station remained in post and continued transmit the story of what was taking place for 40 minutes after the exit, until they were arrested. At 11:00, martial law was imposed across Greece, whilst fighting continued around the University throughout the morning. Barricades were erected and street fights took place across Athens as soldiers and police continued to use live ammunition against civilians into the following day, resulting in several deaths in the area around the University and in the rest of Athens. An official police announcement that day claimed that 840 people had been arrested, but after the fall of the dictatorship, police officers, under interrogation, reported that the numbers arrested exceeded 2400. The official death toll reached 34 but the first press reports gave figures ranging from 59 to 79 dead. The figure is likely to be as much as 83, and maybe higher, given that many of the seriously injured would have refused to a hospital in order to escape arrest. Amongst the confirmed casualties was 5-year-old Dimitris Theodoras (Δημήτρης Θεοδώρας), shot in the head by a military patrol whilst crossing the road with his mother in the Zografou (Ζωγράφου) district of the Greek capital. A week later disgruntled junta hardliner and head of the feared Military Police, Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis, a long-time protege of dictator, overthrew Georgios Papadopoulos in a coup on November 25, reinstating Military Law. On July 15, 1974, an Ioannidis-sponsored coup on the island of Cyprus overthrew Archbishop Makarios III, the Cypriot president. Turkey replied to this intervention by invading Cyprus and occupying the northern part of the island. As a direct result of both the Cyprus debacle and the ideological bancruptcy of the military government, the junta collapsed on July 23, to be replaced by parliamentary democracy. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Εξέγερση_του_Πολυτεχνείου en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising www.sansimera.gr/articles/190 www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t9-97-7polytechnic.htm anoixtosxoleio.weebly.com/17eta-nuomicron941mubetarhoeta.html www.eyedoll.gr/ngine/article/4378/εδώ-πολυτεχνείο asomatoi.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/blog-post_11.html epitropesdiodiastop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/blog-post_582.html el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Νεκροί_του_Πολυτεχνείου damomac.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/polytechnic/]

1986 - In Paris, two female members of Accion Directe shoot Renault chairman George Besse. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vertières]
 * = 18 || [D] 1803 - Battle of Vertières [Batay Vètyè]: A major battle of the Second War of Haitian Independence, and the final part of the Haitian Revolution under François Capois, is fought at Vertières where the Haitian rebels defeat the French expeditionary forces. The French general Donatien de Rochambeau is given ten days to embark the remainder of his army and leave Saint-Domingue. Less than 2 months later on January 1, 1804, Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Haiti, thereby delivering the final blow to the French attempt to stop the Haitian Revolution and re-institute slavery.

1842 - Rebecca Riots: During the night "Rebecca" and "her daughters" destroyed the gates at Pwll-Trap and Mermaid near St.Clears, Carmarthenshire. [www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 4] 1905 Kronstadt Mutiny / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the protests and strikes following Kronstadt mutiny, the government is forced to publish a proclamation to the effect that the participants in the uprising will not be judged by a field court-martial but by an ordinary military court instead. In December 1905 the court sentences ten sailors to hard labour and 67 persons to prison terms of various lengths and acquittes 84 others. However, the revolutionary movement in the navy is not extinguished. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kronstadt+Uprisings+of+1905+and+1906 tolstiyyoj.livejournal.com/5472.html ria.ru/spravka/20160301/1381859041.html ria.ru/spravka/20151108/1315045966.html levoradikal.ru/archives/11430]

[A] 1910 - 'Black Friday': Hundreds of suffragists march on House of Commons to protest government inaction on Conciliation Bill (which would have extended the right to vote to female property-owners), are brutally attacked by the police - the first documented use of police force against suffragettes.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata advance on Venustiano Carranza, who departs for Veracruz.

1915 - Revolución Mexicana: During the inconclusive Battle of Hermosillo, Pancho Villa losses many of his remaining 5,000 followers, retreating with only 1,400.

1918 - Alexander Kolchak stages a coup against the Socialist-Revolutionary Directory, the multi-party government in Siberia and becomes supreme leader of (White) Russia.

1924 - Iordan Chimet (d. 2006), Romanian poet, children's writer and essayist, critic and historian of art, cinema, screenwriter and translator, whose work was inspired by Surrealism and Onirism, born. An opponent of totalitarianism in general and of the Communist regime in particular, was persecuted by the latter as a dissident, and lived much of his life in obscurity. Politically active while still a teenager during World War II, he was part of an anti-fascist group in his native city, Galaţi, along with his friends Gheorghe Ursu (1926 -1985), a dissident who was killed by the Securitate secret police in 1985, and science fiction author Camil Baciu (1926 - 2005). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordan_Chimet ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordan_Chimet www.romlit.ro/o_minune_de_om_iordan_chimet]

[C] 1961 - Hacienda Maria Massacre: The last six captured conspirators in the Trujillo assassination: Modesto Díaz Quezada, Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera, Huascar Antonio Tejada Pimentel, Roberto Pastoriza Neret, Salvador Estrella Sadhalá a.k.a. 'El Turco' and Luis Manuel Cáceres Michel are taken from La Victoria to the notorious Hacienda Maria, where they are shot one by one, placed as targets for shooting practice on a concrete platform over the pool. It is presumed that their bodies were thrown into the sea. [see: May 30] [www.executedtoday.com/2011/11/18/1961-four-for-the-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo/]

2000 - Ilya Grigoryevich Starinov (Илья Григорьевич Старинов; b. 1900), Soviet military officer, who served with the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War and was one of the leaders of the Soviet partisan movement during the WWII, dies aged 100. [see: Aug. 2] || [www.ephemanar.net/novembre19.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1006 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121119 www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com/alexandre-jacob/2010/02/bagnard-raciste-homophobe-et-anarchiste/]
 * = 19 || 1862 - Liard-Courtois (Auguste Courtois; 1918), French painter and decorator, anarchist activist, neo-Malthusian and propagandist for the tactic of the general strike, born. [expand]

1901 - Pavlos Argyriadis (Παύλος Αργυριάδης; b. 1849), Greek journalist, writer and member of the Paris Commune, dies. [see: Aug. 15]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Second Congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union (Всероссийский крестьянский союз) is held in Moscow [Nov. 19-25]. During it SR leader Viktor Chernov (Ви́ктор Черно́в) splits with the violent Savinkov faction [named after Boris Savinkov (Бори́с Са́винков) deputy leader of the SR Combat organisation (Боевая Организация)] and denounces terrorism. The conference passes resolutions demanding a constituent assembly, land redistribution, a political union between peasants and urban workers and for peasant strikes against landowners. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чернов,_Виктор_Михайлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The sixth (and last) Zemstvo Congress is held in Moscow [Nov. 19-26], during which reformers vigorously debate whether to work with Premier Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте), to align with the revolutionary left, or to pursue centrist policies. In the end, and following a refusal by Witte to see a delegation sent by the congress, centrism prevails. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1910 - Revolución Mexicana: Francisco Madero crosses the border into México after Pancho Villa captures Chihuahua. Madero and Villa meet for the first time.

1914 - Ernst Lerch (d. 1997), one of the most important people involved in Aktion Reinhard (Operation Reinhard), the annihilation of Poland's Jews, born. A member of the NSDAP since December 1933 and the SS from March 1934, by 1938 he had become a SS-Captain (Hauptsturmführer) in the Reich Security Directorate and in July 1942 he had been promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer as chief of staff to SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik in Lublin. After the war he managed to escape punishment for his part in the murder of 2 million people, even ecaping from prison in 1947 and going on the run for 3 years before being sentenced to just 2 years in prison by a de-Nazification court in Wiesbaden in 1960. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lerch en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Reinhard www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/lerch.html]

1919 - An order is given to the teacher and anarchist João Penteado to close the Modern School No. 1 in São Paulo, which had opened on May 13, 1912. This follows the detonation of a bomb in a house in São Paulo that killed four anarchists, including José Alvés director of Modern School of São Caetano, a suburb of São Paulo.

1926 - Trotsky and Zinoviev are expelled from Politburo in the USSR.

1936 - Buenaventura Durruti is mortally wounded in uncertain circumstances in Madrid. He dies the following day.

1942 - At exactly 07:30 hours, some 3,500 Soviet guns and mortars open fire on the breakthrough sectors. The Soviet fight to free Stalingrad has begun. By the second day of the attack, mobile forces on the South-West Front have advanced up to 25 miles. [www.holocaustresearchproject.net/nazioccupation/opbarb.html]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: General José Morais da Silva, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, issue an order that 1,200 serving paratroopers would now become part of the military reserve. This decision would play an important part in the events of November 25th. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1976 - No longer known as Tania, Patty Hearst is freed on $1.5 million bail. She returned to her family’s home at the William Randolph Hearst-built Beaux-Arts 1001 California St.

[D] 1999 - Tens of thousands of people welcome President Bill Clinton to Greece, fighting running street battles with riot police as banks and shops in the heart of Athens are set on fire. As the president's motorcade swept past posters likening him to Adolf Hitler, anti-American slogans were shouted and teargas canisters were fired to disperse protesters. Clinton also arrived at his hotel to see a banner denouncing him as a "fascist murderer" for the bombing campaign against Yugoslavia. At the airport he had been greeted by a small crowd waving American and Greek flags and told reporters, without any evident irony: "I know that a lot of people in Greece disagree with my position on Kosovo, and they have a right to their opinion and I have a right to mine." [ww.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/20/helenasmith www.bulgaria-italia.com/fry/anticlinton.htm news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/514368.stm news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/529061.stm] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Batallas_de_la_Revolución_mexicana]
 * = 20 || 1910 - Magónistas and Maderistas groups combined forces to occupy important places in the northern states, however, the ideological differences between the two groups ended up doing that soon clashes erupted between them.

1910 - Revolución Mexicana: Francisco Madero calls for an uprising. Pascual Orozco launches an uprising in Chihuahua. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Batallas_de_la_Revolución_mexicana]

1913 - Libertas Schulze-Boysen (Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye; (d. 1942), German former press officer in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Berlin branch office and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who also gathered pictorial evidence of Nazi war crimes whilst working in the Reich Propaganda Ministry and was executed alongside her husband Harro Schulze-Boysen for her part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, born. Part of the same circle of left-leaning anti-fascists as her husband, artists, pacifists, and Communists who published anti-fascist writings amongst other activities, she was also involved in the resistance group known as the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra).. In July 1942, the group's radio messages were intercepted and decoded, and on August 31, she and Harro Schulze-Boysen were arrested by the Gestapo. They were sentenced to death on December 19 and executed three days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_Schulze-Boysen www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

1920 - The Spanish government declares the anarcho-syndicalist CNT illegal and 64 union leaders are jailed.

[A] 1936 - Buenaventura Durruti (b. 1896), dies after being shot yesterday during the Battle for Madrid. [see: Jul. 14]

1969 - 79 Native Americans occupy the recently abandoned Alcatraz Island, the beginning of a 19 month occupation. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the U.S. and the Sioux returned all retired, abandoned or out-of-use federal land to the Native people from whom it was acquired. A stand-off ensued and eventually the government cut off power and phone lines to the island in May 1970. With no power or water and with dwindling support occupation numbers dropped. However, the occupation served as a focus for protest against US govn. policy and resulted in a large tranche of federal legislation being passed in favour of Native American autonomy. In June 11, 1971, a large force of government officers removed the remaining 15 people from the island.

1970 - A BBC van outside the Albert Hall in London covering the Miss World contest is bombed at 02:30. The prosecution claimed that Jake Prescott was responsible for this explosion, but also brought a witness who vouched that Jake was in fact in Edinburgh at the time. They were forced to drop this charge. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1970 - Women protesters disrupt the Miss World contest during live TV transmission. Flour bombs are hurled at Bob Hope.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Following calls by the Socialists for Brigadier General Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho to be sacked for COPCON’s failure to defend the government on November 13th, the MFA’s (Movimento das Forças Armadas) council replaced him as commander of the Região Militar de Lisboa (Military Region Lisbon) with the moderate, Captain Vasco Correia Lourenço. At the same time the Partido Socialista and the Partido Popular Democrático hold discussions about the possibility of moving the Constituent Assembly to the north, away from the radical heartland. On the same day a manifesto appears signed by junior officers calling for the arming of the working class. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

[C] 1975 - Universal rejoicing with the death of Franciso Franco.

[D] 1980 - In China the Gang of Four (四人帮), scapegoats for the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, are put on trial in nationally televised court proceedings. Jiang Hua led the special tribunal that was set up to try Jiang Qing and her 3 Politburo allies, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen. Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later commuted to life imprisonment, while Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively. Jiang Qing committ suicide in 1991 in a prison hospital, Wang Hongwen died in 1992, and Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao both died in 2005, having been released from prison in 1996 and 1998 respectively. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four#Trial digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=mscas chineseposters.net/themes/gang-of-four.php] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 21 || [AA/DD] 1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: Several hundred weavers tour the then independent commune of Croix-Rousse. They force the few weavers still at work to close their workshops. and head into Lyon where they are confronted by members of the Première Légion of the Garde Nationale, made up mostly of of traders, who bar their passage and fire on the crowd. Three workers are killed and several others injured. The silk workers head back to Croix Rousse and alert the people, shouting "Aux armes, on assassine nos frères" (To arms, they are murdering our brothers). Having armed themselves with picks, shovels, sticks, and some with guns, barricades are erected and workers march on Lyons, black flag with the inscription: "Vivre en travaillant ou mourir en combattant" at their head. The weavers of Croix-Rousse are soon joined by those of Brotteaux and Guillotière.

[A] 1863 - Guildford Guy Riots: Despite 151 special constables having been sworn in on November 18 to relieve the troops trying to prevent a recurrence of Guy rioting, violence erupts and a constable is savagely beaten. The Riot Act is read.

1894 - Santiago Salvador Franch (b. 1862), is executed in Barcelona. He threw two bombs into the audience at Teatre Liceu during a performance of the opera '//William Tell//', killing 22 people. [see: Nov. 7]

1899 - Fosco Falaschi (d. 1936), Italian brickmaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. As a child, his family emigrated to Argentina and settled in Buenos Aires. In 1916, he began working in a brick factory. In 1919, he became a member of the Societat Obrera dels Treballadors in Bòbila, affilated to the anarcho-syndicalist Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation; FORA), becoming secretary of the union in 1923 as well as editor of it newspaper '//El Obrero Ladrillero//', "Órgano del Sindicato de Obreros Ladrilleros y Anexos". That same year, he was arrested for the first time for "incitement to strike" and went on to be arrested numerous times between 1929 and 1933. He was also a member of Umanità Nova, the coalition of anarcho-syndicalist, militant and anarchist groups, of the Alleanza Antifascista Italiana (AAI) and worked on the newspaper 'La Protesta' and its literary supplements. The authorities linked him to the group of Severino Di Giovanni who was, in December 1932, involved with other anarchist groups in the uprising organised by Colonel Atilio Cattáneo. Arrested in January 1933, he was expelled on June 23 that year for "subversive activities". Disembarking in Genoa, he was moved against his will to Città di Castello. A few days later, he fled but in September 1933 he was arrested by Carabinieri in Moncenisio as he tried to cross illegally in France. After another unsuccessful attempt to leave Città di Castello, he managed to cross into France in August 1934 and then on to Spain. In Barcelona, he worked on 'Solidaridad Obrera' and 'Tierra y Libertad', where he used the pseudonyms 'FF' and 'Gino Fosco'. Francisco Ascaso, of the Catalonia Regional Committee of the CNT, proposed him as director of 'Solidaridad Obrera' when its then editor, Manuel Villar, was imprisoned after the anarchist uprising in December 1933. After moving to Madrid, he worked on '//Revolución Social//'. After the events of October 1934, he was arrested and jailed in Madrid. Following a broad support campaign, he was released in early 1936 after the amnesty that led to the triumph of the electoral Popular Front. Back in Barcelona, he joined the Ascaso Column following the military coup. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Michele Centrone and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon Front. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html www.antifascismoumbro.it/personaggi/falaschi-fosco]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 8] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Union of Russian People hold its first meeting. This early fascist and openly anti-Semetic group aims to fight against the left, and is funded by government officials as well as having been formally blessed by Tsar Nicholas II. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_русского_народа en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 8] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Lenin return from Geneva to St Petersburg after months of delaying. He immediately calls for an armed uprising, not really caring whether it succeeded or not: "Victory?!...That for us is not the point at all...We should not harbour any illusions, we are realists, and let no-one imagine that we have to win. For that we are still too weak. The point is not about victory but about giving the regime a shake and attracting the masses to the movement. That is the whole point. And to say that because we cannot win we should not stage an insurrection-that is simply the talk of cowards." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[D] 1921 - The Columbine Mine Massacre: Striking miners are machine-gunned by plain clothes militia men as they try to enter a blackleg-operated mine. Six are left dead and more than 60 injured in the hail of bullets.

1922 - Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (b. 1874), noted Mexican anarchist, dies in Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas whilst serving 20 years for "obstructing the war effort", a violation of the Espionage Act of 1917. [see: Sep. 16]

[C] 1925 - Poncke Princen (Johannes Cornelis Princen; d. 2002), Dutch anti-Nazi fighter and colonial soldier, who in 1948 deserted and joined the pro-independence guerillas in the then Dutch Indies, born. He lived out the rest of his life in Indonesia, becoming a prominent human rights activist and political dissident under various dictatorial regimes in his adopted country and consequently spent considerable time in detention. In 1943, Princen was arrested by the German occupation authorities in Maastricht, while trying to get to Spain - from where he intended to travel to Britain and enlist in an Allied army fighting the Nazis. He was convicted by the occupation authorities of "attempting to aid the enemy" and in early 1944 was sent to the notorious Vught Camp. On D-day, he was transferred to the Kriegswehrmachtgefängnis (Wehrmacht Military Prison) at Utrecht and was later transferred to the prison camp at Amersfoort and from there to Beckum, Germany. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncke_Princen nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncke_Princen]

1962 - Kidnap of Spanish vice-consul Isu Elias: The jury delivers their verdicts after just 2 hours and sentences of 8-5 months are handed down, which are then suspended, as the accused had "acted for reasons of particular moral and social value". Conill Valls himself ended up becoming a communist whilst in prison and, when he was released, he was appointed political secretary of the Partit Socialista Unificat of Catalonia (PSUC). [ita.anarchopedia.org/Isu_Elias www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/asnsmp/rapimentoconsolespagnolo.html secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/jorge-conill-valls/ revistapolemica.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/el-secuestro-del-viceconsul-espanol-en-milan-en-1962/ www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2014/07/three-french-libertarians-in-francos-jails-alain-pecunia-bernard-ferri-and-guy-batoux-by-steven-forti-atlantica-translated-by-paul-sharkey/]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Following yesterday's replacement of Brigadier General Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, officers of the Região Militar de Lisboa (Military Region Lisbon) refuse to obey his succesor Captain Vasco Correia Lourenço. Officers at the Beirlos barracks promise to distribute guns to the workers ("Enough to arm a demonstration"). At the Tancos base many of the paratroopers’ officers also walk out after the decision to transfer many of them to the reserves; the commander attempts to get the 1,200 troops under their command to go on leave and evacuate the base, which they refused to do, putting themselves under COPCON’s authority. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

2000 - Former Socialist health minister Ernest Lluch is shot dead by ETA in a Barcelona car park. Earlier that day, a bomb had caused great damage to an estate agency in Guernica, Biscay and grenades had been thrown at a Guardia Civil barracks in Irún. One of the grenades injured a policeman and another hit a children's school. Police defused a car bomb next to the barracks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

2012 - Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel, b. 1921), Polish member of the Jewish resistance, who famously smuggled dynamite into, and also helped children escape out of, the Warsaw Ghetto, dies. [see: Dec. 29]

2014 - Two alleged members of the New Black Panther Party are arrested during an FBI sting/entrapment operation for allegedly buying explosives they planned to detonate during protests in Ferguson, Missouri following the expected grand jury decision to not press charged for the killing on Michael Brown on August 9, 2014. The same pair is also indicted for purchasing two pistols under false pretences. [www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/22/us-usa-missouri-shooting-explosives-idUSKCN0J602N20141122 www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/22/ferguson-powder-keg-2-ties-new-black-panthers-indi/ www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/21/fbi-arrests-men-with-expl_n_6202402.html] ||
 * = 22 || [A] 1718 - Legendary pirate Blackbeard, thought to have been a native of Bristol named Edward Teach or Thatch, is killed.

1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: In Lyon the Revolt of the silk workers continues with a bloody battle at the Pont Morand, the oldest bridge in the city across the Rhône. The Garde Nationale is defeated, giving up control of central Lyon and allowing the workers to seize the fortified Bon Pasteur barracks and loot its armouries. Several units of the Garde militaire and the Garde Nationale are attacked, and when the infantry intervened it too was forced to retreat under a hail of tiles and bullets. The Garde Nationale, most of which was recruited from amongst the canuts, changed sides, joining the insurgents, leaving the insurgents in control of the town. The bloody battle left 100 dead and 263 injured on the military side, with 69 dead and 140 injured on the insurgents' side. That night General Roguet, commander of the 7e Division Militaire, and the mayor, Victor Prunelle, fled the town. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]

1872 - Ettore Luigi Bonometti (d. 1961), Italian shoemaker and anarchist, born. [expand] [NB: some sources claim his d.o.b. as Dec. 22] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Ettore_Bonometti militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article842 libcom.org/history/bonometti-ettore-1872-1961 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BonomettiEttore.htm]

1902 - In Buenos Aires the Argentine government passes a so-called 'law of residence' which will allow it to persecute any social movement that acts against the apparatus of state, and therefore the anarchist movement. The law creates the ability "to expel any foreigner whose conduct might jeopardize national security, public order or disrupt social peace (...)", via arrests and mass deportations. On 26 May 1910, it will be reinforced by another new repressive law the "Social Protection Act".

1904 - David Antona Domínguez (d. 1945), Spanish bricklayer, militant anarcho-syndicalist and one-time Secretariado del Comité Nacional CNT, born. [expand] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article434 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Antona puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4173-david-antona-dominguez-militante-de-la-cnt-y-fai.html elmilicianocnt-aitchiclana.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/biografia-david-antona-dominguez.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 9] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Rostov-Nakhichevan Council calls for a general political strike. However, almost immediately the 12 members of the Board and the management of railway bureaus are arrested. [hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm]

1909 - Members of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union go on strike in New York City against sweatshop conditions. The strikers win the support of other workers and the women’s suffrage movement for their persistence and unity in the face of police brutality and the capitalist courts. A judge tells arrested pickets: "You are on strike against God." [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-11-November.htm]

[D] [1910 - Revolta da Chibata [Revolt of the Lash]: The mostly black crews of four Brazilian warships, led by João Cândido Felisberto, mutiny shortly after a sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes publicly received 250 lashes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash]

1936 - Over 500,000 attend the funeral of the anarchist Buenaventura Durruti in Barcelona.

1970 - AIM activists paint Plymouth Rock bright red and occupy the Mayflower II in Plymouth, Massachusettes. They proclaim Thansgiving to be a national day of mourning. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 23 || 1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: Having occupied the town hall and prevented any looting, the workers are in control of the city but events have overtaken them - what was once a strike with the sole intention of making sure the fixed rate on silken goods was being applied correctly, they now have an insurrection on their hands and do not know what to do next, especially as they avow all revolutionary aims and their attempt at an insurrectionary government lacks clear authority and the support of the silk workers.

1859 - Gennaro Rubino (d. 1918), Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium on November 15 1902, born. [www.ephemanar.net/mars14.html#rubino]

[CC] 1911 - Alter Szmul Fajnzylberg (or Fajnzylber) aka Alter Feinsilber, Stanislaw Jankowski and 'Kaskowiak' (d. 1987), Polish waiter, atheistic Jew and Communist political delegate for the International Brigades serving in Spain, who spent 3 years in Auschwitz-Birkenau and photographed the operation of the crematoria there using a clandestine camera, born. In Spain, he joined the Jaroslaw Dabrowski Brigade, first as a simple soldier and then as a political representative, and was wounded in action. Following the defeat of the Republic, he was interned in Saint-Cyprien camp but left in the mass breakout when the French proposed transferring the interenees to Africa to take part in the construction of the trans-Saharan railway line. Living and working under a false name in Paris, he was arrested as a Jew by the French police and interned at Drancy near Paris. Deported to Germany, he arrived at Auschwitz on March 27, 1942. There he worked as a carpenter and then in the Sonderkommando (prisoner 27675), working in the crematoria and documenting its activities using a smuggled in camera, which was used by Alberto 'Alex' Errera to produce the notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau Sonderkommando photos. Fajnzylberg also took part in the October 7, 1944, Sonderkommando uprising, surviving the war. [www.sonderkommando.info/index.php/lesproces/cracovie-47/temoins/alter-feinsilber www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/29/photographs_sonderkommando.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando]

[C] 1911 - Benito Mussolini, Pietro Nenni, and Aurelio Lolli, arrested on October 14th in connection with the September 27th general strike, are convicted on all charges - attack on the freedom to work (picketing), resisting the police (forza pubblica) and inciting class hatred - and transferred to prison to await the appeal in Bologna. [see: Feb. 19] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Nenni www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html digilander.libero.it/fiammecremisi/approfondimenti/socialisti.htm alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

[D] 1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Federal forces are defeated near the small railway station of Tierra Blanca, 30 miles from Ciudad Juarez, by Pancho Villa's forces. Villa becomes provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua.

1914 - Revolución Mexicana: The last American troops leave Veracruz.

1916 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa defeated outside Chihuahua City and retreats.

1941 - Elizaveta 'Liza' Chaikina (Елизаве́та Ча́йкина; b. 1918), wartime Soviet partisan and guerilla unit organiser, is shot by the Germans having failed to reveal the location of her unit. [see: Aug. 28]

1943 - 2,000 workers take time off work to protests Mosley's release from internment outside the House of Commons.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: In Lisbon Mário Soares, leader of the Partido Socialista tells a march that he is not afraid of civil war. The crowd chants, "Discipline! Discipline!" [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1980 - British Movement march from Hyde Park to Paddington Recreation Ground, where a rally is held. ANL mobilise 4,000 anti-fascists. The cost of policing the BM march and counter-demonstration is estimated at £209,000. Seventy-six people are arrested, 49 for using threatening words or behaviour; six for obstructing the highway; 15 for obstructing the police; three for possessing an offensive weapon; two for offences against the person; and one for defacing a wall. [PR] [antifascistarchive.org/photographs/stickers/british-movement-march-through-london-2/ hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1980/dec/01/british-movement-demonstration www.anorak.co.uk/388635/photojournalism/36-classic-photos-i-found-from-november-1980.html/] || [www.ephemanar.net/janvier25.html#25]
 * = 24 || 1838 - Hippolyte Prosper Olivier Lissagaray (d. 1901), French independent revolutionary socialist, republican, literary journalist, lecturer and member of the Paris Commune in 1871, born. Best known for his '//L'Histoire de la Commune de 1871//' (1876), which was republished in Paris in an expanded version in 1896. During his post-Commune exile in London (1871-80), had a lengthy affair with Eleanor Marx, youngest daughter of Karl Marx, and Eleanor was the translator of the '//History of the Commune of 1871//' into English.

1842 - Rebecca Riots: During the night "Rebecca" and "her daughters" attacked the gates at Trevaughan, owned by the Whitland Trust. [www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti is forced to resign as a result of the Banca Romana scandal and is replaced by Francesco Crispi. He however is unable to form a government for another 3 weeks, during which the rioting that had spread through Italy triggered by the killing of a number of migrant workers in the salt pans of Aigues Mortes in southern France on August 16-17, and which then had escalated into a more generalised working-class revolt supported by anarchists an violent riots in Rome and Naples, together with the unrest in Sicily, had brought Italy near to collapse. As a result, he launches a campaign of severe repression in Sicily based on bogus evidence of an international conspiracy and impending insurrection. [see: Jan 3 & Feb. 28] [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandalo_della_Banca_Romana en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 11] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Martial law is declared in Tambov, Chernigov and Saratov Provinces. Requests to the central government for the imposition of martial law are sent from many other provinces. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm kprf.tmb.ru/home/news-menu/3044-1905-god-04-12-14.html]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 11] Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание]: In order to prevent a planned large rally at the Soldiers' and Sailors' barracks in Sevastopol, where elections of deputies to the Council of Workers, Sailors and Soldiers (Совет рабочих, матросских и солдатских) were due to be held, Admiral Grigory Chukhnin (Григорий Чухнин) sent a combined unit of the sailors from various naval crews and soldiers of the Bialystok Regiment (Белостокского полка) to occupy the entrances to the barracks and prevent entry to the rally. A confrontation broke out and K. Petrov (К. Петров), a sailor, fired his rifle at Captain Augustine Stein (Августин Штейн), head of the training team of the 50th Bialystok Infantry Regiment, killing him, and wounding Rear Admiral Pisarevsky (Писаревского). Petrov was arrested, but released almost immediately by the sailors. After that, the officers on duty were arrested, disarmed and taken to the chancellery. The following morning they were released, and driven out of the barracks. The rebels sailors of the naval division are joined by the soldiers of the Brest (Брестского) regiment, garrison artillery, fortification engineer company, and the company of sailors that Chukhnin had sent from the battleship Sinop (Синоп) to quell the rebels. That night the first Board of Sevastopol Sailors, Soldiers 'and Workers' Deputies was elected, headed by Ivan Petrovich Voronitsyn (Иван Петрович Вороницын). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905 wunderwafe.ru/WeaponBook/Ochakov/chap07.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чухнин,_Григорий_Павлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905)]

1921 - Mollie Steimer, after serving 18 months of a 15-year sentence for handing out leaflets opposing US intervention in Soviet Russia, is deported to Soviet Russia alongside three other radicals (Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman Lachowsky).

1923 - Philippe Daudet, the French anarchist son of Léon Daudet (leader of fascist 'Ligue de l'Action Française'), dies under mysterious circumstances, presumed assassinated by police. [see: Jan 7]

1943 - Reina Princen Geerligs aka Leentjes Vandendriesch (b. 1922), Dutch writer (prose & poetry) and core member of the CS-6 anti-fascist resistance group, is executed by firing squad, along with fellow CS-6 members Truus van Lier and Nel Hissink-van den Brink, at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Prinsen_Geerligs resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Prinsen_Geerligs nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.tekstidee.nl/v-Reina.htm forum.fok.nl/topic/660751]

1943 - Geertruida (Truus) van Lier (b. 1921), Dutch student and resistance fighter member of the CS-6 group, is executed by firing squad, along with fellow CS-6 members Reina Princen Geerligs and Nel Hissink-van den Brink, at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truus_van_Lier nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm www.tekstidee.nl/v-Reina.htm forum.fok.nl/topic/660751]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: In Portugal, the Communist Communist Intersindical Nacional unions call a two hour strike in the Lisbon industrial belt so the workers could discuss the situation. The SUV (Soldados Unidos Vencerão, as soldiers organisation linked to the Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado) committee at Air Force Base 3 pledges support for the Paratroopers at Tancos. That same night in a telephone call from President Costa Gomes, the Secretary-General of the PCP Álvaro Cunhal dismisses the on-going speculation that the PCP is involved in any initiative that might lead to a military confrontation and insists on pointing out the need for a political solution to the current tension. The party also contacts some of its organisations including at the Forte de Almada and RAL 1 not to get involved in any military adventures or confrontations. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]
 * = 25 || 1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: In Paris, the news of the riot and the occupation of France's second largest city caused astonishment and consternation. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов) calls off the general strike. Announced on November 14 [O.S. Nov. 1] in support of the struggle for the eight-hour day, it has largely proved to be a failure due to the lack of enthusiasm from the workers, as well as the stiff resistance put up by the bosses. [see: Oct. 26 & Nov. 14-16] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 12] Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание]: A general strike begins in Sevastopol. A significant portion of the naval division's sailors and the soldiers of the Brest regiment now supported the rebels. During the morning, the first meeting of the Council of Sevastopol takes place. By evening, the rebels have developed demands that include the establishing of a Constituent Assembly, the introduction of the 8-hour day, the release of political prisoners, the abolition of the death penalty, lifting of martial law, and the abolition of military service. An executive body of the Council - the Sailor's Commission (Матросская комиссия) - is established. It includes: NF Kassesinov (Н. Ф. Кассесинов) and PK Kudymovsky (П. К. Кудымовский), both 28th naval crew; ID Fishing (И. Д. Рыбалка), 29th naval crew; P. Fomenko (П. И. Фоменко) and MF Schepetkov (М. Ф. Щепетков), both training squad; and others. That night, the government withdrew the Brest Regiment from the city to the Bialystok Regiment's camp. Martial law was declared in the city and the fortress placed under a state of seige. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905]

1910 - Jules Durand, liberterian and revolutionary trade unionist, is sentenced to death in Le Havre, a victim of corrupt witnesses and smears by the local press. He was retied in 1918 and was fully exonerated. Unfortunately, by this time he had gone insane from being kept subdued in a strait jacket for 40 days, and he spent the rest of his life in an asylum.

1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata proclaims Plan of Ayala land reform to take hacienda lands. Hacienda owners pressure Francisco Madero to subdue Zapata.

1926 - Leggi Fascistissime (fascist laws) or Leggi Eccezionali del Fascismo (exceptional laws of fascism): Legge Speciale Law No. 2008 'Provvedimenti per la Difesa dello Stato' (Provisions for the Defence of the State) is passed, consolidating previous fascist security legislation, reintroducing the death penalty and allowing for the setting up of Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (Special Tribunals for the defense of the State), to try crimes of a 'political' nature. Unlike civil courts, these tribunals had the sanction of the death penalty. Antifascists would now no longer be tried in civil courts but be directed to these military tribunals operating according to the rules of the Criminal Code on Criminal Procedure for the Army in time of war. Imprisonment without trial would now become the norm. The Special Court for State Security was formed by: a President, chosen from among the general officers of the Army, the Navy, the Royal Air Force and the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN; militia for national security), in permanent active duty, retired or out of context; five judges, selected from among the officers of the militia for national security; a rapporteur, without the right vote, chosen from the staff of the Giustizia Militare (Military Justice). The establishment of the court was ordered by the Minister for War, which determined its composition and where and when it was to operate. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunale_speciale_per_la_difesa_dello_Stato_(1926-1943) www.anpi.it/storia/119/il-tribunale-speciale www.pertini.it/cesp/doc_22.htm]

[A] 1952 - Mau Mau revolt begins, Kenya.

[D] 1973 - In the wake of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, disgruntled Junta hardliner Taxiarkhos Dimitrios Ioannides uses it as a pretext to re-establish public order, and staged a counter-coup that overthrows George Papadopoulos and Spiros Markezinis, and reinstates military law. He would follow this up with an abortive coup attempt on July 15, 1974 against Archbishop Makarios III, then President of Cyprus, which was quickly followed by the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: An alleged radical leftist military coup supposedly fails due to action taken by members of the Grupo dos Nove (Group of Nine), a moderate grouping within the MFA (Movimento das Forças Armadas), and especially the actions of the Grupo dos Nove member Colonel António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes, who declares a State of Emergency and takes control of the MFA, COPCON and Commando units [according to fellow 'conspirator' Captain Vasco Correia Lourenço, he was "responsible for organising the operational plan", "played a key role" and "turned out to be the major operational commander" on November 25]. Eanes, a future president of the republic, aslo manages to resist the pressure from elements of the extreme right to send planes to bomb the 'rebel' units. Many now see the 'radical leftist military coup' as in reality a 'military counter-revolutionary coup' aimed at the destruction of the Partido Comunista Português (PCP), and which had been in preparation through out the verão quente (hot summer), that in turn also failed. Amongst these prepartions had been the replacement of Brigadeiro Graduado Eurico de Deus Corvacho with the more moderate General António Pires Veloso as commander of the Região Militar Norte (RMN; Northern Military Region) [see: Sep. 13]; the so-called 'cerco a S. Bento' (siege of St. Benedict) [see: Nov. 13]; which was followed by Mário Soares and the Socialists' agitation for the sacking of Brigadier General Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho as commander of the Região Militar de Lisboa (RML; Lisbon Military Region)); his replacement by Captain Vasco Lourenço [see: Nov. 20], which in turn led to troops in the Communist-dominated RML to refuse to obey Vasco Lourenço; and also the decison on the 19th to make 1,200 serving paratroopers, a stronghold of the Esquerda Militar (Left Military), part of the military reserve. The coup/counter-coup also effectively signalled the end of the Processo Revolucionário em Curso (or PREC; Continuing Revolutionary Process) and the beginning of the end of the Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement) - the organisation of lower-ranked left-leaning officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces which had been responsible for the Carnation Revolution, the overthrown of the Estado Novo regime - as increasing divisions tore the alliance apart and ending the role of the military rank and file as a policial force.

To understand this 'military counter-revolutionary coup' and its results, it is necessary to consider that in its preparation very diverse forces participated in a complex plot of contradictory alliances. This 'grand counterrevolutionary alliance' was very fragmented internally, involving everyone from the Partido Socialista (PS) to various fascists and other reactionary radicals, all aiming to bring about the end of the PCP as a politcal force in the country and defeat the Revolution of April 25, 1974 once and for all. Mário Soares and the PS, who played an important role in the political preparations for the counter-coup, want the coup to bring about the military crushing of the PCP, the labour movement and the military left, aiming to paint themselves as having saved the country from possible communist dictatorship, and in the meanwhile seize the reins ofpower. The fascists and neo-fascists on the other hand, groups such as the Movimento Democrático de Libertação de Portugal (MDLP; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Portugal), the ELP (Exército de Libertação Português / Portuguese Liberation Army) and the Movimento Maria da Fonte neo-fascist front organisation, who had all been carrying out 'anti-communist' bombings and other actions throughout the verão quente (hot summer), had a much different endpont in mind. Their plans, drawn up in case of a coup, aimed at the establishment of a new dictatorship, to take violent repressive measures, including of course the banning and destruction of PCP, all on the coat-tails of the 'counter-revolutionary coup'. However, neither of their desired endpoints materialised, especially in the case of the far-right as those reactionaries closer to the main players in the counter coup let it be known on the evening of November 25 that the 'Plano Maria da Fonte' (a maximal programme of armed rightist revolt i..e. "taking up arms and killing Communists") was not to be proceeded with, the PCP having not fallen for the 'coup' bait [see below].

At dawn Paratroopers from the Base Escola de Tropas Pára-Quedistas (BETP; Parachute Troops Base School) at Tancos occupy their bases at Montijo, Monet Real, Ota and Tancos, the Air Force Military School, and the Regional Air Headquarters at Monsanto, holding Lieutenant Colonel Aníbal Pinho Freire and demanding the resignation of General José Morais e Silva following his decision on November 19th to make 1,200 of them reservists. These acts are considered by the military linked to the Grupo dos Nove as evidence of possible preparations for a possible coup by the more radical sectors of the left. These acts are considered by the military linked to the Nine Group as evidence that could be preparing a coup coming from more radical sectors of the left and as a clear opening for setting entrain their plans for the counter-revolution. A request is made by staff at COPCON for Otelo Carvalho not to leave the COPCON HQ but no one knows of his whereabout. The confusion, added to that around the rumours of a possible Pinochet-style coup, gves rise to the rumour that Brigadier General Otelo Carvalho has been arrested.

The military, supported by 'moderate' political parties such as the Partido Socialista (PS) and the Partido Popular Democrático (PPD), and the then President of the Republic, General Francisco da Costa Gomes, decide intervene militarily to control the country.

04:30 - The first act of the containment action takes place when four armoured cars of the Regimento de Comandos stand guard at the Palácio de Belém (Presidential Palace). 05:00 - Armoured units loyal to the democratic forces leave the Estremoz Cavalry Regiment and the Escola Prática de Cavalaria (Cavalry School Practice) at Santarém, moving towards Lisbon. 06:00 - The Regimento de Artilharia de Lisboa (RALIS; Lisbon Artillery Regiment) occupies positions on access roads to the A1 (Northern) motorway, at Lisbon Portela Airport and at the Depósito-Geral de Material de Guerra (Military Goods Stores) at Beirolas. Escola Prática de Administração Militar (EPAM; Technical College of Military Administration) troops occupy the Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) studios in Lumiar and take positions on the A1 (Northern) motorway, controlling access to the Airport. Both these military units were linked respectively with the revolutionary left and with the Esquerda Militar (Left Military) 'gonçalvistas' and the Esquerda Militar Radical (Left Radical Military) 'otelistas'. 07:00 - The GDACI (Grupo de Detecção, Alerta e Conduta da Intercepção) air defence base at Monsanto is occupied by a force of 65 paratroopers from 121 Company stationed in Lumiar led by Sergeant Rebocho, and supported by GDACI Aérea de Serviço (Air Service) police. The Commander of the 1ª Região Aérea (1st Air Region), General Pinho Freire, is arrested, but despite this he is not prevented from access to a phone and he contacts Morais da Silva, activing contingency plans focused on loyalist paratroopers based at Cortegaça. He then contacts the presidency and, assisted by José Loureiro dos Santos, General Francisco da Costa Gomes takes control of the situation. Lt. Col. Antonio Ramalho Eanes of the Regimento de Comandos (Commando Regiment) at Amadora, aligned with the Direita Militar (Right Military) ultra-conservative 'spinolistas' and Centro Militar (Centre Military) PS 'meloantunistas' or 'moderados', is also informed. 09:00 - The President holds an emergency meeting with the Conselho da Revolução (Council of the Revolution) and the military commands. 10:00 - The Communist Party (PCP) realises the situation, although apparently favorable to the revolutionaries, can have no really favourable outcome for them, since the President decided to counter the coup. The PCP gives orders to its main military power base in the Fuzileiros Navais (Marine Corps), that it "is not the time to move forward." [ Mário Soares of the PS would later claim that the Communist Party later decides not to summon its members and supporters out onto the streets.] 13:35 - The EMGFA (Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas / State General Staff of the Armed Forces) in an unofficial note confirms the events, warns that the rebels will use force and considers the rebellion as having a wider political objective, beyond just the support of Morais Silva and Pinho Freire. This note, on behalf of Costa Gomes is the first statement of a legal framework for the operations of the military group being led by Ramalho Eanes against the paratroopers. 14:00 - The President calls for Otelo Carvalho to present himself at the Palácio de Belém. He also announces his decision to take direct command of COPCON and orders several commanders of military units in the Lisbon region to the Palace. 14.30 - Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho comes to COPCON. Meets behind closed doors with Arnao Metellus, Eurico Corvacho and other officials for an hour and a half. However Marques Júnior, sent from Belém, arrives to lead Othello to the President. 15:00 - Otelo Carvalho leaves the COPCON towards Belém and Costa Gomes puts COPCON under his direct command. 16:30 - The President of the Republic decrees a state of emergency in the Lisbon region. The paratroopers spread a manifesto claiming to fight for a "true socialism". Troops from the Regimento de Comandos (Commando Regiment) of Amadora leave their barracks and trigger the offensive in four directions: 1 - Monsanto (BETP) by CCMDS 121 (121 Commando Company) commanded by Captain Gonçalves and CCMDS 122 commanded by Captain Sampaio Faria 2 - Regimento da Polícia Militar in Ajuda by CCMDS 112 commanded by Captain Apollinaire 3 - Regimento de Artilharia de Costa (Coastal Artillery Regiment) in Oeiras 4 - RALIS and EPAM in Lumiar Each of these operations is preceded by radio messages that declare that they are taking place on behalf of the President of the Republic. 16:30 - The President sends emissaries to the premises of the Commander of the Air Force in Monsanto requesting the surrender of the rebels, but without success. 17:00 - Forces of EPAM (Military School Management Practice) take the TV facilities. Revolutionary ballets and classical music are broadcast. The Emissora Nacional (National Radio) premises are occupied by troops of the Polícia Militar and COPCON. Later in the evening newspaper editions a call is made for revolution in the name of Othello and of popular power. People in the Leiria region surround the Monte-Real base occupied by paratroopers, preventing access or exit. 17.30 - The Polícia Militar make a radio appeal for military forces to send reinforcements to the Emissora Nacional station. Shortly after the Polícia Militar troops leave but Colonel Varela Gomes of COPCON attempts to run operations. 18:00 - Captain Duran Clemente (EPAM) calls, via television, for a popular mobilisation, together with that of troops and the radio and TV stations. The Sindicato dos Operários Metalúrgicos (Metallurgical Workers Union) appeals for a strike and mass mobilisation from the barracks. 19:15 - The troops that occupied the Headquarters of Air Region 1 at Monsanto surrender to a force of Commandos from Amadora, headed by the moderate Jaime Neves. PM Captain Faria Paulino is arrested.

Also during the afternoon: Costa Gomes telephone contact with Alvaro Cunhal and with the Intersindical in order to demobilise the civilian population civilian population concentrated around some of the barracks. By the end of the afternoon a few barricades were erected, but the overwhelming mood was apathetic. Mário Soares, Jorge Campinos and Mário Sottomayor Cardia, the Standing Committee of the PS, following the previously established counter-revolutionary plan which holds that if the counter-revolutionary coup in Lisbon failed and the PS actually took power, he could help trigger a civil war to crush the 'Comuna de Lisboa' (City of Lisbon), the stronghold of the PCP from the North, leave Lisbon clandestinely during the afternoon for Porto. There they present themselves to the moderate Pires Veloso at the Headquarters of the Northern Military Region via the General Airman José Lemos Ferreira, would had been intimately involved in the opposition to his previous commander Brigadeiro Graduado Eurico de Deus Corvacho.

20.45 - Radio programme transmission of the Emissora Nacional are transferred to Porto. 21:10 - One of the most famous incidents of the revolt takes place over the television. The reading of a revolutionary statement by Captain Duran Clemente is halted and the Rádio Televisão Portuguesa (Radio Television Portugal) broadcast from Lisbon, is replaced by one from the studios in Porto. The program, transmitting symphonic music and a Chinese-style revolutionary ballet is replaced by an American movie starring Danny Kaye, '//The Man from the Diners' Club//'. The transmission is transferred to the studios of Porto via technical action at the Monsanto antenna (Lisbon), which is already under the control of a Commando force who stormed in, lining the tecghnicians up against the wall, ordereding that Clemente's television signal is immediately cut and replaced by that from Porto The image of Clemente Duran on television has become an icon of the failure of the rebel forces of November 25, 1975. "They are telling me that I can not speak because of technical reasons, is it?" were his last words. 21:15 - General Costa Gomes in a message to the country on radio and television announces his decision to impose a state of seige in the RML. Otelo Carvalho appears onscreen beside him. 22:00 - It is announced that General Pinho Freire has resumed command of the 1st Air Region. Thousands of workers appear in support of RALIS. 22:10 - The Rádio Clube Português (Portuguese Radio Club) ceases transmissions. 22:20 - The surrender of the base at Monte Real is announced. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucionário_em_Curso en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 www.workersliberty.org/node/24429 resistir.info/portugal/25_nov_livro_ac.html regimentodecomandos.com/25nov13/cronologia_25_novembro_1975.htm www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=Cronologia www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1975.htm 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/ate-25-de-novembro-1975/ 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm casacomum.org/cc/diario_de_lisboa/dia?ano=1975&mes=11 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro]

1975 - Proceso 1001: Following the amnesty by royal decree, signed by Juan Carlos, the leadership of the clanestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) have their sentences reduced to: Marcelino Camacho 6 years; Nicolás Sartorius 5 years; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón 2 years; Pedro Santiesteban 2 years; Eduardo Saborido 5 years; Francisco García Salve 5 years; Luis Fernández 2 years; Francisco Acosta 2 years; Juan Muñiz Zapico 4 years; and Fernando Soto Martín 4 years in prison. [see: Jun. 24, Dec. 20 & Dec. 30] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

1984 - Forças Populares 25 de Abril (Popular Forces 25 April) fire four mortar rounds at the U.S. Embassy, hitting two cars. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forças_Populares_25_de_Abril pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forças_Populares_25_de_Abril]

1988 - Louis Ségeral (b. 1928), French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, engineer, Résistance fighter, poet, painter and novelist, dies. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5111 anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121125] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905]
 * = 26 || 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 13] Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание]: An uprising breaks out on the cruiser Ochakov (Очаков). Officers remove the electical conductors and leave the ship. The uprising is led by S. P. Chastnik (С. П. Частник), N. G. Antonenko (Н. Г. Антоненко) and A. I. Gladkov (А. И. Гладков).

[AA/D] 1920 - Less than two weeks after assisting Red Army forces to defeat Wrangel's White Army forces, Makhno's headquarters staff and many of his subordinate commanders are arrested at a Red Army planning conference to which they had been invited by Moscow, and executed. Makhno manages to escape.

1971 - Pauline Conroy arrested in her flat in Powis Square and charged. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Following yesterday's events, COPCON is disbanded and Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho is stripped of his power. 200 far left-wing Esquerda Militar Radical (Left Radical Military) members of the military are arrested.

00:15 - The base at Ota, occupied the previous afternoon by paratroopers, returns to the control of its previous commander. Paratroopers also leave the base at Tancos. 01:00 - Members of the public help did trenches along the perimeter of the PM base in Ajuda, just five hundred metres from the Presidential Palace. 02:00 - Having failed to gain complete control of the situation, infantry forces based at Porto de Vila Real and Braga prepare to march on Lisbon. 07:20 - Regimento de Policia Militar commanders are invited to submit to the President, but a revolutionary military plenary states that the President must first explain the reasons for the call. A military officer from the presidency gives his word of honour that liberal officers will not be will not be arrested and two of them (Maj. Mario Tome and Maj. Rosa Cuco) present themselves in the palace at 8 o'clock. 08:15 - Soldiers of the Regimento de Comandos led by Jaime Neves, who is linked to the moderates, attack the barracks of the Regimento de Lanceiros 2 (2nd Lancers Regiment) of the leftist-linked Regimento da Polícia Militar at Ajuda. The PM surrender leaving 2 dead on the Commandos' side (Lieutenant Coimbra and Militiaman Pires) and a PM (Cadet José Baggage). PM commanders Majors Campos Andrada, Cuco Rosa and Mário Tomé are arrested. [Vasco Lourenço had also called for the imprisonment of Diniz de Almeida (arrested later), Campos Andrada, Cuco Rosa and Mário Tomé, all notorious revolutionary military leftist political forces, the latter including affiliated with the UDP ; Officials said many 'moderate' were then tarred with the PS (with which conspired in plan preparation and operations that resulted in the '25 November 1975 ') and the PPD.]

One of the PM soldiers when questioned claimed that the regiment had indeed circulated weapons to civilians that night, but that he had not seen them ... Later Captain Rodrigo de Sousa e Castro of the Conselho da Revolução claimed that he had seen from the Palácio de Belém windows armed civilians fire on the commandos. According to official information, these had been militia groups amongst the PM ranks, but Regimento de Comandos troops stated that they were convinced that the Furriel Comando Militiaman Joaquim dos Santos Pires had been hit by gunfire from PM recruits. All told, only one individual in civilian clothes armed with a G3 had been arrested during the day. Also, following a call from the President, second in command of the RALIS, Major Diniz de Almeida, goes to Belém and is immediately arrested.

10:00 - Armoured vehicles from the Escola-prática de Cavalaria at Santarém arrive at the Depósito-Geral de Material de Guerra close to RALIS HQ. Troops of Região Militar Norte (Northern Military Region) and Região Militar Centro (Central Military Region) reinforce the Região Militar de Lisboa (RML; Lisbon Military Region), and are stationed at the Escola Prática de Infantaria (Infantry Training School) at Mafra. Trade unions call for a general strike.

During the afternoon hundreds of people remain around the RALIS building, where the situation is tense and the military remain in defensive position. A new commander, Major Paz replaces Capitão Luz as the commander at Forte de Almada, where the situation tends to normalise. Marines disperse the members of the public that had gathered along with that unit. The Escola Prática de Administração Militar (Technical College of Military Administration) returns to the command of the RML. The Setúbal Regimento de Infantaria is reinforced with armoured units of the Cavalaria from Estremoz. The President issues a new message to the people: "What drives us is the ideal that pragmatic socialism advances with decisive but cautious advances. Not with hollow verbalism, with unfounded strikes, with professionalised demonstrations can we build a classless society." Ernesto Melo Antunes, principal author of the political program of the Movimento das Forças Armadas and minister in the Provisional Government, states on RTP television that: "the participation of the PCP in building socialism is indispensable." The '//Comércio do Porto//' is the only newspaper to be published in the country, as Porto was not covered by the state of siege. A communication from SUV - Soldados Unidos Vencerão, a soldiers organisation linked to the Guevaraist Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado, calls for workers' resistance against yesterday's military coup.

Overnight at the Montijo base returns to the command of the 1st Air Region. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucionário_em_Curso pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldados_Unidos_Vencerão en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 www.workersliberty.org/node/24429 resistir.info/portugal/25_nov_livro_ac.html regimentodecomandos.com/25nov13/cronologia_25_novembro_1975.htm www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=Cronologiapulsar www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1975.htm 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/ate-25-de-novembro-1975/ 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro] || That night rebel commandos seized a number of ships, including the minelayer Griden (Гридень), the destroyers Svirepiy (Свирепый), № 265, № 268, № 270, and a number of smaller ships, and seized weapons in the port. These joined the other rebels ships, the gunboat Usuriets (Уралец), destroyers Zavetniy (Заветный ), Zorkiy (Зоркий), training ship Dnestr (Днестр) and mine carrier Bug (Буг). The rebellion squadron was also joined by the battleship Panteleimon (Пантелеймона), formerly the Potemkin (Потёмкин), which had been stripped of most of its armaments when decommissioned in the wake of the June mutiny. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905 wunderwafe.ru/WeaponBook/Ochakov/chap07.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Schmidt ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмидт,_Пётр_Петрович]
 * = 27 || 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 14] Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание]: Having been invited to take command of the rebel ships, Lieutenant Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt (Пётр Петрович Шмидт) boards the Ochakov (Очаков) that afternoon and takes command of the naval uprising. Famed for the 'Schmidt Oath' (клятва Шмидта) ["We swear that we will never cede to anybody an inch of the human rights that we have won"], which he gave at the funeral of the eight victims of the October 31 (O.S. Oct. 18) shootings outside the prison in Sevastopo, he had been dismissed from the navy ealier that year for this "anti-government propaganda". Once on board, he had the signal "Fleet Commander Schmidt" (Командую флотом Шмидт) as well as the red flag raised on the Ochakov. Schmidt also had a telegram sent to the Tsar, Nicholas II of Russia: "The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly devoted to the people, demands Your Majesty to immediately call a meeting of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительное собрание), and no longer obeys orders of Your ministers. Commander of the Fleet P. Schmidt."

[D] 1911 - Revolución Mexicana: Emiliano Zapata disavows support for Francisco Madero for not giving land to peasants.

[C] 1917 - Juan Fernández Ayala aka Juanín (b. 1917), Spanish //miliciano// and anti-Francoist //guerrillero//, born. Juan fought with republican Ochandía Battalion in the Civil War, and after the fall of the northern front, he was arrested and sentenced to death, later commuted to 12 years in prison following the intervention of his Phlangist brothers. He was interned in the prison of Tabacalera (Santander), then in 1941 was transferred to Portacceli (Valencia) where following an amnesty he was released on bail early 1943. Refusing to report weekly to the barracks of the Guardia Civil, he escaped to the mountains and joined the anti-Francoist maquis in the group of anarchist Ceferino Campo Roiz aka Machado fighting in the Santander area. The Brigada Machado, which had up to 37 men, which changed its mane to the Brigada de los Picos de Europa some time in 1943, saw action in the area located on the border of Leon, Asturias, Palencia and Santander. Following the denunciation and arrest of Machado on April 22, 1945, Juanín who took command of the group. He was shot dead on April 24, 1957 in an ambush near the Vega de Liebana (Santander) by Guardia Civil corporal Leopoldo Rollan Arenales and guard Angel Agüeros Rodríguez de Cabarceno. His comrade Francisco Gutierrez Bedoya aka Paco was also injured, but managed to escape back into the mountains and ended up taking his own life rather than be captured that December. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2402 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanín www.revistacomarcal.es/Revista_15/juanin.html]

1920 - Following yesterday's arrest and execution of Makhno's anarchist commanders whilst under a flag of truce, Trotsky orders an attack on Makhno's headquarters itself. The Cheka simultaneously arrests members of the Nabat Confederation in Kharkov and raids anarchist clubs and organisations throughout Russia.

1941 - José Lavín Cobo aka Pepín or Pin el Cariñoso (Pin the Affectionate) (b. unknown), Spanish anarchist, renowned Cantabrian anti-Francoist //guerrillero// and member of the Brigada Malumbres, is killed by security forces. Julio Llamazares' book, '//Luna de Lobos//' (Wolf's Moon; 1985), is based on Pin el Cariñoso's story and it was made into a film directed by Julio Sánchez Valdés in 1987. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20121127 www.nodo50.org/age/guerrilleros_en_cantabria.htm cantabria.cnt.es/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=811&Itemid=55 tienesmipalabra.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/leyendo-luna-de-lobos-de-julio.html www.imdb.com/title/tt0093451/]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: At dawn, a couple of dozen military officers arrested for their involvement in the coup arrive at Custóias prison in Porto. Besides the three PM majors (Campos Andrada, Cuco Rosa and Mário Tomé) and Diniz de Almeida, these include Captain Faria Paulino, Lieutenant Commander Marques Pinto and sergeants of the Comissão Coordenadora de Sargentos (Coordinating Committee of Sergeants) of the Air Force.

At the last meeting in COPCON with Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Colonel Artur Batista, Captain Lourenço Marques, Major Arlindo Ferreira, Captain Tasso de Figueiredo, Captain Ferreira Rodrigues, Lieutenant Colonel Arnão Metelo, Commander Gouveia and Major Barão da Cunha discuss the situation and acknowledge that it has been a setback. Meanwhile COPCON is to be dissolved and its units integrated into EMGFA (Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas / State General Staff of the Armed Forces). Lieutenant Colonel Ramalho Eanes is named interim Chefe do Estado-Maior do Exército (CEME; Chief of Staff of the Army). COPCON is surrounded by elements of the Regimento de Comandos and a number of unnamed officers arrested. The operation is led by Ramalho Eanes. Otelo is not among those arrested. A delegation from the Parachute Troops school at Tancos discuss in Lisbon, with President of the Republic, General Francisco da Costa Gomes, and Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General José Morais da Silva, the terms of the negotiations for the normalisation of the situation at that unit. Generals Carlos Fabião and Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho are removed from their posts as CEME and as COPCON Commander respectively, and asked for their resignation from the Conselho da Revolução (CR; Council of the Revolution). The CR dismiss "all current members of the administration" of the nationalised newspaper companies, suspending the publication of newspapers and magazines published by these companies until the appointment by the Government of new directors, accused of having collaborated with the coup. Only the boards of companies in Porto are renewed. Costa Gomes decrees a partial lifting of the state of seige imposed 2 days before in the RML (Região Militar de Lisboa). [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucionário_em_Curso pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldados_Unidos_Vencerão en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 www.workersliberty.org/node/24429 resistir.info/portugal/25_nov_livro_ac.html regimentodecomandos.com/25nov13/cronologia_25_novembro_1975.htm www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=Cronologiapulsar www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/anuario/secxx/ano1975.htm 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/ate-25-de-novembro-1975/ 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www.portugal-info.net/history/third-republic.htm caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro] || Sebastapol's revolutionary forces had numbered around 8,200 and they were faced with 10,000 on the government side, so it was inevitable that the insurgents would be defeated. So, the following day, the government forces supported by artillery took the rebellion barracks, crushing the rebellion. Pyotr Schmidt and other leaders of the uprising were sentenced to death. He was executed on March 19, 1906 alongside the leaders of the Ochakov mutiny, S. P. Chastnik (С. П. Частник), N. G. Antonenko (Н. Г. Антоненко) and A. I. Gladkov (А. И. Гладков). Of the 6000 insurgents arrested following the defeat, only 37 sailors were sentenced to hard labour, a surprisingly low number, all things considered. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Севастопольское_восстание_(1905) encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sevastopol+Mutiny+of+1905 wunderwafe.ru/WeaponBook/Ochakov/chap07.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Schmidt ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмидт,_Пётр_Петрович]
 * = 28 || [D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 15] Sevastopol Uprising [Севастопольское Восстание]: At 09:00 the red flag is raised on all 12 ships (with around 2,000 men) in Schmidt's rebel fleet. The rebel ships were presented with an ultimatum to surrender, which they ignored. Heavily outnumbered and outgunned, the naval battle began at 15:00. By 16:45, it was over and the rebel fleet had been defeated and those remaining alive, including Schmidt, were arrested.

1911 - Plan de Ayala: In Ayoxuxtla, Puebla, Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata, issues his political proclamation, the '//Plan de Ayala//'. In it he accuses the government of President Francisco I. Madero of betraying the peasant cause. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_Ayala]

1943 - Mass demonstration by 35,000 workers in war industries marches in the pouring rain to Trafalgar Square in condemnation of Herbert Morrison's decision to release Oswald Mosley from internment.

1970 - 300 National Front suuporters march through Wolverhampton. They are 'opposed' by a largely ineffectual counter-demonstration of 200 anti-fascists. [PR] [hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1971/feb/02/demonstration-wolverhampton]

1971 - Fourteen members of the anti-Fascist 62 group break up a meeting of the secretive Northern League group at the Royal Pavilion Hotel, Brighton. Several fascists, including former German SS men and National Front members, were ambushed in the restaurant and hospitalised. 62 Group members let off smoke bombs to cover their escape. [PR]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Arrest warrants are issued against the officers Clemente Duran, Varela Gomes and several leaders of the radical left movements. The government resumes activities and the Council of Ministers promises the right of owners to recoup expropriated land. It also announces the beginning of an inquiry into the events of November 25 led by Marques Júnior. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm] ||
 * = 29 || 1893 - Arrest of the French anarchist Edmond Aubin Marpaux, a member of the Ligue des Antipatriotes, charged with the killing of a //flic//. He receives life in prison despite his denials of the crime, and is killed (October 23) following a prison revolt on Devil's Island on October 21-22 1894.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/sac.1904.1917.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The leading liberal Sergei Trubetskoy (Серге́й Трубецко́й) warns that a successful armed revolt will lead to civil war and mass destruction; he urges liberals to use pressure to extract reform from the government. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Following the sacking of 3 organisers in the Union of Postal-Telegraph Employees in Moscow, telephone and telegraph workers go out on strike. Despite presenting employers with demands for improved wages and working conditions, the main thrust of the strike is political as the union also demand the release of members of the Peasants Union arrested in St Petersburg, the removal of the minister of internal affairs and the national director of the postal-telegraph service, and the right to form a union. However, the disruption of the communications network also makes it impossible for revolutionary groups to coordinate armed revolts. [Charters Wynn - 'Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870-1905', 2014]

[1905 - [O.S. Nov. 16] Chita Republic [Читинская республика] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Serious unrest among soldiers and workers in Chita in south-eastern Siberia in the Chita main railway workshops held a meeting soldiers and Cossacks. Active promotion of the regional committee of the RSDLP in fact led the rebels five thousand garrison of Chita.the area is soon fully controlled by the RSDRP [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Republic ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Читинская_республика ez.chita.ru/encycl/person/?id=5094]

1922 - Renzo Novatore, pseudonym of Abele Ricieri Ferrari (b. 1890), Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, dies. [see: May 12]

[C] 1941 - Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya (Зо́я Анато́льевна Космодемья́нская; b. 1923), Russian student and partisan fighter, is executed by the Nazis. She was captured on November 28, 1941, whilst setting fire to the village of Petrischevo, where a German cavalry regiment was stationed, and brutally tortured through the night (including having her right breast cut off) but she refused to give up any information. The following day she was marched through town with a board around her neck bearing the inscription 'Arsonist of buildings' and hanged. Her final words were purported to be "Comrades! Why are you so gloomy? I am not afraid to die! I am happy to die for my people!" and to the Germans, "You'll hang me now, but I am not alone. There are two hundred million of us. You can't hang us all." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/history-and-mythology/zoya-kosmodemyanskaya/]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: President Costa Gomes invests the new Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Souto Cruz, saying at the time: " Several times I have stated that I can not allow ideological conflicts between Portuguese to be resolved by violent military confrontations." The non-state-owned press is allowed to resume publication. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, leader of the Partido Popular Democrático, accuses the Partido Comunista Português of being responsible for the military insubordination verified. The Partido Socialista is of the same opinion. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarNovembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1999 - Seattle WTO protests begin.

[A/D] 2010 - Prisoners in 26 of the 33 prisons in Greece commence a co-ordinated collective refusal to eat prison food in protest against the appalling conditions in Greek prisons-hellholes. ||
 * = 30 || [D] 1830 - Agricultural labourers riot in Shaftesbury, Dorset, to secure the release of five imprisoned comrades. Simultaneously, in Banwell, Somerset, paupers riot at the poorhouse, then follow up with an attack on the lock-up and release its prisoners.

1871 - Gaston Crémieux (Isaac Louis Gaston; b. 1836), French radical Républican, Proudhonian socialist and member of the Commune de Marseille, is executed at 07:00 by firing squad following his June 28 court-martial. [see: Jun. 22]

1920 - Revolución Mexicana: Alvaro Obregon elected president.

1920 - The CNT's labour lawyer Francesc Layret is assassinated and 36 more union leaders imprisoned (including Narcís Vidal, Miguel Abós Serena and Spain: Salvador Caracersa). Part of the government's bloody campaign to destroy the CNT. [see: Nov 27]

1923 - Rebelión Delahuertista [De la Huerta Uprising] / Revolución Mexicana: Adolfo de la Huerta accuses Alvaro Obregon of corruption and calls for overthrow of Obregon. A large part of the federal army follows Huerta. [bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/estados/libros/nleon/html/sec_185.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelión_delahuertista]

[C] 1943 - Todor Angelov Dzekov (Тодор Ангелов Дзеков / Théodore Angheloff; d. 1943), Bulgarian anarcho-communist revolutionary and anti-fascist, who was active for a long time in Western Europe and headed a Brussels-based group of the Belgian Resistance against Nazi Germany, is executed by the Nazis. [see: Jan. 12]

[A] 1999 - The second Battle of Seattle shuts down the World Trade Organisation ministerial meeting. Solidarity actions happen across the world. ||


 * = DECEMBER ||
 * = 1 || 1870 - In France Victor Hugo obtains the release of Louise Michel.

[B] 1893 - Ernst Toller (d. 1939), German Expressionist playwright, poet, pacifist, anarchist and one of the leaders of the Munich Soviet, born. He volunteered for military duty during WWI, spending 13 months on the Western Front, suffering a complete physical and psychological collapse, experiences which informed his first play '//Die Wandlung//' (Transformation; 1919). In 1917, and no longer considered to be fit for combat, he attended the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, meeting Thomas Mann and Rainer Maria Rilke, and later the sociologist Max Weber. Around the same time he became involved in radical politics via a Munich discussion group involving Kurt Eisner, Felix Fechenbach, Oskar Maria Graf and Erich Mühsam, and joined the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - USPD). In Munich he was involved with Kurt Eisner in organising a munitions workers' strike, for which they and other trade union leaders were arrested and sent to Leonrodstrasse military prison. Charged with "attempted treason" but was released in May 1918 and returned to the German Army. Expecting to be sent to the Western Front, he was instead committed to a psychiatric clinic, only once again to be diagnosed as being unfit for active service and discharged from the army. Following the 1918 overthrow of the Kaiser, and despite now being a convinced pacifist, Toller participated alongside Gustav Landauer, Erich Mühsam and Ret Marut (aka B. Traven) in the establishment of the Munich Soviet, becoming its President from April 6 to April 12 until the communist putsch overthrew his "Bavarian Revolution of Love", with its short-lived Workers' Councils and self-managed co-operatives. Following the defeat of the Soviet by the Freikorps, Toller was arrested and charged with high treason. Toller expected to be found guilty and sentenced to death but his friends began an international campaign to save his life. At his trial Toller argued: "We revolutionaries acknowledge the right to revolution when we see that the situation is no longer tolerable, that it has become a frozen. Then we have the right to overthrow it." Weber and Thomas Mann gave character references and, found guilty of high treason, the judge acknowledged his "honourable motives" and sentenced him to only five years in the prisons of Stadelheim, Neuburg, Eichstätt and, from February 1920 until his release, in the fortress of Niederschönenfeld where he spent 149 days in solitary confinement and 24 days on hunger strike. While imprisoned, he completed work on '//Die Wandlung//' (The Transformation; 1919) and wrote his Expressionist classics '//Masse Mensch//' (Mass Man; 1920), '//Die Maschinenstürmer//' (The Machine Breakers; 1922) and '//Der Deutsche Hinkemann//' (Hinkemann, the German; 1923), along with many of his better known poems. Post-release he continued to write plays, including '//Hoppla, wir Leben!//' (Hoppla, We're Alive!; 1925), a drama about a revolutionary who is discharged from a mental hospital after eight years only to discover that his once-revolutionary comrades have grown complacent and hopelessly compromised within the system they once opposed. In despair, he kills himself. '//Bourgeois bleibt Bourgeois//' (Once a Bourgeois Always a Bourgeois; 1927) was his attempt to follow Brecht and '//Die Dreigroschenoper//' (Threepenny Opera). He also remained active in politics, becoming a prominent figure within the League for Human Rights and the Group of Revolutionary Pacifists. When Hitler came to power, Toller was personally denounced by Josef Goebbels, and his work was banned on the same list that included Marx, Freud, Brecht, and Mann. He was fortunate to be travelling outside of Germany when Storm Troopers arrested most of the league's members. He sought refuge in England an was able to complete his autobiography, '//I Was a German//' (1933). In October 1936 Toller left London for a lecture tour of North America, where he was offered a contract to write film-scripts for MGM. While in the States, Toller became active in the campaign to raise funds to help the Spanish Republic's Civil War effort and went to Spain as a journalist. Depressed by the defeat of the Republic and the rise of Fascism in Europe, penniless from having given all his money to Spanish Republican causes, and discovering that his sister and brother had both been arrested and sent to concentration camps, he committed suicide in his hotel room in New York City. [writershistory.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=553&Itemid=30 www.fandango.com/ernsttoller/biography/p311281]

1908 - Whilst politicians in Brazil and Argentina threaten war between the two countries, worker's organisations and anarcho-syndicalists in both countries jointly organise a day of protest against the possibility of a conflict.

[D] 1914 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata meet at Xochimilco in México City. Their combined armies of 50,000 march through city. Some Villiaistas rob churches and rape. Villa himself rapes a Frenchwoman manager at the luxury Hotel Palicio and was reported worldwide. The Zapaista army is mostly orderly.

1925 - Joseph Jean Marie Tortelier (b. 1854), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, dies. [see: Dec. 26]

1928 - Anna Heilman, born Hana Wajcblum [poss. Hanka or Chana Weissman] (d. 2011), Polish Jew who took part in the Auschwitz Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of October 7, 1944, smuggling gunpowder out of the Union munitions factory with her sister Estusia, Roza Robota, Ala Gertner, Rose Grunapfel Meth and others, born. She published a memoir, '//Never Far Away: The Auschwitz Chronicles of Anna Heilman//', in 2001. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Heilman www.annaheilman.net/About Anna Heilman.htm www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/AnnaHeilman.html]

1932 - In a plenary session of the Regional CNT held in Madrid, the sindicato de ferroviarios (railway union) requested support to declare a general strike in support of wage increases. In the end the sindicato backed out as more than half of their union locals thought the strike would be a failure, but the Comité de Defensa Regional de Cataluña (Regional Defence Committee of Catalonia) having taken up the idea of an insurrectionary general strike, as proposed by Joan Garcia Oliver, was ready to implement the "gimnasia revolucionaria" (revolutionary gymnastics) that would precipitate the insurrectionary action needed to prevent the consolidation of the República Burguesa (bourgeois republic). The date chosen was January 8, 1933.

[C] 1936 - Hans Beimler (Johannes Baptist Beimler; b. 1895), German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands Reichstag deputy, anti-fascist and political commissar of the Thalmann Battalion of the XI International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War, is killed during the Battle of Madrid. A fervent anti-Nazi, he had been detained in Dachau concentration camp in April 1933, but managed to escape in May 1933 by strangling a SA guard and escaping in his uniform. His experiences of the camp were published in 'Im Mörderlager Dachau: Vier Wochen unter den braunen Banditen' (1933), which was published in Moscow and London. He began running communist aid organisation Rote Hilfe (Red Aid) in exile, first in Prague in 1934 and then in Zurich the following year. Involved in several conflicts with the rigid party bureaucracy, in the summer of 1936 the KPD removed him from all offices and sent him to Spain at the outbreak of the civil war. In Spain, Beimler set up the German Thälmann Centuria, which soon became the nucleus of the International Brigades’ Thälmann Battalion. He was killed during one of the battalion’s first battles near Madrid in circumstances that have proved controversial: "Antonia Stern, Beimler's companion, who was stripped of her rights and expelled from Spain, disputed this version of events. She claimed that Beimler had spoken out against the first Moscow show-trial and had been in contact with the former directors of the KPD, Arkady Maslow and Ruth Fischer, who led an opposition World Revolution, Civil War, and Terror group in Paris." ['The Black Book of Communism'] He would go on to become well-known because of the song Ernst Busch wrote and named after him. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Beimler www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/beimler/ spartacus-educational.com/SPbeimer.htm www.epubbud.com/read.php?g=Q6Z5FD2L&p=5&two=1]

1960 - Ethel MacDonald (b.1909), Glasgow-based anarchist activist, labelled the '//Scots Scarlet Pimpernel//' by the British press, dies. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. [see: Feb. 24]

1971 - Trial of Ian Purdie and Jake Prescott ends. Ian Purdie found not guilty on all charges. Jake Prescott found not guilty of specific bombings, but guilty of conspiracy to cause bombings on the basis of having written three envelopes, and was sentenced to fifteen years.

1995 - Fifteen people, mostly soldiers, are arrested for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish centre in Buenos Aires.

1997 - A silent march by women in Khartoum protesting conscription is attacked by police and 37 women are arrested.

1999 - WTO in Seattle Day 2: following yesterday's massive non-violent civil disobedience that temporarily shut down the Third Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, police enforce a "no protest zone" around the WTO meeting in Seattle and arrest hundreds of demonstrators. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_Fields_riots www.victorianweb.org/history/riots/spafield.html www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/distress/spafield.htm]
 * = 2 || [D] 1816 - Spa Fields Riots: Following the refusal by the Prince Regent to meet with 'radical' politician Henry 'Orator' Hunt, who would be an important influence on the Chartistism, and accept a petition calling for universal (male) suffrage, annual general elections and a secret ballot. A follow-up meeting at Spa Fields, Islington, is attended by 20,000. After speeches from the likes of Henry 'Orator' Hunt and James Watson, Watson led part of the crowd towards the Tower of London, looting a gun shop on the way. The crowd was headed off by 80 constables (who had been forewarned of potential trouble by a police spy) and the 4 'ring-leaders' arrested. A John Cashman was arrested and sentenced to death for the stabbing to death of a passer-by and for the gun shop raid. The others were acquitted as the government spy, John Castle, was discredited at the first 'ring-leader' trial.

1859 - John Brown (b. 1880), U.S. exponent of direct action in the fight against slavery in the USA, who led the unsuccessful raid on the federal armoury at Harpers Ferry that ended in his capture, is hung in Charleston, Virginia.

1883 - Henri Quesnel (d. 1966), French libertarian trades union activist, born. [see: Aug. 22][expand] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html#quesnel]

[A] 1889 - Octave Garnier aka ' Le Terrassier' (d. 1912), as a 13-year old he became a member of the anarchist Bonnot Gang, stealing cars and robbing banks, born. [expand] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Garnier militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2019 www.ephemanar.net/decembre25.html www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_garnier.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Garnier libcom.org/files/Richard Parry - The Bonno Gang.pdf spartacus-educational.com/ANA-Octave_Garnier.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 19] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: A Latvian Congress of local officials in Riga demands autonomy. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[C] 1924 - Else Marie Pade, Danish electronic composer, who was active in the resistance during the Second World War, and was interned at the Frøslev prison camp from 1944 till the end of the war, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Marie_Pade]

1943 - Oreste Ristori (b. 1874), Italian journalist, militant individualist anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Aug. 12]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Decreto-Lei nº674-B / 75, which end the state of siege declared on 25 November in the area of Military Region of Lisbon and is to be lifted at 17:00 on December 2, is published. The Constituent Assembly meets by registering heated discussion in the PS (Partido Socialista), the PPD (Partido Popular Democrático) and CDS (Partido do Centro Democrático e Social) accuse the PCP (Partido Comunista Português) of involvement in the November 25 events. The PPD calls into question the continuation of PCP membership of the 6th Provisional Government. The PS advocates a contrary position. 34 officials of Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) are suspended for alleged involvement in the events of 25 November. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarDezembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1977 - First of three nights of rioting, with $5 million of destruction, in Bermuda protesting the hanging (despite a moratorium being in place) of two men convicted of the 1972 murder of Governor Richard Sharples. British troops are flown in to help an overwhelmed Bermudan army.

1980 - Romain Gary (born Roman Kacew; b. 1914), French-Litvaks diplomat, novelist, film director and World War II aviator, dies. [see: May 21]

1999 - WTO in Seattle Day 3: World Trade Organization delegates meet as the core 50 block area of down-town Seattle is declared off-limits to protesters and most businesses in the area close. ||
 * = 3 || 1803 - Charles Fourier publishes in the '//Bulletin de Lyon//' an article entitled '//Universal Harmony//', announcing the theory of "passional attraction" which will "lead the human race to opulence, to sensual pleasures, to the unity of the globe".

1831 - Première Révolte des Canuts: The army enter the city without any blood being shed and with no negotiation or agreements being made. The fixed rate is abolished, the prefect dismissed, the Garde Nationale disbanded, and a large garrison stationed in the town. The government then decided to build a fort to separate the commune of Croix-Rousse from the town of Lyon. 90 workers were arrested, 11 of whom were prosecuted and acquitted in June 1832. The workers were thus left no better off. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_revolts fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolte_des_Canuts rebellyon.info/21-novembre-1831-debut-de-la-revolte-des.html rebellyon.info/Lyon-9-avril-1834-debut-de-la-2e.html www.archives-lyon.fr/archives/sections/fr/histoire_de_lyon/les_evenements/evenements/1831_canuts/?&view_zoom=1]

[DD] 1854 - Gold miners in the Ballarat region of Victoria, Australia, take part in the Eureka Rebellion (Battle of Eureka Stockade), one of the most significant stuggles against British colonial rule in Australia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/eureka-stockade]

1857 - Józef Teodor Konrad ‪Nałęcz‬ Korzeniowski (aka Joseph Conrad; d. 1924), Polish author of the English language novel on/against anarchist //attentats// (based loosely on the 1894 Greenwich Bombing), 'T//he Secret Agent//' (1907) and the anarchist-related short stories '//An Anarchist//' and '//The Informer//' (both 1906) [allegedly based upon the circle around Olivia and Helen Rossetti and the anarchist journal '//The Torch//', born. [www.eldritchpress.org/jc/info.html www.eldritchpress.org/jc/anar.html]

1893 - Following the formation of the Fascio di Giardinello on November 13, 1893, and its demands for the reduction of taxes on bread, on vehicles and on duties of consumption, refused by the Mayor, the first serious explosion of discontent takes place in the commune. The target of the protest is the mayor ,who had signed an agreement with the Duke of Aumale about the waters from the Scorsone spring without provision for the building of public washing facilities promised by the Duke. The washhouse was essential for the needs of the population. [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[C] 1894 - Bernhard Bästlein (d. 1944), German Communist and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime, who helped form the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group, Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organisation and the Bewegung Freies Deutschland (Free Germany Movement) resistance organisations, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bästlein de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bästlein]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Mensheviks support the Zemstvo Congress’ call for reforms. Lenin briefly disagrees and calls for armed revolt. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: St. Petersburg janitors protest being forced to act as police informers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[1905 - [O.S. Nov. 20] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Serious unrest by workers and soldiers in Irkutsk / to Jan. 2.1906. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1916 - Seven Wobblies in Australia are sentenced to 15 years in prison for their anti-war efforts during WWI. Others IWW members are sentenced to five and 10 years. In August 1917 IWW is made illegal and membership rolls made available to employers (blacklisted). Despite widespread government and business repression, the IWW helps lead the General Strike of 1917.

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: The Dekemvriana (Δεκεμβριανά, or December events) were a series of clashes fought in Athens from December 3. 1944 to January 11, 1945 between the Greek left-wing Resistance forces (EAM-ELAS, KKE) and the British Army, supported by the Greek Government, the Cities Police and the far-right Organization X of Georgios Grivas and the LOK (Lochos Oreinon Katadromon, the Greek stay-behind organisation). On December 1, 1944, the Greek government of 'National Unity' under Georgios Papandreou and Gen. Scobie (British head of the Allied forces in Greece at that time) announced an ultimatum for the general disarmament of all guerrilla forces by December 10, excluding those allied to the government (the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade and the Sacred Band) and also a part of EDES and ELAS that would be used in Allied operations in Crete and Dodecanese if it was necessary. As a result, on December 2 six ministers of the EAM, most of whom were KKE members, resigned from their positions in the 'National Unity' government. The EAM called for a general strike and announced the reorganisation of the Central Committee of ELAS, its military wing. A demonstration was organized by EAM on December 3. The demonstration involved at least 200,000 people marching on Panepistimiou Street towards the Syntagma Square. British tanks and police units were deployed around the area to block the route of the various marches. The shootings began when some of the demonstrators had broked through a Police cordon at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, above the Syntagma Square. They originated from the building of the General Police Headquarters, from the Parliament (Βουλή), from the Hotel Grande Bretagne (where international observers had settled), from other governmental buildings and from policemen on the street, with the head of the police Angelos Evert giving the order to open fire ("Shoot the bastards!") on the crowd. The lethal fusillade lasted half an hour, leaving more than 28 demonstrators dead, and 148 injured. Those firing included X and LOK members, as well as British troops and police with machine guns. The shootings signaled the beginning of the Dekemvrianá, the 37-days of full-scale fighting in Athens between EAM fighters and smaller parts of ELAS, and the forces of the British army and the government. At the beginning the government had only a few policemen and gendarmes, some militia units, the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade, the royalist group Organization X, also known as 'Chítes', but lacked heavy weapons. Consequently the British intervened in support of the government, freely using artillery and aircraft as the battle approached its last stages. Later on in the day, members of EAM tried to break into Papendreou's house armed with grenades but were repelled by armed guards. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1946 - Oakland General Strike begins after attempts to break a long strike by clerks (mostly women) at two major department stores in the city. Workers across Oakland were outraged and spotaneously organised the strike, which was to last 54 hours, ending on the basis of the Oakland City Manager's promise to union officials that police would not again be used to bring in scabs. However, the clerks were ultimately left to fend for themselves.

1969 - Lucien Haussard (b. 1893), French militant, anarchist advocate and free thinker, dies. Joined Marc Pierrot's review, '//Plus Loin//', which he managed from 1931 until arrested and interned in 1939. Involved in the S.I.A. (Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste) and in providing false documents to Spanish anti-fascists. [see: Jul. 11]

[D] 1970 - Spanish Embassy in London machine gunned following international protests against the trial of the Basque nationalists, the Burgos Six. This was not reported. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: The government announces the nationalisation of all radio stations. 42 officials of Emissora Nacional (National Radio) for alleged involvement in the events of November 25. More will be suspended 6 days later. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarDezembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1999 - WTO in Seattle Day 4: The 'civil emergency' and curfew continues with a 25 block area of down-town Seattle under siege. Over 600 protesters have now been arrested and most denied access to lawyers or phone calls.

2013 - Looting begins in Cordoba, Argentina’s second-largest city, when the provincial police force go on strike, demanding a doubling of the basic wage to 13,000 Argentine pesos. More than 1,000 stores are robbed, hundreds of people are injured and one person is killed. Dozens are arrested and over thousand hypermarkets, supermarkets and small shops lose around 400 million pesos in thefts. Events in Cordoba signal ten days of rioting (Dec. 3-13) across Argentina, during which the Argentina Confederation of Businesses and regional chambers of commerce estimated the losses at 568,450,000 Argentine pesos and 1,900 businesses were affected by looting. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeliones_policiales_en_Argentina_de_2013 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_police_revolts_in_Argentina] ||
 * = 4 || 1878 - Juan Oliva Moncasi, a young Catalonian worker in Tarragone who attempted to kill King Alphonse XII in Madrid on October 25 1878, and refused a commutation of his death sentence, is executed.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 21] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: A city-wide Moscow Soviet, representing eighty thousand workers, is formed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1914 - Emiliano Zapata meets with Pancho Villa and they agree to join forces to occupy México City two days later.

1935 - In Geneva, anarchists begin destroying slum housing, smashing windows and tearing up roofs this evening as part of an intense FOBB (Federation of Wood and Construction Workers) campaign of agitation over workers' homes which were little better than hovels.

1937 - Fierce fighting between the Fascist army and Republican troops near the province capital of Teruel.

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: The funeral service for those killed in Syntagma Square is held in Athens Cathedral and then the funeral procession headed to Syntagma square. There were 300,000 protesters. The coffins were lined up in a row, where the victims of the Sunday shooting had fallen. Everyone knelt in silent prayer. Some were holding banners written with the blood of the dead. At the top of this peaceful procession there was a banner held by three young women who were dressed in black. The banner said: "When the people are set in front danger of tyranny they pick either chains, or arms." This time government forces took no action but the procession was attacked by Chites led by Colonel Grivas, leaving over 100 dead and many more were wounded. The angry crowd besieged the hotel Cecil in Omonia Square in order to set fire to it, but the British managed to prevent this. In Thisio, two battalions of ELAS fighters battled with members of the Nazi-collaborationist Organization X and the British were forced to intervene with tanks to rescue the leader of Organization X, George Grivas, and take him to safety in Athens. Elsewhere ELAS forces staged occupations of several police stations in Piraeus and in areas around the centre of Athens, seizing any available weapons. The same afternoon, ELAS forces attacked the prison at the top of Vouliagmeni Avenue, and occupied it. That night, Papandreou offered to resign as head of the National Unity government, but the British Commander, Gen. Scobie, told him he had to stay in office. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[AA] 1969 - Black Panther Fred Hampton is shot dead in his bed by a Chicago police murder squad.

[A] 1971 - Georg von Rauch (b. 1947), German anarchist and founder of the Anarchist Black Cross in Germany and June 2nd Movement, is ambushed (along with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann, Hans Peter Knoll and Heinz Brockmann) by plainclothes armed police and shot in the eye, killing him instantly, despite being unarmed and having his hands raised. [see: May 12]

1973 - Dave Dellinger, Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman of Chicago Seven, together with their attorney William Kunstler, are all found guilty of contempt by Judge Hoffman, but get no additional sentences. Rennie Davis, Tom Hayden and attorney Leonard Weinglass acquitted of contempt charges.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: In a press conference, Mário Soares accused the PCP of having actively participated in the November 25 coup, using the extreme left as the "tip of the arrow head" and criticizes the PPD of "retrograde anti-communism" by calling for the removal PCP as a condition of it remaining in Government. The same day the PS alongside the PPD and CDS call for a review of the Pacto MFA-Partidos, the covenant between the Movimento das Forças Armadas and the political parties involved in the Carnation revolution. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarDezembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1995 - Earth Liberation Front (ELF) wrecks Whatley Quarry, AMEY Roadstone's flagship quarry in the Mendips.

2013 - At 12:00, after 35 hours of violence, looting and destruction in Cordoba, Governor Jose Manuel de la Sota announced after four meetings, an agreement with the strikers and they returned to patrol the streets. It consists of a wage increase of more than 30 percent for the force personnel, the basic wage of 8,000 Argentine pesos (up from 6,500) from February 2014. He also promised that there will be no sanctions or reprisals against the strikers. Events in Cordoba inspire police forces in other provinces to go out on strike too. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeliones_policiales_en_Argentina_de_2013 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_police_revolts_in_Argentina] || [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Republic ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Читинская_республика ez.chita.ru/encycl/person/?id=5094]
 * = 5 || 1905 - [O.S. Nov. 22] Chita Republic [Читинская республика] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07: at mass meeting elected the Board of soldiers and Cossack deputies and created an armed workers' militia numbering four thousand. man. The Council and the squad headed by A.A. Kosciusko-Volyuzhanich. On the same day the workers without prior arrangement entered an 8-hour workday.

1919 - During a general strike in protest against the deportation of about thirty activists in Mahon, Gregorio Daura was part of a CNT group who opened fire on a patrol of the Guardia Civil. Arrested by the police, he was immediately shot down saying that he "reportedly attempted to escape" (//ley de fugas//).

[D] 1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: Overnight (Dec. 4-5) attempts by ELAS forces to occupy Sygrou and Hatzikosta prisons are thwarted by the British using armoured vehicles. ELAS seize the Directorate of Special Security of the State building on Patission Street in the capital. Most of the police escape with the assistance of British tanks. Also on Patission Street, ELAS' 4th Regiment occupied the headquarters of the Greek Gendarmerie, capturing 80 officers. Lt Gen Scobie imposes martial law in Athens. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1946 - Alexander 'Sanja' Schapiro (Alexander Moissejewitsch Schapiro [Александр Моисеевич Шапиро]; b. 1882 or 1883), Russian Jewish anarcho-syndicalist militant active in the international anarchist movement, dies. Secretary of the London branch of the Anarchist Red Cross and of the anti-authoritarian A.I.T. (Association Internationale des Travailleurs). Worked on the Russian anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//Rabochii Put'//' (The Workers Voice) and the French anarcho-syndicalist paper, '//La Voix du Travail//' (The Voice of Labour). [deu.anarchopedia.org/Alexander_Schapiro de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Moissejewitsch_Schapiro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schapiro www.katesharpleylibrary.net/m37qj6]

[A] 1996 - Paramilitary death squad murders one union leader, kidnap another and burns down the building from which Coca Cola workers self-organise, in Bogota, Colombia.

2002 - José Borras Cascarosa aka 'Cantaclaro', 'Jacinto Barrera', 'Sergio', 'Sergio Mendoza' (b. 1916), militant Spanish anarchist and syndicalist, CNT, FIJL and Durruti Column member, dies. [see: May 17] ||
 * = 6 || 1811 - A curfew is declared in Nottinghamshire to try to stop Luddites revolt; in response, 36 frames are destroyed in the next six days.

1889 - The trial of the Chicago Haymarket anarchists begins.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 23] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The Moscow Censorship Committee launch prosecutions against the editors of the liberal newspapers 'Evening Mail' (Вечерняя почта),'Voice of Life' (Голос жизни),'News' (Новости дня), and the Social Democratic newspaper 'Moskovskaya Pravda' (Московская правда). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1909 - Moishe Tokar, a young Russian Jewish anarchist and exiled member of Judith Goodman's group in London before slipping back into Russia, attempts to assassinate Hershelman, the hated military commander of the Vilna Fortress.

1914 - The troops of Pancho Villa and the anarquista Emiliano Zapata enter México City.

1928 - The 'Ciénaga Slaughter': After having broken a mass strike in the banana region in November, National Army troops today fire on a peaceful rally of thousands of strikers, killing over a thousand workers, in Ciénaga, the capital of the Colombian banana-producing zone in the 1920s.

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: At dawn, ELAS forces launched an attack on the Makrygiannis gendarmerie regiment. After four days of hard battle, the forces of ELAS were repelled after active intervention of British armour. After a two-day battle, ELAS capture the Directorate of Special Security of the State building on September Third Street and torched the building that was a venue for the torture and executions of resistance fighters during the occupation. In Athens, Lt. Gen Scobie ordered the aerial bombing of the working-class Metz quarter. ELAS was asked to remove its fighters occupying the Acropolis so that the historic site would not be damaged in the fighting. ELAS complied but the British Army immediately occupied the ruins, from where they mortared ELAS positions in Vally. ELAS ordered it forces not to return fire. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1958 - 46 protesters enter a military site at North Pickenham in Norfolk in an attempt to stop construction on a Thor IRBM nuclear missile base.

1972 - The `Stoke Newington Eight' trial ends. Jim Greenfield, Anna Mendleson, Hilary Creek and John Barker are sentenced to 10 years for `conspiracy to cause explosions'. The other four charged are acquitted, and the sentence of Jake Prescott is reduced to 10 years.

2001 - Thomas William Gould (b. 1914), English Naval officer who won a Victoria Cross during WWII and co-founded of the anti-fascist 43 Group in 1946, dies. [see: Dec. 28]

[A/D] 2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Alexis Grigoropoulos assassinated by Greek police in the Eksarhia district of Athens - the trigger for the 2008 insurrection. That night up to 10,000 people take to the streets of Athens in spontaneous protests, burning and smashing banks, ministries and multinational shops. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ταραχές_του_Δεκεμβρίου_2008_στην_Ελλάδα en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots blog.occupiedlondon.org/ www.thepressproject.net/article/52639/The-Murder-of-Alexandros-Grigoropoulos historyofacrisis.wordpress.com/2013/10/24/demonstrations-chronology/ www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 7 || 1549 - Kett hung at Norwich Castle. [Kett's Rebellion]

1822 - Emile Digeon (d. 1894), French revolutionary socialist journalist, born. Best remembered as the leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune of late March 1871, libertarian free thinker and contributor to the anarchist journal '//L'insurgé//'. In 1883 Digeon was an anarchist candidate(!) in the Narbonne elections, author of '//La Commune de Paris Devant les Anarchistes//' (1885).

1862 - Paul Adam (d. 1920), French author, novelist, art critic, editor of 'Entretiens Politiques et Littéraires' and leading writer in the French anarchist movement, born. Amongst his other works is the totalitarian dystopia '//Lettres de Malaisie//' (Letters from Malaysia; 1898), reprinted in 1908 under the title '//La Cité Prochaine//' (The Next City). [www.ephemanar.net/decembre06.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adam www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6384 actusf.com/spip/Retro-SF-Lettres-de-Malaisie.html gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k113208w archive.org/details/lettresdemalaisi00adam archive.org/details/lacitprochaine00adam]

1893 - A Special Unit of the Guardia Civil is formed in Barcelona, charged with repressing the //anarquistas//.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 24] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar introduces 'Provisional Rules', which at once abolish some aspects of censorship, but introduce harsher penalties for those praising 'criminal acts'. The government announces a relaxation in press censorship laws and regulations, sparking a flood of anti-tsarist literature and propaganda. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1918 - 100,000 textile workers strike in Lancashire, England.

1924 - Thomas Elek aka Tamás Elek and KERPAL (d. 1944), French communist Résistance fighter, who was executed at the fort du Mont Valérien as a member of the Manouchian Group, a volunteer of the French liberation army FTP-MOI, born in Budapest. His name was one of the ten featured on the '//Affiche Rouge//', the propaganda poster distributed by Vichy French and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in occupied Paris following the trial of the 23 captured members of the Manouchian group. His photograph was displayed with the caption "Elek Juif Hongrois 8 déraillements" (Elek, Hungarian Jew, 8 derailments).

[C] 1959 - Bernard Goldstein (b. 1889), Polish socialist, union organiser, who was active in the Warsaw Ghetto, helping smuggle in arms in preparation for the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, dies. After Poland's liberation from German occupation, he emigrated to the United States and wrote his autobiography, '//Five Years in the Warsaw Ghetto//' (1949), originally titled '//The Stars Bear Witness//' (1959).

1972 - After the Angry Brigade sentences the previous day, Scotland Yard names two more people they want in connection with the bombings: Gerry Osner and Sarah Poulikakou, both living abroad at the time. 300 people marched in protest to Holloway Prison.In all, 12 people were arrested and charged - 2 had the charges against them withdrawn, 5 were acquitted, five were convicted and imprisoned for conspiracy.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: The PCP holds a rally in Campo Pequeno at which Alvaro Cunhal acknowledges that "... the Portuguese left suffered a heavy defeat on November 25", and calls for "unity of forces interested in safeguarding liberties, democracy and the revolution." [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarDezembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1979 - In Valencia-Córdoba, a militant of the CNT transport union is arrested, accused of belonging to the Grupos Autónomos Anarquistas implicated in the Vilamarí Street tunnel which aimed to free prisoners from the Modelo de Barcelona prison.

1995 - Up to 1.75 million striking French workers demonstrate in marches, shutting down the country as part of an escalating series of General Strikes protesting government cutbacks and global exploitation of workers.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: In Greece rioters rampaged through Athens and the northern city of Thessaloniki, hurling Molotov cocktails, burning stores and blocking city streets with flaming barricades after protests against the fatal Dec. 6 police shooting of 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos in Exarchia erupted into chaos. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[D] 2012 - Workers in the big Egyptian textile city of al-Mahallat al-Kubra (Mahalla for short) take over the City Council offices, ousting the council and declaring themselves a Revolutionary Committee and that Mahalla was now the 'Independent Republic of Greater Mahalla', autonomous from the 'Ikhwani (Brotherhood) State' (although retaining its allegiance to the Egyptian state and using its national anthem). The act comes in response to bloody clashes in the city’s centre on 27 November between supporters and opponents of President Mohamed Morsy. The 5,000 workers who had finished their evening shift at the massive Misr Spinning and Weaving Company and marched on to Shon Square, protesting at what they perceived to be Morsy’s power grab, were attacked by pro-Morsy thugs with shotguns and Molotovs, leaving more than 350 injured. || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Loncomilla en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loncomilla es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1851 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Chilean_Revolution]
 * = 8 || 1851 - Chilean Revolution: Forces of the Conservative Chilean government defeat liberal rebel forces in the decisive Battle of Loncomilla during the 1851 Chilean Revolution. Evenly matched (aprrox. 3,700 on each side), the goverment forces' frontal attack led to bloody house to house fighting in Villa Alegre and after 4 hours of fighting the rebel leader José María de la Cruz ordered his forces to retreat. The government side, who sustained 800-1,000 casualties, killed, wounded or took prisoner 1,700 rebels, who then suffered mass desertion and were forced to negotiated surrender and an amnesty under the the Treaty of Purapel, signed on.

1913 - Revolución Mexicana: Pancho Villa occupies Chihuahua City.

1970 - Big demonstrations against the Tory Government's Industrial Relations Bill. In the early hours of December 9 the Department of Employment and Productivity in St James Square, London, is bombed. The police had searched the building and no sooner left it than it went off. Action claimed by the Angry Brigade.

[C] 1981 - Nine Manchester Squads anti-fascists, having pleaded guilty on charges of possessing offensive weapons in a deal with the prosecution that led to the dropping of kidnap charges, are mostly sentenced to between 12 and 15 months (one anti-fascist received 6 months) at Manchester Crown Court. The 'kidnap' had occured when a number of Squad members and some Manchester students had gone to Rochdale ostensively to see if they could help a student called Michelle Mole who had supposedly been being harrased by the NF, including having death threats posted through her letterbox. A skin with an NF badge was grabbed from near Mole's house and questioned (without violence). Despite being stopped by the police, the skin had not said anything until after his release, when he flagged down a second cop car and the anti-fascists' van was stopped and they were arrested. Michelle Mole subsequently disappeared after having given a less than favourable statement, and squad members drew the inevitable conclusion that they had been set up by the Special Branch. ['No Retreat'] "Eight supporters of Manchester Anti-Nazi League were sent to jail for taking a militant stand against fascist violence and intimidation in Rochdale. The sentences range from 12 to 15 months, and as a result the families of the jailed comrades face serious financial hardship. Supporters of the fund so far include: UB40, Seething Wells, Red Action Manchester, Red Action London, South Manchester ANL, Tony Ahearne[,] Provisional Sinn Fein, Manchester IRSP, Manchester Poly Students, Central Manchester ANL, ICI Shop Stewards Committee, Islington ANL." ['//Searchlight//', May 1982] [afaarchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/heroes-or-villains.pdf]

1982 - American anti-nuclear weapons activist Norman Mayer threatens to blow up the Washington Monument with 1,000 lbs (500 kg) of TNT that he claims are loaded in his van, unless the news media devote "90% of its time" to the subject of nuclear weapons or he would blow up the monument with his van (which contained nothing but a battery-powered TV set). When he tries to drive away after 10 hours of intense media scrutiny and negotiations, U.S. Park Police sharpshooters kill him, for which they received medals.

[D] 1987 - 16-year-old protester Hatem Abu Sisseh is killed by Israeli soldiers, igniting the First Intifada in Israeli-occupied Palestine, a campaign of militant resistance against Israeli military occupation. The uprising begins in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spreads throughout the occupied territories: Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Palestinian actions primarily include nonviolent civil disobedience and resistance, including general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, refusals to pay taxes, graffiti, barricades and demonstrations. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada electronicintifada.net/content/first-intifada-20-years-later/7251 www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_intifada_1987.php]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Several thousands of high school students walked out of their schools and marched on local police stations, throwing eggs, paint bombs, and water bottles. Other staged symbolic protests, offering flowers to police and lying naked on the steps of police headquarters as if they were corpses. Most universities ans technological educational institutes ahd also closed so as to prevent the possibility of student occuaptions. During the evening mass demonstartions across Athens and the rest of Greece, with stores, banks, hotels targetted, as well as the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and various university building including the European Law Library and the Kostis Palamas building. The President of the Republic remained under guard in the presidential palace followng successive attacks on his private residence in Athens. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ταραχές_του_Δεκεμβρίου_2008_στην_Ελλάδα www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[A] 2010 - 81 killed in fire begun during prison riot at San Miguel prison in Santiago, Chile. || At the trial of his alleged accomplices, Domenico Francolini, Emidio Recchioni, Luisa Minguzzi and Francesco Pezzi, which took place on November 7-30, 1895, resulted in their acquittal due to lack of evidence, but they were sent into internal exile on the island of Lipari. [www.ephemanar.net/septembre25.html www.archiviobiograficomovimentooperaio.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=22205:lega-paolo-marat&lang=it]
 * = 9 || 1868 - Paolo Lega aka 'Marat' (d. 1896), Italian anarchist illegalist who attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in Rome in 1894, for which he sentenced 20 years in prison, born. At nine, he learned the trade of a carpenter which he later pursued in various locations. A Republican at the age of fifteen, he shortly thereafter became a socialist anarchist and internationalist. In 1886, he was in Bologna for work and three years later he moved to Genoa, where he became a tireless agitator and organiser of strikes and demonstrations according to police records, as well as a member of the executive board of the newspaper '//Primo Maggio//'. It was for this activity that he was arrested and deported back to his hometown of Lugo. It will be followed by many other such 'repatriations'. Acquitted in a trial at the Bologna assizes for further press offences, in 1892 he moved to Marseilles and then returned to Genoa due to poor health. He is again forcibly removed to Lugo in April and then again in October of that year. His activities in Genoa including as manager of several different newspapers under the pseudonym 'Marat', as well as involvement in Genoa and La Spezia anarchist groups. After a few months working in Bologna and Marseille, where he attended anarchist anti-organisationalists circles close to Paolo Schicchi, in June 1893 he was again in Genoa, from which is expelled in August and then again in March of the following year. On the latter occasion he was also sentenced to 45 days in jail, and it was during this period of imprisonment that the idea is an attempt on the life of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi. The event occurred on June 16, 1894 on the Via Gregoriana in Rome as Crispi's coach passed. The gun Crispi was using fails to fire at first but a second shot is fired, and misses and Crispi remains unharmed. Lega is arrested and tried on July 19, 1894, the same day that the Italian parliament passes "exceptional laws" against anarchists, and in fact against all opposition parties, at the behest of Crispi. Lega is sentenced to twenty years and 17 days in jail and just over two years later, he died in Cagliari at the agricultural penal colony of St. Bartholomew.

[D] 1893 - August Vaillant bombs the French Chamber of Deputies to avenge Ravachol. A symbolic gesture, meant to wound rather than kill, Vaillant is condemned to death and guillotined February 5, 1894.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: Revolts in Sicily against increases in council tax and duty, which leads to a rise in the price of flour. Brutally suppressed leaving around 100 people dead and dozens wounded.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 26] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The head of the St Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Петербургский совет рабочих депутатов), George S. Nosar (Гео́ргий Степа́нович Носа́рь) aka Peter A. Khrustalev aka (Пётр Алексеевич Хрусталёв) aka Yuri Pereyaslavsky (Юрий Переяславский), and several other members of the Executive Committee of the Board, are arrested by Tsarist police. Trotsky becomes the president of the Soviet, which is arrested em mass on Dec. 16. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хрусталёв-Носарь,_Георгий_Степанович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1912 - Rolf Wickstrøm (d. 1941), Norwegian labour activist and shop stewart at the Skabo Rail Coach Factory, who was executed by the Nazis during the Oslo Melkestreiken, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Wickstrøm]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: ELAS attacks the Goudi Barracks of the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade. Again, the British intervene and save the day. Churchill orders reinforcements from the 10th Army Corps in Italy sent to Greece. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1953 - In the USA, General Electric announces all Communist employees will be fired.

1961 - The Committee of 100 holds demonstrations at various US air and nuclear bases across Britain.

1975 - Golpe de 25 de Novembro: Ramalho Eanes, newly promoted to General, takes over as CEME (Chefe de Estado Maior do Exército) and Vasco Lourenço assumes command of the RML (Região Militar de Lisboa). Military units surround the headquarters of Partido Comunista Português (PCP) and Liga de Unidade e Acção Revolucionária (LUAR; League for Unity and Revolutionary Action) in Cova da Piedade, in search of weapons and ammunition. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_25_de_Novembro_de_1975 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975 25abril40anos.wordpress.com/cronologia-1974-76/ www1.ci.uc.pt/cd25a/wikka.php?wakka=PulsarDezembro75 caisdoolhar.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/25 de Novembro www.regimentodecomandos.com/25novembro/25_novembro_1975.htm]

1976 - Sentences on Noel and Marie Murray commuted to life in prison.

[AA] 1981 - Black Philadelphia journalist and activist Mumia Abu-Jamal is arrested and charged with the killing of a Philadelphia policeman.

1991 - Maurice Joyeux (b.1910), French anarchist active in the Committee of the Unemployed, l'Union Anarchiste, the occupations of factories, and a prison revolt at Montluc [he escaped after having fomented a mutiny; subject of the book '//Mutinerie à Montluc//' (1971)], dies. Founded the newspaper 'Le Monde Libertaire' in 1953 and wrote a number of books including 2 volumes of memoirs, '//Sous les Plis du Drapeau Noir//' and '//Souvenirs d'un Anarchiste//' (both 1988). [see: Jan. 29]

1999 - Anarchist protesters climb onto the Lenin mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square in a rare demonstration at the holy of holies of the former Soviet Union. The protesters draped a white banner with the words "Against Everyone" scrawled on it over the large 'LENIN' inscription which fronts the mausoleum before being arrested.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: The funeral of Alexandros takes place on a day that the Greek Culture Ministry have ironically declared a day of mourning. Even more ironically, following a report in whuch Amnesty International accused the Greek Police of brutality in handling the riots, the Greek section of Amnesty International canceled thier scheduled celebrations tomorrow for the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in response to the police violence in the wake of Alexis Grigoropoulos' death. Hundreds of protesters clashed with police in front of Greece's parliament. Lines of riot police fought off demonstrators, many throwing stones and bottles at them, as they tried to storm the building. Police report durning the morning put the numbers of injured police officers at 12, arrested rioters at 87, and persons who had been brought before a public prosecutor at 176. [www.dw.de/protesters-clash-with-police-outside-greek-parliament/a-3859825 www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2008/dec/09/greece-protests-grigoropoulos www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[A] 2010 - Prisoners in 10 prions in the US state of Georgia begin a co-ordinated work strike. The protest had been in planning since September when tobacco was banned across the prison system.

2010 - Amidst student protests in London against spending cuts, a car containing the Prince of Wales and his wife is attacked. || [www.ephemanar.net/decembre10.html#10]
 * = 10 || 1865 - August Spies (d. 1887), US labour agitator and one of the Haymarket anarchists, born.

[DD] 1893 - Massacro di Giardinello (Giardinello Massacre): On Sunday morning a demonstration in Giardinello, part of the Fasci Siciliani protests, headed to the Town Hall with shouts of "Down with the taxes, down with the municipality". There the Mayor received a delegation of the Fascio who presented him with the demands of the demonstrators - the abolition of taxes on food and the disbandment of the local field guards (//guardie campestri//). The mayor responded by blaming the councilors for the tax increases and told the protesters to leave, saying that he had washed his hands of the whole business, and that they could scream bloody murder for all he cared but they would be wasting their time. The demonstrators continued the protest under the balcony of the mayor, whose wife then threw a bucket of water over them, saying: "I will cool these bastards down." At that point the crowd attacked the town hall, trashing and burning offices but spared the registry and land registry office. The local police patrol then requested the Montelepre send reinforcements, from where 23 troops and six policemen arrived under the command of Lieutenant of Sharpshooters Cimino, who tried to calm the demonstrators. No one knows exactly what precipitated the shooting which followed, but 10 people in the crowd were left dead and many others wounded. Following the massacre, the bodies of Salvatore Nicosia, the municipal messenger, and his wife were discovered, shot dead and stabbed to death respectively. A squadron of cavalry was sent in to break up the protests and occupy the region whilst the mayor fled to Palermo where he stayed at the Hotel Vittoria. From the ensuing investigation, it emerged that four types of bullets were foundin the protesters' bodies and that the first shots were fired from the houses of Francesco Caruso, brother of the Mayor and the house of Girolamo Di Miceli, local Mafia boss and head of the field guards. At the military tribunal held on March 7-10, 1894, the case against Di Miceli was dismissed for lack of evidence, no charges were brought against Mayor Angelo Caruso but life sentences were passed on three leaders of the banned Fascio di Giardinello, including Giuseppe Piazza and his brother Salvatore. The //guardie campestri// was disbanded on December 20, 1893 and the Municipal Council was dissolved by Royal Decree of January 7, 1894, with a Royal Commissioner Extraordinary being appointed until the elections of April 15, 1894. Text of the telegram sent to Rome on December 11, 1893 at 15:30 at the deputy Napoleone Colajanni: "Yesterday at Giardinelli small town near Montelepre, while the people demonstrated asking for tax cuts, a squad of riflemen commanded by a lieutenant, with no warning, suddenly fired at the unarmed crowd, killing and wounding men and women. Ten dead and twenty wounded. Soldiers unharmed. After this murder he who ordered the firing has not yet been arrested." [www.comune.giardinello.pa.it/SITO/Storia1.asp www.eleutero.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151213:il-miraggio-della-terra-in-sicilia-10-dicembre-1893-strage-di-giardinello&catid=38:news&Itemid=58 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardinello_massacre ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1905 - [N.S. Dec. 25] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The SRs bombed the HQ of the Moscow Okhrana at night.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 27] The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Georgy Khrustalyov-Nosar (Георгий Хрусталёв-Носарь); it includes Trotsky. The first issue of the Bolshevik daily newspaper 'Struggle' (Борьба) is published by the literary and lecture group of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party / Росси́йская социа́л-демократи́ческая рабо́чая па́ртия, РСДРП), lasting for 9 issues with a published circulation of 10 000 copies. It played an important role in the run up to the Moscow Uprising (Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1906 - The IWW sponsors the first sit-down strike in the US, at a General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York.

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: The British launch an operation to recapture Piraeus from ELAS forces. After heavy fighting, during which the Gurkhas suffer significant losses, the Castella district is seized on December 14. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1944 - The first public anarchist assembly following the Libération (WWII) is staged today. Organised by the editors of the newly revived newspaper '//Ce Qu’il Faut Dire//' (What Must Be Said) and Charles Auguste Bontemps.

[D] 1949 - The People's Liberation Army begins its siege of Chengdu, the last mainland city held by the Kuomintang, forcing the Nationalist retreat to Taiwan. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Campaign]

1955 - Basiliso Serrano Valero, a.k.a 'Fortuna' & 'El Manco de La Pesquera' (b. 1908), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist guerilla fighter, who later fought with the Maquis and joined the PCE, is executed in the Paterna military barracks in Valencia. [see: Apr. 15]

[A] 1975 Fourteen members of British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland Campaign found not guilty by a jury of “incitement to disaffection” of British soldiers (they published a leaflet on how to leave the armed services).

1986 - A joint commemoration of Malik Oussekine, a French-Algerian student beaten to death by police motorcyclists on Dec. 6, and Abdel Benyahia, a 20-year-old Algerian killed by a drunken off-duty cop in a café on 5 Dec. [the latest in a long line of racist killings that have included 35 deaths in fire-bombings of immigrant homes in Paris], is held drawing 600,000 people. During further protests two police stations are firebombed and cars set on fire.

[1988 - Riots in Lhasa [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987–89_Tibetan_unrest]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Protesters attacked Athens' main courthouse with firebombs during a hearing for police officers whose shooting of a teenager set off rioting that appeared to be tapering off even as a general strike paralyzed the country. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: preliminary results of the ballistic tests [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] ||
 * = 11 || 1905 - [N.S. Dec. 26] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The Bolsheviks issue a handbook on street fighting.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 28] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Police attack student demonstrators in St. Petersburg; the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks blame each other for the fiasco. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 28] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Arrests of Moscow labour activists take place over the following 3 days [Dec. 11-13]. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1907 - Enrique Garcia Sanchiz (d. 1994), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. A member of the CNT, he joined the Columna de Ferro following the fascist uprising in July 1936 and fought until the end of the war in the 26th Division, the militarised Durruti Column. Seriously wounded, he managed to cross the Pyrenees and was interned in various concentration camps in France. Whilst trying to emigrate to México, he was arrested by the French police in Saint-Hilaire and placed along with other Spanish refugees on a train to be deported to Spain. Halted at Montendre (Charente) on August 18, 1940, where he was interned in a camp which had been established to accommodate refugees from regions in eastern France. In the camp he met his future wife, a Basque native who had arrived at the camp on August 19. On January 28, 1941, he was hired by the Société Nouvelle to work at the German military base at Bussac and on July 22, 1941, he was assigned to the Entreprises Industrielles to work in Aytré, shipped daily to and from the camp. Enrique Garcia Sanchiz was released from the camp at its disbanding in December 1943. He remained a militant member of the CNT in exile in Carbon Blanc, close to Bordeaux, where he and his partner settled in 1992. He died there in August 23, 1994. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2791]

1911 - Yaqui Indians in the Sonora region, influenced by the Mexican Liberal Party of Ricardo Flores Magon's '//Tierra y Libertad//', reclaim their stolen communal lands. Their war with government lasts, officially, until 1929.

1917 - Thirteen black soldiers are secretly hanged at dawn at a military camp outside San Antonio for their parts in the 1917 Houston or Camp Logan Riot four months earlier. [see: Aug. 23] [www.flma.org/haynes.pdf www.executedtoday.com/2008/12/11/1917-thirteen-black-soldiers-of-the-24th-us-infantry-regiment/]

[D] 1927 - Guangzhou Uprising: Failed communist uprising (Canton Soviet aka the 'Paris Commune of the East') by Red Guards in Guangzhou city. Within 3 days it is put down with great brutality by Kuomintang forces — an estimated 5-6,000 insurrectionaries, including women and children, are massacred over the following 5 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising wwww.iias.nl/iiasn/19/regions/ea1.html republicanchina.org/CantonCommune-v0.pdf]

1933 - Militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist Acácio Tomás de Aquino (1899-1998) is arrested and thrown into the the Trafaria penitentiary. He is later sent to Angra do Heroísmo (1934-1937) and then spends the next 10+ years in the Tarrafal concentration camp in the Cape Verde Islands until his release in September 1949.

1950 - Nicanor Fernández Alvarez aka 'El Canor', 'Canor de Santa Rosa' & 'El Chato' (b. 1922) and Luis Gonzalez Melendi aka 'Barranca' (b. 1921), both members of Adolfo Quintana Castañon's group, who were arrested by French police crossing the border, handed over to the Francoist authorities, brutally tortured and sentence to death, are garroted.

1958 - Alberto Meschi (b. 1879), prominent Italian anarchist, syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. Emigrated to Argentina in 1905 but was expelled in 1909 due to his libertarian and trades union activities. Active in Italy until forced to leave for France in 1922 with the rise of Fascism. In 1936 Meschi fought in Spain in the Rosselli Column until to the fall of the Republic. He returned to France, where he was interned in a concentration camp until the end of 1943 when he returned to Italy, joining the resistance movement and heading the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (National Liberation Committee) plus the Trade Union Headquarters of Carrara until 1947. For the next 20 years or so he worked on the anarchist trade union paper '//Il Cavatore//' (The Quarryman). [see: May 27] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meschi libcom.org/history/meschi-alberto-1879-1958 www.usi-ait.org/index.php/la-storia/55-alberto-meschi- recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MeschiAlberto.htm]

1960 - French paratroopers fire on civilians in Algiers, killing at least 65.

1964 - Anti-Castro terrorists attempt to assassinate Che Guevara using a 3.5-inch bazooka during his speech at the United Nations in New York City.

1971 - Third retrial of Black Panther head, Huey Newton, ends in mistrial.

1975 - The Balcombe Street siege ends after a 6-day stand-off with the arrest of 4 members of the IRA.

1978 - Six masked men bound 10 employees at Lufthansa cargo area at New York Kennedy Airport and take off with $5.8 M in cash and jewelry.

1999 - In México City UNAM students protest at the US embassy demanding freedom for Mumia Abu-Jamal and police repression at the recent World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: As Greece underwent its sixth day of street protests, there were troubling signs of unrest spreading across Europe. Angry youths smashed shop windows, attacked banks and hurled bottles at police in small but violent protests in Spain and Denmark, while cars were set alight outside a consulate in France. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: provocative cops statement about "deviant behaviour" [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] ||
 * = 12 || 1830 - When Swing rioters set fires outside Carlisle, a mob assembles to prevent them being extinguished by throwing buckets into the flames, cutting the pipes, harangues and general obstructionism.

[D] 1842 - Rebecca Riots: All the gates in the St.Clears area (some of which had been re-ercted after the earlier attacks) were destroyed. [www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/REBECCA.html]

1905 - [N.S. Dec. 26] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Six of the seven railway stations and many districts were in rebel hands, 50 officers were seized as they arrived by train. The troops and artillery were hemmed in the squares and Kremlin.

1905 - [O.S. Nov. 29] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Nicholas II authorises local officials to impose martial law in the event of a communications breakdown, the government's tough response to the failed postal strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

1942 - Jewish prisoners at a labour camp in Lutsk, Ukraine, armed with knives, bricks, iron bars, acid, and several revolvers and sawed-off shotguns, revolt against Germans and Ukrainians. The uprising is crushed. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: ΕΑΜ is in control of most of Athens and Piraeus. Outnumbered, the British fly in the 4th Indian Infantry Division from Italy as emergency reinforcements. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1950 - Paolo Schicchi aka 'il leone di Collesano' (b. 1865), Italian anarchist supporter of the spontaneous/anti-organisational current (anarchico-spontaneista/tendenza antiorganizzatrice), anti-militarist, anti-clericalist, who was prominent in the anti-fascist struggle, dies. [see: Aug. 31]

[A] 1969 - Piazza Fontana bombing: A bomb explodes at the Banque Nationale d'Agriculture in Milan. 18 die, many injured. It is attributed to anarchist though it has all the hallmarks of Operation Gladio. More than 80 anarchist are arrested including Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist railway worker, who died after falling from the fourth floor window of the police station where he was being held. [piazzafontana.altervista.org/index.htm]

[C] 1970 - At an anarchist protest on the anniversary of the 'strage di Stato' (Piazza Fontana bombing), and to show solidarity with the militants of ETA on trial in Burgos, in Via Larga, Milan, 22-year-old Italian anti-Fascist Saverio Saltarelli is killed during a police attack on the demonstration, when a tear canister hits him in the face. Dozens of injuries are sustained by protesters, among which the journalist Giuseppe Carpi who is hit by a bullet. Carabinieri captain Antonio Chirivi and police captain Alberto Antonietti are subsequently indicted the death of Saltarelli. Many believe neo-Fascists in the police ranks were behind the attack.

1971 - The 'Research Group' (研究会) of the L-Class Struggle Committee (Lクラス闘争委員会), the forerunner of anarchist East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front (東アジア反日武装戦線), bombs the Koa Kannon temple, destroying the stone monument of the seven warriors (the Memorial Stone of the 1,068 Executed Martyrs of the Great Pacific War, which was also targetted, survived), as a protest aganst Japanese imperialism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東アジア反日武装戦線 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa_Kannon#1971_bombing ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/興亜観音・殉国七士之碑爆破事]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Greek youths hurled rocks and Molotov cocktails at riot police in Athens outside the parliament building, who responded with stun grenades and tear gas. The protests inspired small protests in some European cities, sowing fears of copycat riots elsewhere. On the same day, Greek police issued an appeal for more tear gas after supplies ran low, since more than 4,600 capsules of it were released against the protestors by that time. Despite seven straight days of unrest, Greece's prime minister rebuffed calls to resign and hold early elections. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 13 || 1913 - Matilde Escuder Vicente (d. 2006), Spanish libertarian teacher and follower of Francisco Ferrer, born. Member of the Durruti Column and participated in the Aragon collectist movement. Imprisoned after the war, she later participated in the anti-Franco underground.

1915 - Icchak Cukierma aka 'Antek' (d. 1981), Polish Jewish socialist member of ZŻydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Combat Organization), who was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 and a fighter in the Warsaw Uprising 1944, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchak_Cukierman pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchak_Cukierman www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/person/180,icchak-cukierman/ www.jhi.pl/en/blog/120]

1933 - The beginning of a series of uprisings initiated by the anarchists in Spanish provinces (Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadure). In several villages, they declare anarchist-communism, destroy property files and abolish the currency. But these movements remain insulated and on December 10 the Republican government declares a State of Emergency and sends in the army who finally crush the insurrection by the 13th.

1976 - Massacre de Margarita Belén: Eleven young Peronist members of Montoneros, who were amongst a group of 23 that had already been subjected to prolonged torture are murdered near the Argentinian town of Margarita Belén, in the Chaco Province, and a further 4 'disappeared' during a 'transfer' from Penitentiary Unit #7 in Resistencia. During joint operation of the Argentine Army and the Chaco Provincial Police, which was carried out in retaliation for an attack carried out on October 5 on the Regimiento 29 de Formosa, the women prisoners were raped and 3 of the men were castrated. Ten of the bodies were taken to Resistencia's cemetery and buried in graves that had been prepared beforehand. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Margarita_Belén en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Margarita_Belén]

[D] 1981 - At midnight (Dec. 12-13) martial law is declared in Poland in the wake Solidarity-related unrest. Mass arrests and internment take place and the military are on the streets in large numbers. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_1981-1983]

1986 - Kuwasi Balagoon (born Donald Weems; b. 1946), US Black Panther, a member of the Black Liberation Army, a New Afrikan anarchist and prison writer, dies in prison of pneumocystis pneumonia, an AIDS-related illness.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Large groups of demonstrators gathered in front of the Greek Parliament in central Athens. Despite the fact that the protest in front of the Greek parliament was relatively peaceful, the riot police attempted to dissolve it at 13:30 by using tear gas and violence. Around 300 anarchists attack the offices of the Ministry of Planning and Public Works in solidarity with the struggle of the people of the village of Leukimi in Corfu (a local woman was assassinated by the police there in the summer). Two banks are also smashed and burnt. High street shops are smashed. The police are nowhere to be seen. Thousands of people gathered at the point of assassination of Alexandros (at the corner of Messologiou and Tzavella Street in Eksarhia) and about 100 protesters firebombed a police station nearby. [web.archive.org/web/20081214185052/[http:]www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,596325,00.html web.archive.org/web/20081217160232/[http:]www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=15.12.2008,id=80390692]

2009 - In Milan, Berlusconi struck in face by a replica of the city's cathedral. He gets two broken teeth, a nose fracture and a bloody lip!! || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt]
 * = 14 || 1825 - [N.S. Dec. 26] Decembrist revolt (Восстание декабристов) by Russian army officers against the new Tsar, Nicholas I.

[DD] 1831 - Carrickshock Incident: A group of 38 constables under the command of a sub-inspector, Captain James Gibbons, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, who were protecting a local butcher, Edmund Butler, who had been employed as a baliff serving processes relating to people defaulting on their tithes to the vicar of the local Church of Ireland parish during the Irish Tithe war, is cornered in a boreen (narrow lane) near Carrickshock in County Kilkenny. Faced by one or two thousand locals barring their war through the narrow lane flanked by high stone walls, a youth ran into the party and grabbed Butler. The youth was bayonetted by two constables and shot by Gibbons. Butler was then struck on the head by a stone hurled from the crowd and Captain Gibbons ordered his men to open fire. They got off 20 rounds but could not reload in the confined space. The crowd began hurling rocks from the walls onto the party. Within five or ten minutes the affray was over; Butler, Gibbons, and 11 constables had been killed or mortally wounded, and 14 constables severely injured, by blows from rocks, mallets and hurleys and stab wounds from pikes and scythes. Three locals were killed and an unknown number injured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickshock_incident]

1845 - André Augustin Bastelica (d. 1884), French typographer/printer, member of the First International, Communard, agitator, anarchist avant la lettre, supporter of Bakunin and organiser of the Marseilles working class, born. Secretary of the Marseille section of the AIT, he was castigated by Marx for "preaching total abstention from politics" [www.ephemanar.net/septembre05.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Bastelica libcom.org/history/bastelica-andr-1845-1884]

1852 - Daniel DeLeon (d. 1914), American socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician and trade union organiser. He is regarded as the forefather of the idea of revolutionary industrial unionism and worked with the American Labor Union to help found the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1905.

[A] 1853 - Errico Malatesta (d. 1932), Italian mechanic, anarcho-communist, theorist and editor, born in Italy. [expand] [ita.anarchopedia.org/Errico_Malatesta it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta libcom.org/library/errico-malatesta-his-life-ideas libcom.org/library/defence-malatesta dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/malatestaarchive.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MalatestaErrico.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta fag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/malatesta.html theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/errico-malatesta]

1895 - Francesco Barbieri aka 'Ciccio' (d. 1937), Italian anti-fascist and anarchist militant, born. During the Spanish Revolution in 1936 he joined the Italian column fighting in Huesca. While hospitalised in Barcelona in May 1937 Barbieri is arrested by cops under command of the Communists and his body is found full of bullet holes the next day, along with that of Camillo Berneri. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/barbieri/barbieri.html www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=96&PHPSESSID=193f06ce8e7482701a1bc8a6cd89b7aa militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article217 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BarbieriFrancesco.htm]

1902 - Greta Kuckhoff (d. 1981), member of the German Resistance group, the Red Orchestra during the Nazi era, born. She was married to Adam Kuckhoff, who was executed by the Third Reich. In 1935, she joined the KPD and, in 1939, worked on the English translation of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf', hoping the translation would educate the British public about Hitler. After the war, she lived in the German Democratic Republic, where she was president of Deutsche Notenbank from 1950 to 1958. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Kuckhoff de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Kuckhoff]

1910 - Bruno Salvadori, aka Antoine or Antonio Gimenez (d. 1986), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gimenez libcom.org/history/salvadori-bruno-1910-1982 gimenologues.org/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=5 www.neofato.es/220509.htm]

1914 - Antonio Ramón Ramón attempts to kill Roberto Silva Renard, the General who directed the slaughter of 3,000+ unarmed women, children and workers in the Santa Maria School Massacre during a strike in Iquique in 1907.

[D] 1918 - The Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated by the militant Republican José Júlio da Costa, ending the virtual dictatorship of the Primeira República. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidónio_Pais en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidónio_Pais pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Júlio_da_Costa]

1937 - Republican offensive begins at Teruel. [expand]

1939 - Winter War: The Soviet Union is expelled from the League of Nations for invading Finland. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War]

1970 - Strikes begin in Gdansk, spread to Gdynia, Szczecin, other industrial centres. Widespread factory occupations/resistance. Riots topple the Communist government, but a new military regime takes power in its place. This movement lasts until February 1971 when it is recuperated by the reformed government.

1990 - Black Panther supporter Paris becomes the first western rap artist to perform in Cuba. Before playing to the packed house at the Karl Marx auditorium in Havana, he and exiled Black Liberation Army activist Assata Shakuur speak of the need to contain capitalism and develop Third World unity.

[1990 - Food riots in Morocco (Dec. 14-15) - 33 dead [www.nytimes.com/1990/12/17/world/33-dead-in-2-day-riot-in-morocco-fed-by-frustration-over-economy.html]

1992 - Three hundred thousand Polish coal workers strike against the Solidarność (Solidarity) government.

2003 - Cesare Fuochi (b. 1917), Italian anarchist, syndicalist railway worker and anti-fascist partisan, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Students joined residents of the Exarcheia district to demand the renaming of that street in honour of the dead teenager. Also, at least four radio stations based in Athens were occupied by protesters. In Thessaloniki, students demonstrated in solidarity with all the people who were arrested as a result of rioting over the past week.

[B] 2012 - State television channel CCTV-6 shows '//V for Vendetta//' for the first time in China. Confusion reigns over whether it was previously officially banned but the newly dubbed into Chinese version was shown under a new title, '//V Special Forces//', rather than the more lurid '//V the Revenge Killing Squad//' rendering previously used in China. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2532]
 * = 15 || 1857 - Lucien Louis Guérineau aka 'Fleury' (d. 1940), French carpenter, cabinetmaker, anarchist propagandist and revolutionary syndicalist, born. Deeply affected by the Paris Commune he was apprenticed to a cabinetmakers. In 1879, he was introduced to Constant Martin, Émile Eudes and Louis-Auguste Blanqui and began to become interested in the libertarian movement. A convinced anti-militarist, he formed an anarchist along with a dozen soldiers. In 1884, he became a member of Drapeau Noir and collaborated on it journal '//Terre et Liberté//'. In 1884, he was arrested after being found with copies of Jean Grave's statement of protest against July 14, and locked in the Parisian prison of Mazas. On August 9 he was sentenced to two months imprisonment for "violence and violence against agents of the state." In 1885, he collaborated on '//L'Audace//' (Boldness) and on '//Tire-Pied//' (lierally knee-strap, a leather strap used by a cobbler). In 1887, he joined the anarchist group in Montreuil and later joined Les Communistes des Amandiers, a group fromed by ex-Communards (Parthenay, Coulet, Vory, Picardat, Bourges, Wagner) and that would go on to rename itself Les Communistes Anarquistes des Amandiers. He was also active in other groups, including Les Égaux, La Cloche de Bois (The Wooden Bell), the Syndicat des Hommes de Peine (Union of Handymen) or the Pieds-Plats (Flatfeet). In 1888, he was the founder of the militant Union Syndicale du Meuble Sculté et de l'Ébénisterie (Trade Union Carved Furniture and Joinery; USMSE) in opposition to the more moderate Cambra Sindical de l'Ebenisteria. In 1890 he worked on 'Révolution Future' and the following year founded the periodical '//Le Pot à Colle//'. [expand]

1866 - Luigi Molinari (d. 1918), Italian lawyer, educator and anarchist militant, active with Errico Malatesta and Camillo Berneri, born. Molinari was arrested and convicted by a military tribunal for instigating an insurrection, in 1894, by armed bands of anarchists supporting Sicilian victims of the 'State of Siege' (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices). Sentenced to 23 years in prison, Molinari was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Luigi_Molinari www.ephemanar.net/decembre15.html#molinari]

1905 - [N.S. Dec. 26] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Head of the Moscow Okhrana is assassinated. The Moscow Soviet has its last meeting. Presnia is shelled.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 2] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Governor of Latvia reports the nearly complete breakdown of government authority. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[CC] 1922 - Gerald Flamberg (d. 2007), English anti-fascist activist and co-founder of the Brunswick Boys Club [now the Brunswich Club for Young People] in Fulham, born. During WWII, he was in the Parachute Regiment and won the Military Medal at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. He would become a leading member of the anti-fascist 43 Group and be arrested in December 1947, with fellow 43 Group member John Wimbourne, for the alleged 'murder attempt' on John Preen, leader of the British Vigilantes Action League. [groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.obituaries/T6O4aZaZIQo 2ndww.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/gerald-flamberg-mm.html www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/gerald_flamberg.htm www.fighthatred.com/historical-events/fighters-against-hate/1044-the-43-group-was-an-english-anti-fascist-group-set-up-by-jewish-ex-servicemen-after-world-war-ii www.thebrunswickclub.org.uk/history]

1944 - Chico Mendes (Francisco Alves Mendes Filho; d. 1988), Brazilian rubber tapper, trades union leader and environmentalsit, who was murdered by landowners for his leadership in the struggle against the destruction of Amazon rainforests, born.

[AA] 1969 - Anarchist Black Cross member Guiseppe Pinelli is thrown out of a window whilst being interrogated by Italian police. He dies, and no one is ever charged with his murder. [ Costantini pic ]

[A] 1970 - Youths and workers torch Gdansk (Poland) Communist Party HQ and quietly watch it burn.

[D] 1971 - The Jordanian Ambassador in London and former chief of the Jordanian royal court, Zaid al Rifai, is wounded when his car is machine-gunned in an attack claimed by Black September. [archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/12/16/page/46/article/jordan-aide-wounded-in-ambush]

1981 - Having already taken control of the Silesian mines in Jastrzębie and Moszczenica without facing any resistance from striking miners, workers at the Manifest Lipcowy mine in Jastrzebie, Upper Silesia resist the ZOMO riot police. They fire on the strikers without warning, wounding four.

[2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: cops lawyer appeals their pre-trial custody [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1851 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Chilean_Revolution]
 * = 16 || 1851 - Chilean Revolution: The signing of the Treaty of Purapel signals the victory of the Conservative government and the defeat of the liberal rebels in the 1851 Chilean Revolution.

[AA] 1871 - Louise Michel, a 36-year-old popular communard and teacher, is brought to trial by the Versailles Government. She is accused of: 1. Trying to overthrow the government. 2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves. 3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform. 4. Forgery of a document. 5. Using a false document. 6. Planning to assassinate hostages. 7. Illegal arrests, torturing & killing.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 3] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Approximately 250 members of the St. Petersburg Soviet are arrested en masse, including Trotsky and most of the executive committee, after Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) hand out weapons. Moscow authorities close down revolutionary newspapers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1910 - 'Houndsditch Murders' in London's East End: Three policemen are shot dead and two others seriously wounded by a gang of Latvian anarchists who bungle a jewellery shop burglary. Investigators focus on the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street and Malatesta is wrongly implicated. Prelude to the Sidney Street Siege in January.

1912 - General Strike against the War To End All Wars, organised by CGT.

1913 - Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding Emma Goldman from speaking, she addresses members of the IWW on '//The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle//'. Emma is forced off the platform and audience members engage in a battle with the police to release her.

[1929 - Rothbury Riot: New South Wales Police draw their revolvers and shoot into a crowd of locked-out miners in the New South Wales town of Rothbury in Australia, killing a 29-year-old spectator, Norman Brown, and injuring approximately forty-five miners [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothbury_Riot]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: British reinforcements land at Faliro and immediately begin operations to recapture the areas of Athens held by ELAS froces. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[C] 1969 - Following yesterday's 'defenestration' of Guiseppi Pinelli, victim of the '//strategia della tensione//', from the 4th floor of Milan police station, the police scramble for excuses, including the classic from one Superintendent Marcello Guida: " Improvvisamente il Pinelli ha compiuto un balzo felino verso la finestra che per il caldo era stata lasciata socchiusa e si è lanciato nel vuoto. Il gesto potrebbe equivalere a una confessione." (Suddenly Pinelli made a great cat-like leap towards the window that the heat had been left ajar, and he launched into the void. The gesture could amount to a confession.) [temi.repubblica.it/espresso-il68/1969/12/29/quella-sera-in-questura/?printpage=undefined www.ecn.org/ponte/dossier.pdf]

1970 - Pacification of Polish coastal cities where workers rebel against high prices; the Communist army and police shoot shipyard workers, killing over 50 (among the victims are soldiers who refuse to shoot people): officially, 47 are killed; independent sources claim 147 are killed in Szczecin alone. ZOMO riot police attempt to break the strike at the Gdańsk Shipyard [see yesterday]. Street fighting breaks out in Gdańsk and helicopters and tanks are sent to reinforce the militia.

1981 - The striking Wujek mine in Katowice is surrounded by militia forces and soldiers. A crowd gathers outside the mine-including women and children but is dispersed by the use of tear gas and water cannons. Miners fight back with catapults and crowbars. The tanks overrun the mine wall, followed by a militia platoon carrying live ammunition. The strike is broken, six miners die at the scene and another three die later of their injuries. Twenty-two strikers sustain serious gunshot wounds, dozens more suffer other injuries. In the wake of the slaughter at Wujek and Manifest Lipcowy, Solidarity resistance starts to weaken.

[D] 1989 - Mass protests in Timișoara, Romania mark the outbreak of revolt against the Ceausescu regime. The protests escalate and spread, and on December 25 the regime falls. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm realromania.wordpress.com/tag/timisoara/]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: In Greece protesters forced their way into Greece's state NET television news studio and interrupted a news broadcast featuring the prime minister so they could urge viewers to join mass anti-government demonstrations. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 17 || 1885 - Alphonse Barbé (d. 1983), French anarchist and anti-war militant who fought in the Spanish Revolution, born.

1893 - Fasci Siciliani Uprising: many people were wounded when troops fired on a demonstration in Monreale against taxes. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1942 - Kruszyna Camp uprising: Jewish inmates at the forced labour camp at Kruszyna, near Radom, awaiting transportation to the extermination camps attack guards with knives and fists. Six prisoners are killed and four escape. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: During the night (Dec. 17-18), ELAS forces launched a successful occupation of the Kifissia, Pentelikon and Cecil hotels, where RAF personnel were billeted. A total of 50 officers and 500 RAF aircraftsman were captured. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1970 - Czarny Czwartek [Black Thursday] / Rewolta Grudniowa [December Revolt]: More clashes with the ZOMO on the streets of Gdańsk as 23-year-old Antoni Browarczyk dies from a gunshot wound to the head during street fights, with two more injured. The ZOMO break up mass demonstrations in Cracow. The last striking factories in Wrocław are pacified.

[D] 1970 - Czarny Czwartek [Black Thursday] / Rewolta Grudniowa [December Revolt]: The bloodiest day of the December workers' uprisings in Poland sees 18 people killed in Gdynia (Gdyni) and 12 in Szczecin (Szczecinie). Clashes also took place in the other main northern costal city protest centres of Gdańsk (Gdańsku) and Elblag (Elblągu). PM Józefa Cyrankiewicza signs a resolution "on security and public order", something designed to 'legitimise' the state of emergency order promulgated on Tuesday 15th. [expand] [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzień_1970 sz-n.com/2013/12/december-70-in-szczecin-the-stalingrad-of-communism-in-central-europe/ www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/1004394,17-grudnia-1970-Czarny-Czwartek-na-Wybrzezu www.viapolonia.net/Poland_1970/ jozefdarski.pl/7063-grudzien-1970 dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/uzasadnienie-sadu-okregowego-w-warszawie-ws-procesu-grudnia70 libcom.org/history/1970-71-uprising-poland]

1997 - In Chechnya, five Poles, including members from the Polish Anarchist Federation (FA) kidnapped, while delivering medicine, food and other supplies from a Polish-Chechen friendship society. Their van was found 40 km west of Grozny with its two front tires shot out. They were attacked by a gang of 15. Two Chechen bodyguards (friends of one of the hostages) shot two of the attackers. Eventually freed in early February.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Dimitris Tsovolas, counsel for Grigoropoulos' family, publicly requested that the defendants and defendants' counsel stop provoking the Greek people and the victim's family by making degrading comments, unsubstantiated accusations, and smearing the memory of Alexandros. Initial ballistics report released stating that the bullet that killed Grigoropoulos had in fact ricocheted, that it had not been fired in the air, but rather towards Andreas' group.. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Greek_riots]

2010 - Georgia Dept. of Corrections officials meet with striking prisoners’ representative group, the Concerned Coalition to Respect Prisoners’ Rights, bringing a negotiated end to the work strike. [see December 9]

[A] 2010 - Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunis, sets himself on fire in protest against harassment and confiscation of his wares by officials. He dies on January 4. His act becomes a catalyst for demonstrations and riots against the Tunisian regime, which lead to the collapse of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s government on January 14, 2011, as well as triggering the Arab Spring. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm] ||
 * = 18 || 1905 - [N.S. Dec. 31] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: General Min orders the last assault: "Act without mercy. There will be no arrests."

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 5] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Moscow's Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries meet in Fidler's technical school (one of the centres of revolutionary activity at the time) to plan a revolt, calling for a General Strike on December 20th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1917 - [O.S. Dec. 5] The Cheka (ЧК – чрезвыча́йная коми́ссия chrezvychaynaya komissiya, Emergency Committee) is created following a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin, unleashing a wave of state repression against anyone who resisted the consolidation of power by the Red Tsar and his acolytes. Originaly known as the All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (Всеросси́йская чрезвычайная коми́ссия по борьбе́ с контрреволюцией и саботажем; Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya po bor'bye s kontrrevolyutsiyei i sabotazhem), its name was changed to the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption (Всеросси́йская Чрезвычайной комиссии по борьбе с контрреволюцией спекуляции и коррупции; Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya po bor'bye s kontrrevolyutsiyei spekulyatsii i korruptsii), shortened to Cheka or VCheka. In 1922 it was replaced by the GPU [short for State Political Directorate under the NKVD of the RSFSR (Государственное политическое управление при НКВД РСФСР, Gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravlenie pri NKVD RSFSR)], the intelligence service and secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka spartacus-educational.com/RUScheka.htm]

1918 - Germany's defeat in WWI exposed the Black Sea to the Allies. French troops occupy Odessa to support the Whites.

1922 - In Turin, the fascists attack the 'Chambre du Travail', setting fire to the Circle of the Railwaymen and the home of the anarchist paper '//L'Ordine Nuovo//'. 22 workmen, socialists, Communists and anarchists are assassinated.

1942 - Jewish forced labourers at Kruszyna forced labour camp refuse to board trucks following yesterday's revolt, a further 113 are shot for their defiance. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: British forces capture the key Athens landmark of Mount Lycabettus, setting up roadblocks. RAF planes continued to target the areas held by ELAS forces, causing many civilian deaths. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

1970 - Rewolta Grudniowa [December Revolt]: Following the protest of Czarny Czwartek (Black Thursday) against government food price increases, announced in Poland on December 12, which resulted in 30 deaths and many more people injured, the army surrounded the military shipyard in Szczecin (Szczecinie). In Elblag (Elblągu) it decided to use force, which resulted in clashes with the demonstrators who had been trying to burn down the Communist Party HQ building for the past three day. In the Northern Polish towns of Białystok, Nysa, Oświęcim, Warszaw and Wrocław new strikes also broke out but proved to be lesser in scale and duration than those in Gdańska, Gdyni and Szczecina. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzień_1970 sz-n.com/2013/12/december-70-in-szczecin-the-stalingrad-of-communism-in-central-europe/ www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/1004394,17-grudnia-1970-Czarny-Czwartek-na-Wybrzezu www.viapolonia.net/Poland_1970/ jozefdarski.pl/7063-grudzien-1970 dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/uzasadnienie-sadu-okregowego-w-warszawie-ws-procesu-grudnia70 libcom.org/history/1970-71-uprising-poland]

1971 - Kate McLean arrested and charged along with Angela Weir, Chris Allen and Pauline Conroy, who had been arrested during the course of November of having conspired with the six people already arrested on conspiracy charges. Shortly before the opening of Committal proceedings against the ten militants, Attorney General, Sir Peter Rawlinson, the victim of one of the Angry Brigade attacks, decided there was insufficient evidence for a case to be made against Pauline Conroy and Chris Allen, and they were released from custody.

1974 - An ETA squad unsuccessfully attempts to steal 25 million pesetas from a factory near Urduliz, wounding two members of the Guardia Civil while escaping. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

2000 - ETA tries to kill a professor by placing a bomb inside an elevator at the University of the Basque Country in Lejona, Biscay. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

2004 - Maoist rebels attacked a police post near Nepal's capital with crude bombs and automatic weapons, killing five policemen.

2005 - ETA detonated a bomb inside an eel cannery in Irura, Guipúzcoa. No injuries were reported although the cannery suffered extensive damage. The police reports that the bombing is part of an extensive extortion campaign of ETA to Basque business owners. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks]

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Riot police clashed with rock-throwing demonstrators in central Athens, sending Christmas shoppers and people in cafes running for cover. Frightened parents scooped up their children from a Christmas carousel in the city's main square and fled. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

[D] 2010 - Start of Tunisian protests that lead to the overthrow of the government on January 14, 2011. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm]

2012 - Two prisoners, Jose Banks and Kenneth Conley, manage to squeeze throught a 5 inch wide window 17 floors up in the 28 storey Chicago's Metropolitan Correctional Center and rappel down 200 feet of knotted bedsheets to the ground. There they flagged down a taxi and made good their escape. || [libcom.org/history/kater-fritz-1861-1945 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kater www.fau-duesseldorf.org/archiv/menschen/fritz-kater-geb-1861-gest-mai-1945 www.uni-magdeburg.de/mbl/Biografien/1787.htm www.anarchismus.at/texte-anarchosyndikalismus/die-historische-faud/661-der-kater-konzern-ein-beitrag-zur-anarcho-syndikalistischen-verlagsgeschichte]
 * = 19 || 1861 - Fritz Kater (d. 1945), German anarcho-syndicalist active in the Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions; FVdG) and its successor organisation, the Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany; FAUD) and editor of both organisation's newspapers, '//Die Einigkeit//' (Unity) and '//Der Syndikalist//' respectively, born. [expand]

1905 - [N.S. Jan. 1] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The uprising is crushed.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 6] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: An improvised St. Petersburg Soviet calls for a third general strike. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 6] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Issue number 9, the final issue, of the Bolshevik daily newspaper '//Struggle//' (Борьба) is published carrying a proclamation of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies and the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP: "To all the workers, soldiers and citizens", which includes a call for a strike and armed insurrection. The newspaper is subsequently banned Moscow Court of Justice. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Борьба_(газета) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1919 - Pépita Carpeña (d. 2005), militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and feminist, born. Combatant during the Spanish Revolution, member of the CNT, Jeunesses Libertaires (JJLL) and Mujeres Libres. Wrote '//De Toda la Vida//' and appeared in two films, Richard Prost's '//Un Autre Futur//' and Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer's '//De Toda la Vida//'.

1922 - Karel Destovnik aka 'Kajuh' (d. 1944), Slovenian poet, translator and resistance fighter, both in the Yugoslav army and Slovene partisans, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Destovnik sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Destovnik_-_Kajuh www.os-rimsketoplice.si/slike/eKNJIGA/karel_destovnik__kajuh.html]

1943 - French Résistants engaged in heavy fighting with Germans in Bernex, France.

1948 - Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap (or Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap; b. 1907), Indonesian socialist politician and one of the Indonesian Republic's first leaders, who was a major leader of the Left during the Revolution, is killed whilst in army custody. [see: Apr. 27]

[A] 1994 - Zapatista rebels in Southeastern México break through an army siege designed to contain and neutralize them, briefly occupying 38 towns, rebel outposts outside the original zone of conflict, in Chiapas state, crippling Wall Street investments in the Mexican bond market.

[D] 2001 - The Argentine government declares a state of siege, trying to stop the worst looting and riots in a decade, sparked by austerity measures and poverty.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: Masked youths attacked the French Institute in Athens with firebombs Friday, while Greek union members and university professors geared up for new anti-government rallies outside Parliament. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 20 || 1884 - Jean-Baptiste Victor Sipido (d. 1959), Belgian anarchist and tinsmith's apprentice, who attempted to assassinate the Prince of Wales at the Brussel-Noord railway station in Brussels on April 5, 1900, born. At his trial, Sipido is acquited despite his obvious guilt as he was less than 16 years old. The jury "held that by reason of his age he had not acted with discernment and could not be considered //doli capax//" or legally responsible, and he was not even detained in a reformatory.

1901 - Rafael Liberato Torres Escartín aka 'El Maño' (d. 1939), Aragonese anarchist militant, anarcho-syndicalist and //guerrillero//. born in the barracks of the Civil Guard in Bailo, where his father Pedro Torres Marco was stationed. His brother Benito, a member of the Unió General de Treballadors, was indicted because of the strike demanding better working conditions that paralyzed factories Sabiñánigo in 1932. He and nine other workers faced charges of arson, explosion and illegal possession of weapons and explosives, with the prosecution demanding 34 years in prison for each defendant. Defended by the famous lawyer Eduardo Barriobero, he managed to escape conviction. Another brother, Fidel, who was also an anarchist, was shot in Huesca on 23 August 1936. Torres Escartín came into contact with anarchism during his studies in Huesca, where he became a follower of Ramon Acin. After abandoning his studies, he became a baker in Zaragoza in 1919, having already become active in the Sindicat de l'Alimentació of the CNT the previous year. In this period, he began to read the great French thinkers and Russian, and was a strict vegetarian, not smoking or drinking alcohol. He also became involved with the action groups Voluntad (Will) and Los Justicieros, the latter with Francisco Ascaso, Cristobal Albadatrecu and Sancho Mangado, moving regularly in those years between Zaragoza and Barcelona, ​​where he began working as a confectioner at the Ritz Hotel in October, 1920. In his first known action, Suberviola, Durruti and he appropriated 300,000 pesetas in Eibar. In August 1922 along with Francisco Ascaso and Marcelino del Campo, he helped create the Barcelona anarchist group Crisol, which expanded in October with new members Ricardo Sanz, García Oliver, Garcia Vivanco and others, to form Los Solidarios, one of the most prominent organisations of pre-war Spanish anarchism. In response to the March 1923 murder of Salvador Seguí, the secretary of the CNT, by pistolers of Sindicat Lliure de la patronal, Los Solidarios went on the offensive. In May 1923, Torres Escartín, along with Ascaso and Aurelio Fernandez, travelled to San Sebastian and La Coruna to try and cary out attacks against the Military governor of Barcelona, General Martínez Anido, who led the anti-union repression. On June 4, 1923, Cardinal Soldevilla, Archbishop of Zaragoza and organiser of (financing and recruiting) the bosses' hired gunmen, was shot dead in his car by Rafael Torres Escartín and Francisco Ascaso. Ascaso was arrested on June 8, but was involved in a mass escape of prisoners away from Predicadores Prison on November 8, 1923. Torres Escartin however managed to elude the police, and he and other Los Solidarios members reappeared on September 1 robbing the Bank of Spain in Gijón, collecting 650,000 pts. After an armed confrontation with the Guardia Civil in Oviedo on September 9, his partner Eusebio Grau was killed and he was arrested on a train; beaten and interned in Oviedo, he escaped the following day along with seven other detainees. Hiding on Mount Narango, he was captured on the 11th, after being denounced by a radical member whom he had asked for help. Tried in Predicadores prison in Saragossa on April 1-4, 1925, he denied all charges but was sentenced to death for the Soldevilas assassination, later commuted to life in prison. Two other defendants, Esteban Salamero and Julia López Mainar, were sentenced to 12 and six years respectively. Confined in Dueso prison, Santoña, in a special isolation cell, spending 15 months in the dark without any break, he pursued two hunger strikes. In these conditions his health and sanity suffered and he was transferred to the asylum of Sant Boi de Llobregat. Upon the reappearance of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in August 1930, the paper began a public campaign, led by the doctor and anarchist Isaac Puente, denouncing his situation and calling for an amnesty. With the advent of the Second Republic, he was released on 30 April 1931. In June 1931, he participated in the first conference of the FAI, prior to the 3rd Congress of the CNT. He was arrested and beaten in the dungeons of the Direcció General de Seguretat (General Directorate of Security) and, arriving in Barcelona, he was arrested again, going on to become a spokesman for social prisoners. Having again gained his freedom, his comrades committed him to the Institut Pere Mata Psychiatric Hospital in Reus, from which he escaped three times, once getting as far as Ayerbe, where he was arrested at the home of his brother Fidel. Labelled as an "extremist" by the government, he was put in prison in Huesca. During this period, he stated that he preferred death to being in the asylum. His family asked to take charge of the patient, and '//Solidaridad Obrera//' also campaigned for his freedom, but he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. On 23 November 1936, he appeared in the second row at the massive funeral his friend and partner Buenaventura Durruti, looking haggard and aged beyond his years. However, he still continued to participate in various charities helping children and refugees. He met his end when Fascist troops took him from his asylum cell and shot him on January 21, 1939 in Barcelona. His comrades had hoped that his obvious insanity would save him from that fate but the fascists thought otherwise. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2012.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Torres_Escartín puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3113-rafael-torres-escartin-anarquista-fusilado-en-barcelona.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5957]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 7] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: In Moscow a strike breaks out against the increasingly repressive measures employed by the government; the largest enterprises stopped, cut off the electricity stopped trams, shops were closed. The strike spread about 60% of Moscow factories, it joined the technical staff and employees of the Moscow City Duma. Many large enterprises Moscow workers do not come to work. Held meetings and rallies under the protection of armed squads. The most prepared and well-armed squad was organised by RSDLP member and industrialist Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt (Николай Павлович Шмит; 1883-1907) in his furniture factory in the Presnia (Пресне) district. The uprising, which also also briefly spreads to St Petersburg with 125,000 people on strike, leads to an armed insurrection in Moscow, and 33 other towns also see mass strike activity. Many working class areas in Moscow are under a state of siege as barricades are built against the police and army. Tsar Nicholas II announces that any crowd of over three people would be fired upon and the Governor-General Fedor Dubasov, fearing unrest amongst sections of the Moscow garrison, orders troop disarmed and confined to their barracks. Virgil Leonovich Schanzer (Виргилий Шанцер) aka 'Marat' and Mikhail Vasiliev-Ugine (Михаил Васильев-Южин), members of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, are arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 7] Rostov Uprising: With the beginning of the political general strike in Moscow, railroad workers in Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) go out on strike, supported by a large number of workers in the city. Following a series of rallies between December 23-25 [O.S. Dec. 10-12] in support of the rebels in Moscow, a general strike breaks out and soon leads to a serious local revolt. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: An armed confrontation takes place between the Argentine Army commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela and strikers led by anarcho-syndicalist labourer and wagon driver José Font aka 'Facón Grande' in the vicinity of the Estación Tehuelches, where the rebels are camped. One soldier is killed an another two wounded while the strikers suffer 3 dead and several wounded. Varela and his troops return to the Estación Jaramillo. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

[1969 - Pinelli's funeral] [secretsandbombs.wordpress.com/tag/giuseppe-pinelli/]

[D] 1970 - Koza riot [コザ暴動 / Koza bōdō]: In an event that has been regarded as symbolic of Okinawan anger against 25 years of US military occupation, around 5,000 Okinawans clashed with roughly 700 American MPs. The disturbances broke out spontaneously against a backdrop of growing tensions, which included the deaths of a number of Okinawan civilians at the hands of American servicemen, for which no one was charged. Beginning late at night on December 20, they lasted seven or eight hours, continuing past dawn the following morning. The spark appeared to be a hit and run incident by a drunk American, which swiftly escalated iwith a crowd of around 700 Okinawans throwing. rocks and bottles. American military police then fired warning shots, attracting a larger crowd, which soon numbered around five thousand; the number of MPs on the scene was now around 700. The rioters broke into, turned over, and torched over seventy cars, and continued to throw rocks and bottles, along with Molotov cocktails assembled in nearby homes, bars, restaurants, and other establishments. The rioters pulled American servicemen from their cars and beat them, then burned their cars. Some of the rioters danced traditional folk dances as the riot continued around them; others passed through the gate into the Air Force Base, overturning and torching cars, breaking windows, and otherwise raining destruction upon American property there as well. About 500 rioters then broke the fence of Kadena Air Base and razed the military employment building and the offices of Stars and Stripes newspaper. The MPs, meanwhile, began to deploy tear gas. The riot finally died down and came to an end around 7 o'clock in the morning; in the end, many were injured, including 60 Americans, and 82 people arrested. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koza_riot ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/コザ暴動]

[C] 1973 - Operación Ogro (Operation Ogre): ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) assassinate Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, the Prime Minister of Spain and potential successor to Franco. 80 kg of explosives that had been stolen from a Government depot and packed into a tunnel uner the Calle Claudio Coello in, Madrid, on the route that Blanco would take to go to mass at San Francisco de Borja church, are detonated by command wire as Blanco's car passes. The blast sent Blanco and his car 20 metres (66 ft) into the air and over a five-story building. The car crashed to the ground on the opposite side of a Jesuit college, landing on the second-floor balcony. Blanco survived the blast but died shortly afterwards. His bodyguard and driver were killed outright. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operación_Ogro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2539000/2539129.stm]

1973 - Proceso 1001: The trial of the ten leaders of the clanestine communist trades union, the Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions; CC.OO.) arrested on June 24, 1972, takes place over 3 days - the first coinciding with the assassination of the Spanish Prime Minister Carrero Blanco. On December 30th, the diez de Carabanchel (Carabanchel Ten), as they became known, were sentenced to: Marcelino Camacho, 20 years in prison.; Nicolás Sartorius, 19; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón, 12; Pedro Santiesteban, 12; Eduardo Saborido, 20; Francisco García Salve (worker priest), 19; Luis Fernández, 12; Francisco Acosta, 12; Juan Muñiz Zapico Juanín, 18; and Fernando Soto Martín, 17 years in prison, for membership of an illegal organisation, because of their alleged links with the Communist Party of Spain, and for conspiracy. The harshness of their sentences, which were directly in line with the demands of the prosecution, were a consequnce of the political and judicial backlash following the Carrero Blanco assassination. A year later on November 24, 1975, the supreme court would reduce their sentences to: Marcelino Camacho 6 years; Nicolás Sartorius 5 years; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón 2 years; Pedro Santiesteban 2 years; Eduardo Saborido 5 years; Francisco García Salve 5 years; Luis Fernández 2 years; Francisco Acosta 2 years; Juan Muñiz Zapico 4 years; and Fernando Soto Martín 4 years in prison. [see: Jun. 24, Nov. 25 & Dec. 30] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

1994 - 100,000 Chechnyan civilians linked hands in a 65 km-long human chain (40 miles) to protest the Russian invasion of their country and attack on their capital, Grozny.

2008 - Alexis Grigoropoulos Murder & Protests: In Greece protesters attacked a large city-sponsored Christmas tree in Syntagma Square in central Athens, tossing garbage and hanging trash bags from its branches, before setting light to it and clashing with riot police.

[2012 - Food riots and looting of supermarkets across Argentina [www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/america-latina/saqueos-a-supermercados-en-distintas-ciudades-argentinas/20121221082904085711.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]
 * = 21 || 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 8] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The first clashed take place at the Aquarium Gardens (Сад Аква́риум) as police try to disperse the rally and disarm those carrying weapons. Most of the fighters manage to escape, and the several dozen arrested are released the following day. However, the same night the rumours of mass executions of protesters, prompting several Socialist Revolutionary fighters to commit attack the Police Department building in Gnezdnikovsky Lane, hurling two bombs thought its windows. One person is killed and several more injured.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 8] An uprising is attempted in Aleksandrov (Dec. 21-28) [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/История_Александрова enc.permculture.ru/showObject.do?object=1804265698 book33.ru/kolchugino-istorija/kolchuginskij-kraj-i-zavod-v-gody-revolyucii-1905-g.html]

[DD] 1907 - Matanza de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique [Santa María School Massacre]: During the Huelga de los 18 Peniques (18 Pence Strike), nitrate workers, led by known anarchists, had joined the general strike, leaving their mines in the pampa (a grasslands region in South America), and converged on Iquique, the regional capital, to appeal for government intervention to improve their living and working conditions. Their strike headquarters was established at the Domingo Santa Maria School. Overall there were around 4,500 striking miners from different nitrate mines in Chile's far north, together with their families and supporters, in the school and another 1,500 or so who had been camping in tents around the square. The army were called in by the bosses, martial law was declared, stores were locked and at 3.45 pm the slaughter began, including the use of artillery. Up to 3,600 men, women and children were massacred. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_la_Escuela_Santa_María_de_Iquique en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María_School_massacre www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3604.html]

[D] [1920 - Husinska Buna [Husino Rebellion]: short-lived (Dec. 21-28) miners strike and armed rebellion against industrial slavery in the new, post-WWI state known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husino_rebellion]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: At the Estación Jaramillo, Lieutenant Colonel Hector Varela sends for Mario Mesa, the Pico Truncado manager of the local stores company La Anónima, to send him to parley with 'Facón Grande' and tell him that he will respect the lives of all who acceed to to his demand to surrender. After a meeting, the workers decided to surrender in Tehuelches station the following day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

[A] 1924 - After five years of prison for his participation in the Republic of the Workers Councils, anarchist Erich Mühsam is released under amnesty. Thousands of workers turn out for his release.

1936 - In the early hours of the morning in Stuttgart, Helmut Hirsch (1916 - 1937), a German Jew, is arrested by Gestapo agents for his part in a plot to bomb the Nazi Party headquarters in Nuremberg as part of a plan to destabilize the German Reich. At his trial it is revealed that a double agent in the Black Front gave him up, and he is found guilty and condemned to death. Despite international calls for clemency, and even being declared an American citizen, he was executed on June 4, 1937. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hirsch en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Front valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1937 - In Spain, the first Republican soldiers enter Teruel.

1943 - Ateo Tommaso Garemi i Gagno (d. 1943), Italian-French communist, then anarchist and anti-fascist combattant, is executed for his involvement in the killing of Domenico Giardina. [see: Mar. 6] ||
 * = 22 || 1731 - Dutch people revolt against meat tax. [source?]

[1884 - German anarchists Emil Küchler, Franz Reinhold Rupsch and Auguste Reinsdorf, implicated in the failed assassination attempt against the German Kaiser and Princes at the unveiling ceremony of the Niederwald Monument to the glory of the German armies on September 28, 1883, are sentenced to death. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre22.html#procesreinsdorf]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 9] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Following 2 relatively peaceful days, things take a turn for the worse as the governor of Moscow, Vice Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, tried to arrest the 'ringleaders' of the four soviets of workers' deputies coordinating the uprising, provoking a city-wide uprising. The revolt is based in Maxim Gorky's apartment, where bombs are made in the study and food for the revolutionaries in the kitchen. Gorky disliked the Bolsheviks' dogmatic collectivism but saw them as an ally against the backward peasants and Tsar. The Joint Council of Volunteer Fighting Squads arm the workers with 800 stockpiled weapons. Barricades are made from whatever people laid their hands on, even overturned trams. 2,000 man the barricades centered in Moscow’s Presnia district, armed with 200 guns. The police try to dismantle them but are driven back. Workers are joined by students and even some bourgeois, angered at the violence of the government. About 150 representatives of Moscow’s worker squads gather at Fidler’s technical school, the workers' 'war ministry', where thousands of worker squads receive military training. Others discuss a plan to capture the Nikolaevski station in order to cut off communication between Moscow and St. Petersburg and thereby prevent reinforcements arriving. After the meeting, many now wish to go and disarm the police. However, by 21:00 the Fidler building had been surrounded by troops, who presented an ultimatum to surrender. After refusing to surrender, the troops proceeded to shell Fidler from 10 pm to 3 am despite the besieged waving the white flag. About 20 workers were killed and 30 people, mainly workers from the railway guards and one soldier managed to escape over the fence. Eventually, a white flag was recognised and a large group, 80-100 people, surrendered but not before they had hastily rendered their arms unusable so they could not fall into the hands of the enemy. Subsequently, 99 people were put on trial, but most of them were acquitted. The armed uprising had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905]

1921 - Patagonia Rebelde / Patagonia Trágica: The surviving strikers of the columna Facón Grande, including José Font himself, surrender at the Estación Jaramillo. Contrary to Varela's assurances, Facón Grande and at least fifty workers are shot by firing squad the same day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_rebelde anarquismoenlaargentina.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/jose-font-alias-facon-grande.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facón_Grande es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Tehuelches es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estación_Jaramillo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/4331-antonio-soto-anarquista-en-las-huelgas-rurales-de-la-patagonia-argentina.html]

[C] 1942 - Nine members of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, comprising a large section of the 'Schulze-Boysen/Harnack circle' (Schulze-Boysen/Harnack-Kreis) - John Graudenz, Arvid Harnack, Horst Heilmann, Kurt Schulze, Harro Schulze-Boysen, Libertas Schulze-Boysen, Elisabeth Schumacher, Kurt Schumacher and Ilse Stöbe - are executed at Plötzensee Prison. Two others linked by the Nazis to the Rote Kapelle, Hans Coppi and Rudolf von Scheliha, are executed alongside them. [see: separate entries below]

[(C)] 1942 - Arvid Harnack (b. 1901), German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, is executed for his part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group. Founder of ARPLAN (Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft or )[Scientific Working Community for the Study of the Soviet Planned Economy], he had travelled to the Soveit Union to study their ecomony but, with Hitler's rise to power ARPLAN was dissolved and Harnack gained a post as a scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry and was recruited as an agnet by the NKVD. He also came into contact in 1939 with the Harro Schulze-Boysen group, and in 1940 with the Communists Hilde Rake and Hans Coppi. He also published the resistance magazine 'Die Innere Front' (The Inner Front) in 1941 but interception of the group's radio messages led to the arrest of Harnack and his wife Mildred on September 7, 1942. Arvid Harnack was sentenced to death on December 19 and executed 3 days later at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. His wife was originally given six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial, which pronounced the desired death sentence. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Harnack www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/widerstand/weisserose/index.html www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/index.html roses-at-noon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/in-defense-of-white-rose.html]

[(C)] 1942 - Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen (b. 1909), German officer, commentator and anti-Nazi Resistance fighter, is executed alongside his wife Libertas Schulze-Boysen for their part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group. [see: Sep. 2]

[(C)] 1942 - Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; b. 1904), German artist and resistance fighter in the Third Reich, who belonged to the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, is beheaded in Plötzensee Prison. [see: Apr. 28]

[(C)] 1942 - Kurt Schumacher (b. 1905), German sculptor, committed Communist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter with the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group, is hung in Plötzensee Prison. [see: May 6]

[(C)] 1942 - Libertas Schulze-Boysen (Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye; (B. 1913), German former press officer in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Berlin branch office and anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who also gathered pictorial evidence of Nazi war crimes whilst working in the Reich Propaganda Ministry, is executed alongside her husband Harro Schulze-Boysen for their part in the activities of the (Nazi named) Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) resistance group. [see: Nov. 20]

[CC] 1942 - Jewish fighters in the Krakow Ghetto, united under the command of Zvi 'Heshek' Bauminger and Aharon 'Dolek' Liebeskind, carry out a series of attacks on German forces throughout the city. Members of the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŽOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) throw grenades into three cafés frequented by Nazi officers, sabotage military vehicles, distribute anti-Nazi leaflets, and raise Polish flags on bridges over the Vistula River. At the Cyganeria café, the fighters kill at least seven German officers and wound many more. Two days later, the Gestapo located Liebeskind’s hiding place and killed him in a shoot-out; Bauminger survived the manhunt until March, 1943.

1946 - Kuwasi Balagoon (born Donald Weems; d. 1986), US Black Panther, a member of the Black Liberation Army, a New Afrikan anarchist and prison writer, born. He was a defendant in the Panther 21 case in the late sixties and was involved in the 1981 Brinks robbery, for which he was convicted of murber and other charges and sentenced to life.

1988 - Chico Mendes (Francisco Alves Mendes Filho; b. 1944), Brazilian rubber tapper, trades union leader and environmentalsit, is murdered by landowners for his leadership in the struggle against the destruction of Amazon rainforests.

1997 - Zapatista Uprising: Paramilitaries associated with the ruling PRI party massacre 45 peasants, the majority of whom are children and women belonging to the civil group 'Las Abejas', refugees in Acteal, Chiapas. The government uses this event to occupy and suppress the population with over 70,000 troops and expels humanitarian observers stationed in the area. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict] ||
 * = 23 || 1890 - Salvador Segui Rubinat, aka 'El noi del sucre' (d. 1923), anarcho-syndicalist in the Catalonian CNT, born. He was assassinated in 1923 along with another trade unionist, Francesc Comes, the murders financed by the governor of Catalonia.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 10] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Following the previous night's confrontation, barricades appear on the streets and insurgents armed with seized weapons, begin to attack the soldiers, policemen and officers. The Executive Committee of the Board of Workers' Deputies isssues a special proclamation declaring an armed uprising at 6 pm. However, the action begins much earlier. The SRs bomb the HQ of the Moscow Okhrana that night and weapon stores are looted. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1906 - [N.S. Jan. 5 1907] Peter Arshinov and several comrades blow up a police station in the workers’ district of Amur, near Ekaterinoslav. The explosion kills three Cossack officers, as well as police officers and guards of the punitive detachment. Due to the painstaking preparation of this act, neither Arshinov nor his comrades are discovered by the police.

1933 - Marinus van der Lubbe is sentenced to death for the Reichstag Fire.

1938 - Franco's fascist forces launch an offensive in Catalonia.

1943 - Dario Cagno (b. 1899), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, is executed for his involvement in the killing of Domenico Giardina. [see: Aug. 11]

1948 - Hideki Tojo (東條 英機), Japanese Prime Minister and military dictator through WWII, and six other Japanese war leaders are executed by hanging in Tokyo.

1953 - Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия), Soviet minister of internal security and Stalin's rotweiller, is bitten (executed) himself.

1961 - Fidel Castro announces Cuba he will release 1,113 prisoners from the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion in exchange for $62M worth of food and medical supplies.

1975 - Richard Welch, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's station chief in Athens is shot dead by 17N (Revolutionary Organisation 17 November / Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη) guerrillas. 17N was a Marxist urban guerrilla group named after the day of the 1973 Athens Polytechnic uprising against the military junta. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Organization_17_November]

1975 - Units of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army), the military wing of the communist Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Workers' Revolutionary Party), supported by Montoneros, mount a large scale assault against the (Batallón Depósitos de Arsenales 601) Domingo Viejobueno army supply base at the industrial suburb of Monte Chingolo, south of Buenos Aires. The plan was to acquire a large amount of sophisticated weaponry, however, the ERP had been infiltrated by an Army intelligence officer, and the army were well prepared. So, despite having ammassed a force of around 1,000 fighters, they were effectively ambushed by an equal but more heavily armed force and were defeated and driven off. 53 ERP guerrillas and 9 Montoneros militants were killed and 25 guerrillas wounded. Additionally, an estimated 30 guerrillas were executed after having surrendeed. Seven army troops and three policemen were reported killed and 34 soldiers wounded. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejército_Revolucionario_del_Pueblo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_al_Batallón_de_Monte_Chingolo en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)]

1979 - Assassination of Turkish attaché for tourism in France, Yılmaz Çolpan on the Champs Elysées by the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide.

1989 - Ousted Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena, are captured as they attempt to flee the country by helicopter. Ordered to land by the army, which had restricted flying in Romania's airspace, they were forced to abandon their helicopter near Târgoviște and were quickly captured by local police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/nicolae-ceausescu-execution-anniversary-romania]

1997 - In France Carlos the Jackal, aka Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, is convicted for the murder of two French agents and a Lebanese informant on Jun 27, 1975, and sentenced the next day to life in prison. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal]

2008 - Members of Revolutionary Struggle (Επαναστατικός Αγώνας) fire on a bus transporting riot police outside Athens University. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Struggle revolutionarystruggle.wordpress.com rotehilfech.noblogs.org/files/2014/07/Gesammelte-Erklärungen-eng.pdf] || [cesim-marineo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/natale-di-sangue-nella-lercara-del-1893.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]
 * = 24 || [D] 1893 - Massacro di Lercara Friddi (Lercara Friddi Massacre): During the Fasci Siciliani protests, a crowd of women gathered in the main squares of the country, a multitude of women leading a demonstration against the local administrators, those who impose taxes including the infamous //tassa sul macinato// (flour tax) on the poor. Their main target were the //casotti daziari//, the tollhouses and the meeting places and entertainment venues frequented by the local notables and Mafia bullies (//gabelloti//). The police failed to contain the crowd and the tollhouses were completely devastated.

1894 - Andrés Capdevila Puig (d. 1987), alternate birth date. [see: Dec. 25] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article672]

[C] 1895 - Kirsten Brunvoll (Kirsten Sørsdal; d. 1976), Norwegian resistance member, Nacht und Nebel prisoner, and World War II memoirist, who survived Grini, Ravensbrück, Majdanek and Birkenau concentration camps, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Brunvoll www.vigrid.net/hcbrunvoll.htm www.aschehoug.no/nettbutikk/veien-til-auschwitz.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 11] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The Bolsheviks issue a handbook on street fighting. The military wing of the Moscow Committee of the Social-Democratic Workers’ Party send out a pamphlet to its members: "Comrades, our top-priority task is to hand power in the city over to the people. In the section we have seized we'll establish an elected government and introduce the 8-hour work day. We shall prove that under our government the rights and freedoms of everyone will be protected better than they are now." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1910 - Dynamite wrecks the Llewellyn Iron Works in Los Angeles, where the workers are on strike.

1923 - Germaine Berton, the young individualist is acquitted for her attempt to kill Leon Daudet (father of the anarchist Philippe Daudet), the extreme rightwing propagandist for l'Action Française.

1927 - In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two and wounding 23 American and Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni and the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action. [REWRITE]

1941 - Flossenburg concentration camp: "On the night of 23rd-24th December 1941, some Russian prisoners tried to break out of the camp, but were captured by the SS guards. Some of the Russians were shot immediately, the rest, eight men, hanged on the morning of the 24th." [as related in Heinz Heger's '//The Men with the Pink Triangle//' (1972)] [www.executedtoday.com/2011/12/24/1941-eight-russian-pows-at-flossenburg/ www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/personalize-gays.html]

1942 - Aharon 'Dolek' Liebeskind (b. 1912), co-leader, with Zvi 'Heshek' Bauminger (1919-1943), of the anti-Nazi Kraków Ghetto resistance, dies in a shoot-out with the Gestapo. Soon after German troops occupied Kraków in early September 1939, Jews there began to organise resistance to Nazi rule. Though the Jewish population was devastated by the mass expulsions from the city in 1940 and the creation of a ghetto the following year, activists, primarily from Zionist youth groups, succeeded in creating underground cells. In December 1941, members of the Akiva (Akiba), the largest of the prewar youth groups in Kraków, had even set up a secret base on an agricultural training farm outside the city. By mid-1942, two main resistance organisations existed in the Kraków ghetto. The first was led by Aharon 'Dolek' Liebeskind based around members of the Akiva (Akiba) and Dror Zionist youth movements in the underground. The second band of fighters was headed by Zvi 'Heshek' Bauminger, a former soldier in the Polish and Soviet armies who had escaped from German hands. Returning to Kraków, he created a resistance group (Iskra), largely composed of his fellow youths in the left-wing Zionist Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa’ir movement, and established close ties to the local Communist resistance, the Polska Partia Robotnicza (Polish Workers’ Party). Having learned about the mass murder of Jews in the Chelmno killing center and the deportations from Kraków to the Belzec death camp in June 1942, the Jewish fighters decided to respond with armed resistance against the Nazis. Using couriers like Hela Schüpper, the leaders of this group established contact with other Jewish resistance groups in Warsaw, Tarnow, and Rzeszow, obtained valuable information, and smuggled weapons back into the ghetto. They sent commando groups out into the nearby forests to link up with the partisans and set up a forgery workshop, under Shimson Draenger, to create false papers and documents. In October 1942, the two resistance groups joined together to form the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation). In the months that followed, the ŻOB operated outside the ghetto, sabotaging rail lines, raiding German warehouses, and attacking German soldiers and security police. On December 22, the Jewish fighters carried out their boldest plan—a series of attacks on German forces throughout the city. Members of the ŻOB were to throw grenades into three cafés where German officers congregated, sabotage army and police vehicles, distribute anti-Nazi leaflets, raise Polish flags on the bridges over the Vistula, and assassinate German soldiers throughout the city. At the Cyganeria café, the fighters killed at least seven German officers and wounded many more. In the wake of these attacks, German authorities launched a massive manhunt to find the resistance fighters. On December 24, the Gestapo located Liebeskind’s hiding place and he died in the violent shootout that followed. The next day, Hitler’s headquarters was informed of the action. In March 1943, the German police closed in on Bauminger, cornering him in his room, where he lay ill. He managed to fire at his attackers, perhaps saving the last bullet for himself. Though its membership had been decimated by arrests and its leaders killed or captured, the ŻOB continued to fight on, carrying out sabotage, distributing anti-Nazi materials, and urging Jews to resist and flee to the forests. [jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gola-mire www.ushmm.org/research/the-center-for-advanced-holocaust-studies/miles-lerman-center-for-the-study-of-jewish-resistance/medals-of-resistance-award/jewish-fighters-in-the-cracow-ghetto www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/30/armed_resistance.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraków_Ghetto]

1950 - Zaragozan anarchist //guerrilleros// Simón Gracia Fleringán aka 'Miguel Montllor' & 'Aniceto Borrel' (b. 1923) and Placido Ortiz Gratal aka 'Vicente Llop' & 'Vicente Lobo' (b. 1921), the two members of the 'Los Maños' group arrested on January 9, 1950, are executed by firing squad. [see: Jun. 27 & Oct. 3]

[AA] 1965 - Cuban prison uprising. The riot was sparked by three queers: Loime, 'Lovely Hick' and 'Miss Matanzas'. They stayed in bed that first Sunday morning, and not even the beating by the guards would move them. "I aam with my peerioood..." they screamed once and again. When the guards tried to drag them to the esplanade outside, all the other queers also rebelled. "Me too..." "And me..." The 'peerioood' epidemic spread through the camp like a prairie fire.

1985 - Anti-police riots in Sheffield, Monmouth and Southampton. [source?]

[A] 2001 - Horst Fantazzini aka 'The Kind Bandit' (b. 1939), who conducted non-violent bank robberies across northern Italy during the 1960s and '70s and was involved in an infamous prison escape attempt (subsequently made into a film), dies in prison in Bologna. ||
 * = 25 || [A] 1647 - In Canterbury, UK, a mob shuts down all the shops that have obeyed the order to open for Christmas. They then serve free drinks for all, free the prisoners and throw shit at the Presbyterian minister. Then they play football.

1889 - Octavius Albert Garnier (d. 1912), Individualist anarchist and illegalist, member of the Bonnot gang, born.

1889 - (Jean Valérien) Maurice Mac-Nab (b. 1856), French poet, songwriter, performer and postal worker, dies. Famed for his ironic songs of working-class life performed at the Club des Hydropathes, at the the literary club Café de l'Avenir, in the Latin Quarter, and at Le Chat Noir in Montmartre. Many of his songs, such as '//L'Expulsion//' and '//Le Grand Métingue du Métropolitain//', were explicitly anarchist in sentiment and were popularly sung at demonstrations. [www.artsincoherents.info/les_incoherents_pages.html#]

1889 - Wilhelm (Willi) Jelinek (d. 1952), militant German anarchist-syndicalist, born. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jelinek libcom.org/history/jelinek-wilhelm-willi-1889-1952]

[D] 1893 - Massacro di Lercara Friddi (Lercara Friddi Massacre): Following yesterday's Fasci Siciliani protests, at about four in the afternoon the people of Lercara Friddi, with women and children to the fore, flooded the streets to protest outside the Town Hall. Waving their flags and improvised banners, they made it clear that they would no longer tolerate exploitation and hunger. A deputy prefect, who had been sent from Palermo, struggled to calm the crowd who faced the military reinforcements who had also just arrived. A tragedy was inevitavle. An officer warned the protesters to disperse and, following a moment of silence, shots began to ring out. From the balconies of the palazzotti on the square, the local notables, masters of Lercara, its fields and sulphur mines, incited the police to carry out the massacre. With his mouth still full of their Christmas lunch, they shouted: "Death to the instigators, death to the subversives." Eleven protesters were killed in the face of this cynical and shameful incitement to massacre. "it will never be known who had fired first [...] is not at all impossible that a shoot first had been some watchman, some holy mother, lurking around the corner for some home and charged with causing the massacre by one of the factions vying for power in the country. The papers are silent about it." (Mario Siragusa - '//Stragi e stragismo nell’età dei Fasci siciliani//' (Slaughter and massacres in the age of the Fasci Siciliani) in '//La Sicilia delle stragi//' (The massacres in Sicily) by Giuseppe Carlo Marino, 2007, p. 119). [cesim-marineo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/natale-di-sangue-nella-lercara-del-1893.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

1894 - Andreu Capdevila i Puig (d. 1987), Catalan dye worker, militant in the CNT, the Spanish Revolution and in France, where he wrote for most of the exile papers ('//Terra Lliure//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//Umbral//', etc.), born. Minister of Economy in the Generalitat de Catalunya and President of the Economic Council of Catalonia during the Republic. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/capdevila/capdevila.html opinioandreuenca.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/andreu-capdevila-i-puig-laltre.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Six of the seven railway stations and many districts are in rebel hands. Government troops hold the city centre against the guerrilla offensive. Some food stores open in the morning but all are cloded again by the afternoon. 50 officers were seized as they arrived by train. The troops and artillery were hemmed in the squares and Kremlin. The Governor General is forced to attempt to form his own voluntary militia to fight the 600 or so armed insurgents. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsarist Regime decrees tough penalties for striking government workers. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] December uprising in Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) (Dec. 25-29) [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 12] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The 'Majority' Bolshevik Conference meets in Tammerfors, Finland (Dec. 25-30) instead of the regular Party Congress which the Central Committee had planned and announced and which could not take place because of revolutionary developments (the railwaymen’s strike and the Moscow armed uprising). It decides on a joint RSDRP Congress for reuniting with the Mensheviks. Lenin meets Stalin for the first time: neither is impressed. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/dec/17.htm]

1906 - [O.S. Dec. 12-25] Novorossiysk Republic [Новороссийская республика]: December uprising in Novorossiysk (Новороссийск) (Dec. 25 1905-Jan. 7 1906) [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новороссийская_республика hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ]

1907 [O.S. Dec. 12-18] Trial of ex-Duma deputies & signatories of the Vyborg Manifesto (Dec. 25-31) ... the Special Office of the St. Petersburg appellate court sentenced 167 of 169 defendants to three months imprisonment. The sentence meant that the defendants were disfranchised during elections to the Duma and could not be elected to public offices. [ttolk.ru/?p=21940]

1922 - Celedonio García Casino aka 'Celes' or 'El Llarg' (d. 1949), Catalan anarchist and anti-Francoist //guerrilla//, born. After the Phalangist victory, the then seventeen-year-old Celedonio decided to participate in the anti-fascist guerilla movement, entering the ranks of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) in Gracia, Barcelona and as a memebr of the organisation's Comité Regional de Cataluña. On June 14, 1939, he and sixteen other activists were arrested. Tried on September 19, 1940 for "illegal association and propaganda and possession of illegal weapons", he was imprisoned in Barcelona's Modelo prison, where he was part of one of three groups formed by Manuel Aguilar Martínez, Secretary of the Comité Peninsular of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). His group whose head was Enrique Gómez Laborda included Manuel Graupera Rodilla, Ángel Bernal Lozano and Blas Fuster Carreter. These groups went on to become active in the clandestine struggle as they were progressively released. Paroled on 23 November 1945, Celedonio García Casino Celes immediately rejoined the FIJL in Gracia and then in Carmel, later joining José Lluis 'Face' Facérias' action group, often crossing the border between 1947 and 1949 on expropriation missions and attacks on Franco's forces. In March 1946, he attended the Congress of the FIJL in exile in Toulouse, recovered materials and returned to Spain on March 15. In September 1946, he was appointed Secretary of Defense of the Regional Committee of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias at a clandestine plenum. In 1947, he was a member of the short-lived Moviment Llibertari de Resistència (Libertarian Movement of Resistance; MLR - intended to be the military wing of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, it effectively folded when Liberto Sarrau Royes and Joaquina Dorado Pita were arrested in February 1948), he organised a bomb attack in May 1947 against the barracks of the Guardia Civil in Gracia, which the communists tried to claim it as their own. On July 6, he was appointed, with Manuel Ramos Fernández and Manuel Tomas Llaster as the FIJL Catalonia delegates to the national plenum to be held on July 15 and the plenary of the FAI to be held in Madrid three days later. In early November 1947, he crossed into Spain with José Lluís Facerias, Ramón González Sanmarti, Francisco Ballester Orovigt, Domingo Ibars Juanias and Juan Pedrero Cazorla aka 'Tom Mix'. With Facerias, he participated in the 1949 attempted kidnapping of the chief of police Eduardo Quintela Bóveda. Celedonio García Casino Celes was killed along with Enrique 'Quique' Martinez Marin near the French border on August 26, 1949. He was buried at the cemetery Espolla (Figueras) in the part reserved for non-believers. He left his companion, Remedies Falceto and a daughter, Olga. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article2833 ita.anarchopedia.org/Celedonio_García_Casino lacntenelexilio.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/celedonio-garcia-casino.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2447-celedonio-garcia-casino-anarquista-y-guerrillero-antifranquista.html espolla.org/asso.cultural/maquis/maquis.html]

1931 - Motín del Norte Grande [Norte Grande Insurrection]: In 1931, Chile was in the midst of a political and economic chaos, with high unemployment and poverty, resulting from the market crash of 1929, combined with the loss of income to a country financially dependent on its nitrate industry caused by the increasing use of artificial nitrates worldwide. By mid-December, rumours were rife of a communist coup in the north of the country, and that in the cities of Vallenar and Copiapó the insurrectionists were going to take over the Esmeralda regiment barracks and the police headquarters on Christmas night, as the first step to a full fledged revolution. Authorities gave no credence to any of the rumours, precisely because they were so open and precise. At 02:00, Communist militia attacked the army barracks in Vallenar. The lieutenant and soldiers at the guard caught by surprise had to retreat to the infirmary where they were able to mount a hasty defence. The noise from the battle alerted the police, who arrived promptly to swell the ranks of the defenders. After more than half an hour of battle, the revolutionaries, who had suffered several casualties, escaped towards the hills. A police platoon was dispatched to capture the Communist headquarters in Vallenar. The police arrived shooting, and fire was returned from the inside. Since the policemen couldn't capture the building, they proceeded to dynamite it, killing everyone inside. Then they rounded up all the known Communists they could find in the city and shot them immediately. An investigation established that 21 people were killed, nine of them during the assault on the barracks. On the other side, three policemen and two soldiers died, plus an unarmed civilian who happened to be passing by and was hit by a stray bullet. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Grande_insurrection es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motín_del_Norte_Grande]

1936 - The Generalitat de Catalogne publishes a decree legalising abortion. Pushed for by the women's anarchist group Mujeres Libres and enacted because of the strong presence of the libertarians. Article 4 specifies abortions should not exceed three months pregnancy, except in the event of therapeutic need.

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: Having planted more than a ton of dynamite in the sewers under the hotel Grande Bretagne during the night of December 23-24, intending to blow up Lt Gen Scobie and his headquarters staff based there, EAM call off their attack at the last minute having discovered Churchill had arrived in Greece capital in a failed bid to make peace on Christmas Day and they did not wish to kill one of the 'Big Three' by accident. The British eventually identified and disabled the explosives. Churchill stayed near Faliro on the battleship Ajax and the next day (Dec. 26) he went to the hotel Great Britain where he participated in negotiations between the government, Lt. Gen Scobie and the EAM-ELAS delegation. The negotiations failed, in part because ELAS was ignorant of Stalin's ceeding of 90% of post-war Greece to Britain and saw the presence of Churchill as a sign of weakness on his part, and the fighting continued until January 5 and 6, 1945. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[C] 1989 - An xmas present to savour: Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena are executed by a one-man firing squad. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/nicolae-ceausescu-execution-anniversary-romania] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article10671 foed.over-blog.com/2014/12/le-1er-decembre-1925-mort-de-joseph-jean-marie-tortelier.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tortelier www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2612.html]
 * = 26 || 1854 - Joseph Jean Marie Tortelier (d. 1925), French carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent and speaker for the General Strike, organiser of La Ligue des Antipatriotes (League of Anti-patriots) and member of the Panthère des Batignolles, born.

1891 - Stefan Szwedowski aka 'Wojciech' & 'Szwed' (d. 1973), Polish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. In 1905 (during revolution) participated in school movement. Interrogated by Tzar’s secret police (Ochrana). First time arrested in 1913, spent 2 years in prison. In the same year joined ‘Warsaw Battalion’ of Polish Legions. At the end of WWII in executive group of ‘Zet’ (Association of the Polish Youth). In 1919 ended his studies in the law faculty of Warsaw University. In 1922 one of organisers of Związek Obrony Kresow Zachodnich (Western Frontier Defence Association) and Związek Rad Ludowych (People’s Councils Union). From 1931 involved in Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions). 1935-39 member of Central Department of ZZZ. In October 1939 one of the underground initiators of Zwiazek Syndykalistow Polski (ZSP: Union of Polish Syndicalists). Since 1943 head secretary of ZSP. Co-initiator and ZSP delegate in Council for Aid to Jews. From February 1944 vice-chairman of Centralizacja Stronnictw Demokratycznych, Socjalistycznych i Syndykalistycznych (Centralisation of Democratic, Socialists and Syndicalist Groups). During Warsaw Uprising fought in the Old Town as soldier of 104 company of ZSP. In Śródmieście he was co-initiator of Syndykalistyczne Porozumienie Powstańcze (Syndicalist Uprising Agreement – syndicalist and anarcho-syndicalist coalition). After WWII together with anarchists and co-operative activists worked in Spoldzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy 'Słowo' ('Word' Cooperative Publishers Institute) and other cooperatives. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów 161crew.bzzz.net/edward-czemier-brygada-syndykalistyczna-relacja-dowodcy/ podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/relacja-polityczna-odnosnie-104-kompanii-syndykalistycznej/ www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Stefan_Szwedowski]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Oil workers in Baku go out on strike, the start of labour unrest that is to sweep the Russian Empire. The dispute ends on Jan. 12 [O.S. Dec. 30] with the first collective agreement between workers and employers in Russian history. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Baku+Strikes]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: The Tsar orders General Pavel Karlovich von Rennenkampf (Павел Карлович фон Ренненкампф) to lead a punitive expedition west from Harbin along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to tackle unrest rife amongst the army units and workers and peasants since the October general strike. Other large-scale punitive expeditions ruthlessly suppress rural unrest into 1908, with about 15,000 executions having taken place by spring 1906. Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) writes governors: "Arrests alone will not achieve our goals. It is impossible to judge hundreds of thousands of people. I propose to shoot the rioters and in cases of resistance to burn their homes." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ренненкампф,_Павел_Карлович en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Rennenkampf]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 13] Rostov Uprising: Workers seize Rostov Station, marking the beginning of the active phase of the uprising. The town's garrison is ordered to open fire with its artillery on the station. During the barrage, a projectile lands in the canteen at the railway workshops in which a meeting is being held. Several people are killed and wounded. In the Temernik (Темерника) district, which becomes the centre of the uprising, barricades are built and a workers' militia formed to defend against government troops. The main railway workshops urgently produce weapons and ammunition for the workers' militia. Controlled by the Bolsheviks, it initially numbered 250, but was soon swelled by 150 from outside the city. Government troops and Cossack units, formed from the surrounding villages, went on to fight fierce battles with the rebels over the following week, managing to localise the rebellion in the Temernik area by blocking the bridge to it and artillery was used to shell barricades. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ростовское_восстание_(1905) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/Don_NC/XIXend-XX/Rev_1905-1907_1etap.htm www.pseudology.org/Kojevnikov/Xrestomatiya/Rostov_Pogrom_1905.htm]

1986 - Bruno Salvadori, aka Antoine or Antonio Gimenez (b. 1910), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, dies. [see: Dec. 14]

[A] 1988 - Funeral of Chico Mendes in Brazil, murdered by landowners for his leadership in the struggle against the destruction of Amazon rainforests.

1992 - María Bruguera Pérez (b. 1915), Spanish member of Mujeres Libres, anarchist, anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Nov. 6] ||
 * = 27 || [A] 1831 - 60,000 slaves mutiny in Jamaica. [source?]

1843 - Rebecca Riots: John Jones, David Davies and 39 of their followers were tried at Carmarthen Assizes for an attack on Hendy Toll house on September 23, 1843. John Jones was sentence to Transportation for life, David Davies to 20 years transportation. Both laughed as they left the dock but very shortly afterward they both confessed and informed on others. [www.llandeilo.org/dp_rebecca.php]

1944 - Dekemvrianá [Δεκεμβριανά / December events]: British forces renew their attacks on already weakened ELAS military forces. [el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δεκεμβριανά en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-1 one-europe.info/the-red-december-of-greece-part-2-the-first-battle-of-the-cold-war]

[D] 1946 - With high postwar unemployment precipitating waves of protests all across Italy, the situation in especially dramatic in the south, with the population demanding work and bread, and poverty forcing the crowds into the streets. In clashes in Bari following one such demonstration demanding work and bread, police open fire, killing a college student, Domenico Liaci, and an unnamed worker. Another 25 demonstrators are injured along with 6 cops. [www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/undici.html www.dirittidistorti.it/documenti/7-societa/79-accadde-a-novembre-diritti-spezzati-morti-di-protesta-dal-dopoguerra-ad-oggi-.html]

2003 - Manuel Millán Calvo (b. 1925), Aragonese libertarian anti-Francoist //guerrillero// member of the Agrupación Guerrillera de Levante (AGL), dies. [see: Sep. 11]

2009 - Ashura Protests in Iran: Protests against the outcome of the June 2009 Iranian presidential election, which demonstrators claim was rigged, are fired on by the Iranian Government security forces in Tehran. An unknown number of people die on the Shi'a holy day of Ashura, a day "symbolically about justice" and during which any kind of violence is forbidden. State controlled media indicated on December 28 that 15 had died, including ten "well-known anti-revolutionary terrorists", so the numbers are likely to be much higher than that. Similar protests took place in other Iranian cities including Isfahan, Najafabad, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arak, Tabriz, Babol, Ardabil and Orumieh. Four people were reportedly killed in Tabriz, in north western Iran on 27 December, and one in Shiraz in the south of Iran. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashura_protests] || [archive.org/stream/jstor-2505747/2505747_djvu.txt]
 * = 28 || 1780 - The native and mestizo peasants forces of Túpac Amaru II lay seige to Cuzco, the former capital of the Inca empire, in an attempt to overthrow the Spanish rulers. However, by opting for a siege as opposed to an attack allowed the Spanish to send reinforcements to the city. After an indecisive skirmish on January 3, 1781, the Hispanics led a more concerted attack five days later that broke the siege following a two day battle (January 8 - 10, 1781) on the heights around Cuzco.

[D1] 1831 - Baptist preacher Samuel Sharpe leads a slave revolt, known as the Christmas Rebellion or the Baptist War, in Jamaica. 31 years old Sharpe had organised the rebellion in the mistaken belief that freedom had already been granted by the British Parliament. The rebellion was timed to have maximum impact, as Sharpe knew that if the ripe cane was not cut it would be ruined. Sharpe suggested that the enslaved people did not go back to work after their three day Christmas holiday. He hoped the owners would pay the slaves to cut the cane, so that it would not spoil. Sharpe told his followers that they should only fight physically for their freedom, if the planters did not accede to their demands. The Kensington Estate Great House was set alight as a signal that the rebellion had begun. Other fires broke out and it soon became clear that the Sam Sharpe’s hope for peaceful resistance was impossible. The rebellion lasted for 8 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilising as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's 300,000 enslaved population, and resulted in the death of around 186 slaves and 14 white overseers or planters. Retribution for the resistance was swift and merciless. Over 500 slaves were convicted and many were executed, most were hanged and their heads were cut off and placed around their plantations. Those who escaped the death penalty were treated brutally and many did not survive. Sam Sharpe was named as the key figure behind the resistance and he was captured and hanged in Market Square, Montego Bay, now known as Sam Sharpe Square. Sharpe’s owners were paid the sum of just £16.00 for their "loss of property". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_War www.samsharpeproject.org/sam-sharpe]

[A] 1863 - In Russia, 'nihilists' assassinate Georgy Sudeykin, Chief of the Okhrana (political police) in revenge for a series on mass arrests.

1894 - Kurt Schulze (d. 1942), German anti-fascist resistance fighter who worked for the Soviet secret service as a member of the resistance network Rote Kapelle, born. A radio operator in the German Imperial Navy during WWI, he joined the Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands in 1920. At the beginning of 1929 he was trained in the USSR as a radio operator and, following a series of jobs, ended up working as a driver with Deutsche Post. As a radio operator for the Soviet military intelligence (GRU) he was part of Ilse Stöbe's, helped instruct Hans Coppi in wireless technology and also helped the 'Schulze-Boysen/Harnack circle' (Schulze-Boysen/Harnack-Kreis) transmit information to Moscow. On September 16, 1942, Kurt Schulze was arrested at work by the Gestapo and interned in Spandau. On December 19, 1942, he was convicted by the Reich Court Martial of "high treason and collaboration with enemies and spies" and sentenced to death. On December 22, he was executed in Plötzensee prison. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schulze de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Kapelle]

1903 - Celestino Alvarado Quirós (d. 1936), Andalusian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicat del Metall of the CNT,member of the Germinal group of the FAI and Freemason, born. He was arrested during the strike of May 1932 and, in April 1935, he was also arrested in a group of students and accused of "stealing weapons". On 18 August 1936, he and his brother Narciso José were betrayed to the Falangists whilst attempting to escape from the port of Puntales by ship. They were arrested and taken to the Casino Gadità, headquarters of the fascists. The following day his corpse is seen in a mass grave on the beach and probably ended up being buried in a mass grave in the cemetery of San Jose. His brother and fellow anarcho-syndicalist Narciso José Alvarado Quirós was imprisoned in the Cárcel Real in Cádiz and later in Miraflores prison. Twenty days after his arrest, he disappeared and was never heard of again. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2410-celestino-alvarado-quiros-anarquista-de-cadiz.html www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/v/20120214/cadiz/padre-hecho-justicia-pero-20120214.html www.memorialibertaria.org/spip.php?article766]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 15] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The Moscow Soviet holds its last meeting. Presnia is shelled. Orders are issued to the army (currently mostly Cossacks and dragoons, but who will be supported by the Semyonovsky Life-Guards Regiment (Семёновский лейб-гвардии полк) and its artillery after their arrival tonight) and tsarist police to crackdown on suspected terrorists, protestors and the radical press, which they set about over the following four days, killing hundreds. Fighting breaks out around the Schmidt furniture factory in Presnia. Primme Minister Sergei Witte (Серге́й Ви́тте) informs the Tsar that the army will now be used aggressively to suppress disorder. The government adopts a hard-line policy against unrest, with tough crackdowns on radical activists and the press The head of the Moscow Okhrana is assassinated. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Витте,_Сергей_Юльевич en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte]

1910 - Revolución Mexicana: The Praxedis Guerrero group takes the town of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.

1920 - Pepita Estruch (d. 2011), Spanish militant anarcho-feminist fought in the French WWII anti-Nazi resistance, participant in the reformed Comité de Mujeres Libres in París in the '60s, born.

1920 - The U.S. resume the deportation of communists and suspected communists suspended during WWI.

1933 - During the fourth session of the All-Union Central executive Committee of the Soviets, the Bolsheviks make their first guarded hints at the scale of the famine in the Soviet Union, with a representative making references to the "break" in Ukraine's agricultural economy.

1934 - Stalin uses the assassination of an aide as an opportunity to execute more than one hundred officials, beginning a series of purges that eliminated most of the old Bolsheviks.

1936 - Benito Mussolini dispatches Italian airforce planes to Spain to support his fellow fascist Francisco Franco’s forces.

1941 - Operation Arthropoid: The plan to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich begins with the parachuting of Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš, along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile (plus two other group named Silver A and Silver who had different missions), into Czechoslovakia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid]

1946 - The French declare martial law in Vietnam as a full-scale war appears inevitable.

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: On the orders of Larbi Ben Me Hidi aka 'El Hakim', responsible for armed action in Algiers, FLN guérilla leader Ali La Pointe assassinates the Mayor of Boufarik and President of the Federation of Mayors of Algeria, Amédée Froger outside his house on Rue Michelet. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/ encyclopedie-afn.org/FLN]

1962 - The South African government outlaws 36 organisations and any group which "attacks, criticizes, or discusses any...policy of government" under the Suppression of Communism Act.

1968 - Israel attacks the Beirut International Airport, destroying 13 civilian planes in retailation to an attack on an Israeli airliner in Athens by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon]

1972 - In Brooklyn, New York the owner of a bar is kidnapped by the Black Liberation Army during the course of a robbery, and held for $20,000 ransom. In October 1977, a judge dismissed murder and robbery charges against Asata Shakur in connection with the death of Richard Nelson during the robbery, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assata_Shakur www.assatashakur.org]

[D2] 1973 - Four Black Liberation Army sympathisers are arrested exiting an open manhole near the Manhattan House of Detention for Men in what police claim was a attempt to free fellow BLA members.

1997 - Inmates of the prison in Sorocaba took over and held over 600 hostages. They later dropped escape demands and agreed to be transported to less crowded prisons.

2005 - Rebellious inmates at a prison in Brazil's remote Amazon jungle ended a four-day uprising and released more than 200 hostages after authorities met their principal demand by returning one of their leaders from another prison.

2005 - Chilean police took fingerprints and mugs shots of Gen. Augusto Pinochet following his indictment for the killing and disappearance of 9 dissidents during his dictatorship. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/knee.htm www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/eight/wklakota.htm]
 * = 29 || [A/D2] 1890 - The U.S. Army’s 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Spotted Elk (Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká), latter nown as Big Foot, a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek (Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, in the U.S. state of South Dakota, demanding that they surrender their weapons. As that was happening, a fight broke out between a Native American and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired, although it’s unclear from which side (there are a number of stories including that it was a deaf man, Black Coyote, who fired not understanding the order and not wanting to give up the rifle he had paid for; or that a young warrior or group of warriors refused to give up thier weapons). A brutal massacre followed, in which it’s estimated 150 of the Lakota Sioux were killed (some historians put this number at twice as high), nearly half of them women and children. The cavalry lost 25 men. The conflict at Wounded Knee was originally referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and avoidable massacre. Surrounded by heavily armed troops, it’s unlikely that Big Foot’s band would have intentionally started a fight. Some historians speculate that the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry were deliberately taking revenge for the regiment’s defeat at Little Bighorn in 1876. Whatever the motives, the massacre ended the Ghost Dance movement and was the last major confrontation in America’s deadly war against the Plains Indians.

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 16] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: The Semyonovsky Life-Guards Regiment (Семёновский лейб-гвардии полк) have arrived from St. Petersburg over night, the government fearing a mutiny if the Moscow garrison are used. They are key to the final defeat of the uprising and were able to enter Moscow via the Nikolaevski station, which had remained in government hands. Further military units arrive, including the Horse-Grenadier Regiment, part of the Ladoga 16th Infantry Regiment and artillery and the Railway Guards Battalion. The sections of the Semyonovsky Regiment that had been sent outside of Moscow to the workers' settlements and factories along the Moscow-Kazan Railway line to Golutvina. 150 workers are summilarily shot, including the SR revolutionary and train driver Alexey Ukhtomsky, who was head of the strike committee of railwaymen and one of the leaders fighting squads on the Kazan Railway. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ухтомский,_Алексей_Владимирович cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 16] Russian Revolution of 1905-07: Interior Minister Pyotr Durnovo (Пётр Дурновó) orders the mass dismissal of all "politically unreliable" local government employees. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm]

[C2] 1907 - Émile Coulaudon aka Colonel Gaspard (d. 1977), French socialist, who was one of the principal leaders of the Résistance in Auvergne, born. Following the Battle of France, he was imprisoned at Gérardmer on June 22, 1940, and escaped on July 8. Soon after, with Jean Mazuel, he founded in Clermont-Ferrand and Brioude one of the first Resistance groups in Auvergne. Coulaudon then became head of Combat in Puy-de-Dôme November 1942 and, in April 1943, he went into hiding and created the Auvergne 1st Corps Franc. In spring 1944, Coulaudon became head of the Forces françaises de l'Intérieur in the Clermont region. After the war he was Socialist deputy mayor of Clermont-Ferrand and was the founding president of the Fédération des Mouvements Unis de Résistance et Maquis. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Coulaudon fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Coulaudon]

[C1] 1921 - Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel; d. 2012), Polish member of the Jewish resistance, who famously smuggled dynamite into, and also helped children escape out of, the Warsaw Ghetto, born. Active in the Zukunft, the youth organization of the Bund, the Jewish socialist-democratic party, which opposed to Zionism and advocated Yiddish language and culture and secular Jewish nationalism, she joined the Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; Jewish Fighting Organisation) when it was formed after the great deportations of the summer of 1942. Because of her flawless Polish and red hair, Peltel could pass as a non-Jew. Adopting the name Vladka, a name she kept even after liberation, she began working as a courier and, together her future husband, Benjamin Meed, they helped organise the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, smuggling arms into the ghetto and helping children escape out of it. They married in 1945 and survived both the Holocaust and World War II. Vladka Meed's book 'On Both Sides of the Wall' was originally published in Yiddish in 1948 with a first hand account of her wartime experiences. The book was translated into English in 1972 (with a foreword by Elie Wiesel), and later into German, Polish and Japanese. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladka_Meed jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meed-vladka forward.com/articles/166582/vladka-meed-warsaw-uprising-leader-dies-at-/]

1937 - Massive counterattack at Teruel by Fascist troops supported by the Condor legion.

1956 - Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers]: Following yesterday's assasination of Amédée Froger, the Mayor of Boufarik, a bomb explodes in the cemetery where Froger is to be buried. Enraged European civilians carriy out a series of random revenge attacks (ratonnade), killing four Muslims and injuring 50. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger www.histoire-en-questions.fr/algerie-alger-la-revoltee.html anidom.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/10/23/francois-mitterrand-et-ses-heures-noires/]

1968 - Due to the ongoing protests and occupations by Tokyo University medical students, the university administration cancels the 1969 entrance examinations. [ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2443/8/08chapter6.pdf]

1970 - The October Crisis (Canada): Minister of Justice Jérôme Choquette announces that under the War Measures Act Regulation, there have been 3,068 seizures and 453 persons arrested, of whom 403 were released in connection with the search for members of the Front de Libération du Québec. Of those arrested 139 were students, 45 workers, 42 unemployed persons, 25 teachers and professors, 17 journalists, 15 office workers, and 14 technicians and others.

1975 - A bomb explodes at 18:33 in the main terminal of New York's LaGuardia Airport, killing 11 and seriously injuring 74. The identity of the bombers was never ascertained, though Croatian nationalists were suspected following the Grand Central Terminal bombing on September 10, 1976. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_LaGuardia_Airport_bombing]

1975 - A bomb set off by the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Armed Forces of National Liberation) paramilitaries in East Harlem, New York, permanently disables a police officer while causing him to lose an eye. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberación_Nacional_Puertorriqueña]

[D1] 1996 - The Guatemalan government and leaders of the leftist Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union) sign a peace accord in Guatemala City, ending a civil war that had lasted 36 years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity]

2001 - Giovanni Marini (b. 1942), Italian working class poet, writer and anarchist, dies. Caught up in Italy's Strategy of Tension, he was framed for the murder of a fascist in 1974. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Marini libcom.org/history/marini-giovanni-1942-2001] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article720]
 * = 30 || [C2] 1879 - Michele Centrone (d. 1936), Italian carpenter, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, born. He was prosecuted in Italy for his anarchist activities around 1898 and emigrated to the United States in 1905. In San Francisco, he worked at '//La Protesta Umana//', directed by Enrico Travaglio, and collaborating on the newspaper '//Cronaca Sovversiva//', published by Luigi Galleani. An Individualist, he was a member of Nihil and manager of its paper '//Nihil//' (San Francisco, 9 issues January 4 to September 6, 1909). He also held positions in the 'Latin Union' of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America and was also affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World. Arrested a number of times for "disturbing the peace", and for "foreign anarchist propaganda", he spent time in prison and broke bail, fleeing to México under the name of Francesco Paglia. Arrested again in April 1920, along with Luigi and Giuseppe Ciancabilla Galleani, was expelled from the U.S. and deported to Italy. Wanted in Italy, he went to Canada and tried to return to the United States; arrested crossing the border, he was deported in 1924 to Europe and settled in France, where he was expelled in December 1928. Spending time in Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg, he was active in the Comitè d'Ajuda per les Víctimes Polítiques. In 1936, he was back living in Paris and, in July of that year, he was in the first group of Italian anarchists (including Camillo Berneri, Mario Girotti, Giuseppe Bifolchi, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini, Enzo Fantozzi, etc.) who went to Catalonia to fight the fascist uprising. He enlisted in the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, led by Carlo Roselli and Mario Angeloni, and fought on the Aragon front. On August 28, 1936, he was one of the first Italians (along with Mario Angeloni, Fosco Falaschi and Vicenzo Perrone) to die in the fighting in the Battle of Monte Pelado.

[D1] 1879 - Pastry cook Francisco Otero González fires 2 shots at Spain's Alfonso XII and Maria Cristina of Hapsburg-Lorraine, missing. He was sentenced to death and garroted on April 14, 1880. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentados_contra_Alfonso_XII es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Otero_González]

[CC] 1887 - Robert Siewert (d. 1973), German communist, anti-Stalinist and member of the anti-Nazi Resistance, born. During WWI, he worked illegally for the Spartacist League whilst serveing as a soldier on the Eastern Front. In 1918, he was a member of the Soldiers' Council of the 10th Army and, after that, he became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). However, because of his opposition to the Stalinisation of the party, he was expelled in 1929. Arrested on April 8, 1935, the Nazis charged him with high treason and, in December 1935, he was sentenced at the Volksgerichtshof to three years at hard labour in a Zuchthaus (prison). Then in September 1938, instead of being released, he was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. There he became involved in the leadership of the majority KPD underground resistance at the camp, standing up for Jewish prisoners and for the imprisoned Polish and Jewish children, saving many lives including that of the author and cameraman Stefan Jerzy Zweig. In 1945, and shortly before he was due to be executed, he was freed by American troops. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Siewert de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Siewert www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-#63;-1424.html?ID=5202]

1905 - [O.S. Dec. 17] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: Presnia, the main rebel district and home to 150,000 mainly textile workers, is shelled by the Semyonovsky Regiment's artillery. This includes the Schmidt furniture factory which is eventually captured. Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt (Николай Павлович Шмит) himself is also arrested early that morning. Troops of the Semyonovsky Regiment are also busy in the region of the Kazansky railway station and several nearby railway stations. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шмит,_Николай_Павлович]

1910 - Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero Hurtado (b. 1882), Mexican journalist, poet, anarchist propagandist and secretary to the 'Junta Organizadora del Partido liberal Mexicano', who served as an insurgent leader during the 1910 Revolution, is the first Mexican anarchist to give his life for Land and Liberty, when he is killed, at the early age of only 28, leading a small band in capturing the town of Janos, Chihuahua, in the early months of the Mexican Revolution. He now has a town in the state named after him. [see: Aug. 28]

1935 - Having already dropped mustard gas canisters from their planes, seven Italian planes attack a Swedish Red Cross unit at Dolo in Ethiopia, killing 27 patients and a Swedish medic. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/chemical/publications/ethiopiapaper shapesoftime.net.gridhosted.co.uk/?page_id=643]

1936 - Flint Sit-Down Strike: Workers at General Motors Fisher Body plant in Flint, Michigan, go out on strike. At lunchtime, word is received that GM plans to move key production equipment out of the Fisher #1 plant, intending to defeat the strike by moving production to another plant. Workers respond by physically occupying the plant and keeping management out. Outside supporters keep up a regular supply of food to the strikers inside while sympathizers march in support outside. The company uses both violence and legal measures to try to defeat the strikers. The company finally signs an agreement with the recently formed United Auto Workers Union on February 11, 1937. The strike leads to a surge of support for the UAW: in the next year, its membership grows from 30,000 to 500,000. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike www.uaw.org/articles/remembering-iconic-flint-sit-down-strike-1937 www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/February/flint.html libcom.org/history/flint-sit-down-strike-1936-1937-jeremy-brecher]

[C1] 1959 - Francisco 'Quico' Sabaté and his //guerrilla// group (Antonio Miracle, Rogelio Madrigal, Francisco Conesa and Martín Ruiz) cross the French border into Spain for the last time. All will be killed within a week.

1971 - Nicholas Turčinović aka Nicolas (or Nicolò) Turcinovich or Nicola Turcini (b. 1911), Croatian anarchist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Aug. 21]

1974 - Proceso 1001: The diez de Carabanchel (Carabanchel Ten), as they became known, are sentenced to: Marcelino Camacho, 20 years in prison.; Nicolás Sartorius, 19; Miguel Ángel Zamora Antón, 12; Pedro Santiesteban, 12; Eduardo Saborido, 20; Francisco García Salve (worker priest), 19; Luis Fernández, 12; Francisco Acosta, 12; Juan Muñiz Zapico Juanín, 18; and Fernando Soto Martín, 17 years in prison. The harshness of their sentences, which are directly in line with the demands of the prosecution, are a consequnce of the political and judicial backlash following the Carrero Blanco assassination. [see: Jun. 24, Nov. 25 & Dec. 20] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_1001 www.unidadylucha.es/index.php/estado/493-el-proceso-1001 bymundoenfermo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/historia-juicio-franquista-el-proceso.html]

1977 - Police raid offices of '//The Body Politic//' gay liberation newspaper in Toronto and seize twelve packing crates of material as 'evidence', including subscription lists. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm]

1994 - Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols, receptionists at different abortion clinic in Brookline, Massachusetts are murdered in two seperate attacks. John Salvi, who prior to his arrest was distributing pamphlets from “Human Life International”, is arrested and confesses to the killings. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-12-December.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salvi]

[D2] 1997 - Wilaya of Relizane Massacres: More than 400 people from four villages are killed by Groupe Islamique Armé (Armed Islamic Group) or al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha (الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة‎) fighters in the single worst incident during Algeria's Islamicist insurgency following the military's cancellation of 1992 elections, which set to be won by the Front Islamique du Salut (Islamic Salvation Front) or al-Jabhah al-Islāmiyah lil-Inqādh (الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilaya_of_Relizane_massacres_of_30_December_1997]

1997 - In Serbia riot police dispersed thousands of Albanian students protesting in Pristina, who demanded the right to study in their own language.

1997 - In Spain a judge accuses 36 Argentine military and police officers of involvement in torture and the disappearance of 600 Spaniards during the dirty war from 1976-1983. Most of those named served in the ESMA, a torture centre used by the military regime.

2005 - In Chile former dictator Gen. Augusto Pinochet is stripped of his legal immunity to face charges of diverting public funds to personal bank accounts.

2006 - A van bomb containing 500 to 800 kilograms explodes at terminal T4 of Madrid Barajas airport. Two Ecuadorian immigrants (Diego Armando Estacio Civizapa and Carlos Alonso Palate), who were napping inside their cars in the parking garage were killed, and 26 others were injured. On 9 January 2007, the Basque nationalist and separatist organisation ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) claimed responsibility for the attack. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Madrid–Barajas_Airport_bombing]

[A] 2006 - Saddam Hussein hanged, Baghdad. || [www.memorialibertaria.org/valladolid/spip.php?article56 www.estelnegre.org/documents/carbocarbo/carbocarbo.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CarboEusebio.htm libcom.org/library/six-articles-spanish-revolution-pierre-besnard dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/carbo/137-1.htm]
 * = 31 || 1883 - Eusebio Carbó Carbó (d. 1958), Spanish militant anarchist, editor and director of '//Solidaridad Obrera//' in 1930s as well as secretary of the IWA, born. Active and very much a globe-trotting internationalist, he saw the inside of nearly sixty prisons around the world from the age of 18 onwards. [expand]

[C1] 1902 - Nikos Ploumpidis (or Ploumbidis) (Νίκος Πλουμπίδης; d. 1954), Greek member and leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) during the Metaxas dictatorship, the German Occupation and the Civil War in Greece, but also one of the most tragic figures in the history of the Communist Party, born. As a young teacher, he joined the KKE in 1926 and in 1930 became a member of the Executive Committee of the Central Union of Civil Servants. Sacked the following year due to his political activism, he was eventually elected to the Politburo of the KKE in 1938. In 1939 he was arrested by the secret police of the regime of General Ioannis Metaxas, and was imprisoned in Sotiria hospital until his escape in 1942. He then involved himself in the newly formed National Liberation Front (EAM) and in the communist youth organisation (OKNE). He resigned from the Politburo in 1945 due to ill-health (tuberculosis) and was later instrumental in establishing the United Democratic Left (EDA) party, essentially a proxy party of the now illegal KKE. In 1952 he was arrested by the secret police. After a three-week trial, he was found guilty on August 3, 1953, and sentenced to death. At the same time, the exiled KKE Central Committee under his rival Nikos Zachariadis decided to expel Ploumpidis from the party on the grounds that he was, supposedly, a secret police spy and British agent. He was executed by firing squad in Agia Marina, near Dafni on August 14th. The Greek government released a photo of his execution to the Greek press. '//Rizospastis//' and '//I Avgi//', the two left newspapers, didn't publish the photos following KKE's allegations that the execution was fake and Ploumpidis is spending the money he took for his treason. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Ploumpidis el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Νίκος_Πλουμπίδης]

[D1] 1905 - [O.S. Dec. 18] Moscow Uprising [Дека́брьское восста́ние 1905 года в Москве́]: General Georgy Min (Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Мин), who was prominent as commander of the Semenov Life Guards (лейб-гвардии Семёновского) regiment, orders the final assault: "Act without mercy. There will be no arrests." [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus03.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мин,_Георгий_Александрович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Семёновский_лейб-гвардии_полк] encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/October+All-Russian+Political+Strike+of+1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декабрьское_восстание_в_Москве_(1905) rushist.com/index.php/russia/3016-dekabrskoe-vooruzhennoe-vosstanie-v-moskve-1905 dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/5270/ДЕКАБРЬСКИЕ www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-3.html]

1913 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (d. 2002), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of the CNT, born. From the age of 14 she was secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres and, following the defeat of the revolution, organized a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dicatatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the ateneo Al Margen. [expand] [NB: Dec. 30 also given as birth date] [www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Isabel_Mesa_Delgado www.estelnegre.org/documents/mesadelgado/mesadelgado.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5114 libcom.org/history/mesa-isabel-1913-2002]

1941 - "Jewish youth! Do not trust those who are trying to deceive you. Hitler plans to destroy all the Jews of Europe… We will not be led like sheep to the slaughter! True, we are weak and defenceless, but the only reply to the murderer is revolt! Brothers! Better to fall as free fighters than to live by the mercy of the murderers. Arise! Arise with your last breath!" With these words on December 31, 1941, Lithuanian Jewish Hebrew poet and partisan leader Abba Kovner galvanized the divided factions of the Vilna ghetto resistance to join together and fight back against their would-be murderers. Three weeks later, the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO; United Partisan Organisation) was born. Kovner would go on to command the FPO and lead the famed Avengers partisan unit. [see: Mar. 14]

1958 - Newfoundland Loggers Strike: Hundreds of loggers employed by Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company at Grand Falls go out on strike for wage increases and for improvements in living conditions at wood camps. [www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/newfoundland-loggers-strike/]

[D2] 1964 - Syrian-based al-Fatah guerrillas of Yasser Arafat launches their first raid on Israel with the aim of provoking a retaliation and sparking an Arab war against Israel.

1968 - Explosion of four FLQ bombs close to Montreal City Hall, the Federal Tax building and U.S. Secretary of State offices in Montreal. No one is hurt. A premium of $20,000 is offered to help find the bombers. [canadachannel.ca/todayincanadianhistory/index.php/December_31]

1981 - In Ghana Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings, a young fighter pilot, topples President Hilla Limann in a coup d'etat.

1982 - Martial law in Poland, declared in December 1981 in an effort to destroy the Solidarność trade union workers' movement, is suspended. It is formally ended on July 22, 1983. [justice4poland.com/2014/12/15/martial-law-in-poland-1981/]

1982 - Puerto Rican nationalist paramilitaries from Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Armed Forces of National Liberation) explode bombs outside of the 26 Federal Plaza in Manhattan, Federal Bureau of Investigation Headquarters and a United States courthouse in Brooklyn. Three New York Police Department police officers are blinded with one officer losing both eyes. All three officers sustained other serious injuries trying to defuse a second Federal Plaza bomb. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberación_Nacional_Puertorriqueña]

1983 - In France bombings in the main railroad terminal in Marseilles and on the Paris-Marseilles express train kill 5 people and injure 50. The attack is attributed to Carlos the Jackal, aka Ilich Ramirez Sanchez. [lists.jammed.com/IWAR/1997/12/0117.html]

1988 - Nicolas Calas (Νικόλαος Κάλας), pseudonym of Nikos Kalamaris (Νίκος Καλαμάρης; b. 1907), Greek-American poet, art critic, surrealist and anarchist, who also used the pseudonyms Nikitas Randos (Νικήτας Ράντος) and M. Spieros (Μ. Σπιέρος), dies. [see: May 27]

1999 - Earth Liberation Front activists set fire at MSU Agriculture Hall, Lansing, Michigan.

2004 - Alan Barlow (b. 1928), British trade unionist and anarcho-syndicalist, arrested, charged and imprisoned in 1969 for his role in the 1st of May Group bombing of the Francoist Banco de Bilbao in London, dies. [see: Mar. 28]

2004 - Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by man in a Rome street: "because I hated him." || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012) 2010 - Mohamed Bouazizi commits suicide by self-immolation in Tunisia, triggering the Arab Spring. Birthday of Bradley Manning [WikiLeaks defendant]