February


 * = FEBRUARY ||
 * = 1 || 1851 - Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley (b. 1797) dies. [see: Aug. 30]

1860 - Michel Zévaco (d. 1918), French journalist, novelist, publisher, film director, anti-clerical revolutionary socialist and anarchist, born. Popularly known for his '//Les Pardaillan//' series of swashbuckling novels which were serialised in a number of daily newspapers. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout08.html#zevaco fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Zévaco www.terresdecrivains.com/article.php3?id_article=328 www.encres-vagabondes.com/dossier epee/dossier zevaco.htm]

1879 - Georgy Ivanovich Chulkov (Гео́ргий Ива́нович Чулко́в; d. 1939), Russian Symbolist poet, editor, writer, critic and the founder and popularised of the theory of Mystical Anarchism, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Chulkov]

1882 - [N.S. Feb 13] Gesya Mirovna Gelfman (Ге́ся Ми́ровна Ге́льфман; b. ca. 1852-55), Russian dressmaker, student midwife, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, dies of untreated peritonitis suffered during childbirth. [see: Feb. 13]

1886 - Manuel Pardiñas Serrano (d. 1912), Spanish anarchist gunman who assassinated President José Canalejas in 1912 for his role in suppressing a rail strike, then turned the gun on himself, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pardiñas_Serrano www.mundohistoria.com.ar/manuel-pardinas-serrano-y-un-magnicidio-exitoso-contra-canalejas/]

1887 - First edition of the Barcelona anarchist weekly '//El Productor//'. Initially subtitled a '//Socialist Daily//', it went weekly on March 8, 1887 and subsequently became an '//Anarchist Periodical//' from July 4, 1890. It cease publishing at issue 369 (September 21, 1893).

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 19] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: With the Putilov workers having finally returned to work yesterday after the protests that followed the Bloody Sunday massacre, during which around 45 of their comrades had been killed and 61 more seriously wounded as they tried to present the tsar with the petition that they had helped write, At the suggestion of Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov (Дми́трий Фёдорович Тре́пов), the new Governor General of St Petersburg and one-time hated Chief of Moscow Police, Nicholas II makes a show of receiving a hand-picked delegation of workers in the Winter Palace. Of the victims of Bloody Sunday, he tells the delegation that: "I believe in the honest feelings of the working people and in their unshakable loyalty to me, and therefore I forgive them their guilt." (Я верю в честные чувства рабочих людей и непоколебимую преданность их Мне, а потому прощаю им вину их.) [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm bav-eot.livejournal.com/1305215.html]

[1906 - [O.S. Jan. 19] __Vladivostok Republic__ overturned by Tsarist forces. [see: Jan. 24] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Владивостокские_восстания encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladivostok+Uprisings+1905,+1906,+and+1907]

1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal and his eldest son, Prince Luis Filipe, are assassinated by republican gunmen Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça.

1909 - First edition of the daily newspaper '//La Révolution//' in Paris. It was to only run for 2 months (56 issues).

1911 - Étienne Faure aka 'Cou Tordu' or 'Cou Tors' (b. 1837), French member of the Commune de Saint-Étienne, militant anarchist and propagandist, dies. [see: Aug. 23]

1912 - IWW free-speech fight begins in San Diego, California. [expand]

1920 - During this month Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman settle in Petrograd where they renew their friendships with William Shatoff, now working as Commissar of Railroads, and John Reed.

1921 - The first issue of the monthly newspaper '//The Industrial Pioneer//' is published in Chicago by the general executive board of the IWW. It succeeds the '//One Big Union Monthly//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industrial_Pioneer depts.washington.edu/iww/newspapers.shtml]

1926 - First edition of the Belgian anarchist fortnightly '//Le Combat//' (The Fight). It stopped printing in April 1928 after 33 issues.

1929 - The anti-fascist organisation the Labour League of Ex-Servicemen (LLX) changes its name to the Workers' Legion because of dwindling numbers (and a degree of infighting between branches) and throwing its doors open to "all class-conscious workers" (rather than just CPGB members). The Workers' Legion would prove even more ineffectual than the rather patchy efforts of the LLX. [PR]

1931 - Severino Di Giovanni (b. 1901), Italian typographer and, anarchist who emigrated to Argentina and won fame for his campaign of propagandist violence in support of Sacco and Vanzetti, is executed by military firing squad. [see: Mar. 17]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Following the sounding of the lunch break siren, the wagon and locomotive class I and II workers gathered in the large hall by the Workshops to begin a protest against the wage cuts, moving on to the administrative building. Having received the workers' list of grievances, the employers' representatives asked the workers that they would have to wait for the employers' response. Meanwhile, a struggle was going on between the communists and social democrat elements within the workers, with the latter arguing that the strikers should proceed with caution in order not to give the any excuse to provoke a fight. The communists disagreed and would go on to do just that, engaging in a number of shoot-out with the forces of law and order. At around 16:00, workers left the workshops //en masse// in anticipation of the following day's strike. The newspaper '//Scânteia//' (Spark) reported that "In Bucharest the army and the police did not even dare to intervene against the strikers."

[F] 1952 - __Grève Générale en Tunisie__: A General Strike called against the French colonial rulers in Tunisia begins. Following the suppression of demonstrations against the French colonial government by Tunisian nationalists in Bizerte, Mateur, Sousse, Teboulba, and Tunis on January 16-23, 1952, which had resulted in the deaths of 30 nationalists; the arrest by French police Habib Bourguiba and five other Neo-Déstour [the Nouveau Parti Libéral Constitutionnel (New Constitutional Liberal Party / الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد)] leaders on January 18, 1952; and the deploying of around 28,000 troops and police across the Cap Bon in Tunisia between January 26 and February 11, 1952 in a //ratissage// (campaign of terror) of rape, looting and murder, the Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail and Néo-Destour had called a general strike from February. The French responded by demanding the opening of all shops, a demand that singularly failed before the widespread display of Tunisian solidarity. The Foreign Legion was then sent in to small towns and villages across the country to avenge the honour of the tricolor in a series of round-ups that provoke further rioting. [watchingtunisia.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/materi-bensalem-capbon-08-090252.pdf fresques.ina.fr/independances/fiche-media/Indepe00034/troubles-et-repression-en-tunisie.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_générale_tunisienne_du_travail fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destour archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n058.pdf archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n059.pdf archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/syndrev/revolutionproletarienne/serieap1947/larevolutionproletarienne-n060.pdf]

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: On the day of his inauguration, the new Brazilian President Jânio Quadros sent a telegram to Galvão, in which he offered the rebels political asylum. Below decks on the Santa Maria the passengers were beginning to loose patience with the rebels. In Third Class, passengers had formed an action committee and were planning to attempt to recapture the ship if they were not allowed to disembark by midday on February 2nd. Their plan was to announce this via a demonstration in First Class two hours prior to the deadline. [see: Jan. 21]

[B] 1962 - Ken Kesey’s '//One Flew Over Cuckoo's Nest//' is first published.

1971 - Raoul Hausmann (b. 1886), Austrian anarcho-individualist influenced artist, collagist, photographer, sculptor, writer, poet, theorist and anti-fascist, who was one of the key figures in Berlin Dada, dies. [see: Jul. 12]

1972 - Rhodesia House in London firebombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - Leymah Roberta Gbowee, Liberian peace activist responsible for leading the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement that helped bring an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee leymahgbowee.com womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee]

1976 - Hans Richter (b. 1888), German Dadaist painter, sculptor, collagist, graphic artist, avant-garde film-experimenter, anti-militarist and anarchist, who claimed that Kropotkin's '//Mutual Aid//' was the most significant book that he ever read, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

[C] 1980 - Yolanda González Martín (b. 1961), an anti-Fascist from Deusto, Bilbao, in the Basque Country, who was active in the Trotskyist Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST; Socialist Workers Party), is abducted by the Batallón Vasco Español, a right wing paramilitary group after leaving a PST meeting late that evening in Madrid. She is then tortured and killed and her body is found by the Guardia Civil the following morning in the San Martin de Valdeiglesias area. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_González www.antifeixistes.org/3516_memoria-yolanda-gonzalez-anys-assassinat.htm]

1984 - Lucien Chardonneau (b. 1896), French roofer and lead worker, militant anarcho-syndicalist and trade unionist, dies. [see: Sep. 18]

[E] 1985 - Asmaa Mahfouz (أسماء محفوظ‎‎), Egyptian activist and one of the founders of the April 6 Youth Movement, who is credited with helping to spark mass uprising through her video blog posted one week before the start of the 2011 Egyptian revolution, born. Alongside Israa Abdel Fattah, Gigi Ibrahim, Mona Seif and others, she became one of the high-profile representatives of the numerous young women activists who took to the streets during the first days of the protests, confounding the opprobrium of Egypt's conservative society, whilst at the same time having to cope with often daily sexual assaults perpetuated against those same women activists from the men within their own ranks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz]

[D] 1986 - Two days of anti-government riots in Port-au-Prince, Haiti leaves 14 dead. By the end of the week 'Baby Doc' Duvalier will have gone into exile.

1986 - The opening of TLP, the Théâtre Libertaire de Paris (formerly Théâtre Déjazet) as a new home for libertarian arts, culture and eduction in Paris, with Léo Ferré the opening act. It closed in 1992 when the lease was cancelled.

[A] 2011 - Some two million protesters gather in Tahrir Square in the biggest demonstration since the popular revolution against the Mubarak regime began. The government closes down Egyptian National Railways as well as Internet and mobile phone services. Google and Twitter team up to build a voice-to-tweet system to allow Egyptians to tweet. Al Jazeera reports that its signal is being jammed in parts of the Middle East, days after Egypt shut the news network's operations there.

2013 - In the early hours of the morning, London based anarchist bookshop Freedom is damaged in an arson attack. Nobody is hurt in the fire which partially gutted the ground floor and damaged the building's electrics. [libcom.org/news/freedom-bookshop-firebombed-01022013] ||
 * = 2 || [B] 1852 - José Guadalupe Posada (d. 1913), Mexican cartoonist illustrator and artist who worked closely with the Magonistas, born.

1876* - [O.S. Jan. 21] Olga Iljinicna Taratuta [Ольги Іллівни Таратути (uk) / Ольга Ильинична Таратута (ru)], aka Babushka ,Valia, Tania, D. Basist (real name Elka Golda Eljevna Ruvinskaia [Елька Гольда Еліївна Рувинська (uk) / Элька Гольда Эльевна Рувинская (ru)]; d. 1938), Ukrainian teacher, anarcho-communist revolutionary and founder of the Ukrainian Anarchist Black Cross, born. Taratuta worked as a teacher after completing her studies and was arrested on "political suspicions" in 1895. In 1897 she joined a social democratic group associated with Abram (Аврам) and Juda Grossman (Иуда Гроссман) in Ekaterinoslav (Елисаветграде). Taratuta was a member of the South Russian Workers' Union (Южно-русский рабочий союз) and the Yelisavetgrad (Єлисаветград; modern-day Kropyvnytskyi) committee of the RDSLP (1898-1901). In 1901 she fled abroad, living in Germany and Switzerland, where she worked on the party organ 'Iskra' and met Georgi Plekhanov and Vladimir Lenin. While in Switzerland in 1903, Taratuta became an anarcho-communist. In 1904, she returned to Russia where she joined the Soyuz Neprimirimyye (Союз Непримиримые / Union of Intransigents) anarchist group in Odessa around the Pole Jan Wacław Machajski. She was arrested in April 1904 but was freed in the autumn for lack of evidence. She then joined the Odessa Workers Group of Anarchist Communists (Рабочая группа анархистов-коммунистов), which distributed propaganda and organised workers’ circles. During this period, she began using the pseudonym Babushka (a strange alias given that she was still only thirty) and soon began to gain a reputation in anarchist circles. At the beginning of October 1905 she was arrested again but was released with the amnesty that accompanied the publication of the 'October Manifesto' (Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября). Babushka then joined the combat organisation of the South Russian Group of Anarchist Communists (Южно-русской группы коммунистов-анархистов) which used the tactic of "motiveless terror" – attacks on institutions and representatives of the autocratic regime ["представителей паразитов-эксплуататоров" (representatives of the parasite-exploiters)] rather than particular targeted individuals. It should be noted here that the anarchist-communist or chernoznamentsi (чернознаменцы) current that Taratuta was involved in, was exemplified by the Chernoye Znamya (Чёрное знамя / Black Banner) group of Juda Solomonovich Grossman (Иу́да Соломо́нович Гро́ссман; 1883-1934) aka 'Roshchin' (Рощин), Vladimir Lapidus (Владимиром Лапидусом) aka 'Strigoi' (Стригой), German Karlovich Askarov [-Jacobson] (Герман Карлович Аскаров [-Якобсон]), and German Borisovich Sandomirskiy (Герман Борисович Сандомирский). Its stated programme was "Persistent guerrilla actions by the proletarian masses, organising the unemployed for the expropriation of vital supplies, anti-bourgeois mass terror and the expropriation of private property", however, following a congress in Białystok in autumn 1905, the chernoznamentsi movement broke up into two factions, with the bezmotivniki (безмотивники / motiveless ones) splitting from the anarcho-communist konnunari (коммунары / communards). It was a bezmotivniki combat cell of the South Russian Group, consisting of Taratuta, Bella Shereshevskii (Беллу Шерешевская), Josif Bronstein (Йосифа Бронштейн), Moise Metz (Моисея Мец), Stanislav Shashek (Станислава Шашек) and Kopel Erdelevski (Копелем Эрделевским) that carried out the notorious attack on the Café Libman in Odessa on December 30 [17], 1905. She was one of the five (along with Shereshevskii, Bronstein, Metz and Shashek) who threw bombs into the café, killing and wounding about 50 people. Soon after, they and the bomb maker Erdelevski were arrested and thrown into prison in Odessa. At their trial on November 14 [1], 1906 in the Odessa military district court, Taratuta and Shashek (21 years old) were sentenced to seventeen years' hard labour. Shereshevskii (22), Bronstein (18) and Metz (21) were sentenced to death and hanged the following October. Erdelevski however had managed to feign insanity and, after being transferred from a psychiatric hospital in Odessa to St. Nicholas hospital in St. Petersburg, escaped in the winter of 1906 and fled abroad. Six weeks after here trial she managed to escape from the Odessa prison on December 28 [15], and by the end of 1906 Taratuta was in Moscow. There she participated in the formation of the Buntar (Бунтарь / The Mutineer) anarchist group, editing the group's newspaper of the same name. In March 1907, and fearing another arrest, she left for Geneva. There she joined the International Anarchist-Communists combat group (Боевой интернациональной группы анархистов-коммунистов), amongst whose members were Sergei Borisov (Сергей Борисов), Kopel Erdelevski, Nikolay Ignatievich Musil (Николай Игнатьевич Музель) [or N.I. Rogdayev (Н.И. Рогдаев)], Rozalia Tarlo (Розалии Тарло), Naum Tisch (Наум Тыш), German Sandomirskii (Герман Сандомирский) and Isaak Dubinskiy (Исаак Дубинский). Taratuta and the group planned a series of expropriations in the Ukraine (which raised 60 thousand roubles) to finance the buying of weapons, as well as arranging a series of attentats, which were hoped would result in an uprising in southern of Ukraine. In autumn 1907 Olga returned to Ekaterinoslav, going on to Kieve and Odessa, where she planned a series of attacks including the unsuccessful assassination attemptss on General Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kaulbars (Александр Васильевич Каульбарс), commander of the Odessa military region, and General Ivan Nikolaevich Tolmachov (Ива́н Никола́евич Толмачёв), the mayor of Odessa, together with the bombing of the Odessa military district court. At the end of February 1908, she went to Kiev to help prepare for a mass escape of anarchist prisoners from the city's Lukyanivska (Лук'янівська) prison. The plan was to blow up the fortress walls but before it could be carried out, all the other members of the group were betrayed by police spies and arrested. Olga managed to escape the police's clutches. The previous month, many of the prominent members of the combat group, including Grossman, Borisov and Tisch, had begun to be arrested and Olga herself was arrested in Ekaterinoslav in March 1908 carrying a suitcase stuffed full of bombs. In late 1909, and in view of her previous escape, she was sentenced by the Odessa military district court to 21 years hard labour in Lukyanivska prison. Following the February Revolution, Olga was released on March 1, 1917, "a tired and subdued woman in her late forties" [Paul Avrich], and she withdrew from anarchist activities as she searched for her partner and their child who she had not seen for the past twelve years. Having rejected to outcome of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks' power grab, by May 1918 Olga Taratuta was once again involved in political activities, working in the Political Red Cross (политическом Красном Кресте) in Kiev, supporting imprisoned revolutionaries and political exiles of all persuasions. With the growing persecution of anarchists by the Bolshevik government, Taratuta rejoined the anarchist struggle, working on the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper 'Golos Truda' (Голос Труда / Voice of Labour) and joining the Nabat (Набат) confederation, the Confederation of Anarchist Organisations of Ukraine (Конфедерації анархістських організацій України [uk] / Конфедера́ция анархи́стских организа́ций Украи́ны [ru]), in June 1920. With the signing of the pact between the Soviet government and the Makhnovists at the end of September 1920, she returned to the Ukraine, becoming an adviser to Nestor Makhno. At Makhno's headquarters in Gulyai Polye (Гуляй-поле), she was given 5 million roubles by the Makhnovist commanders, with which she set up the Anarchist Black Cross (Анархического Черного Креста) organisation in Kharkov to support persecuted anarchists and prisoners rotting in Soviet prisons. On November 26, 1920 during a mass repression against anarchists and Makhnovshchina, she was one of the 300 comrades arrested in Kharkov during the preparations for the anarchist 'unification' (объединительного) congress planned for December 1 in the city. The АЧК offices were closed down and in January 1921 she was transferred to the Butyrka prison in Moscow with forty other comrades. Olga was amongst those anarchist who were released from prison for a few hours to attend the funeral of Kropotkin on February 13, 1921, before being locked up again. On April 26, 1921, she was amongst a group of anarchists taken to Orel Central prison (Орловский главный централ). During the transfer she was badly beaten by her guards. That May, the Soviet Attorney General proposed to Olga that she could be released if she publicly renounces her political views. Her response was to join a group of libertarian prisoners in an 11-day hunger strike to protest their conditions of detention. However, she falls victim to a severe attack of scurvy, suffering the loss of almost all her teeth along side a massive deterioration of her health. In a letter to friends at the time, she claimed that the two years that she had spent in prison up till then had cost her much more that all the years she had spent in Tsarist forced labour camps. In March 1922, she began two years' exile in Velikii Ustiug (Вели́кий У́стюг), in the north-eastern Volodga oblast. In early 1924, she was released (it would prove just a temporary respite) and returned to Kiev. Though she was no longer has political active, she remained in contact with the few anarchist militants who still remained outside prison walls and in mid 1924 she was arrested for carrying out anarchist propaganda, but was soon released. Later that year, she returned to Moscow and in 1927, and with a new-found energy, Olga joined the campaign in support of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. She also became an active member of the All-Union Society of Former Political Prisoners (Всесоюзного общества бывших политкаторжан), maintaining over the next few years an extensive international correspondence about the need to organise a global campaign to support anarchist prisoners locked up in the USSR. In 1929 she returned to Odessa and became involved in the smuggling of anarchist literature into the country. Later that year she was arrested by the Cheka and charged with attempting to set up a local anarchist cell amongst railway workers and the spread of anarchist propaganda. She was sentenced to two years in prison, When she got out in 1931, eight members of the All-Union Society of Former Political Prisoners (Всесоюзного общества бывших политкаторжан) appealed to the Soviet authorities to grant her a pension as a very sick and old revolutionary desperately in need of support. But instead, she was arrested yet again in 1933. 1937 saw Olga back in Moscow and now having to work in a metallurgical factory despite her poor health. On November 27, 1937, Olga Taratuta was arrested for a final time, accused of anarchist and anti-Soviet activities. At her trial on February 8, 1939, she was sentenced to death by the Chief Tribunal of the Soviet Union and executed the same day. [*some sources give the years as 1874 or 1878] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2101.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Taratuta fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Taratuta libcom.org/history/taratuta-olga-ilyinichna-1876-1938-real-name-elka-golda-elievna-ruvinskaia-aka-babushka- www.lafeuillecharbinoise.com/?p=9033 voyages.ideoz.fr/olga-taratuta-militante-histoire-russe/ procol-harum.livejournal.com/148875.html?thread=1775499 bestanarhist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/blog-post_3415.html odesskiy.com/chisto-fakti-iz-zhizni-i-istorii/anarhistskaja-odessa-odesskie-anarhisty.html www.n-slovo.com.ua/index.php/component/content/article/9-newspaper/1523-kjli.html bestanarhist.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/blog-post_3415.html topwar.ru/62121-bomba-v-kafe-libmana-bezmotivnyy-terror.html topwar.ru/53049-boevoy-internacionalnyy-otryad-neudachnaya-epopeya-anarhistov-pytavshihsya-razzhech-pozhar-revolyucii-v-gorodah-malorossii.html www.hrono.ru/dokum/190_dok/19080318.html grey-croco.livejournal.com/568628.html socialist.memo.ru/lists/shtrihi/l140.htm www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=14230]

1881 - Rosario (Roser) Dulcet Martí, aka 'Dolcet' (d. 1968), Catalan textile worker, anarcho-syndicalist militant and propagandist, born. [expand] [libcom.org/history/dulcet-marti-rosario-1881-2012 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0202.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Dolcet_Martí militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1372 www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/5751-libertad-rodenas-y-rosario-dulcet-biografia-de-dos-mujeres-anarquistas.html]

1882 - James Joyce (d. 1941), Irish novelist and poet, born.

1890 - The first issue of '//Volné Listy//' (Free Sheet) in Brooklyn, NY, a Czech language anarchist monthly.

1891 - The United Mine Workers union, formed only the previous year, organises a strike against the Henry Clay Frick-owned Morewood Mine & Coke Works in Pennsylvania, a strike for higher wages and an eight-hour work day that would result in the Morewood Massacre on April 3. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morewood_massacre patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/morewood2.html explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2CB old.post-gazette.com/neigh_westmoreland/20000924markers6.asp]

1894 - Román Delgado (d. 1952), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist who was active in Cuba (expelled for inciting the workers of the sugar to go on strike), North America and Mexico, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier02.html#2 puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2847-roman-delgado-anarquista-gallego.html]

[D] 1899 - __Negros Revolution aka Al Cinco de Noviembre__: American forces land on Negros Island unopposed, ending the island's independence which began in November 1898. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Revolution]

[C] 1902 - Mika Feldman de Etchebéhère (d. 1992), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist, who fought with the POUM in Spain, born. The only woman to lead a militia column in the Spanish Civil War. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juillet07.html#etchebehere www.estelnegre.org/documents/etchebehere/etchebehere.html interbrigadas.org/en/brigades_previous_mika_biography.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Feldman_de_Etchebéhère www.fundanin.org/mika.htm recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EtchebehereMika.htm www.elcorreo.eu.org/Mika-Feldman-Etchebehere-1902-1992,14986]

[FF] 1912 - __Black Friday / Brisbane General Strike__: With the Strike Committee now effectively an alternative government, the 'real' government decided to attempt to re-establish their control in the city by refusing to grant permits for processions and to issue a proclamation banning them. So, when the Strike Committee requested a permit for a march to be held on Friday February 2, the police commissioner Patrick Cahill refused to issue it. So, when an estimated crowd of 15,000 assembled in Market Square despite the lack of march permit, the police and specials attacked the crowd under the direction of Cahill, who shouted, "Give it to them, lads! Into them". A large contingent of foot and mounted police beat and arrested many protesters including many elderly people, women, and children who were walking peacefully. This event was initially called Baton Friday, but later came to be known as Black Friday. It created bitterness and hatred towards the police that would exist for several decades. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Brisbane_general_strike libcom.org/history/1912-brisbane-general-strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/australians-general-strike-right-unionize-brisbane-australia-1912 www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Brisbane_General_Strike_1912.htm independentaustralia.net/australia/australia-display/100th-anniversary-of-1912-brisbane-general-strike,3898 www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbanes-great-strike-remembered-20120118-1q64v.html www.marxists.org/archive/childe/how-labor-governs/ch09.htm]

1915 - María García (d. 1998), Spanish militant //cenetista//, born. Moving to Madrid from Extremadura, she first encounter anarchism via the libertarian newspapers sold on the capital's street. She joined the CNT and worked in the ranks along side Cipriano Mera during the Civil War. She managed to escape from Alicante to Oran, where she ended up in the concentration camps. In 1947 in Oran she became the partner of fellow cenetista José Alcaraz and spent the 1970s in France, settling in Toulouse. María García died there on March 13, 1998. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0202.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The origins of the conflict, dated back to late January 1919 when the company Regs i Força de l'Ebre, a branch of Barcelona Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd., which produced 70% of the electricity consumed in Catalonia, introduced changes in the working conditions of clerical staff at the Anglo-Canadian financed 'La Canadiense' hydroelectric plant in Barcelona, changes that amounted to a cut in wages. On February 2, with a number of temporary staff due to have to be taken on on permanent contracts, they were moved on to the lower wage rate [their monthly salary of 150 pesetas cut to 125 and 125 cut to 105], prompting protests from some of them who happened to be CNT members. Eight were sacked (five being from the billing section) for these protests and their attempts to form a union in the company [Fraser Lawton, the director of la Canadenca in Catalunya, had forbidden the formation of unions amongst his workers]. Three days later on February 5, 117 [other sources claim 140] clerical staff in the billing section held a sitdown strike demanding the reinstatement of their colleagues. They later took to the streets and went to see the regional governor who promised to intercede on their behalf if they agreed to return to work. When they returned to the factory, however, they were blocked from entering by a police cordon and were all told that they had been fired. The company refused to provide further explanation other than a statement from one of the foreign managers, Mr. Coulton, who said they were inept and that was due to the dismissal. Instead, they attempted to replace them with staff from other sections, whilst at the same time refusing to recognise the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT (Single Union of Water, Gas and Electricity of the CNT) as an interlocutor. They were followed three days later on Februart 8 by virtually the whole workforce under the strategic approach adopted at the Congrés de Sants [June 28-July 1, 1918], marking the beginning of the most successful strike action in Spanish labour history. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo directed strike led to a city-wide general strike in Barcelona, involving more than 100,000 workers and all efforts to break the strike were unsuccessful and the CNT’s demands were met, including the eight-hour day, union recognition, the reinstatement of all fired workers, and wage increases in some industries. [revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca madrid.cnt.es/historia/auge-de-la-cnt/ chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.llibertat.cat/2015/04/catalanistes-ultraespanyolistes-i-anarcosindicalistes-a-la-campanya-autonomista-de-1918-19-30559 blogs.sapiens.cat/socialsenxarxa/2011/03/02/la-conflictivitat-social-a-catalunya-sindicalisme-vaga-de-la-canadenca-i-pistolerisme-1917-1923/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/11_Diari d'un obrer revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 revistamemoria.mx/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memoria-255-web.pdf historia2mariam.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/la-vaga-canadenca-1919.html lacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2019_02_01_archive.html www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.scribd.com/fullscreen/40749381?access_key=key-1lzt42sr3s2ugb43th8k nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-workers-win-general-strike-economic-justice-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-la-canadiense-and-barcelona-general-strike www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919vaga-c.htm enlluita.org/articles/la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-un-exemple-de-lluita-i-sindicalisme/ www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/285135/jcmb1de1.pdf;jsessionid=1A813107B6FFCD0E0941909C9F554FDC?sequence=1]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The General Strike Committee, made up of 300 members from 110 local unions, meets for the first time and takes control of running the strike. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

[A] 1919 - Twenty three year old French carpenter-cabinet maker and militant anarchist Louis Émile Cottin aka 'Milou' tries to assassinate Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. Firing at Clemenceau several times as he is leaving his house on rue Franklin in Paris, Cottin managed to hit him once, wounding him but missing any vital organs. Clemenceau survives and Cottin is arrested. On March 14, 1919 he was sentenced to death but this was commuted to 10 years in prison following a protest campaign organised in the pages of the French anarchist newspaper '//Le Libertaire//'. Following his release from prison and a prolonged period spent under house arrest, in July 1936 Émile Cottin joined the Durruti Column and fought in the Spanish Civil War, dying on October 8, 1936 during the battle at Farlete, near Pina de Ebro, Zaragoza, Aragon. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article978]

1921 - __Tambov Rebellion__: The Soviet leadership announced the end of the policy of Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка - confiscation of grain and other agricultural produce from the peasants for a nominal fixed price according to specified quotas), and issued a special decree directed at peasants from the region implementing the 'prodnalog' (Продналог - 'tax in kind') policy. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тамбовское_восстание_(1920—1921) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion ria.ru/history_spravki/20100616/246962919.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продналог en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodnalog]

1926 - Jules Leroux (b. 1860), French anarchist co-operativist activist, dies. [see: Aug. 10]

[F] 1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: 3,000 timber workers are locked out of nearly 70 timber mills in New South Wales, Australia, when they refuse to accept a judge’s order for a longer work week and reduced wages. The workers remained out for eight and a half months, with the support of other unions and the community. [wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/orgmanagement/WorkingPapers/WP104.pdf scratchingsydneyssurface.wordpress.com/tag/timber-workers/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Australian_timber_workers'_strike www.takver.com/history/myunion/myunion11.htm#1929]

1930 - José María Nunes (d. 2010), Portuguese-Catalan filmmaker, director, script writer, actor and anarchist, born in Portugal. His family moved to Spain in 1942, ending up in Barcelona in 1946, ​​where he lived until his death. Always fascinated by the cinema (he had written his first screenplay before the age of thirteen), one of the first books he read in Castilian was '//Cómo Escribir un Guión Cinematográfico//' (How to Write a Screenplay) by Enrique Gómez. Living in a shack in the shadow of the Montjuic mountain, he began to write short novels, //novelas rosa//, 2 of which he managed to sell to a publisher. Having tried a number of different jobs and unable to go to university to study architecture (no high school education), he decided to devote himself to photography as a way into the cinema. His first film in 1957, '//Mañana...//' (Tomorrow...) laid the foundations for the establishment of the Escola de Cinema de Barcelona and he would go on to establish himself as one of its main proponents, alongside Joaquim Jordà, Jacinto Esteva and Pere Portabella. His other films include: '//No Dispares Contra Mí//' (1961); '//La Alternativa//' (1963); '//Noche de Tino Tinto//' (1966); '//Biotaxia//' (1968); '//Sexperiencias//' (1968); '//Iconockaut//' (1975); '//Autopista A-2-7//' (1977); '//En Secreto... Amor//' (1983); '//Gritos a Ritmo Fuerte//' (1984); '//Amigogima//' (2002); '//A la Soledad//' (2008); and '//Res Publica//' (2009). [nunescine.es/ ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_María_Nunes www.imdb.com/name/nm0637962/ www.ecib.tv/]

1931 - Paulino Scarfó (b. 1909?), Italian-Argentinian anarchist and associate of Severino Di Giovanni, is executed by the same firing squad that had executed Di Giovanni the day before, shouting "Long live anarchy!".

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Following the strike signal at 09:00, a long blast on the work's siren, more than 5,000* workers occupied the Atelierele CFR Grivița workshops and barricaded themselves in. Meanwhile a further 6-7,000 people, members of the strikers' families and workers from other industries, as well as ordinary people, many of them unemployed from the local neighbourhood, gather in front of the workshops in defence of the strike and to provide material and moral support. The police and representatives of the authorities were prevented from entering the workshops by the strikers, who set up self-defence teams to guard the workshops and prevent conflicts amongst the strikers themselves. Out of the 5,000 workers, only about 200 had began working that morning; but they were soon convinced to stop too. The unions announced their new demands: an "inflation allowance", a 40% increase in salaries and the recognition of the factory committees. As the workshops were surrounded by the gendarmes and the Army, the social-democratic unions announced that they do not support these new demands and they accused the communists of creating unrest in the workers' movement. The authorities refused to negotiate until the workers stopped their strike. At the same time, members of the communist union distributed a manifesto in the neighbouring areas, in which they announced that they believed that the government would not respect its promises and demanded the recognition of factory committees. In Bucharest that day short strikes and solidarity meetings were held at the Balcani, Vulcan, Herdan and RMS works, with whole factories coming out in support of the CFR Grivița workers. At 18:00, the Liberal-Fascist Minister of Communications, Eduard Mirto, met a delegation of workers, led by Traian Bogătoiu. Their talks ended at 21:00 and it was announced that some of the workers' claims have been accepted. The delegation returns to the strikers at the Ateliere. At 23:00, the strike was called off. However, the government was not planning on honouring its promises and had been using the talks as a delaying tactic to allow it time to put in place it's own plans. [* estimations of numbers from sources vary from around 5,000 to 8,000, possibly as some of the strikers outside of the barricades Workshops were included in the numbers given.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.omniscop.ro/80-de-ani-de-la-marea-greva-a-muncitorilor-ceferisti-din-romania/ www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1934 - Having received permission in 1933 to lecture in the United States under the condition that she speak only about drama and her autobiography – but not current political events, Emma Goldman returns to New York to generally positive press coverage – except from Communist publications. Soon she was surrounded by admirers and friends, besieged with invitations to talks and interviews. Her visa expired in May, and she went to Toronto in order to file another request to visit the US. However, this second attempt was denied.

1944 - Salvatore Cassia (d. 2002). Italian anarchist and electronics worker who was actively involved in campaigns around the police murder of Giuseppe Pinelli and for the release and pardoning of the framed Valpreda and his comrades, born.

1954 - Hella Wuolijoki (Ella Marie Murrik; b. 1886), Estonian-born Finnish feminist writer and playwright (under the pen name Juhani Tervapää), Marxist and Soviet spy, dies. [see: Jul. 22]

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: Just as Brazilian officials arrived on board at 10:00, more than 100 passengers and crew begin their demonstration in First Class, chanting "freedom for all" and "save us, save us". A rebel is pushed through a plate glass door but Brazilian marines intervene and a Brazilian Navy officer tries to reassure the passengers that they would be able to disembark. Faced with further potential passenger rebellions and hostile naval forces closing in on them, Galvão accepts the Brazilians' suggestion to allow the passengers to leave immediately and to continue negotiations on the issues of the crew and reprovisioning. The liner would enter the harbour and those that wanted to leave could and the ship would return to its offshore anchorage; the rebels would not surrender and their talks with the Brazilians would continue. A vote amongst the crew as to who would stay and who would disembark now provides the final blow to the rebels, with only 5 of the 356 crew deciding to remain. The ship is now effectively dead in the water as it enters Recife’s harbour and drops anchor 350m off the quay. By 12:00, the first of three tugs arrived to ferry the passengers and crew ashore. It carried carrying sixty Brazilian marines and a contingent of newsmen who came on board to witness the debarkation. The marines would sleep on the deck that night whilst Galvão slipped onshore to give an exclusive interview to Dominique Lapierre and 'Paris Match' for the princely sum of $2000. [see: Jan. 21]

1968 - The first issue of the magazine '//Anarchos//', published by the Eastside Anarchist Group, appears in New York. One of the first journals addressing social ecology and libertarianism. Main editor is Murray Bookchin. Ceases publication in 1972.

1972 - Natalie Clifford Barney (b. 1876), US playwright, poet and novelist who lived as an expatriate in Paris, dies of heart failure. [see: Oct. 31]

1978 - Emma Neri (b. 1897), Italian primary teacher, anarchist and antifascist, dies. [see: Sep. 5] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/neri/neri.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/66t2hz thefreeonline.wordpress.com/2016/02/06/anarchists-we-love-2/]

1980 - New Mexico Penitentiary prison riot begins. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot newmexicohistory.org/people/riot-at-the-penitentary-new-mexico-1980 www.nytimes.com/1984/02/26/books/rampage-in-the-cellblocks.html www.koat.com/news/new-mexico/images-history-from-the-1980-new-mexico-prison-riot/6450892]

[EE] 2002 - Ani Pachen (Pachen Dolma; b. ca. 1933), Tibetan freedom fighter, who led a group of 600 resistance fighters in her role as chieftainess of the Lemdha clan in the fight against the Chinese occupiers in 1959, dies of heart failure. She was fourteen when the Chinese invaded Tibet in 1950 and soon after, as an only child, her father and chieftan of his clan, began training her in weapons and organising militant resistance. At 17, she successfully resisted plans to marry her off and, when her father died in 1958, she rode at the head of their 600 resistance fighters into the nearby hills to join the two-year armed Khampas resistance. Capture by overwhelming Chinese forces in late 1959, she was interrogated and beaten on account of her own crimes, as well as those of her father, and was imprisoned until January 1981. She participated in the 1987-89 unrest before fleeing to India in 1989 after discovering of her imminent arrest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_Pachen]

2009 - In Greece riot police fired tear gas at farmers to prevent them from driving their tractors to Athens as part of a protest demanding government financial help. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript] ||
 * = 3 || 1842 - Pierre Joseph Proudhon is summoned to appear before the assizes of Doubs following the publishing of his third memoir, '//A Notice to Proprietors, or a Letter to M. Victor Considerant, Editor of 'La Phalange', in Reply to a Defence of Property//'.

1884 - First issue of the anarchist weekly '//Le Défi//' (The Challenge) appears in Lyon. Only 3 issues were ever published.

1889 - Belle Starr (Myra Maybelle Shirley; b. 1848), famed American outlaw associated with the James-Younger gang and others, is ambushed and killed two days before her 41st birthday. The exact circumstances of her death are disputed. [see: Feb. 5]

1894 - Jacques Reclus (d. 1984), French anarchist nephew of Elisha and son of Paul Reclus, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0302.html anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_ReclusJ.html]

1901 - Ramon J. Sender (Ramón José Sender Garcés; d. 1982), Spanish novelist, essayist, journalist, anarchist and then communist, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_J._Sender www.escritores.org/biografias/169-ramon-jose-sender-garces tafel.levillage.org/politic/portraits d'anars.htm centros4.pntic.mec.es/ies.ramon.j.sender/sender.htm]

[B] 1902 - Hélène Patou (d. 1975), French writer, militant anarchist and néo-Malthusienne, born. She first encountered anarchism working in a textile mill and subsequently went on to live and work in the libertarian community of Le Milieu Libre de Vaux and was one of the founders of the Bascon commune. In 1936, she modelled for a number of well-known painters, including Henri Matisse and Francis Picabia, and when the revolution in Spain broke out, she travelled to Barcelona where she met Buenaventura Durruti and joined the Columna Durruti. With the fall of France to the Nazis in June 1940, and knowing that she was being sought by the police, she went into hiding in the mountains around Nice, living in the small village of Pélasque in Lantosque and making a living from her sewing skills. After the war, she lived in Paris with her friend the individualist anarchist activist and propagandist Rirette Maîtrejean, one-time partner of Victor Serge. Hélène later became a proofreader and partner of the French anarchist writer and champion of Proletarian Literature, Henry Poulaille, setting up the Centre Henry Poulaille municipal archive in the southern Paris commune of Cachan. Patou herself was also the author of a novel '//Le Domaine du Hameau Perdu//' (The Domain of the Lost Hamlet; 1972), her own entry into the annals of Proletarian Literature. Hélène Patou died on February 6, 1977 in Cachan. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/patou/patou.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hélène_Patou]

1906 - Acquisition of a house at 165 Jubilee Street in Whitechapel, which becomes the Workers' Friend Club & Institute, a place in London for meetings, a print shop, and an anarchist school.

[E] 1909 - Simone Weil (d. 1943), French philosopher and writer, one-time Marxist, pacifist, trade unionist, then anarchist miliciana in the Centuria Sébastien Faure of the Columna Durruti's Grupo Internacional, Christian mystic and humanist, born. Having declared at the age of ten that she was a Bolshevik and gone on to become active in the workers' movement, writing political tracts and supporting the unemployed and striking workers as a Marxist, trade unionist, and pacifist, she ended up in the 1930s being sympathetic to both Trotskyism (though Trotsky himself attack some of her writings) and anarchism. The former led to her supporting German Marxists fleeing the rise of Hitler, as well as forging contacts with POUM following a vist to Barcelona in 1934). However, her activities during the 1933 general strike in France and after increasingly led her to identifying herslf as anarchist. So, having learned of the break out of the war in Spain, and despite her pacifism, she decided that she had to do something, catching a train from Paris en route for Barcelona at the beginning of August 1936. In the middle of that month, Simone Weil arrived with the Columna Durruti to Pina de Ebro, about 15 kms from Zaragoza in an area recently retaken from the fascist troops under General Yagüe Aragón. However, within a few days later had to be evacuated to a hospital in Sitges, after suffering a stupid domestic accident in a house abandoned in no man's land - stepping in a frying pan full of boiling oil as she prepared a meal, badlt burning her foot. Recovered by the end of September 1936, she returned to France with the intention of going back to Spain, but never did. Instead her christian morality got the better of her sympathies for the Spanish anarchists and POUM, blaming her change of heart on the anarchists' killing of priests and unrentant falangists. On particular incident that affected her was the killing of a fifteen-year-old fascist, an event which she related in her famous 1938 letter to the French monarchist novelist and one-time Franco supporter Georges Bernanos: "... in Aragon, a small international group of twenty-two militiamen from all countries captured, following a slight skirmish, a fifteen-year-old boy who had fought as a Falangist. Immediately upon capture, still trembling from having seen his comrades killed at his side, he claimed that he had been enrolled by force. They searched him, and found a medal of the Virgin and a Falangist card on him. He was sent to Durruti, the head of the column, who, after having exposed him for an hour to the beauties of the anarchist ideal, gave him the choice between dying or immediately enlisting in the ranks of those who had taken him prisoner, unlike his comrades of the day before. Durruti gave the child twenty-four hours to think it over; at the end of twenty-four hours the kid said no and was shot. Durruti was, however, in some respects an admirable man." Weil's accident almost certainly saved her from suffering the same fate as many of her comrades in the Centuria when it was nealy totally wiped out in the batalla de Perdiguera on October 16, with all the unit's women – nurses Georgette Kokoczynski 'La Mimosa' and Augusta Marx, and milicianas Suzanne Hans (Suzanne Girbe) and Juliette Baudart – being killed. All four were captured and shot, with the badly beaten bodies of the two nurses thrown into the front lines so that the Republican troops could see them. So badly battered were their bodies, that the militia believed them to have been disemboweled! [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Weil www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article3722 libcom.org/history/international-volunteers-poum-militias comptoir.org/2015/06/22/avec-simone-weil-george-orwell-pour-socialisme-vraiment-populaire/ www.bib.ub.edu/fileadmin/bibs/filosofia_geo_hist/Weil/Simone_Weil.pdf]

1911 - Robert Tressell (pen name of Robert Croker, latterly Robert Noonan; b. 1870), Irish writer best known his novel '//The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists//', dies. [see: Apr. 17]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: 32,000 textile mill workers are now involved in the Bread & Roses strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

1913 - The trial of the Bonnot gang begins in France. [expand]

1913 - The Casa del Obrero Internacional opens in Los Angeles.

1918 - __Januarstreik [January General Strike__]: With seven of the city's largest companies now having been placed under military control and a deadline of February 4 set for the strikers to return to work or face arrest and facing military courts, on February 3 the Action Committee announced the ending of the strike, which had unequivocally expressed the weariness of the war to the wider population. Many of the strike leaders were also arrested but the government's attempts to curb the revolutionary potential in Germany that February eventually proved to be in vain, with the November revolution breaking out later that year.

1918 - Streetcar (tram) workers in St. Louis go on strike. Three strikers were shot and wounded during riots following the call of the strike when strikers and their supporters stoned streetcars. The workers demanded the absolute unionisation of the company's employees, an increase in wages, and reduction in hours of continuous daily employment. Police raided the headquarters of the IWW and arrested thirty men. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19180204.2.441]

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: The official strike notice appears in the city's newspapers. [see: Jan. 21 & Feb. 6]

1924 - Edward Palmer Thompson (d. 1993), British historian, writer, novelist, poet, socialist and peace campaigner, born.

1930 - In Russia Vera Figner, the 78-year old director of the Kropotkin Museum, is banished for protesting against the maltreatment of women' in communist prisons.

1931 - American anarchist Michael Schirru, who had travelled to Rome to try and assassinate Mussolini, is arrested by police after a shoot-out where he wounds 3 police and tries to shoot himself in the head. He recovers, is tried by a kangaroo court and executed by firing squad the next day [29 May].

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Whilst negotiations had been taking place at the headquarters of the Ministry yesterday, a meeting of the Council of Ministers, which had begun at 20.00, approved, at the insistence of Armand Călinescu, Undersecretary of State at the Interior, a draft law authorising the government to proclaim a state of siege for the reason that the country faces the imminent danger of a Communist Revolution. The draft law on the state of siege now had to go through all its various stages, from King Charles II's assent to adoption in Parliament. So the vote in the Chamber of Deputies ends at 12 noon. The Senate debates the draft law at 12.30 and votes it at 14:00. For the Law to enter into force on February 4, 1933, the presses of the 'Official Gazette' had to work through the night, with the special edition of the Law finally appearing the following morning. On Saturday, February 4, the Government met from 18.00 to 22.00 to prepare a decree for the establishment of a state of siege in Bucharest, Cernăuţi, Galaţi, Iaşi, Ploieşti, Timişoara, as well as in the Prahova county industrial areas under the auspices of the new law. The decree is countersigned by the King the following day, February 5th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.omniscop.ro/80-de-ani-de-la-marea-greva-a-muncitorilor-ceferisti-din-romania/ www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1936 - Ernest Gégout (b. 1854), militant anarchist propagandist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Mar. 16]

1948 - __Queensland Railway Strike__: In response to a limited strike over wages of workers at railway workshops and locomotive depots in Queensland, the government orders a lock out under the 1938 State Transport Act in an attempt to try and bully the workers back to work. An earlier offer of six shilling a week was abruptly withdrawn and workers were told the dispute would only be resolved in the arbitration court once they returned to work – the Queensland rail unions covering rail workshop employees had made a claim to the state arbitration court for the increase the previous October and, when it came before the court on December 21, the hearing had been djourned for two months, leading the unions to resort to industrial action. To break the effectiveness of the strike the government began implementing an emergency transport plan. They also deliberately held up food distribution, but blamed the strikers. They also tried to create divisions amongst rail workers by seeking (and winning) permission from the courts the power to lay off workers not gainfully employed. The Federal Labor government did their bit by putting bureaucratic obstacles in the way of the laid off workers from getting any social security. Meanwhile the striking workers where told they risked forfeiting their jobs and accrued leave entitlements. The corporate media did everything they could to play up the issue of communist influence and turn the public against the strike. The government hoped these measures would demoralise workers and force the unions to retreat. But the resolve of the workers only grew. When they didn't, Hanlon proclaimed a State of Emergency on Friday February 27. This proclamation armed the Government and police with wide powers to attack picketing and to strike at the morale of the strikers. Hanlon expected the workers to return to work on the Monday, but the Central Disputes Committee met on the Saturday and voted to defy the law and stay out until their demands were meet. They also voted to strengthen the pickets and to broaden the dispute to wharfies, coal miners and more. A meeting of the Trade and Labor Council on Sunday backed the Disputes Committees stand. At 10:00 that morning, mass meetings of rail workers across the state voted overwhelmingly to continue the strike. Wharfies’ mass meetings up and down the coast also voted to join the strike. The Seamen’s Union placed a ban on all shipping into Queensland. In the following days, coalminers met, voting to black ban coal trains while rail workers in NSW, Victoria and South Australia joined the campaign to isolate Queensland. Despite the widespread use of agent provocateurs, under cover cops, indiscriminant state violence and intimidation, including mounted police used to charge and trample over demonstrators, failed to break the strike. On April 1 the government blinked first, meeting with the disputes committee to reach an agreement. Skilled workers would receive a 12 shilling and fourpence rise, with proportional increases for semi-skilled and non-skilled workers, back-dated to September 16. The government also conceded the claim for weekend penalty rates, leaving the courts’ endorsement a formality. And there would be no victimisations. [www.takver.com/history/railq48/railqld.htm]

1953 - Daniel Villanova, French libertarian actor, playwright, songwriter and self-described "comico-maquisard", who specialises in one-man shows, born. Amongst his theatre works are '//Le Grand Bluff//' (1992), a tragicomedy and indictment against racism and xenophobia; '//Maestro (Une corrida goyesque)//' (1994), a comedy co-written with Doux-Douille and Daniel Gros; '//La Corde folle n° 2//' (Rope crazy n° 2; 1996); the tetrology '//Quatre saisons//': '//L'Automne//' (November 1999), '//L'Hiver//' (March 2002), '//Le Printemps//' (2005) and '//L'Été//' (The Summer; 2009); '//Hommage à Lucette//' (Tribute to Lucette; 2007); '//Jean-Charles Président//' (President Jean-Charles), created during the 2011 French presidential campaign as an indictment against Nicolas Sarkozy; and '//La Croisade des Rabat-Joie (No gazarán!)//' (The Killjoy Crusade (No enjoying!)), 2013. [daniel-villanova.com/ fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Villanova]

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: At 10:00 and now back on board after the previous evening's interview, Galvão recommences negotiations with the Brazilians but, realising that their position is untenable, the rebels eventually agree to hand over the Santa Maria. At 18:00 the insurgents gave up their weapons and, after a short ceremony, took down the Santa Liberdade and DRIL banners, gathered up their possessions and went into exile in Brazil. [see: Jan. 21]

[A] 1967 - Ronald Ryan, who shot and killed a prison guard while trying to escape from a Melbourne prison, becomes the last man to be hanged in Australia.

[D] 1969 - Unexploded dynamite charges discovered on the premises of the Bank of Bilbao and the Bank of Spain in London. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: The '//Birmingham Evening Mail//' reports there is a milelong traffic jam as "lorries from all over the country waited at Saltley". [see: Feb. 4]

[F] 1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Freddie Matthews, a miner from Hatfield Main Colliery, near Doncaster, is crushed to death under the wheels of a scab lorry outside Keadby Power Station in Lincolnshire. [see: Jan. 9] [www.thornegazette.co.uk/news/doncaster-miner-s-heartbreak-over-death-of-brother-on-picket-line-1-7141397 www.minersadvice.co.uk/hatfieldmain.htm]

1972 - Kirkgate, Huddersfield, Army Recruiting Office destroyed by firebombs. [Angry Brigade chronology]

[C] 1977 - Alfons Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Janson', 'Jan Rylski', 'Kompardt' & others (b. 1902), German anarcho-syndicalist who took part in the German and Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi movements, dies. [see: Jul. 6]

[AA] 1980 - New Mexico Penitentiary riot ends with 33 prisoners dead and more than 200 injured. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot newmexicohistory.org/people/riot-at-the-penitentary-new-mexico-1980 www.nytimes.com/1984/02/26/books/rampage-in-the-cellblocks.html www.koat.com/news/new-mexico/images-history-from-the-1980-new-mexico-prison-riot/6450892]

1988 - Robert Duncan (b. 1919), American poet and lifelong anarchist, dies. [see: Jan. 7]

1994 - The third General Strike within a year in Ecuador is declared and involves 500,000 workers.

1999 - Edward Wołonciej aka 'Czemier' (b. 1919), Polish solicitor, author, syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Sep. 19]

2005 - 26-year-old Victoria Robinson is found hanging in her prison cell at HMP New Hall despite being on suicide watch. Victoria is the fourth woman to die at the jail over the previous 12 months. In the previous year there were 13 self-inflicted deaths of women in jails in England and Wales; three of them at New Hall.

2009 - In Greece a suspected left-wing terror group attacked a police station in Athens, shooting at the building and throwing a hand grenade. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2010 - Janos (John) Réty (b. 1930), Hungarian-British anarchist poet, translator, publisher, chess-player and activist, dies. [see: Dec. 8] ||
 * = 4 || 1794 - Under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, the French Convention votes for the abolition of slavery.

[DD] 1804 - __Slaughter of the Knezes* [Сеча кнезова__]: Having learned of plans by Serb leaders to carry out a revolt against the Dahias (Ottoman regents and leaders of the Janisaries, elite infantry units of the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards), the Dahias capture and kill many of the Serbian leaders, precipitating the very revolt (the First Serbian Uprising [Први српски устанак]) that they had sought to foil. [*kneze is a title for a local Serbian noble, roughly a duke] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_of_the_Knezes sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сеча_кнезова en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising]

1849 - Jean Richepin (d. 1926), French poet, dramatist, novelist, actor, sailor and stevedore, born. An atheist and anarchist like his one-time mentor, about whom he wrote '//Etapes d'un Réfractaire: Jules Vallès//' (1872), he returned from the Franco-Prussian war and was present in Paris during the 1871 Commune (there are conflicting stories of his involvement as a pro-Commune sniper or as a neutral non-combatant, and his 1888 Commune novel '//Cesarine//' pursues an ambiguous narrative line, something Vallès criticised him for). He co-wrote and produced a play, '//L'Etoile//' in 1873 with the Republican caricaturist André Gill, but remained unknown until the publication in 1876 of his poetry collection '//La Chanson des Gueux//', which immediately brought him a trial for obscenity and a month in prison and 100 franc fine. His signature style of both his poetry, novels and theatre works was it use of slang, obscenity, sensuality and all-round anti-bourgeois sentiment, which earned him the opprobrium of the critics and public alike as a "métaphysique d'égoutier" (metaphysical sewerman). Became part of the Parisian boheminan/anarchist milieu, frequenting '//Le Chat Noir//' alongside the likes of Adolphe Willette, Paul Verlaine, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie, Paul Signac, Maurice Mac-Nab, August Strindberg, Jules Jouy and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. However, his rebellious nature was to become tame enough to allow his admission to the l’Académie Française in 1909, something which made him a target for '//Le Canard Enchaîné//'. [rh19.revues.org/369?lang=en]

1856 - Paul Napoléon Roinard (d. 1930), French libertarian poet, playwright, librettist, painter and victim of absinthe, born. [expand] "Un peuple a-t-il jamais profité d'une guerre? Drapeaux...  S'ils changent leur couleur, elle ne change guère,  Tous sont rouges du sang qu'on a versé pour eux.  Guerre à la guerre!" - from '//Les Patries//'

1868 - Countess Constance Markievicz (Constance Georgine Gore-Booth; d. 1927), Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette, socialist and landscape painter, born. In December 1918, the "Larkinite rebel countess" was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and, along with the other 72 Sinn Féin TDs, formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position (Minister for Labour of the Irish Republic, 1919-22). She took part in the 1916 Easter Rising as part of James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/the-eligibility-of-constance-markievicz/ www.marxists.org/archive/markievicz/index.htm]

1869 - William Dudley 'Big Bill' Haywood (d. 1928), US labour activist, founding member of the IWW, and member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haywood law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/hay_bhay.htm spartacus-educational.com/USAhaywood.htm iww.org/history/library/Haywood www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/big-bill-haywood-wobbly-giant]

1876 - François Salsou (d. unknown), French anarchist advocate of propaganda by deed who tried to kill Shah Muzaffar al-Din of Persia in 1900, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier04.html#salson]

1883 - The first issue of the weekly newspaper '//Ilota//' (Slave) appears in Pisota (Tuscany, Italy). Published by a 'socialist anarchist revolutionary' group attempting to reconcile international insurrectionary and illegaliste thought and the line of the Socialist Revolutionary Party of Romagna.

1890 - __London Gasworkers Strike__: Losing sympathy on all sides, the Gas Workers went to the London Trades Council and asked them to help find a solution. The trades council co-ordinated a meeting between the union, the Coal Porters, and the Sailors and Firemen. Today it is announced that an agreement had been reached and, at a mass meeting at the Hatcham Liberal Club, accepted. "That except where mutually agreed to the contrary the company reverts to the eight, hour system – that in the event of any vacancies arising the directors will give their former workmen the opportunity of returning to their employment in preference to strangers." The Union added that they hoped the Company would take back men with families first. The strike had officially been called off. In a letter to 'The Times', Livesey explaining that a ballot had been held at the various works on the subject of the shift system and that men at most works had voted to go back onto the eight hour day. If the twelve hour system was to remain it was because the workers had voted for it themselves. He was quite happy, he added, to take back old workers - he had indeed already taken many back. Unfortunatly spring was coming and vacancies would be few. [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

1896 - The International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers is founded at a meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with 16 delegates from the local iron workers unions in Boston, Massachusetts, Buffalo, New York, Chicago, Illinois, Cleveland, Ohio, New York City, New York, Detroit, Michigan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh representing construction workers, as well as shipbuilding and metal fabrication employees. It was at the forefront of the battle by manufacturers' National Erectors' Association to destroy craft unions in the industry in the first decade of the twentieth century through the 'open shop' (hiring without reference to union membership) and driving down industry wages. Officially, the union used the strike tactic to defend its rights but running along side this was a bombing campaign run by some of its members and others, in which up to 150 bombings were carried out between 1906 and 1911, mainly targeting non-union (110) works but many no doubt also carried out by the bosses in an attempt to blacken the unions name. The most famous of these being the the '//Los Angeles Times//' bombing on October 1, 1910, targetted because of the owner Harrison Gray Otis' vehemently anti-union stance, and the Llewellyn Iron Works bomb in the early hours of December 25 that year. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/red-flags-over-los-angeles-part-2-bombs-betrayal-and-the-election-of-1911]

1898 - The first issue of the anarchist weekly '//Le Cravacheur//' [a cravche is a whip] appears in Roubaix, Northern France.

1900 - Labour strikes in Belgium and Germany mining areas lead to riots. [expand]

[B] 1900 - Jacques Prévert (d. 1977), French poet, surrealist, libertarian, born. Wrote screenplays and dialogue for a host of films including his brother Pierre's film '//L'Affaire est Dans le Sac//' (It's in the Bag; 1932) and for Marcel Carné's classic '//Les Enfants du Paradis//' (1945), and co-wrote that for Carné's '//Le Jour Se Lève//' (1939). An extra, alongside his brother Pierre, in Vigo's '//L'Atlante//'. Prévert ' s poems are widely taught in French schools. '//Ni Dieu, ni Maître: Mieux d'Etre//' (Neither God nor Master: Better to Be) '//Rêve + Evolution = Révolution//' (Dream + Evolution = Revolution) '//Quand la vérité n'est pas libre, la liberté n'est pas vraie.//' (When the truth is not free, freedom is not true.)

1904 - Deng Yingchao [邓颖超] (Deng Wenshu [鄧文淑]; b. 1992), Chinese Communist revolutionary, who was a team leader in the Wusi Yundong (五四運動 / May Fourth Movement) anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement, and future wife of Zhou Enlai (周恩来), is born into a poverty-stricken family - her father dies when she was young and her single mother taught and practiced medicine. It was in the Wusi Yundong that she met her partner Zhou, the future first Chinese Premier, and they later adopted several orphans of "revolutionary martyrs", including Li Peng (李鹏), future Premier of the People's Republic of China. Her other claim to fame is her participation in the abolition of foot binding in women. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Yingchao zh.wikipedia.org/zh/邓颖超 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement]

1905 - __Radical Revolution of 1905 [Revolución de 1905__]: In Buenos Aires, Campo de Mayo, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza, Cordoba and Santa Fe, an armed civil-military uprising organised by the Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union) and headed by Hipólito Yrigoyen against the oligarchic dominance known as the Roquismo led by Julio Argentino Roca and his Partido Autonomista Nacional (National Autonomist Party), takes place. A state of siege is proclaimed throughout the country for ninety days. The rebellion is crushed and the regime takes to opportunity to simultaneously crack down on the labour and socialist movements as well as the rebels. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_radical_de_1905 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905]

1908 - Franz Held (Franz Herzfeld; b. 1862), German anarchist poet, playwright and novelist, father of John Heartfield and Wieland Herzfelde, dies in a mental hospital in Bolzano, northern Italy.

1910 - Giovanni Passannante (b. 1849), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy, dies. [Possible alternate date with Feb 14, 1910, and most likely date, also given.][see: Feb. 19]

1912 - Pierre Quillard (b. 1864), French Symbolist poet, playwright, anarchist and supporter of Dreyfus, dies. ​[see: Jul. 14]

1913 - Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (d. 2005), African American civil rights activist and NAACP member, who in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, refused to obey bus driver's order to give up her seat in the 'coloured section' to a white passenger, after the 'white section' was filled, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_parks_rosa_1913_2005/]

1914 - Suffragettes burn two Scottish mansions.

1917 - Franceska Mann (Franciszka Rosenberg-Manheimer; d. 1943), Polish dancer who had been a performer at the Melody Palace nightclub and Teatrze Femina in Warsaw, and who became famous for an act of resistance at Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, born. [see: Oct. 23]

[F] 1921 - __Matanza de San Gregorio [Slaughter of San Gregorio__]: The massacre in San Gregorio, Chile leaves 565 nitrate miners dead. [expand] [www.luisemiliorecabarren.cl/?q=node/2472 www.archivochile.com/Historia_de_Chile/sangreg/HCHsngreg0002.pdf www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/chile/040226balart.htm]

1926 - Adolphe Willette (b. 1867), French painter, caricaturist and anarchist who bizarrely also ran as an 'anti-semitic' candidate in the Paris elections in 1889, dies. ​ [see: Jul. 31]

1931 - __Duchcovská Stávka [Duchcov Strike]__: Protest march against the reduction of wages and rising unemployment, composed mainly of unemployed workers and miners was at a local railway viaduct forcibly stopped intervening cops During the ensuing skirmish policemen started firing in which four protesters died and several others were injured. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchcovská_stávka]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The Bulgarian Government meets from 18.00 to 22.00 to prepare the decree for the establishment of a state of siege in Bucharest, Cernăuţi, Galaţi, Iaşi, Ploieşti, Timişoara, as well as in the Prahova county industrial areas. [see: Feb. 3]

1937 - Jean-Pierre Bastid, French anarchist-influenced author, film director, screenwriter and writer, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bastid www.imdb.com/name/nm0060483/]

1939 - Spanish Loyalist capital of Gerona falls to Franco's fascists.

1946 - In Marseilles the first issue of '//Monde Nouveau//' (New World), "Organ of the Regional Libertarian Movement - Southern Region", appears.

1947 - Luigi Russolo (b. 1883), Italian Futurist painter, composer and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 30]

[C] 1949 - A leftist assassination attempt on the Shah fails. The Shah is uninjured, but three bullets ventilate his hat.

1950 - Anarchist guerrillas José López Penedo aka 'Liberto López' (b. 1915) and Carlos Vidal Pasanau (b. 1917) are executed (shot) at the Campo da Bota in Barcelona.

1952 - __Grève Générale en Tunisie__: During the general French police and demonstrators clash in Tunis on February 4, 1952, resulting in the deaths of three people.

1955 - Charlotte Anita Whitney (b. 1867), US women's rights activist, political activist, pacifist, socialist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organiser in California, dies. [see: Jul. 7]

1956 - Clara Gilbert Cole (b. 1868), English anti-militarist, anarchist and active suffragette in the Women’s Social and Political Union, dies. [see: Dec. 4]

1956 - Maria Essen [Мария Эссен], aka 'Beast' [Зверь], 'Falcon' [Сокол], (Maria Moiseevna Bertsinskaya [Мария Моисеевна Берцинская]; b. 1872), Russian revolutionary, member RSDLP and later a Bolshevik, dies. [see: Dec. 3]

[D] 1961 - __Guerra de Independência de Angola__: A group of some 200 Angolans reportedly attacked to the MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola) attack the Casa de Reclusão Militar São Paulo (São Paulo Military Prison) in Luanda, along with the jail at 7.ª Esquadra da polícia (police station no. 7), the headquarters of CTT (Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones - Post Offices, Telegraphs & Telephones) and the Emissora Nacional de Angola (Angola National Radio) building. The aim of the attackers, in what is seen as the first armed action by the MPLA in the War of Independence in Angola, had been free prisoners, but the attack failed. Forty of their number were killed, along with five policemen, a soldier and a telegraphist, and the attackers failed to free any prisoners. In the backlash that followed, more than 20 black Angolans were killed in reprisals, and when the MPLA attacked another prison five days later the Portuguese revenge was even bloodier, leaving around 300 dead at the hands of civilian vigilantes, aided and abetted by the police. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independência_de_Angola#1961:_in.C3.ADcio_do_conflito aventar.eu/2010/02/04/4-de-fevereiro-de-1961-acontecimentos-de-luanda/ jugular.blogs.sapo.pt/2443788.html petrinus.com.sapo.pt/fevereiro.htm]

1963 - Nicolas Stoïnoff (or Stoïnov)(b. 1862), 'patriarch' of Bulgarian anarchism, anti-militarist, writer, journalist and teacher, dies. [see: Dec. 19] "People around the world, decide: the elimination of militarism! the abolition of military service! education of youth in the spirit of humanism and peace!" "This is also the conclusion of my life, the clamour of a hundred years old, my last words to men." - from '//A Centenarian Bulgarian Speaks//'

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: From the beginning the NUR blacked the pits and power stations, dramatically reducing the movement of coal. ASLEF told their members not to move anything unusual. The docks were solid, refusing to move imported coal. The TGWU lorry drivers were solid, refusing to cross picket lines. The TUC agreed that all trade union members should respect picket lines. It was decided that 'flying pickets' should be sent out around the country to stop coal movements to power stations and other key industrial targets. Mass picketing was shutting down the energy supplies to power stations around the country. The police were becoming desperate to get the supplies through. Nechells* Gas works in Nechells Place, Birmingham became a flashpoint in the dispute. The NUM and the government had agreed that coking works should only supply priority customers like hospitals during the dispute. Saltley, unlike other coke depots, was owned by the West Midlands Gas Board and they decided that the guidelines didn’t apply to them as the gas industry was not on strike. As a result hundreds of trucks from all over the country headed to Saltley, out of which tens of thousands of tons of coke were being distributed nationwide, causing a mile long queue waiting to get into the depot. Attempts to close it down became a pivotal, and symbolic, event during the strike and forcing its closure helped secure victory for the National Union of Mineworkers. The Midlands NUM had known about activity at the depot for a fortnight, but it was a small, politically cautious part of the union and it had not the manpower or the will to block the site. After negotiations with the Gas Board had failed, picketing at the depot began on the Friday 4 February 1972. However, over the following two days the 50 pickets had little success in stemming the flow of lorries entering the depot [596 lorries entered the depot that Frday]. Eventually the right-wing Midlands area NUM secretary, Jack Lally, appealed to NUM headquarters for extra pickets. [* The confrontation actually took place at the gate for Nechells Gas works. The Saltley Gas works and its 'gates' were on the other side of the Saltley Viaduct adjacent to the Nechells works. The press, and the media kept insisting on calling it Saltley Gate, due in part to their being a locality next to Saltley gas works where there used to be a tollgate that is still called 'Saltley Gate' and when people were trying to close the gas works which was in the district of Saltley, they assumed that it was one of the same.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saltley_Gate sites.google.com/site/saltleygate/home news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9694000/9694645.stm libcom.org/history/1972-miners-strike-popular-agency-industrial-politics-britain www.bristol.ac.uk/history/media/docs/ug-dissertations/2010kellaway.pdf]

[A] 1974 - Patty Hearst, 19-year-old granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, is kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA).

1974 - Police raids in Hamburg and Frankfurt result in the re-arrests of Ilse Stachowiak, Christa Eckes, and Margit Schiller, and the arrests of Helmut Pohl, Kay-Werner Allnach, and Wolfgang Beer. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1974-timeline/]

1987 - Francisco Quintal (b. 1898), important Portuguese militant, propagandist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

[E] 1987 - Meena Keshwar Kamal (مینا کشور کمال‎‎; b. 1956), Afghan revolutionary political activist, feminist, women's rights activist and founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), is assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan – the victim of either agents of the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD, the Afghan secret police, or of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. [see: Feb. 27] [www.onthisdeity.com/4th-february-1987-–-the-murder-of-meena-keshwar-kamal/]

1989 - José Villanueva (b. 1912), Spanish anarchist and CNT member, who volunteered for and fought in the Durruti Column alongside his brother Floreal Carbó, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

[1989 - Riots in Tibet [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987–89_Tibetan_unrest]

1998 - Bill Gates is entarted in Brussels.

1999 - In NYC plainclothes police officers fire 41 shots at Amadou Diallo, an unarmed Bronx street peddler and immigrant from Guinea, standing in front of his Bronx home. He is hit by 19 bullets and killed. 4 cops are tried for 2nd degree murder and are acquitted.

2000 - __Cochabamba Guerra del Agua [War over Water__]: During the fight by the people of Cochabamba, the third most populous city in Bolivia, against the privatisation of municipal drinking water supply between January and April 2000, riot police attack peaceful protestors with tear gas, injuring an estimated 175 and blinding two. Fed up with government inaction, the Coordinadora por la Defensa del Agua y la Vida (Coordinator for the Defence of Water and Life) called for a "peaceful taking" of the city for Friday, February 4. It must have been a peaceful march to the main square - symbolic center of power in the city - followed by speeches. On that day the city dawned. And with reinforcement of troops transferred from La Paz, the government violently repressed the protesters, declaring that they would not be allowed to enter the square. The state violence only encouraged the tenacity of the demonstrators, who would not rest until the "take" about 30 hours later. During February 4 and 5, the government "fought" for a symbolic area of 4 blocks around the square, while the people controlled the rest of the city and the region. The siege was unsustainable: people took the square at 11:30 on Saturday 5th. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_agua_(Bolivia) www.derechoalagua.cl/ web.archive.org/web/20100214234224/[http]docencia.izt.uam.mx/egt/publicaciones/libros/nvosactores/capituloiv.pdf www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html]

2009 - A Greek police officer shot and seriously wounded a Greek private security guard outside the US Embassy in central Athens. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2014 - A series of demonstrations and riots that is to spread across Bosnia and Herzegovina in the coming days begins in the northern town of Tuzla with a largely peaceful protest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] || [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Most en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Most dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/most/mostbiosketch.html spartacus-educational.com/USAmost.htm libcom.org/forums/history-culture/johann-mosts-vision-anarchist-society-07062010 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/b2rc4z]
 * = 5 || 1846 - Johann Most (d. 1906), Bavarian-born American anarchist and advocate of 'propaganda by the deed', born. [expand]

1848 - Belle Starr (Myra Maybelle Shirley; d. 1889), famed American outlaw associated with the James-Younger gang and others, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Starr www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2406 www.whitsett-wall.com/Fort_Smith/BelleStar.htm]

1875 - Manuel Devaldès (aka Ernest-Edmond Lohy) (d. 1956), French individualist anarchist, pacifist and neo-Malthusian, born. Member of 'l'Action d'Art'. Opposed WWI and found refuge in England, which granted him conscientious objector status in 1914. Wrote '//Contes d'Un Rebelle//' (Thoughts of a Rebel; 1925) and '//Anthologie des Écrivains Réfractaires//' (Anthology of Writer of Resistance; 1927). "En tout esclave consentant à sa servitude est un maître qui sommeille. Qui obéit volontiers à plus fort que soi est prêt à imposer à plus faible sa volonté."

[A/E] 1878 - [O.S. Jan. 24] The Russian anarchist Vera Ivanova Zasulich (Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич) attempts to assassinate General Fyodor Trepov (Фёдор Тре́пов), prefect of police of St Petersburg, in revenge for his having ordered the flogging of a political prisoner, the narodnista Aleksei Stepanovich Bogolyubov (Алексей Степанович Боголюбов), a member of Zemlya i Volya (Земля и Воля), for not having taken off his hat in front of Trepov in the courtyard of the capital's 'Shpalerka' (Шпалерка) detention prison. The incident provoked a riot within the prison. Trepov was left with serious injures (two bullet wounds to the stomach) following the attack and was forced to retire soon afterwards. Vera Zasulich was arrested and, facing a possible 15 to 20 years in prison, was acquitted at her trial on April 24 [12] that year. The news of Vera's acquittal drew large celebratory crowds outside the court and much interests in the international press.

[D] 1894 - Auguste Vaillant (b. December 27, 1861), who bombed the French Chamber of Deputies to avenge Ravachol, a symbolic gesture, meant to wound as many deputies as possible rather than kill (so weak was the explosion that twenty deputies received only slight injuries), is guillotined. His final words are: "Mort à la société bourgeoise! Vive l’anarchie!" (Death to bourgeois society! Long live anarchy!). [see: Dec. 27] [ Costantinni pic ]

1899 - Gino Bibbi (d. 1999), Italian engineer, anarchist and militant anti-fascist, who became a Republican fighter pilot during the Spanish Civil war and muntions designer, born. As an engineering student, he manufactured the bomb that his cousin Gino Lucetti used in his assassination attempt on Mussolini in September 1926. After various spells of confinement by the fascists, the first beginning in 1923, he managed to escape to France and then moved to Spain in 1931. He worked closely with the CNT and FAI. He began to take flying lessons to prepare for an aerial attack on Mussolini! [expand] [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Bibbi libcom.org/history/bibbi-gino-1899-1999 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article353]

1901 - Ricardo Flores Magón formally joins the Partido Liberal Mexicano during the Congreso Liberal (Feb. 5-14) in San Luis Potosí today. It is the main vehicle for organising the anti-Diaz struggle and spreading the ideals of anarchism throughout Mexico.

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Guadalupe, Chihuahua is captured by the Liberal Party column of Prisciliano G. Silva.

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Scottish suffragette threw red pepper in the face of a constable. Upon being fined £20 in court she repeated the act upon a police officer, and then smashed 12 windows of the court-room. Four live pinfire cartridges dropped into pillar boxes in Portugal Street and Northumberland Avenue, and destroyed a large number of letters. Eight shop windows smashed in Holborn. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

[B] 1914 - William Seward Burroughs II (pen name William Lee; d, 1997), American novelist, short story writer, essayist, painter, satirist, one-time junkie, celebrated queer and libertarian, born. "The people in power will not disappear voluntarily, giving flowers to the cops just isn't going to work. This thinking is fostered by the establishment; they like nothing better than love and nonviolence. The only way I like to see cops given flowers is in a flower pot from a high window."

[BB] 1916 - First performance of the Cabaret Voltaire at the Holländische Meierei in Spiegelgasse 1, Zurich. The Künstlerkneipe (artists' local) Voltaire as it was initially called was advertised in the local Zürcher Allgemeine Zeitung with the following press notice: "Cabaret Voltaire. Under this name a group of young artists and writers has been formed whose aim is to create a centre for artistic entertainment. The idea of the cabaret will be that guest artists will come and give musical performances and readings at the daily meetings. The young artists of Zurich, whatever their orientation, are invited to come along with suggestions and contributions of all kinds." Amongst those present were founders Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara, plus Georges Janco, Arthur Segal and Marcel Slodki and his balalaika orchestra. [www.cabaretvoltaire.ch/about/english.php olgaistefan.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/cabaret-voltaire-from-dada-to-nietniet/ members.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/cabaret_voltaire.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Following the sacking of eight workers (including five from the billing section) for protesting against the pay cut they received when there contacts were normailised three days earlier, 117 clerical staff in the billing section held a sitdown strike demanding the reinstatement of their collegues. They later took to the streets and went to see the regional governor, Puig i Cadafalch, and they also spoke with the mayor Manuel Morales Pareja and the governor González Rothwos to demand that they act as mediators. Puig i Cadafalch promised to intercede on their behalf if they agreed to return to work. When they returned to the factory, however, they were blocked from entering by a police cordon and were all told that they had been fired. The company refused to provide further explanation than a statement from some of the foreign managers, Mr. Coulton, who said they were inept and that was due to the dismissal. Instead, they attempted to replace them with staff from other sections, whilst at the same time refusing to recognise the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT (Single Union of Water, Gas and Electricity of the CNT) as an interlocutor. Workers at another Barcelona plant stage a sit-in later in the week in support of their comrades. [revistamemoria.mx/?p=564 www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/48003.pdf es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_La_Canadiense ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_La_Canadenca ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canadenca chcc.gencat.cat/web/.content/0-web_aec_chcc/chcc/document/els_fets_del_cu-cut_.pdf www.llibertat.cat/2014/10/simo-piera-el-principal-lider-de-la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-28161 www.llibertat.cat/2015/04/catalanistes-ultraespanyolistes-i-anarcosindicalistes-a-la-campanya-autonomista-de-1918-19-30559 blogs.sapiens.cat/socialsenxarxa/2011/03/02/la-conflictivitat-social-a-catalunya-sindicalisme-vaga-de-la-canadenca-i-pistolerisme-1917-1923/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/ vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/11_Diari d'un obrer revistamemoria.mx/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memoria-255-web.pdf historia2mariam.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/la-vaga-canadenca-1919.html www.scribd.com/fullscreen/40749381?access_key=key-1lzt42sr3s2ugb43th8k nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/barcelona-workers-win-general-strike-economic-justice-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-la-canadiense-and-barcelona-general-strike www.veuobrera.org/00finest/919vaga-c.htm enlluita.org/articles/la-vaga-de-la-canadenca-un-exemple-de-lluita-i-sindicalisme/ www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/285135/jcmb1de1.pdf;jsessionid=1A813107B6FFCD0E0941909C9F554FDC?sequence=1]

1924 - The first issue of the duplicated news-sheet '//La Lueur//' (The Glow) [Epigraph: "Ni dieu ni maître - Bien-être et Liberté​"] appears in Tours, France.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The decree to establish a state of siege in Romania is countersigned by King Charles II. [see: Feb. 3]

1936 - In Montevideo (Uruguay) the first issue of the monthly 48 page journal '//Esfuerzo//' (Effort) '//Revista de Divulgacion Social//' (Journal of Outreach).

1938 - Hans Achim Litten (b. 1903), German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic, commits suicide after having spent more than 5 years in Nazi concentration camps, enduring torture and many interrogations. [see: Jun. 19]

1939 - Soledad Gustavo ( Teresa Mañé i Miravet; b. 1865), Catalan anarchist propagandist and mother of Federica Montseny, an important figure in Spanish anarchism, dies. [see: Nov. 29]

[C] 1944 - Tadeusz Tyszka aka 'Lord' (b. unknown), Polish printshop worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Nazi combattant, is shot dead by police during the siege of his underground printshop on Francuska St. in Warsaw. The Germans confiscated the newly printed issue of an underground periodical '//Wzlot//' (Uprising). The son of fighter of 1905 Revolution, before WWII, member of ZZZ. Captain in Main Military Department of the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolność' (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation 'Freedom'). [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.sppw1944.org/relacje/relacja29a_eng.html pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność"]

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: Most of the Santa Maria's passengers resume their journeys on board the hijacked liner’s sister ship, the Vera Cruz. [see: Jan. 21]

[F] 1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: Upon receiving the call at 16:00 on Saturday, a little known Yorkshire NUM official called Arthur Scargill, who was then the branch delegate to the Barnsley Area, had 200 pickets on their way to Saltley in coaches, within 3 hours and another 200 to follow. This action was carried out independently of the NUM executive. [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Factories begin to lay off workers because of power shortages. Four days later, BBC local radio stations were warning of domestic power cuts. [see: Jan. 9]

1973 - __Durban Mass Strike__: On Monday, 5 February, 3000 Durban Corporation workers employed by the cleaning, electricity, road and drain departments stopped work. By the next day 16,000 workers from the Corporation’s other departments joined the strike, and garbage soon began piling up, affecting businesses and the city’s essential services. By Wednesday 30,000 Corporation workers were on strike, and as other workers in Pietermaritzburg and Port Shepstone downed tools, a general strike loomed. But by February 8 the municipal workers returned, and by the next day, the wave of strikes lost their momentum, although sporadic strike activity continued unabated over the next year. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/1973-durban-strikes www.sahistory.org.za/article/durban-strikes-and-resurgence-trade-union-movement-1973 www.sahistory.org.za/article/timeline-1973-durban-strikes www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01566.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/durban-south-africa-workers-mass-strike-raise-wages-1973]

1982 - Neil Aggett (b. 1953), white South African medical doctor, trade union organiser and anti-Apartheit activist, is 'suicided' after having been held in detention for 70 days without trial and tortured by the South African Security Police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Aggett www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/22/death-anti-apartheid-campaigner-neil-aggett]

2011 - The EDL stages its biggest protest yet in Luton. More than 2,000 police officers from forces across the south of England escorted the 3,000 nationalists and football hooligans on the EDL march from the station into the centre of Luton. Some fireworks and bottles were thrown by the EDL, with shops and businesses in the town closed and petrol stations boarded making the place look like a "war zone" according to locals. Earlier there had been some confrontations between the EDL and anti-racist protesters as they tried to prevent EDL supporters getting off trains. Two smaller counter-demonstrations took place, with an UAF in the town centre and one including large numbers of local Muslim residents in the Bury Park area. A number of EDL coaches were also turned away from Luton by the police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Defence_League_demonstrations www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/feb/05/edl-stage-protest-luton www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8305751/Rival-protesters-clash-with-EDL-at-Luton-station.html www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-12372713 uaf.org.uk/2011/02/luton-thousands-turn-out-to-oppose-racist-edl/ www.demotix.com/news/580751/seven-arrested-during-edl-protest-luton#media-580748 www.demotix.com/news/581328/edl-march-luton-counter-demonstration-uaf#media-581192]

2011 - Nagata Hiroko (永田 洋子; b. 1945), Japanese leftist radical, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death for participating in the lynching of fellow Rengō Sekigun (連合赤軍), or United Red Army, members during a purge in February 1972 prior to the notorious Asama-Sansō incident, dies of a brain tumour. [see: Feb. 8]

2014 - Following yesterday's peaceful protests in the Bosnian town of Tuzla, hundreds of demonstrators, mostly former employees of several big companies, such as Dita, Polihem, Guming and Konjuh, turn out on the streets, clashing with police near the Tuzla local government building demanding for compensation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina]

2015 - Twenty-eight prisoners escape from Nova Mutum public jail, near Cuiaba in central Brazil, after three women in fantasy police costumes 'seduced' and drugged 3 prison wardens. Arriving at 03:00, the 3 women, who included the girlfriend of one of the escapees, drugged the prison guards by giving them spiked whisky after convincing them to take part in an orgy. The women then handcuffed them, took their keys and unlocked all the prison's cells. The released prisoners then left the prison through the main doors, taking with them guns and munitions they had taken from prison caches. Police later found a bag of lingerie and dominatrix police uniforms believed to have been worn by the temptresses. ||
 * = 6 || [A] 1788 - First women convicts come ashore in Australia and there follows a "//scene of debauchery and riot.//"

1861 - Alice Télot (d. 1918), French social worker, writer and anarchist, best known by her pen-name Jacques Fréhel, born. In April 1899, she met the anarchist writer Han Ryner (Henri Ner), with whom she started a clandestine affair, as she worked in child protection for a private charity, that remained secret until after her death when Ryner published '//Le Sillage Parfumé//' (The Perfumed Wake') in 1958. Between late 1900 and early 1910 they collaborated ghost-writing for a feuilletonniste (writing serials) and indiviually she was the author of poems, novels and literary collections '//Dorine//' (1890), '//Breton//' (1891), '//Déçue//' (1893) '//Tablettes d'Argile//' (1894), '//Vaine Pâture//' (1899), '//Le Cabaret des Larmes//' (1902), '//Les Ailes Brisées//' (1903') and '//La Guirlande Sauvage//' (1911). Perhaps the best-known of her several novels is '//Le Précurseur//' (1905), a philosophical love-story set in a kind of female phalanstery operating on the principles of Stoicism, Epicureanism and feminism. Many of her works were also published in various periodicals, including '//Boulevard Montmartre//',' //Le Figaro Illustré//', '//La Fronde//', '//Le Livre//', '//La Nouvelle Revue//', '//Nouvelle Revue Internationale Européenne//', etc. Their protagonists are almost always women. Alice Télot died on January 5, 1918 in Paris due to pulmonary congestion. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html]

[B] 1864 - John Henry Mackay (d. 1933), Scottish gay individualist anarchist poet, writer and populariser of Stirner's writings, born. Author of '//Die Anarchisten//' (The Anarchists) (1891) and '//Der Freiheitsucher//' (The Searcher for Freedom) (1921). "Ever reviled, accursed, ne'er understood, Thou art the grisly terror of our age.  "Wreck of all order," cry the multitude,  "Art thou, & war & murder's endless rage."  0, let them cry. To them that ne'er have striven  The 'truth that lies behind a word to find,  To them the word's right meaning was not given.  They shall continue blind among the blind.  But thou, O word, so clear, so strong, so true,  Thou sayest all which I for goal have taken.  I give thee to the future! Thine secure  When each at least unto himself shall waken.  Comes it in sunshine? In the tempest's thrill?  I cannot tell - but it the earth shall see!  I am an Anarchist! Wherefore I will  Not rule, & also ruled I will not be!" - '//Anarchy//'. [www.glbtq.com/literature/mackay_jh.html]

1872 - Luigi Bertoni (d. 1947), Swiss typographer and publisher of the bilingual newspaper '//Le Reveil Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Alarm Clock), who fought on the Huesca front during the Spanish Civil War, born.

1877 - Charles Desplanques (d. 1951), French anarchist, trade unionist and anti-militarist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet17.html#desplanq www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Desplanques]

[F] 1881 - __Congreso Obrero de Barcelona de 1881__: The new Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española is formed at a Conferencia Regional Extraordinaria (Extraordinary Regional Conference) held in Gracia [Feb. 6-9]. During the period in which the FRE-AIT had had to operate clandestinly (1874-1881), ideological and strategic differences had emerged within it and now, planning to take advantage of the pledge by the new liberal government chaired by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta to recognise freedom of association, a group within the Barcelona Local Federation of the FRE de la AIT (Josep Llunas i Pujals, Rafael Farga Pellicer , Antoni Pellicer i Paraire and Eudald Canivell i Masbernat) who proposed to change the policy of the Federal Commission, which had "moved away from the idea of ​​great labour movements, in favour of secret groups, partisans of direct action" called an extraordinary regional conference. The congress, which coincided with the passing of new freedom of association legislation [Real Decreto de 3 de febrero de 1881 (effective as on Apr. 1, 1881)] was attended by representatives of 39 local federations of the 'regions' of Eastern Andalusia, Western Andalusia, Valencia, Castile New, Old Castile and Catalonia. Of the members of the Federal Commission, only its secretary Anselmo Lorenzo attended. The Conference decided upon the dismissal of the Federal Council, the dissolution of the FRE of the AIT and the reconstruction of a powerful trade union movement. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1881 madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-de-trabajadores-region-espanola/ www.rojoynegro.info/sites/default/files/El anarcosindicalismo y sus Congresos.Completo.pdf brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/lec.html]

1894 - Maria Deraismes (Marie Adélaïde Deraismes; b. 1828), French author, orator, franc-maçonne, anti-clericalist and feminist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1899 - Debut of Sébastien Faure's daily anarchist paper, '//Le Journal du Peuple//' (The People's Daily) in Paris.

1899 - [O.S. Jan. 25] Maria Alexandrovna Ananyina (b. 1849), Russian revolutionary and member of the so-called terrorist faction (Террористи́ческая фра́кция) of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies of kindey disease. She had been amongst those sentenced to deprivation of property rights and the death penalty by hanging (later commuted to 20 years) during the 'Second March 1' (Второго 1 марта) trial following the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III in St. Petersburg on March 1 [N.S. Mr. 13], 1887. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ананьина,_Мария_Александровна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Террористическая_фракция]

1900 - Claude-François Georges Etiévant (b. 1865), French anarchist and anti-militarist, dies in the Îles du Salut penal colony in French Guiana having had his death sentence for a revenge attack on police in January 1898, that left 3 officers with only slight wounds, communicated to life. [see: Jun. 8 & Jan. 19]

1910 - __Philadelphia Shirtwaist Strike__: The strike by shirtwaist workers – primarily immigrant women and girls – in Philadelphia’s garment sweatshops ends. Having faced mass arrests, intimidation, scabs, and media blasts against them, the workers had refused to back down until their demands for improved working conditions, reduce working hours, increased wages, and union recognition were met. The strike ended with all manufacturers agreeing to increases in wages, reduction of work week hours, end of the practice of charging workers for needles, and recognition for unions. Tthe terms for ending the strike were negotiated on the February 5th, with all manufacturers agreeing to increases in wages, reduction of work week hours, end of the practice of charging workers for needles, and recognition for unions (though ultimately they refused to implement union recognition). The following day the terms were presented to strikers and accepted. Two days later on the 8th, the strikers marched in parades to celebrate the end of the strike and mark the ratification of the agreement. [www.motherjonesmuseum.org/solidarity-and-sisterhood-in-philadelphia-1909-1910-by-jana-knezovic/ philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/shirtwaist-strike-1909-10/ ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/uprising.html]

1912 - __Brisbane General Strike__: With the Strike Committee facing problems with a lack of finances and of food, as they had not been well prepared enough, workers were beginning to drift back to work out of the neccesity of feeding their families. So, when the Employers' Federation agreed there would be no victimisation of strikers from Badger and the company, the strike was over. The combined committee did not disband despite the end of the strike. The committee felt that it was its responsibility to stay put until all the strikers were back at work, but the committee then had trouble in trying get the workers who had struck re-employed. The company dismissed the tramway employees who had struck and refused to ever re-hire these workers. In 1922, the Queensland Government acquired the tram system, and reinstated the workers. Until 1980, wearing of union badges on uniforms, the cause of the strike, was forbidden. [see: Jan. 18]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: While being sorted a mass of letters burst into flames at Dundee Central Post Office, causing considerable damage and injuring four sorters. Sylvia Pankhurst sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment for attempting .to damage a picture in St. Stephen's Hall. [www.croxleygreenhistory.co.uk/suffragettes-damage.html]

1915 - Teofilo Navarro Fadrique aka 'Negro', 'Le Vieux' and 'Zapatero' (d. 2008), Spanish shoemaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and member of the anti-Franco resistance, born. An anarchist activist and member of the CNT from the age of 15, at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1936 he volunteered in the Durruti Column, later becoming a member of the 26th Division until the end of the war. Following Franco's victory, he and his partner Dolores Jiménez Álvarez, aka 'Blanca', entered France on February 11, 1939, via Puigcerda and Le Perthus. During his exile in France in Cordes and Toulouse, he was active in the Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE), Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA),the Juventudes Libertarias and in the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), occupying various positions of responsibility in both the MLE and SIA between 1945 and 1955. During the 1940s, he was also a member of the Comisión de Defensa and the group of guides who assisted the passage of men and materials into Spain. A supporter of direct action, he and his wife Dolores Jiménez (with whom he had 3 children, Helios and the twins Juno and Blanca) collaborated with with many of the various action groups - especially with Francisco Sabaté Llopart and José Luis Facerías, crossing several times into Spain himself in 1946. In Toulouse he ran a shoe repair shop and was also responsible for a collective of cobblers, set up thanks to financial support from Cerrada Laureano Santos - mounted with silver furniture provided by Laureano Cerrada Santos (aka the 'anarchist entrepreneur'), before withdrawing after management had been questioned by some comrades. Between 1950 and 1962, he and Blanca ran a FIJL arts youth group in Toulouse and, in the 1970s, they continued to support the armed struggle in Spain. In particular, they helped supply the comrades of the Defensa Interior (DI), Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista (GARI) and Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL), with weapons seized from the fleeing Nazi army during WWII and provided safe houses. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/navarrofadrique/navarrofadrique.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2588-teofilo-navarro-fadrique-de-la-columna-durruti.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5647 www.ephemanar.net/septembre22.html]

[E] 1915 - Soledad Estorach Esterri (d. 1993), Catalan anarcha-feminist militant and founding member of Mujeres Libres, born. Her schoolteacher father had spent many years working abroad and was consequently more liberal that his peers in the family's village, taught Soledad to read and write, something almost completely unheard of for girls of her class. He died when Soledad was just 11 years old and, as a consequence of his death, Soledad was forced to go to work in the local chemical industry in order to support the family. However, she was able to continue her education for a few hours a week courtesy of a friend of her father's, a teacher from a nearby village. Under pressure from her conservative religious mother to marry when she was fifteen years of age, something Soledad desperately did not want to happen, she managed to persuade her mother that she should move to Barcelona, where she could earn enough to support the family whilst continuing her education. Soledad prevailed over her mother's doubts and in Barcelona her first job was in her uncle's shop, but the shop was forced to close due to the economic crisis. Her second job was as a maid but the hours were long (5 a.m. to one in the morning) and the pay was poor, so she quit and got a job in a factory - the pay was better and she also had time to study. In the late 1930s she began attending night school classes organised by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo. The following year, with the fall of the monarchy, she began attending an ateneo and joined their youth group, taking part in meetings and enjoying the sense of community and the excitement of collective action. In 1934, Soledad and a number of other women CNT members, who included Pilar Grangel, Aurea Cuadrado and Conchita Liaño, began organising, forming a network of mutual support and holding meetings in the Barcelona building workers' local. This group went on to become the Grupo Cultural Femenino but face a struggle from within the ranks of the CNT for acceptance. In 1936, she was amongst those members that were active in the organisation of group's rally at the Teatro Olimpia in Barcelona in early 1936. Despite little support from the wider libertarian movement or publicity in its press, the meeting was packed and the ground work was laid for the establishment of a wider reagional organisation. Following contacts with the Madrid Mujeres Libres group, the Grupo changed its name to the Agrupación Mujeres Libres as part of the countrywide Mujeres Libres network. Along side fellow Mujeres Libres members such as Concha Liaño and Amparo Poch, Soledad was prominent defender of women's rights and one of the leading organisers of women in the working class neighbourhoods of Barcelona: raising awareness of the new organisation, holding meetings, setting up women's mutal aid networks and strategy meetings that went on to set up a babysitting and creche service for women workers. Soledad was also involved in the activities of the Casa de la Dona Treballadora (House of Women Workers), as well as being responsible for its finances. That same year, Soledad and her sister Juana joined the Barcelona Joventuts Llibertàries group and, during the revolutionary events of July 1936, she served on the revolutionary committee of the Clot neighbourhood and was a local FIJL delegate during the war. On July 18, she was amongst those anarchists and workers from the Sindicat de la Construcció, street merchants and others who besieged the shipyard barracks and occupied the Casa Cambo on the Via Layetana, fortifying it and turning it into the FAI-CNT headquarters. Caught up in the revolutionary fervour, Soledad helped build barricades and appropriate theatre building, turning them into community kitchens, working to support the milicianas at the front. She also acted as CNT, FAI and FIJL representative for Aragón, Catalunya and parts of València, and collaborated on the publications '//Mujeres Libres//' (1936-38) and '//Tierra y Libertad//' (1938). With the impending victory of Franco, Soledad was preparing to leave for France from Figueras on January 26, 1939, when she learnt that Pepita Carpeña and another of her Mujeres Libres comrades were trapped in Barcelona and, at the risk of her own life, she returned by car and rescued them. Exiled in France, she settled in Bordeaux in 1940 where she lived with her partner Andrés G. de la Riva and the same year was diagnosed with a serious heart complaint. In 1945, she returned clandestinely to Spain but was forced to return shortly afterwards due to the post-war upsurge in Francoist repression. In 1964, she began contributing to the re-launched '//Mujeres Libres//' (1964-76), which was published in London and Montady under the editorship of Maria Suceso Portales Casamar and Sara Berenguer Guillén (Sara Berenguer Laosa). Soledad Estorach died in Paris on March 14, 1993, following a long hospitalisation due to chronic heart disease. A chapter in the collective work '//Mujeres Libre: Luchadoras de la Libertad//' (Mujeres Libre: Fighters for Freedom; 1999) is dedicated to her. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1496 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3181-soledad-estorach-esterri-mujeres-libres.html www.dbd.cat/index.php?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2036 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneo/index.php/Soledad_Estorach_Esterri www.collectif-smolny.org/article.php3?id_article=1649 www.nodo50.org/mujeresred/libertarias.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Despite press censorship (in place since January 17 and the suspension of the constitutional guarantees in the province of Barcelona), an article in the 'Diario de Barcelona' claims that La Canadiense workers have gone on strike and have talked with the governador civil, Carlos González Rothwos, and with Josep Puig i Cadafalch, president of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya (Commonwealth of Catalonia) and leader of the Lliga Regionalista. The Sindicato Único de Artes Gráficas proposes a 'censura roja'

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: At 10:00 on the morning of February 6, 1919, Seattle, a city of 315,000 people, stopped working as 25,000 mostly union men and women walked off their jobs in solidarity with the 35,000 shipyard workers already on strike over attempts to cut their wages. Earlier that morning units of the army had been called in by Seattle's mayor Ole Hanson to support the city's police, who had organised their own machine gun units in the run-up to the strike, and hired 2,400 special deputies, students from the University of Washington for the most part. On the 7th, Hanson threatened to use 1,500 police and 1,500 troops to replace striking workers the next day if the strikers did not return to work, but the strikers called his bluff. The strike had an immediate and dramatic effect. The city was shut down for several days. Streets were quiet. Most newspapers ceased publication, stores closed, public transport stopped running, and industry ground to a halt, with most of those not directly involved in the strike left idle. But for the average citizen the strike's consequences were not as severe as predicted. No babies were deprived of milk, and local residents, though inconvenienced, were not without food, lights or heat. Above all, there was no violence, no revolution in the streets. The Seattle General Strike was not the first to take place in America, but it was the first city-wide labour action to be proclaimed as such, and whilst the General Strike Committee tried to maintain the solidity of the strike as well as coordinate vital services in the city, events moved quickly beyond their control. In fact, the general strike was doomed almost from the start. It did not have widespread support, with many in Seattle seeing it as a workers' revolution, but a bigger problem was that the strikers had set few clear goals for the strike to achieve. Instead, as acknowledged by the socialist Anna Louise Strong, editor of the 'Seattle Union Record', in the paper two days before the strike began, there was only a "road that leads -- NO ONE KNOWS WHERE!". Without a clear vision, the strike soon began to stagnate. Seattle's streetcar workers defected two days into the strike, and over the next few days more workers returned to work as the sustained pressure from national and international officials of the AFL unions came to bear on its rank and file members taking part in the strike. Seattle's general strike fizzled out after five days and officially ended at noon on February 11. But the shipyard workers' strike continued for another month, though the strikers battled dissent in their own ranks much as the general strikers had battled dissent in theirs. On the same day the Seattle General Strike ended, Tacoma's shipyard strikers submitted a proposal for ending the shipyard strike, but only in Tacoma. Aberdeen strikers also threatened to go their own way. Ultimately, both cities stayed in until the bitter end. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/seattle-workers-general-strike-fair-wages-1919 depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/ www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/strikes/time www.wwfor.org/the-seattle-general-strike-of-1919/ www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/unitedstates/washington.html www.historylink.org/File/11158 www.historylink.org/File/11101 www.historylink.org/File/255 libcom.org/history/articles/seattle-general-strike-1919 old.seattletimes.com/special/centennial/march/labor.html digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/pioneerlife/id/9191 americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/prosperity/text6/seattlestrike.pdf]

1919 - Benigna Galve (d. unknown), Spanish anarchist, who was especially active in the libertarian ateneus (free schools), born. Shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, she became partner of the prominent anarchist Manuel Villar Mingo. At the end of the civil war they arrested by Franco's authorities and she spent four years in various prison, including València, Barcelona, Figueres and Madrid. Following her release, she continued to visit her partner in prison and, after spending 16 years apart, they had a son together. In 1960, the couple emigrated to Buenos Aires, where their old friend Diego Abad de Santillán help support them. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0602.html]

1919 - Johannes Baader's broadside Dada manifesto '//Dadaisten gegen Weimar//' (Dadaists against Weimar) proudly proclaims the Oberdada Baader "Präsidenten des Erdballs" (President of the Terrestrial Globe). [www.dada-companion.com/dada_docs/dada_dadaisten_1919.php]

1932 - Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán (d. 1958), Cuban revolutionary who was raised in an anarchist family that had left Spain before the Spanish Civil War, becoming a key figure of the Cuban Revolution, along with Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Juan Almeida Bosque and Raúl Castro, born.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike]__: The 'Manifestul guvernului către ţară' (The Manifesto of the Government to the Country) is published. It begins: "Romanians, A great danger lies in our country. It is trying to destroy us through anarchy and violence. Hidden communist organisations are working to overthrow state order. In pursuit of that plan, some turmoil had broken in some regions...." Meanwhile, the government announces the cancellation of the agreement signed with the workers on February 2. The scene is set for another confrontation and the government side is better prepared now.

[D] 1934 - __Crise du 6 Février 1934__: Political crisis hits France as riots take place in Paris against the background of an attempted right-wing putch. Events led to a group of prominent anarchist, including Réné Frémont, Louis Lecoin, Pierre Le Meillour and Nicolas Faucier, leading figures in the Union Anarchiste Communiste Révolutionnaire, to call for an anti-fascist 'United Front'. Sixteen people would die in the far-right riots of the following days. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_du_6_février_1934 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_populaire_(France) www.socialisme-libertaire.fr/2015/04/1934-1937-les-anarchistes-et-le-front-populaire.html www.liberation.fr/politiques/2014/02/06/le-6-fevrier-1934-un-mythe-fondateur-de-l-extreme-droite_978118 fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu02025/la-manifestation-antiparlementaire-du-6-fevrier-1934-a-paris.html]

1938 - Han Ryner (Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner) (b. 1861), French teacher, anti-clericalist, pacifist, anarchist philosopher, dies. [see:Dec. 9]

1939 - 130,000 refugees cross the Spanish border, fleeing Franco's fascists.

[C] 1945 - Robert Brasillach (b. 1909), French author, journalist, fascist and editor of the nationalist newspaper '//Je Suis Partout//', who collaborated with his brrother-in-law Maurice Bardèche on a number of books, is executed by firing squad for advocating collaborationism, denunciation and incitement to murder. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brasillach]

1949 - Angela DeAngelis Atwood, aka 'General Gelina' (d. 1974), US founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who played a prominent role in the kidnapping of Patty Hearst and was killed during the 1974 1466 East 54th Street shootout with the Los Angeles Police, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Atwood en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army#Move_to_Los_Angeles_and_police_shootout]

1954 - Maurice Eugène Marie Hallé (b. 1888), French anarchist activist, poet and songwriter, dies. [see: Oct. 17]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: Sunday morning around 2000 miners had arrived from Yorkshire, South Wales and the Midlands. [see: Feb. 4]

1975 - Hélène Patou (b. 1902), French writer, militant anarchist, néo-Malthusian and artist's model (Matisse and Picabia, among others) who was a member of the Durruti column, dies. [see: Feb. 3]

1976 - Native American activist Leonard Peltier is captured in Canada on the basis of fictitious affidavits generated by the FBI. Is later extradited to the US.

1985 - RAF Molesworth peace camp evicted by the army.

1991 - René E. Mueller (Ernst René Müller; b. 1929), Swiss writer, poet, Lebenskünstler and anarchist, dies. [see: May 3]

2014 - The protests in Tuzla spread across Bosnia and Herzegovina in solidarity actions. In the capital city Sarajevo, protesters clashed with police who blocked traffic in the city centre, hospitalising 4 cops. Over 200 people blocked traffic in Mostar and about 150 people in Zenica protested in front of their local government building. Protests also broke out in Bihać and Tešanj, among others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] ||
 * = 7 || 1478 - Thomas More (d. 1535), English lawyer, social philosopher, humanist, author and statesman, born. Best known for his satirical novel '//Utopia: A Fruitful and Pleasant Work of the Best State of a Public Weal, and of the New Isle Called Utopia//' published in 1516, describes an ideal society has abolished the property and where the tolerance is a rule: "Fay ce que vouldras" (Do what you will). Claimed as a precursor to anarchism, yet slavery and religion are still posited as universal institutions.

1870 - Henri Gauche (aka René or Henri Chaughi) (d. 1926), French militant anarchist journalist for Jean Grave's journal '//La Révolte//' and the arts and literature review '//La Plume//', born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier07.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2039 www.filosofia.org/ave/001/a189.htm]

1872 - The first agricultural labourers' union meeting is held in Wellesbourne, near Stratford. One of the organisers, Joseph Arch, is portrayed as 'the Arch Apostle of Arson.'

1885 - The execution by beheading in Halle of German anarchists Emil Küchler, Franz Reinhold Rupsch and August Reinsdorf, implicated in the failed assassination attempt against the German Kaiser and Princes at the unveiling ceremony of the Niederwald Monument to the glory of the German armies on September 28, 1883. Whilst Küchler and Rupsch were the authors of the attentat, Reinsdorf refused to implicate his comrades and defended his anarchist beliefs till the end. "The workers build palaces and live in shacks; they produce everything and maintain the whole state machine, but for them nothing is done; they produce all industrial products, and yet they eat little and poorly, they are a always despised, brutal and superstitious feeling the full weight of slavery. Everything the government does, or tries to do, only ends up maintaining current relationships. The upper crust remains on the shoulders of the masses. Is it to be this way forever? Is it not our responsibility to change this state of affairs?" [Reinsdorf at the trial.]

1886 - Charles Gallo (d. 1887), French individualist anarchist, who on March 5, 1886, threw a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Paris Bourse, born.

1889 - Louis Louvet (d. 1971), French anarcho-syndicalist member of the Syndicat des Correcteurs d'Imprimerie involved in the printing of numerous anarchist publications, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier07.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Louvet]

1890 - Wiktor Alter (d. 1943), Polish Jewish socialist activist, long-time leader of the social-democratic Bund, member of the executive committee of the Second International and organiser in the International Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, who was executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin, born. [see: Feb. 17]

[F] 1894 - __Cripple Creek Miners' Strike__: Miners of the Western Federation of Miners-affiliated Free Coinage Union go out on strike after the mine owners (who had begun implementing a ten-hour day) refused to respond to the union's Feb. 1 demand that the eight-hour day at the $3.00 wage be reinstated. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar, and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out. By the end of February, every smelter in Colorado was either closed or running part-time. At the beginning of March, the Gold King and Granite mines gave in and resumed the eight-hour day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners'_strike_of_1894 libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher www.dailykos.com/story/2013/11/23/1257880/-Colorado-Labor-Wars-1894-Cripple-Creek-Strike www.rebelgraphics.org/wfmhall/rastall00.html www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/The-Battle-of-Cripple-Creek sowingculture.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/cripple-creek-miners-strike/]

1904 - The first edition of '//L'Emancipation//', a libertarian weekly, is published in Lens (Pas-de-Calais). Epigraph by Elisée Reclus: "La politique est l'art d'écorcher le peuple sans le faire crier."

1907 - __Mud March__: The first large procession organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies takes place with a suffragist march on Parliament. So-called because of the awful weather, with more than 3,000 women trudging through the wet, cold and muddy streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall. Millicent Fawcett, co-led the march with fellow 'constitutionalist' suffragists Lady Strachey, Lady Frances Balfour, and Keir Hardie. The NSWSS would remain the 'acceptable' face of the then campaign for the vote for women, after the Women's Social and Political Union changed tactics in 1912 and began to attack property, smashing shop and government office windows, committing acts of night-time arson, and targeting pillar boxes, telegraph wires and sports venues. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_March_(Suffragists) patriciahysell.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/mud-march/ archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft/suffragettehisto00pankuoft_djvu.txt]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Charles Hobhouse, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Francis Dyke Acland, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, are temporarily blinded by pepper and snuff, which was sent them in envelopes marked 'private'.

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Mucklow is again attacked by miners with at least one casualty. In retaliation that evening, the Kanawha County Sheriff Bonner Hill and a group of detectives attacked the Holly Grove miners' settlement with an armoured train, called the 'Bull Moose Special', attacking with machine guns and high-powered rifles, putting 100 machine-gun bullets through the frame house of striker Cesco Estep and killing him. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek–Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912 www.wvcoalmining.com/coal-news/looking-back-paint-creek–cabin-creek-strike-1912.html www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1798 www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/west-virginia-1912.htm www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/mother-jones-coal-west-virginia/ www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/motherjonesstrikingcoalminers1912.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Censorship of newspapers on the subject of the strike only 'Diario de Barcelona' has published a story about the extension of the strike. Newspapers and other publications receive the letter from the Sindicat d'Arts Gràfiques, Paper, Cartró i Similars (Union of Graphic Arts, Paper, Cardboard and Similar) outlining their plans for a 'censura roja', stating that their workers will not print newspapers that attempt to publish news contrary to the interests of the workers on strike. The arrest of Daniel Rebull i Cabré, aka 'David Rey', is an important blow to the clandestine anarcho-syndicalist networks because it disarmed one of the publishing and distribution networks of 'Solidaridad Obrera', which had to be replaced by a network of 20 to 30 smaller clandestine presses. [vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/vols-saber-ne-mes_02.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article6771 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rebull www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0054570.xml]

1922 - Samuel Fielden (b. 1847), English-born American militant anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. Fielden was one of the three Haymarket Martyrs sentenced to death but not executed. Fielden's crime was to be stepping down from the speaker's platform when a bomb went off, wounding him. His sentence was commuted to life in prison on November 10, 1887, he eventually pardoned on June 26, 1893. [see: Feb. 25]

1929 - In Barcelona, the first issue of '//Iniciales: Revista de los Espiritus Libres//' (Originals: Review of Free Spirits), an anarchist naturalist publication.

[B] 1941 - Maximilien Luce (b. 1858), French painter, engraver and anarchist, dies. As a child he witnessed the tragic events of the Paris Commune, later becoming part of the anarchist //milieu// and a friend of Jean Grave. In 1887 Pissarro, Seurat and Signac welcomed him into the Néo-Impressionists group. He also submitted numerous artworks to radical newspapers and was imprisoned in the anti-anarchist hysteria following the acts of Ravachol and Valliant. [see: Mar. 13]

1958 - André Prevotel (b. 1910), French postal/telegraph service worker, anarchist and néo-Malthusian, who was involved in the stérilisés de Bordeaux aka affaire Bartosek, dies. [see: Sep. 24]

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: The Santa Maria and its crew sets sail for Portugal. [see: Jan. 21]

[C] 1967 - The new National Front - a conglomeration of various nationalist and fascists including A. K. Chesterton's League of Empire Loyalists merges with the British National Party and part of the Racial Preservation Society, led by Robin Beauclair, in an effort to escape their neo-Nazi image - hold their official launch in Caxton Hall, London. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(UK)]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: With the picketing bolstered by the arrival of the 2000 additional pickets from Yorkshire, South Wales and the Midlands, only 47 out of 91 lorries were loaded that Monday. 150 workers from S.U. Carburettors, a British Leyland subsidiary in Birmingham, and Bryant‟s and McAlpine's building sites, also struck in support of the miners and some joined the picket line at Saltley gate. However, it was becoming clear that many more pickets were needed to close Saltley, and other miners were busy picketing elsewhere. [see: Feb. 4]

[D] 1974 - A General Strike in Grenada forces Britain to recognise its independence.

[E] 1979 - Tawakkol Abdel-Salam Karman (توكل عبد السلام خالد كرمان), Yemeni journalist, politician, and human rights activist, who co-founded the human rights group Women Journalists Without Chains, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman]

[A] 1991 - The IRA fire 3 mortar rounds at 10 Downing Street, unfortunately missing.

2006 - The Sentinelese tribe kill two fishermen who come too close to their island in the Bay of Bengal. The tribe continues to resist contact with the world.

2008 - A huge explosion and fire at the Imperial Sugar refinery northwest of Savannah, Georgia, kills 14 and injures 38 people. The explosion was fueled by massive accumulations of combustible sugar dust throughout the packaging building. An investigation by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board stated that the explosion had been "entirely preventable", noting that the sugar industry had been aware of the risk of dust explosions since 1926. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

2008 - Pilar Molina Beneyto (b. 1949), Valencian writer, photographer, documentary filmmaker, historian, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Apr. 11]

2009 - 23-year-old graffiti artist Tom Collister is found dead in his prison cell at HMP Camp Hill on the Isle of Wight. The coroner's enquiry finds the prison guilt of multiple failures in the care it provided.

2014 - Across Bosnia and Herzegovina thousands protest against the "country's political and economic stagnation". In Sarajevo the presidency building was set on fire and thousands of protesters fought with police. Government buildings were set on fire in Tuzla, where a 5,000-strong crowd stormed a local government building, hurling furniture, files and computers from the upper stories, and Zenica. Police used rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannon trying to disperse the crowd. Buildings and cars were also burning in downtown Sarajevo and riot police chased protesters. As many as 200 people were injured in protests that took place in more than 20 towns and cities. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/07/bosnia-herzegovina-wave-violent-protests] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Blanqui n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/blanqui.htm www.ephemanar.net/fevrier01.html www.marxists.org/reference/archive/blanqui/]
 * = 8 || 1805 - Louis Auguste Blanqui (d. 1881), French revolutionary socialist and president of the Paris Commune, born. Author of the famous phrase "Ni Dieu, Ni maître" (Neither God, nor Master). [expand]

1878 - Severino Albarracín Broseta (b. 1850), Spanish teacher, anarchist internationalist and prominent figure in the Federación Regional Española, dies. Leading participant in the insurrectionary strike of Alcoy in July 1873, where nearly ten thousand workers seized the city. Arrested for his role in the insurrection, he eventually goes into exile in Switzerland. [epheman.perso.neuf.fr/fevrier08.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Albarracín_Broseta]

1878 - [N.S. Feb. 20] Maria Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Мария Дмитриевна Субботина; b. 1854), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from tuberculosis under sentence of exile in Novouzensk (Новоузенск). [see: Feb. 20]

[A] 1886 - __'Black Monday'__: Rival political groups the London United Workmen's Committee and H.F. Hyndman's revolutionary Social Democratic Federation organise separate meetings in Trafalgar Square to protest unemployment. Both pass off peacefully despite the potential for violence but 5,000 workers then run amok in Pall Mall and St James' as the majority of the 600 police officers on duty mistakenly go to protect The Mall and Buck House. A further rally in Hyde Park sees Oxford Street looted and (according to the Mets' own official history) 17 "brave coppers" manage to restore order. The following morning the press labelled the rioters a "class of loafers who are unemployed for the simple reason that they have never done a day’s work in their lives."

1910 - __Philadelphia Shirtwaist Strike__: Two days after the ending of their strike, Philadelphia’s shirtwaist workers march in celebration of their victory. [see: Feb. 6]

1910 - Hans Henrik Jæger (b. 1854), Norwegian writer, novelist, philosopher and anarchist advocate of naturalism, dies. [see: Sep. 2]

[F] 1912 - __San Diego Free Speech Fight__: The San Diego Free Speech Fight began officially on February 8, 1912, when an ordinance banning street-speaking within a six-square-block "congested" area went into effect... That night, police arrested 38 men and three women and charged them with "conspiracy to commit a crime". [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_free_speech_fight www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1992/apr/02/battle-soapbox-row/ www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/may/23/unforgettable/# www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/aug/10/speak-not-speak-san-diego-1912/ www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/january/speech/ libcom.org/history/1912-san-diego-free-spech-fight libcom.org/library/fight-free-speech-san-diego-davey-jones www.iww.org/pl/history/library/misc/DJones2005]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: A night stoker on his usual round of checks at 04:00 discovers that 30 panes of glass in the Orchid House have been smashed, and some of the plants destroyed. 'Votes for Women' leaflets had also been left at the scene. [www.kew.org/discover/blogs/suffragettes-kew]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: At Selfridge's Oxford St. store a suffragette broke two windows, each valued at £80. Thirty telephone and five telegraph wires cut.

1914 - During the Guerra do Contestado (Contestado War) guerrilla war, which was fought for land between settlers and landowners (the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces) and lasted from October 1912 to August 1916, the federal and state governments send 700 men, supported by artillery and machine guns, to the rebel stronghold of Taquaruçu. Led by Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl, a 'Joan of Arc' figure, famed for riding on a white horse whilst dressed all in white, the rebels retreat to Caraguatá, a more remote location where 2,000 other people had already settled. Maria Rosa had taken over the leadership of the 6000-strong armed rebellion after the death of the rebels' previous leader, the 'holy monk' José Maria de Santo Agostinho (real name Miguel Boaventura Lucena, allegedly an army deserter wanted for rape), in battle on October 22, 1912. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rosa_(Contestado) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestado_War www.passeiweb.com/estudos/livros/chica_pelega_a_guerreira_de_taquarucu]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The 'La Canadiense' strike in Barcelona begins. Taking its name from the principle electrical company involved, it lasts 44 days and extends to other companies, becoming a General Strike — paralysing the whole city and industry. The government declares martial law and imprisons 3,000 striking members of the CNT. By mid-March the company has agreed to reinstate all workers with wage increases and introduce an 8-hour day; those imprisoned during the strike are also to be released. Over 20,000 people turn out to greet the release of the CNT leaders and hear them (including Salvador Segui) speak. The end of the strike is declared, but in the face of the refusal of the army to release a score of still imprisoned militants, the workers go on strike again on March 24, 1919, in a display of their solidarity, which ends April 14 with the victory of the strikers. [REWRITE]

[B] 1920 - Richard Dehmel (b. 1863), German poet and writer, friend of Gustav Landauer and outspoken advocate of free love, dies. [see: Nov. 18]

1921 - Peter Kropotkin (b. 1842), geographer, anarchist theorist and organiser, dies in Dimitrovo, near Moscow. [see: Dec. 9]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: A motion to set up a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas is defeated by 123 votes to 81. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

[D] [1936 - During a 5-week General Strike against French colonial rule in Syria, 3 are killed in Homs protests against the slaughter of 40 protesters in Hama 2 days before. [uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/]

1937 - Malaga falls to Franco's forces.

[E] 1938 - Olga Iljinicna Taratuta [Ольги Іллівни Таратути (uk) / Ольга Ильинична Таратута (ru)], aka Babushka ,Valia, Tania, D. Basist (real name Elka Golda Eljevna Ruvinskaia [Елька Гольда Еліївна Рувинська (uk) / Элька Гольда Эльевна Рувинская (ru)]; b. 1876*), Ukrainian teacher, anarcho-communist revolutionary and founder of the Ukrainian Anarchist Black Cross, is tried and condemned to death, accused of anarchist and anti-Soviet activities. She is executed the same day. [see: Feb. 2] [* some sources give 1874 or 1878]

1942 - Lucien Barbedette (b. 1890), French professor and anarchist, who wrote for many newspapers and reviews, and worked on Sébastien Faure's '//Anarchist Encyclopedia//', dies. [see: Aug. 13]

[CC] 1943 - Icchok Malmed (b.1903), Polish Jew and resistance fighter in the Białystok Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in WWII, is executed by hanging. A few days earlier he had thrown a bottle of acid in the face of a Nazi policeman during the liquidation of Ghetto in Bialystok. The blinded SS policeman then fired his gun, shooting one of his colleagues. Icchok managed to escape. The Gestapo commander Fritz Friedl demanded that the perpetrator turn himself in within 24 hours or the whole population of Ghetto would be killed. Malmed surrendered himself to the Germans. A sked why he attacked a German soldier, he replied: "I hate you. I regret I killed only one. You killed my parents in front of my eyes. Thousands of Jews had been murdered in Słonim before me. I don't regret what I did, even slightly." A failed attempt was made to smuggle poison into Malmed in the prison. Malmed was tortured and on the next day hanged near the square where the incident occurred. Germans soldiers riddled Malmed’s corpse with bullets after the rope broke and the body fell to the earth and re-hanged it for another 48 hours. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchok_Malmed en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icchok_Malmed www.zabludow.com/icchokmelmed.html]

[C] 1945 - Karl Alfred Nicolai Marthinsen (b. 1896), former Norwegian Police minister in the puppet Quisling regime, and commander of Statspolitiet and Sikkerhetspolitiet during the Nazi occupation, is assassinated by the Norwegian resistance group Milorg as part of Operation Buzzard, acting on orders from the government in exile. Marthinsen had been planning to enlist Norwegian paramilitary forces to violently subvert the expected capitulation of Nazi Germany in Norway. Twenty nine people were executed by firing squad in retaliation, including Norwegian Milorg resistance member Henry Hansson (b. 1918 ), together with six of his resistance group members - the Nazi regime had originally requested that 75 Norwegians be executed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marthinsen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hansson]

1945 - Nagata Hiroko (永田 洋子; d. 2011), Japanese leftist radical, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death for participating in the lynching of fellow Rengō Sekigun (連合赤軍), or United Red Army, members during a purge in February 1972 prior to the notorious Asama-Sansō incident, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Nagata ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/永田洋子 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍]

1948 - Oswald Mosley formally launches the Union Movement in a meeting at Wilfred Street School near Victoria Station. The new group retains the circle and flash emblem of the old Brutush Union of Fascists and consists mainly of former BUF members. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Movement archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/13th-february-1948/6/mosley-acts-and-looks-like-a-dictator www.oswaldmosley.com/jeffrey-hamm-2/]

1951 - The first issue of the monthly Italian newspaper of "propaganda for social emancipation", '//Seme Anarchico//' (The Anarchist Seed), is published in Turin and continues in print until March 1968.

1962 - Parisian police, led by the notorious Maurice Papon, kill 9 people (Communist Party militants and union members plus a 16-year-old boy) protesting against the OAS (Organisation Armée Secrète) and the Algerian war. Blocking the streets outside the Charonne Paris Métro station, the police charge the crowd, who flee into the Métro station. The cops begin to throw heavy iron plates (used around the bases of trees and on metro vents) down onto demonstrators in the stairwells. Eight of the victims dies from skull fractures or are crushed to death, with a ninth dying in hospital from their wounds. A massive funeral demonstration drew between quarter and a half million participants. The dead are buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery near the Mur des Federes.

1968 - __Orangeburg Massacre__: Three African American mem are killed and twenty-eight other protesters wounded as South Carolina Highway Patrol Officers open fire on 150 people protestesting against racial segregation at a bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre www.blackpast.org/aah/orangeburg-massacre-1968]

1969 - Leopoldo Méndez (b. 1902), politically charged Mexican printmaker, painter and muralist, dies. [see: Jun. 30]

[AA] 1971 - GIP (Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons) is launched to fight for better prison conditions in France. The manifesto is presented by Michel Foucault, Jean-Marie Domenach and Pierre Vadal-Naquet.

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: On the picket lines that day, miners were joined by car delivery workers, 200 workers from H. F Ward and delegations from the British Leyland, Tractors and Transmissions, Thorn Electrical and Thorn Radiation plants. Only 39 out of 50 lorries managed to be loaded on the Tuesday, but if the NUM were going to completely close the Nechells coke depot they would need the additional support. With other miners busy picketing elsewhere, it was vital to secure the support of the local Birmingham workers to help achieve this. A meeting was therefore called of the AUEW East District shop stewards and Arthur Scargill addressed the meeting, asking for a one day strike and mass picket. Scargill later reported: "I told them if they wanted to give us a quid to ease their conscience, then stuff it, we didn’t want it. We wanted physical support, we wanted strike action." [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: 5,000 miners attended the funeral of Hatfield Main miner Freddie Matthews, who was crushed to death under the wheels of a scab lorry outside Keadby Power Station in Lincolnshire five days earlier on February 3. [see: Jan. 9]

1999 - Luísa Adão (Luísa Do Carmo Franco Elias Adão; b. 1914), militant Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist, nurse and life-long companion of Acácio Tomás de Aquino, dies. [see: Jun. 19]

2014 - The riots in Bosnia and Herzegovina have now spread to Brčko, Mostar, Jajce, Bihać, Doboj, Prijedor, Travnik, Bugojno, Donji Vakuf, Kakanj, Visoko, Gračanica, Sanski Most, Cazin, Živinice, Goražde, Orašje, Srebrenik, Bijeljina, Prozor and Tešanj, among others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_unrest_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina] ||
 * = 9 || 1849 - Giovanni Passannante (d. 1910), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate king Umberto I of Italy, born. [Possible date of birth but Feb. 19, 1849 the more likely correct date.]

1849 - Laura Clay (d. 1941), prominent US suffragist and orator, who was co-founder and first president of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association, born. In 1920 at the Democratic National Convention, she was the first woman to have her name placed into nomination for the presidency at the convention of a major political party. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Clay]

1881 - [O.S. Jan. 28] Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский; b. 1821), Russian novelist, short story writer and essayist, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1883 - The first issue of '//La Federación Igualadina: Órgano de las Secciones Federadas en Igualada//', anarchist federalist and collectivist weekly, is published in Igualada (a municipality of the province of Barcelona). In print until 17 July 1885 (issue 128).

1890 - The first issue (of only 2 ever editions) of the weekly '//Le Bandit du Nord: Organe Anarchiste//' is published in Roubaix, northern France.

1893 - Charles-Auguste Bontemps (d. 1981), French 'Social Individualist' anarchist, pacifist, freethinker and naturist activist, prolific writer and poet, born. He collaborated in the anarchist publication '//Ce Qu'Il Faut Dire//' led by Sebastien Faure, was later a member of Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste during the Spanish civil war and prominent in the rebuilding of the Francophone Fédération Anarchiste in 1945 and again in 1953. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Auguste_Bontemps en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Auguste_Bontemps militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7527 anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Bontemps.html]

[D] 1906 - [O.S. Jan. 27] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Bolsheviks bomb a St. Petersburg tavern frequented by right-wing Union of the Russian People (Союз Русского Народа) members, shooting their victims as they try to flee. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm rusidea.org/?a=25020906 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Союз_русского_народа en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People]

[E] 1906 - [O.S. Jan. 27] Ekaterina Adolfovna Izmailovich (Екатерина Адольфовна Измайлович; b. 1881) Russian revolutionary, who followed her elder sister Alexandra Izmailovich (Александре Измайлович) into the Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция) of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), attempts to assassinate the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Gregory Chukhnin (Григо́рий Па́влович Чухни́н) in revenge for the shelling of the cruiser Ochakov (Очаков) during the November 1905 Sevastopol Uprising (Севастопольское Восстание). Chukhnin is shot and wounded in the stomach and shoulder but survives, immediately ordering the summary execution of Ekaterina Izmailovich by a naval patrol. Despite being given special protection following that attack, a successful attack was made on him by her fellow SR revolutionary Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков) on July 12, 1906 [O.S. Jun. 29]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Измайлович,_Екатерина_Адольфовна ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чухнин,_Григорий_Павлович ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Савинков,_Борис_Викторович www.memo.ru/nerczinsk/izm-plus.htm www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/106/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боевая_организация_эсеров]

1913 - __Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana__: Félix Díaz and Gens. Mondragon and Ruiz mutiny against Francisco Madero with 2,400 men. 300 killed around presidential palace. Diaz freed. Madero reappoints Gen. Victoriano Huerta as military commander. Huerta order Ruiz and all rebel cadets executed by firing squad.5,000 civilians killed. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decena_Trágica en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2Febrero.html]

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Miners carry out another raid on Mucklow, during which at least two people are killed. [see: Feb. 7]

1923 - Émile Masson (b. 1869), Breton militant, professor, writer and libertarian socialist propagandist, dies. A friend of Élisée Reclus and of Kropotkin, he took part in the //universitaire populaires// (1899–1905) and later on tried to reconcile his libertarian socialism and his Breton nationalist sympathies. Author of '//Les Rebelles//' (1908), "anarchico-bretons" tales. [see: Jul. 28]

[F] 1932 - Last issue of the '//Syndikalist//' published by the Dresden FAUD (anarcho-syndicalist Free Worker's Union - Germany), is suppressed by the Nazis.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: In response to the government's cancellation of the February 2 agreement, workers re-occupy the Atelierele CFR Grivița workshops and barricade themselves in. [archive.li/PuidD]

1934 - A gathering of thousands of Le Havre factory workers is held in the Place, at which a response to the recent fascist mobilisation is called for Thiers. Police attack the gathering. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

1948 - The first issue of the monthly journal '//Alba Roja//' (Red Dawn) is published in Mexico.

[B] 1948 - Karl Valentin (Valentin Ludwig Fey; b. 1882), German comedian, cabaret performer, clown, author, film producer and anarchist, dies. [see: Jun. 4]

[A] 1969 - Bank of Spain in Liverpool bombed. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: On Wednesday afternoon 200 AUEW stewards and convenors voted to support the call. [see: Feb. 4]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: A state of emergency is declared after the weather turns cold unexpectedly and voltage is reduced across the entire National Grid. [see: Jan. 9]

1983 - Marie-Adele Anciaux aka Mary Smiles (b. 1887), French anarchist militant, anti-vivisectionist and libertarian teacher, lifelong companion of Stephen Mac Say, dies. [see: Mar. 8]

[C] 2012 - Nikita Kalin (Никита Калин; b. 1991), 20-year-old Russian anarchist and anti-fascist activist is found stabbed to death on the campus of the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of the Sciences [FIAN] in Samara. He had 61 seperate knife wounds and had suffered extensive rib and head injuries in what was obviously a fascist attack. [see also: Oct. 31] [slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=29206 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0902.html www.anarkismo.net/article/22079 libcom.org/news/anarchist-anti-fascist-murdered-samara-russia-friends-family-need-support-21022012]

2013 - A revolt amongst prisoners in the Fylakio Detention Centre near Orestiada in Greece breaks out. [infomobile.w2eu.net/2013/02/09/revolt-in-the-detention-centre-of-fylakio-in-evros/] ||
 * = 10 || 1794 - Jacques Roux (b. 1752), radical Roman Catholic priest (//curé rouge//), a precursor of socialism and modern anarchism, stabs himself and dies whilst recovering from a previous suicide attempt in a Paris prison cell. Active during the French Revolution, he was a spokesman for the poorest of the sans-culottes and leader of the Enragés, denouncing those monopolising the revolution, the speculator, the merchant — and also government and the whole apparatus of the parliamentary state. In 1791 he was elected to the (first) Paris Commune and in 1793 he proclaimed his '//Manifeste des Enragés//' (Manifesto of the Madmen), in which he demanded the abolition of private property and class society in the name of the people he represented. His incendiary rhetoric was also instrumental in precipitating a series of food riots, further enraging the Jacobins against him and leading to the laying of charges of being a foreign spy attempting to overthrow the revolutionary government. The Committee of Public Safety instigated an investigation against him into alleged embezzlement of charitable funds and thrown into prison in September 1793. On January 14, 1794, when informed that his case was going to be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal, Roux tried unsuccessfully to kill himself, only to succeed one month later. [see: Aug. 21]

[D] 1862 - __Imsul Peasant Revolt [임술농민항쟁__]: A large-scale revolt against taxation breaks out simultaneously in 71 towns. The government often taxed for dead people or infants, although only those over fifteen were to be taxed. Moreover, most of the remainder were given to the landowner. The uprising began in Jinju with the capture of the magistrate Baek Nakshin, and the landowners Jeong Namseong, Seong Buin, and Choe Jinsa were burned at stake. Their sons were killed as well while attempting to save their fathers. The revolts soon spread to most of Southern Korea, and continued until January, 1863. The people of Gwangju even rode to Seoul. The revolts were extremely severe in Jeolla Province, the later abode of the Donghak Revolution, in which 38 of 54 towns actively revolted. [ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/임술민란 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution]

1869 - Octave Jahn (d. 1917), French anarchist who helped found the 'League of Anti-Patriots' in 1886. born. Participant in numerous strikes and other industrial actions since the age of 15, he was jailed for 2.5 years for his part (strident revolutionary oratory at meetings) in the May 1897 strike in the Hainaut area of Belgium. He subsequently became a tireless propagandist anarchist, travelling (despite numerous convictions and several stretched in jail) through France, North Africa, Switzerland, England and Spain, countries where he lived until 1909. He then moved to Mexico, where he participated in the revolution and helped found the Ferrer school in 1915. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2783 libcom.org/history/jahn-octave-aka-octavio-jahn-18]

1872 - Eugene Bigel (d. unknown), Ardennes anarchist worker and advocate of direct action, born. He dynamited numerous police stations, inflicting material and psychological damage. His last attempted bombing, July 15, 1891, at the residence of an industrialist, failed to explode and was traced to him. Bigel received a heavy sentence and was sent to the prison colony in Cayenne.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal__: Amadeo I of Spain abdicates. An ephemeral monarch, he had almost no popular support whose two year reign was beset with problems, including the war in Cuba, the outbreak of the Third Carlist War, the opposition of the Alfonsin monarchists, who aspired to Bourbon restoration, and various republican insurrections, when he was finally caught between the government of Ruiz Zorrilla, who wanted him to sign an decree ordering the reorganisation of the Cuerpo de Artilleros, and the army itself who wanted him to head an anti-government coup. Forced to sign the decree and unable to contitute a government of reconciliation, he abdicated.

[EE] 1886 - Hiratsuka Raichō (平塚 らいちょう [or 平塚雷鳥]) (Hiratsuka Haru [平塚 明]; d. 1971), Japanese writer, journalist, political activist, anarchist and pioneer of feminism in Japan, who founded the monthly feminist magazine 'Seitō' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), born. Raichō [her chosen name means 'Thunderbird'] founded '//Seitō//' in 1911 with Yasumochi Yoshiko, Mozume Kazuko, Kiuchi Teiko and Nakano Hatsuko, all fellow members of the Seitō-sha (青鞜社 / Bluestocking Society). The first issue opened with the statement: "In the beginning, a woman was the sun" (元始、女性は太陽であった), which was considered as the opening Declaration of Women's Rights in Japan — many later thought it was a reference to the Shinto goddess Amaterasu and the then-popular idea that early (i.e. prehistoric) Japanese societies were matriarchal, however Raichō conceived of it as a rebuttal of the Nietzschean concept of the inferiority of all women. Initially focusing on women's literature, '//Seitō//' soon began to carry essays and editorials written from an expressly feminist viewpoint and covering a wide variety of issues that were not covered elsewhere: gender equality, the legalising prostitution and abortion, women's suffrage, female sexuality, chastity, and adultery. The magazine's subject matter and its increasingly radical nature eventually drew the attention of the authorities, resulting in a number of bans under the 1900 Public Order and Police Law (治安警察法) — the April 1912 edition was banned due to the subject matter (adultery) of the story '//Letters//' (手紙), in its pages and the June 1915 issue for an article on abortion, whilst another edition was removed from sale because of an article was critical of private capital!. 'Seitō' eventually closed in 1916. However, Raichō continued to live by the concept of the 'new woman' (shin-fujin / 新婦人) that she and the other Seitō-sha members had argued in favour of in the paper's pages, living openly with her younger lover, the artist Okumura Hiroshi (奥村博史), who she had begun a relationship in 1914. The couple would go on to have two children together and did not legally marry until 1941. In 1920, Raichō formed the Shin-Fujin Kyokai (新婦人協会 / New Woman's Association) together with fellow women's rights activist Ichikawa Fusae (市川 房枝), following an investigation that she had carried into female workers' conditions in textile factories in Nagoya. The first Japanese organisation formed expressly for the improvement of the status and welfare of women, Shin-Fujin Kyokai was instrumental in establishing the Women's Suffrage Movement in Japan, campaigning on the rights of women to attend political meetings and join political organisations. Shin-Fujin Kyokai effectively folded in 1923 and, with Okumura in poor health, Raichō largely withdrew from public life though she continued to write essays and lecture In the post-war period Raichō joined the Japanese Communist Party (Nihon Kyōsan-tō / 日本共産党)and became a prominent member of the peace movement. She was amongst those members of the Japan Women's Movement (婦人運動家) who travelled to the United States when the Korean War broke out to present the US Secretary of State Dean Acheson with the '//Request for peace by Japanese women//' (日本女性の平和への要望書), arguing for Japan to remain neutral and pacifist. In 1955, Raichō was involved in the creation of the Committee of Seven for World Peace Appeal and, in 1962, of the New Japan Women's Association (新日本婦人の会). Hiratsuka Raichō continued to write and lecture up until her death on May 24, 1971 from cancer of the gall bladder. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raicho_Hiratsuka ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/平塚らいてう ebisu.revues.org/669 www.womeninworldhistory.com/sample-193.html www.illustratedwomeninhistory.com/post/142686777565/raichō-hiratsuka-was-a-writer-journalist www.distinguishedwomen.com/bio.php?womanid=1450 www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/380.html blue-stocking.org.uk/2009/12/01/‘in-the-beginning-woman-was-the-sun’and-the-foundation-of-japan’s-first-feminist-journal/ shojopower.com/in-the-beginning-woman-was-the-sun/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine) ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜]

1888 - Giuseppe Ungaretti (d. 1970), Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic and academic, born. Briefly associated with the Dadaists, he developed his own poetics which he labelled Hermeticism. For a time he was also an anarchist sympathiser, getting to know Mussolini is his socialist phase, but like Mussolini and many of Ungaretti's Futurist friends, supported the irredentist position at the outbreak of WWI and went on to become an active Fascist. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti]

[C] 1888 - Giuseppe Pasotti (d. 1951), Italian anarcho-syndicalist and member of the Italian League of Human Rights, born. In 1911 he served 3 months for having stopped blacklegs going to work, took part in the Red Week of 1914, and in 1918 the War Tribunal of Milan issued an arrest warrant for his incitement to desertion. In the early thirties he emigrated to France with his family and took part in various anti-fascist demonstrations and attacks on Italian fascists, for which the Frencch authorities tried to deport him. he also ran, alongside his son Nullo, a network to smuggle militants and materials into Spain during the Civil War and was active in recruiting Italians to the republican cause and was head of the political investigations bureau of the Spanish FAI, responsible for handing out entry documents for Spain. Framed for a March 1937 bomb explosion on a Port Bou-Marseilles train, he got 3 months in jail. Moving to Spain, he eventually left for Tunis in early 1939. He returned to Italy post-Liberation only to move permantly to Tunisia, disgusted by the 'Historic Compromise' between the Communist Party and the Christian Democrats.

1890 - [N.S. Feb. 22] Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; d. 1918), Russian Socialist Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, born. [see: Feb. 22] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkaplan.htm]

1891 - [O.S. Jan. 29] Sofia Kovalevskaya [Со́фья Ковале́вская] (Sofia Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya [Со́фья Васи́льевна Корвин-Круковская]; January 15 [3] 1850), Russian mathematician, engineer and Narodnik (народники), whose sister was the socialist and feminist Anne Jaclard (Anna Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya), dies of influenza. [see: Jan. 15]

1892 - Four anarchists, Manuel Fernández Reina (25 years old), José Fernández Lamela (25), Manuel Silva Leal (44) and Zarzuela Antonio Granja (34 years old) are garrotted in Jerez, Anddalusia, victims of the repression that followed the peasant revolt of January 8.

1898 - Bertolt Brecht (d. 1956) born. [expand]

1905 - [O.S. Jan. 29] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The government establishes the Shidlovsky Commission to investigate workers’ grievances. On Feb. 19 & 26, St. Petersburg workers pick delegates to the commission, in the first free elections that Russian workers have ever participated in. [see: Mar. 5] [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: The first group of 119 children leave the city from the Franco-Belgian Hall (Lawrence IWW offices) bound for New York, under a scheme organised by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, to be temporarily fostered at supporters homes in the city for the duration of the strike. They are met by 5,000 members of the Italian Socialist Federation and the Socialist Party singing the '//Marseille//' and the '//Internationale//'. Seventy are Belgian or French-Canadian. One such child was a French girl named Marthe and in a letter printed in '//L'Emancipation//', she recalled, "The great strike . . . prompted my exodus," and that her parents greatly benefited from the strike. She became close friends with the daughter of the family that took her in. Everyone of the 119 children sent to New York was found on physical examination to be suffering from malnutrition, in some form. As Bill Haywood most eloquently put it, "Those children had been starving from birth. They had been starved in their mothers' wombs. And their mothers had been starving before the children were conceived." [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years breadandrosescentennial.org/node/77 www.exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1987-8/muth.htm wessexsolidarity.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/br1912.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lawrstriproc.html zinnedproject.org/materials/bread-and-roses-strike-story/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=extlink-00000-00---off-0whist--00-00-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--40-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH37b03415eea2a2c1febbde www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/index.htm www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Bread, roses, and other possibilities.pdf www.apwu.org/labor-history-articles/1912-textile-strike-put-women-line-fire hll.org/Lawrence.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses/mobilizing-beyond-lawrence www.marxists.org/history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/news-jan-mar.pdf]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Windows smashed at the Reform, Carlton, Junior Carlton, Oxford,' and Cambridge Clubs, and also at the residence of Prince Christian. Case containing exhibits at the Royal Scottish Museum smashed.

1913 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Following the attacks on Mucklow by miners over preceding days, martial law is imposed for the third and final time. [see: Feb. 7 & 9]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: There is no light on the streets of Barcelona and the La Canadiense management gives an ultimatum to the strikers to return to work.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: With only two unions, cooks and longshoremen, having voted the previous day to continue the strike, the General Strike Committee votes to end the strike at noon the following day. [see: Feb. 6]

[B] 1920 - Alex Comfort (d. 2000), British physician, gerontologist, sexologist, anarchist, pacifist, poet, novelist, etc., born. Comfort considered himself "an aggressive anti-militarist", and believed that pacifism rested "solely upon the historical theory of anarchism" - he even formed a peace corps in opposition to this school's army cadets. He was an active member of the Peace Pledge Union (PPU) and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament [running a mobile pirate radio station broadcasting anti-nuclear propaganda to the factory workers building Blue Streak missiles in Stevenage], and a conscientious objector in World War II. A poet talked of in the same breath as Auden and Spender, he also wrote novels [including '//No Such Liberty//' (1941), which compared British wartime actions to Nazi Germany's (George Orwell reviewing the book declared its author "objectively pro-Fascist"); '//The Power House//' (1944); '//On This Side Nothing//' (1949); '//A Giant's Strength//' (1952); '//Come Out to Play//' (1961); '//Tetrarch//' (1981); '//Imperial Patient//' (1987); and '//The Philosophers//' (1989) - a sci-fi satire on the Thatcher government]; a handful of plays; volumes of travel writing; studies of political corruption, medical ethics, eastern philosophy; works on gerontology, on human evolution and art ['//Art and Social Responsibility//' (1946)]. He also wrote the preface to '//Outlaw of the Lowest Planet//' (1946), a collection of Kenneth Patchen's poems. However, '//The Joys of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking'// (1972) is the book that he will always be remembered for (Comfort would have much preferred to be remembered for his poetry) and should be seen as an anarchist elegy to personal responsibility and freedom from political and sexual repression. His major writings on anarchism are '//Peace and Disobedience//' (1946) and '//Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State//' (1946), with many of his writing on anarchism collected in '//Writings Against Power and Death//' (1994).

1925 - Aristide Bruant (b. 1851), French cabaret singer, comedian, and owner of the Mirliton nightclub, dies. [see: May 6]

1932 - CNT proclaims a General Strike; insurrections follow. Within the week the Catalan city of Terrassa is taken over and anarchist communism is declared. [expand]

1952 - Alfred Sanftleben (aka Slovak; b. 1871), militant German anarchist, also active in Switzerland and the US. dies. Typesetter and translator, friend of Max Nettlau, Gustav Landauer (collaborating on '//Der Sozialist//' and '//La Révolte//'), Rudolf Rocker and the Flores Magón brothers (translating articles into English for their paper, '//Regeneración//'). [see: Aug. 23]

[E] 1953 - Maria Anna Rygier (also Maria Corradi-Rygier or Maria Rygier Corradi; b. 1885), Italian anti-militarist, syndicalist, anarchist propagandist, anti-fascist activist, and later a monarchist, dies. One-time editor at the socialist newspaper '//Il Popolo d'Italia//', founded by Benito Mussolini in 1914. Later an anti-fascist exile in France and wrote '//Rivelazioni sul Fuoruscitismo Italiano in Francia//' (Revelations about Antifascist Exiles in France; 1946). [see: Dec. 5]

1954 - The FDA files a decree for injunction to curtail Wilhelm Reich's work with Orgone energy and the medical use of orgone energy to treat injuries, physical disease and health conditions.

1957 - __Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers__]: As Sporting Club Universitaire d’El Biar, an amateur football team composed of FLN-supporting Algerian settlers that had caused a Cup upset 6 days earlier by knocking out Stade de Reims, face Racing Universitaire Algérois, bombs explode in their stands at the municipal stadium in Algiers, killing 10 people and wounding 34. [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-attentats-stade.html inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2011/12/12/france-the-front-liberation-nationale-and-football.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger]

1969 - Eduardo Mondiane, president of FRELIMO, is assassinated in Mozambique.

1970 - Ian Purdie is imprisoned for 9 months for throwing a petrol bomb at the Ulster Office in Saville Row during an Irish Civil Rights Campaign march. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1971 - RAF members Astrid Proll and Manfred Grashof are stopped by two undercover police agents but narrowly escape with the aid of a sympathetic passer-by.

[FF] 1972 - __Battle of Saltley Gate / U.K. Miners' Strike__: 15,000 pickets, of which an estimated 12,000-13,000 were Birmingham trade unionists, assemble and march to the Nechells Gas works. Those on the picket lines watched as thousands of workers marched towards them from five different directions following their union banners. Seeing the lines approaching and the fact that the 700 police present were heavily outnumbered, the West Midlands Chief Constable ordered the works' gates closed. A Cabinet meeting, where the law on picketing was being discussed, was interrupted with the news that the Chief Constable had been obliged to "request the closure" of the depot. Cabinet concluded that this outcome, with the depot closed and no further stocks leaving, "represented a victory for violence against the lawful activities of the Gas Board and the coal merchants". "Saltley Coke depot was closed today as 10,000 demonstrators surged towards the gates. A sea of faces stretched for as far as the eye could see, below trade union banners and there was a great roar as the gates shut for the first time since picketing began last week. Scores of factories were closed or totally disrupted as workers responded to the strike call from the AUEW and the National Union of Vehicle Builders. From early morning the contingents, hundreds strong, began arriving at the depot. Finally Nechells Place, scene of earlier violence, St Clement’s Road, which runs past the depot gates, and the main Saltley Road, were completely thronged with singing, chanting crowds waving banners and placards. Others came from the Valor factory, the GEC, the Rover car works and several other British Leyland factories. Others marched under the red banner of the East District of the AUEW. Crowds of women from the SU Carburettor factory, the GEC and Valor swelled the ranks. An hour after the huge crowds had massed outside the depot the gates were closed and locked by Gas Board security men. Tumultuous cheering broke out as Mr Scargill climbed onto the roof of a nearby building and told the crowd through a loud hailer “if working people are united they can achieve anything." ['//Evening Mail//' Feb. 10, 1972] With Saltley only containing a small fraction of the coal and coke needed to supply the power stations that had already been forced to slow or cease the generation of electricity, the effect of its forced closure was actually "symbolic, it was psychological, and it helped to impress the establishment" according to Labour MP Dennis Skinner. Nevertheless, the solidarity shown by the workers of Birmingham had helped win the striker for the miners. [see: Feb. 4] [* The confrontation actually took place at the gate for Nechells Gas works. The Saltley Gas works and its 'gates' were on the other side of the Saltley Viaduct adjacent to the Nechells works. The press, and the media kept insisting on calling it Saltley Gate, due in part to their being a locality next to Saltley gas works where there used to be a tollgate that is still called 'Saltley Gate' and when people were trying to close the gas works which was in the district of Saltley, they assumed that it was one of the same.]

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike / Three-Day Week__: British miners go on strike following their January 24 ballot, in which 81% of its members voted in favour of the strike following the rejection of a 16.5% pay rise offer by the NCB. Three days earlier Edward Heath had called a general election, with his campaign emphasising the pay dispute with the miners, using the slogan "Who governs Britain?". Heath believed that the public sided with the Conservatives on the issues of strikes and union power. Instead, he lost his majority and Labour ended up forming a minority government and giving the miners their 35% wage increase. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4054000/4054793.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_February_1974]

1978 - 3,500 anti-racists picket a NF meeting being held in Bolton Town Hall, and succeed in outnumbering 2,000 police. [A secret pact between Labour and Tory councillors in January 1978, had ensured that the planned NF meeting passed through the council without discussion.] Sadly, the contest does not go with the numbers. Traffic is searched, anti-fascists have their names and addresses taken. Outside the Town Hall, 20 mounted policemen are used to charge the protesters. Anti-fascists are then held back for several hours after the NF have left. Eighteen anti-racists are arrested under public order statutes and charged without access to a solicitor. [www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/northw.htm]

[A] 1978 - Looters in Cagliari, Italy attack and burn the RAI-TV van that is being used to film their actions.

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: According to the UFW there are 4,300 workers now on strike, and there was a great deal of violence and property destruction, as strikers attempted to intimidate strike breakers and to flood fields by sabotaging irrigation canals. Growers hired replacement workers as well as security guards, and a UFW striker, Rufino Contreras, is killed February 10, 1979 by a foreman near a field owned by Mario Saikhon. Reflecting the tensions of the time, Gov. Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown Jr., a close ally of Chavez, marched in the funeral procession for Contreras, while Imperial County authorities ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute the foreman for killing Contreras. [libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/MillerArchive/062 The 1979 Lettuce Strike.pdf archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/02/25/page/8/article/bloody-fight-in-lettuce-fields/index.html libcom.org/library/account-conditions-leading-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/violence-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/lettuce-strike-apparently-succeeding-despite-odds libcom.org/library/feb-26th-1979-report-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike www.lettucewars.net/p/in-lettuce-fields-timeline.html www.chavezfoundation.org/_cms.php?mode=view&b_code=001008000000000&b_no=15&page=1&field=&key=&n=7 ww.nytimes.com/1979/08/11/archives/chavez-acts-to-rekindle-flickering-farm-strike-began-with-selective.html?mcubz=1 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=130&page=2 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/ufwarchives/foodjustice/01_Dec84_001.pdf]

1997 - Christopher 'Catford Chris' Castle, who was acting as a go-between in a dispute between rival groups over control of Combat 18 and the running of Blood and honour and the lucrative neo-Nazi music scene, is stabbed in the back by former Skrewdriver guitarist Cross using a nine-inch (22 cm) blade as he attempts to meet former C18 leader 'Charlie' Sargent at his mobile home. Sargent had been kicked out of C18 following allegations that he was a security service spy and Wilf 'The Beast' Browning, who had driven Castle to the rendezvous and had subsequently taken him to hospital, where he died, had been trying to get Sargent to rejoin C18. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Lasker-Schüler de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Lasker-Schüler jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lasker-schueler-else]
 * = 11 || 1869 - Else Lasker-Schüler (d. 1945), German-Jewish Expressionist poet and playwright, born. Friend of Gustav Landauer and Johannes Holzmann (it was Else that thought up his pseudonym Senna Hoy). In her 1924 polemic, '//Ich Räume Auf!//' (I’m Cleaning Up!), she also praised Ernst Toller and Erich Müsham, claiming: "The poet is better equipped to build a world than to form a state."

[E] 1872 - Hannah Mitchell (Hannah Maria Webster; d. 1956), English dressmaker, Socialist, pacifist and suffragette, born. Largely self-educated (she had only received only two weeks of formal schooling), her father taught to her to read and she became passionately fond of books, even doing her brothers’ chores in return for being allowed to read the books they brought home from school. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Mitchell spartacus-educational.com/Wmitchell.htm radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/04/23/hannah-mitchell-socialist-and-suffragette/ www.hannahmitchell.org.uk/about/hannah-mitchell/]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal__: Following Amadeo I's abdication, the Spanish Congress and the Senate, constitutuent bodies of the National Assembly, proclaim the Primera República Española by 258 votes to 32. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1879 - [N.S. Feb. 23] Kazimir Malevich (d. 1935), Suprematist painter and anarchist who, like many other avant garde artists, fell foul of the Communist authorities, born. [see: Feb 23]

1881 - Carlo Carrà (d. 1966), Italian futurist painter and author, born. An anarchist in his early years, he painted his famous futurist work '//The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli//' (1910-11), which Carrà was present at, in that period. However, he became an ultra-nationalist during WWI and, like many of the Futurist, later became active Fascists, signing a manifesto which called for support of the state ideology through art.

1887 - Clément Duval, anarchist expropriator and member of La Panthère des Batignolles, is condemned to death.

1888 - Joseph Ishill (d. 1966), Romanian-American anarchist typesetter, born. One of the founders of the Ferrer Colony was founded in Stelton, N.J. in 1915, Ishill began helping print the Colony's magazine, '//The Modern School//', and a year later he published Oscar Wilde's '//The Ballad of Reading Gaol//'. From the publication of that book in 1916 until his death fifty years later, Ishill published more than 200 books and pamphlets, all of them typeset and printed by hand, mostly via the Oriole Press, which he founded in 1926.

[C] 1890 - Virgilia d'Andrea (d. 1932), Italian anarchist poetess, anti-fascist, teacher and writer, born. She first became interested in anarchism aged 12 at convent school when the nuns made her pray for the dead King Umberto I, who had been shot and killed by the anarchist Gaetano Brescia in revenge for the May 1898 Protesta dello Stomaco (Protest of the Stomach) massacre. Her sympathies were more with the young avenger than the king. Her curiosity aroused, she began to supplement her passion for poetry by reading political works. Qualifying as a teacher, she left the convent in 1908 and taught in a number of elementary schools in the Abruzzo region. She joined the Italian Socialist Party, helping establish a women's section. But having witnessed the Settimana Rosso (Red Week) in Milan in 1914 and the state's inadequate response to the 1915 Abruzzo earthquake, she became even more radicalised, participating in the anti-interventionist movement at the beginning of WWI and developing a greater admiration for the anarchists she met. In 1917 she was introduced to the anarcho-syndicalist Armando Borghi, secretary of the USI (Union Syndicale Italian) and its newspaper, the weekly '//Guerra di Classe//’ (Class War), then interned in Abruzzo. He would become her life-long companion and collaborator. She then became involved in the USI (editing 'Guerra di Classe’ when Borghi was exiled to Isernia), giving talks and writing prose for the movement in addition to her poetry. The political police also began to take notice of her, labelling her an effective and dangerous radical anti-war agitator and she too was placed under house arrest for the duration of the war. In 1922 D'Andrea published her first book of poetry, 'Tormento' (Torment), which featured an introduction by Errico Malatesta. The Italian state seized and banned all copies, charging her prose with the ability to disrupt public order and incite class hatred. Sadly, the rest of her literary output is slim: 'L’Ora di Maramaldo’ (The Hour of the Defenceless; 1925), a collection of prose published in France in 1928; and 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933), a collection of articles and treatises published in New York a few days before her death. With the rise of fascism, something d'Andrea was to label as a war of violence waged against civilisation, she wrote advocating an all-out struggle against it: "attacking fascism amounts to a defence of humanity's present and future." Inevitably, her and Borghi's high profile anti-fascist activities led to death threats and, following the fascist March on Rome, the went into exile, first in Berlin (1923), then Paris (1924), where she founded the magazine 'Veglia' (Vigil) and became active in support of Sacco and Vanzetti, then finally to the US in 1928. There they continued their political activities, campaigning for Sacco and Vanzetti, doing anti-fascist work whilst collaborating on the anarchist newspaper '//L'Adunata dei Refratari//’ (Call of the Refractaires [i.e. the unmanageable]). Meanwhile her health deteriorated and she was diagnosed with bowel cancer. On May 1, 1933, she was hospitalised in New York and died a few days later, during the night of May 11, aged forty-three.

“Ancora due che salgono il monte del martirio”, mi disse qualcuno con la voce piena di tristezza. “Ma siamo qui tutti noi” rispose un giovanetto forte a cui i venti anni empivano d’avvenire le pupille radiose. “Viva Sacco e Vanzetti!” gridò un fanciullo esuberante, e agitò un lembo della bandiera guardando fissamente in alto… …Non so se il cielo grigio che pesava sul nostro capo o la distesa fresca e canora dei suoi magnifici sogni… “Non vi addolorate, non vi scoraggiate per il nostro destino” essi avevano scritto. “Ci vogliono morti e sia”. Io avevo guardato a lungo la lettera dei due morituri. Non una lacrima, non una esitazione, non una sillaba mal certa. I due uomini che hanno vissuto da anni a faccia a faccia con la morte si sono sovrumanati si sono sublimati. Avrebbero potuto impazzire. Hanno invece saputo trovare nella sapiente capacità dello spirito loro, tutto il perchè vero e vivo della vita. Avrebbero potuto morire. Hanno saputo invece ricercare nell’intrico dell’oscurità che non ha più mattino, la sorgente sovrana che rinnova lo spirito. Avrebbero potuto rinnegare. Hanno saputo invece serbare per i viventi, dopo i colloqui aspri e freddi con la morte, le parole più belle e più pure dello spirito che si denuda per la tomba. Quelle che sorgono nel cuore allorchè recisa è la visione dei sogni. Quelle che sembrano raccolte da una fiorita di rose. Quelle che sembrano distaccate da una roccia di perle.

("Two more to go up the mountain of the martyr," someone said to me, her voice full of sadness. "But we are all of us here," said a young man whose strong in the twenty years empivano of the future pupils radiant.  "Viva Sacco and Vanzetti, "cried an exuberant child, and waved a piece of the flag looking steadily at the top ...  I do not know ... if the gray sky that weighed on our head or the expanse of fresh and beautiful singing of his dreams ...  "Do not grieve, do not be discouraged for our destiny," they had written. "It takes dead and it is."  I had a long look at the letter of the two moribund. Not a tear, not a hesitation, not a syllable sore certain.  The two men who have lived for years in face-to-face with death were sovrumanati you are sublimated.  They could go crazy.  Instead, they have been able to find the skilled ability of spirit, because all the true and living life. They could die. They knew how to be sought in the tangle of darkness that no longer am, the sovereign source that renews the spirit. They could deny. They have instead been able to preserve the living, after talks harsh and cold with death, the words most beautiful and purest spirit that is laid bare to the grave. Those that are in the heart severed policies where is the vision of dreams. What appear gathered from a flowering of roses. Those that seem detached from a rock of pearls.) - extract from 'Torce Nella Notte’ (Torches in the Night; 1933)

[www.katesharpleylibrary.net/f1vj8p www.katesharpleylibrary.net/qjq3h0 libcom.org/history/d-andrea-virgilia-1890-1933 giuseppecapograssi.wordpress.com/2013/01/13/virgilia-dandrea-anarchica-e-poetessa-sulmonese/ www.classicistranieri.com/?s=Virgilia+d%27Andrea+ www.sguardi.info/index.php?id=181,1617,0,0,1,0 www.liberliber.it/libri/d/d_andrea/index.php]

1892 - The issue of the annual publication '//L'Antipatriote: Plus de Frontières! -L'Humanité Libre!//' appears in Brussels. Epigrams "Patriotism is the last refuge of scoundrels" [A. Spies] and "//Our enemy, is our master//" [La Fontaine]. The 1894 issue will be prosecuted for "inciting disobedience".

1904 - Élie Reclus (Jean-Pierre Michel; b. 1827), French journalist, anthropologist and anarchist revolutionary, brother of Elisha Reclus, dies. [see: Jun. 16]

1911 - __Révolte des Cossiers / Révolte des Vignerons de la Champagne__: The State prohibits the use of wines not coming from the appellation area to benefit from the name 'champagne'. [see: Nov. 4]

1913 - "You don’t have to die to get to hell. Just come to Akron, Ohio, and get a pass to enter any one of the many rubber shops." Workers at the Firestone factory walk off the job over the imposition of a new piece-rate scale. Four days later, nearly 15,000 workers were on strike in the city. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

[D] 1913 - __Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana__: With Félix Díaz and Generals Mondragon and Ruiz, and the more than 2,400 men under their command, having begun a mutiny against the president Francisco Madero two days earlier, an artillery duel breaks out between the mutineers and the loyal Federal forces in Ciudad de México. 500 civilians are killed during the exchanges of fire. Gen. Huerta, who despises Francisco Madero and has long planned to overthrow him, sees the mutiny as his chance to become president and begins laying plans to seize power in the next few days. [see: Feb. 17]

1916 - Shortly before she is about to give a public lecture, Emma Goldman is arrested yet again and charged with violating the Comstock Law, this time for distributing information about birth control during a lecture in New York City the previous month. At her court case in April, she is convicted of violating Section 1142 of the New York State Criminal Code and, rather than paying the $100 fine, opts to spend fifteen days in the Queens County Penitentiary instead, something she saw as an "opportunity" to reconnect with those rejected by society. [www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-control-pioneer-arrested memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb11.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Following yesterday's ultimatum by the La Canadiense management, a handful of workers have returned to work. Now, workers at the Astilleros Minguell SA shipyards begin a sympathy strike. Santiago Pascual, a 29-year-old union delegate from Tarrasa, who had been attacked several times before by the police, is ambushed by comany pistoleros and seriously injured.

1919 - __Seattle General Strike__: After five days the strike officially ends at noon. The shipyard workers' strike continued for another month elsewhere, though the strikers battled dissent in their own ranks much as the general strikers had battled dissent in theirs. [see: Feb. 6]

1922 - Gino (Biagio) Cerrito (d. 1982), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist historian, born. Professor d'Història Contemporània a la Facultat de Magisteri de la Universitat de Florència. Author of '//L'Antimilitarismo Anarchico in Italia nel Primo Ventennio del Secolo//' (Anarchist Antimilitarism in the First Two Decades of the Century; 1968), '//Le Origini del Movimento Operaio in Italia//' (The Origins of the Labour Movement in Italy; 1969) and many other books. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1102.html www.ephemanar.net/septembre04.html]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Overngiht [10-11] there are a series of mass arrests as participants in the Feebruary 2 strike are hunted down, stirring up mass resentment amongst those living in the neighborhood of the Grivița works. A workers' delegation go to the government asking for the release of the arrested. It is brutally rebuffed.

1937 - The __Great Flint Sit-Down Strike__ ends. [see: Dec. 30] [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike libcom.org/history/flint-sit-down-strike-1936-1937-jeremy-brecher nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/michigan-autoworkers-win-strike-union-rights-1936-37 www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/02/16/fln2-f16.html www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sit-down-strike-begins-in-flint reuther.wayne.edu/node/7092 www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/February/flint.html www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2016/02/vintage_photos_from_the_1936-3.html]

1943 - Carlo Tresca (b. 1879), Italian-born American newspaper editor, orator, labour organiser, prominent Industrial Workers of the World activist and anti-fascist, is shot in the back and the head, killing him instantly. His assassin is believed to have been Carmine Galante, acting on the order of Frank Garofalo, Maffia underboss to Fascist sympathiser Joseph Bonanno. [see: Mar. 9] [poumista.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/carlo-tresca/]

1944 - __Operation Spark[*__]: Following the postponement of the November 16, 1943, viewing of the new army, airforce and SS winter uniform, and all subsequent attempts to hold it, a new viewing is scheduled, with a new volunteer, Captain Ewald von Kleist (1922 - 2013), replacing von dem Bussche (who had, since the last attempt, been returned to front-line duty and lost part of one of his legs). But this event was repeatedly postponed and eventually cancelled. [*also translated as Operation Flash] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald-Heinrich_von_Kleist-Schmenzin valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9928284/Ewald-von-Kleist.html]

1947 - Emily Harris, aka 'Yolanda' (Emily Montague Schwartz), US computer programmer and former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was involved in a number of bank robberies, kidnapping and murders, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Harris en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/fall-2014-radicals/death-fascist-insect-looking-back-40-years-does-sla-make-any freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC514_scans/514.SLA.WilliamandEmilyHarris.Statement.pdf]

1949 - Dianne Marie Donghi, US former member of Students for a Democratic Society and the Weather Underground, who was indicted in the Resistance Conspiracy case, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Donghi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case]

1952 - The Lettrist film festival at the Avant-Garde 52 cinema club, where the showing of Gil J. Wolman's '//L'Anticoncept//' (1951) causes outrage. Due to be shown at the Cannes Film Festival, Wolman's film is banned by the censors and can only be shown to an invited audience of critics. As a result, Wolman leads a systematic disruption of the Cannes Film Festival by the Lettrists and is only saved by a police escort.

1963 - __Reesor Siding Strike Incident__: At approximately 00:30 that morning between four and five hundred strikers arrived at the siding after hearing that a large load of wood supplied by independent local farmer-settlers had been loaded onto waiting railway wagon at midnight. Within a few minutes three strikers were shot and killed and eight were wounded by the farmers. Twenty settler farmers were there ready to defend the lumber and they were openly ready and prepared to use any levels of violence deemed necessary to do so. Around 20 officers of the Ontario Provincial Police were also present at the loading station in order to protect the lumber and the angry settler farmers. The police had erected a simple line made from chains in an attempt to keep the two groups apart. However, the union members breached the small police cordon and as the union members continued toward the stockpiled pulp wood, a number of the farmers hidden in a hut by the tracks stepped out from their concealment and began shooting before the union members reached the chain. Eleven union members were shot: Fernand Drouin, and brothers Irenée and Joseph Fortier were killed; eight others were wounded: Harry Bernard, Ovila Bernard, Joseph Boily, Alex Hachey, Albert Martel, Joseph Mercier, Léo Ouimette and Daniel Tremblay. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reesor_Siding_strike_of_1963 www.kapuskasingtimes.com/2013/02/13/50-years-later-the-reesor-siding-incident ejlavoie.wordpress.com/2016/05/06/incident-at-reesor-siding/]

[F] 1968 - __Memphis Sanitation Strike__: In the wake of the crushing to death of two sanitation workers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker on February 1, 1968, 700 of their fellow black sanitation workers (half the 1300 black workers employed in the city's sanitation department) meet and agree to strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/memphis-tennessee-sanitation-workers-strike-1968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Echol_Cole_and_Robert_Walker]

1971 - The house in Grosvenor Avenue, Islington, where Jake Prescott had been staying, is raided by the police. The house is searched for explosives. Diaries, address books, newspapers and other articles are taken away. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1971 - Police forcibly remove four defence witnesses who were due to give evidence in the trial at Bow Street Magistrates court of the people arrested at the Miss World contest protests in November 1970. Charges are brought against Scotland Yard for assault (of those dragged away from Bow Street) and for wrongful arrest and imprisonment. [Angry Brigade/First of May Group chronology]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The government announces that a court of inquiry would be set up due to the breakdown of negotiations between the National Coal Board and the trade union. Employment Secretary, Robert Carr, sets up a committee of inquiry under Lord Wilberforce and states that the miners should return to work an the basis of the Coal Board's last offer and any pay increase awarded by the Court of Inquiry would be paid retrospectively to the date of the return to work. The NUM rejects Carr's demands and states that they will not be bound by the inquiry's findings. The same day in a television interview John Davies, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, states that within 10 to 14 days industry will grind to a halt. He also says that it would eventually become necessary to mobilise troops because of the worsening crisis. [see: Jan. 9]

1979 - Belgrado Pedrini (b. 1913), Italian writer, poet, anarchist and partisan, dies. [see: May 5]

1981 - Ramón Lafragueta (b. 1905), Spanish railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

1981 - Fusae Ichikawa (市川 房枝; b. 1893), Japanese teacher, journalist, feminist, politician and women's suffrage leader, dies. [see: May 15]

[A] 1990 - Nelson Mandela released after 27 years in prison.

1992 - Angela Carter (b. 1940), feminist novelist, who includes a number of anarchists amongst her characters, dies. [see: May 7]

1994 - Paul Feyerabend (b. 1924), Anarchist philosopher and anti-scientist, dies. [see: Jan 13] "Science is an essentially anarchic enterprise: theoretical anarchism is more humanitarian and more likely to encourage progress than its law-and-order alternatives."

1994 - Mercedes Comaposada i Guillén (b. 1901), militant Catalan anarcho-feminist, teacher and lawyer, dies. Born into a militant household, she starts work at an early age and becomes an editor at a film production company and joins the CNT Public Performances in Barcelona. Later, after studying law, she became a women's educator and helped found the Mujeres Libres in April 1936 and started publishing the group's magazine, illustrated by her partner, the libertarian sculptor Baltasar Lobo. After the defeat of the Republic, she and Lobo move to Paris under the wing of Pablo Picasso, where she works as a secretary and translates the work of a number of Castilian writers, especially Lope de Vega. She also contributed to the '//Mujeres Libres//' magazine (and was also editor in chief), '//Ruta//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' , '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Umbral//'. She was also author of '//Esquemas//' (Schemes; 1937, a book of poetry), '//Las Mujeres en Nuestra Revolución//' (Woment in Our Revolution; 1937), '//La Ciencia en la Mochila//' (Science in a Rucksack; 1938), '//Conversaciones Cono los Artistas Españoles de la Escuela de París//' (Coverstions with Spanish Artists of the Paris School; 1960, under the pseudonym Mercedes Guillén), '//Picasso//' (1973, as Mercedes Guillén) and an unpublished work '//Mujeres Libres//'. [see: Aug. 14]

1995 - Attilio Bortolotto aka 'Tilio' and Arthur Bartell (b. 1903), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Sep. 19]

2010 - Colin Ward (b. 1924), English anarchist, social theorist and writer, dies. [see: Aug. 14]

2015 - Six inmates in a prison in Kaohsiung, Taiwan break into a weapons storage room in the Kaohsiung city jail on Wednesday, seizing four rifles and six handguns, taking three staff hostage. The prisoners, who had feigned illness in order to lure 2 of the guards into their cells, include a senior member of a notorious triad group known as the Bamboo Union Gang, sentenced 28 years for murder, all claim that they were unfairly tried and demand their release from prison. As police surrounded the prison, they agreed to exchange their 3 hostages in exchange for deputy warden Lai Chen-jung and head guard Wang Shih-tsang - warden Chen Shih-chih later negotiated to exchange places with Lui. [see: Feb. 12] [www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/taiwan-prison-siege-ends/1653244.html www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31433538] ||
 * = 12 || 1809 - Charles Darwin (d. 1882) born.

1837 - Carl Ludwig Börne (b. 1786), German journalist, literary and theatre critic and political satirist, who was singled out by Gustav Landauer in '//Börne und der Anarchismus//' (1900) as an early German forerunner of anarchism, dies. [see: May 6]

1851 - Francesca Saperas i Miró (d. 1933), Catalan seamstress, and militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. In 1869, she married anarchist shoemaker Martí Borràs Jover, first director of the paper '//Tierra y Libertad//', on which Francesca also worked. In 1889, she helped organise a large rally in Barcelona's Plaza Cataluña in solidarity with striking German workers but the organisers were arrested and the demonstration never took place. In 1894, she was widowed when her partner committed suicide in jail after having written a letter to his wife saying goodbye affectionately. She then turned her house in the Calle Tallers into a shelter for persecuted anarchists and worked on the newspaper '//La Justicia Humana//' (1895). Later she became a partner of Ascheri Fossati, who was sentenced to death in 1897, accused of being responsible for the attack on the Corpus Christi procession. A few hours before the execution, Francesca and Ascheri were married in his dungeon. During her time in Montjuïc prison she, like other condemned women prisoners, were tortured. In 1897, she was exiled to France, where she actively participated in the international campaign against the regime in Montjuïc, but returned the following year. Later she began a relationship with Francisco Callis, another victim of Montjuïc who would also commit suicide, unable to overcome the psychological effects of the suffering inflicted upon him. She emigrated to the Americas and lived between 1912-14 in Buenos Aires, later spending time in Mexico and the United States, returning to Barcelona permanently in 1923. During the late 1920s, she suffered from paralysis and a 1929 committee was set up to aid her. She died in August 1933 and only five of her ten children outlived her. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2108.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3872-francesca-saperas-miro-militante-anarquista.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Saperas_i_Miró dbd.cat/?option=com_biografies&view=biografia&id=2038 www.revistaigualada.cat/ImatgesArticles/2009/26.07.14.pdf]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Within three days of Amadeo I's abdication on February 10, 1873, disorder had broken out in Sanlúcar de Barrameda. A revolutionary committee composed of the local anarchist council, perhaps including men such as Trinidad Gonzalez, who directed both the shoemakers' and masons' unions, had replaced the city council, imprisoned the police, and destroyed notarial records. This attack upon the government, clearly orchestrated by local anarchists, attempted to transform social relations in one town, and represented a sharp break with the Intransigent Republican pattern of insurrection, which limited its goal to mere political autonomy from the state, leaving social relations intact. "... on the night of February 12 to 13, 1873, the mob assaulted the City Council producing wreckage and condemning to the pyre, among other symbolic objects of the previous power, marks of the fifth, At the same time as it burned the faithful destined to collect the most hated indirect taxes, the consumptions, suppression several times retracted by the governments of the Sexenio ". The city council presided over by Jose Maria Hontoria is dismissed. A Revolutionary Committee takes over the city government. The police are imprisoned and the notary records destroyed ..." [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

1882 - The first issue of '//Le Droit Social//' (The Social Law), "Organe Socialiste Revolutionnaire", is published in Lyon. '//Le Droit Social//' (12 Feb. - 23 July 1882) is the first in a long line of linked revolutionary papers to appear in the city - '//L'Etendard Révolutionnaire//' (The Revolutionary Standard; 30 July - 15 Oct. 1882); '//La Lutte//' (Struggle; 1 April - 9 Aug. 1883); '//Drapeau Noir//' (Black Flag; 12 Aug. - 2 Dec. 1883); '//L'Emeute//' (Riot; 9 Dec. 1883 - 20 Jan. 1884); '//Le Défi//' (Challenege; 3 - 17 Feb. 1884); '//L'Hydre Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Hydra; 24 Feb. - 30 March 1884); '//L'Alarme//' (The Alarm; 13 April - 1 June 1884); '//Le Droit Anarchique//' (The Anarchist Line; 8 - 22 June 1884) and '//La Lutte Sociale//' (The Social Struggle; 28 Aug. - 2 Oct. 1886), many of which carryied the motto: "Liberté - Egalité - Justice" but all closed down, victims of repression.

1885 - The first issue of the monthly magazine '//The Commonweal//', the journal of the Socialist League, is published in London. William Morris was the manager, editor and chief writer until stripped of his post in 1889 in an anarchist 'coup' (anarchists having been in the majority within the Socialist League since 1887). The paper had eventually folded by the end of 1895, along with the League whose active members join the Freedom Group.

[B] 1892 - Theodor Plievier (orig. Plivier; d. 1955), German novelist, writer and anarchist, born. During his early years he worked as a bricklayer's apprentice, sailor, panned gold in South America, vagabond, ranch hand, fisherman, barman and cook. He had a short story '//Proletariers Ende//' published in '//die Freie Arbeiter//' in 1909 and his WWI experiences, which included participating in the 1918 Wilhelmshaven mutiny, led to his sensational first novel, '//Des Kaisers Kulis//' (The Kaiser’s Coolies; 1930), about the Keil revolt. Close to Müsham and Toller, in the early 1920s he started the anarchist publishing house Verlag der Zwölf (Publisher of the 12). An individualist anarchist, he lived largely in extreme poverty, cutting a rather odd messianic figure with his long red beard and street corner anti-war ranting. Around this time he met the Russian anarchist Alexander 'Sascha' Shapiro - he features in Shapiro's wife's, the anarchist and journalist Hanka Grothendieck (also mother of the anarchist mathematician Alexander Grothendieck), unpublished autobiographical novel '//Eine Frau//' as the young anarchist and budding writer Gerd - with whom he worked as a boat builder and photographer. Following another period in South America, where he absorbed anarcho-syndicalist ideas, he returned to Germany and published '//Des Kaisers Kulis//', becoming an overnight sensation and going onto be staged by director Erwin Piscator as a play later that year. Three other novels, including '//Der Kaiser ging, die Generäle Blieben//' (The Kaiser Goes: The Generals Remain; 1932) were published before the Nazis took power, banning his works. He fled to Moscow, via Prague, Zurich, Paris and Oslo. There, in order to avoid Soviet censorship, he avoided political commentary, writing 'adventure' stories. Plievier interrogated captured German soldiers for the background to his famous documentary novel '//Stalingrad//' (1945), the first part of his WWII trilogy with '//Moscow//' (1952) and '//Berlin//' (1954). He left the Soviet Union in 1948, settling in West Germany.

[A/D] 1894 - A week after the execution of Auguste Vaillant, anarchist student and son of a Communard Émile Henry (b. September 26, 1872) throws a home-made bomb into the crowd of Parisian petty bourgeois busy drinking beer and listening to the orchestra playing 'Marthe' by Flotow in the bourgeois Cafe Terminus, killing one and injuring 17. "This pretentious and stupid crowd of employees, earning from 300 to 500 francs a month; more reactionary than their bourgeois masters . . ." - '//Le Crapouillot//' (The Trench Mortar) Jan. 1938. On the corner of the Rue de l'Isly and the Rue de Rome, Emile Henry, having wounded three pursuers, findc his way barred by policeman Francois Poisson's raised sabre. Henry shoots and wounds him in the chest with the last two bullets in his revolver. He is at last overcome by two other policemen. He was executed by guillotine on May 21, 1894, aged twenty-one. His last words are said to have been: "Camarades, courage! Vive l'anarchie!" [ Costantinni pics ] [collections.bm-lyon.fr/DOC0014a97818084d66?&query[]=type:%22article%22&withinQuery=category_s:%22news%22&hitStart=2&hitTotal=765 www.marxists.org/reference/archive/henry/1894/interrogation.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/henry/1894/defence-speech.htm]

1899 - The Ecole Libertaire opens at l'Hôtel des Sociétés Savantes, in Paris.

1900 - Fernand Planche (d. 1974), French libertarian activist and cutler, founder of the review '//La Conquête du Pain//' (The Conquest of Bread) and author of '//Anarchist Synthesis//', born. During the winter of 1939-1940, he was incarcerated in the La Santé prison in Paris, for "complicity in desertion", escaping during the evacuation of the prison to the south of France, and then interned in Germany as a "subversive element". Helped rebuild the libertarian movement after the war, then moved to New Caledonia in 1950, where he opposed colonialism. Wrote '//La Vie Ardente et Intrépide de Louise Michel//' (The Fiery and Fearless Life of L.M.; 1946), '//Durolle au Pays des Couteliers//' (D. in the Land of the Cutlers; 1948) and, with Jean Delphy, a biography of Peter Kropotkin ('//Kropotkin//'; 1948), woodcuts by Jean Lébédeff.

[E] 1905 - Federica Montseny i Mañé (d. 1994), Spanish poet, novelist, essayist, and children's writer, anarchist, anarcha-feminist, naturist and Minister of Health during the Civil War, born in Madrid. The daughter of Catalan libertarian activists and educators Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañé), who also co-edited the anarchists journal, '//La Revista Blanca//' (1898-1905), she wrote her first novel, '//Peregrina de amor//' (Pilgrim of Love), which was published under the name Blanca Montsan in the series '//La Novela Roja//' (most copies of which were destroyed in a fire), when still only 15 and her first play, '//La tragedia del pueblo//' (The tragedy of the people) about the Barcelona working class, soon afterwards. She also joined the CNT at seventeen years old and wrote for anarchist journals such as '//Solidaridad Obrera//', '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Nueva Senda//'. In 1923 she urged her parents to relaunch 'La Revista Blanca', which led to the family to establishing in the publishing firm Ediciones de La Revista Blanca, specialising in promoting libertarian ideals throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Federica Montseny participated as an editor of the serials '//La Novela Ideal//' and '//La Novela Libre//', writing many of the novels herself. The '//Novela Ideal//' appeared in a weekly edition of 50,000 and the '//Novela Libre//' a monthly 64-page publication with a print run of 20,000. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, she wrote a trilogy of novels, '//La Victoria//' (1925), '//El hijo de Clara//' (1927) and '//La indomitable//' (1928), which provoked a great deal of controversy within conservative 1920s Spanish society. Centred on the issue of female emancipation, these books directly addressed the rejection of the institution of marriage and the right of women to take the initiative when choosing their relationships and potential fathers of their future children. On June 7, 1930, she married her life-long companion Josep Esgleas i Jaume, better known by his penname Germinal Esgleas i Jaume, and with whom her father Juan spent time in prison for illegal CNT activity during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and together with whom she had three children: Vida (1933), Germinal (1938) and Blanca (1942). Like her parents, Fedrica was considered to be more of an individualist anarchist but was still active within the mainstream anarchist movement, joining the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo in 1923, becoming a member of the Sindicat Únic de Professions Lliberals in Barcelona, and the Federación Anarquista Ibérica in 1927, as well as working on '//Solidaritat Obrera//' and being a prolific contributer to papers such as '//Nueva Senda//', '//Tierra//', '//Redención//', '//Acción Social Obrera//', etc.. During the years of the Republic, through numerous articles, she railed against the trentistes faction [which proposed collaboration with those Republican organisations not actively engaged in the social revolution] within the FAI, criticising it for splitting the libertarian movement. With the outbreak of the fascist uprising, she joined the Regional Committee of the CNT and the FAI Peninsular Committee. In addition, Federica served on the Comité de Milicias Antifascistas de Cataluña (July 1936), helping set up the Columna Tierra y Libertad. During the early revolutionary rallies of the revolution, her appearences and speeches caused something of a sensation, due in part to the novelty of a woman in a traditionally male arena, and she became known as the anarchist 'La Pasionaria'. On November 4, 1936,6 Francisco Largo Caballero appointed Montseny as Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (Minister of Health and Social Welfare), bizarrely for an anarchist becoming the first woman in Spanish history to be a cabinet minister, and one of the first female ministers in Western Europe. Over the next few months Montseny began planning for the introduction of a series of reforms that would include the introduction of sex education, family planning and the legalisation of abortion, shelters for children, dining rooms for pregnant women, and employment rights for the disabled. However,, these were too radical for the government and events overtook them and they were never introduced. Having already defended POUM against unjust accusations and attacks from the Stalinists, Montseny was amongst those prominent anarchists who sough to intervene when the combined elements of the Union General de Trabajadores (UGT), Catalan Socialist Party (PSUC) and Communist Party (PCE) sought to eradicate the anarchists and POUM as political powers in Catalonia during the events of May 3-7, 1937. A week later on May 16 Montseny and the other three anarchist ministers, Juan Garcia Oliver, Juan López and Juan Peiró, resigned from the government. She continued to try and defend anarchist prisoners during the Stalinist persecution that followed, as the anarchist militias were militarised by the new Juan Negrin government. At the end of the Spanish Civil War in January 1939, Montseny fled Barcelona with her family for France. There she led the CNT in exile until her arrest by the Vichy police in November 1941. That same month a court in Limoges rejected the Spanish government's extradition request because she was pregnant with her third daughter Blanca, thus saving her from certain death (a few days before the extradition request, her former ministerial colleagues Lluís Companys and Julián Zugazagoitia had been executed by the Spanish state). She remained in prison in Perigueux and Limoges for the remainder of the war and was not released until the liberation of France. In December 1944, she settled in Toulouse, where she published the anarchist newspaper '//L'Espoir//'. In May 1945, the Congress of the CNT in Paris, is elected to fill the office of press and propaganda committee. In April 1977 she returned to Barcelona from exile to help in the reconstruction of the CNT, participating in its first big rally since 1939, as several hundred thousand gathered in Montjuïc in Barcelona on July 2, 1977. In 1987 she published her autobiography, '//Mis primeros cuarenta años//' (My first forty years). Federica Montseny died in Toulouse on January 15, 1994 at the age of 88. [www.msu.edu/user/madrid/Montseny.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1202.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny_i_Mañé es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Montseny www.dbd.cat/fitxa_biografies.php?id=181 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/montseny/montsenybio.html mujereslibres.cgtvalencia.org/2012/01/federica-montseny.html]

1908 - Olga Benário Prestes (Olga Gutmann Benário; d. 1942), German-Brazilian Jewish communist militant, who was murdered by the Nazis, born. In 1923, when only fifteen ,she joined the Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands, the youth organisation of the KPD. In 1926, she and her lover and comrade Otto Braun were arrested and charged with 'attempted high treason'. She was put on probation for two months but Braun went on to face trial and, in 1928, she helped organise Braun's escape from the criminal court in Moabit. Using the KPD's underground network, she then left for Czechoslovakia and from there, reunited with Braun, to Moscow, where Benário attended the Lenin-School of the Comintern and then worked as an instructor of the Communist Youth International, in the Soviet Union and in France and Great Britain, where she participated in coordinating anti-fascist activities (and was briefly arrested in the latter). Olga attended a course in the Zhukovsky Military Academy, she was assigned in 1934 as a bodyguard to Luís Carlos Prestes, the secretary-general of the Brazilian Communist Party and tasked with helping him return to Brazil, travelling on false papers as a Portuguese married couple, something that became reality by the time they arrived at Rio de Janeiro in 1935. After the failed insurrection in November 1935, they went into hiding and were both eventually arrested in January 1936. Her cover blown, and despite various legal attempts and an international campaign to prevent a pregnant Olga being deported, she was taken back to Germany in September 1936 and thrown in prison, where she gave birth to a daughter, Anita Leocádia (who was later taken care of her grandmother, Leocádia Prestes). Olga was eventually sent via Lichtenburg concentration camp to Ravensbrück, and from there to Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) in 1942, where she was murdered using carbon monoxide gas in 'Aktion T4' (Tiergartenstraße 4) programme. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Benário_Prestes de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Benario-Prestes jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/prestes-olga-benario www.galerie-olga-benario.de/olga-benario/the-life-of-olga-benari/]

1917 - [O.S. Jan. 31] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: A new wave of strikes and meetings following those held on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22 [O.S. Jan. 9]) are held in Petrograd factories: the beginning of the run up to the February Revolution (Mar. 8-12 1917 [O.S. Feb. 23-27]). Petrograd is starving. The city stockpile for flour will last only 10 more days. Meat supplies are completely depleted. Massive queues for food form, despite excrutiatingly cold temperatures. Crowds of women sporatically break into stores. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Fearing sympathy strikes amongst the company's workers, the director of Tramvies de Barcelona SA grants the eight-hour day to its factory workers and nine hours for those working on its trams. The Astilleros Minguell SA strike has also been resolved overnight. However, the La Canadiense strike situation remains the same whilst police have begun drawing up a list of the homes of the striking La Canadiense workers in anticipation of further repressive measures. In the San Martin neighborhood, Luis More Tarrades, a textile foreman who acted as a police provocateur is ambushed and shot at 10:00 by unknown attackers, leaving him with a serious injury to the lumbar region and an exit wound in the abdomen, which caused his death a day later. He accused two members of the grupo de los metalúrgicos, Luis Prida and Jaime Sabanés Parés, the later a 24-year-old former president of the Sociedad La Constancia, who had just been released from prison after being falsely accused by Bravo Portillo of having taken part in an attempt on the industrialist Josep Albert Barret i Moner and had been tried in absentia for a second attack. Sabanés and Prida were arrested and spent eight months in prison before being declared innocent.

[FF] 1920 - The first strike by textile workers at the Fábrica de Hilados y Tejidos (Fabricato) works in Bello-Antioquia, Colombia directed by their fellow worker Betsabé Espinoza Corría. The 400 striking women did not have the support of their (120) male peers. The strike ended on March 4, with Betsabé Espinosa, who was an excellent speaker, having managed to negotiate a 40% increase in wages and an agreement for 9 hours and 50 minutes working day, as well as the supply of espadrilles and the promise of the cessation of sexual harassament by bosses. She also helped set up women's self-defence squads ('swarms') to fight police repression as well as a Comité de Solidaridad to help finance the strike and support the women during it. This was the first big strike perpetuated solely by women in Colombia. [ojosparalapaz-colombia.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/betsabe-espinosa-joven-rebelde-primera-mujer-en-dirigir-una-huelga-obrera-en-colombia.html www.mujerfariana.org/mujeres-hacen-historias/369-betsabe-espinosa-joven-rebelde.html www.revolucionobrera.com/emancipacion/recordando-a-betsabe-espinoza/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html]

1930 - Louis Armand Matha (b. 1861), French anarchist, manager of the newspaper '//L'Endehors//' and collaborator of the newspaper '//Le Libertaire//' and the '//Journal du Peuple//' during the Dreyfus Affair, dies. [see: Apr. 10]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Factory committees are banned by the government as they resemble the Soviets set up during the 1917 Russian Revolution. All communist unions are also banned, with the government accepting only the representatives of officially registered social-democratic trade unions in negotiations. The state of emergency is now enacted.

1934 - A one day anti-fascist general strike takes place in Le Havre as a result of the February 9 meeting. 600 port workers of the Union Locale Autonome, 5 000 municipal and public service workers of the Union Locale Confédérée, and 2,000 metal, building and rail workers of the Union Locale Unitaire take part. [gilles.pichavant.pagesperso-orange.fr/ihscgt76/num4/num4page4.htm]

[DD] [1934 - __Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg* [Austrian Civil War__]: Following the dissolution of the Austrian parliament by the Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, after which he was to assume dictatorial powers, the Heimwehr (Home Guard), a nationalist paramilitary auxiliary police similar to Germany’s Freikorps, searched the Linz Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) HQ for weapons. Members of the SPÖ’s already banned Republican Schutzbund (Defence League) fought back. Four days of fighting followed [ending on the 16th] in which more than 300 were killed and 800 injured, as the socialists, holed-up in their council housing estate strongholds across Austria, battled against the army, police and right-wing paramilitaries. [*Also known as the Februarkämpfe 1934 (February Struggle) or the Februaraufstand 1934 (February Uprising)] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Österreichischer_Bürgerkrieg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html www.marxist.com/Europe-old/austrian_uprising.html www.dasrotewien.at/februarkaempfe-1934.html www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.f/f132496.htm www.rotbewegt.at/epoche/1933-1945/artikel/12-februar-1934-burgerkrieg-in-osterreich www.bundesheer.at/omz/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=219 www.wienerzeitung.at/dossiers/februar_1934/1934/]

1941 - The old Jewish quarter in Amsterdam is cordoned off on February 12 by German soldiers, assisted by Dutch police. Barbed wire and police checkpoints are erected, turning the old Jewish neighbourhood into a ghetto, following a series of street battles between the Weerbaarheidsafdeling, the streetfighting arm of the Dutch pro-Nazi movement Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, and Jewish self-defence groups and their supporters, culminating in a pitched battle on February 11th on the Waterlooplein, when a WA member was mortally wounded. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike www.dedokwerker.nl/februaristaking.html historiek.net/februaristaking-1941-protest-jodenvervolging/7124/ www.historien.nl/februaristaking-25-februari-1941/]

[C] 1943 - France Bloch-Sérazin (b. 1913), Jewish French militant communist, who made explosives for and fought with the Résistance, is beheaded by the Nazis. [see: Feb. 21]

[CC] 1945 - Wallraven van Hall (b. 1906), Dutch banker and resistance leader during the occupation of the Netherlands, is executed in Haarlem as revenge for the death of a high-ranking police officer. Van Hall, who was known in resistance circles by various //nom de guerre// as Olieman (the oilman), Van Tuyl, Ome Piet (Uncle Pete) and Barends, at the beginning of the occupation secured funding for the Dutch government in exile but, when the Nazis started taking anti-Jewish and forced labour measures, he began fundraising for the various resistance groups. Much of this came via the De Nederlandsche Bank (Dutch National Bank), as he exchanged forged guilders from London for real notes, all done behind the back of the president of the bank, Rost van Tonningen, part of the leadership of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland (Dutch National Socialist Movement). He also borrowed money from wealthy Dutch people, issuing worthless stock (which was refunded after the war), and headed the Nationaal Steunfonds(National Support Fund; NSF), which financed resistance groups and various underground newspapers. Although the Germans suspected that there had to be somebody who coordinated the finances for the resistance, they never identified van Hall. Instead he was rounded up randomly and executed in a reprisal for the killing of a German officer. Van Hall was posthumously awarded the Verzetskruis, the Dutch Cross of Resistance. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walraven_van_Hall nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walraven_van_Hall www.walravenvanhall.nl/ resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn3/hallw]

1949 - Nella Giacomelli (b. 1873), Italian anarchist and propagandist, co-founder with Ettore Molinari of '//Il Grido della Folla//' (The Cry of the Crowd) in 1902 and of '//La Protesta Umana//' in 1906, and in the post-war period a contributor to Errico Malatesta's anarchist daily '//Umanita Nova//', dies. [expand]

1959 - __Newfoundland Loggers Strike__: With the dispute now six weeks old and public opposition to the International Woodworkers of America reached such a pitch following the media campaign against it by both the Anglo-Newfoundland Development and the Newfoundland Loggers' Association, eagerly supported by the Newfoundland press, Premier Joseph Smallwood intervenes in the strike. He declared he would drive the IWA out of Newfoundland and take over the labour talks himself. On March 6, Smallwood and his government passed legislation that allowed them to order the immediate cessation of labour talks and picketing by the workers. This statute also allowed them to disband all trade unions in the province, thus making the IWA void of any power that it had possessed. The Canadian Labour Congress, International Labour Organisation and much of the Canadian media community responded, condemning Smallwood for "his attempt to destroy free trade unionism". [see: Dec. 31]

1961 - David Graeber, US anthropologist and anarchist, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graeber]

1965 - Malcolm X, invited by the Indian Workers Association, visits Marshall Street in Smethwick where white residents had persuaded the Tory-run local council to buy properties and sell them to white families only. [www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/new-plaque-marks-the-day-malcolm-179599 www.search.connectinghistories.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=iwa&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=/engine/search/default_hndlr.asp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=39&text=0&resource=360]

1966 - Elio Vittorini (b. 1908), Italian writer, novelist, one-time '//fascista di sinistra//' and laterly an anti-fascist, dies. [see: Jul. 23]

1980 - Muriel Rukeyser (b. 1913), US feminist poet, radical political activist, anti-fascist and anarchist sympathiser, dies. [ see: Dec. 15]

1994 - Donald Clarence Judd (b. 1928), US anarchist, Minimalist painter and sculptor, dies. [see: Jun. 3]

2005 - Lee McArdle, a 19-year-old arrested for stealing three bottles of shampoo from a local supermarket, is found hanging from the bunk bed in his shared cell at Brinsford YOI.

2015 - The six prisoners who had seized hostages in Kaohsiung jail in Taiwan yesterday released their 2 prisoners and commit suicide after their demands, which included a getaway car, are refused and an attempt to break out of the jail is thwarted by police gunfire outside. [see: Feb. 11] [www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/taiwan-prison-siege-ends/1653244.html www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31433538] ||
 * = 13 || 1692 - The Glencoe Massacre.

1870 - Joseph Dubois (d. 1912), Franco-Russian mechanic and anarchist illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang, born. Born in Russia but emigrated to France after serving in the Foreign Legion. Set up a garage collective with other anarchists in Courbevoie in 1908. Jules Bonnot learned to drive at Dubois' garage and hid the gang's cars there after robberies. It was at Dubois' Choisy-le-Roi workshop that he and Bonnot were ambushed and killed on 28 April, 1912.

1872 - Sam Hammersmark (Samuel Tellefson Hammersmark; d. 1957), Norwegian-American book publisher, trade union organiser, political activist, and Communist Party functionary, born. Hammersmark is best remembered as a political lieutenant of William Z. Foster in the Chicago anarcho-syndicalist and communist movements of the 1910s through the 1930s and as a candidate of the Communist Party for public office. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hammersmark]

1874 - É mile Maince (d. unknown), French anarchist, art conservator and counterfeiter, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier13.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1302.html]

1881 - Hubertine Auclert launches the French feminist monthly newspaper '//La Citoyenne//' (The Citizeness), primarily to advocate French women's enfranchisement and full citizenship as opposed to the then legalistic demands being put forward by the more mainstream French women's groups.

1882 - [O.S. Feb 1] Gesya* Mirovna Gelfman (Ге́ся Ми́ровна Ге́льфман; b. ca. 1852-55), Russian dressmaker, student midwife, revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Народной Воли / People's Will) implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, who was sentenced to hang at the Pervomartovtsy (Первома́ртовцы) trial of the plotters involved. However, upon revealing that she was four months pregnant, Gelfman had her sentence commuted to indefinite katorga (ка́торга), hard labour in a penal colony, dies of untreated peritonitis suffered during childbirth. Her daughter, who Gelfman gave birth to in October 1881 and was taken away from her on February 6, 1882 [O.S. Jan. 25], died shortly afterwards. [* sometimes transliterated as Hessia] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesya_Gelfman ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гельфман,_Геся_Мировна spartacus-educational.com/RUSgelfman.htm]

1883 - Carlo Cafiero is commited to San Bonifacio psychiatric hospital in Florence. [see: Sep. 1] [ Costantinni pic ]

1884 - In Florence, the state police seizes, for the third time, the newspaper of the anarchist communists '//La Questione Sociale//', arresting its editor, Pilade Cecchi, who is eventually sent to prison for 21 months.

1884 - [N.S. Feb. 25] Maria Oskarovna Aveyde (Мария Оскаровна Авейде; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, member of the RSDLP member in the Volga region and the Urals, and in late 1918 a member of the underground RCP(b) [РКП(б)], born.  [see: Feb. 25]

[B] 1889 - Georg Schrimpf (d. 1938), German painter and graphic artist, born. Along with Otto Dix, George Grosz and Christian Schad, Schrimpf is broadly acknowledged as a main representative of the art trend Neue Sachlichkeit (usually translated New Objectivity), which developed in the 1920s as a counter-movement to Expressionism and Abstraction. In 1913 he lived in an anarchist colony in Switzerland, where he formed a friendship with Oskar Maria Graf, also a baker, but later a famous novelist. At the outbreak of WWI, the anti-militaristic Schrimpf "successfully employed every possible trick to avoid military service; in so doing, however, he ruined his health" ['//New Objectivity//' (1994), Sergiusz Michalski] Schrimpf played an active role in the short-lived Münchner Räterepublik (Bavarian Soviet Republic) and joined the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) for a couple of months. Listed as a producer of Degenerate Art by the Nazis, he was not persecuted until his 'Red' past, which included membership of Rote Hilfe, came to light.

1899 - Yuriko Miyamoto (宮本 百合子) (Yuriko Chūjō [中條百合子集]; d. 1951), Japanese feminist, socialist, and novelist of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods, born. In 1927, she traveled to the Soviet Union together with her lover Yuasa Yoshiko (湯浅 芳子). In Moscow, they studied the Russian language and Russian literature and developed a friendship with noted movie director Sergei Eisenstein. On their return to Japan, Miyamoto became editor of the Marxist literary journal '//Hataraku Fujin//' (働く婦人 / Working Women) and a leading figure in the proletarian literature movement. She also joined the Japan Communist Party, and, after separating from Yuasa, married its secretary-general, the communist literary critic Kenji Miyamoto (宮本顕治), in 1932. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Miyamoto ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/宮本百合子 www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000311/files/3084_10651.html]

1902 - The first issue od '//La Protesta Umana//', a social sciences, arts and literature monthly, is published in Chicago. The paper was to move to San Francisco in 1903 and become a weekly '//Di Lavaratori in Difesa dei Lavaratori//' (The Workers in Defense of Workers).

[BB] 1903 - Georges Simenon (d. 1989), Belgian-born French author, anarchist and creator of Inspector Maigret, born. Whilst no active as an anarchist he admitted to having been a habitue of anarchist circles since the age of 16 (his favourite uncle was an active anarchist): "Je me considère comme un anarchiste non violent, car l'anarchie n'est pas nécessairement violente, celui qui s'en réclame étant un homme qui refuse tout ce qu'on veut lui faire entrer de force dans la tête ; il est également contre ceux qui veulent se servir de lui au lieu de lui laisser sa liberté de penser." (I consider myself as a nonviolent anarchist, because anarchy is not inevitably violent, it does not claim that a man that refuses to change will be hit around the head; it is also against those who want to manipulate instead of allowing for the freedom of thought.) [Anti-Semitism & Vichy collaboration?] [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120904 www.ephemanar.net/fevrier13.html www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/10/reviews/970810.10bairlt.html]

1906 - Agostinho da Silva (d. 1994), Portuguese philosopher, essayist, writer, Christian humanist and millenarist, born. Essential an utopian anarchist whose ideas on freedom were close to those of Gustav Landauer. "No Político distingo dois momentos, o do presente e do futuro. Principiando pelo segundo, desejo o desaparecimento do Estado, da Economia, da Educação, da Sociedade e da Metafísica; quero que cada indivíduo se governe por si próprio, sendo sempre o melhor do que é, que tudo seja de todos, repousando toda a produção, por uma lado, no, por outro lado, na fábrica automática; que a criança cresça naturalmente segundo as suas apetências, sem as várias formas de cópia e do ditado que têm sido nas escolas, publicas e de casa; que o social com as suas regras, entraves e objectivos dê lugar ao grupo humano que tenha por meta fundamental viver na liberdade, e que todos em vez de terem metafísica, religiosa ou não, sejam metafísica. Tudo virá, porém, gradualmente, já que toda a revolução não é mais do que um precipitar de fases que não tiveram tempo de ser. Por agora, para o geral, democracia directa, economia comunitarista, educação pela experiência da liberdade criativa, sociedade de cooperação e respeito pelo diferente, metafísica que não discrimine quaisquer outras, mesmo as que pareçam antimetafísicas. Mas, fora do geral, para qualquer indivíduo, o viver, posto que no presente, já quanto possível no futuro; eliminando o supérfluo, cooperando, aceitando o que lhe não é idêntico – e muito crítico quanto a este -, não querendo educar, mas apenas proporcionando ambiente e estímulo, e procurando tão largo pensamento que todos os outros nele caibam. Se o futuro é a vida, vivamo-la já, que o tempo é pouco; que a Morte nos colha e não, como é hábito, já meio mortos, aliás, suicidados." (The Political distinguish two moments, the present and the future. Beginning with the second, I wish the disappearance of the State, Economy, Education, Society and Metaphysics; want each individual to govern itself, always being better than it is, that everything is all, resting all production, on the one hand, on the other hand, the automatic factory, the child grows naturally by their appetites, without copying, and many forms of which have been dictated in schools and public house, with the social its rules, obstacles and objectives give rise to human group which has the ultimate goal to live in freedom, and that instead of having all metaphysical, religious or not, are metaphysical. It will, however, gradually, since every revolution is not more than a precipitate phase that did not have time to be. For now, to the general, direct democracy, communitarian economy, education, the experience of creative freedom, society, cooperation and respect for different metaphysics that does not discriminate against any other, even those that seem antimetaphysical. But out of the general, for any individual, living, since at present, as already possible in the future, eliminating the superfluous, cooperating, accepting what you are not identical - and very critical of this - not wanting to educate, but only providing environment and encouragement, and looking as wide as everyone else thought it fit. If the future is life, vivamo it already, that time is short, that Death in crop and not, as usual, already half dead indeed suicidados.) from '//Reflexos, Aforismos e Paradoxos//' (Reflections, Aphorisms and Paradoxes; 1999) [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_da_Silva en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_da_Silva www.agostinhodasilva.pt/ www.iptshome.org/t_artigos.asp?a=artigo&idarea=24&idart=190&pag=1 pimentanegra.blogspot.co.uk/2006/02/o-anarquismo-proftico-do-prof_13.html]

[A/E] 1907 - The day after the State Opening of Parliament, The WSPU organise their own 'Women's Parliament' to meet in Caxton Hall to discuss the legislation that they considered was lacking in the previous day's King's Speech, and to rally their forces before marching on Parliament in an attempt to gain entry to the House. Organised in advance with a hard core of 200 activists, Charlotte Despard led around 400 women to the green outside Westminster Abbey where they were confronted by police lines. For several hours the women hurled themselves again and again against the police lines until fifteen managed to break through and reach Parliament, but were promptly arrested. Fifty-one Women were finally arrested including Charlotte Despard, as well as Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst. [spartacus-educational.com/Wwspu.htm www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=871 www.johndclare.net/Women1_SuffragetteActions_Rosen.htm archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft/suffragettehisto00pankuoft_djvu.txt]

[D] 1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Revolutionary forces under the command of José Luis Moya defeat a federal force and occupy San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango. Moya would die three months later on May 9, 1911, on the eve of the signing of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez (the peace agreement signed on May 21 between the then President of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz, and Francisco I. Madero, the revolutionary leader who would go on to betray the Magónistas) during an attack on the garrisoned town of Sombrerete, Zacatecas.

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Set fire to the refreshment shed at the Regent's Park Cricket Ground. Damage £700.

[F] 1913 - After West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock declares martial law to put down the coal miners’ strike in Kanawha county, 83-year old activist and organiser Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones is arrested. She was tried and convicted by a military court and sentenced to twenty years in prison. “Whatever I have done in West Virginia,” she said, “I have done it all over the United States. And when I get out, I will do it again.” She was released and pardoned after serving 85 days. Three days after West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock had declared martial law for a third time during the coal miners’ strike in Kanawha county, 83-year old activist and organiser Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones is arrested in Charleston and charged before a military court in Pratt with inciting a riot (reportedly for attempting to read the 'Declaration of Independence'), and, later, conspiracy to commit murder. She refused to recognise the jurisdiction of the military court, and refused to enter a plea, but was convicted and sentenced to twenty years in the state penitentiary, where she acquired a case of pneumonia. "Whatever I have done in West Virginia," she said, "I have done it all over the United States. And when I get out, I will do it again." She was released and pardoned after serving 85 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek–Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars www.motherjones.com/about/what-mother-jones-our-history/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: An advert promoting the sale of bonds for Barcelona Traction Light & Power appears on the front page of the 'Diario de Barcelona'! [vagacanadenca.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/blog-post.html]

1920 - Otto Gross (also Grob; b. 1877), Austrian psychoanalyst, sexologist and libertarian revolutionary, dies. [see: Feb 13]

[AA] 1921 - Peter Kropotkin's funeral held in Moscow — the last public anarchist gathering and the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years — as Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolsheviks begin their crackdown to secure their power over the working class. On passing Butyrki jail, incarcerated political prisoners strike up an anarchist hymn to the dead. Under pressure of the libertarians, anarchist prisoners are allowed to attend Kropotkin's funeral. A crowd estimated at 30-100,000 follows the coffin to the cemetery. Black flags are deployed and banners proclaiming: "Where there is authority, there is no freedom" "The anarchists ask to be released from the prison of socialism" Emma Goldman, among others, delivers a public remembrance at Kropotkin's funeral in Moscow.

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: The now clandestine //sindicatul roşu// ('red union', controlled by the Communists) at CFR Grivița secretly reorganises a factory committee (factory committees having been banned the previous day by the government) made up of 250 workers. It is led by separate two executive committees composed of Communists.

1934 - Anarcho-syndicalist CNT calls for the socialist UGT in Spain to clearly and publicly state its revolutionary objectives. It meets with no reply, leaving the CNT, in effect, to be used as cannon-fodder to help produce another government that would attack the CNT.

[1934 - __Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War__]:

1936 - Temistocle Monticelli (b. 1869), Italian anarchist militant and anti-militarist, member of the Comité de Défense Libertaire, as secretary of the underground Comitato di Azione Internazionalista Anarchica he was arrested during WWI, dies. [see: Dec. 5]

[C] 1943 - Five Spanish Republicans are shot alongside twelve other Resistance fighters by the Germans in Nantes after being sentenced to death by a Council of War, during the 'Trial of the 42'.

1951 - The first issue of the monthly social studies journal '//Contre-Courant//' (Countercurrent), following a preliminary special issue in December 1950, is published in Paris under the directorship of Louis Loivet. "Les courants politiques, philosophiques, moraux entraînent la société vers le totalitarisme. En attendant que la dictature de droite ou de gauche, dont les méthodes sont similaires, ouvre ses camps de concentration ou procède aux exécutions sommaires, l'étatisme s'insinue partout, la natalité se veut excessive, de parti de l'Eglise sape l'école laïque, le fisc est omnipotent, la guerre exterminatrice se prépare. En la circonstance, "Contre-Courant" n'a pas besoin de justifier son titre. Il se suffit à lui-même. Ce sera l'organe de tous ceux qui aspirent à la paix et à la liberté, sans arrière-pensées." ("//T//he political, philosophic, moral currents lead the society towards totalitarianism. Whilst the dictatorships of the left or right, the methods of which are similar, open their concentration camps or proceed with summary executions, the state control insinuates itself everywhere, the birth rate remains excessive, the Church undermines secular schools, the treasury is omnipotent, anholatory war is brewing. In this particular case, "Countercurrent" does not need to justify its title. It says it all. It will be the organ of all to those who aspire to the peace and to the freedom, without ulterior motives.") - Numéro 1, February 1952.

1969 - A FLQ bomb causes a massive explosion on the main floor of the Montreal Stock Exchange and twenty-seven people are wounded.

1971 - Searches at the homes of Hilary Creek, John Barker, Kate McLean, Chris Allen and others in a hunt for explosives. Jake Prescott is charged with conspiracy to cause explosions between July 30 1970 and December 1971, and with the specific bombings of Carr's home, the Dept of Employment and the Miss World contest. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1997 - Ricardo Mestre (b. 1906), Catalonian anarcho-syndicalist, construction worker, CNT and FAI member, dies in México. One of the founders of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL), he was exiled following the Revolution of 1936. [see: Apr. 15] || The Uprising would last for nearly 10 years, ending in October 1813 with the retaking of Belgrade and the defeat of the Serbian rebels by the forces loyal to Sultan Selim III. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution]
 * = 14 || 1804 - __First Serbian Uprising [Први српски устанак__]: Following the Slaughter of the Knezes [Сеча кнезова] on February 4, 1804, Serb revolutionaries gather in the small Šumadija village of Orašac, nearby modern Aranđelovac, in Marićevića jaruga, and decide to undertake an uprising. Karađorđe Petrović is elected as the leader of the uprising, which starts immediately. That afternoon, a Turkish inn (caravanserai) in Orašac is burnt down and its residents fled or were killed. Similar actions are undertaken in surrounding villages and then spread further.

1869 - [N.S. Feb. 26] Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская); d. 1939), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", born. [see: Feb. 26]

1877 - Julia Bertrand (b. 1960), French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist and free thinker, born. She collaborated on the feminist newspaper '//La Femme Affranchie//' (The Emancipated Woman) and the journal '//La Vrille//' (The Spiral) published by the anarchist Victor Loquier. Register in the '//Carnet B//' (the Interior Ministry's book of monitored subversives) as an anti-miltraist, she was arrested an interned in 1914. Released following protests, she is banned from teaching but begins work in Faure's La Ruche until it closes in November 1917, and eventually has her teaching certification reinstated in 1925. Active in the anarchist press, including '//L'en Dehors//', '//l'Idée Libre'//, '//Le Libertaire//', etc., in the Ligue d'Action Anticatholique and campaigning against vivisection. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Bertrand militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8267]

1885 - Jules Vallès (b. 1832), French journalist, anarchist propagandist and novelist dies. [see: Jun. 11]

1886 - Angel Pestaña Núñez (d. 1937), Spanish watchmaker and anarcho-syndicalist, born. Head of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' and repeatedly Secretary of the National Committee of the CNT. Anti-union Pistoleros try to kill him on August 25, 1922, but despite being seriously wounded, he recovers. In 1929 he is forced to resign from the National Committee of the CNT becuase of his reformist position, later to take part in atttempts to legalise the union and abandon revolutionary action, he is expelled from the union.

1886 - The first issue of the fortnightly socialist newspaper '//El Socialismo//' is publishe in Cadiz. From 16 June 1890, it will be subtitled '//Anarchist Communist fortnightly//'. Its editor is Andalusian anarchist Fermín Salvochea, just out of prison for his participation in the Cadiz Commune during the summer of 1873. It is forced to stop publication on August 12, 1891, after 76 issues. Epigrams: "The Emancipation of workers will be the task of the workers themselves" and "All for one, one for all"

1892 - André Claudot (d. 1982), French anarchist, artists and cartoonist, born. His illustrations in '//Le Libertaire//' in 1911 earned him the attentions of the authorities and an entry in the '//Carnet B//'. Drafted on 1914, he persists with his work for the anarchist press. In 1926, he goes to China, where he became a professor at the National Institute of Arts in Beijing, then Hangchow in 1928. In 1930 he returned to Paris and then to Dijon as a teacher. He moves away from anarchism and in 1941 joins the resistance and is active in the Communist Party of Liberation. The end of his life is mainly devoted to painting. The libertarian filmmaker Bernard Baissat made a film of his life, '//Ecoutez Claudot//' (1979). [bbernard.canalblog.com/archives/2013/07/03/27560264.html]

1894 - A bomb explodes at the Hotel du Comte Salverte, 32 Rue Ch. Laffitte in Neuilly (Paris region). This comes almost a month after the explosion of another bomb, at 8 Rue Duluet (19 January 1894).

1896 - Gueorgui Cheïtanov (d. 1925), writer, speaker and theorist of the Bulgarian anarchist movement, born. His first scrape with the law was being arrested for burning the archives in a local court in 1913. He escaped and fled to Paris aged 18. He returned clandestinely the following year to Bulgaria to continue his revolutionary propaganda work. Arrested and tortured, he spends 2 years in prison before again escaping and goes to Moscow, where he is quickly disappointed by the Bolsheviks. While fomenting insurrection in Bulgaria, he is again arrested and imprisoned with other anarchists, but they manage to escape and return to their clandestine activities. Following an attack on the Sofia cathedral on April 16, 1925, martial law is proclaimed. Cheïtanov is arrested and executed on the night of June 2, 1925, aged 29. "Let the dance of terror leading the way! The orgy of destruction is our manifesto! Bulgaria kings, lackeys, spies will die! Long live anarchy!"

[E] 1898 - Angela Bambace (d. 1975), Italian-American garment worker, feminist, anti-fascist, anarchist, communist, and labour organiser for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union for over fifty years, born in Brazil. She helped organise garment workers, including the 1919 Dressmakers and Waistmakers strike in New York City and the 1932 Amalgamated Clothing Workers strike in Elizabeth, New Jersey. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bambace unite-archive.library.cornell.edu/resources/womeninunite.html]

1903 - Valentina Sáez Izquierdo, aka Valentina del Olmo (d. 1984), Spanish anarchist militant, born. In 1933, she was very active in the Comitè Revolucionari de Saragossa, along with Isaac Puente and others; managed to flee subsequent repression dressed as a nun along with her three children. Persecuted following the fascist coup of 1936, for three months she remained hidden in Zaragoza until January 17, 1937, when she managed to pass into the Republican zone. Installed in Barcelona, she participated in the Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista. After the war, in 1939 she and her children, Jesús Olmo, Malatesta, Fernando and Pilar - all libertarians, went to France, ending up in the Rivesaltes camp and, in 1945, settled in Montpeller. Valentina Izquierdo Sáez died of cancer on November 13, 1984, in Fàbregues, near Montpellier. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1402.html]

1910 - Giovanni Passannante (b. 1849), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate king Umberto I of Italy, dies. [Most likely date with Feb 4, 1910 also given in some sources.][see: Feb. 19]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: After several months waiting to see how the revolution was unfolding, Francisco I. Madero crosses the border into Mexico to take charge of the movement, establishing its headquarters in Guadalupe, Chihuahua. He also plans to break off relations with the Partido Liberal Mexicano and demand that the Magónista Ejército Libertario Mexicano (Libertarian Mexican Army) place themselves under his command. He would later sign a peace treaty, the Tratados de Ciudad Juárez, on May 21, 1911, with Porfirio Diaz, who then resigned, allowing Madero to sieze power and be elected president in November that year. Following the signing of the treaty, the Federal Army and Maderista forces turned their arms on the Magónista forces, and the interim president, Francisco León de la Barra, even went as far as requesting support from the government of the United States to move Mexican troops across US territory to attack the ELM from the rear, move which ultimately led to the defeat of the Magónistas at Tijuana on June 22, 1911.

[F] 1912 - __Bridport Wildcat Strike__: A group of women workers in the Gundry's net and rope factory walked out on unofficial strike against changes to their pay and conditions, and marched through Bridport singing the Suffragette anthem 'Shoulder to Shoulder'. A collection to help the women raised nearly £10 (about £650 in today’s money). The workers refused arbitration from the local MP, and only return to work after a London trades union official came down, signed them up and settled the dispute. [libcom.org/history/bridport-wildcat-strike-1912 www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11801347.Bridport_Wildcats_recreate_historic_protest/]

1912 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: Nearly all of the fifty-four defendants indicted in connection with the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers 'Dynamite Conspiracy' are arrested. [see: Oct. 1]

1913 - Jimmy Hoffa (James Riddle Hoffa; disappeared July 30, 1975), US labour union leader, author and mafia stooge, who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1958 until 1971, born. He vanished in late July 1975 and "sleeps with the fishes". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa]

[D] [1916 - __Liverpool Riot of 1916 / Battle of Central Station__: 5,000 Australian army recruits at Casula Camp in Liverpool, south west of Sydney, rebel against extra duty, after it was announced to the recruits that the current training session would be extended into the evening, meaning a 27-hour stretch for some of the recruits. Refusing the extra duty, they decide to protest against the poor conditions in the camp, marching into the centre of Liverpool and, joined by other recruits from camps around the area, who swelled their numbers to around 15,000, they go on a drinking binge, drinking the bars dry whilst refusing to pay. Building are damaged and, having gained control of Liverpool train station, they seize a number of trains and travel into Sydney, where they go on a drunken rampage late into the night. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_riot_of_1916 works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=rowan_cahill alh-research.tripod.com/Light_Horse/index.blog/2170321/the-battle-of-central-station-new-south-wales-14-february-1916-the-sydney-morning-herald-tuesday-15-february-1916-account-1/]

1917 - Émile Roger (b.1871), Ardennes anarchist, member of Les Desherities (The Wretched) and Les Libertaires de Nouzon, dies. [see: Jan. 25]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Three days after the attack on Santiago Pascual, a grupo de acción made up of three masked men with handkerchiefs, shoots and seriously injures a blackleg La Canadiense meter reader, Joaquim Baró Valero, on the Calle Calabria. He died the following day off his wounds. Baró was the only collector who had refused to collaborate with the strikers in not reading light meters and not passing bills on to consumers. The only scab at the department. The company offered a reward of 10 thousand pesetas (10 years salary for an average worker) for information on the assassins. They did not get any takers. Elsewhere, acts of sabotage destroy wiring supplying power to the city's street lights.

1923 - __Sacco & Vanzetti Case__: American-Italian anarchist Nicola Sacco goes on prison hunger strike.

1928 - Pío Tamayo, poet and influential militant anarquista, arrested in Venezuela along with student leaders Rómulo Betancourt, Jóvito Villalba and Guillermo Prince Lara. La Federación de Estudiantes demanded their release.

1929 - __Rothbury Miners' Strike__: With the colliery owners on the Northern New South Wales coalfields having combined as the Northern Collieries Association, the mine employers now give their 9,750 employees 14 days' notice, demanding that the miners should now accept the following new conditions: "A wage reduction of 12½ per cent on the contract rates, one shilling ($0.10) a day on the 'day wage' rate; all Lodges must give the colliery managers the right to hire and fire without regard to seniority; all Lodges must agree to discontinue pit-top meetings and pit stoppages". The miners and their union, the Miners Federation, refused to accept these terms, and on Saturday March 2, 1929, all miners were 'locked out' of their employment. They were to remain closed for 15 months. 10,000 miners, pit boys and their families now found themselves without a job, forced to subsist on government handouts and charity. In September 1929, the NSW State Parliament introduced an Unlawful Assembly Act designed to suppress the miners, which authorised police to break up any gatherings. On December 16, 1929, about 4,000 miners demonstrated against the introduction of non-union labour into the Rothbury mine by the conservative Bavin government, which had taken over the colliery. The government called in 400 New South Wales police officers from districts outside Newcastle to protect the colliery and allow the entry of non-union labour. Angry miners marched to the mine gate led by a pipe band. When they charged the gate, the miners were met with baton charges by the police and there were hand-to-hand clashes. Then the police drew their revolvers and shot into the crowd. One miner, Norman Brown, received a fatal wound. 15-year-old Joseph Cummings, the youngest miner present, risked his life, dodging bullets as he ran for the doctor, in a futile effort to help save Brown's life. Approximately forty-five other miners were wounded. The miners would remain out until June 1930, when they capitulated and returned to work on reduced contract wages. However, the lockout failed to break the resolve or organisation of the miners union. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothbury_riot www.lockout.tv/the-story.php www.coalandcommunity.com/rothbury-riot.php www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000085.pdf monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/government/dissent/display/22596-rothbury-riot-memorial]

1929 - __St. Valentine's Day Massacre__. Seven members of Chicago's Moran gang, waiting in a garage for a shipment of hijacked liquor, are executed by a Capone firing squad outfitted (fittingly?) in police uniforms.

[1934 - __Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War__]:

[C] 1936 - The CNT issues a prophetic manifesto warning that right-wing elements are ready to provoke a military coup.

[B] 1937 - Dumitru Ţepeneag (pen names Ed Pastenague and Dumitru Tsepeneag), Romanian novelist, essayist, short story writer, translator and anarchist, who currently resides in France, born. He was one of the founding members of the Oniric group, and a theoretician of the Onirist trend in Romanian literature, while becoming noted for his activities as a dissident. In 1975, the Communist regime stripped him of his citizenship. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_Țepeneag ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_Țepeneag]

1937 - An extraordinary congress of Aragon collectives creates the Federación de Colectividades de Aragón.

1968 - 'L'Affaire Langlois': Following the sacking of Henri Langlois, the director of the Cinémathèque Française, on Feb. 9th, 5,000 protesters are brutally attacked by police near the Palais de Chaillot in Paris.

1970 - The Chicago Seven Trial, case goes to the jury.

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: 2,000 coal miners and their supporters attempt to prevent South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB) employees from entering Longannet power station in Fife. The miners – from Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, the Lothians, Stirlingshire and Clackmannan as well as Fife – are held back by 400 police officers as the Longannet workers arrived in cars for the morning shift. The road remained open, although numerous cars were turned back, and three officers were injured, one sustaining a broken ankle. Thirteen pickets were arrested on the serious and highly unusual charge of ‘mobbing and rioting’. The miners viewed this as vindictive; they were further antagonised when, after the thirteen had been held overnight, James Douglas, Procurator Fiscal at Dunfermline Sheriff Court, successfully resisted their bail application. Douglas ordered police to clear 150 miners from outside the court and the accused were taken, handcuffed, to Edinburgh’s Saughton prison. Alex Eadie, MP for Midlothian and chairman of the miners’ group of Labour MPs, described the situation as ‘explosive’, and led a deputation of Scottish mining MPs to the Lord Advocate, Norman Wylie, the UK government’s chief law officer in Scotland. Wylie was asked to intervene to secure the early release of the accused, which he did, travelling to Edinburgh and holding meetings on 16 February with James Douglas, representatives of the Crown Office and Fife’s Chief Constable, Robert Murison. Normal procedures were duly and considerably accelerated. Instead of a further period of weeks on remand, to allow investigations to be completed prior to committal for trial, the accused were brought back to Dunfermline Sheriff Court on 17 February and granted bail at £20 each. celebratory crowd of 1,000 miners, gathered five or six deep in Dunfermline’s narrow High Street, welcomed the thirteen outside with the triumphalist football chant, "Easy, Easy". These scenes were repeated on 16 June when the men were acquitted after an eight-day trial at the same court, the jury’s innocent verdict reached after just 23 minutes of deliberation. [libcom.org/files/1972-miners-strike.pdf]

1991 - Émilienne Léontine 'Mimi' Morin (b. 1901), French stenographer, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and companion of Buenaventura Durruti, dies. [see: Oct. 28]

[A] 2000 - Anthony Redding, a 16-year-old detained for joyriding and who had been placed on a five-minute suicide watch in the health care wing of the Brinsford Young Offenders’ Institution near Wolverhampton by prison authorities, is found hanged.

2009 - Luís Andrés Edo (b. 1925), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, member of the then underground CNT during the Franco years and guerrila arms smuggler, dies. [see: Nov. 7]

2012 - Fire engulfs a Honduran prison in in Comayagua, north of the capital Tegucigalpa, killing 361 prisoners. The only guard with a set of keys had fled the burning jail leaving prisoners locked in their cells. ||
 * = 15 || 1885 - The first issue of '//Bandera Social//' (Social Flag), "Semanario Anarárquico-Colectivista" (Anarcho-Collectivist weekly) is published in Madrid. It ceases publication in Jaanuary 1887. Issue number 65 of 14 June 1886, contained the '//Manifesto a Todos los Trabajadores de la Región Española//' (Manifesto to all Workers of the Spanish Region).

[D] 1861 - 350 prisoners held on St Mary's Island and labouring in Chatham Dockyard, Kent take over their prison in a riot. Troops are called in. "At dinnertime a convict found fault with the soup which was then thrown at the warders and around the mess hall. In the uproar that followed the prisoners brushed aside the 29 warders on duty and began to demolish the hall with stone hammers. Every pane of glass was smashed together with the window sashes and tables. Part of the roof was pulled off and the soup kettles and a supply of timber were hurled into the Medway. The alarm gun was fired at Chatham and the signal flag raised above the prison to warn of a potential breakout but no reinforcements arrived for nearly an hour. Meanwhile the handful of warders, their guns loaded with ball cartridge, held back the prisoners. When a heavily armed relief party eventually arrived the convicts were returned to the prison where they were kept in chains and the nine ringleaders closely guarded." [www.hereshistorykent.org.uk/displaytheme.cfm?pagetype=Themes&themeID=463&category]

1872 - The first issue of the fortnightly newsletter (weekly from July 1873) '//Bulletin of the Jura Federation//' of the AIT is published in Switzerland. The newsletter has a major influence during the rise of anti-authoritarian ideas within the International, despite its modest circulation of 600 copies.

1883 - Following the formation on December 15, 1882, of the Tailoresses' Association of Melbourne, Australia's first female trade union, in response to attempts by the Melbourne clothing manufacturer Beith Shiess & Co. to reduce piece-rate wages, a strike is called after clothing manufacturers had not responded to the union's log of claims. As each manufacturer accepted the log, employees resumed work. The strike is generally regarded as instrumental in the establishment of the Shops Commission and the eventual passage of the Factory Act. When the new Factory Act was passed in 1885, the recommendations of the March 1884 Royal Commission regarding outwork were not incorporated and working conditions in the industry were not substantially affected by its operation. In 1906, the Tailoresses' Union amalgamated with the Tailors' Society. [www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0632b.htm www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0966b.htm monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/30683-tailoresses-union]

1894 - The Royal Observatory, Greenwich is the apparent target of Martial Bourdin, a 26 year old French anarchist, who is armed with a bomb, which explodes in his hand.

1906 - Musa Cälil (Musa Mostafa ulı Cälilev; d. 1944), Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cälil tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cälil]

1907 - The first of the Bulgarian fortnightly '//свободно общество//' (Free Society), the first social anarchist newspaper to be published in the country. The second issue is printed clandestinely on March 1, 1907 and its creator, Michel Guerdjikov, is arrested for publishing a banned newspaper.

1912 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Gen. Juvencio Robles begins terror campaign against Zapatistas, burning several Zapatista towns.

1915 - Publication in English, German and French of '//Manifesto Against the War'//, signed by 35 anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, Domela Nieuwenhuis, Louis Lecoin, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Alexander Schapiro, etc.

1916 - Pepita Grau (Josepa Grau i Ferrer; d. 1997), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist militant, active in the CNT and the Mujeres Libres, born. During the Spanish Revolution she worked organising women's groups in Aragón and participated in the work of Maternitat de Barcelona, along side Félix Carrasquer and Áurea Cuadrado. In 1937 she also collaborated on the weekly publication '//Cultura y Acción//'. During the Retirada, she went into exile in France. In 1960, she returned to the Peninsula and fought for rights for war widows and the militants and militiamen wounded whilst serving the Second Republic. Pepita Grau i Ferrer died on January 30, 1997 in Barcelona and was buried the following day in the Collserola cemetery. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3001.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: The workers meet with La Canadiense executives to present their demands. The blackleg La Canadiense meter reader, Joaquim Baró Valero, shot on the Calle Calabria by a three-man grupo de acción yesterday, dies of his wounds during the morning.

[E] 1919 - Sophia Alexandrovna Subbotina (Софья Александровна Субботина; b. 1830), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), who was also the mother of the revolutionaries Evgeniya, Nadezhda and Hope Subbotina, dies in Orel (Орёл). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Субботина,_Софья_Александровна]

1922 - Clara Gertrude Meijer-Wichmann (b. 1885), Dutch lawyer, philosopher, pacifist, anti-militarist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcho-feminist, dies. [see: Aug. 17]

1932 - Before dawn in the Catalan city of Terrassa, workers openly launch an insurrection, raiding the J. Carner armoury on carrer Sant Francesc and laying seige to the Guàrdia Civil barracks on carrer de Sant Leopold. Meanwhile, the town's mayor, Avellí Estrenjer, and two aldermen (Francesc Devant and Francesc Casas) were taken prisoner and having occupied the Town Hall (Ajuntament), the revolutionaries hoisted the red and black flag of anarcho-syndicalism over the building. However, attempts to take prisoner the president of the Institut Industrial, Pere Amat, and the deputy mayor Samuel Morera, failed and the pair alerted the Guàrdia Civil in the nearby town of Sabadell. As the fighting began to spread through out Terrassa, Guàrdia Civil units from Sabadell and 50 soldiers of the Tercera Companyia de Infanteria (Third Infantry Company) from Barcelona eventually surrounded the town hall and a three-hour fire-fight took place. When, at 10:00 that morning, it became clear that the government troops were about to shell the town hall, the last group of revolutionaries holding out in Terrassa decided to surrender. Amazingly, there were hardly and casualties on either side and those revolutionaries who had been arrested were carted off to Barcelona for trial. Over the following days in Terrassa over a series of indiscriminate arrests of militants of the CNT and the Bloc Obrer i Camperol (Workers’ and Peasants’ Bloc) took place as the republican government sought to weed-out the 'trouble makers'. [joaquimverdaguer.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/els-fets-del-1932-terrassa_9.html historiesdeterrassa.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/febrer-de-1932-els-anarquistes-prenen_10.html pacosalud.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/julian-abad-guitart-anarquista-de.html]

1933 - __Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: Overnight the authorities decided to arrest the leaders of the sindicatul roşu at CFR Grivița. Until then, the Government had hesitated to take action against the Communists because it did not want to further inflame the mood of the workers, but by secretly reconstituting the factory committee, the Communist syndicalists had violated the terms of the state of siege. Amongst those arrested were the main leaders of the communist trade union from CFR Grivița: Panait Bogatoiu, Constantin Doncea, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, etc. The arrest of the Communist trade unionists did indeed aggravate the mood amongst the workers at the CFR Grivița workshops and, on the morning of February 15, the vast majority of workers refused to start work, bringing out many of those who had not initially associated with the strike in sympathy. The remaining members of the (February 13) 'factory committee' still at liberty then presented the director of wagon workshops, the engineer Atanasiu, with a set of the strikers' demands, which included the release of the syndicates arrested a day ago, as well as the raising of the state of siege, the recognition of the communist organisations that had been dissolved by the decree of February 12, and the recognition of 'factory committees'. The director of wagon workshops refused to negotiate with the factory committee, claiming that workers were legally constituted in trade unions and that they would only discuss with their 'official' representatives. Meanwhile, the army, equipped and ready for combat, occupied the neighbouring areas around the CFR Grivița works. Machine guns were installed in firing positions around the workshops. At the same time, more than 10,000 people, mostly women, children and elders (relatives and neighbouring residents), had gathering around the workshops site. The works' siren sounds long and hard, further racking up tension. That evening, unidentified elements wreck and set fire to the shops along the Calea Griviţei in central Bucharest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/istorii-feroviare-16-februarie-1933--evenimentele-grivita-posteritatea-lor-1_54e1af24448e03c0fda90cfb/index.html iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

[1934 - Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg [Austrian Civil War]:

1939 - Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (b. 1899), Algerian-born militant, one of the anarchist participants in the Black Sea Mutiny of 1919 and combatant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies. [see: Jan. 3]

1941 - Henri Portier (d. 2007), French anarcho-syndicalist, pacifist, anti-militarist, and historian of the Freinet movement, born. A member of the Institut Coopératif de l'Ecole Moderne (ICEM) of the Freinet movement, he became the movement's historian, making several films and prompting the rediscovery of the movement via the 1996 documentary '//Le Mouvement Freinet//'. He is also the author of the pamphlet '//Cinematograph and Freinet Movement//' (1989). [autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/cannone-alphonse-sauveur.html]

[B] 1946 - The film '//Zéro de Conduite//' (1933), by the anarchist Jean Vigo is finally released, after being banned since 1933.

1946 - Jean Renoir's film of the Octave Mirbeau novel '//Diary of a Chambermaid//' is released.

1951 - __New Zealand Waterfront Strike__: Dock workers (or 'wharfies') in New Zealand are locked out by their employers after weeks of negotiations for a wage increase. Prime Minister Sidney Holland declared a state of emergency and the military was brought in to perform the wharfies’ work. An estimated 22,000 workers (in a country of only 2 million people) were involved in the lockout and sympathy strikes that lasted until July 15. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/new-zealand-waterfront-workers-strike-better-wages-and-shorter-hours-1951]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The first day of Lord Wilberforce's committee of inquiry, 1.2 million workers had been laid off, 5% of the country's workforce. By the second and final day of the inquiry twelve power stations had been closed and continuing cold weather was forecast. The inquiry subsequently recommended substantial pay increases to all wage grades but this still fell short of the union's demands. [see: Jan. 9]

[F] 1986 - __News International Strike / Wapping Dispute__: 5,000 people gather near Rupert Murdoch's scab printing operation in Wapping, London for a mass demonstration, during which police deploy riot equipment and horses for the first time, as running battles break out between police and striking printers during the worst outbreak of violence of the 3-week strike so far. Fifty-eight (or 61, depending on the source) people are arrested and eight police officers 'injured' (no figures for the number of pickets). An ITN camera crew was attacked by police. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_dispute news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3455000/3455083.stm www.wapping-dispute.org.uk/node/10 www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping.htm www.oatridge.co.uk/wapping_files/HaldaneNI.htm www.coldtype.net/Assets/pdfs/Wapping1.pdf www.metaltype.co.uk/stories/story5.shtml www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_7.php www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/news-international-strike-1986 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-printers-strike-their-jobs-unions-wapping-dispute-1986-1987]

[C] 1997 - During the night of the 15th-16th, the anarchist bookshop in Lyon, La Plume Noire, is torched by right-wing extremists. The books and furniture suffer heavy fire damage but, thanks to a wonderful show of solidarity, the bookstore reopens in a few months.

[A] 2002 - Three Florida prison guards are acquitted of beating a prisoner to death to keep him from exposing guard brutality; their defence? - that he beat himself to death in a locked cell.

2003 - One million plus people attend the Stop The War Demo in London. A further 75,000 march in Glasgow and 20,000 in Belfast. Up to 3 million demonstrate in Roma; 1.3 million in Barcelona, 600,000 in Madrid; up to 500,000, Berlin; 200,000 in Damascus; 200,000 protest in NYC, ringed by police snipers; 30,000 protest in Los Angeles; about 25,000 in Seattle hit the streets. More massive demonstrations are also held tomorrow.

2012 - 358 people dead in fire at Comayagua prison in Honduras. || "I am an anarchist in politics and an impressionist in art as well as a symbolist in literature. Not that I understand what these terms mean, but I take them to be all merely synonyms of pessimist." [in a letter, to Charles Milnes Gaskell, October 28, 1894.] [www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/henrybrooksadams.html]
 * = 16 || 1838 - Henry Brooks Adams (d. 1918), American journalist, historian, academic and novelist, born. One of the chief subjects of his writings and thought was on the nature of power.

1844 - James Guillaume (d. 1916), English-born historian of the First International and anarchist active in the Swiss Jura Federation, born. Aligned with Mikhail Bakunin, with whom he was kicked out of the International Workingmen's Association in a coup by Marx and his followers. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre20.html#guillaume]

[BBB] 1848 - Octave Mirbeau (d. 1917), prolific French short story writer, novelist, anarchist, anti-militarist, pamphleteer, art critic and dramatist. Author of '//Le Jardin des Supplices//' (Torture Garden; 1899) '//Le Journal d'une Femme de Chambre//' (Diary of a Chambermaid; 1900), the Expressionist novel '//Les Vingt et un Jours d'un Neurasthénique//' (21 Days of a Neurasthenic; 1901) and '//Dingo//' (1913), written from the point of view of the dog; as well as a number of books of short stories; plays, such as the proletarian drama '//Les Mauvais Bergers//' (The Bad Shepherds; 1897) and '//Le Foyer//' (Charity; 1908), on the subject of the economic and sexual exploitation of adolescents in so-called charitable homes; and a novelistic travelogue, '//LA 628-E8//' (Sketches of a Journey; 1907), an excoriating critique of Belgian colonialism dressed up a report on his journey through Belgium - LA 628-E8 being the numberplate of the car and main character during the trip. He worked as a journalist/columnist/polemicist on Séverine's newspaper '//Le Cri du Peuple//' and on Zo d'Axa's '//L'Endehors//' and was foremost amongst Dreyfus' supporters. In 1893, he wrote the preface to Jean Grave's '//La Société Mourante et l'Anarchie//' (The Dying Society and Anarchism; 1893). "Toutes les lois sont oppressives et criminelles. Elles ne protègent que les riches et les heureux." ("All the laws are oppressive and criminal. They protect only the rich and the happy.")

1854 - William Charles Owen (d. 1929), India-born Anglo-American teacher, journalist, militant and anarchist individualist propagandist, born. Member of the IWA, collaborated on the newspaper '//Free Society//' and Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth//'. In 1911 he was involed with the Magon brothers newspaper '//Regeneración//' and later became editor of his own newspaper '//Land and Liberty//' (1914-15). Initially influenced by Kropotkin (he was the first to translate '//Paroles d'un Révolté//' into English), he came under the influence of Benjamin Tucker and anarchist individualism. During WWI he went to England where he took part in the newspaper '//Freedom//', in 1926 withdrew to a small co-operative colony close to Storrington in Sussex. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/owen/owen.html www.ephemanar.net/juillet09.html#owenwc recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/OwenWilliam.htm]

1870 - Leonora O’Reilly (d. 1927), US feminist, suffragist, and trade union organiser, born. Started work aged eleven in a collar factory (1881); inducted into the Knights of Labor (1886); formed the Working Women's Society (1886); joined the Synthetic Circle (1888) and the Social Reform Club (1894); organized a women's local for the United Garment Workers Union (1897); was a founder of the National Women's Trade Union League (1903) and a member of its executive committee (1903-15); was a founding member of the New York Women's Trade Union League (1904); was a founder of the group that became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909); joined the Socialist Party (1910); appointed chair of the industrial committee of the New York City Woman Suffrage party (1912); served as a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Women (1915); was a trade union delegate to the International Congress of Working Women (1919). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_O'Reilly spartacus-educational.com/USAWoreilly.htm]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: In Sanlúcar de Barrameda the city's doctor, Antonio González Peña, dismissed the alcalde (mayor) and became President of a Ayuntamiento Republicano (Revolutionary Committee), supported by 39 armed men of the Guardia Municipal Republicada (Republican Municipal Guard), headed by Eduardo Franco. [NB: the supposedly libertarian 'republic' wish to still pay its workers on differntial scale: seven reales for each sergeant, 6 for each corporal, and 5 for each ordinary soldier.] He removed Mayor Jose Maria Ontoria and the entire Municipal Corporation, imprisoned the police of the old Town Hall and burned the notary records. He also asked the Governor of Cadiz for enough weapons and money to put a thousand men under arms. He also sought to explain to the rural labourers that their pay for working the vines could not exceed the income from the wine itself, which obviously displeased the day labourers, who wanted their wages at all costs, whether the money was there or not. As a moderate revolutionary, he seized the Colegio de los Escolapios (Piarists or Poor Regular Clergy college), demolished two convents, readaptled churches to convert them into schools and barracks, and municipalised the local cemetery. [ordenanarquista.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/la-revolucion-cantonal-en-sanlucar/ www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-17-16-gobierno-figueras/ www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/ ccec.revues.org/5455?lang=en es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_República_Española]

[B] 1875 - Valentine de Saint-Point (Anna Jeanne Valentine Marianne Glans de Cessiat-Vercell; d. 1953), French artist, writer, poet, painter, playwright, art critic, choreographer, lecturer, journalist, feminist and Futurist, who repudiated Marinetti's views on women, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_de_Saint-Point pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_de_Saint-Point www.colloque-saint-point.univ-nantes.fr/95725298/0/fiche_[]_pagelibre/&RH=VALENTINE&RF=1465895698153 www.nuitblanche.com/rubrique/ecrivains-meconnus-du-xxe-siecle/2014/03/valentine-de-saint-point/ www.lettres-et-arts.net/arts/59-qui_est-elle www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/action-feminine www.unknown.nu/futurism/lust.html www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2008/11/the-manifesto-1/ www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=1621 www.lekti-ecriture.com/blogs/alamblog/index.php/post/2006/11/13/198-valentine-de-saint-point www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2009/11/09/at-performa-valentine-de-saint-point-the-feminist-futurist nietzscheyouth.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/valentine-de-saint-point-futurist.html]

1879 - Gusto Gräser (Gustav Arthur Gräser; d. 1958), German nomadic 'poet-prophet' who, with his brother Karl Gräser (1875–1920), co-founded the Monte Verità utopian anarchist/vegetarian community in Ascona, Switzerland, born. Another brother was the painter Ernst H. Graeser (1884–1944). Numerous anarchist including Gustav Landauer, Erich Mühsam, Otto Gross and Ernst Toller, as well as writers, artists and philosophers, who including Ernst Bloch, Herman Hesse, Patricia Cavalli, Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Klabund, Tristan Tzara, Oskar Schlemmer, Hans Richter, Marcel Janco and Gerhart Hauptmann, etc. were all frequenters of Monte Verità. Amongst his published works were '//Efeublätter//' (Ivy leaves; 1902), together with books of sayings and poems such as '//Winke zur Genesung unsres Lebens//' (Signs to the recovery of our lives; 1918) and '//Wortfeuerzeug//' (Word lighter; 1930). [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Gräser de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Verità www.gusto-graeser.info/ www.upd.unibe.ch/research/symposien/HA11/monteverita.html strangeflowers.wordpress.com/2012/10/12/dress-down-friday-gusto-graser/ www.woz.ch/1314/monte-verita/mythos-utopien-und-eine-gewisse-anarchie]

1904 - Augustus Marcel Le Lann (d. 1974), Breton boilermaker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3258 www.ephemanar.net/septembre27.html]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Prisciliano G. Silva is arrested by Madero in Guadalupe, Chihuahua for refusing to recognise him as provisional president of Mexico.

1915 - César Saborit Carrelero (d. 1951), Catalan //guerrillero anarquista// and member of José Lluis Facieras' action group, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/saborit/saborit.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7438]

1916 - Emma Goldman is arrested in New York City for lecturing on birth-control. [?]

1917 - A bill introduced into the Washington state legislature in Olympia, Washington defined "criminal-syndicalism" as advocating by word of mouth or writing sabotage, violence, or other unlawful methods of bringing about industrial or political revolution and making the offense a felony. [archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt leg.wa.gov/CodeReviser/documents/sessionlaw/1919c3.pdf]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: In the pages of '//La Publicitat//' workers claim that their strike is fully justified. The company tries to bring in strikebreakers but all the time more and more workers are joining the strike.

[C] 1921 - The Fascists attempt to break a strike in Livorno, Italy by operating the trams. But they meet mass resistance, with one tram load attacked by over 400 people. This is just one of thousands of bloody confrontations all across Italy between anti-fascists and fascists this month as the latter try to impose their presence on the streets and in the workplaces across the country. [www.ainfos.ca/01/oct/ainfos00198.html]

1933 - __Masacrul de la Griviţa [Grivița Massacre] / Greva de la Atelierele CFR Grivița [Grivița Strike__]: At 04:30, the siege begins, as gendarmes and army troops move in and surround CFR Griviţa Roşie workshops. The workers fail to react, so at 06:00, the operation commander, Lt.-Col. Romulus Hotineanu, called upon the strikers to surrender. The authorities later claimed that the reaction of the workers then turned violent, retaliating with gunfire inside the workshops. At 06:30, the authorities announce that if the strikers do not surrender within five minutes, they would pay in full. At that point, some of the strikers jumped the fence around the CFR Workshops Griviţa Roşie, making a break for it. After the expiration of the announced time, a warning shot was fired. The official communiqué argued that no more than two volleys of shots were fired by their side, and that the workers had also used firearms against the troops. After 15 minutes, gendarmes and soldiers entered the workshop yard. At 07:30, about half of the strikers surrendered. From the workshop yard, troops recovered three dead. Thirty four injured were taken to CFR Witting, Filantropia, Colentina, Militar and Brancoveanu hospitals. Four of these subsequently died of their wounds. Another 20 light-weight workers were taken to the Public Guard Corps headquarters where they received medical help. Among the troops, two soldiers were killed - one of which was shot dead by an officers after he had addressed his fellow soldiers: "Do not fire on the workers, comrades! We can not be the killers of our brethren! We can not crush them in bloody battles, in order to safeguard the interests of our enemies - the landowners and bourgeoisie!". A public guard had also died the previous day. The funeral of the seven dead workers was carried out in secrecy, fearing the emergence of new disturbances. Their bodies were guarded by soldiers, and rumours circulated in the press that they had been buried secretly at night. In the end, the authorities organised the funerals at the Ghencea Cemetery, with access limited to only their families. After the suppression of the revolt from CFR Griviţa Roşie, the army took control of the works and arrested the remaining strikers. Those detained were paraded at bayonet point along the Calea Griviţei in central Bucharest en route to the Malmaison military prison. The investigations were focused on find those believed to be responsible for instigating the strike. On March 3 1933, the Military Prosecutor's Office announced that 380 workers of the 2,000 originally on strike and considered to be organisers and agitators during the conflict would be brought before a military court, as the strike had taken place during the state of siege. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivița_strike_of_1933 ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_de_la_Atelierele_CFR_Grivița www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/grivi-33-o-diversiune-lui-carol-al-ii-lea luptaanticapitalista.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/luptele-ceferistilor-si-petrolistilor-din-februarie-1932-–-1933/ www.ziarulstefancelmare.ro/mai-stiti-ce-a-fost-in-zilele-de-15-16-februarie-1933-greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-rosie/ adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/istorii-feroviare-16-februarie-1933--evenimentele-grivita-posteritatea-lor-1_54e1af24448e03c0fda90cfb/index.html iasromania.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/greva-de-la-atelierele-cfr-grivita-din-1933/ jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/adevar-si-manipulare-1933-reprimarea-grevei-de-la-grivita-568550.html saint-juste.narod.ru/grivita.html]

1933 - Yoshishige Yoshida, Japanese film director and screenwriter, born. Co-wrote (with Masahiro Yamada) and directed '//Erosu Purasu Gyakusatsu//' (Eros + Massacre), a film biography of anarchist Sakae Ōsugi, who was assassinated by the Japanese military in 1923.

1934 - Demonstrations take place across the globe against the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss' dissolution of the Austrian parliament and his assuming dictatorial powers. [see: Feb. 12, 1934]

1936 - Election and formation of the Popular Front government against the fascist Franco. Anarchists [a few, most opposed], socialists, communists, republicans and labour groups form a republic.

1939 - Jacques Vallet, journalist, poet, art critic, dramatist and libertarian author, born. Author of a book of poems '//Les Chiens de la Nuit//' (The Dogs of the Night; 1964) and participant in the poetry review '//Strophes//' (Stanzas), he also wrote for numerous newspapers, including '//Libération//', as well as starting in 1977 his own libertarian arts and satire magazine '//Le Fou Parle//' (The Madman Speaks), a Grand Prix de l'Humour Noir winner. Vallet also delved into crime fiction, writing a series of novels including '//L’Amour Tarde à Dijon//' (Love is Slow in Dijon; 1996), based on Jean-Bernard Pouy's Octopus character; '//Pas Touche à Desdouches//' (Do Not Touch; 1997); 'La Trace' ( 1998); '//Une Coquille dans le Placard//' (A Shell in the Closet; 2000); '//Sam Suffit//' (Enough Sam; 2001), a whodunnit involving the cast of '//Waiting For Godot//'; and '//Monsieur Chrysanthème//' (2001). He is also involved in the libertarian review '//Anartiste//' [a term created by Marcel Duchamp to describe his position in the art world] started in June 2002 by the La Vache Folle (The Mad Cow) group.

1939 - Jura Soyfer (b. 1912), Russian-born Austrian political journalist, cabaret writer and anti-fascist, dies of typhus in Buchenwald concentration camp the day after his release was granted. [see: Dec. 12]

[E] 1943 - Mildred Fish-Harnack (Mildred Elizabeth Fish; b. 1902), American-German literary historian, journalist, lecturer, translator, and German Resistance fighter, who was part of the so-called Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) network, is beheaded in Berlin's Plötzensee Prison. [see: Sep. 16]

1946 - The debut in Paris of the newspaper '//L'Homme et la Vie: Organe du Mouvement de Synthèse Culturelle//', a forum open to all progressive currents. Edited by the libertarian individualist Manuel Devaldès, only 4 issue are known of.

1954 - Iain Banks (d. 2013), Scottish novelist and self-described "evangelical atheist", who, using the pen name Iain M Banks, was the author of the Culture series of sci-fi novels that feature a pan-galactic anarchist society, born.

1958 - Victor Arendorff (b. 1878), Swedish writer, journalist, poet, lyricist, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 27]

[A/D] 1965 - Three members of the Black Liberation Front, Robert Steele Collier, Walter Augustus Bowe, and Khaicel Sultan Sayyed, and a French-Canadian woman, Michelle Duclos, a member of the Quebec secessionist group Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, are arrested for plot to blow up the Statue of Liberty - blowing the head and torch-carrying arm off with 30 sticks of dynamite. However, the group had been infiltrated by undercover NYPD cop, who turned them into the FBI before they could carry out their plan. At their trial the State tried to link them with the Castro regime and claimed that the attack had been plotted with Che Guevara at a meeting in the UN Headquarters building in NYC. Duclos received a five year sentence, but only served three months (the rest of the sentence being spent on parole), after cooperating with the prosecution. The three BLF members got ten years in prison each. A fourth man Gilles Legault, who had supplied the dynamite to Duclos in Canada, hanged himself in prison on April 18, 1965 after being arrested in connection with the plot. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Duclos thinkerumgatherum.blogspot.co.uk/2009/08/plot-to-blow-up-statue-of-liberty.html www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagev004.php www.davidfmitchell.com/uploads/4/3/4/0/43400967/the_monumental_plot_by_david_f._mitchell.pdf]

1968 - __Memphis Sanitation Strike__: The local chapter of the NAACP endorsed the sanitation workers strike, asking the City Council to intervene. The newly elected mayor of Memphis, Henry Loeb, III, declared the strike illegal. Though he refused to meet with black officials from Local 1733, he did agree to a meeting with the national officers of American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees who were in Memphis to support the striking workers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/memphis-tennessee-sanitation-workers-strike-1968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Echol_Cole_and_Robert_Walker]

1970 - Pedro Vallina Martinez (b. 1879), Sevillian medical doctor, prominent figure of Andalusian anarchism, Civil War fighter and militant, who was involved in the labour movement and spent much of his life in and out of prison and exile for his opposition to Spanish repression and fascism, dies. [see: Jun. 29]

[F] 1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: With miners now into the sixth week of their strike over pay, mass picketing of power stations and all other sources of fuel supply have forced the Central Electricity Generating Board to announce that homes and businesses will be without electricity for up to nine hours a day from today. Electricity will be switched off on a rota basis between 07:00 and 24:00 every day, which means that consumers will face longer power cuts, up from six to nine hours. The shortage of electricity is forcing more and more factories and businesses to close. Edward Heath's Conservative government had already imposed a three day week and a report in today's '//Times//' newspaper claims 1.2 million workers have now been laid off. Imperial Chemical Industries, one of the country's leading industries, has given a week's notice to all its 60,000 weekly-paid staff as a precautionary measure. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/16/newsid_2757000/2757099.stm]

1973 - February 16-22: Student uprisings in Greece.

1985 - 20,000 demonstrate against the Schwandorf nuclear reprocessing plant.

2006 - Paul Avrich (b. 1931), devoted and sympathetic US biographer and polyglot [Russian, Yiddish and others] historian of anarchism, dies. [see: Aug. 4] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gapon ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гапон,_Георгий_Аполлонович]
 * = 17 || 1870 - [O.S. Feb. 5] Fr. Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н; d. 1906), Russian Orthodox priest, and founder and leader of the Assembly of the Russian Factory Workers of the City of St. Petersburg (Собрания русских фабрично-заводских рабочих г. Санкт-Петербурга), who was later exposed as a police informant and killed by members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), born. [see: Apr. 10]

[EE] 1877 - Isabelle Eberhardt (d. 1904), Swiss explorer and writer, who lived and travelled extensively in North Africa dressed as man, using the name Si Mahmoud Essadi, born. Daughter of the Armenian-born anarchist, ex-priest and convert to Islam, Alexandre Trophimowsky. Isabelle was an extremely liberated individual, rejecting conventional European morality in favor of her own path and that of Islam. She died in 1904, in a flash flood in the Algerian desert at the age of 27. Her life was the basis for '//Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eberhardt'//, an opera composed by Missy Mazzoli.

1879 - Russian nihilists unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Czar Alexander in St. Petersburg.

1889 - Boris Yelensky (d. 1974), Russian-born American anarchist propagandist and secretary of the Anarchist Red Cross of Chicago (1913-17), born. At the age of 16, he joined a small Socialist Revolutionist-Maximalist group and fought in the 1905 Revolution in Russia. Fleeing from the repressive measures by the government that followed the uprising, he emigrated to the United States in 1907, later becoming an anarchist and joining the Radical Library, a branch of the Workmen’s Circle in Philadelphia. While in Philadelphia he helped establish a branch of the Anarchist Red Cross. He later moved to Chicago and helped create the Chicago branch of the ARC. He continued to work with these organisations until the summer of 1917, when most of the political refugees had already returned to Russia to take part in the Russian Revolution. Yelensky, together with his wife Bessie left for Russia in October, and there he was active in the factory committee movement in Novorossijsk. He left Russia in 1922 to escape persecution for his anarchism and back in Chicago he was secretary of the Russian Political Relief Committee 1924-1925, the Chicago Aid Fund 1925-1936 (from 1932 forming a section of the Relief Fund of the International Working Men's Association (IWMA) for Anarchists and Anarcho-Syndicalists Imprisoned and Exiled in Russia) and the Alexander Berkman Aid Fund (ABAF) 1936-1957; founder and secretary of the Free Society Group (FSG) Chicago ca. 1923-1957 and of many committees and funds initiated by both the FSG and the relief funds, e.g. the Maximoff Memorial Publication Committee; published in Golos Truženika Chicago, Golos Truda New York, the Yiddish Fraye Arbeter Shtime New York/Philadelphia and Freier-Gedank. Yelensky's '//In the Struggle for Equality, a history of the Anarchist Red Cross//', the most important history of the ARC/ABC to date, was published by the ABAF in 1958. He died in June 1974 (exact date unknown). [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf archive.is/J9moB es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yelensky www.illinoislaborhistory.com/cemetary-inhabitants-x-z.html]

[F] 1881 - A circular of the Spanish Ministerio de la Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior) announces that workers' associations are no longer illegal and are now able to quit the world of 'clandestinity'. [losojosdehipatia.com.es/cultura/historia/historia-del-derecho-de-asociacion-en-espana/ noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/lec.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

1894 - __Procès des Trente__: In the wake of Émile Henry's Terminus bombing, French police carry out numeroius raids against the anarchist movement, arrestinh many of those that will subsequently appear in the Procès des Trente.

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Feb. 4] Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Emperor Alexander II, uncle of the current tsar, Emperor Nicholas II and the much-hated former governor of Moscow, having already escaped a potential assassination attempt two days earlier whilst on his way with his family to attend a concert at the Bolshoi Theatre - the plotters deciding not to throw their bomb because of the presence of children in the carriage, he is literally blown to bits in his carriage in Senatskaya Square, Moscow, as a nitroglycerin bomb thrown by Ivan Kalyayev, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party’s Combat detachment, lands in his lap and explodes. Kalayev, who by his own testimony had expected to die in the explosion, survived. Sucked into the vortex of the explosion, he ended up by the remains of the rear wheels. His face peppered by splinters, pouring with blood. He was immediately arrested. Sentenced to death, he was hanged two months later. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia#Assassination]

[E] 1906 - Blanca Canales Torresola (d. 1996), Puerto Rican teacher and organiser of the Daughters of Freedom, the women's branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, she led the October 30, 1950, Jayuya Uprising against the Federal government of the United States, born. After surrendering on November 1, 1950, she was arrested for the murder of a police officer and the wounding of three others, and sentenced to life imprisonment plus sixty years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Canales es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Canales]

1906 - Idaho police and Pinkertons kidnap IWW leader Bill Haywood and two others in Denver, Colorado, from their bedrooms, for alleged involvement in the Steunenberg bombing; thus the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) leaders Haywood, Moyer and Pettibone framed on murder charges in Idaho.

1908 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Anna Rasputin [Анна Распутина](Anna Mikhaylovna Shulyatikov [Анна Михайловна Шулятикова]; b. 1874), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. [see: Dec. 18]

1908 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Lydia Avgustovna Sture (Лидия Августовна Стуре; b. 1884), Russian revolutionary and member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров) and its Combat Organisation's (Боева́я организа́ция) 'Northern combat flying squad' (Северный боевой летучий отряд / ЛБО СО ПСР), is hung during the night [17-18] in the village of Lisy Nos (Лисий Нос) near St. Petersburg alongside six of her comrades. [see: Mar. 2]

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Silva's men, who are now mixed with the Maderists, are disarmed because they too [see: Feb. 16] refusing to recognise Madero as provisional president of Mexico. Many of them will later be executed. At the same time Guitierrez de Lara, together with a small column of US volunteers, joins the Maderists.

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: A second children's exodus takes place, this time to two separate destinations. A small group of 35 was sent to the mountains of Barre, Vermont, where they were met by "three brass bands and a large crowd" before marching to the Barre Socialist Hall. Flynn accompanied another group to New York.

1913 - __Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana__: Gen. Victoriano Huerta seizes Francisco Madero, Vice Pres. Jose Suarez and cabinet. With the support of US Ambassador Henry Lane, Huerta and Felix Diaz come to an agreement. Huerta would become temporary president. In the next election, Huerta would see to it that Diaz was elected,while Huerta would remain as the military strong man. New president Woodrow Wilson refused to recognise Huerta's government, Lane recalled. That night, within an hour of the concluding of the agreement, Huerta turns Madero's brother Gustavo over to Felix Diaz's men, who murder him.

1913 - Armory Show, the first large exhibition of modern art in America. The three-city exhibition starts in New York City's 69th Regiment Armory, on Lexington Avenue (February 17, 1913 to March 15, 1913).

1917 - Gabriela Lahuerta Giménez, Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, born. During the Civil War, she worked as a nurse in the hospital in Plana d'Utiel, Valencia, where she met her fellow anarcho-syndicalist militant Gabriel Aspas Argilés; in 1938 they became partners. During the war she worked as liaison with libertarian guerrillas until she was arrested and imprisoned. Once free, she and Aspas went secretly to France, settling in Beziers. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1702.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/aspas/aspas.html]

1918 - Gabriella 'Ella' Antolini (1899-1984), the Dynamite Girl, is arrested [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/topics/88/ lakecountyhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/gabriella-antolini-dynamite-girl.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: 80% of workers in the textile industry walk out. In addition to striking in support of the laid off workers at La Canadiense, the textile workers demand recognition of their union, and a recognition by the authorities of the eight hour day. Metallurgists of the Sarriá Railway also on strike and, with no access to their workshops, the company is no longer able to carry out repairs. Soon after, the majority of other electrical workers in the city declared themselves on strike, also demanding a wage increase. Police break into a union meeting in the centro obrero on the Calle San Pablo claiming that they have no permit. 62 film company workers there are arrested. They had been planning to extend the strike to the entertainment sector. Fraser Lawton, the La Canadenca manager, gives in and hold his first meeting with the union. The first negotiations are to be held in the La Canadiense building. But when the strike committee of five delegates from the CNT, headed by Simó Piera arrive, Lawton discovers that there is a CNT member amongst their ranks and he walks out without beginning the discussions.

1922 - In San Julian, Patagonia, five prostitutes in the La Catalana brothel refuse the custom of soldiers of Lieutenant Colonel Varela (who executed and tortured more than 1,500 striking workers), shouting: "Garbage! We do not go to bed with murderers."

[B] 1929 - Alejandro Jodorowsky, Chilean-French filmmaker, playwright, actor, author, musician, comics writer and one-time anarchist, born. At sixteen he became interested in anarchism and associated with Chilean poets Nicanor Parra and Enrique Lihn. In 1960 he became a founding member of the anarchistic Paris avant-garde Panic Movement of performance artists. In '//La Danza de la Realidad//' (The Dance of Reality; 2013) his son Adan Jodorowsky aka Adanowsky plays the part of Adan the Anarchist. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-8-winter-2008/mondo-jodo-anarchy-and-alchemy-the-films-of-alejandro-jodorowsky/ somethinofnothin.net/blog/wordpress/2011/05/08/alejandro-jodorowsky-aesthetic-film/ www.filmfest-muenchen.de/en/aktuelles/news/2013/6/jodorowsky.aspx filmmakermagazine.com/72541-10-lessons-on-filmmaking-from-director-alejandro-jodorowsky/]

1932 - Florence Kelley (b. 1859), pioneering US social and political reformer, Hull House activist, lawyer, socialist, pacifist and labour activist, who refused to be associated with any political party, dies. [see: Sep. 12]

1940 - In Canada, Emma Goldman suffers a severe stroke which leaves her paralysed on the right side, and although her hearing was unaffected, she is unable to speak; she is rushed to the hospital where she remains for six weeks.

1941 - Dutch shipyard workers go on strike on February 17 and 18, preventing the Nazis from deporting Dutch workers to Germany for forced labour there. On the first day, the leadership of the Communistische Partij van Nederland discussed calling a general strike for the 18th, but the German occupiers managed to persuade Berlin to suspend the transfer of Dutch workers, thereby bringing about an end to the docks strike. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/dutch-citizens-resist-nazi-occupation-1940-1945 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance]

1942 - Huey P. Newton (d. 1989), Black Panther Party co-founder, born. [expand]

[C] 1943 - Wiktor Alter (b. 1890), Polish Jewish socialist activist, longtime leader of the social-democratic Bund, member of the executive committee of the Second International and organiser in the International Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), is executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin. Accused on trumped-up charges of being a spy for Nazi Germany, he had infact been overheard (his hotel room had been bugged by the KNVD) discussing, with fellow Bund and JAC member Henrik Erlich, rumours about the murder of Polish officers, including many Polish Jews, at Katyn. Both were arrested on December 4, 1941, by the NKVD. The precise details about his death are unknown but it is believed that he and Erlich were sentenced to death on 23 December 1941. One story has it that both were immediately executed but other sources suggest that Alter's execution did not take place until February 17, 1943 and that Erlich committed suicide on May 15, 1942. Whatever is the truth, the Soviet authorities failed to acknowledge their deaths until after the lifting of the dseige of Stalingrad. It was nearly half a century before both their names were cleared of the absurd charge. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor_Alter en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Alter en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee]

1943 - __Plan Lanz__: Hitler avoids being arrested or killed when he changes his plans to visit the army in Ukraine. Wehrmacht Generals Hubert Lanz (1896 - 1982), Hans Speidel (1897 - 1984), and Paul Loehning (1889 - 1971) and Lieutenant Colonel Hyazinth Graf von Strachwitz (1893 - 1968) had planned to arrest or, if neccesary, kill Hitler during his scheduled visit to the Armeeabteilung (Army Detachment) Lanz headquarters at Poltava. Strachwitz was to surround Hitler and his SS escorts shortly after Hitler's arrival with his tanks. Lanz would have then arrested Hitler, and in the event of resistance, Strachwitz's tanks would have shot and killed the entire delegation. Instead, Hitler chose to visit General Erich von Manstein's headquarters at Zaporozhye, and the plan was dropped. Speidel was also involved in the July 20 plot to killed Hitler and though arrested and imprisoned by Gestapo, he evaded the discovery of his direct involvement. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lanz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_Graf_Strachwitz_von_Groß-Zauche_und_Camminetz en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spark_(1940) valkyrie.greyfalcon.us/hitlermurd.htm]

1944 - 18 Jews escaped from the Krasnik Labour Camp, also known as WIFO and Skret, in Poland. The head of production, Alois Gröger, then chose 18 prisoners, relatives of the escapees, and ordered that they be shot. In a short time, four of the escapees were caught one by one. Each time, Gröger issued a special roll call for the prisoners. They had to be present during the execution of the escapees by hanging, carried out by Gröger's own hands. The fourteen who escaped are: Lejba Brener, Shmuel Lejzer Brener, Hersh Datum, Szaja Datum, Adam Diament, Yisroel Moshe Szor, Moshe Sztolhamer, Yisroel Yankl Sukman, Yankl Szwarcbard, Gabrial Rajnsztajn, Asher Bruchirer, Daniel Feder, and Leib Hecht. Moshe Sztolhamer's son, Semmy Stahlhammer, wrote a book 'Kodnamn Frisör' (Codename Barber; 2007), about the incident. [www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/krasnik/kra293.html www.semmystahlhammer.se/book.html chelm.freeyellow.com/budzyn.html]

1944 - Pietro Bruzzi aka 'Brutius' (b. 1888), Italian journeyman mechanic, anarchist and anti-fascist fighter in Spain, dies. Arrested in Spain and extradited to Italy, he was interned on the island of Ponza. Escaping, he joined the anarchist anti-fascist resistance in Lombardy and edited the clandestine paper '//L'Adunata dei Libertari//' (Anarchist Assembly) in late 1943. He was captured and shot in Melegnano by the fascists.

1944* - Laurentino Tejerina Marcos (b. 1895), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndcalist, dies. [expand] [* or 1942] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1701.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/laurentino-tejerina-marcos.html www.ephemanar.net/janvier17.html]

1954 - Ernest Ernestan (aka Ernest Tanrez) (b. 1898), Belgian militant, writer, theorist of libertarian socialism, a significant figure in Belgian anarchism, dies. [see: Jul. 15]

1958 - Petr Bezruč (pseudonym of Vladimir Vasek; b. 1867), Czech writer, poet and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 15]

1958 - Inaugural public meeting in Central Hall, Westminster of Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND).

1961 - __Operação Dulcineia__: The Santa Maria enters Lisbon harbour to be greeted by a flotilla of yachts, tugs, fishing boats and other vessels, and a crowd of 300,000 amongst who was Salazar who, rather theatrically, welcomed the liner, saying: "The Santa Maria is with us. Thank you, Portugal." The crowd responded with cries of "Long live Salazar" and "Long live Portugal" as though it was some sort of victory. [see: Jan. 21]

1971 - Michal Mareš (Josef Mareš; b. 1893), Czech writer, poet, journalist and anarchist, dies. [see: Jan. 22]

1972 - Bonhill Street Social Security Office, London, firebombed. Liverpool Army HQ, Edge Lane, bombed. Severe damage. [Angry Brigade chronology]

1972 - Hirabayashi Taiko (平林 たい子; b. 1905), pen-name of Hirabayashi Tai (平林タイ), Japanese fiction writer, feminist and one-time anarchist, dies. [see: Oct. 3]

1978 - The Leamington 4 - Ian 'Bra' Bros, Kevin Ennis, Bob Fine and Roger Grenville (who had infiltrated the National Socialist Movement over a 3 year period in the 1960s on behalf of the 62 Group), members of the Leamington Anti-Fascist Group - are found guilty of criminal damage and given suspended sentences of one year imprisonment (plus costs) after a 3 day trial. Their crime? The June 13, 1977, painting out of the fascist grafitti "Wogs out! Had enough Whitey?" (sic), which had been daubed on a Warwick factory wall by self-styled 'race rebel' Robert Relf and his sidekick, local neo-Nazi Michael Cole.

1982 - Thelonious Sphere Monk (b. 1917), dies. [see: Oct. 10]

2006 - 800 postal workers in Belfast, Northern Ireland, end an eighteen day wildcat strike over bullying, harassment, and intimidation by managers at Royal Mail when management agrees to an independent review of industrial relations. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

[A] 2011 - A 'day of rage', prompted by the arrest in Benghazi of the lawyer of the Committee of the Families of the Victims of the Abu Salim Massacre in 1996 [see June 28], sparks the Libyan revolution. || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1619]
 * = 18 || 1847 - Jean Baguet (aka Jean Bayet; d. unknown) born. French anarchist exiled to Switzerland to avoid arrest following demonstrations at Montceau-the-Mines in August 1882. Sentenced in absentia to five years prison at the Trial of the 66, January 1883.

1851 - A crowd of Boston Negroes break into the federal prison, rescue Frederick Jenkins, a southern slave jailed under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act, and spirit him away to freedom in Canada.

1872 - Julienne Adam (Julienne-Louise Adam; d. unknown), French laundress and anarchist, born. In 1894 she was included on a list of anarchists belonging to the French railway police for border control purposes, the same year that she took refuge in London. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1802.html]

1884 - [N.S. Mar. 2] Police seized all copies of Tolstoy's '//What I Believe In//' at the printers. [dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tolstoy/chrisanar.htm]

1885 - Henri Laurens (d. 1954), French Cubist sculptor, painter, illustrator, theatre designer, engraver, stonemason and anarchist, who turned down the Légion d'honneur, born. Closely associated with fellow Cubists Juan Gris, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and especially his fellow sculptor, anarchist and anti-fascist Baltasar Lobo, who he hid from the Nazis in his house during WWII. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Laurens www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/henri-laurens-1473]

1887 - Juan Peiro Belis (d. 1942), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist theorist and militant in the CNT, born. In November 4, 1936, he was one of the CNT's four ministers (Minister of Industry) in the new government headed by Largo Caballero. He sought refuge in France in 1939, but was extradited back to Spain by Pétain. Refusing to cooperate with Franco, he was shot in Valencia on 24 July 1942.

1893 - Alexander Sapoundjiev (d. 1975), Bulgarian teacher, anarchist activist and propagandist, born. In June 1919, he participated in the founding congress of the FACB (Bulgarian Communist Anarchist Federation). In 1921, after several arrests Sapoundjiev was banned from teaching and he dedicated himself to the publication of several clandestine newspapers, including '//анархист//' (Anarchist), '//Robotnitcheska Missal//' (Workers' Thought) and '//свободно общество//' (Free Society). Following the 9 June 1923 //coup d'état// and ensuing September insurrection, he was arrested and imprisoned, eventually going into exile in France in 1928. Following a 1931 amnesty, he return to his activities in Bulgaria but the pro-Fascist coup of May 19, 1934, saw him retire to the village of Biala to devote himself to viticulture and the cooperative movement. He was to suffer further periods of imprisonment, including under the Communists in 1948, but never gave up the struggle.

[C] 1904 - Felicia Mary Browne (d. 1936), English artist and communist, who was the first British volunteer to die in the Spanish Civil War, born. A member of the St. Pancras branch of the CPGB and the Artists International Association, she was travelling to Spain with the photographer Edith Bone in order to attend the People's Olympiad, when the military rebellion broke out. Arriving in Barcelona, she immediately joined a communist militia on August 3. On August 25, 1936, Felicia was killed in action on the Aragón front near Tardienta, part of a band of raiders that attempted to dynamite a Fascist munitions train. The group was ambushed and Browne was shot dead while trying to rescue an injured Italian comrade. [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WbrowneF.htm ianbone.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/felicia-browne-only-photo-of-spanish-civil-war-fighter/ www.international-brigades.org.uk/content/1936-madrid]

[DD] 1905 - [N.S. Mar. 3] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Tsar publishes the '//Bulygin Rescript//' (Булыгин рескрипте), named after the then Minister of Interior, Alexander G. Bulygin (Александр Григорьевич Булыгин), which promises the creation of a State Duma of the Russian Empire but with consultative powers only, religious tolerance, freedom of speech (in the form of language rights for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. At the same time he issued a contradictory Imperial Decree drawn up by the prominent jurist and well-known reactionary Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (Константи́н Петро́вич Победоно́сцев), who had long been the //éminence grise// of imperial politics, denouncing reform, whilst also issuing an appeal calling for suggestions by the public for potential reforms. Neither the Rescript nor the resulting Tsarist manifesto issued on August 19 [O.S. Aug. 9] laying out the final plans for establishment of the promised representative body (the 'Bulygin Duma' as it became known), did anything to cool the revolutionary ardour abroad at the time. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Булыгин,_Александр_Григорьевич www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1905bulygduma.php]

1905 - [O.S. Feb. 5] Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich's widow confronts Ivan Kalyayev, her husband’s assassin, in his prison cell, where he declines her offer to intercede on his behalf. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1912 - __National Coal Strike [GB__]: Following a long-running strike in South Wales that ended in defeat when the Miners Federation of Great Britain refused to call a national strike, the MFGB reluctantly hold a ballot on establishing a minimum wage, in which miners vote four-to-one for a national strike.

1913 - __Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana__: Francisco I. Madero, in imprisonment and threatened with death, at the pleading of his wife and mother, and, as she said, to save their lives, not his own, signed his resignation. Vice Pres. Pino Suárez did the same.

[B] 1924 - Francisco 'Chico' Cuberos Neto (d. 2010), Brazilian militant anarchist and theatre and TV actor, born. An anarchist activist from boyhood, he was involved for decades was part of the Centre de Cultura Social (Center for Social Culture) in São Paulo, along with his brother Jaime Cubero and others. He was also active in the Societat Naturista Amics de la Nossa Chácara (Society of Friends of Our Orchard), which played a key role in organsing anarchist conferences in Brazil. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7222]

1927 - Osvaldo Bayer, journalist, screenwriter for the cinema, historian of the anarchist movement in Argentina and self-declared "ultra-pacifist anarchist", born. Member of the Federación Libertaria Argentina (FLA), he worked for various Argentine newspapers and in 1958 he founded '//La Chispa//' (The Spark), "the first independent newspaper of Patagonia". Under the government of President Maria Estela Martinez de Peron, Bayer was threatened and persecuted because of his work, especially his book '//Los Vengadores de la Patagonia Trágica//' (various volumes 1972-75; also known as '//La Patagonia Rebelde//'), eventually leading to his exile in Berlin in 1975, which lasted until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1983. In Berlin he continued his work as a journalist and historian, publishing '//Los Anarquistas Expropiadores y Otros Ensayos//' (Anarchists Expropriators and Other Essays; 1975); '//Rebeldía y Esperanza//' (Rebellion and Hope; 1993) and '//Severino Di Giovanni, el Idealista de la Violencia//' (Severino Di Giovanni, the Idealist of Violence; 1998) amongst other books. He has also written the screenplays and dialogue for, as well as produced and appeared in, a dozen films, including one based on '//La Patagonia Rebelde//' (1974); plus '//Fútbol Argentino//' (1990) and '//Awka Liwen - Rebelde Amanecer//' (Awka Liwen - Rebel Dawn; 2010), a documentary about the massacres and appropriation of lands of the indigenous peoples in Argentina, which was declared of national interest by the then President of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. He has even ventured into the world of the novel, with '//Rainer y Minou//' (2001), the story of a tortuous love between the son of an Nazi SS officer responsible for Auschwitz and the young daughter of a couple of German Jewish refugees in Argentina. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BayerOsvaldo.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4mw7hm]

1931 - Toni Morrison, African-American Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and academic, who is first the first Black American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1993), born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison]

[E] 1934 - Audre Lorde (Audrey Geraldine Lorde; d. 1992), African-American poet, writer, radical feminist, lesbian, and civil rights activist, or "black feminist lesbian poet warrior mother" as she has described herself, born. Through her activism and her published work, Lorde spoke to the importance of struggle for liberation among oppressed peoples and of organising in coalition across differences of race, gender, sexual orientation, class, age and ability. She also criticised many of the feminists of the 1960s, such as the National Organization for Women and Betty Friedan (in '//The Feminine Mystique//'), for focusing on the particular experiences and values of white middle-class women, and for not considering the effects of race and sexual orientation on feminism. Amongst her many works is '//The Cancer Journals//' (1980), which covers the years from 1978, when she was first diagnosed with breast cancer, through her mastectomy and the diagnosis of liver cancer in 1984, from which she would die on November 17, 1992.Amongst her other works are the poetry collections '//The First Cities//' (1968), '//Cables to Rage//' (1970), '//Coal//' (1976) and '//The Black Unicorn//' (1978), the novel or "biomythography" '//Zami: A New Spelling of My Name//' (1982) and the prose works '//Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches//' (1984) and '//A Burst of Light//' (1988). "For the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. They may allow us temporarily to beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change. And this fact is only threatening to those women who still define the master's house as their only source of support." ['//Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches//' (1984)] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde blogs.presstelegram.com/outinthe562/2014/02/14/black-history-month-audre-lorde-was-a-pioneer-for-gay-lesbian-rights/ www.poemhunter.com/audre-lorde-2/biography/ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/feminist.htm]

1940 - Fabrizio De André (d. 1999), Sardinian anarchist singer-songwriter, born.

1946 - Start of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, a turning point in the struggle against British rule over India. It starts when Indian sailors based in Bombay harbour go on strike against the British. The strike becomes a full-fledged revolt, encompassing 78 ships, 20 on-shore facilities, and 20,000 sailors in various ports. Though the revolt is eventually suppressed by force by the British, it becomes a decisive factor in the British decision to grant India independence. Realizing that it can no longer rely on colonial troops to enforce their rule over India, Britain concludes that it is better to make a deal with the bourgeois pro-independence organizations than to risk being overthrown by a popular uprising. The revolt also frightens the mainstream independence movements, who are working towards the partition of India, because it succeeded in unifying Hindus and Muslims in a common cause outside their control. Mohandas Gandhi issues a statement condemning the strikers for acting on their own without the "guidance" of their "political leaders" and calling their actions "unholy". [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-02-February.htm]

1956 - Gustave Charpentier (b. 1860), French composer, artistic and political radical, dies. [see: Jun. 25]

1959 - Jacques Doubinsky (Iakov Dubinsky; b. 1889), Ukranian Jewish anarchist and Makhnovist, dies. As a young labour radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the insurrectionary Makhnovist army. [see: Mar. 26]

1970 - A Federal jury finds the 'Chicago 7' innocent of conspiring to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, five were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots.

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The NUM's NEC rejects the committee of inquiry's pay offer but further negotiations with the government and the N.C.B. were unsuccessful in securing any advancements on pay. However, other fringe benefits were eventually negotiated and the NEC finally accepted the offer. The media immediately jumped on this, thereby short-circuiting any change of anyone opposing the terms. The resulting ballot on the issue returned a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9]

1975 - Having accepted that armed struggle was necessary to remove the new Derg junta in Ethiopia, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (ህወሓት) is formed from the clandestine cells of the Tigrayan National Organisation (ማህበር ገስገስቲ ብሄረ ትግራይ) to carry out a political and military struggle against the Ethiopian state and gain independence for Tigray. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayan_People's_Liberation_Front www.scribd.com/doc/14967/The-Origins-Of-TPLF]

[D] 1975 - In Italy, Red Brigades leader, Renato Curcio, is freed in a daring prison assault led by his partner Margherita 'Mara' Cagol. Mara was later killed and Curcio recaptured on June 5, 1975, during a police raid on their remote farm hideout near Genoa, where they were holding the kidnapped industrialist Vallarino Gancia. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Cagol it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Curcio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequestro_Gancia www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/488-18-febbraio-1975-curcio-evade-da-casale-monferrato cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1975&month=02&day=18]

1977 - Journalists Crispin Aubrey and Duncan Campbell interview John Berry, a former corporal in signals intelligence (SIGINT). [ABC Trial]

1978 - __Battle of Digbeth__: Following events at the Ladywood by-election and the Winson Green demo, West Midlands Chief Constable cancel all police leave and deploys 2,210 officers, including officers from neighbouring forces of Warwickshire, West Mercia and Staffordshire, to police planned protests against a gathering of 200 Young National Front members in Birmingham's Digbeth Civic Hall. 2-300 people march around the city centre on a Birmingham Trades Council organised demonstration to Digbeth where five thousand people are gathered to protest the NF's presence. A large number launch a concerted attack on the three-deep cordon of police officers around the Civic Hall as people sought to gain access to the National Front meeting, clashing with police wielding batons and riot shields. 58 police officers are injured, along with three members of the public, and 33 people arrested for a variety of offences. According to police figures, five private motor cars and one ambulance are damaged at an approximate cost of £800. Twelve business premises were reported damaged at a total estimated cost of £1,925. At 5pm, the National Front members, who were safe and sound inside the Civic Hall through out, are escorted safely away from Digbeth without further incident. [weare40.west-midlands.police.uk/how-the-police-won-the-battle-of-digbeth/ www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/from-the-archives-the-battle-of-digbeth-and-a-callous-murder-155067]

[F] 1981 - Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Government withdraws plans to close 23 pits, its first major u-turn since coming to power two years ago, following the threat of a strike. With existing coal stocks only enough to last six weeks and the country facing a potential shut down and the inevitable demands from the wider population for concessions, Thatcher saw that the time was not righ for a confrontation and that she would need at least a six months supply of coal to win any major strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners'_strike_(1984–85) www.users.ic24.net/~terrynorm/Justice/chronology.htm www.ncm.org.uk/downloads/104/The_1984-5_Miners_[]_Strike_Resource_[]_hi_res_.pdf collierycommunities.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/a-timeline-of-the-1984-85-miners-strike/ cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline/latest/embed/index.html?source=0AkuScjwCE0JPdGthNkxwVHd3MU1CUUcyVmRjb05jX0E&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650 www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_Narr_Display_2.php?Where=NarTitle+contains+'The+1984-85+Miners+Strike'+ www.timetoast.com/timelines/nhd-2015-major-events-of-the-1984-uk-miners-strike libcom.org/library/notes-on-the-miners-strike-1984-1985]

1985 - Feb 18-21: South African police kill 18 demonstrators and wound 200 at Crossroads squatter camp in Capetown.

1998 - In Nevada, two white separatists are arrested and accused of plotting a bacterial attack on subways in New York City. [lasvegassun.com/news/1998/feb/19/fbi-arrests-two-in-nevada-in-connection-with-nyc-s/]

2008 - Alain Robbe-Grillet (b. 1922), French writer, literary theorist, screenwriter and filmmaker, dies. [see: Aug. 18]

2009 - Revolutionary Struggle (Επαναστατικός Αγώνας) carry out a failed car bomb attack on the Citibank offices in central Athens. Police later said the bomb was powerful enough to destroy the four-story building. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Struggle revolutionarystruggle.wordpress.com rotehilfech.noblogs.org/files/2014/07/Gesammelte-Erklärungen-eng.pdf www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2014 - Five members of Pussy Riot are detained in Sochi together with a group of 12-15 others as the former attempt to perform a song called '//Putin Will Teach You to Love the Motherland//' [Путин научит тебя любить родину] during the Winter Olympics. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] ||
 * = 19 || 1837 - Karl Georg Büchner (b. 1813), German dramatist, poet, prose writer and radical, dies. [see: Oct. 17]

1849 - Giovanni Passannante (d. 1910), Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy, born. [Most likely date of birth, with some sources also giving Feb 9, 1849.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante ita.anarchopedia.org/Giovanni_Passannante neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2007/05/15/the-curious-case-of-the-anarchists-pickled-brain/ www.nytimes.com/2007/05/12/world/europe/12italy.html?_r=0]

[A] 1855 - Bread riots in Liverpool. [expand]

1869 - Friedrich 'Fritz' Oerter aka Bernhard Rothmann (d. 1935), German lithographic worker and anarchist, born. Along with his younger brother Sepp, he was active in the youth wing of the Social-Democratic Party but were expelled, joining the anarchist movement and smuggling anarchist literature into the country. Both brothers were arrested for delivering “seditious speeches” at a meeting of the unemployed in Mainz. On Oct 25th 1893 Sepp was sentenced to 8 years in prison and Fritz to 1 year. Fritz was badly affected by prison and spent the next decade in poor health. Both the brothers participated in the Anarchistischen Föderation Deutschlands (German Anarchist Federation) and contributed to the paper '//Der Freie Arbeiter//' (Free Worker). In 1918/1919 Fritz participated in the activities of the Workers and Soldiers Councils in Fürth and he joined the FAUD, becoming influential within it as a leading proponent of the doctrine of passive resistance, and as editor of the FAUD paper '//Der Syndikalist//'. He also had close friendships Gustav Landauer, the playwright Ernst Toller and Erich Müsham. In 1935 Fritz was arrested by the SA (Nazi stormtroopers) and detained. Following his interrogation he died a week later in hospital at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, apparently of pneumonia. [libcom.org/history/oerter-friedrich-“fritz”-1869-1935 www.estelnegre.org/documents/oerter/oerter.html]

1887 - Eduard Douwes Dekker (b. 1820), Dutch anarchist writer/novelist best known under his pseudonym, Multatuli (Latin, "I have suffered much"), dies in Germany. Wrote the autobiographical novel '//Max Havelaar//'. [expand]

1888 - Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Wicek' (d. 1956), Polish anarchist, bookstore owner and poet, born. Father of Bernard Świerczyński aka 'Aniela' & 'Kondek'. Participant of Winter Palace assault in 1917 in Petersburg. During the interwar period he was a leading light in the Polish anarchist movement, and was imprisoned many times for his anarchist activity. During the Nazi occupation, he helped his son, Bernard, to hide Jews smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, he was a soldier of Syndicalist Brigade (104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich). ADC [aide de camp] of General Skokowski in Polska Armia Ludowa (PAL; Polish People's Army). After WWII, he lived in Tarnow,south Poland), and was a power plant worker. Died 29th February 1956 in Tarnow. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017749 pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów]

[B] 1896 - André Breton (d. 1966), French writer, poet, Dadaist, founder of Surrealism, member of the PCF and later an anarchist, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=768 surriv.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/the-libertarian-marxism-of-andre-breton/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nick-heath-1919-1950-the-politics-of-surrealism www.increvables-anarchistes.org/articles/date/1945-1967/1956-surrealistes-et-anarchistes-declarations]

1899 - Lucio Fontana (d. 1968), Argentinian anarchist, painter and sculptor, born. [arndtberlin.com/website/artist_24563]

1901 - Aristide Rey (b. 1834) militant Blanquist, internationalist, Bakuninist, Communard, dies. [expand]

1902 - Kay Boyle (d. 1992), American writer, novelist, poet, journalist, educator, ant-war activist and anarchist fellow traveller, born. Author of the anti-Nazi novel '//Death of a Man//' (1936) and blacklisted victim of McCarthyism, who campaigned against the Vietnam War, set up the San Francisco chapter of Amnesty International and worked for the NAACP. [www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/boyle/boyle.htm www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76494/Kay-Boyle]

1910 - __Philadelphia General Strike__: The Philadelphia Rapid Transit trolley company fires 173 workers, all members of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, and replaces them with scabs from New York City. Immediately after the firings, the union leadership ordered the strike, taking their respective trolley cars off the streets effective at 13:00 that afternoon. Street battles, demonstrations, and a general strike ensued in the city that lasted for 57 days. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)]

1912 - At Benito Mussolini and Pietro Nenni's appeal, Nenni's sentence is confimed as seven and a half months in prison, and a half Mussolini is given five and a half months, with his immediate release. [see: Sep. 27 & Nov. 23] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Nenni www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: In the Bread & Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 200 police draw their clubs and go after 100 women pickets, knocking them to the ground and beating them.

[D] 1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's house is destroyed by a suffragette bomb. A one-time vocal advocate for votes for women and its most prominent parliamentary supporter whilst in opposition, the fact once he had became a member of the government, Lloyd George had done nothing to further the campaign whilst still professing his support, led to his being singled out as a target by the suffragette movement. On January 28, 1913, the WSPU had held a march from the Agricultural Hall in Islington to the House of Commons to demand an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The interview had been refused and the delegation manhandled by the police – the WSPU newspaper '//Votes for Women//' reporting that the "women were treated with violence by the police" – and thirty of their number arrested. Fond of golfing, and the Walton Heath golf course in Surrey in particular, Lloyd George was having a second home built in nearby Walton-on-the-Hill. So, given the liking of the more militant members of the WSPU for targeting large prominent empty buildings such as race course grandstands, cricket pavilions, boat houses, churches, castles, Kew Gardens and the second homes of the wealthy for arson attacks, Lloyd George's new house was an obvious target. Thus, in the early hours of February 19, 1913 suffragettes broke into the house and left two bombs in separate cupboards so that any unwanted draughts would blow out their candle-based 'timers'. However, when the first bomb made up of a 5lb (2.25kg) tin of coarse grained gunpowder went off at 06:10 that morning on the first floor, shortly before the arrival of the workmen building the house, it blew out the second bomb's 'timer'. Fortunately for the builders, the proverbial tardiness of the British workman probably save them from being caught up in the explosion, due as they were to turn up for work at 06:00. No clues were left as to the likely perpetrators, most likely WSPU members Norah Smyth and Olive Hockin, apart from a few discarded hairpins, hatpins and the sound of a motor car in the early hours of that morning ('Votes for Women' leaflets were often left behind on such occasions, but not on this). Fortunately for the police, that evening at a meeting held in Cory Hall Cardiff, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst herself, one of the leaders of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), declared that "we have blown up the Chancellor of Exchequer’s house" and stated that "for all that has been done in the past I accept responsibility. I have advised, I have incited, I have conspired." So, if they could not get the actual perpetrators, the police could now charge her with conspiracy in connection with the attack

The following are taken from the Police reports of that time:-

February 19 1913: "Inspector Riley of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch and Major Cooper Keys, the Chief of the Explosives Branch of the Home Office, were notified by Superintendent Coleman, the local man, about the explosion. A motor car P8487 [LF4587] was traced passing through Banstead at 2.50 am and returned at about 5am. The car was heard to leave the vicinity of the house at about 4.30am and so the fuse must have taken about 2 hours to burn down."

On February 24 Emmeline Pankhurst was arrested in London for the bombing and later taken to Leatherhead Police Station where she was questioned and charged. Superintendent Coleman reported: "She is being detained in Inspector Tudgay's sitting room and I have arranged with the Inspector to sleep her in one of his bedrooms tonight." The following day she was bailed from Epsom Magistrates' Court on a charge of procuring and inciting women to commit offences contrary to the Malicious Injuries to Property Act, 1861.

March 7 1913 C.I.D New Scotland Yard: "Referring to the recent outrages by the Suffragettes in the Metropolitan District and at Walton-on-the-Hill, I beg to report that at 3.25pm on the 19th February last, a telephone message was received from Superintendent Coleman, Surrey Constabulary, Dorking, stating that at 6.10am that day an explosion had occurred at Sir George Riddell's house at Walton-on-the-Hill and that a tin of unexploded black gunpowder had been found in the house. The explosion is supposed to have been caused by a five pound tin of coarse grained gunpowder which had been placed in a bedroom on the first floor. The room in which the explosion took place was wrecked in the interior and the western wall was bulging about four inches. Inquiries have been made regarding the outrage and the movements of car LF4587 [P8487] on the 18th and 19th February and in consequence of Mrs. Pankhurst's public uttering regarding this and other outrages, the Director of Public Prosecutions has decided to take proceedings against her under the Malicious Damages Act 1861."

On April 3 Emmeline Pankhurst was sentenced to three years’ penal servitude and immediately went on hunger strike. No attempt was ever made to feed her forcibly and the Prisoners’ (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Bill’ aka the 'Cat and Mouse Act', which allowed hunger-striking prisoners to be released to recover their health before being returned to prison, was rushed through to ensure that she did not die in prison, receiving Royal Assent on April 25.

As a footnote, shortly after the bombing Emmeline Pankhurst’s daughter, Christabel, was interviewed by the '//Daily Chronicle//' in Paris, where she had gone to escape prosecution back home. In response to the reporter’s question, "Aren’t you afraid of being called Anarchists?", Christabel replied: "We do not mind at all …we are fighting a revolution." Clearly she did not really understand the concepts of revolution and anarchism. [londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/ history.blog.gov.uk/2013/07/04/mrs-pankhurst-lloyd-george-suffragette-militancy/ www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Pankhurst.html www.open.ac.uk/Arts/history-from-police-archives/RB1/Pt2/pt2Suffragettes.html www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=def1-67-19130401&div=t19130401-67 freepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wakefield/history/34856-h/34856-h.htm

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Idaho introduces a criminal syndicalism bill into the Idaho legislature. A relatively brief document, the statute described criminal syndicalism as the "doctrine which advocates crime, sabotage, violence or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform." It made the "advocacy of such doctrine" a felony and then went on to criminalise not only advocating criminal syndicalism, but also publicising criminal syndicalism; "[o]penly, wilfully and deliberately justif[ying], by word of mouth or writing, the commission or the attempt to commit crime, sabotage, violent methods of terrorism;" establishing or holding membership in any organisation committed to teaching or advocating criminal syndicalism; assembling to teach or advocate criminal syndicalism; and providing a physical forum for the advocacy of criminal syndicalism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicalism archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt archive.org/stream/jstor-1112089/1112089_djvu.txt scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Gonzalez Rothwoss, the governador civil de Barcelona, meets with the bosses. Rumors say they are ready to enter the La Canadiense plants in the city and take action against the workers, taking over electriciy generation and distribution with the army. There are strikes in the slums of Gracia and Sans.

1919 - The 23-year-old anarchist, Louis-Émile Cottin, fires on a car carrying Prime Minister Clemenceau, who is wounded. Cottin was tried and sentenced to death, a sentence commuted to 10 years imprisonment following a protest campaign organised in the pages of '//Libertaire//'.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: In response to the dismissal of the trade unionist Jean-Baptiste Campanaud, a militant at the Villeneuve-Saint-Georges workshop, who had gone to a meeting of the Administrative Commission of the Network Union (Association Générale du Personnel des Chemins de Fer du PLM [Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée]), 1 500 railway workers go out on strike. During the following five months, waves of strikes followed one after another, increasing the splits between the reformist unionists and the revolutionaries, culminating in the split of the CGT, with the radicals creating the Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France) www.cheminotcgt.fr/la-federation/un-peu-dhistoire/ www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Fevrier-1920-La-grande-greve-du]

1920 - John O'Dwyer Creaghe (or Juan, as he came to be known; b. 1841), doctor and Irish militant anarchist, dies in prison in Washington, DC. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Creaghe ita.anarchopedia.org/John_Creaghe www.katesharpleylibrary.net/r228xv www.irlandeses.org/cathain.htm]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: Following the defeat on February 8th of the motion to set up an inquiry, an unofficial parliamentary committee arrives in Casas Viejas. [historiacasasviejas.blogspot.com/2014/01/las-fotos-de-los-sucesos-la-comision.html]

1946 - Karen Gay Silkwood (d. 1974), US chemical technician, union activist and whistleblower, who famously died in "mysterious circumstances" while en route to hand over evidence to a 'New York Times' investigative reporter and an Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union health and safety staffer that Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corporation, the company she worked for, had falsified quality control records of nuclear fuel rods at the Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site nuclear facility, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Silkwood]

1947 - Pierre Besnard (b. 1886), French railway worker and anarcho-syndicalist, who was co-founder and Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), prominent in the setting up in August 1936 of the Comité anarcho-syndicaliste pour la défense du prolétariat espagnol (which provided financial and material support to the CNT-FAI), became secretary of the Conference of these committees in October 1936 and later Secretary of the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, and co-founder of the Confédération Nationale du Travail in December 1946, dies. [see: Oct. 8]

1948 - Joseph James 'Smiling Joe' Ettor (b. 1885), US IWW union organiser and famed activist in the Lawrence Bread & Roses Strike of 1912, dies. [see: Oct. 6]

1950 - Marc Pierrot (b. 1871), French doctor, anarchist militant and propagandist, dies. [see: Jun. 23]

1957 - __Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers__]: The 3e Régiment de Parachutistes d'Infanterie de Marine (3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment) raids a bomb factory finding 87 bombs, 70 kg of explosives, detonators and other material, Yacef Saâdi's bomb-making organisation (réseau bombes) within the Casbah had been destroyed for the time being. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956–57) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d'Alger]

1962 - Émile Armand (pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin) (b. 1872), French individualist anarchist, free love activist and poet, dies. Author of '//Poésies Composées en Prison, l'Initiation Individualiste Anarchiste//' (1923) and '//La Révolution Sexuelle et la Camaraderie Amoureuse//' (1934). He also wrote for and edited the individualist anarchist publications '//L’Ère Nouvelle//' (The New Era; 1901–1911); '//L’Anarchie//' (1905-1914); '//Hors du Troupeau//' (Out of the Flock; 1911); '//Les Réfractaires//' (The Objectors; 1912-1914), '//Par delà la Mêlée//' (Beyond the Fray; 1916) '//L'En Dehors//' (The Outside; 1922–1939) and '//L’Unique//' (1945–1953). He also contributed articles for Sebastien Faure's '//Anarchist Encyclopedia//' and suffered repeatedly convictions, including "aiding and abetting desertion" during the First World War as well as internment during WWII. [see: Mar. 26]

[AA] 1964 - Five Spanish libertarians begin a hunger strike at the infamous Fresnes prison in France to draw attention to their plight. Still imprisoned (out of 21 originally arrested in September 1963), they are all released within a few days.

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: At 01:00, miners' leaders finally agree to a £95m pay package with additional fringe benefits. During the talks at Number 10, the union claims to have wrung about 15 extra pay concessions from the Coal Board – over and above the Wilberforce inquiry recommendations. The media immediately jumped on this, thereby short-circuiting any change of anyone opposing the terms. The resulting ballot on the issue on February 25 returned a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9]

1972 - __Asama-Sansō (Asama Mountain Lodge) Incident__: Five armed members of the United Red Army break into a holiday lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge-keeper as a hostage. A standoff between police and the URA radicals took place, lasting ten days. The United Red Army (連合赤軍 / Rengō Sekigun / URA) was formed by the uniting of the Red Army Faction (赤軍派 / Sekigun-ha), led in 1971 by Tsuneo Mori (森 恒夫; 1944 - 1973)), and the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党（革命左派） / Nihonkyōsantō (Kakumei Saha)), led by Hiroko Nagata (永田 洋子; 1945 - 2011), in July 1971. One of the many largely Maoist organisations engaging in armed struggle against the State, it also carried out a series of bloody purges against its own dissenting members. For example, in early August 1971, two defectors were lynched and their bodies buried in the Inba Numa marsh, Chiba Prefecture. That winter the URA was hiding in the mountains in Gunma Prefecture. Having established camps training for military purposes, they set out on a series of self-criticism sessions which ended up in purges. Between December 31 and February 12, 1972, Nagata and Mori directed the beating deaths of eight members and one non-member who happened to be present. Six other members were tied to trees outside where they froze to death. On February 16, police arrested Mori, Nagata, and six other URA members at the compound or at a nearby village. Five others, armed with rifles and shotguns, managed to escape, fleeing on foot through the mountains towards Karuizawa in nearby Nagano prefecture and ending up precipitating the siege. Police laid siege to the building, a natural stronghold, hoping that they would eventually surrender. After 3 days they shut off the lodge's electricity and set up loudspeakers from which the parents of several of the radicals implored them to surrender. On the 25th, the police began preparing for their assault, including the positioning of a wrecking ball crane with an armoured driver's compartment close to the building. On February 27, the police used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake all night. During the assault the following day, the URA members and their hostage were driven onto the top floor of the building. During the battle, where the 5 used improvised bombs, 2 cops were shot and killed and 15 others wounded (a stray non-participant was also fatally wounded). All five were eventually captured and their hostage freed. Charged with two murders, one attempted murder, and three other counts, four of the Maoists received long sentences and one, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, was sentenced to death. On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Kunio Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Nihon Sekigun members who had stormed the American and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. Tsuneo Mori is alleged to have committed suicide by hanging in his cell in Tokyo on January 1, 1973. Hiroko Nagata was sentenced to death on June 18, 1982, and died in prison of a brain tumour in February 2011. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-Sansō_incident en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/山岳ベース事件 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/共産主義者同盟赤軍派 www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/03/20/films/the-final-days-of-revolutionary-struggle-in-japan/]

1978 - Heimrad Prem (b. 1934), German painter and one-time Situationist, dies. [see: May 27]

[F] 1981 - __Prowokacja Bydgoska [Bydgoszcz Events__]: Attempts by farmers to register their own newly formed 'Rural Solidarity', NSZZ RI Solidarność (Independent Self-Governing Trade Union of Individual Farmers Solidarity), are foiled by the authorities, leading to a strike in Bydgoszcz on March 16, 1981. This forced the authorities to finally hold the meeting of the Voivodeship National Council, a governing body of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, with representatives of Bydgoszcz Solidarność present in order to explain the reasons for the strike. However, the Council decided not to discuss the issues related to agriculture, which led to the members of Solidarity to protest. The authorities responded by calling in the Citizen's Militia and the ZOMO, who entered the Council building and brutally attacked the delegates of Solidarity. On March 24 Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the violence aimed at the delegates. The authorities bowed down and on March 25 the deputy prime minister Mieczysław F. Rakowski held a meeting with the leaders of the Solidarity. This led to the signing of the so-called Warsaw accords on March 30, 1981. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowokacja_bydgoska en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/historyk-z-ipn-kryzys-bydgoski-w-1981-r-nie-byl-prowokacja en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland]

1992 - Having occupies the Brunswick pub in Rochdale, the intended meeting point for the BNP prior to their election rally, thereby preventing the BNP meeting, Anti-fascist Action return later that evening taking then fascists completely by surprise and give them a good kicking. ['//No Retreat'//]

2000 - Maria Lozano Molina (also Maria Lozano Mombiola)(b. 1914), Spanish poet and anarchist, who fought with the Durruti Column, partisans in Grenade (Haute Garonne) during WWII and, in the post-war period, supported Sabaté and the autonomous assault groups of Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación and Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista, dies. [see: Mar. 3]

[C] 2011 - 20,000 anti-fascists from all over Germany and across Europe prevent a planned large-scale Nazi march in Dresden. There are massive clashes with police acting extremely brutally and protesters are attacked with batons, pepper spray, water cannons, armoured vehicles and newly acquired pepperball guns, leaving several people seriously injured. Only about 2,000 fascists turned up and they failed to hold their demonstration.

2014 - A second attempt to film a perfomance of '//Putin Will Teach You to Love the Motherland//' [Путин научит тебя любить родину] near the building of Sochi Seaport ends with Pussy Riot being beaten by uniformed Cossacks working as security for the Olympics. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html]

[E] 2016 - Vi Subversa (Frances Sokolov; b. 1935), English ceramicist, social worker, cabaret artist, anarcha-feminist, and singer and guitarist of British anarcho-punk band Poison Girls, dies after a short illness. [see: Jun. 20] || [alexaraeburk.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/the-phenomenon-of-the-lowell-mill-girls/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Mill_Girls americanantiquarian.org/millgirls/files/original/227784c927cb2d3782fa1345a302d3df.JPG staceyrdevlin.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/the-appropriation-of-revolutionary-rhetoric-by-lowells-mill-girls.pdf www.aflcio.org/Issues/Civil-and-Workplace-Rights/Working-Women/Working-Women-in-Union-History/Lowell-Mill-Women-Create-First-Union-of-Working-Women www.massaflcio.org/1834-lowell-mill-girls-%2526quot%3Bturnout%2526quot%3B-protest-wage-cuts www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/4.htm csivc.csi.cuny.edu/americanstudies/files/lavender/lowell.html archive.org/stream/lowell92nati/lowell92nati_djvu.txt]
 * = 20 || [F] 1834 - __First Lowell Mill Girls Strike or 'Turn-Out'__: About 800 female employees of the Lowell Mills go on strike to protest a 15% wage reduction announced to begin on March 1. When the wage cuts had been announced, the female textile workers held a series of meetings at which they organised their 'turn-out' or strike. The women involved in 'turn-out' immediately withdrew their savings causing a run on two local banks. The events were described in 'Boston Transcript' on February 20, 1834: "A procession formed, and they marched about the town, to the amusement of a mob of idlers and boys… We are told that one of the leaders mounted a stump and made a flaming Mary Wollstonecraft speech on the rights of women and the iniquities of the ‘monied aristocracy." The next day being Sunday, the mill girls cooled down, and by Monday most of the girls were back tending to the looms Other quit their jobs and left town, looking for better paid jobs elsewhere. The Boston Manufacturing Company continued with their wage cut and on March 1 it came into effect with no further protests, but the 'turn-out' had been an indication of the determination among Lowell's female textile workers to take labour action. This dismayed the agents of the factories, who portrayed the turnout as a betrayal of femininity. William Austin, agent of the Lawrence Manufacturing Company, wrote to his Board of Directors, "notwithstanding the friendly and disinterested advice which has been on all proper occassions [sic] communicated to the girls of the Lawrence mills a spirit of evil omen… has prevailed, and overcome the judgment and discretion of too many." The women's second strike in October 1836 produced a similar outcome despite the mill girls being better organised.

1852 - Charles Erskine Scott Wood (d. 1944), American author, poet, painter, civil liberties advocate, soldier, attorney, Christian socialist and philosophical anarchist, born. He contributed to Benjamin Tucker's '//Liberty//', Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth//' and '//The Blast//', and is best known as the author of the 1927 satirical bestseller, '//Heavenly Discourse//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Erskine_Scott_Wood osupress.oregonstate.edu/book/wood-works/intro loveradical.wordpress.com/luisa-capetillo-and-charles-erskine-scott-wood-free-love-and-the-state-at-the-turn-of-the-twentieth-century/ www.storydriven.net/work1.htm]

[B] 1863 - Lucien Pissarro (d. 1944), French Impressionist and neo-Impressionist landscape painter, printmaker, wood engraver and designer and printer of fine books, born. The eldest of the seven children of the Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro and his wife Julie (née Vellay). He studied with his father, and was influenced by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac. His works appeared in '//Le Père Peinard//'.

[E] 1875 - Mary Barbour (Mary Rough; d. 1958), Scottish political activist, community leader and social policy pioneer, who played an outstanding part in the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915, born. An active member of the Kinning Park Co-operative Guild. Her political activism began in earnest during the Glasgow rent strikes of 1915, when she actively organised tenant committees and eviction resistance. The protestors became known as 'Mrs Barbour's Army'. Barbour was also a founder of the Women's Peace Crusade (WPC) at the Great Women's Peace Conference in June 1916, and in 1920 she stood as the Labour candidate for Fairfield ward in Govan, and was elected to Glasgow Town Council, becoming the one of the city's first woman councillors. In 1925, Barbour helped create the first family planning centre in Glasgow - the Women's Welfare and Advisory Clinic, and from 1924-27 Barbour served as Glasgow Corporation's first woman baillie and was appointed as one of the first woman magistrates in Glasgow. [NB: Some sources give her d.o.b. as Feb. 22.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barbour www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Mary_Barbour remembermarybarbour.wordpress.com]

1878 - [O.S. Feb. 8] Maria Dmitriyevna Subbotina (Мария Дмитриевна Субботина; b. 1854), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from tuberculosis under sentence of exile in Novouzensk (Новоузенск). The daughter of Sophia Alexandrovna Subbotina (Софья Александровна Субботина) and sister of Eugenia (Евгения) and Hope (Надежда) Subbotina, all fellow narodnik revolutionaries. In 1872 she moved to Switzerland with her sister Eugenia and Anna Toporkova (Анна Топоркова) and enrolled in the Faculty of Science at the University of Zurich, where she joined the Fritsche circle of young Russian female emigrants. Banned by the Russian government from studying in Zurich, she moved to Geneva and then to Paris with Eugenia. At the beginning of 1874, she and Olga Lyubatovich (Ольга Любатович) went to Siberia as part of a propaganda campaign. In 1875, she joined the All-Russian Social-Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийскую социально-революционную организацию), aka the Muscovites Circle, (Кружок москвичей) and was later arrested in Orel with Lydia Figner. Transferred to Moscow's Butyrska prison for 'rebellion' and already ill with TB, she tried to commit suicide due to the severe conditions of detention and was eventually released on bail. In 1876, she was arrested again, this time accused on membership of the illegal Zemlya i Volya (Land and liberty) as part of the Trial of the 50 (процесс 50-ти). On March 26 [14], 1877, the court sentenced her to four years of exile in Siberia. Having failed to get her exile dismissed due to her medical condition, she was sent to Novouzensk in the autumn of 1877, where she died of tuberculosis on February 20 [8], 1878. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Субботина,_Мария_Дмитриевна it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Dmitrievna_Subbotina]

1882 - Margarethe Faas-Hardegger (b. 1963), Swiss anarchist, syndicalist, feminist, anti-fascist and peace militant, born. She preached and practised free love, and established an anarchist-communist agricultural community at Minusio. [expand] [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarethe_Faas-Hardegger ita.anarchopedia.org/Margarethe_Faas-Hardegger www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2002.html www.ephemanar.net/fevrier20.html socialhistory.org/en/collections/gustav-landauer-and-margarethe-faas-hardegger]

1887 - Oregon becomes the first state of the United States to make Labor Day, the first Saturday in June, an official public holiday. That year it fell on June 4. Following the deaths of workers at the hands of U.S. Army and U.S. Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the U.S. Congress unanimously voted on June 28 to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the strike had ended on August 3, believing it was a populist move that would help ensure his re-election. It didn't. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/]

[A] 1890 - In Genoa, a group of Italian anarchists, organised by Giovanni Rossi embarks on a ship to Brazil, to found the experimental Cecilia Colony.

1894 - Two boobytrapped bombs aimed at killing the police explode in Paris. One at the Hôtel Calabresi, 69 rue Saint-Jacques, kills one woman and injure serveral others including the hotel proprietress and a policeman. The second explodes at the Hôtel Renaissance, 47 Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin, causing only structural damage. Both bombings are attributed to the Belgian anarchist Amédée Pauwels (Désiré Joseph Pauwels; also known as Étienne Rabardy), who it is thought recovered bombs left by Émile Henry in his apartment following his arrest. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/pauwels/pauwels.html zamdatala.net/2009/02/20/la-marmite/]

[BB] 1894 - Curt Corrinth (d. 1960), German Expressionist poet, novelist, dramatist, screenwriter and 'Bohemian anarchist', born. His anti-bourgeois experimental novel '//Potsdamer Platz//' (1919), illustrated by Paul Klee, about the son of a war-proiteering millionaire who persuades Berlin's prostitutes to give up selling their bodies and instead embrace free love to create a 'heaven' on Earth - an anarchist celebration of prostitution as a potential revolutionary challenge to bourgeois order, which ends with the women mimicking the C19th image of bare-breasted Liberty by manning the barricades and laughing at and seducing the soldiers trying to retake the city. Another of his works, the play '//Trojaner//' (Trojans), is directed against the anti-Semitism rampant in German society, and caused outrage when first performed in 1929, and was banned by the Nazis in 1933 along with all his other works. He was taken into 'protective custody' by the Nazis in 1934 but later released and continued writing, opening the Leichlingen bookshop in 1945.

1894 - Enrico Arrigoni (aka Frank Brand; d. 1986), Italian American individualist anarchist lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist and political activist influenced by the work of Max Stirner, born. During the Spanish Revolution, he went to fight with the anarchists but was imprisoned and Abe Bluestein, Selma Cohen and Emma Goldman played a part in his escape from prison in Spain. "The “Frank Brand” I knew was an illegal. That is, he lived in the USA as an illegal immigrant. He was also an illegalist — that is, a law-breaker by conviction and principle. He used pseudonyms (Frank Branch, Harry Arrigoni, Harry Goni) and false papers to hide his past as a militant revolutionary anarchist in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Russia, Hungary, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. At the same time, however, he was completely open about his beliefs and even about his identity — he even wrote his books under his own real name, Enrico Arrigoni, although his friends often addressed him by his nom de guerre..." - Peter Lamborn Wilson. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=68&PHPSESSID=308e2d2d492fa431f0b8dd5887f80bc2 www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/enrico-arrigoni]

1894 - The Belgian newspaper '//Libertaire//' is banned by the police today, following publication of articles inciting civil disobedience in memory of Auguste Vaillant.

1895 - Giuseppe Bifolchi aka Luigi Viola aka V (d. 1978), Italian anarchist communist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War and then later in the Italian Resistance to the Nazis, born. A non-commissioned officer during WWI, Giuseppe Bifolchi became an individualist anarchist, later moving over to a pronouncedly organisational anarchist communism. Forced into exile in France in the 1920s, he became a supporter of the Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communistsand participated in the international meetings convened by the Platformists in 1927. In 1924 he contributed to the single issue (December 15th) of the Italian paper '//L’Agitazione a favore di Castagna e Bonomini//', published in Paris to support the two comrades Mario Castagna and Ernesto Bonomini accused of having killed two fascists and threatened with extradition. Working in a cement works, he later contributed to the French anarchist paper '//Le Libertaire//' under the signature 'V', a reference to the pseudonym (Luigi Viola) that he used during his time in France and Belgium, where he was forced to move in September 1927 following the issung of an expulsion order. In Brussels he became the publisher of the Italian anarchist monthly '//Bandiera Nera//' and contributed to Luigi Bertoni's bilingual Franco-Italian paper '//Il Risveglio anarchico-Le réveil anarchiste//' and to the monthly magazine '//Vogliamo//'. In July 1936, along with Camillo Berneri, Michele Centrone, Mario Girotti, Vincenzo Perrone, Ernesto Bonomini and Enzo Fantozzi, he was part of the first group of Italians to go to Perpignan to prepare to fight in Spain. He was later joined there by his partner Argentina Gantelli.. A member of the Italian section of the Ascaso Column, he was the leader of the group of riflemen who on August 25, 1936 managed to capture the heights of Monte Pelato, albeit with heavy losses. Alongside fellow anarchist Antonio Cieri, he was also one of the Ascaso Column's commanders (both refused to continue with the postions upon militarisation). During the events of May 1937 he was a member of the Italian section of the Defence Committee of the CNT. Forced to return to France in late 1937, he was arrested in 1937 at Perpignan and again served with an expulsion notice. Amongst those items he bought back from Spain, were the passports of dead Italians that he was able to use to secure passage to South America for comrades at the start of WWII. Arrested by the Germans in 1940, he was interned in a prison camp and then extradited to Italy. There he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment as a "combattente antifranchista in Spagna" and deported to Ponza, Ventotene and Renicci d'Anghiari, later fighting in the Resistance. After the war, he was sindaco "repubblicano" (Liberation Mayor) of Balsorano and went on to form an anarchist fruit co-operative and worked for the anarchist press - '//Umanità Nova//', '//L'Adunata dei Refrattari//', '//L'Internazionale//', etc. [libcom.org/history/bifolchi-giuseppe-1895-1978 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Bifolchi militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article360 www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/giuseppe-bifolchi/]

1898 - Anton Ciliga (d. 1992), Croatian philosopher, Left Communist and anarchist sympathiser, born. One of the founders of the Yugoslav Communist Party, he was initially enthusiastic about the Russian revolution, but soon became disillusioned and, after the suppression of Kronstadt [his pamphlet '//The Kronstadt Revolt//' was published by Freedom Press in 1942], opposed the Bolshevik regime and was sent to the gulags. During WWII, he was interned again, this time in the Jasenovac camps in Croatia. His major work is 'The Russian Enigma' (1940, 1979). [insurgentnotes.com/tag/anton-ciliga/]

1903 - Ella Maillart (d. 1997), French-speaking Swiss adventurer, ethnologist, travel writer, war reporter and photographer, born. [www.ellamaillart.ch/index_en.php en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Maillart]

[D] 1905 - [O.S. Feb. 7] __Gurian Peasant Republic / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A Tsarist official warns that the government has lost control of much of western Georgia to the 'Gurian Peasant Republic' (Гурийская крестьянская республика). formed in mid. 1903). Underdeveloped and rather poor part of the Kutais guberniya Guria, officially called the Ozurgeti district (Ozurgetsky uyezd), was known not only for its oppositionist stance towards the Russian rule, but also for the unprecedented support for the Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party. The unrest began as the peasants' boycott of the local estate of Prince Machutadze in 1902. The so-called agrarian movement involving landless peasants evolved almost into an overt revolt early in 1903. The peasants stopped paying taxes and refused to work for the landlords. After a harsh official reaction, the peasants initiated a boycott of all government services. By summer, local government in the area had almost completely disintegrated. Nicholas II took no action against Guria throughout 1904, assuming that the cost of dealing with the rebellion would not be justified. After the beginning of the 1905 Revolution, however, the revolt began spreading throughout Georgia and the Gurian revolution proceeded even in a more radical way. The peasants sent away all the authorities, and, nominating their own judges, they organised independent village communities (деревенские общины) and armed red detachments (Red hundreds / красные сотни), also known as forest brothers (Память Азова), embodying a whole territory. The Gurian peasant women at village meetings adopted resolutions demanding political equality with men. One of the most important of these meeting was on Mar. 8 [O.S. Feb. 23], 1905, in the village of Bakhvi [ბახვის] village near the main Gurian city of Ozurgeti [ოზურგეთი], when 500 people, cromprising representaives from around 25 villages across the region and a number of well-known bandits turned revolutionaries, including Datiko Shevardnadze [დათიკო შევარდნაძე], David Kadeishvili [დავით ქადეიშვილი], and Kiki Mamulaishvili [კიკია მამულაიშვილი]. The gathering elected 12 representatives (mainly Social Democrats) to negotiate with the newly arrived representative of the Tsarist government, the well-known liberal Sultan Krim-Girey [სულთანი კრიმ-გირეი]. Together they drew up the Bakhvis Manifesto [ბახვის მანიფესტი], which demanded: Freedom and equality (including freedoms of speech, assembly, to join unions and to strike; the release of political prisoners, and the immediately reopening of the Biberach City Library [სამკითხველოების]); Administrative reform (incl. the establishment of peasant committees in rural areas and People's Courts; permanent abolition of the army and the introduction of the People's Militia; a government elected by universal, direct and secret ballot); Tax reform (incl. abolition of church and state taxes and all indirect taxes; tax exemption for farmers whose income does not exceed 500 rubles); Land reform (incl. church and monastery lands confiscated and their transfer to farmers free of charge; Education Reform (incl. free universal teaching for both sexes up to 16 years old; new rural schools; the teaching of the Georgian language in schools and the end of the teaching of the catechism) - "We want to study, we would like it very much, because we know that in modern times unlettered men tlive in poverty. We demand free, compulsory education for 16 years, of girls and boys... We think the school should serve the brotherhood, unity and truth spread among peoples." The Gurian revolutionaries employed guerrilla tactics against the Tsarist officers and loyal landlords and by February the whole of Guria was in the power of the revolutionaries. On February 24 [11], 1905, the government declared martial law and a punitive unit of 10,000 troops under the command of General Maskud Alikhanov-Avarsky (Максуд Алиханов-Аварский) was sent to the rebellious province. The Gurians offered a fierce resistance to the expedition and, unable to regain control, General Alikhanov-Avarsky had to withdraw in July. The Gurian Committee of the RSDLP then created a Military Revolutionary Committee to lead the uprising and when the Russian forces returned in October, they were severely defeated at Nasakirali. In November 1905, the rebels, who now controlled the region's mail, telephone and telegraph services and which had dismantled the railway system, took Ozurgeti, the capital of the region, and announced the creation of the Gurian Republic. Several attempts to negotiate the conflict yielded no result, and on January 23 [10], 1906 major reinforcements commanded by Colonel Krilov attacked the province and ruthlessly crushed the insurrection, putting an end to the Gurian Republic. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гурийская_республика en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurian_Republic cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm aboutguria.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/გურიის რესპუბლიკა a-library.org/kavkasiis-anarqistuli-modzraoba_xx-saukunis-dasawyisshi/ ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ბენიამინ_ჩხიკვიშვილი ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ბახვის_მანიფესტი ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/დათიკო_შევარდნაძე topwar.ru/87405-guriyskaya-respublika-kak-gruzinskiy-uezd-otkololsya-ot-rossiyskoy-imperii.html armenianhouse.org/villari/caucasus/gurian-republic.html www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1919/history.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benia_Chkhikvishvili ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ბენიამინ_ჩხიკვიშვილი ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кипиани,_Михаил_Кайхарович]

1911 - The publication in Germany of the first issue of Franz Pfemfert's magazine '//Die Aktion//', subtitled '//Journal for literature and a libertarian politics//'. This high quality weekly brought together the Expressionist arts movement and radical social criticism from anarchist writers. It was subject to numerous fines, bans and seizures because of its anti-militarist position. It became bimonthly in 1919, moving closer to become Councilist movement and, towards the end of its publication (1931), became the official organ of the Trotskyist opposition.

[EE] 1913 - Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry arrested after breaking into Kew Gardens at 3 o'clock in the morning and setting fire to the tea pavilion. In court it was reported: "The constables gave chase, and just before they caught them each of the women who had separated was seen to throw away a portmanteau. At the station the women gave the names of Lilian Lenton and Olive Wharry. In one of the bags which the women threw away were found a hammer, a saw, a bundle to tow, strongly redolent of paraffin and some paper smelling strongly of tar. The other bag was empty, but it had evidently contained inflammables." While in custody, Lenton went on hunger strike and was forcibly fed. She was quickly released from prison when she became seriously ill after food entered her lungs. After Lilian Lenton recovered she managed to evade recapture until arrested in June 1913 in Doncaster and charged with setting fire to an unoccupied house at Balby. She was held in custody at Armley Prison in Leeds. She immediately went on hunger-strike and was released after a few days under the Cat & Mouse Act. The following month she escaped to France in a private yacht. [NB: There is some confusion over the date, with Feb. 19 and other dates in the month regularly and incorrectly given.] [spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Lenton spartacus-educational.com/WlentonL.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Wharry spartacus-educational.com/Wwharry.htm www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/outrage-at-kew/]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: With both the Sindicat Únic de la Construcció (Single Union of Construction), led by Simó Piera, and the Sindicat Únic d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat de la CNT having already initiated a series of localised strikes in solidarity with clerks after the company refused to negotiate or speak to the Catalan CNT, and with more sectors also demanding the 8-hour day, the CNT now extends the strike across the whole of La Canadiense, so Barcelona and some Catalan towns are now without electricity, which means a total paralysis of nearly all other companies. In the late afternoon, the governor telegraphs the government insisting that he and the company want them to send in the troops. A minister responds, asking if there is really no other option. The gobernador later replies that the capitán general Milans del Bosch had already sent in the guardias civiles but that the workers had told them that if they did not leave, they would immediately shut the generators down. The governor reluctantly withdrew the police and claims that the only other option is to send the army in. At 01:30 the following morning the governor is informed that the Consejo de Ministros have ruled out the mobilisation of the army but that they have ordered the siezure of the works by the state at 15:00, with the agreement of the La Canadiense board. The workers' demands are rejected and the strike continues in the same state.

[C] 1924 - In a Parisian restaurant the Italian anarchist Ernesto Bonomini takes revenge for the beating murder of his teacher/friend by a squad of fascist thugs in Italy, silencing Nicola Bonservizi, secretary of the local // fascio //, a writer for '//L'Italie Nouvelle//' and Mussolini's fascist paper '//Popolo d' Italia//' with several shots from his revolver.

1926 - Jules Gustave Durand (b. 1880), French anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the Le Havre coalmen's union, dies. [see: Sep. 6]

[CC] 1926 - Zina Portnova (Zinaida Martynovna Portnova [Зина Портнова / Зинаида Мартыновна Портнова]; d. 1944), Russian teenager and Soviet partisan, born. She was on school holiday at her grandmothers house in the Vitebsk region when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, born. Provoked by the invading Nazi troops attacking her grandmother and stealing her cattle, she joined the Belarusian resistance movement, becoming a member of the local underground Komsomol organisation the Young Avengers. She began by distributing Soviet propaganda leaflets in German-occupied Belarus, collecting and hiding weapons for Soviet soldiers, and reporting on German Movements. After learning how to use weapons and explosives from the older members of the group, Portnova participated in sabotage actions at a pump, local power plant, and brick factory. These acts are estimated to have killed upwards of 100 German soldiers. In 1943, Portnova became employed as a kitchen aid in Obol. In August, she poisoned the food meant for the Nazi garrison stationed there. Immediately falling suspect, she said she was innocent and ate some of the food in front of the Nazis to prove it was not poisoned; after she did not fall ill immediately, they released her. Portnova became sick afterwards, vomiting heavily but eventually recovering from the poison after drinking much whey. After she did not return to work, the Germans realized she had been the culprit and started searching for her. In December 1943 or January 1944 Portnova was sent back to Obol but the local police, who knew her well, arrested her and turned her over to the Germans. There are various versions of how she managed to escape during a Gestapo interrogation in the village of Goriany (all involve the snatching of a pistol and a shoot-out) but they all end with her recapture shortly afterwards. Brutally tortured, she ended up blind and was either taken into the woods and shot or killed during torture on January 15, 1944. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Portnova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Портнова,_Зинаида_Мартыновна the-toast.net/2013/09/20/zinaida-portnova-young-avenger/]

1933 - The first issue of the fortnightly newspaper '//La Protesta//' (Protest) is published in Puteaux (Hauts-de-Seine). It replaces the newspaper '//Nova Umanità//', banned in January 1933 by the French authorities.

1942 - Norwegian teachers begin successful nonviolent strike against Nazification of schools.

1953 - Emmy Andriesse (b. 1914), Dutch photographer and resistance fighter, who was part of the De Ondergedoken Camera (The Underground Camera) group that documented the Nazi Occupation, dies after a long battle with cancer. [see: Jan. 14]

1956 - Miss.Tic, French visual and street artist, poet and feminist, known for her stencils of dark haired woman often seen in the streets of Paris accompanied by her poetry, born. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss.Tic en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss.Tic missticinparis.com/ www.widewalls.ch/artist/miss-tic/]

1970 - Judge Hoffman sentences the convicted Chicago 7 defendants.

1970 - Three students captured as they are about to firebomb Barclays Bank.

1975 - Michel Foucault's '//Surveiller et Punir: Naissance de la Prison//' (Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison') first published in Paris.

1977 - __ABC Trial__: All three men are arrested and charged under section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 (Berry was charged with "communicating classiﬁed information to unauthorised persons", and Campbell and Aubrey with "unauthorised receipt of classified information").

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The group of 26 growers gave their final offer to the UFW. The UFW responded with a counteroffer on February 28 and the growers declared impasse the same day; many of the growers making unilateral changes after the declaration of impasse. [see: Feb. 10]

1987 - Clinton McCurbin, a 23-year-old black man, dies while being arrested for alledged shoplifting and use of a stolen credit card, in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. He dies of asphyxia only minutes after two officers are called to the shop. An inquest records a verdict of death by misadventure despite Clifton being restrained in a neck-lock. His death is followed by rioting in Wolverhampton 2 days later.

1991 - Uprising in Albania. [?]

1991 - Residents chase poll tax bailiffs out of the Marsh Estate, Lancaster.

1997 - __Rebelimi i Vitit 1997 / Kriza Piramidale [Albanian Unrest of 1997 / Pyramid Crisis__]: An armed mob attacks the Shërbimi Informativ Kombëtar (SHIK; National Intelligence Service) building in Vlorë, setting it on fire. Three SHIK agents die in the flames, while 3 others are beaten to death by the crowd. Three people in the crowd are also killed. The Masakra e Shkurtit 28 (Massacre of February 28) marks the beginning of the Luftës Civile 10-ditore (10-day Civil War) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997 sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_vitit_1997]

1998 - Andre Senez (b. 1917), French shoemaker and militant in the Jeunesse Anarchiste Communiste (Anarchist Communist Youth), dies. [see: Oct. 8]

2005 - Hunter S. Thompson (aka Raoul Duke; b. 1939), American author and Gonzo journalist, dies. [see: Jul. 18]

2011 - In Libya over 200 people are killed and 900 injured as military troops attack protesters.

2013 - Attempted revolt in Koridallos prison, Greece. [expand]

2015 - 2,000 of the 2,800 prisoners at Willacy County Correctional Center in Raymondville, Texas, break out of their dormitories wielding pipes as weapons, starting fires and seize control of the federal prison. Willacy CCC, is operated by the privately held prison company Management and Training Corp. on behalf of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons. Part of a network of 13 "Criminal Alien Requirement" prisons: privately run facilities that contract with the government to detain noncitizens, most of whom have been convicted of immigration offenses; it is nicknamed Ritmo, or Raymondville's Guantánamo, for its "crammed and squalid" conditions - two hundred inmates are packed into each Kevlar tentlike structure that serves as housing, with no privacy between beds or in the bathrooms, where toilets and showers are open without partitions. Amongst the numerous complaints about conditions there cited in a 2014 ACLU report are the disgusting nature of the living quarters, including invasions of insects and raw sewage overflowing from toilets; excessive use of solitary confinement; lack of basic medical care; guard-on-inmate sexual violence; and maggots in the food. The riot left the facility uninhabitable and officials had to begin moving prisoners out to other facilities on the following Monday (23rd). [www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/02/willacy-prison-uprising-immigrants]

2015 - Six prisoners are sentenced for their part in the prison riot at HMP Oakwood on January 4, 2014, that caused £171,000 damage to the new £160m prison. Daniel Jeffrey Rust, aged 23, was sentenced to 28 months, plus eight months for an unrelated assault at HMP Birmingham; Ryan John Harris, aged 33, from Merthyr Tydfil, was jailed for 28 months; Matthew Lloyd Williams, aged 27, from Cardiff, received a 24-month sentence; Adam Richard Bates, aged 24, was sentenced to 24 months; Mark Anthony Russell, aged 25, was jailed for 28 months; and Daniel Patrick Donovan, aged 29, from Walsall, received a 28-month sentence. [www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-31556568] ||
 * = 21 || [A] 1803 - Edward Despard is the last person to be hung, drawn and quartered in England.

[E] 1826 - Lois Waisbrooker (d. 1909), American anarchist and feminist author, editor, publisher, spiritualist and campaigner on birth control, women's rights and free speech, born. Probably best remembered for her 1893 novel '//A Sex Revolution//'. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Waisbrooker www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html www.alf.org/board/wordpress/?cat=9 www.voltairine.org/womenresisters.html www.feministsf.org/reviews/waisbrooker.l.html]

1829 - Kittur Chennamma (b. 1778), Indian freedom fighter and Queen of Kittur, a princely state in Karnataka, dies in Bailhongal Fort less than a month after her captue by British forces. [see: Oct. 23]

[F] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Placards are posted up in conspicuous places around the village of Tolpuddle. They purport to be cautions from the magistrates, threatening to punish with seven years' transportation any man who should join the labourers' Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers. [see: Feb. 24]

1848 - The '//Communist Manifesto//' published in German in London.

1868 - Attilio Cini (d. 1926), Italian anarchist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier21.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html]

1886 - Aleksei Eliseevich Kruchenykh or Kruchonykh or Kruchyonykh (Russian: Алексе́й Елисе́евич Кручёных; d. 1968), Russian Cubo-Futurist or zaum (‘transrational language') poet, critic and anarchist, born. Associated both with the Futurist poets around Vladimir Mayakovsky and David Burliuk, and Suprematist artists artists Kazimir Malevich, Natalya Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and Olga Rozanova, the last of whom he married in 1912. Kruchenykh wrote the libretto for the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with sets provided by Kazimir Malevich, and is famed for his series of books including '//Universal War//' (ВсеЛенская Война Ъ; 1916), illustrated with Malevich lithographs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchenykh ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кручёных,_Алексей_Елисеевич www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=3263 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_War]

1894 - Émile Pouget's newspaper '//Father Peinard//' cease publication with its 253th and final issue, a victim, alongside many other libertarian publications disappear and those anarchists prosecuted during the Trial of the Thirty, of the notorious anti-anarchist Lois Scélérates.

1898 - Felisa de Castro Sampedro (d. 1981), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and feminist militant, born. Recognising the need for a specifically feminist organisation within the libertarian movement, she joined together with other women from within the syndicalist and libertarian ateneo movements, including Maruja Boadas, María Cerdán, Nicolasa Gutiérrez, Soledad Estorach, Elodia Pou and Conchita Liaño, and in late 1934 the Grupo Cultural Femenino de Cataluña was formed in Barcelona with the help of prominent militants Pilar Grangel, Libertad Ródenas and Áurea Cuadrado. One of their immediate initiatives was to set up rotating childcare arrangements so the women with children could attend meetings. The lack of usable spaces limited their scope for action. They did however manage to organise a successful rally at the Teatro Olimpia in Barcelona, ​​for which they requested the help of Frederica Montseny but, always reticent about groups specificly for women, she rejected the invitation. They also collaborated actively in the solidarity campaign organised by the CNT during the general strike in Zaragoza in 1934, when many Catalan families welcomed the children of the strikers, by contacting the Catalan women with Zaragozan mothers. In 1936 the Grupo merged with the Agrupaciones Mujeres Libres de Madrid to form a countrywide Mujeres Libres organisation. After the defeat of the Revolution, she went into exile in France where she met other comrades from the CNT and Mujeres Libres (especially Pepita Carpena and Pilar Grangel) whilst being held in the Clermont l'Hérault concentration camp. In 1943, she was living in Bordeaux. She died on November 16, 1981 in Caracas, Venezuela. [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier21.html#castrofelisa www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2838-felisa-de-castro-fundadora-del-grupo-cultural-femenino.html]

1903 - Anaïs Nin (Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell; d. 1977), American author and diarist, who frequented anarchist circles and was involved in a long intellectual and sexual relationship with Henry Miller at the Villa Seurat in Paris, born. "When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system, a literary dogma, we become automatons." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaïs_Nin www.onthisdeity.com/14th-january-1977-%E2%80%93-the-death-of-anais-nin/ www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/anais-nin-210.php]

1903 - Saturnino Carod Lerín aka ' 'El Cuco Cebollero', 'Satur' and 'Jacinto Lahoz Marín' (d. 1988), leading Aragonese anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-Francoist combattant, born into an anarchist peasant family. He started working on the land aged 6 years old, ploughing and harvesting in the Castille region and, at the end of WWI, he went in search of work acros Europe before settling in Barcelona with a job in construction. There he joined the CNT and through the union learned to read and write. Always an active anarchist, he refused to hold positions of responsibility. During the years of pistolerisme, he was part of an action group and had to flee to France to escape the repression launched by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. He returned from exile with the amnesty granted by the Second Republic and actively participated in the Sindicat de la Construcció in the CNT in Zaragoza. In February 1936, he was a member of the Aragon Regional Committee (Comité Régional) and was responsible for organizing the farmers union (sindicats pagesos) in the region, participating in numerous propaganda tours especially in the Valderrobres (Teruel) area with Florentino Galván. On July 19, 1936, as Secretary of Propaganda for the CR, he managed to escape from Zaragoza, reaching Tortosa where he formed, with Captain Ferrer, the Columna Carod-Ferrer which participated in the liberation of many Aragon villages, including Alcaniz, Calanda, Alcorisa, Montalbán, etc ..., and put in place a network to help evacuate militants stranded in Zaragoza. When liberating his home village of Moneva (500 inhabitants), saved the life of the priest Enrique Guallar, a childhood friend who was about to be lynched by the population and who throughout the war became the secretary of supply for the small collectivised town. His column then merged with that of Antonio Ortiz Ramírez, taking the name Columna Confederal Sud-Ebre. Following militarisation, he was appointed Commissar of 118th Brigade, commanded by Victorio Castán Guillén, then Commissar of the Division 25th (Exèrcit Popular), a position he held until the end of the war. He collaborated on '//Nuevo Aragon//', the newspaper of the Council of Aragon. In May 1937, during clashes in Barcelona with the Stalinists, he was ordered to Catalonia at the head of several groups from the 25th Division with the intention of stopping the clashes but was stopped from doing so by the orders of the leaders of the CNT. At the end of the war he was on the Madrid front was arrested at the port of Alicante and interned in the concentration camps at Los Almendros and Albaterra. He escaped in May 1939 with Castán and Sebastián Vicente Esteban Castan and went to France with the aid of Francisco Ponzán Vidal's guides. There he was interned until the end of 1940 and, upon his release integrated, joined Ponzán's clandestine group, participating in the Résistance against the German occupation, and the continued struggle in Spain. In January 1941, he crossed into Spain, where he conducted liaison missions between the CNT National Committee of Manuel Amil Barcia and Celedonia Pérez in Madrid. In June 1941, he conducted a new mission in Spain, travelling to Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid, where he was arrested on Aug. 7, 1941, probably due to the action of the traitor Eliseu Melis Díez, of whom he was one of the first to suspect treachery. Brought before the council of war, which opened in Madrid on October 11, 1949 - and during which the priest Enrique Guallar, who after the war had been 'exiled' to Epila by Franco, spoke in his favour - he escaped the death penalty and was sentenced twenty five years inprisonment. He was interned successively Figueres, Barcelona and San Miguel de Los Reyes, from which he was released in late 1960. He lived in Barcelona and was arrested again in October 1961 and in 1962 for his links with the Aliança Sindical Obrera (ASO). In July 1965 he, to the surprise of many, took part in the affair of the //cincpuntisme// negotiations between the CNT and former Francoist hierarchical unions. In February 1976 he participated in the confederal assembly at Sans and the rebuiltding of the CNT and the following year was one of the promoters of the founding of the La Verneda Libertarian Ateneo in Barcelona. Saturnino Carod Lerin died in Barcelona on March 7, 1988. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2102.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1370 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnino_Carod_Lerín]

1913 - __Decena Tragica [Ten Tragic Days (Feb 9-18)] / Revolución Mexicana__: Towards midnight (Feb. 21-22) Francisco Madero is murdered. Victoriano Huerta's government claims that bodyguards were forced to shoot Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez, during a failed rescue attempt by Madero's supporters. In reality Huerta ordered the murders. Huerta's regime harsher and more brutal than Diaz's. Huerta jails 110 members of Congress. 100 Madero supporters are executed. The press, which had been free under Madero, is again gagged as it was in Diaz's time. Felix Diaz is shipped off to Japan on a diplomatic mission. Huerta is supported by conservatives, the Catholic Church (which lost land and power in the last century) and the American business community. All males between 15 and 40 were obliged to serve in the army in areas under Huerta's control and many were gathered at bar, bull fights and walking on the streets. Using these tactics he created a 200,000 none-too-loyal army.

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Suffragettes filled the keyholes of many houses at Mapseley with small shot. At Edinburgh 2,000 letters in 20 letter boxes damaged by lire. Old Manchester Gold Club’s pavilion set fire to.

1913 - France Bloch-Sérazin (d. 1943), French laboratory technician, communist militant and Résistance activist, born. Having gained a degree in Chemistry, she began working at the National Institute of Chemistry. She also joined the PCF and became involved in the support of the Spanish Republicans. In February 1940, her husband and fellow communist Frédo Sérazin was arrested by the Daladier government. Finding herself barred from working in the laboratory as a Jewish communist, she joined the Résistance and installed a small, rudimentary laboratory in her two-room apartment in Paris, making grenades and detonators used in attacks organised by the Bataillons de la Jeunesse. She was arrested by the French police on May 16, 1942. After four months of interrogation and torture, she was condemned to death by a German military tribunal, along with eighteen male comrades. The eighteen were all immediately executed but, as the death penalty for women being forbidden in France, Bloch herself was deported to Germany and imprisoned in a Lübeck-Lauerhof prison (Zuchthaus). Subjected to further torture, she was decapitated by guillotine in the courtyard of the Holstenglacis prison in Hamburg on February 12, 1943. Frédo was murdered in prison by the Gestapo. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bloch-Sérazin www.des-gens.net/France-Bloch-Serazin www.executedtoday.com/2014/02/12/1943-france-bloch-serazin/]

1914 - Ethel Moorhead (1869-1955) becomes the first suffragette to be forceably fed in a Scottish prison. Imprisoned in Calton Jail, Edinburgh for attempted fire-raising, she was hurriedly released four days later after developing double pneumonia as a result of being forced feed and food getting into her lungs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Moorhead catandmouse.org.uk/docs/Ethel_Moorhead_op.pdf]

1918 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: A criminal syndicalism law is approved in Montana. Entitled 'An act defining criminal syndicalism, and the word sabotage; prohibiting the advocacy, teaching or suggestion thereof; and prohibiting the advocacy, teaching or suggestion of crime, violence, or the commission of any unlawful act or thing as a means to accomplish industrial or political ends, change or revolution; and prohibiting assemblages for the purpose of such advocacy, teachings or suggestions: declaring it unlawful to permit the use of any place, building, rooms or premises for such assemblages in certain cases; and providing penalties for the violation thereof.', it defines sabotage as: "malicious, felonious, intentional or unlawful damage, injury or destruction of real or personal property of any form whatsoever, of any employer, or owner, by his or her employee or employees, or any employer or employers or by any person or persons, at their own instance, or at the instance, request or instigation of such employees, employers, or any other person." Oregon, Utah, Oklahoma and California copied the law almost wholesale into their state leginslation. [archive.org/stream/lawsofstateofmon1918mont/lawsofstateofmon1918mont_djvu.txt www.gutenberg.org/files/45758/45758.txt]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: At 01:30 the governor is informed that the Consejo de Ministros have ruled out the mobilisation of the army but that they have ordered the siezure of the works by the state at 15:00, with the agreement of the La Canadiense board. At 16:00, the CNT declared the strike across the La Canadenca, 1,200 workers at the La Canadiense transformer station on the Avinguda del Paral·lel suspend electricity distribution. Barcelona and some Catalan towns continue to have no electricity supply, resulting in a near total paralysis of industry [70% of the factories in the province of Barcelona are unable to operate]. The German company Energía Eléctrica de Cataluña however,continues to supply energy to its subscribers and some companies are able to continue working including the newspaper 'Las Noticias'. Three is now what amounts to a general strike in Barcelona as the city is plunged into a blackout, at dusk police forces are forced to patrol with torches and lamps. The company responds by sending senior officials to talk to the strike committee [Simó Piera, Josep Duch, Camil Piñón, Saturnino Meca, Vicenç Botella and Salazar i Peña]. Up to sixty trams remained stranded in the city streets but the remainder, about 700, had time enough to return to their garages; shops are closed; there is no lighting in the civil government building; factory workers gathered on Las Ramblas; and police break up groups on the Avinguda del Paral·lel. Six more workers are detained. The government immediately responded by siezing the company, becoming administrator and temporary operator of La Canadenca. The army was immediately sent in to occupy the transformer station and try to make it operational again. In response to the army being sent in, the Sindicat Únic appealed to all workers stand together, extending the strike to cover all of electricity, gas and water companies in Barcelona. The Secretaría de Marina (Secretary of the Navy) appoints technicians and officers and sends them to Barcelona. Military engineers arrive that night and set to trying to resore some supplies to the city.

[D] 1919 - Kurt Eisner (b.1867), German jornalist, socialist and first republican premier of of the newly declared free state of Bavaria, is assassinated (shot in the back whilst on his way to present his resignation to the Bavarian parliament) by a German Nationalist.

1936 - Shin Chae-ho (신채호; b. 1880), Korean historian, novelist, nationalist independence activist, anarchist and social Darwinist, dies. [see: Dec. 8]

1937 - The first issue of '//Resurgimiento//' (Renaissance) is published in Montevideo, Uruguay, "Publicacion Anarquist, Organo del grupo Libertario 'Nuevos Rumbos'" (New Directions).

[C] 1943 - Dr. Gerrit Willem Kastein (b. 1910), Dutch neurologist, communist and resistance fighter and leader of the resistance group CS-6 during WWII, dies after leaping from the closed window of a second floor Sicherheitsdienst (the SS intelligence agency) interrogation room whilst tied to a chair, fracturing his skull. He died a few hours later. [www.afvn.nl/2004_4/afpag8_14.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Kastein nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-6 www.weggum.com/netwerk_CS-6.html]

1944 - Missak Manouchian (b. 1906), French-Armenian poet, a militant communist in the MOI (Main d'Œuvre Immigrée or Immigrant Workers Movement), and military commissioner of the FTP-MOI (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Œuvre Immigrée; Partisan Irregular Riflemen of the MOI) in the Paris region, is executed along with 21 of his FTP-MOI comrades at Fort Mont-Valérien near Paris. [see: Sep. 1]

1944 - Thomas Elek aka Tamás Elek and KERPAL (b. 1924), Hungarian-born French communist Résistance fighter, member of the Manouchian Group, and a volunteer of the French liberation army FTP-MOI, who was featured on the notorious spring 1944 'Affiche Rouge' propaganda poster, is executed at the fort du Mont Valérien. [see: Dec. 7]

1944 - Célestino Alfonso (b. 1916), Spanish carpenter, Communist, Republican fighter, volunteer in the French liberation army FTP-MOI, and member of the Groupe Manouchian, is shot in the Fort Mont-Valérien in western Paris along with 21 other members of the FTP-MOI. [see: May 1]

1948 - Dissolution of Movimiento Libertario de Resistencia (M.L.R.).

1952 - Wartime Identity Cards in Britain become 'National Health' numbers.

[B] 1962 - Charles Michael 'Chuck' Palahniuk, American cult author and freelance journalist, born. One-time member of the proto-Situ/dada Cacophony Society, started in 1986 by surviving members of the now defunct Suicide Club of San Francisco. The Cacophony Society was used as the basis for the proto-Nihilist Project Mayhem in his first novel '//Fight Club//' (1996), which was also made into film of the same name by David Fincher, and starring Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter, in 1999. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Palahniuk en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacophony_Society]

1965 - Malcolm X murdered in the Audubon Ballroom, New York City.

1973 - Law students barricaded themselves inside the University of Athens, demanding that the law forcing students to go into the army be abolished. This is seen as a prelude to the November student uprising.

1974 - __U.K. Miners' Strike / Three-Day Week__: The Pay Board released a report on miners' pay, which unexpectedly revealed that they were paid less in comparison with other manufacturing workers, contrary to the claims of the National Coal Board. This came as a severe blow to the Conservative position. [see: Feb. 10]

1978 - Hagar Olsson (b. 1893), Swedish-speaking Finnish modernist writer, literary critic, playwright, translator and feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 16]

1987 - Jean-Marc Rouillan, Nathalie Menigon, Joelle Aubron and Georges Cipriani (all members of Action Directe) arrested in France.

2011 - Miguel Grau Caldú (b. 1913), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist resister and poet, dies. [see: Nov. 10]

2012 - Five members of Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] stage a performance in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour of '//Punk Prayer: Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!//' [Панк-молебен: Богородица, Путина прогони!], which urges the Virgin Mary to rid Russia of Vladimir Putin and to "become a feminist", as well as criticising the subservience of many Russians to the church and attacking the church's links to the KGB and its traditionalist views on women. This performance led to the arrest and prosecution of three of their members. [see: Aug. 17] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ravine-à-Couleuvres thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Ravine-à-Couleuvres]
 * = 22 || 1802 - __Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres [Batay Ravin Koulèv] aka Battle of Snake Gully__: A major battle of the Haitian Revolution that saw the Haitian revolutionary forces under Toussaint Louverture suffer a defeat at the hands of the French army.

[D] 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Assault on the workshop of Joseph Hirst of Marsh in Huddersfield in which shearing-frames destroyed. Also attack on the premises of James Balderson of Crosland Moor.

1821 - [Mar. 6 (N.S.)] __Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence__: Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, crosses the river Prut accompanied by several other Greek officers in Russian service, entering the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), where he is a herditary prince. This marks the beginning of the Greek Revolution, which would last for more than 11 years. Two days later, at Iaşi he issues a proclamation, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821]

1860 - __New England Shoemakers Strike__: 3,000 shoemakers walking off their jobs in Lynn, Massachusetts, and meet to form committees and guards to prevent violence and keep scabs from coming into the city. Within a week, the strike spread throughout New England to include 20,000 workers in 25 towns. President Abraham Lincoln told a reporter that he was "glad to see that a system of labour prevails in New England under which labourers can strike when they want to." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Shoemakers_Strike_of_1860 libcom.org/history/1860-the-lynn-shoe-strike mww.massaflcio.org/1860-showmakers-strike-lynn www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/great-new-england-shoemakers-strike-1860/]

1879 - First issue of '//Le Révolte//', founded by Peter Kropotkin, François Dumarteray, Élisée Reclus, etc. appears in Switzerland.

[B] 1886 - Hugo Ball (d. 1927), German author, poet, philosopher, literary critic and one of the leading Dada artists, anarchist and Bakunist, born. Along with Raoul Hausmann, he was the most active of the Dadaists in anarchist circles. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ball www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1409.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/sthugoball.htm peenef2.republika.pl/angielski/hasla/b/ball.html www.um.es/vmca/download/docs/stefan-maftei.pdf phainomena.de/2010/04/30/ein-diskreter-anarchist theanarchistlibrary.org/library/hugo-ball-dada-manifesto]

1886 - Saverio Friscia (b. 1813), one of Michael Bakunin's most ardent advocates in Italy at the time, along with Carlo Gambuzzi, Giuseppe Fanelli and Alberto Tucci, who together formed the Neapolitan section of the First International, dies. [see: Nov. 11]

1890 - [O.S. Feb. 10] Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н](Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; d. 1918), Russian Socialist-Revolutionary and one-time anarchist, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Lenin at the 'Hammer and Sickle' factory on August 31, 1918, born. One of seven children of a poor pious Jewish peasant family, her father was a teacher in a Jewish elementary school who home educated her four brothers and two sisters. During the 1905 revolution, Kaplan was involved in anarchist revolutionary circles and was known by the nom de guerre 'Dora' (Дора). In 1906, she was involved in preparing for an attack in Kiev on the local governor-general Vladimir Sukhomlinov (Владимир Сухомлинов) but she and her partner Victor Garsky (Виктор Гарский), aka Jacob Shmidman (Яков Шмидман), were constructing the bomb it detonated prematurely and she received a head wound and partially lost her eyesight. As she fled the apartment, she was arrested. On January 18 [O.S. Jan. 5] 1907, the military district court in Kiev sentenced her to death, which was commuted to hard labour for life in the Nerchinsk katorga (Нерчинская каторга) mining district in Transbaikal due to her minority. Shackled hand and foots, she was initially transported to Maltsevskayaa prison (Мальцевскую тюрьму), where she was subjected to corporal punishment, being repeated stripped and canned on her bear flesh. She also underwent surgery to remove bomb fragments from her arms and legs, as well as suffered from deafness and chronic articular rheumatism. In May 1909, she was examined by a doctor because of her continuous headaches and her diagnosed her near blindness (she was left being only able to read with the aid of a magnifying glass). Fanny later spent time in the region's Akatuyskoy (Акатуйской) katorga where she met the the well-known Socialist-Revolutionary (Социалистов-Революционеров) activist Maria Alexandrovna Spiridonova (Мария Алекса́ндровна Спиридонова). Under the influence of Spiridonova whilst in prison, Fanny became an эсеркa (eskera, a female socialist-revolutionary). During her time in prison, Fanny's parents had emigrated to America in 1911 and two years later her term of hard labour was reduced to twenty years. Fanny was finally amnestied along with all political prisoners following the February 1917 revolution and, after her release, she lived for a time in Chita, moving in April 1917 to Moscow. Eleven years of hard labour had undermined her health and Kaplan was also gradually loosing her sight altogether. Comrades in the party decided that she needed medical treatment and sent her in the summer of 1917 to the Crimea, where the interim government has opened in Yevpatoria (Евпатории) sanatorium for former political prisoners in Yalta. The October Revolution found Kaplan in Kharkov, where she had a successful operation on her eyes, which partially restored her vision (she was able to discern outlines and spatial awareness but little else). She the lived in Sebastopol, leading training courses for employees of the zemstvos (local self-government bodies). With the Bolsheviks' ruthless 1918 power grab on-going, which most recently had involved the banning of the Bolsheviks' one-time coilition partners the Left Socialist Revolutionaries (Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов), Kaplan had decided that she should assassinate Lenin as "a traitor to the Revolution". So, on October 30, 1918, at the Michelson (Михельсона) plant, more popularly known as the Hammer and Sickle (Серп и Молот) factory, in the Zamoskvorechye (Замоскворецком) district of Moscow where Lenin was due to address a rally of workers. He had turned up unguarded despite the assassination of Moisei Uritsky (Моисе́й Ури́цкий), chief of the Petrograd Cheka that morning, and as he left the factory to get in his car and was turning to address a woman who had accosted him, Kaplan fired three shots at Vlad the Impaler, wounding him seriously in the neck, ending up in his lung, and in his shoulder (the third shot hit the female petitioner) An unconscious Lenin was driven back to the Kremlin by his chauffeur, where he was operated on by Vladimir Mintz (Владимир Минц) and saved, but he never fully recovered from his wounds. Fanny Kaplan was arrested almost immediately at a nearby tram stop. Interrogated by the Cheka, Kaplan readily confessed to the attack: "My name is Fanya Kaplan. Today I shot at Lenin. I did it on my own. I will not say whom I obtained my revolver. I will give no details. I had resolved to kill Lenin long ago. I consider him a traitor to the Revolution. I was exiled to Akatui for participating in an assassination attempt against a Tsarist official in Kiev. I spent 11 years at hard labour. After the Revolution, I was freed. I favoured the Constituent Assembly and am still for it." Despite having claimed sole responsibility, the Bolsheviks at the time tried to implicate Kaplan in being part of a British plot and having spied for the British Ambassador Robert Lockhart. Fanny Kaplan was shot without trial, September 3, 1918 at 16:00 in the courtyard of the Kremlin in Moscow on the oral instruction of the Central Executive Committee Yakov Sverdlov (Я́ков Свердло́в). According to one of the versions of the story of her death is that the sentence was carried by the CEC's 1st car combat detachment (1-й автобоевой отряд) whilst the engines of all their vehicles were running to cover up the sound of the firing squad. Whatever the truth, Fanya Kaplan's body was then doused with petrol and burned in an iron barrel in the Alexander Gardens (Александровский сад). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каплан,_Фанни_Ефимовна www.famhist.ru/famhist/karpach/00073707.htm www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_k/kaplan_fani.php www.executedtoday.com/2009/09/03/1918-fanya-kaplan-lenins-would-be-assassin/ www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/KAPLAN_FANNI_EFIMOVNA.html www.peoples.ru/state/citizen/kaplan/ www.executedtoday.com/2009/09/03/1918-fanya-kaplan-lenins-would-be-assassin/ www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkaplan.htm]

1894 - Henry Le Fèvre (d. 1991), French vegetarian, pacifist, anarchist and publisher of '//Le Néo Naturien//', "revue des idées philosophiques et naturiennes", born. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LeFevreHenry.htm]

1894 - Marius Monfray (b. 1866), French anarchist trade unionist, plasterer and painter, dies. In November 1886, he was sentenced to eight days in prison for organising an illegal lottery (providing support funds for Toussaint Bordat, a defendant in the 'Trial of the 66'). His shout in response — "Vive l'anarchie!". For such impudence, 'contempt of court', got him two years in prison tacked on to his eight days. [see: Jul. 4]

1900 - Luis Buñuel Portolés (d. 1983), Spanish Surrealist film-maker/director, anarchist, atheist, anticlericalist, anti-bourgeois, anti-fascist and blasphemer, born. "I'm a revolutionary but revolution horrifies me, I'm an anarchist, but I'm totally against the anarchists." "At twenty-eight I was an anarchist, and the discovery of Sade was to me quite extraordinary. It had nothing to do with the erotology, but with thought atheist. Turns out what had happened, until this moment, is that purely and simply had hidden me freedom, completely deceived me regarding what was religion and, above all, about morality. I was an atheist, had lost faith, but replaced it with liberalism and anarchism, with the sense of the innate goodness of man, and at the bottom was convinced that the man had a predisposition to goodness spoiled by the organization of the world by capital and soon discovered that all that was nothing, that everything that could exist (and if not that, something else), and that nothing, absolutely nothing, should be taken into account as it were the total freedom that if he felt like the man could move, and that there was good and there was bad. Imagine what that means for an anarchist." Max Aub - '//Conversations with Luis Buñuel//' (1984) [www.thenation.com/article/167559/charismatic-chameleon-luis-bunuel philosopedia.org/index.php/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel books.google.co.uk/books?id=elueEkeLL_oC&source=gbs_navlinks_s insurretosfuriososdesgovernados.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/anarquista-libertrio-surrealista.html www.latercera.com/contenido/29_34820_9.shtml]

1909 - Alexander Aronovich Pechersky (Алекса́ндр Аро́нович Пече́рский; d. 1990), Soviet-Jewish POW and co-organiser and leader of the Sobibor Uprising on October 14, 1943, the most successful revolt and mass-escape of Jews from a Nazi extermination camp during World War II, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky]

1910 - Baltasar Lobo (d. 1993), Spanish artist, illustrator, sculptor and anarchist, born. Lifelong companion of poet and anarchist Mercedes Comaposada Guillén. Abandoning his early job in a religious sculpture workshop, he got a scholarship he studied at the Reial Acadèmia de Belles Arts de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando) in Madrid but, dissatisfied with their curricula, he left to work in woodcarvers run by CNT member Ángel Garzón, his first contact with anarchism, as well as making gravestones. He also too lessons at the Cercle de Belles Arts (Academy of Fine Arts) in Madrid. In 1933, and following a year's military service, he met the militant anarcho-feminist Mercedes Comaposada Guillén, one of the founders of the Mujeres Libres. In 1935 he made his first trip to Paris and, in 1936, joined the FIJL and began illustrating '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Castilla Libre//', '//Frente Libertario//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//', '//Umbral//', '//Mujeres Libres//', '//Campo Libre//', etc.. An active member of the Secció de Tallistes del Sindicat de la Fusta (Woodcarvers Section of the Woodworkers Union) of the CNT, he enlisted in the militia at the outbreak of war and participated in the Arts i Lletres group, give lessons at the front to those militants who could neither read nor write, "harmonising in this way the anarchist philosophy of making revolution (personal growth and humanising the individual) at the same time as being at war, fighting fascism". Following the defeat of the republic, he went to France and settled in Paris, occupying the abandoned factory Naum Gabo. In 1945 he was part of the Masters of Contemporary Art exhibition alongside Matisse, Picasso, Leger, Utrillo, Bonnard and Laurens, later becoming Picasso's secretary for many years. [anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/archives/20120903 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Lobo www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/1502-baltasar-lobo-pinceladas-de-la-vida-de-este-escultor-dibujante-y-militante-anarquista.html www.josedelamano.com/josedelamanoenglish/pages/baltasarlobo_b.html]

[E] 1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Reports of acts of violence received from all quarters. At Battersea 14 plate-glass windows were smashed. Letters in pillars damaged. Golf links at Ashford damaged. Shelter house at Horsforth set on fire.

1918 - __Sacco & Vanzetti Case__: At the height of the Red Scare, the office of the '//Cronaca Sovversiva//', an anarchist newspaper both Sacco and Vanzetti had written for and donated money to, is raided. The names Sacco and Vanzetti are for the first time linked by officials to anarchist activities.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: At 02:00, the company succeeds in restoring light to some of the main city thoroughfares. supply is abnormal and with great interruptions. There are numerous faults and half voltage, and there is only a supply to the streetlights until 8 at night. The Hospital Clínico (Clinical Hospital) has serious problems with its lighting. In the city there are strong rumours that two soldiers have been electrocuted. The government later denies the news, but finally in an article that escaped censorship a week later, it is admitted that they were killed. Coal supplies are stuck on the docks as the sindicato de transportistas refuses to handle them and military do not have the correct vehicles to transport the supplies themselves. The La Canadenca manager Fraser Lawton publishes a letter in the city's newspapers stating that he had not received any concrete demand from the strikers.

1921 - Wave of strikes in Petrograd protesting factory conditions and the discipline of 'war communism'.

1921 - The Confederación General de Trabajadores is founded in Mexico during a workers' convention that took place in Mexico City from February 16- 22. The congress was called by the Comité de la Federación Comunista del Proletariado Mexicano to draw together anarcho-syndicalist and other union organisations who opposed the more moderate, pro-government Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana. [www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/22021921-CGT.html www.conampros.gob.mx/historiasind_06.html historico.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/hisder/cont/14/cnt/cnt3.htm archive.org/stream/LaCgt1921_1931Antologia/LaCgt1921_1931Antologia_djvu.txt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Workers_(Mexico)]

1927 - The Dielo Trouda group, which inclues Peter Arshinov and Nestor Makhno, sends a circular out to all anarchist groups calling for an international conference for April 20th (held near Paris) based on their 'organisational platform'.

1930 - In Italy Camillo Berneri sentenced to six months in prison.

1930 - Giuliano Montaldo, radical Italian film director, who directed the docudrama '//Sacco e Vanzetti//' (1971), born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Montaldo www.imdb.com/name/nm0598855/]

1937 - Tomás Herreros Miquel (or Miguel) (b. 1877), Spanish typesetter, anarcho-syndicalist, writer, gifted speaker, organiser, street activist, dies. A key figure in the early days of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, he was active in the Arte de Imprimir, chaired the Junta de Defensa dels Drets Humans (Council fot the Defence of Human Rights) in Barcelona and was part of the anarchist group Quatre de Maig. Editor of the newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' since its creation and a close friend of Francisco Ferrer. In July 1909 he was arrested at the beginning of the Semaine Tragique and in 1910 attended the founding congress of the CNT. The following year he became editor of '//Tierra y Libertad//' (and a member of the organisation). [expand] Author of '//Huelga General en Barcelona//' (General Strike in Barcelona; 1902); '//El Obrero Moderno//' (The Modern Worker; 1911) and '//La Política y los Obreros//' (Politics and The Workers; 1913).

1941 - During the weekend of February 22-23, a large scale pogrom was undertaken by the Germans. 425 Jewish men, age 20-35 were taken hostage and imprisoned in Kamp Schoorl and eventually deported to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps, where most of them died within the year, with just two surviving the war. The old Jewish quarter in Amsterdam had been cordoned off on February 12 into a ghetto following a series of street battles between the Weerbaarheidsafdeling, the streetfighting arm of the Dutch pro-Nazi movement Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, and Jewish self-defence groups and their supporters, culminating in a pitched battle on February 11th on the Waterlooplein, when a WA member was mortally wounded. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike www.dedokwerker.nl/februaristaking.html historiek.net/februaristaking-1941-protest-jodenvervolging/7124/ www.historien.nl/februaristaking-25-februari-1941/]

1943 - Three members of the Weiße Rose (White Rose) anti-Nazi resistance group, Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst are condemned to death (having, amongst other things, urged students to rise up and overthrow the Nazi government in various clandestine leaflets and posters) for treason and beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. [see: May 9/Sep. 22/Nov. 6] [www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwhiterose.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiße_Rose www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html]

1944 - Karel Destovnik aka 'Kajuh' (b. 1922), Slovenian poet, translator and resistance fighter, both in the Yugoslav army and Slovene partisans, his unit of the XIVth Slovene Partisan Division is attacked by a German patrol and Kajuh is one of the first to be killed. [see: Dec. 19]

1971 - Alexandre Breffort (b. 1901), French journalist, screenwriter, playwright, writer, anarchist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Nov. 22]

1974 - Riots in Oakland follow the first free food give-away demanded by the Symbionese Liberation Army as the $4 million ransom demand for Patty Hearst. The 5,000 strong crowd beat the reporters and cameramen who have assembled, loot stores and attack the police. [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_2948000/2948348.stm]

1978 - Metropolitain Police Commissioner McNee announces the banning of an NF March due to take place on Feb. 25 in Ilford but in fact bans all marches in London for 2 months, covering the period up to and 3 days after the Lambeth by-election, effecting numerous marches including a NF march due on April 22nd. [bigflameuk.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/past-sec4.pdf hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1978/feb/28/marches-london#S5CV0945P0_19780228_CWA_115]

[C] 1980 - Valerio Verbano (b. 1961), Italian high school student and Autonomia Operaia anti-fascist activist from Rome, is murdered by neo-fascists. Valerio had been investigating the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) and their links with weapons, the drugs trade and their connections with the State. On April 20, 1979, he had been arrested by the police along with four others, at a abandoned farmhouse near the Roman town of San Basilio, whilst preparing to manufacture some incendiary devices (Molotov cocktails). Police executing a search warrant on his parent's house at Via Montebianco 114 immediately after his arrest, discovered and seized a Beretta 6.75 with its serial number filed off and his documentary material, including several dossiers prepared by Verbano with the indexing of right-wing extremists. He was later sentenced to seven months imprisonment. On February 22, three armed men went to Valerio's home. The three fascists bound and gagged his parents, and when Valerio came back, they attacked him and during the fight he was killed by a single pistol shot. In October 1980, Valerio's parents asked to have the stuff of their son back, they found that the dossier NAR has disappeared. [www.reti-invisibili.net/valerioverbano/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/544-22-febbraio-1980-i-nar-uccidono-valerio-verbano it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Verbano]

1986 - During the first AFA national conference, Searchlight make a series of totally bogus allegations against the anarchist group Class War that they have had links to fascist organisations. This resulted in Class War, Direct Action and the 'anarchist haters' Red Action walking-out and Class War being suspended by the organisation. [www.spunk.org/library/pubs/cw/sp001669/left.html libcom.org/history/view-class-war-former-member-julian-1986 www.urban75.net/forums/threads/smear-stories-the-good-the-bad-and-the-bizarre.315814/ ianbone.wordpress.com/2010/06/18/anarchist-fascist-smears/ www.searchlight.org.uk/o-hara/tricks.html www.meanwhileatthebar.org/IWCA/BTF Review.pdf]

1987 - Youths attack police in Wolverhampton in response to the death of Clinton McCurbin 2 days earlier.

1997 - Nearly 100,000 march in Paris against new anti-immigration bill sponsored by fascist far right.

2002 - Poncke Princen (Johannes Cornelis Princen; b. 1925), Dutch anti-Nazi fighter and colonial soldier, who in 1948 deserted and joined the pro-independence guerrillas in the then Dutch Indies, dies. [see: Nov. 21]

2003 - Arthur Moyse (b. 1914), English anarchist, artist and bus conductor, dies at the ripe young age of 88. [see: Jun. 21]

[A] 2006 - Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent robbed of £53m in cash - Britain's largest robbery. Only £21m ever recovered.

2009 - In Greece, Vassilis Palaiokostas and his Albanian accomplice Alket Rizaj staged a second getaway by helicopter. Palaiokostas was serving a sentence for robbery and kidnapping when he first escaped with Rizaj in 2006 in a helicopter. On November 16, Alket Rizaj was arrested with a female companion at an isolated house near the town of Marathon. [www.timelines.ws/countries/GREECE.HTML?PageSpeed=noscript]

2013 - Fake press release stating that Banksy had been arrested by the Met Police Anti-Graffiti Task Force released, starting a minor media feeding frenzy. [www.dailydot.com/news/banksy-arrested-exposed-hoax-article/] || Taking advantage of the death of the king, George III, and the constitutional crisis that followed, Edwards suggested (in classic agent provocateur-style) that they take the opportunity provided by a widely publicised "grand Cabinet dinner" at the home of the Lord President of the Council (Lord Harrowby) in Grosvenor Square to kill the entire cabinet, including the prime minster Lord Liverpool. They would then seize key buildings, overthrow the government and establish a Committee of Public Safety to oversee a radical revolution. Also, having beheaded every member of the Cabinet, Thistlewood planned to display the heads of the Home Secretary, Lord Sidmouth, and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Castlereagh, on spikes on Westminster Bridge. Unfortuantely for the plotters, Edwards had been responsible for the advertisement in the 'New Times' that had announced the "grand Cabinet dinner" with the full knowledge of Lord Liverpool's government. Interestingly, one of the conspirators, William Davidson, a black Jamaican cabinetmaker who had worked for Harrowby, was dispatched to find out more details about the cabinet meeting. However, his contacts amongst Harrowby's servants claimed that he was not in London, something that Thistlewood insisted was a lie and that the plot should go ahead. When the conspirators met for the last time in Cato street prior to carrying out the plan, they were arrested, but not before Thistlewood had managed to stab and kill one of the Bow Street Runners. At the trial, the defence argued that the evidence of Edwards should be excluded and, given the outcome of the trail that followed the December 1816 Spa Fields riot (when the jury decided that the government spy, John Castle, had acted as an agent provocateur and refused to convict the first defendant, the Spencean James Watson), Sidmouth the Home secretary decided he should not be called to give evidence. Instead, the police offered to drop charges against some of the gang if they were willing to give evidence against the rest of the conspirators. Two men, Robert Adams and John Monument, agreed. On April 28, ten of the eleven accused were sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason. All sentences were later commuted, at least in respect of this medieval form of execution, to hanging and beheading. Thistlewood, James Ings, John Brunt, Richard Tidd and William Davidson were executed on May 1, 1820, at Newgate Prison in front of a crowd of many thousands, some having paid as much as three guineas for a good vantage point from the windows of houses overlooking the scaffold. Fearing potential trouble, the government had ordered infantry stationed nearby, out of sight of the crowd, two troops of Life Guards were present, and eight artillery pieces guarding the route to Westminster. However, the hanging and subsequent decapitation passed off largely untroubled. The death sentences of Charles Cooper, Richard Bradburn, John Harrison, James Wilson and John Strange were commuted to transportation for life. The government used the incident to justify the Six Acts, which were passed on December 30, 1819. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Street_Conspiracy spartacus-educational.com/PRcato.htm www.victorianweb.org/history/riots/cato.html www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/rights/cato.htm]
 * = 23 || [D] 1820 - Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the members of the British Cabinet is foiled. The conspirators were Spencean Philanthropists, radical socialists and republicans, who took their name from the British radical speaker Thomas Spence. Members of the group were regularly involved in acts of unrest and revolutionary propaganda, and plots to overthrow the government. Some of them, particularly Arthur Thistlewood, had been involved with the Spa Fields riots in November and December of 1816, and had come to dominate the group along with George Edwards, a police spy,his second in command. Most of the members were angered by the Peterloo Massacre of August 16, 1819, and the Six Acts legislation - to prevent any future disturbances and suppress radical activity, with large meetings banned; radical newspapers suppressed; and any meeting calling for radical reform becoming "an overt act of treasonable conspiracy" - that followed, together with the economic and political depression of the time.

1851 - Antonio Pellicer i Paraire (d. 1916), Catalan Bakuninist anarchist, typographer, writer and playwright, born. Member of the Spanish Regional Federation of the AIT and secretary of the Unión of Noógrafos of Barcelona. Between 1871 and 1875 he lived in Mexico, Cuba and the United States In exile?). Helped found the Sociedad Tipográfica in 1879 and the later La Solidaria, a breakaway from the Sociedad Tipográfica, in 1881. He edited the weekly newspaper '//Acracia//' between 1886 and 1888, and was on the steering and editorial committees of other newspapers such as '//La Crónica de los Trabajadores//', '//La Revolución Social//', '//Revista Social//' and '//El Productor'//, collaborating with Ricardo Mella [see 21 Apr] amongst others. In 1891 he emigrated to Buenos Aires, Argentina where he ran a professional journal entitled '//Éxito Gráfico i La Noografía//' and was president of the Instituto Argentino de las Artes Gráficas.  As a writer, he wrote a number of Obrerista (Workers' Theatre) plays in Catalan including '//En lo Ball//' (In The Dance), '//Celos//' (Jealosy), '//Jo Vaig//' (I), '//La Mort de la Proletària//' (Death of the Proletariat) and '//Sense Esperança//' (No Hope).

[F] 1864 - 19-year-old Irish immigrant Kate Mullany leads members of the Collar Laundry Union – the first all-female union in the United States – in a successful strike in Troy, New York, for increased wages and improved working conditions. Women working in commercial laundries spent 12 to 14 hours a day ironing and washing detachable collars with harsh chemicals and boiling water and were paid about $3-$4/week. [www.katemullanynhs.org/node/15 thelaborhalloffame.org/collar-laundry-union-cofounder-kate-mullany-2016-hall-fame-inductee en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mullany en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_Laundry_Union]

1879 - [O.S. Feb. 11] Kazimir Malevich (d. 1935), Suprematist painter and anarchist who, like many other avant garde artists, fell foul of the Communist authorities, born. He wrote regualrly for the weekly '//Anarkhiia//' (Anarchy) and its arts and literature section '//Tvorchestvo//' (Creativity or Creative Work), contributing to more than twenty issues and supported the paper financially. “The banner of anarchism is the banner of our ego and like a free wind our spirit will billow our creative work through the vast spaces of our soul.” "'Clean the squares of the remains of the past, for the temples of our image are going to be erected. Clean yourselves of the accumulation of forms belonging to past ages." (in '//Anarkhiia//' 1918) "We are revealing new pages of art in anarchy’s new dawns … We are the first to come to the new limit of creation, and we shall uncover a new alarm in the field of the lacquered arts …  The powerful storm of revolution has borne off the garret, and we, like clouds in the firmament, have sailed to our freedom.  The ensign of anarchy is the ensign of our ‘ego,’ and our spirit like a free wind will make our creative work flutter in the broad spaces of the soul.  You who are bold and young, make haste to remove the fragments of the disintegrating rudder. Wash off the touch of the dominating authorities.  And, clean, meet and build the world in awareness of your day." Malevich - '//To The New Limit'// (originally published as '//K novoi grani//'), '//Anarkhiia//' 31 (1918) (p220-1). "The banner of anarchism is the banner of our ego and like a free wind our spirit will billow our creative work through the vast spaces of our soul." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/avant-garde/suprematist/kazimir-malevich archive.org/stream/kazimir00male/kazimir00male_djvu.txt archive.org/stream/grerussi00schi/grerussi00schi_djvu.txt www.incorm.eu/Biogs/Malevich.pdf www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/kazimir-malevich-1561 the100.ru/en/painter/kazimir-malevich.html www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=3710 www.moma.org/m/explore/collection/art_terms/3710/0/1.iphone_ajax?klass=artist www.gla.ac.uk/~dc4w/laibach/malevich.html www.wikipaintings.org/en/kazimir-malevich www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bm3h rosswolfe.wordpress.com/2012/11/22/the-arkhitektons-and-planets-of-kazimir-malevich-and-his-students-nikolai-suetin-and-iakov-chashnik-mid-1920s-with-commentary-by-aleksei-gan/ www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/editions/sbornik/2003/avangard/malevichs/ www.imageandart.com/tutoriales/biografias/malevich/]

[B] 1882 - B. Traven (d. 1969), Anarchist author/novelist, aka Ret Marut, Hal Croves, Bruno Traven, Traven Torsvan, Otto Feige, born in Poznañ, Poland. Spent a portion of his life hiding his tracks, changing identity, country and jobs. [This is the best guess for the date and location of this mysterious author's birth.] [libcom.org/history/ret-marut-early-b-traven-james-goldwasser libcom.org/history/art-weapon-frans-seiwert-cologne-progressives-martyn-everett latradizionelibertaria.over-blog.it/article-scrittori-libertari-pierre-afuzi-marut-traven-l-homme-de-l-ombre-etait-homme-de-lumiere-da-a-contretemps-n-23-gennaio-2006-47918762.html]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: In Montceau, a dynamite explosion blows in the window of the house of a miner named Saunier. This attacks is the first of a series of six or seven actions that take place over the following two months against informers providing information to the police. [see: Apr. 23] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1883 - In the countryside near Ganshoren in Belgium a bomb being carried by the French anarchists Antoine Cyvoct and Paul Metayer (possibly on their way to test it), accidentally explodes. Metayer, who was about to emigrate to the US, dies the following day, refusing to reveal anything to the police about his activities. Cyvoct is extradited to France to be tried (wrongly, it appears) for the [Oct. 22, 1882] Bellcour attack in Lyon.

1885 - John Lee survives three attempts to hang him at Exeter Prison, when the trap fails to open. He is released from prison in 1917.

1899 - Émile Bauchet (b. 1973), French militant anarchist and Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la Paix activist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/aout07.html#bauchet recollectionbooks.com/bleed/08ref.htm#07/1973]

1903 - Jean-Baptiste Clément (b.1836), French Communard, poet, singer and author of the famous Commune songs '//Le Temps des Cerises//' (The Time of Cherries) and '//La Semaine Sanglante//' (The Bloody Week), dies in Paris. [see: May 31]

[C] 1904 - Manuel Monleón Burgos (d. 1976), Spanish painter, illustrator, poster artist, photomontagist, naturist, Esperantist and anarchist, born. One of the most important poster and photomontage artists of the Spanish Revolution. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2302.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Monleón_Burgos www.tebeosfera.com/1/Documento/Articulo/Recuperados/Manuel/Monleon.htm mislatacontrainfos.blogspot.co.uk/2009/07/manuel-monleon-burgos.html www.arte.sbhac.net/Plasticos/Monleon/Monleon.htm]

1909 - Isabel Hernández Marichal, aka 'La Tabaquera' (The Snuffbox) (d. 1983), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist is born in the Canary Islands. The eldest of three children, her father emigrated to Cuba when she was very young and the rest of the family moved to Tenerife. At 12-years-old, she began working in the tobacco factories and, aged 16, she joined the CNT's Sindicat de Tabaquers d'Ambdós Sexes, participating in numerous strikes, labour disputes and meetings, such as the celebrated 1936 May Day event in the Plaça de Toros in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Her militancy led to a number of arrests and following the fascist coup on July 18, 1936, she went into hiding. She was amongst the 64 CNT members arrested and tried for the uprising on January 23, 1937, that resulted in 19 workers being shot dead. She was convicted of the "crime of rebellion" and sentenced to 12 years and one day in prison. However, she managed to go underground in Las Palmas, hiding out in friends' aprtments for 5 years and, using her sister Rosa's identity paper, worker again in tobacco factories. She established a romantic relationship with Blas Pérez Sicilia in 1943, with whom she had two daughters, Josefa and Nieves. With the 1945 pqardon for those not convicted of "delitos de sangre" (crimes of blood), the couple returned to Tenerife in 1949. Blas was pardoned in 1951, later emigrating to Venezuela. Following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, she participated in the revival of the CNT and spoke at the first public meeting to be held after the Franco regime on May 1 1978 at the Palais Royal in Tenerife. She was also appointed Coordinadora Feminista and participated in the commemorations of March 8, 1979. In his later years senile dementia decimated her powers. Isabel Hernández Marichal died on June 23, 1983 in Tenerife. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/hernandezmarichal/hernandezmarichal.html www.revistacanarii.com/canarii/5/isabel-hernandez-marichal puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4697-isabel-hernandez-marichal-anarcosindicalista-conocida-como-la-tabacalera.html]

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Contents of pillar boxes at Nottingham damaged. Telephone wires at Belfast cut. Bookstall at Walsall, in Staffordshire, fired.

1917 - [O.S. Feb. 10] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war. [www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm]

1917 - [N.S. Mar. 8] __February Revolution [Февральская Революция__]: A series of meetings and rallies are held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. At the same time, women textile workers in Petrograd decide to go on strike and gather in the streets to protest against food shortages. These demonstrations, which are virtually bread riots, spread throughout the city and are supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. The women workers march to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike. The troops who crushed similar demonstrations in 1905 refuse to put down the uprising, and many join in by the end of the month, after three days of spontaneous demonstrations and a general strike. The Revolution has begun.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Energía Eléctrica de Cataluña also joins the strike, but the power cuts are shortlived and their dispute is resolved an hour later. The unions are informed of the seizure of the company by the lawyer Montalvo, and respond by writing to the governor to tell him that, as the government has brought about the suspension of constitutional guarantees in the province, ​​the interruption of the free exercise of trade unions rights and the detention of workers, the strike committee "will only deal with the government" when they decide to end the repressive measures, and on the other hand with the company regarding the demands presented. The Sindicatos d'Aigua, Gas i Electricitat (Water, Gas and Electricity), Madera (Wood), Construcción (Construction) and Metalurgia (Metallurgy) are signatories to the letter. At 23:00, the military manages to get a small part of the city relit. Thanks to this, some newspapers are distributed, but anything approaching a steady electrical supply was not achieved until the following morning, although the voltage still remains low and variable.

1919 - '//A Batalha//' premières, the second daily newspaper in the country, published by the anarco-sindicalista CGT (the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal, comprised of 150,000 workers).

[E] 1920 - Natasha Notkin (b. 1870), Russian-American pharmacist, nihilist and anarchist, who identified herself as being a nihilist before coming to the US at the age of 15, dies of bronchial pneumonia. While in Philadelphia, Notkin became a highly respected anarchist and was often referred to as the 'soul' of the Philadelphia anarchist scene and known for her self-sacrificing dedication, being "married to the movement". She worked as the city’s contact for anarchist newspaper, '//Free Society//' and then for '//Mother Earth//'. She was a close confidant of Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre. Goldman stated that "she was the true type of Russian woman revolutionist, with no other interests in life but the movement." With de Cleyre, she co-founded and helped run the Ladies Liberal League of Philadelphia and the Social Science Club. After de Cleyre fell victim of an assassination attack, Notkin and others formed the Friends of Voltairine de Cleyre to help pay for her medical expenses. Notkin became a pharmacist, learning the trade from a fellow anarchist, Jacob Joffe. She continued to work with Joffe until moved to Los Angeles with fellow pharmacist, William Eidelson (also known as Wolf Ethelson). The two married in Los Angeles on Dec. 19, 1917. At first they lived at 1419 N Normandie. Then in 1918, they purchased the Hollenbeck Pharmacy located at 2201 E. 4th Street, which was also listed as their residence. In February 1920, Notkin fell victim to influenza and eventually died of bronchial pneumonia on February 23, 1920, and was buried two days later at the Beth Israel Cemetery in Boyle Heights. [www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1205981326083991&id=259850690697064 deadanarchists.org/nihilists.html deadanarchists.org/doctors-and-druggists.html margins.fair-use.org/note/Natasha_Notkin beforeitsnews.com/politics/2016/01/the-past-and-future-of-the-ladies-liberal-league-2771108.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-living-my-life#toc13]

1935 - __Huelga de Marzo__: The Comité de Huelga Universitario calls for a strike in support of increased government funding for public schools. By February 25, 4,000 teachers and 100,000 students were on strike. They were soon joined by the students of the University of Havana, who organised a strike committee, appealing to the general population to join the movement in a General Strike. [libcom.org/history/1935-cuban-general-strike www.ecured.cu/Huelga_de_Marzo_de_1935]

1957 - __Bataille d'Alger [Battle of Algiers__]: Intelligence sources of Colonel Roger Trinquier, creator of the Dispositif de Protection Urbaine (Urban Protection Plan) responsible for monitoring the population, locate Larbi Ben M'hidi, aka 'El Hakim' in charge of armed action in Algiers and member of the FLN's Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution (CCE; Committee of Coordination and Implementation), who is captured in his pyjamas by Paratroopers in the Rue Claude-Debussy. [NB: Many sources incorrectly state the date as Monday 25 February, confused by the date that the news and photos of the arrest that subsequently appeared in the press.] [www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre algerie/alger-premiere-arrestation-ben m hidi.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M'hidi]

1979 - Eleven members of a libertarian group in Barcelona are busted, including two escapees from Carabanchel a year ago.

[A] 2009 - Binyam Mohamed arrives back in the UK from Guantanamo after nearly seven years of detainment and torture.

2014 - In a performance timed to coincide with Russian Army Day, St. Petersburg conceptual artist and political activist Pyotr Pavlensky and others performed his piece '//Liberty//', a “small-scale reconstruction of Maidan" on Malo-Konyushenny (Tripartite) Bridge near the Church on Spilled Blood in central St. Petersburg, where they built an imitation barricade, raised Ukrainian and anarchist flags, set dozens of car tires on fire and banged on sheets of metal, in support of the Maidan protests in Kiev. Police interrupted the performance, arresting Pavlensky and his fellow performers. Pavlensky and his assistant Yaroslav Gradil were released from prison 2 days later after being held accused of hooliganism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Pavlensky www.sptimes.ru/story/40926] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ελληνική_Επανάσταση_του_1821 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821]
 * = 24 || 1821 - [N.S. Mar. 8] __Greek Revolution [Ελληνική Επανάσταση] or Greek War of Independence__: Alexander Ypsilantis [Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης], leader of the Filiki Eteria [Φιλική Εταιρεία](or Society of Friends [Εταιρεία των Φιλικών]), a secret organisation dedicated to the overthrow of Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state, issues a proclamation at Iaşi, announcing that he had "the support of a great power" (meaning Russia), in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, and calls all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans. The revolt was soon put down by the Ottomans but not before rumours of the massacre of Turkish citizens by Greeks in the Principalities had led the Grand Vizier to order the arrest of seven Greek bishops in Constantinople.

[FF] 1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: At day break shortly after he had left his house to begin his day's work, Dorset farm labourer and Methodist lay preacher George Loveless is met by James Brine, constable for the parish, who tells him that he has a warrant from the magistrates for his arrest for supposedly taking an illegal oath. He and his five fellow labourers, James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless' brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas' eldest son John Standfield, walked with the constable the seven miles to Dorchester, to the house of a magistrate, where Legg gave evidence and the six labourers were immediately sent to prison. [see: Dec. 9] [www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk dorset-ancestors.com/?p=2561 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373 www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm kmflett.wordpress.com/2016/07/12/the-tolpuddle-martyrs-history-work-in-progress/ www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/07/10/tolpuddle_story_feature.shtml www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106426.html www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2011/10/tolpuddle-–-a-photographic-essay/]

1849 - Nicolas Thomassin (d. 1919), French weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in Sans Patrie (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc., born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5869]

[F] 1866 - __Sheffield Grinders' Strike__: A combined strike by Sheffield's filesmiths' and grinders' unions leads to the issuing of lock-out notices, which take effect on February 24th. [Association of Organised Trades of Sheffield and Neighbourhood (AOTSN)] [expand] [sheffieldtuc.co.uk/history/ www.tuc.org.uk/about-tuc/union-history/section-events-led-first-tuc en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/sheffield-outrages.html spartacus-educational.com/TUsheffield.htm]

1872 - [N.S. Mar. 8] Sophia Nikolaevna Chernosvitova (Софья Николаевна Черносвитова; d. 1934), Russian revolutionary and feminist, who was a member of the RSDLP and with Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, founded Zhenotdel (Женотдел), the Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Working Women, born. [see: Mar. 8]

[E] 1882 - Marie Ferré (1852), French poet, florist, libretarian and Pétroleuse, who was a close friend of Louise Michel and had exhausted much of her energies rescuing imprisoned Communards, dies of heart problems. The sister of fellow communard Théophile Hippolyte, she was dragged from her bed and arrested at the end of the Commune in May 1871 whilst suffering from typhus. On December 28, 1871, Marie wrote her '//Citoyens proscrits//' letter appealing for the return of exiled communards. She also acted as a repositary for Michel's writing when she was deported from France. She was buried on February 26, 1882 in her family vault in the : Cimetière de Levallois-Perret, Île-de-France, along side her executed brother, Théophile. Louise Michel would later be buried there also. Amongst those who attended the funeral were Louise Michel, Henri Rochefort, Clovis Hugues, Hubertine Auclert, Camille Blas, Émile Eudes, J. B. Clément, Kapt, Hoffman, Courapied, Martinet, Crié, Breuille, Wilhem, Combes, Acker, Avronsart, Josselin, Bérard, Hémery-Dufoug, Vasillat, Amouroux, Cadolle, Émile Digeon, Edmond Chamollet, Alphonse Humbert, Jules Allix, Émile Gautier, etc. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/marieferre/marieferre.html hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH02550.1007?locatt=view:pdf lrf.revues.org/1403]

1884 - The first issue of the Sunday weekly newspaper '//L'Hydre Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Hydra) appears in Lyon [see Feb. 12]. It is shortlived (6 issues, with the lasy dated 30 March 1884) and is replaced by '//L'Alarme//' (The Alarm).

1886 - Maurice Vandamme (aka Mauricius) (d. 1974), French anarchist, architect's clerk and biologist, born. He was an anarchist individualist candidate in the municipal elections in Clignancourt 1925; discovered the therapeutic properties of the ozone and founded a medical centre in Paris in 1936 working with ozone insufflations. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin28.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8414]

1889 - The first issue of anarchist pamphleteer Émile Pouget's '//Le Père Peinard: Réflections Hebdomadaires d'un Gniaff//' (Father Peinard: Weekly Reflections of a Cobbler) is published. With its individual style, mixing slang, neologisms and and Pouget's own inventive coinages (in the style of Jacques Hébert and '//Le Père Duchesne//' during the French Revolution), the paper attacks all aspects of the state, the army, capital and religion, whilst promoting direct action, the general strike, anti-militarism and anti-clericalism. Subjected to continuous bouts of repression, it never missed an issue despite fines and prison sentences for its staff, it was only with the introduction of the //lois scélérates// (villainous laws) that Pouget was forced into exile in London, where Le Pere Peinard continued publication (second series (1894-18195). On Pouget's return to Paris, he published the newspaper under the title '//La Sociale//', but reverted to its original name in October 1896 and continued in publication until 1902

1907 - Inauguration of the libertarian Social School of the Campinas League of Workers in Brazil. Militante anarquista Adelino de Pinho begins teaching here in 1908.

[C/EEE] 1909 - Ethel MacDonald (d. 1960), Glasgow-based anarchist activist who was labelled the 'Scots Scarlet Pimpernel' by the British press for her activities in Spain in 1937, born. One of nine children, the 'Bellshill Girl Anarchist' left home at sixteen to become a lifelong activist in the working class and women's movements, joining the Independent Labour Party, (ILP). Working as a waitress and shop assistant, in 1931 she met Guy Aldred and left the ILP to become active in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). In 1933 she accepted his invitation to work as his secretary, and together they formed the United Socialist Movement (USM) in June 1934. During the Spanish Revolution, she was a prisoner aid militant and announcer and propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio. Visiting comrades captured imprisoned following the May 1937 Stalinist crackdown, she smuggled letters and food into prison and helped many anarchists escape Spain. Eventually arrested by the Communist police, she went underground in Barcelona upon her release but later escaped to France. Upon her return to Glasgow that November, she was greeted by 300 people at Central Station, and in a short speech she expressed her sadness at the fate of the revolution: "I went to Spain full of hopes and dreams. It promised to be utopia realised. I return full of sadness, dulled by the tragedy I have seen. I have lived through scenes and events that belong to the French revolution." [expand] [www.radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Ethel_MacDonald. www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SRB15209.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_MacDonald educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=15097 www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3733.html aberdeenanarchists.wordpress.com/category/ethel-macdonald/ spartacus-educational.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/ethel-macdonald-and-bob-smillie.html www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPmacdonaldE.htm iberianature.com/barcelona/history-of-barcelona/barcelona-radical-history/ethel-macdonald-in-barcelona/ www.spanishcivilwarfilm.com/thefilm/ www.katesharpleylibrary.net/83bkv5]

1912 - __Lawrence 'Bread & Roses' Textile Strike__: Following the adverse publicity the authorities were getting as the families of strikers in Lawrence were forced to temporarily foster out their children, they ordered that no more children could leave for their temporary foster homes. To try and prevent them from leaving, fifty policemen and two militia companies were used to surround the Lawrence railroad station and the city marshal ordered the families of the 100 children gathered there to disperse. When defiant mothers still tried to get their children on board the train and resisted the authorities, police dragged them by the hair, beat them with clubs and arrested them as their horrified children looked on in tears. 30 women were detained in jail. When newspapers reported this ugly scene, complete with photographs of cops clubbing women and children, the reaction around the country was visceral and marked a turning point in the Bread and Roses Strike. President Taft asked his attorney general to investigate, and Congress began a hearing on the strike on March 2, hearing testimonies from children involved. As a result of the strikes and protests, employees gained improvements in wages, conditions, and work hours in textile mills not only for themselves but also for thousands of workers to follow. [www.iww.org/content/bread-and-roses-hundred-years dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/breadandroses exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org zinnedproject.org/materials/lawrence-1912-singing-strike/ queencityma.wordpress.com/tag/bread-roses-strike/ network23.org/wsol/files/2013/10/BR1912A5.pdf libcom.org/history/articles/lawrence-textile-strike-1912 www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2012/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-24-1912 griid.org/2012/02/24/the-day-in-resistance-history-100th-anniversary-of-the-lawrence-textile-strike/ spartacus-educational.com/USAlawrence.htm apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/08-2_breadandroses/08-2_breadandroses.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike]

1913 - __Revolución Mexicana__: The Gov. of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, rebels against Gen. Victoriano Huerta. Soon others launch rebellion. Announces the Plan of Guadalupe, calling for the overthrow of Huerta and the restoration of the Constitution of 1857, limiting church power.

1913 - __Suffragette Direct Action Campaign__: Telegraph poles near Newcastle-on-Tyne cut down. Damage for week ending February estimated at £6,000. Signal wires on Great Western railway line cut at Newport.

[A] 1917 - [O.S. Feb. 11] __February Revolution [Февральская революция__]: The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers. Nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike. The new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and putting and end to the war. Striking workers fraternise with soldiers and cossacks, while bitterly hating the police. A large crowd marched through the streets of Petrograd breaking shop windows and shouting anti-war slogans. The bread riot turns to revolution as soldiers refuse to fire on demonstrators and instead turn on their officers. The arsenal is taken; 20,000 automatic pistols are handed out; the police stations are torched, and the prisons stormed and liberated.

[D] 1932 - On the rue Monte Caseros, Montevideo Chief of Police Luis Pardeiro and his chauffeur are killed in a hail of bullets. An //attentat// against the renowned torturer of many anarchists (Miguel Arcangel Roscigno, et al), the attack is attributed to the anarchists Armando Guidot, Bruno Antonelli Dellabella and Francisco Sapia. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/pardeiro/pardeiro.html]]

1933 - __Sucesos de Casas Viejas__: The Cortes finally approves by 173 votes to 130 a government motion creation of a Comisión de Investigación (commission of inquiry) into the events in Casas Viejas. [see: Feb. 8]

1938 - Gustave Le Rouge (Gustave Henri Joseph Lerouge; b. 1867), French writer, journalist, socialist and anarchist, dies. [see: Jul. 22]

1939 - Vázquez and Herrera's circular letter announces that the CNT-FAI will cease activities abroad and thanks the international community for its efforts on behalf of the Spanish anarchists.

1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: Following the pogrom of the previous two days, an open-air meeting was called by the Communistische Partij van Nederland on the Noordermarkt to organise a two-day strike to protest against the pogrom as well as the forced labour in Germany. [see: Feb. 25]

1949 - Thomas Weisbecker (d. 1972), German militant member of the Anarchist Black Cross and the Movement 2 June, born into a family who together with their friends had either spent time in various Nazi concentration camps or been killed in the Holocaust. Having been kicked out of the Kieler Gelehrtenschule in early 1967, he moved back to Karlsruhe. However, repeated holiday visits to Keil led to his involvement in the Aktionszentrum Unabhängiger Sozialistischer Schüler (AUSS), a country-wide organisation formed from various socialist education groups in 1967. After graduating from high school in 1968 in Karlsruhe, he began his studies in Frankfurt am Main, but the threat of conscription into the Bundeswehr led to him moving to West Berlin, where he became involved in Hash rebels and Blues circles - taking part in anti-Vietnam War actions against U.S. facilities, actions against judicial institutions, banks, town halls, county offices and consulates, as well as against the reactionary press, including an attack on the apartment of the district court director, the chief prosecutor, the KaDeWe, the head of the central prison in Tegel and the home of the President of the penal system. He also became involved in the German A.B.C. network with his former school friend Georg von Rauch. In February 1970, together with Michael 'Bommi' Baumann and Georg von Rauch, he had beaten up a journalist from the hated Springer Press. Arrested in July 1970 in West Berlin, he was remanded in custody until the trial the following year. At the trial hearing on 8 July, 1971, a postponed by a week was announced due to procurement of additional evidentiary motions and the court granted the request for bail for Tommy and Bommi. They were free to leave. However, von Rauch was able to leave the court in Berlin-Moabit with Bommi in Tommy stead (they looked quiet similar, especially when Tommy put on Geeorg's glasses) and when Weissbecker announces that he was the one who should have been released. He was held for a further 4 days but later released and went underground, joining the fringes of the RAF. On March 2, 1972, having been under surveillance 4 weeks together with his companion, SPK member Carmen Roll, and their flat in Georgenstrasse in Augsburg, he was shot dead (a bullet in the heart) by a trigger-happy member of the police surveillance teams who had been tracking him as he and Roll returned to their car. In memory of Tommy, a Berlin-Kreuzber social centre renamed itself the Tommy-Weisbecker-Haus. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weisbecker www.tommyhaus.org/thomas-weisbecker.php www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/thomas-weissbecker/ www.mao-projekt.de/BRD/BAY/SCH/Augsburg_Thomas_Weisbecker.shtml www.haschrebellen.de/thomas-weisbecker blues.nostate.net www.kulturhof.org/blues/ausstellung2004-thomas-weissbecker-rh2a-1972.php www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/augsburg/Toedlicher-Schuss-vor-dem-Stadtwerke-Haus-id2926936.html www.mao-projekt.de/BRD/BAY/SCH/Augsburg_Thomas_Weisbecker.shtml www.karlsruhe.de/b1/stadtgeschichte/blick_geschichte/blick107/weisbecker.de]

1950 - Manual Sabaté Llopart aka 'Manolo' (b. 1927), Catalan anarchist and youngest brother of the famous anti-Franco guerilla Francisco Sabaté Llopart, 'El Quico', is shot alongside fellow Catalan anarchist Saturnino Culebras Saiz aka 'Primo' (b. ca. 1921) at the Campo da Bota, Barcelona. Manolo's death sentence was simply because of his name and the fact that the Spanish authorities could not get hold of his more famous brothers. [see: Aug. 20] [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7435 libcom.org/history/articles/1927-1950-manuel-sabate-llopart ita.anarchopedia.org/Manuel_Sabaté_Llopart losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article1966 puertoreal.cnt.es/en/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3254-saturnino-culebras-sainz-fusilado-en-el-campo-de-la-bota.html]

1951 - In Italy, the French GAAP (Groupes Anarchistes d’Action Prolétarienne) is created on February 24-25, by former members of the FAI excluded at the congress of Ancône.

1960 - The National Labour Party and the White Defence League merge to form the British National Party. The party will be led by John Bean, with Andrew Fountaine holding the position of Party President. Other leading members include John Tyndall, Colin Jordan (who served as Activities Organiser), Denis Pirie and Ted Budden. [en.metapedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960-1967) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960) www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/socialsciences/downloads/10_Richardson_British fascist discourse_final.pdf]

1962 - Michelle Shocked (stage name of Karen Michelle Johnston), American singer-songwriter, who at one point called herself "a radical skateboard punk-rock anarchist", born. Once arrested during an Occupy L.A. protest (her first big album, '//Short Sharp Shocked//', featured a cover photo of a San Francisco riot cop with a choke-hold around her neck during an 1980s protest) and who for many years was presumed gay, is now a born again christian who came out with the following anti-gay rant: "When they stop Prop 8 and force priests at gunpoint to marry gays, it will be the downfall of civilisation, and Jesus will come back" on stage in San Francisco on 18/03/13.

1978 - At a Rock Against Racism 'Smash Race Hate in '78' gig at the Central London Polytechnic, the BM are present in numbers but discretion was the better part of their valour and the event is largely peaceful, ending with Jimmy Pursey from Sham 69 joining Misty in Roots on stage for a version of the old skinhead classic, '//Israelites//'. [PR]

1982 - Lucien Tronchet (b. 1902), Swiss anarchist and trade unionist whose anti-fascist activities landed him in prison, dies. [see: Oct. 4].

2001 - Zapatistas march on México City. [expand]

2009 - The Immigrants' Social Centre in Athen's Exarcheia district suffers a fascist hand-grenade attack.

[B] 2012 - '//Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eberhardt//', an opera composed by Missy Mazzoli about the anarchist adventurer, premières in New York City.

2013 - Panagiotis Vlastos, a prisoner at Trikala prison in Greece, is wounded during a failed escape attempt by helicopter that saw over 500 bullets fired by two passangers in the helicopter using AK-47. [www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firefight-with-prison-guards-foils-convicted-murderers-dramatic-helicopter-escape-from-jail-8510203.html www.tovima.gr/en/article/?aid=506149] || [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier25.html#dave]
 * = 25 || 1845 - Victor Dave (d. 1922), Belgian member of the Internationale and militant anarchist, born.

1847 - Samuel Fielden (d. 1922), English-born American militant anarchist activist and propagandist, dies. Fielden was one of the three Haymarket Martyrs sentenced to death but not executed. Fielden's crime was to be stepping down from the speaker's platform when a bomb went off, wounding him. His sentence was commuted to life in prison on November 10, 1887, he eventually pardoned on June 26, 1893. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fielden libcom.org/library/fielden-samuel-autobiography spartacus-educational.com/USAfielden.htm robertgraham.wordpress.com/2010/10/04/the-chicago-anarchists-samuel-fielden/]

1861 - 48 'ringleaders' of the Chatham prisoners riot "severely flogged" for their part in the uprising. [see: Feb. 15]

1877 - Karel Toman (pen name of Antonín Bernášek; d. 1946), Czech poet, journalist, translator (from French) and representative of the generation of Czech Anarchističtí Buřiči, "básníci života a vzdoru" (Anarchist Rebels, "the poets of life and defiance"), born. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Toman www.ceskaliteratura.cz/texty/toman.htm hwww.velikani.cz/index2.php?zdroj=tomank&kat=litcz]

1881 - William Z. Foster (d. 1961), radical American labour organiser and Marxist politician, one-time member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, and General Secretary of the Communist Party USA, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Foster]

1884 - [N.S. Feb. 13] Maria Oskarovna Aveyde (Мария Оскаровна Авейде; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, member of the RSDLP member in the Volga region and the Urals, and in late 1918 a member of the underground RCP(b) [РКП(б)], born. Arrested by the White Czech forces on March 31, 1919, she was shot near the Upper Iset Ironworks near Ekaterinburg eight days later. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Авейде,_Мария_Оскаровна]

1892 - Andre Soudy (d. 1913), French anarchist illegalist and member of the Bonnot Gang, born.

[CCC] 1894 - Ernst Friedrich (d. 1967), German anarchist, anti-militarist and founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, born. From a poor background, he was unable to study drawing and sculpture, he instead became an apprentice in the publishing trade and then a factory wotker, all the time studying during the evenings. In 1914 he became an actor in the Koniglichen Hoftheater in Potsdam and, already an anti-militarist, he refused military service and was placed under observation in a mental institution. In 1916, he participated in illegal assemblies of anti-militarist and revolutionary youth and in 1917 was imprisoned for an act of sabotage. Released at the beginning of the revolution of November 1918, he joined the Free Socialist Youth Movement (Freien Sozialistischen Jugend) around Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and the Communist Youth organisation. In 1919, he founded the Föderation der Jugend Révolutionären Deutscher Sprache" (Federation of German-speaking Revolutionary Youth) and publishes the weekly 'Freie Jugend',linking the various groups of young anarchists from Germany, Austria and German-speaking Switzerland. In the early twenties, he opened a space in Berlin frequented by anti-authoritarian youth, which became a place for young workers and the artistic and literary //milieu// to meet and put on exhibitions and debates. Author of '//Proletarian Kindergarten//' (1924), a children's picture and story book aimed at educating children to oppose war and militarism, and '//Krieg dem Kriege//' (War Against War; 1924). In 1923 he opened the first Berlin International Anti-War Museum, which also includes a print shop and bookstore, and was the subject of numerous attempts at repression, prosecutions, fines and prison terms. In 1930 Friedrich was imprisoned for 'high treason' for a year because of the publication of anti-militarist writings intended for secret distribution amongst the army and police. Having been released, and against the background of the rise of the Nazis, he fortuitously moved some of the museum's archive abroad as during the night of the Reichstag fire Friedrich was arrested and the museum ransacked and had materials confiscated by the SA. Friedrich was imprisoned and the Museum turned into a Nazi meeting place cum torture centre. In ill health and under pressure from the American Quakers, he was released in September 1933 and placed under house arrest but managed to escape, via Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, to Belgium where he set up a second anti-war museum in Brussels. He related his ant-Nazi struggle and subsequent escape in '//Vom Friedens-Museum zur Hitler Kaserne//: // Ein Tatsachenbericht über das Wirken von Ernst Friedrich und Adolf Hitler //' (From Peace Museum to Hiltler Barracks: A factual report on the work of Ernst Friedrich and Adolf Hitler; 1935). With the German invasion of Belgium, his museum was again destroyed and he was interned as a refugee in France. Wanted by the Gestapo, he was arrested but managed to escape and join the Maquis (FFI) in Lozère (helping save 70 Jewish children from deportation). After the War, he stayed in France and tried unsuccessfully to refound the Anti-War Museum and, using funds from an international award, he purchased a barge in 1945, recommissioning it as the 'Peace Ship' Arche de Noé dedicated to promotting Franco-German friendship. With reparations from the German government, in 1954 he purchased land on an island in the Marne (near the town of Le Perreux-sur-Marne), building an international youth centre, which became L'île de la Paix (The Island of Peace), a meeting place for young workers. After his deah in 1967, an Anti-War Museum was finally re-established in Berlin in 1982. [www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell20.htm]

1900 - Emma Goldman lectures at the Athenaeum Hall, in London's Tottenham Court Road, on the subject '//The Basic Principles of Morality//'. At the farewell concert the following day at the same venue, Peter Kropotkin and Louise Michel spoke, as well as Michel herself. Music was supplied by the Slavonitzer Tamburitza Quartet. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2502.html]

1906 - The first issue of '//Le Combat de Roubaix-Tourcoing//' is published (though actually a continuation of '//Le Combat//', first published on Oct. 15, 1905). It will change its name again to '//Le Combat du Nord//' (and '//Nord Pas-de-Calais//') and in 1911 to '//Le Combat Organe Communiste Révolutionnaire du Nord//', with the subtitle '//Organe Hebdomadaire de Défense et d'Éducation Ouvrière//' (Weekly Paper for the Defence of Workers' Education). The newspaper, on which many anarchist work, ceased publication after 208 issues on July 18, 1914, with the outbreak of WWI.

1908 - Today '//The Washington Post//' proposes that ALL anarchists be put to death (whether culpable or not of any crime or offense).

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Following local organisers of the National Industrial Union of Textile Workers, Local 152 in Paterson having requested help from IWW headquarters in Chicago, national [sic] organisers Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlos Tresca and Pat Quinland arrive in the town to speak at a mass meeting. At the meeting that evening, Gurley Flynn spoke on the importance of uniting strikers across racial boundaries, warning them to guard against being divided by the police and manufactures and not to be "tricked by racial prejudice, for they’ll tell you that the Jews are going to work and then they’ll tell you that the Italians have gone back to work". Tresca also spoke but Patrick Quinain of the Socialist Party was late and, as he walked down the aisle in Turn Hall, all three were arrested and charged with inciting violence through radical speech. Strikers from the meeting followed them to the jail and held a rally outside the jail, singing and shouting for their release. Women shouted, "When the strike is won, Gurley Flynn will be the boss!" All three were relesed on bail, with hefty sureties pledged. By the time 'Big Bill' Haywood arrived, later that week, the strike had spread to silk mills all across Paterson. 300 mills were shut down, and 25,000 silk workers were on strike. Haywood advised the strikers: "fold your arms or put your hands in your pocket and let the manufacturers do the worrying." [NB: Some sources give the date as euither Jan. 23 or 24.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Paterson_silk_strike patersongreatfalls.org/silkstrike.html njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/striking-out/ www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=302118.xml www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/21/1202513/-Anti-Capitalist-Meetup-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-and-the-Paterson-Silk-Strike www.dailykos.com/story/2013/4/6/1199616/-Hellraisers-Journal-Elizabeth-Gurley-Flynn-Reports-From-Paterson caucus99percent.com/tags/paterson-silk-strike-1913 www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-paterson.pdf www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_strike.html spartacus-educational.com/USApaterson.htm www.thehistorygirl.com/2013/03/gathering-for-cause-botto-house-and.html engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=clhist_facpub canvas.instructure.com/courses/907618/files/31984004/download?wrap=1 www.kean.edu/~NJHPP/proRef/silkStrike/pdf/silkStrikeLesson.pdf]

[D] 1913 - British feminist Emmeline Pankhurst on trial for bombing Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's villa in Surrey a week ago. She takes responsibility for the event and describes it as "//guerilla warfare//", as well as other violent acts aimed at bringing attention to the suffragette movement. She and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia have previously been arrested and jailed for inciting riots. She gets three years in prison.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Newspaper censorship remains in place but '//La Veu de Catalunya//' claims that the Consell del Govern has asked the Ajuntament (City Council) to become involved, whilst the 'Diario de Barcelona' claim that factories are working normally and that La Canadiense has reinstated 30 sacked employees.

1919 - During this month '//Go-Head!//' — a circular attributed to 'The American Anarchists' — appears throughout New England. In it, the American Anarchists, presumably the Italian-American Anarchists, threaten to “dynamite” officials in retaliation for the ongoing deportations and repression the anarchists are enduring.

1928 - Juan López Romero Jiménez (aka 'Juan el Camas' or 'Chiquito de Camas' [Shorty from Camas]; d. 2008), Andalusian anarchist and flamenco singer, especially of the fandango, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0408.html ateneodecordoba.com/index.php/Juan_López_Romero_"Juan_el_Camas" www.juanelcamas.com/ www.camasdigital.es/juan-lopez-juan-camas-camero-universal-del-flamenco/]

1932 - Pierre Lariviere (b. 1884?), French anarchist, painter and caricaturist who illustrated some of Jean Grave's '//Temps Nouveaux//', dies.

[C] 1937 - Alonzo Watson (b. 1891), African American painter, WWI veteran and anti-fascist, who was one of the first American volunteers to join the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and fight in the Spainsh Civil war, is killed by a sniper during the Battle of Jarama. His death made him the first African American volunteer killed in action. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Watson www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/browse/alonzo-watson]

[F] 1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: The two-day general strike begins in Amsterdam and expanded to the Zaanstreek, Haarlem, Velsen, Hilversum and the city of Utrecht and the immediate area – the first large-scale resistance action against the German occupier in the Netherlands. On the morning of February 25, 1941, the trams stopped in Amsterdam, followed by other city services as well as companies like De Bijenkorf and schools. At the same time, the hastily printed CPN manifesto '//Staakt, staakt, staakt!!!//' (Stop, Stop, Stop !!!) was distributed by its supporters, spreading the strike call throughout the city. Eventually 300,000 people joined in the strike, bringing much of the city to a halt and catching the Germans by surprise. Though the Germans immediately took measures to suppress the strike, which had grown spontaneously as other workers followed the example of the tram drivers, it still spread to other areas, including Zaanstad, Kennemerland in the west, Bussum, Hilversum and Utrecht in the east and the south. The strike did not last long. By February 27, much of it had been suppressed by the German police. Although ultimately unsuccessful, it was significant in that it was the first and only direct action against the Nazis' treatment of Jews in Europe. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februaristaking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike www.dedokwerker.nl/februaristaking.html historiek.net/februaristaking-1941-protest-jodenvervolging/7124/ www.historien.nl/februaristaking-25-februari-1941/]

1955 - The only issue of the newspaper '//Lotta Anarchica: Portavoce del Campeggio Internazionale Anarchico//' is published by the Gruppo Krondstadt In Genoa, Italy.

1957 - Anna Olay (Chaia Edelstein; b. 1898), Lithuanian-American anarchist militant, commits suicide. [see: May 1]

1970 - Riot in Isla Vista, California, protesting Chicago 7 guilty verdicts, ends with the Bank of America in flames, part of nationwide upheavals since the verdicts came down on the 19th: with half a million people in the streets; explosions in three office buildings in NY; explosions in California, Washington, Maryland, Michigan. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Vista,_California#1960s_and_1970s www.islavista.org/ivriot1.html www.ucsbalum.com/Coastlines/2010/Winter/bank.html dailynexus.com/2010-02-25/forty-years-ago-a-mob-of-students-stormed-the-bank-of-america-building/ www.hippy.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=173]

[1986 - __Egyptian Conscripts Riot__: Conscripts of Egypt's paramilitary Central Security Forces stage violent protests in and around Cairo in reaction to the rumour that their three-year compulsory service would be prolonged by one additional year without any additional benefits or rank promotion. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot]

[BB] 1970 - Mark Rothko (Marcus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; b. 1903), American abstract expressionist/colour field painter, poet and anarchist, his health failing and suffering from depression, commits suicide. [see: Sep. 25]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: The ballot by miners on the revised Wilberforce inquiry pay recommendations, which include the additional fringe benefits wrung out of the NCB on the 18th, is held and returns a massive 96.5% in favour of accepting the offer of a 21% pay increase, together with concessions on overtime rates, shift allowances and transport, thus signalling a return to work after 7 weeks on Monday February 28. [see: Jan. 9]

[A] 1991 - The Birmingham Six are released after serving more than sixteen years in prison on fabricated charges.

1991 - The Woolf Report into the Strangeways prisoner uprising is published.

2000 - Four NYC cops are acquitted of murdering an unarmed black man, Amadou Diallo (they shot him 41 times on his own doorstep).

[E] 2002 - Isabel Mesa Delgado (b. 1913), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, member of the CNT from the age of 14 and secretary of Valencian Mujeres Libres, dies. Following the defeat of the revolution, she organised a clandestine resistance group and provided aid to prisoners and their families under the fascist dictatorship. With the death of Franco Isabel helped with new libertarian projects, like Radio Klara and the libertarian ateneo (college) 'Al Margen'. [see: Dec. 31]

2002 - Well-known right-wingnut Robert Relf is jailed for a week after failing to pay a £100 fine imposed the previous September for refusing to fill in a census form because "I was annoyed that as an Englishman I could not say I was English so I had no intention of completing the form." His refusal followed an incident a month before when he barricaded himself into his bungalow in Birchington, Kent, and refused to pay a council tax levy to help asylum seekers. [news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1841092.stm www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1385956/Census-row-pensioner-jailed.html] ||
 * = 26 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: An attack in Huddersfield on dressing-shop of William Hinchliffe of Leymoor. All machinery destroyed. Committee of manufacturers and merchants formed to endeavour to suppress Luddites.

1894 - Jean Grave is charged for writing and publishing '//La Société Mourante et l'Anarchie//' (The Dying Society and Anarchy) with its preface by Octave Mirbeau. Grave is subsequently sentenced to two years in prison and fined a thousand francs for "incitement to looting, murder, theft, fire, etc." and the destruction of the offending book ordered.

[E] 1869 - [O.S. Feb. 14] Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская; d. 1939), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", born. From an impoverished family of upper class origins, she expressed an interest in education from a young age, and was particularly drawn to Tolstoy’s theory of democratic education. Krupskaya began to participate in several illegal discussion circles where she studied the theories of Marx, which was where she first met Lenin. Between 1891-1896, Krupskaya worked offering evening classes on reading, writing and arithmetic, providing her with contact with serious workers, soe of whom she taught illegal classes with a revolutionary influence to. She learned a lot about the workers’ conditions in the factories during this time, which helped Lenin when writing his pamphlets and which she distributed to the factories. In 1895 both Krupskaya andLenin were arrested for extending propaganda work among the proletariat of St. Petersburg, along with other Marxists who were organised into the Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class (Союза борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса). [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Крупская,_Надежда_Константиновна fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadejda_Kroupskaïa spartacus-educational.com/RUSkrupskaya.htm womenmuseum.ru/encyclopedia/nadezhda-konstantinovna-krupskaya www.counterfire.org/women-on-the-left/15628-women-on-the-left-nadezhda-krupskaya www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/27/soviet-chocolate-lenin-russia]

1898 - Konstantin Biebl (d. 1951), Czech proletarian poet and Poetist, born. Member of Devětsil and the Czech Surrealist group. In January 1918 he was on the Balkan front, wounded, captured and sentenced to death, escaped execution by fleeing from captivity. Strongly held anti-war and anti-fascist views. [cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Biebl bohuslavbrouk.wordpress.com/tag/biebl/ www.slovnikceskeliteratury.cz/showContent.jsp?docId=13 www.libri.cz/databaze/kdo20/search.php?zp=11&name=Biebl+Konstantin]

[F] 1912 - __National Coal Strike [GB__]: The Alfreton pit in Derbyshire, one of the best conducted pits in the country, comes out on strike following the expiry of local 'price-list' notices. The then complicated pay rates, which were negotiated in part district by district, made it impossible for a collier, however skilled, to earn a fair day's wage and which the miners had been trying for years to replace with a nationally negotiated minimum wage. The strike spread slowly as local notices expired, with the great majority of the Nottinghamshire collieries due to expire the following day. It becomes a general, nationwide strike on March 1. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_coal_strike_of_1912 www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nostalgia-100th-anniversary-national-miners-4413682 www.petergill7.co.uk/pieces/lawrence/national_coal_strike.shtml www.marxists.org/archive/quelch/1912/03/coal-strike.htm www.marxist.com/1912-the-great-unrest.htm]

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: The State of Washington's criminal syndicalism legislation, "An Act defining the crime of criminal syndicalism and prescribing the punishment thereof", is passed by its Senate. It was later passed by the House of Representatives on March 6 but vetoed by the Democrat Governor Ernest Lister (who had help bring the eight-hour work day to the Pacific Northwest during the IWW's 1917 Lumber Workers' strike, though he was also active in repressing the IWW) two weeks later on March 20. It finally pssed into law, over the veto, early in the next legislative session on January 14, 1919. [archive.org/stream/jstor-1943826/1943826_djvu.txt leg.wa.gov/CodeReviser/documents/sessionlaw/1919c3.pdf]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: With the strike committee refusing to talk to the president of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya (Commonwealth of Catalonia), Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and the mayor of Barcelona, ​​Manuel Morales Pareja, other workers decide to visit Cadafalch and Pareja to try and solve the conflict. Once again the electricity is suspended in Barcelona, ​​cuts in the water supply. Some factories and workshops are able to operate but with continuous interruptions of theie electricity supplies. There are still no trams on the streets. The governor seizes the water companies. The clandestine strike committee refuses to hold a public interview with the mayor Manuel Morales Pareja who wishes to mediate.

1920 - First edition of '//Umanita Nova//', anarchist daily paper published in Milan and Rome (circulation 50,000) founded by Errico Malatesta and Antonio Cieri. Shut down in 1922 by the fascist regime, it reappears in 1945 as a weekly.

1920 - Richard O. Moore, US poet, pacifist and philosophical anarchist, associated with Kenneth Rexroth and the San Francisco Renaissance, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O._Moore www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/richard-moore www.pacificsun.com/marin_a_and_e/books/article_9469c0e2-b29f-11e2-be9c-0019bb30f31a.html www.atasite.org/2013/05/small-press-traffic-moore-hillman-ebenkamp-caples/]

[D] 1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: The revolutionary Kronstadt sailors send delegates to Petrograd find out about strikes occurring there. The delegation visits a number factories and return on the 28th, when things begin to heat up as they protest the Bolshevik counter-revolution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - The first issue of '//Redencion//' (Redemption), an anarcho-syndicalist weekly newspaper of unions in Alcoy, a city in the Alicante region of Spain, and official voice of the CNT is published. A total of 131 issues appeared until Sept. 26, 1923.

1926 - __Sierra Leone Railway Strike__: After six weeks of strike, the workers returned to work, forced to accept the government’s terms. Less than a dozen people were arrested. Of the 200 people dismissed during the strike, 37 were pensionable workers, some with over twenty years’ worth of experience, and twenty daily wagers were dismissed from the railway. The Secretary of the Railway Workers’ Union, President of the Bo branch, and other Protectorate workers, were also dismissed. The President of the union was demoted and reassigned, and ended up resigning from the department. The job vacancies were filled with West Indian and local workers. Three months after the strike ended, all worker-paid daily wages were returned to their previous incremental rates. After the end of the strike, the union suffered from a lack of leadership and was replaced by a government-approved Railway Staff Committee. [see: Jan. 14]

1926 - Georges Butaud (b. 1868), French anarchist communard, partisan of the Milieux Libres and publisher of '//Flambeau//' ("//an enemy of authority//") in 1901 in Vienna, dies. [see: Jun. 6]

1941 - __Februaristaking [February Strike__]: The second day of a two-day strike to protest against the anti-Jewish pogrom of the 22nd-23rd as well as the use of Dutch forced labour in Germany.

1949 - __Royal Canadian Navy Mutinies__: On a fuelling stop at Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, ninety Leading Seamen and below – constituting more than half the ship's company – on board the destroyer HMCS Athabaskan locked themselves in their messdecks, and refused to come out until getting the captain to hear their grievances. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy#1949_'mutinies']

1946 - Elena Melli (b. 1889), Italian anarchist militant, who was a companion of Errico Malatesta during the last years of his life, dies. [see: Jul. 4]

[B] 1950 - Adam Cornford, British poet, librettist, essayist, cartoonist and editor at '//Anarchy Comics//', born. [libcom.org/library/lessons-democracy libcom.org/book/export/html/33165 adamfcornford.wordpress.com/about/ theanarchistlibrary.org/library/bob-black-they-don-t-call-it-subgenius-for-nothing www.thealsopreview.com/messages/33/2747.html?1320795183 www.eelpie.org/ep_cliff.htm books.google.co.uk/books?id=N9pkWk49VpcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]

[C] 1965 - Jimmie Lee Jackson (b. 1938), Black American civil rights protester is shot and killed by Alabama State Trooper James Bonard Fowler. [mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_jackson_jimmie_lee_19381965/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson]

1969 - Jeanne Françoise 'Jane' Morand (b. 1883), French militant individualist anarchist and anti-militarist activist, dies in Paris. [see: Aug. 17]

1976 - Body of American Indian Movement activist Anna Mae Aquash, in a murder never prosecuted but widely attributed to the FBI, is found in rural South Dakota.

1993 - The first bombing of the World Trade Centre.

1995 - Barings Bank collapses following the Walter Mitty-like actions of working-class spiv Nck Leeson.

2009 - In Athens a march in protest against the hand grenade attack on the Exarcheia Immigrants' Social Centre ends with an attack on the HQ of '//Apogevmatini//', an ultra-conservative newspaper responsible for daily attacks on Greek social and labour movements. [libcom.org/news/antifascist-protest-marches-end-riots-neonazi-hqs-torched-ground-athens-05032009]

[A] 2012 - Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black youth, murdered by George Zimmerman in Florida. ||
 * = 27 || 1848 - First anarchist journal, Proudhon's '//Le Representant du Peuple//', appears in France. It claims that the emancipation of the working class can only be achieved by the working class itself — without the assistance of governments. Sells 40,000 copies.

1863 - [N.S. Mar. 11] Iza Zielińska (Iza Gąsowska; d. 1934), Polish journalist, educator, social activist and participant in the Polish and International anarchist and socialist movements, born. [see: Mar. 11]

1867 - Paulin Mailfait (d. 1927), Ardennes anarchist, participant in 'Sans patrie' (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Nicolas Thomassin, Pierre Leroux, etc., born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3716]

1876 - François Segond Casteu (d. 1935), French anarchist who attended Sebastien Faure's 'Ruche' and a collaborator on '//Libertaire//' and '//Germinal//', a weekly magazine of the Somme, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article647]

1887 - Giuseppe Monanni (d.1952), Italian editor, self-taught journalist, publisher and propagandist of individualist anarchism (a la Nietzsche and Palante), born. A typesetter by profession, he founded the anarchist journal '//Vir//' in 1907 in Florence. Alongside his wife Leda Rafanelli (whom Mussolini famously slobbered over whilst still editor-in-chief of the daily socialist newspaper '//Avanti!//'), he collaborated on various newspapers and publications including '//La Questione Sociale//' (1909); '//La Rivolta//' (1911) and '//La Libertà//' (1913-1914). In addition to his journalism, Monanni was editor of Libreria Editrice Sociale (Social Publishing Library; 1910 to 1915), the Casa Editrice Sociale (Social Publishing House; 1919 to 1926), and finally the Casa Editor Monanni (Monanni Publishing House; 1926 to 1933), as well as publishing works on individual anarchism by Palante and Nietzsche. His editorial work suffered the interruption of WWI and temporary refuge in Switzerland. Upon his return to Italy, and like many others, he suffered increasing repression with the rise of fascism but managed to found with Carlo Molaschi the Libera Università (Free Univerity) whose work was subsequently limited to general educational work following the passing of special laws, and ceased all together due to financial and further political restraints. After the end of the war and the fall of Fascism in Italy, he collaborated again under the pseudonym of 'Mony' the newspaper '//Libertario//'.

1888 - __Burlington Railroad Strike__: 97% of the 15,000 members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen employed by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad go out on strike at 04:00 in support of the union's demands that the railway honour its own work rules and implement a uniform pay scale that did not discriminate against newly hired workers, a policy impleneted by the notoriously anti-union president of the CB&Q Railroad, Charles Elliott Perkins. Engineers and firemen across the CB&Q Railroad abandoned their engines at their terminal points, halting their routes and returning to the nearest terminal point if they were already on the road. The company, having been formally notified of the strike date only the day before and believing that more time remained for negotiations, was taken by surprise. Company officials in Chicago immediately determined that their top priority was to keep suburban commuter trains running if possible, with the line standing as the second largest suburban commuter line in the region. No freight traffic would be run until passenger service was restored, company officials determined, something that was particularly damaging to the massive Chicago meatpacking industry. Strikers anticipated that the railroad could not function without them and anticipated a speedy settlement on favorable monetary terms, with some of them leaving personal belongings in the roundhouses after the strike deadline. However, the management made every effort to keep the passenger service running, drafting in company employees from the telegraph and water services, superintendents, conductors, and several brakemen, whilst they hastily began signing up scab engineers and firemen. Pinkerton agents were brought in to protect the balcklegs. On March 5, the union asked unionised workers on other railroads to boycott the CB&Q by refusing to load freight onto its trains; Perkins went to federal court on March 8, to seek an injunction that would require the other railroads to load freight onto the CB&Q, which was granted on the 13th. The strike was effectively broken within a month, but it lingered in some western states for another 10 months. The local leader in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen was Eugene V. Debs, and the strike marked the beginning of his radicalisation and political career. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_railroad_strike_of_1888 www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1886/860700-debs-thebofleandtheboflf.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/880600-debs-recordofthecbqstrike.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/880800-debs-thecbqandpinkertonconspiracy.pdf www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1888/881100-debs-thecbandq.pdf]

1892 - The first issue (of only 2 known) of the weekly newspaper '//Le Déchard: Organe Hebdomadaire Révolutionnaire de la Région Est & Nord//' is printed in Damery-Brunet (dept of La Marne). The editor? One 'Eh Kécsatfoux?' (Well what's it got to do with you?)

1905 - '//Regeneración//' begins republishing in St. Louis, Missouri. This anarchist publication, issued by the brothers Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón and their Partido Liberal Mexicano, is soon repressed by the American government (on October 12).

1908 - The '//San Francisco Chronicle//' today states that anyone asserting anarchist convictions displays "conclusive proof of [their] incurable insanity".

1911 - __Rebelión de Baja California / Revolución Mexicana__: Antonio I. Villarreal deserts the Junta Organizadora del Partido Liberal Mexicano and joins Francisco I. Madero.

[E] 1911 - Fanny Edelman (Fanny Jabcovsky; d. 2011), Argentine textile worker, music teacher, Communist and feminist, who was active in International Red Aid and a member of the International Brigades in defence of the Second Spanish Republic, as well as honoury president of the Communist Party of Argentina, born. A leading figure in the women 's movement, she participated in the founding of the Unión de Mujeres de la Argentina (Women's Union of Argentina) and was made general secretary of the Federación Democrática Internacion al de Mujeres (Women's International Democratic Federation) in 1972 and promoted the creation of the International Women's Day. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Edelman www.ecured.cu/Fanny_Edelman seniales.blogspot.be/2011/11/fanny-edelman-1911-2011.html]

[B] 1912 - Lawrence George Durrell (d. 1990), British-born novelist, poet, dramatist, biographer, travel writer and anarchist fellow-traveller, born. His close relationship with Henry Miller that spanned 45 years and encompassed much cross-fertilisation of their literary efforts, especially during their period living at the Villa Seurat in the later '30s. It also led to his involvement in the Miller-inspired shift of the English Surrealists away from its communist orthodoxy towards an anti-authoritarian/anarchist politics, which would influence the likes of Herbert Read, David Gascoyne, Robert Duncan and Kenneth Rexroth. Politically Durrell was a 'non-joiner' and refused to have his writings included in expressly political publications and anthologies when requested (cf: his refusal of Comfort's Egyptian request during WWII).However, after the war he was published in a number of anarchist publications including George Woodcock's magazine '//NOW//', Duncan's '//Experimental Review//', the anarchist influenced New Apocalyptics poetry group and Rexroth's '//Circle Editions//'; had his works regularly discussed in the pages of '//Freedom//' and was anthologised by Comfort and Rexroth. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-237602352/anarchist-transformations-english-surrealism.html www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/durrell.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Book_%28Durrell_novel%29 www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01phktg copticliterature.wordpress.com/2011/04/02/the-alexandria-quartet-lawrence-durrell-and-the-copts/]

1913 - Pierre Boujut (d. 1992), French cooper, writer, poet, pacifist and libertarian, born. Published 3 literary journals over a sixty year period: '//Reflets//' (Reflections; 1933-1936), '//Regains//' (Regains; 1937-1939) and '//La Tour de Feu//' (The Fire Tower; 1946-1991); as well as numerous poetry collections and a memoir, '//Un Mauvais Français//' (A Bad Frenchman; 1989). [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boujut www.la-presse-anarchiste.net/spip.php?article1245]

1913 - After 25 days of deliberations, the Paris trial of the twenty defendants of the Bonnot Gang (Bande à Bonnot) concludes and sentences are handed down for the more than thirty crimes or offences committed both in France and abroad tried:

Raymond Callemin (22 year old typographer), Eugene Dieudonne (28, carpenter), André Soudy (20, grocer) and Elie Monier (23, florist) are sentenced to death. Marius Metge (22, cook) and Edward Carouy (29, a metal worker) to prison for life. Jean De Boë (23, typographer) to ten years hard labour. Kléber Bénard (22 years, taxidermist) to six years in prison. André Poyer (21, mechanic) and Henry Crozat De Fleury (26, broker) to five years in prison. Victor Kibaltchiche [the future Victor Serge] (32, industrial designer and translator) to five years in prison. Jean Georges Dettweiller (37, mechanic) and David Belonie (27, commercial employee) to four years in prison. Pierre Jourdan (25, peddler) and Antoine Gauzy (33, peddler) to 18 months in prison. Charles Reinert (33, foundry worker) to one year in prison. Louis Rimbault (35, locksmith) aquitted (absent from the trial after simulating madness and being committed to an asylum - released 2 years later). Léon Alphonse Rodriguez (34, peddler) aquitted (for service to the police). Marie Vuillemin (23, unemployed, Octave Garnier's lover), Barbe-Marie Le Clerch (or Clerc'h; 22 years old, feather-worker) and Rirette Maitrejean (27, a former teacher) are aquitted. Bernard Gorodesky (27, secondhand goods dealer) is sentenced to 6 months prison in absentia (he is on the run and is never found).

Raymond Callemin, André Soudy, and Antoine Monier faced the guillotiné on April 21st. Doubt over Eugene Dieudonne's guilt concerning the Rue Ordener attack results in his death sentence being commuted on April 20, 1913, to forced labour for life. [criminocorpus.revues.org/269 grands.criminels.free.fr/bonnot.html www.magasinpittoresque.be/dossiers/bonnot.htm www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot.htm]

1913 - Edward Carouy (b. 1883), Belgian anarchist illegalist and individualist commits suicide (by poisoning) in his cell after being sentenced today during the Bonnot Gang trial to penal servitude (hard labour) for life.

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Workers at the Dos Rius company and the Tramvies de Barcelona SA join the strike. The '//La Veu de Catalunya//' and '//Diario de Barcelona//' publish articles on the effects of the strike on gas and electricity supplies, as well as carrying news that many companies are now hitting back hard against the strike movement and that the position of the strikers is getting ever more desperate, especially financially as the increases in numbers of workers now claiming strike pay (20-30 céntimos per week each) is a drain on the unions' strike funds. The city council proposes that the local government accept the three conditions of the strike committee: reinstatement of guarantees, freedom for detainees and recognition of trade unions. The Catalanists abstained. There is a focus on the suspension of constitutional guarantees in Lérida are in anticipation of hydroelectric workers joining the strike with the provincial governor there claiming that if the strike breaks out in the power plants there, he does not have the military means to cope. Speaking to journalists, President of the Mancomunitat Josep Puig i Cadafalch claims that he has been unable to intervene as a mediator, since he has only ever been visited by workers (on February 5) who had given him some directions as to the reasons for the strike but that that they hadn’t stipulated in writing who they represented of what their demands (if any) were, so therefore he could begin negotiations (despite the workers having claimed at the time that he had agreed to help mediate). In fact, the city authorities stood back and did not get involved until the strike and the consequent absence of electricity had paralysed city life and industry, and the CNT had already taken the dispute into its own hands as a lever to force the authorities and employers to recognise unions and to release the CNT members and leaders that had been imprisoned a month previously. Following the rejection of a regional referendum during a vote in Congrés, Prime Minister Romanones [Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres-Sotomayor, 1st Count of Romanones] closes the Spanish Parliament and suspended constitutional guarantees throughout Spain.

1920 - __Grande Grève des Cheminots [Great Railwayworkers' Strike__]: Henri Sirolle and Gaston Monmouseau, militant members of the Fédération Nationale des Travailleurs des Chemins de Fer de France, des Colonies et des pays de Protectorat (National Railway Workers' Federation of France, the Colonies and Protectorate Countries) in the Paris region threaten the federation with creating a parallel steering committee that would take charge of extending the movement throughout the territory unless it supports the striking Association Générale du Personnel des Chemins de Fer du PLM members. Only them did the Fédération agree to call for strike action on five demands: respect for trade union rights, the setting of a scale of salaries, extensions of joint commissions to smaller companies (still in existance), research into the running of the railways, no sanctions for strikers. The network directors give way on the first four claims, but it was necessary for Alexandre Millerand, President of the Council of Ministers [i.e. Prime Minister], to intervene in order for the networks to conceded to the last demand. The strike was called off during in the night of March 1-2.

1920 - Ludwig Rubiner (b. 1881), German Expressionist poet, literary critic, essayist, translator, painter and anarchist sympathiser, dies following a protracted bout of pneumonia. [see: Jul. 12]

[CC] 1921 - In Florence today and tomorrow, and against the backdrop of the rise of fascism and the previous day's destruction of headquarters of the Socialist newspaper '//La Difesa//' by the fascist squadre d'azione, serious confrontations occur between fascists and anti-fascists. In one incident a group of anarchists attacked a procession of 'liberals' that had formed up after the inauguration of the flag of the Fasci di Avanguardia (Fascist Vangaurd) on their way to a 'partiotic' wreath laying at the war memorial in the Piazza dell'Unità. A bomb mortally wounded a policeman Antonio Petrucci and a 24-year-old student Carlo Menabuoni. Many others were wounded in the general panic that followed. Gino Mugnai, a railway worker with a socialist lapel badge, who was passing by and failed to take off his hat to the passage of the car carrying the hospital the policeman, was shot in the head by one of the fascists. The Blackshirts later carried out a revenge attack on a building in the Via Taddea, home of the local headquarters of the Associazione Comunista degli Invalidi di Guerra (Communist Association of War Invalids), the Sindacato Ferrovieri (railway workers union) and the provincial Federazione Comunista, where the weekly 'Azione Comunista' newspaper was being prepared. Spartaco Lavagnini, a well known local anti-fascist, communist and Sindacato Ferrovieri official, was shot four times at close range as he worked on the '//Azione Comunista//'. In a display of their contempt, the fascisti left the corpse with a cigarette in its mouth. News of Lavagnini's assassination quickly spread and railway workers began to blockade trains and stations, and barricades were erected across Florence. A provincial general strike was also called. At Certaldo (near Florence), the anarchist Ferruccio Scarselli dies, ripped apart by a bomb during one confrontation, whilst in Spezia an anarchist named Uliviero is killed by the police. At the same time in Trieste the main union offices are burned down. On March 1st, in answer to the fascist violence, a general strike is called in Trieste and Florence. In the latter new clashes occur resulting in the death of more than 20 with over a hundred people injured. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=02&day=27 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

1924 - Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (d. 1960), one of the three 'Las Mariposas', the Hermanas Mirabal (Mirabal Sisters), assassinated members of the clandestine opposition to the Dominican dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, who would become symbols of both popular and feminist resistance worldwide, born. In 1999, the date of their deaths, November 25 1960, was designated by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.

[C] 1933 - The burning of the Reichstag.

1937 - Lincoln Brigaders attack Pingarrón Hill ('Suicide Hill') in Jarama Valley; of the 500 who go over the top, more than 300 are killed or wounded.

1938 - Britain and France recognise Franco's fascist regime in Spain.

1939 - Nadezhda 'Nadya' Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Надежда Константиновна Крупская); b. 1869), Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik party appartchik and wife of Vlad the Impaler, who rowed back on her feminist position in the 1930s, supporting restrictions on abortion and that only through the Party was it possible to "fulfil the emancipation of women", dies. Agter her death, Leningrad workers petitioned Sovnarcom, the Council of People's Commissars, to immortalise her by renaming the local chocolate factory in her honour. Hardly a fitting tribute. [see: Feb. 26]

[F] 1948 - __Queensland Railway Strike__: Hanlon proclaimed a State of Emergency on Friday February 27. This proclamation armed the Government and police with wide powers to attack picketing and to strike at the morale of the strikers. [see Feb. 3]

1950 - Yvan Goll (born Isaac Lang; b. 1891), bilingual French-German Jewish writer (poetry, novels, dramas, libretti, essays, etc.) and anarchist sympathiser, who had close ties to German expressionism, Zurich Dada and to French surrealism, dies. [see: Mar. 29]

1956 - Meena Keshwar Kamal (مینا کشور کمال‎‎; d. 1987), Afghan revolutionary political activist, feminist, women's rights activist and founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), who was assassinated by unknow assailants – either agents of the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD, the Afghan secret police, or of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_Keshwar_Kamal www.rawa.org/meena.html www.osservatorioafghanistan.org/2012/07/meena-keshwar-kamal-fondatrice-di-rawa/ www.onthisdeity.com/4th-february-1987-–-the-murder-of-meena-keshwar-kamal/]

1968 - The Hornsey home of Stuart Christie is raided by police on a warrant relating to recent attacks in and around London.

1968 - Zofia Dzierżyńska aka Sofia Sigizmundovna Dzerzhinskaya [Софья Сигизмундовна Дзержинская (ru)] (Zofia Julia Muszkat; b. 1882), Polish teacher and communist activist, dies. [see: Dec. 4]

1970 - José Santos González Vera (b. 1897), Chilean writer, novelist, journalist and anarchist, dies. [see: Sep. 17]

[A] 1973 - 300 Oglala Sioux American Indian Movement (A.I.M.) activists liberate and occupy Wounded Knee, South Dakota (the site of the 1890 terrorist massacre of Sioux by US cavalry), in response to campaign of terror by tribal and FBI officials. They demand an investigation of Indian grievances at the site of the last major massacre of Indians by whites.

[D] 1989 - __Caracazo*__: A week-long wave of popular protests, riots and looting highlighting the neoliberal policies of the country's right-wing president Carlos Andrés Pérez begins in the Venezuelan capital Caracas and quickly spreads to surrounding towns. It prompts the inevitable state repression with mass disappearances, the use of torture, extra-judicial killing and massacres by the security forces (which are said to have included members of Hugo Chávez's Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200). Despite having been elected on a populist and anti-neoliberal platform, describing the IMF as "a neutron bomb that killed people, but left buildings standing" and World Bank economists as "genocide workers in the pay of economic totalitarianism", he swiftly set about selling off state companies, cutting taxes and customs duties and rolling back the involvement of the state in the economy. Particularly unpopular was the elimination of the petrol subsidies in the oil-rich country. This resulted in the doubling of the price of the fuel and a 30% rise in the costs of public transportation, and it was the latter that proved to be the spark that set off the protests. Amongst the hardest hit were those poorest Venezuelans living in the barrios and shanty towns on the 'cerros' (mountains surrounding Caracas), who came out in protest on the morning of February 27, taking over the streets first in Guarenas, a town 30 km (19 miles) east of Caracas, and then swiftly over the whole city as news of the protests spread. The capital's police were quickly overwhelmed and the following day Pérez declared a state of emergency, suspending part of the constitution and imposing martial law. The army set to firing indiscriminately on any gatherings of people, massacring unarmed civilians, with many dying in their homes by stray bullets - the official death toll was 276, though many suggest that up to 3,000 died in the brutal repression that followed. [* literally "the big one in Caracas"] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo venezuelanalysis.com/tag/caracazo www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085 www.counterpunch.org/2007/03/03/the-fourth-world-war-started-in-venezuela/ www.telesurtv.net/english/analysis/Caracazo-Neoliberalism-State-Repression-and-Popular-Revolt-in-Venezuela-20150226-0028.html www.telesurtv.net/english/telesuragenda/Remembering-Venezuelas-Caracazo-20150226-0030.html]

2007 - The European Court of Human Rights upholds the right of the ASLEF (Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen) to choose its members. The Trades Union Congress general secretary Brendan Barber called it an “important and welcome judgment” and that it was “common sense” that unions “should not be forced to accept into membership people opposed to the basic principles of trade unionism.” The person in question was a member of the fascist British National Party. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Society_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Firemen_v_United_Kingdom www.aslef.org.uk/article.php?group_id=3870 www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/articles/european-court-upholds-trade-union-right-to-veto-members]

2016 - Violence breaks out as anti-fascists attack six KKK members arriving for a rally in Anaheim, California. Atleast three people are stabbed when one of the Klan uses a flag pole, topped by an American eagle ornament, as a weapon. Thirteen people are arrested. [www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-klan-rally-in-anaheim-erupts-in-violence-one-man-stabbed-20160227-story.html]

2016 - Anti-fascists clashed with members of the North-West Infidels goup as the latter held a rally outside St George’s Hall in Liverpool city centre. Fireworks, smokebombs and other missles including cobblestone and bottles were thrown, one injuring a police officer. The fascists also left a number of swastikas daubed on the building before being escorted off by the cops. [www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/far-right-group-north-west-10960429] || [lanavadelaasuncion.galeon.com/socidades.htm hispanoteca.eu/Landeskunde-Spanien/Historia/Cronolog%C3%ADa%20movimientos%20obreros%20siglo%20XIX.pdf]
 * = 28 || 1839 - In Spain a Royal Order authorises the formation of associations of mutual aid. It remains a milestone in the history of associationism in Spain, although it only endorsed the constitution in a very restricted way and subject to the inspection of civil authorities, based upon an exclusive model of association, that of mutual aid (...) defining such as "corporations whose institute is mutually assisting in their misfortunes, illnesses, etc., and to bring together the product of their economies in order of appealing to their future needs."

1861 - Antoine Cyvoct (d. 1930), French anarchist, Lyons militant, born. Wrongly accused of being the author of the bombing of the Bellecour Theatre restaurant in Lyon on October 22, 1882. [expand]

1887 - The anarchist burglar and member of La Panthère des Batignolles, Clément Duval, has his death sentence (11 January 1887) commuted to life by the President of the Republic.

1894 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Against a backdrop of noisy parliamentary opposition to the crackdown on Sicily, prime minister Francesco Crispi presents to the chamber his 'evidence' for what he claims is a widespread conspiracy. There are two items: the first, the so-called Trattato internazionale di Bisacquino (International Treaty of Bisacquino), is a 'treaty' allegedly signed by the French Government, the Czar of Russia, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the Vatican, and was supposed to turn the island into a Franco-Russian protectorate, thereby securing a naval base for the Russians to the south-west of Italy. It is named after its true author (rather than the location of its signing), one Inspector Sessi, Director of Public Safety in Bisacquino. The second piece of 'evidence' presented is an alleged proclamation of the "insurrezionale di Petralia Soprana" (insurrection in Petralia Soprana), which supposedly invites Fasci "gli operai, figli dei Vespri ... Quando le campane della Matrice e del Salvatore suoneranno ..." (workers, children of Vespers ... When the bells of the Matrice and the Salvatore [churches] will play ...), and which had been found in the possession of a pasta maker in Petralia. The opposition in parliament ridiculed Crispi's 'evidence' and the call to insurrection eventually turned out to have been written by a deputy clerk of the district court in Petralia and sent to the pasta cook, whose wife he was in love with, in order to get him into trouble. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3 rapiasrdi.altervista.org/risorgimento.htm www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/gramsci.crispi.html digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/44/rivoltesiciliane.htm]

[F] 1903 - __Oxnard Strike__: Traditionally, the Japanese and Mexican labourers, as well as all ethnic groups, had been pitted against each other by the farm owners and employers in order to keep wages artificially low and rendered workers powerless. On February 11, 1903, 500 Japanese and 200 Mexican labourer sought to overcome the barriers of langauge by becoming the charter members of the Japanese-Mexican Labor Association. After a series of meetings they decide to oppose the Western Agricultural Contracting Company on the following matters: 1. They accused the WACC of paying less than they had promised 2. They opposed the subcontracting system because it forced workers to pay double commissions. 3. They called for the freedom to buy goods wherever the desired and avoid the unreasonable prices at the company store. Following a series of further meetings, the JMLA membership decided to remedy these issues by ceasing to work through the WACC, essentially declaring a strike that came at an important time in the sugar beet season, the staple crop of Oxnard Plain agriculture, when the labour-intensive and yield-defining work of thinning the seedlings needed to be carried out over the following few weeks. The JMLA members walked out on February 28* and, by the end of first week in March, the JMLA had recruited more than 1,200 workers, over 90% of the county's beet industry labour force, including most of the WACC's contracted workers, bringing the sugar industry to a standstill. On March 23, 1903, the strike reached its turning point, when a group of white farmers opened fire on a JMLA picket line. One of the Mexican strikers, Luis Vasquez, was shot dead and four other workers, two Mexican and two Japanese, were wounded. The media blamed the JMLA for the incident and the inquest into the death blamed the violence and shooting on the strikers, although witness after witness testified that armed farmers shot into the crowd. A farmer, Charles Arnold, was arrested for Vazquez’s murder but, even though he was obviously guilty, the all-white male jury obviously failed to convict him. The JMLA upped the ante, engaging in more aggressive actions to win the strike. In one action, 50 Mexican strikers wearing masks went to a scab camp, cut down their tents, and forced them to leave the farm. They also managed to win a lot of the scabs being brought from elsewhere over to the strike by the simple tactic of talking to them. In the aftermath of the violence, with the JMLA showing continued success and the beets needing their trimming, the farm owners finally agreed to a deal, which the union made more likely by threatening to take all their workers out of the county if they did not agree. On March 30, they signed the agreement. The wages for thinning were reset to $5 and then up to $6 an acre. The JMLA won union recognition and the right to represent workers on 5000 acres of farms through Ventura County, excluding only one large farm. Japanese and Mexican contractors retook control over the hiring process. The Oxnard Strike of 1903 represented a historical moment in the American labor movement because it was the first time in American history that members of different racial heritages allied together to form a cohesive labour union. Following the initial victory, the secretary of the Mexican branch, J.M. Lizarras, applied for membership in the American Federation of Labor under the name of the Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union of Oxnard. Impressed by the Oxnard victory, the AFL president Samuel Gompers replied that he would indeed let the Mexican sugar workers join the AFL, provided that the Japanese not be associated with the labor union. In a letter to Lizarras, Gompers stated the "union must guarantee that it will under no circumstances accept membership of any Chinese or Japanese." Lizarras responded by stating, “We are going to stand by the men who stood by us in the long, hard fight that ended in a victory over the enemy.” Gompers refused them membership, thereby effectively signing the death warrant the JMLA who, unable to sustain itself without broader affiliation and support, had quietly disappeared by the end of the decade. [* various sources incorrectly give the dates of Feb. 3 – before the JMLA was actuallt formed – and Feb. 11 for the start of the strike.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_strike_of_1903 densho.org/japanese-mexican-americans-agricultural-allies-adversaries/ www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S03 - The 1903 Oxnard Strike.htm www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2017/02/this-day-in-labor-history-february-11-1903 nowandthen.ashp.cuny.edu/2012/02/in-support-of-mexican-american-studies/]

1909 - The earliest observance of International Women’s Day takes place in New York City as an event for women's voting rights organised by the National Women's Committee of the Socialist Party of America in memory of the 1908 strike of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, whose members were protesting poor work conditions. Charlotte Perkins Gilman addresses the crowd in New York City, proclaiming: "It is true that a woman's duty is centered in her home and motherhood but home should mean the whole country and not be confined to three or four rooms of a city or a state."

1916 - The '//Manifeste des Seize//' (Manifesto of the Sixteen) issued by some 15 anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Jean Grave, et al) in support of the allies. This proclamation was published in France in the pages of the daily newspaper La Bataille, March 14. It was reprinted in '//La Libre Fédération//' on the 14th of April, this time accompanied by 100 signatures, including those of many Italians.

1918 [or poss. 1917] - Raúl Carballeira Lacunza (d. 1948), Argentinian anarchist who was active in the Spanish anti-Franco resistance, born. He was one of many libertarian youngsters active in getting illegal anarchist publications distributed, including '//Juventud Libre//', '//Tierra y Libertad//', '//Solidaridad Obrera//' and '//Ruta//' for example, all of which turned up regularly in Madrid and Barcelona. He committed suicide on 26 June 1948 in the Montjuich gardens during an ambush, prefering death to capture. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/carballeira/carballeira.html theanarchistlibrary.org/library/federico-arcos-raul-carballeira struggle.ws/spain/ruta.html]

1919 - __Vaga de La Canadenca / Huelga de La Canadiense / Barcelona General Strike__: Both the '//La Veu de Catalunya//' and '//Diario de Barcelona//' publish the manifesto of the Federación local de Sociedades Obreras de Resistència de Barcelona explaining why the strike began. The '//Manifiesto de la Federación Local de Barcelona//' also reiterates the workers' three demands.

1921 - __Kronstadt Rebellion [Кронштадтское восстание__]: After three years of the privations of War Communism, the Bolsheviks appeared to be winning the war, with the White forces beginning to withdraw and Ukraine now under control following the betrayal and defeat of the Makhnovshchina. Yet there widespread discontent was still on the increase amongst the Russian populace, particularly within the peasantry. The main focus of this was the Communist party's grain requisitioning policy known as Prodrazvyorstka (Продразвёрстка, продовольственная развёрстка) - the forced seizure of large portions of the peasants' grain crop used to feed urban dwellers, which often resulted in the peasants refusing to till their land, and was one of the main factors behind the continued mass outbreaks of peasant uprisings - more than a hundred in February 1921 alone. Workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) had also held a series of strikes that month, sparked by the reduction of bread rations by one third over a ten-day period, and which were followed by the typical brutal Bolshevik repression of strikers in Petrograd. It was against this backdrop that the crews of the battleships Petropavlovsk (Петропавловск) and Sevastopol (Севастополь) held an emergency meeting on February 28, at which they set out a list of 15 demands: 1. Immediate new elections to the Soviets; the present Soviets no longer express the wishes of the workers and peasants. The new elections should be held by secret ballot, and should be preceded by free electoral propaganda for all workers and peasants before the elections. 2. Freedom of speech and of the press for workers and peasants, for the Anarchists, and for the Left Socialist parties. 3. The right of assembly, and freedom for trade union and peasant associations. 4. The organisation, at the latest on 10 March 1921, of a Conference of non-Party workers, soldiers and sailors of Petrograd, Kronstadt and the Petrograd District. 5. The liberation of all political prisoners of the Socialist parties, and of all imprisoned workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors belonging to working class and peasant organisations. 6. The election of a commission to look into the dossiers of all those detained in prisons and concentration camps. 7. The abolition of all political sections in the armed forces; no political party should have privileges for the propagation of its ideas, or receive State subsidies to this end. In place of the political section, various cultural groups should be set up, deriving resources from the State. 8. The immediate abolition of the militia detachments set up between towns and countryside. 9. The equalisation of rations for all workers, except those engaged in dangerous or unhealthy jobs. 10. The abolition of Party combat detachments in all military groups; the abolition of Party guards in factories and enterprises. If guards are required, they should be nominated, taking into account the views of the workers. 11. The granting to the peasants of freedom of action on their own soil, and of the right to own cattle, provided they look after them themselves and do not employ hired labour. 12. We request that all military units and officer trainee groups associate themselves with this resolution. 13. We demand that the Press give proper publicity to this resolution. 14. We demand the institution of mobile workers' control groups. 15. We demand that handicraft production be authorised, provided it does not utilise wage labour. What would come to be known as the Kronstadt Rebellion (Кронштадтское восстание), an event that would once and for all show the world the true face of the Bolshevik party and their contempt for the workers and peasants of Russia, had begun. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кронштадтское_восстание ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Продразвёрстка en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ www.kronstadt.ru/news/1921.htm libcom.org/history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion libcom.org/library/kronstadt-izvestia libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append42.html spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1938/trotsky-protests.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/analysis.htm www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/kronstadt/index.htm www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2011/03/110314_kronshtadt_uprising.shtml www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1921kronst.php www.uzluga.ru/potrd/Книга+подполковника+запаса,+кандидата+исторических+наукd/main.html rusidea.org/?a=25022805 kronvestnik.ru/rubric/history militera.lib.ru/docs/da/kronstadt_idf/index.html]

1921 - In Certaldo (near Florence) ongoing clashes [see: Feb. 27] between fascists and anti-fascists result in a number of injuries and the death of an engineer and socialist Catullo Masin. That same evening local anarchists built barricades to try and prevent an expected fascist raid. One of the anarchists, Ferruccio Scarselli from a well-known militant family, died during an attack by squadristi and police, ripped apart by a hand grenade during the confrontation. A cop, Gavino Pinna, is also killed during the ensuing shoot out. In Spezia an anarchist named Uliviero was also killed by the Guardie Regie (Royal Guards i.e. Interior Ministry police). At the same time in Trieste the main union offices are burned down. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1921&month=02&day=28 www.storiadifirenze.org/27-febbraio-1921-i-fascisti-assassinano-spartaco-lavagnini www.approfondendo.it/marco/marco_spartaco_lavagnini_1921=26_febbraio_2010.htm storiedimenticate.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/27-febbraio-1921-firenze-scontri-con-i-fascisti/ www.marxismo.net/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/storia-e-memoria/febbraio-marzo-1921-la-conquista-fascista-di-firenze]

1921 - Continuing violence in and arround Florence as Fascist gangs attack radical workers.

1931 - Oswald Mosely resigns from the Labour party and forms the New Party along with six of the Labour MPs who signed the 'Mosley Manifesto' (which the 1930 Labour party conference had narrowly rejected) - Mosley and his wife Cynthia, Oliver Baldwin, W. J. Brown, Robert Forgan and John Strachey - although two (Baldwin and Brown) resigned membership after a day and sat in the House of Commons as independent MPs; Strachey resigned in June. Its youth wing, the NUPA, was formed largely to protect New Party speakers and ensure orderly meetings. Consisting of mainly Oxbridge students, they were led by the All-England rugby captain Peter Howard and were nicknamed the Biff Boys by the press, "strapping young men in plus fours" who behaved like Mussolini's Squadristi. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Party_(UK) www.oswaldmosley.net/the-new-party.php www.reading.ac.uk/history/research/newpartyconference.aspx]

1934 - Emma Goldman featured a talk at Broadwood Hotel Auditorium in Philadelphia, organised by the Emma Goldman Committee in the city. The US government had given permission for a lecture tour of the United States on the condition that she spoke only in theatres and on her autobiography '//Living My Life//', and avoided talking about the prevailing political situation. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2802.html]

1934 - Marie Jenney Howe (b. 1870), US Unitarian minister, feminist writer and organiser, who founded the Heterodoxy Club for "women who did things and did them openly" and who was prominent in the National American Woman Suffrage Association and as a birth control advocate, dies. [see:Dec. 26]

[B] 1938 - Klaus Staeck, German lawyer and publisher, best known in Germany for his radical political graphic design work, born. [www.klaus-staeck.de/biografie/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Staeck]

[E] 1957 - Nathalie Ménigon, French union activist and founding member of Action Directe - Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1989 and given conditional release in 2008. In prison she suffered bouts of hemiplegia caused by two strokes. In 2003 she engaged in a campaign of self-harm in protest at prison conditions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Ménigon fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Ménigon]

[C] 1960 - The Union Movement and the newly formed British National Party join forces to attempt to target the launch of the Anti-Apartheid Movement's 'March Month, Boycott Action' rally in Trafalgar Square. Gathering at Charing Cross station, the fasicsts got involved in fights with some of the 10,000 who attended the rally as well members of the YCL selling their papers. [PR] "Nine people were arrested and several policemen injured yesterday during the ugliest political clashes seen in London since the war. They began when Mosleyites tried to intervene at a Trafalgar Square demonstration where 10,000 pledged themselves to boycott South African goods as a protest against apartheid. A mile-long running battle, involving thousands of people, surged from Charing Cross, along the Strand, down Whitehall, and into Victoria Street. Union Movement men headed by Sir Oswald Mosley had gathered in the forecourt of Charing Cross station and they and boycott supporters began shouting at each other. Then members of the Young Communist League, who were selling their official journals, moved in to the attack. Within a few moments about 50 people were exchanging blows. I saw a dozen police officers and four men sprawled on the ground. Two other men were knocked down and kicked by the crowd." ['News Chronicle', 29/02/60]

[D] 1970 - Bomb attack on the Bank of Bilbao and the Spanish State Railways in Paris. [First of May Group]

1972 - __U.K. Miners' Strike__: Miners return to work after the 96.5% vote in favour of accepting the revised Wilberforce inquiry pay recommendations three days earlier. [see: Jan. 9]

[A] 1972 - The trial of Angela Davis begins in San Jose, California.

1972 - Supposed date of the 'execution' of Ingeborg Barz (b. 1948), German secretary and 'disappeared' former first generation Rote Armee Fraktion member, by Andreas Baader. [see: Jul. 1]

[DD] 1972 - __Asama-Sansō (Asama Mountain Lodge) Incident__: After 9 days of the seige, and having used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers during the previous night, Japanese police began their assault on the hunting lodge. The URA members and their hostage were drivien onto the top floor of the building. During the battle, where the 5 used improvised bombs, 2 cops were shot and killed and 15 others wounded (a stray non-participant was also fatally wounded). All five were eventually captured and their hostage freed. Charged with two murders, one attempted murder, and three other counts, four of the Maoists received long sentences and one, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, was sentenced to death. On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Kunio Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Nihon Sekigun members who had stormed the American and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-Sansō_incident en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/連合赤軍 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/共産主義者同盟赤軍派 www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/03/20/films/the-final-days-of-revolutionary-struggle-in-japan/]

1976 - National Front march in Coventry - ANY INFO ANYBODY?

1978 - Roberto Scialabba (b. 1954), Italian Lotta Continua militant and activist at the Via Calpurnio Fiamma social centre, is murdered by fascist gunmen in Rome. February 28 1978 was a date with special meaning for the fascists of Rome, being the third anniversary of the death of Mikis Mantakas, a young militant in the Fronte universitario d'azione nazionale (FUAN), a fascist university student group. It was that date that was chosen by members of the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR), an armed fascist organisation believed to have been behind the 1980 Bologna train station bombing, for an attack to avenge a recent attack on the MSI offices on the Via Acca Larentia where 2 fascists were killed (and a third left dead after clashes with the police). Having decided to target the social centre, the 8 armed fascists turned up unaware that it had been evicted yet again by the police the previous day and was closed. Looking around for a new target, they went in the direction of the nearby Piazza San Giovanni Bosco, a local area frequented by leftists and opened fire randomly on a group of young people sitting on a bench. Cristiano Fioravanti hits Roberto Scialabba in the chest with his first shot but his gun jams but Valerio Fioravanti then fires 2 shots from close range into his head. The rest of the group scatter to safety. NAR claimed responsibility a few hours later. [www.reti-invisibili.net/robertoscialabba/ www.infoaut.org/index.php/blog/storia-di-classe/item/559-28-febbraio-1978-i-nar-uccidono-roberto-scialabba it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Scialabba it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_universitario_d%27azione_nazionale it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The UFW made a counteroffer to the growers' Feb. 21 final offer, with the latter declaring impasse the same day. Many of the growers went on to make unilateral changes after the declaration of impasse. [see: Feb. 21]

2006 - José Gonzaga Herrera (b. 1911), Andalusia labourer and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 23] || Author of '//A los Anarquistas de España y de Cuba//' (1893), '//Socialismo Anarquista. La Ley. La Violencia. El Anarquismo. La Revolución Social//' (1902), '//Reflexiones Sobre el Movimiento Obrero en México//' (1911), '//Reformismo, Dictadura, Federalismo//' (1922), etc.. Partner of the Italian American anarchist-feminist, speaker, writer and labour activist Maria Roda (1877-19??). [www.ephemanar.net/fevrier29.html]
 * = 29 || 1866 - Pedro Esteve (d. 1925), Spanish-born French typographer, anarchist propaganist and militant, born. Active in Barcelona’s famous Arte de Imprimir, he helped co-found Barcelona’s principal anarchist newspaper '//El Productor//' in 1887. Emigrated to the US in 1892, where moved between New York, where he organised seamen, Colorado, where he participated in union forming activities with miners, and Tampa, Florida, where he organised cigar makers. He frequently shared the platform with Emma Goldman and acted as her interpreter. In addition to intermittently editing '//La Questione Sociale//' between 1899 and 1906, Esteve also edited '//El Despertar//' (Paterson, 1892–1895?, 1900), '//El Esclavo//' (Tampa, 1894–1898?), and '//Cultura Obrera//' (New York, 1911–1912, 1921–1925), as well as writing for the likes of '//Mother Earth//', '//Doctrina Anarquista Socialista//', etc..

[D] 1920 - __Biennio Rosso [Red Biennium (1919-20)__]: During a Lega Proletaria (Proletarian League) demonstration and rally, where Erico Malatesta was amongst the speakers, war wounded and veterans (many of whom did not join the fascisti after the war) attack the police, while a group of fascists beat up the Socialist deputy Luigi Repossi. In the Piazza Missori, police call upon the driver of a tram carrying some veterans from the rally to stop. When the tram fails to halt, two cops open fire, killing the conductor and a disabled passenger. Five other passengers are injured. In protest, the Camera del Lavoro (local Syndicalist labour union office) proclaims a national 24-hour strike. [www.workerscontrol.net/theorists/proletarian-power-turin-factory-councils-1919-1920 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero_delle_lancette]

1944 - Félix Fénéon (b. 1861), French art critic, novelist, anarchist and friend of Seurat, Paul Signac, Théo van Rysselberghe, Henri-Edmond Cross, André Gide, et al, dies. [see: Jun. 22]

1956 - Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki / Симон Радовицький; b. 1891), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', legendary Ukrainian-born anarchist freedom fighter who killed police chief Ramon Falcon and his secretary with a bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 14, 1909, dies. [see: Nov. 10]

1956 - Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Wicek' (b. 1888), Polish anarchist, bookstore owner and poet, dies. [see: Feb. 19]

2004 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide is ousted as President following yet another Haitian coup.

2012 - Maruja Lara (Angustias Lara Sanchez; d. 2012), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, miliciana, nurse and activist in the clandestine prisoners support group, Unión de Mujeres Demócratas, dies. [see: Sep. 11] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)