Women+Jul-Aug

[fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Lehtinen links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html]
 * = JULY ||
 * = 1 || 1873 - Sandra Lehtinen (Alexandra Reinholdsson; d. 1954), Finnish servant, seamstress, trades unionist, militant feminist, agitator and organiser in the Suomen Työväenpuolue (Finnish Workers' Party), and later Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, born.

1876 - Susan Keating Glaspell (d. 1948), US radical and feminist playwright, actress, director, novelist, biographer and poet, born.

1888 - [O.S. Jun. 19] Serafim Ivanovna Deryabin (Серафима Ивановна Дерябина; d. 1920), Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik, who escaped from the White Army's notorious 'train of death', born. Member RSDLP (b) since 1904. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дерябина,_Серафима_Ивановна net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/memoir/RusRev/RR7.htm scepsis.net/library/id_1679.html]

[EE] 1909 - [N.S. Jul. 13] In a unique event in the annals of the Russian prison system, thirteen female revolutionaries and political prisoners escape from the Moscow female penitentiary with the assistance of the prison matron, Alexandra Vasilyevna Tarasova (Александра Васильевна Тарасова; 1887-1971), who had brought them clothes (arranged by the mother and sister of Vladimir Mayakovsky). The duty overseer was drugged and two matrons tied up before Tarasova used her keys to open the gate and let them out. Ten of the escapees, including Natalia Sergeyevna Klimova (Наталья Сергеевна Климова) managed to make their way to Paris. The other three were caught the same day. Mayakovsky himself was sentenced to exile for three years in the Narym region under the supervision of the police, but was eventually released as he was a minor. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Побег_из_Московской_женской_каторжной_тюрьмы topos.memo.ru/novinskaya-zhenskaya-tyurma]

[E] 1914 - Orli Wald (d. 1962), member of the German Resistance in Nazi Germany, who was sentenced to 4.5 years hard labour for high treason and later sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she was held in "protective custody" as a danger to the Third Reich, born. She earned the name of the Angel of Auschwitz working as a prisoner functionary in the infirmary at Auschwitz-Birkenau. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orli_Wald]

1915 - Ada Martí (Maria de la Concepció Martí Fuster; d. 1960), Catalan writer, journalist and anarchist intellectual, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/adamarti/adamarti.html www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/2013/09/ada-marti-1915-1960-by-agustin-guillamon/ www.alasbarricadas.org/noticias/node/25710 2014.kaosenlared.net/kaos-tv/63972-ada-martí-1915-1960]

1951 - Anne Feeney, US feminist, IWW member and community activist, folk musician and singer-songwriter or "unionmaid, hellraiser and labour singer" as she herself puts it, born. [www.annefeeney.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Feeney]

2009 - Josefa Martín Luengo aka 'Pepita' (María Josefa Martín Luengo; b. 1944), Spanish libertarian educationalist and anarcha-feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 19] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Nella_Giacomelli www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0207.html www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nella-giacomelli_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Excerpt-from-I-Belong-Only-to-Myself.pdf www.24emilia.com/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Nella+Giacomelli&idSezione=66689]
 * = 2 || 1873 - Nella Giacomelli (d. 1949), Italian anarchist and propagandist, co-founder with Ettore Molinari of '//Il Grido della Folla//' (The Cry of the Crowd) in 1902 and of '//La Protesta Umana//' in 1906, and in the post-war period a contributor to Errico Malatesta's anarchist daily '//Umanita Nova//', born. [expand]

[E] 1892 - Luz Corral (María Luz Corral de Villa; d. 1981), Pancho Villa's forbearing first wife, who brought up a number of the other children of the polyamorous revolutionary (some estimates claim that he had up to 75 'wives'), their own daughter dying very young, born. They were married on May 29, 1911, despite her widowed mother's objections and would continue to live in their house in Chihuahua, which she turned into a museum dedicated to Villa. [www.truewestmagazine.com/senora-dona-maria-luz-corral-de-villa/ elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2008/08/villas-widow-se.html www.elagora.com.mx/Se-casa-Luz-Corral-con,14782.htm parejas.about.com/od/Parejasfamosas/a/Las-Esposas-De-Pancho-Villa.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_the_Mexican_Revolution en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_the_Mexican_Revolution]

1948 - Ingeborg Barz, German secretary and 'disappeared' former first generation Rote Armee Fraktion member, born. Co-founder of the Schwarzen Hilfe (Black Aid) prisoner support group in 1971 and supporter of Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement), she was recruited to the RAF along with her partner Wolfgang Grundmann in autumn 1971. In December 1971, she was involved in a raid on the Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank in Kaiserlautern with Klaus Jünschke and Grundmann during which a cop was shot dead. In a telephone call to her mother on February 21 the following year she indivtaed that she wanted to quit the group and return home. She was never seen alive again. Rumours (and the testimony of former RAF member Gerhard Mueller) had it that Baader had killed her shortly before his arrest in 1972, fearing that she might betray the group, and in July 1973 a female skeleton obody was found in the Höhenkirchener Forst south of Munich but this has never been definitively identified as that of Barz. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg_Barz www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/ingeborg-barz/ www.raf.almanet.dk/Barz_Ingeborg1.html] ||
 * = 3 || 1843 - [N.S. Jul. 15] Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna (Anna Teofilovna Pustovoytova [Анна Трофимовна Пустовойтова]; d. 1881), Polish nationalist and revolutionary, she actively participated in the January Uprising (Powstanie Styczniowe)[January 22, 1863 - October 1864] against the Russian Empire, for which she was arrested; and, whilst in self-imposed exile, took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune as a military nurse and, in the latter, fighting on the barricades, born. [see: Jul. 15]

[E] 1860 - Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Charlotte Anna Perkins; d. 1935), US utopian feminist, socialist, prolific author (novels, short stories, poetry and non-fiction), publisher and lecturer for social reform, born. Amongst her best known works are the important feminist book 'Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution' (1898); her utopian novel 'Herland' (1915) ,about a community of women who reproduce via parthenogenesis; and the semi-autobiographical short story 'The Yellow Wallpaper' (1892), which she wrote after a severe bout of postpartum psychosis. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/ www.charlotteperkinsgilman.com spartacus-educational.com/USAperkinsC.htm]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: The trial of Kitty Marion and Betty Giveen for the arson of the grandstand at Hurst Park racecourses held at the Surrey Assizes at Guildford. Both are found guilty, and each sentenced to three years' penal servitude. Both also went on hunger strike and were released on medical grounds under the Cat & Mouse Act. Both women subsequently escaped police observation whilst on temporary release and warrants for their arrest were issue. The outbreak of WWI coincided with one of Marion's later hospital stays, and the British government permitted the German immigrant Marion to move to the United States instead of returning to prison. [womanandhersphere.com/2013/06/07/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-emily-wilding-davison-and-hurst-park/ viceandvirtueblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/kitty-marion-edwardian-englands-most-dangerous-woman/ spartacus-educational.com/WmarionK.htm spartacus-educational.com/Warson.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Marion womanandhersphere.com/2014/11/06/suffrage-stories-kitty-marion-arson-a-route-taken-and-a-touch-of-solipsism/ www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/books/molesey/tm/tm_19.htm] || Becoming involved with the Futurists, she begins a brief but intense relationship with Carlo Carrà, influincing his adherence to anarchism and results in Alberto Ciampi's book '//Leda Rafanelli, Carlo Carrà: un Romanzo, Arte e Politica in un Incontro//' (Leda Rafanelli, Carlo Carrà: a novel, art and politics in a meeting; 2005). A longer-term and more fruitful relationship with Giuseppe Monnanni followed and with whom she started the magazines '//La Rivolta//' (The Revolt; 1910) and '//La Libertà//' (Freedom; 1913-14), and later still the anarcho-individualsit arts and literature magazine '//Vir//' and also '//La Sciarpa Nera//' (The Black Scarf). Other activities included joining the editorial board of '//La Protesta Umana//' (1906-09 ) with the anarchists Ettore Molinari and Nella Giacomelli, and collaborating on various libertarian publications such as Pietro Gori and Luigi Fabbri's '//Il Pensiero//' (The Thought), '//Il Libertario//' (The Libertarian), '//Il Grido della Folla//' (The Cry of the crowd), '//Volontà'// (Will), '//La Blouse//' (1906-10), '//La Donna Libertaria//' (1912-13), etc. In 1910, Leda also founded the Società Editrice Sociale, perhaps the most important Italian libertarian publisher. Between 1913 and 1914 Mussolini, then a socialist participant in the Settimana Rossa fell in love with and unsuccessfully pursued her, a period that she covered in her book '//Una Donna e Mussolini: la Corrispondenza Amorosa//' (1975). The rise of Fascism made publishing difficult and the Società Editrice Social was closed by the authorities in 1923, along with the magazine '//Pagine Libertarie//'. Its replacement, the Casa Editrice Monann, was itself closed down by the fascist regime in 1933. Forced by economic hardship, she became a fortune teller and write popular novels under a host of pen names, all on oriental themes, much of it biographical e.g. '//Nada//', '//La Signora Mia Nonna//' (The Lady My Grandmother) and '//Le Memorie di una Chiromante//' (The Memoirs of a Fortune Teller). Towards the end of her life, Leda taught Arabic and collaborated on '//Umanità Nova//'. Her written works include popular novels and short stories such as '//Sogno d'Amore//' (Dreams of Love; 1905), '//Bozzetti Sociali//' (Social Sketches; 1910), and '//L'Oasi//' (1926),written under a pseudonym about fascist repression in Libya; as well as her political writings which include: '//Valide Braccia//' (1907) a pamphlet against the construction of new prisons, '//Seme Nuovo//' (New Seed; 1908), '//Verso la Siberia, Scene della Rivoluzione Russa//' (Towards Siberia, Scenes of the Russian Revolution; 1908), '//L'Eroe della Folla//' (The Hero of the Crowd; 1910), and '//Donne e Femmine//' (Women and Girls; 1922). [ita.anarchopedia.org/Leda_Rafanelli www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0407.html www.socialismolibertario.it/leda_rafanelli.htm www.sufi.it/islam/nisa/Leda.htm]
 * = 4 || [BB] 1880 - Leda Rafanelli (d. 1971), Italian anarchist, feminist, anti-militarist, writer, artist and member of the Futurists, who was known as the 'Gypsy anarchist', born. At a young age she had one of her first poems published in the PSI newspaper, also moving with her family to Alexandria where she came into contact with the Baracca Rossa anarchist group and Sufism. Initially an individualist, she gradually moved towards libertarian socialism and, upon her return to Italy (with husband Ugo Polli), formed a friendship with Pietro Gori and declared her pacifism by coming out against the Manifesto of the Sixteen. Her admiration for Armando Borghi led to his asking her to write the forward to his book '//Il Nostro e l'Altrui Andividualismo//' (Our and Others' Individualism; 1907). Leda and Ugo founded the publishing house Casa Editrice Rafanelli-Polli but their relationship soon ends.

[B] 1886 [O.S. Jun. 22] - Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova (d. 1918), Russian Cubo-Futurist and Suprematist artist, painter, graphic artist, illustrator, designer, art theorist and poet, born. In 1911 she joined and became one of the most active members of Soyuz Molodyozhi (Union of the Youth). She was also close to the Futurist poets Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh, her future husband. She later joined Malevich's avant-garde artists group Supremus in 1916 and was involved with the weekly anarchist newspaper '//Anarkhiia//'. She published a number of polemical articles in the paper's arts and literature section, '//Tvorchestvo//' (Creativity or Creative Work), including '//Art - only in Independence and Freedom!//' and '//Suprematism and the Critics//'. On April 2, 1918, '//Anarkhiia//' also published a salute to Rodchenko, Olga Rozanova, Udaltsova and others among the avant-garde: "With pride we look upon your creative rebellion". Rozanova died of diphtheria in 1918. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Rozanova monoskop.org/Olga_Rozanova www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/avant-garde/suprematist/supremus/olga-rozanova]

1889 - Elena Melli (d. 1946), Italian anarchist militant, who was a companion of Errico Malatesta during the last years of his life, born. [bfscollezionidigitali.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/1521# dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/lifeofmalatesta.html] sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/hildegart-rodriguez-carballeira-a-prodigy-a-champion-the-tragedy/]

[E] 1910 - Renée Losq (Renée Baudic; d. 2003), French communist and anti-fascist member of the Résistance, born. She was involved in the Procès des 42 trial of members of the Résistance in Nantes, distributing anti-Nazi propaganda (posters and illegal leaflets). She also ran a FTP safehouse. On September 9, 1942, she participated in the liberation of Raymond Hervé, an official of the Nantes resistance being questioned at the Nantes Law Courts. She goes into hiding with two of her children. Her husband Jean Losq was arrested on September 27 and Renée the following day. Jean Losq was condemned to death and shot on February 13, 1943. Renée was deported via Aix-La-Chapelle to Prünn, Breslau and the concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Mauthausen. Released on April 23, 1945, via the Red Cross, she was 35 years old and weighed just 32kg. [www.resistance-44.fr/Renee-Losq www.sainte-luce-loire.com/renee-et-jean-losq-hommage-aux-heros-de-lombre.html?directory=231 www.resistance-44.fr/?Nantes-1943]

1914 - The Lexington Avenue bomb incident takes place in the apartment of Louise Berger in New York City. A Latvian anarchist, Berger was an editor of Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth News//' and her apartment was being used by fellow members of the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross Carl Hanson and Charles Berg, together with IWW member Arthur Caron to assemble the bomb that prematurely exploded. Their plan to bomb Kykuit, John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s massive mansion in Tarrytown, NY, in retaliation for the 1914 Ludlow Massacre in Colorado and police violent suppression of the ensuing protests outside Rockefeller's mansion, Rockefeller being the main owner of the Ludlow mine. Berg, Berger and Hanson, together with Marie Chavez, who had not been involved in the plot but had merely been renting a room in the apartment at the time, were killed. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Berger www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=120081968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre]

1932 - Rose Lilian Witcop Aldred (Rachel Vitkopski; b. 1890), Ukrainian-British Jewish anarchist, journalist and pioneer of birth control and sex education, who was sister of Milly Witkop and partner of Guy Aldred, dies from gangrenous appendicitis. [see: Apr. 9 / 23]

1976 - Brigitte Kuhlmann (b. 1947), founding member of the West German left-wing militant group Revolutionäre Zellen (Revolutionary Cells), is killed by the Israel Defense Forces in Entebbe, Uganda, following the Air France 139 hijacking. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Kuhlmann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Kuhlmann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/revolutionary-cells/]

2000 - Chiquet Mawet (Michelle Beaujean; b. 1937), Belgian playwright, storyteller, poet, polemicist, social activist and professor of ethics, who was a regular contributor to the Belgian anarchist monthly '//Alternative Libertaire//', dies during the night of July 4-5. [see: Jan. 23] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin spartacus-educational.com/GERzetkin.htm www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article576 www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/clara-zetkin www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/]
 * = 5 || [E] 1857 - Clara Zetkin (Clara Josephine Eissner; d. 1933), German Marxist theorist, communist activist, and advocate for women's rights, who in 1889 first proposed an International Women's Day to be celebrated on the same day across the world, born.

[A] 1888 - The London Match Girls' Strike begins in East London in support of three workers unfairly sacked for exposing the appalling working conditions there. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 spartacus-educational.com/TUmatchgirls.htm www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/november-2015-print-of-the-match-girls-during-their-strike-1888/ anglais.u-paris10.fr/spip.php?article84 www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/london/article_1.shtml]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: A bomb explodes during the night [Jul. 5-6] in a passageway beneath Liverpool Cotton Exchange.

[EE] 1914 - 6,000 people, the majority women, take to the streets of Paris in the first women's suffrage protest in French history. The event, organised by Séverine (Caroline Rémy de Guebhard), came in the wake of a poll of women carried out on April 26, 1914, by the Ligue du Droit des Femmes section of the Association de Etudiantes on behalf of 'Le Journal', which polled 505 972 votes in favour of "I want to vote" and just 114 voting "no". Amongst those particiapting are the stage actress, journalist, and a leading suffragette Marguerite Durand, Caroline Kauffmann, general secretary of the socialist-feminist organisation, Solidarité des femmes (Women's Solidarity), the radical femiinist and misandrist Arria Ly, Maria Vérone, president of the Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes, Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberge, president of the Union Française pour le Suffrage des Femmes, Lydie Martial, president of the Société pour l'amélioration du sort de la femme, and Pauline Rebour, head of the suffrage section of the Conseil National des Femmes Franchises. Assembling on the terrace of the Orangerie at Tuileries, they marched via the quai des Tuileries, the Pont-Royal, and the quais Voltaire and Malaquais to the Institut de France, where they laid flowers at the statue of the Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94), philosopher and mathematician, who was chosen because of his historical prominence as an advocate of women’s rights during the French Revolution. Séverine, Maria Vérone, Pauline Rebour, Marguerite Durand and the socialist politician Marcel Sembat gave speeches. However, the imminent declaration of war put an end to the momentum of the suffrage movement, which would not [www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/societe/2014/07/08/26006-20140708ARTFIG00197-il-y-a-cent-ans-les-parisiens-decouvrent-les-bacs-a-sable.php www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/centenaire-14-18/2014/08/29/26002-20140829ARTFIG00073-les-femmes-ont-gagne-le-droit-de-voter-1917.php rebelinablackdress.wordpress.com/21-plundering-politics-and-robbing-banks/ caminare.free.fr/1914a1926.htm cartoliste.ficedl.info/mot335.html]

1927 - Lesbia Harford (Lesbia Venner Keogh; b. 1891), Australian poet, novelist, free love advocate, member of the I.W.W. and state vice-president of the Federated Clothing and Allied Trades Union, dies of lung and heart failure, exacerbated no doubt by the tuberculosis that she had suffered from for many years. She was aged just 36 years old. [see: Apr. 9]

1942 - Germaine Berton (b. 1902), French trade union militant and anarchist, dies from a large overdose of Véronal. [see: Jun. 7] [NB: The date is often given as July 4 as the overdose was taken during the night of July 4-5] || Through Rivera, Karlo became an active communist, in 1937 befriending Trotsky who lived initially with Rivera and then at Kahlo's home (he and Karlo had an affair). The bisexual Kahlo had affairs with both men and women, including Isamu Noguchi and Josephine Baker; Rivera knew of and tolerated her relationships with women, but her relationships with men made him jealous. For her part, Kahlo was furious when she learned that Rivera had an affair with her younger sister, Cristina. The couple divorced in November 1939, but remarried in December 1940. Their second marriage was as troubled as the first. At the invitation of André Breton, she went to France during 1939 and was featured at an exhibition of her paintings in Paris. And back in Mexico she befriended many Surrealist who had left Europe, fleeing from the Nazi occupation, included Leonora Carrington, Wolfgang Paalen, Alice Rahon, Luis Buñuel, Frida Kahlo, Kati Horna, Benjamin Peret, Remei Varo and the young Octavio Paz. [www.fridakahlo.org/frida-kahlo-biography.jsp www.fridakahlo.org/frida-kahlo-chronology.jsp www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=9436]
 * = 6 || [C/E] 1907 - Frida Kahlo de Rivera (born Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón; d. 1954), painter, communist, and one of Mexico's greatest artists, born. Around the age of 6, she contracted polio, which caused her to be bedridden for nine months. While she did recover from the illness, she limped when she walked because the disease had damaged her right leg and foot. Frida Kahlo began painting after she was severely injured, impaled on a steel handrail and suffering fractures to her spine and pelvis, in a bus accident in September 1925. Inspired by her marriage to Diego Rivera, her miscarriages, and her numerous operations, Kahlo's works are often characterised by their suggestions of pain: "I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality."

1981 - Luz Corral (María Luz Corral de Villa; b. 1892), Pancho Villa's forebearing first wife, who brought up a number of the other children of the polyamourous revolutionary, their own daughter dying very young, dies of heart and respiratory failure. [see: Jul. 2] || Figner was arrested in Kharkov on February 10, 1883, betrayed by Sergey Degayev, a police informer who had infiltrated her circle, and a was sentenced to death a year later during the Trial of the Fourteen. The sentence was commuted to perpetual penal servitude in Siberia. Having spent the 20 months before her trial in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, she was imprisoned for 20 years at Schlüsselburg and in 1904 exiled to various parts of Siberia. Allowed to emigrate in 1906, she campaign around Europe for political prisoners in Russia. In 1915 she returned to Russia but never accepted the legitimacy of the Bolshevik Government, and was constantly under Secret Police surveillance. After the 1917 Revolution she worked with the Society of the Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Обществo бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев) and was Chair of the committee in 1921 to honour Kropotkin upon his death. The committee set up a museum in Kropotkin's birthplace (Kropotkingasse No. 26), of which Vera Figner was director until she was banished by the Communists on Feb. 3, 1930, aged 78, for protesting against the maltreatment of women' in communist prisons. Her written works include a single book of poetry '//Stikhotvoreniia//' (Poems; 1906) and her memoirs '//Nacht über Rußland//' (Night over Russia; 1922) and '//Memoirs of a Revolutionist//' (Book I: '//A Task Fulfilled//' & Book II: '//How the Clock of Life Stopped//'; 1927). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фигнер,_Вера_Николаевна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Figner spartacus-educational.com/RUSfigner.htm www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/Gender%20Discrimination%20X.html www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_f/figner_vn.php www.famhist.ru/famhist/ulianova_ap/000c3160.htm narovol.narod.ru/f1.htm dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/307646 ita.anarchopedia.org/Vera_Figner www.ephemanar.net/juin15.html#15 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Nikolaevna_Figner www.fsmitha.com/h3/figner.htm]
 * = 7 || [E] 1852 - [O.S. Jun. 25] Vera Nikolayevna Figner (Ве́ра Никола́евна Фи́гнер; d. 1942), Russian revolutionary, Bakuninist socialist, poet and memoirist, who plotted to blow up the Tsar and later directed the Kropotkin Museum, born. She first became involved in revolutionary politics as a student in Zurich (1872-75), discovering the ideas of Bakunin and joining the anti-authoritarian AIT. Returning to Russia, she worked as a nurse/paramedic amongst the peasantry and became involved with firstly the Narodniks, then Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and, in 1879 following the split of Zemlya i Volya, she became a member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (The Will of the People), conducting propaganda activities among intelligentsia, students and military in St.Petersburg, Kronstadt and southern parts of Russia. He involvement in the paramilitary wing of Narodnaya Volya included the planning the failed Feb. 5, 1880, assassination attempt on Alexander II in Odessa and the successful assassination attempt on the tsar on March 13, 1881.

1867 - Charlotte Anita Whitney (d. 1955), US women's rights activist, political activist, pacifist, socialist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organiser in California, born. She is best remembered as the defendant in a landmark 1920 California criminal syndicalism trial, Whitney v. California, and was prominent in the founding and early activities of the Communist Party in the United States. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Anita_Whitney]

1878 - [O.S. Jun. 26] Anna Krasteva Maymunkova [Ана Кръстева Маймункова] aka Anna May [Ана Май] (d.1925), Bulgarian teacher, journalist and prominent communist activist and the Bulgarian female revolutionary movement, born. A member of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party (narrow socialists) [Българската работническа социалдемократическа партия (тесни социалисти)], which go on to rename itself the Bulgarian Communist Party (narrow socialists) [Българска комунистическа партия (тесни социалисти)] in 1919. She was one of the founders of the Teachers' Social organisation (Учителската социалдемократическа организация) in 1906 and participated in the publication of '//Teachers Spark//' (Учителска искра) and '//Workers Journal//' (Работнически вестник), as well as being editor of '//Equality//' (Равенство) and '//Worker//' (Работничка). She lead a delegation of Bulgarian women to the Second International Conference on Women Communists in Moscow in June 1921, where the Bulgarians proposed the establishing of a common day for celebrating women's struggle for equality, suggesting March 8 as the date. She was brutally murdered on May 16, 1925 in the Police Directorate in Sofia during the crackdown on the communist oppostion in the wake of the April 16 bombing the Sveta Nedelya church. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ана_Маймункова bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Априлски_събития_в_България_(1925) www.septemvri23.com/Uchastieto_na_bg_jeni_v_rev_dvijenie_1891-1944.htm]

1903 - IWW co-founder Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones begins leading the 'March of the Mill Children' the 100 miles from Philadelphia to President Theodore Roosevelt's Long Island summer home in Oyster Bay, New York, to publicise the harsh conditions of child labour and to demand a 55-hour work week.

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragette Edith Rigby firebombs Lord Leverhulme's bungalow in Lancashire, UK.

1916 - [O.S. Jun. 24] In the Russian town of Taganrog (Таганрог) in the Don region, a crowd of over one thousand people, identified as mainly soldatki (soldiers' wives), commandeered stores of sugar held by local merchants and distributed them among themselves. Then, when the supply ran out, they set about breaking into shops. The crowd dispersed only after troops were called in and ordered to fire. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1937 - Marguerite Aspès (b. 1901), French anarchist militant and revolutionary syndicalist, commits suicide upon hearing of her lover Leopold's death. [see: Jan. 26]

1973 - Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) member Gabi Kröcher-Tiedemann is arrested after a shootout in a Buchen carpark after a policeman tries to arrest her for stealing number plates. She was sentenced on December 12, 1973 to 8 years imprisonment for the attempted murder. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Kröcher-Tiedemann www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gabriele-krocher-tiedemann/]

1992 - Mika Feldman de Etchebéhère (Micaela Feldman; b. 1902), Argentinian Marxist and anarchist activist, who fought with the P.O.U.M. in Spain, dies. [see: Mar. 14] || [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Варенцова,_Ольга_Афанасьевна]
 * = 8 || 1862 - [O.S. Jun. 26] Olga Afanasevna Varentsova [Ольга Афанасьевна Варенцова], aka 'Maria Ivanovna' [Мария Ивановна] & 'Ekaterina Nikolaevna' [Екатерина Николаевна] (d. 1950), Russian historian, revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), and later a Bolshevik and a Soviet party and state leader, born. In the 1880’s she belonged to Narodnik (Populist) circles formed by high school students and became an active supporter of the RSDLP's underground newspaper 'Iskra' in 1900. In 1901, she joined the Northern Workers’ Union (Северный рабочий союз), the Northern Committee of the RSDLP, becoming a member of its Central Committee and secretary in chief. During this same period she was also a member of the Yaroslavl committee of the RSDLP.

[E] 1867 - Käthe Kollwitz (d. 1945), German Expressionist painter, printmaker, sculptor, socialist and pacifist, who was one of the most important women artists of her period and also artists of the working classes in Europe, born. Trained initially as a painter, but by 1890 turned to printmaking as means for social criticism, especially on proletarian and anti-war issues. A non-aligned socialist, she helped form a Workers' and Artist Council in Berlin during the 1918 Revolution, supporting Rosa Luxemburg January 1919 position against an armed uprising. Kollwitz's drawing of Karl Liebknecht in his coffin, '//Memorial for Karl Liebknecht//' (1919), was condemned by the German Communist Party (KPD) because it had not been produced by a member of the party. "I have been through a revolution, and I am convinced that I am no revolutionist. My childhood dream of dying on the barricades will hardly be fulfilled, because I should hardly mount a barricade now that I know what they are like in reality. And so I know now what an illusion I lived in for so many years. I thought I was a revolutionary and was only an evolutionary. Yes, sometimes I do not know whether I am a socialist at all, whether I am not rather a democrat instead." [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Kollwitz de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Kollwitz www.kaethe-kollwitz.de/biographie-en.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTkollwitz.htm www.moma.org/collection_ge/artist.php?artist_id=3201]

1888 - Deolinda Lopes Vieira [also known as Deolinda Quartim] (d. 1993), Portuguese educator, feminist, Mason, anarchist militant and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deolinda_Lopes_Vieira www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0806.html www.cdocfeminista.org/index.php/pt/biografias-de-feministas/47-deolinda-lopes-vieira]

1898 - May (Marie-Jeanne) Picqueray (d. 1983), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, feminist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre03.html#3 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0807.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Picqueray militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8368]

1928 - Crystal Catherine Eastman (b. 1881), US lawyer, antimilitarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist, best remembered as a leader in the fight for women's suffrage, dies of nephritis. [see: Jun. 25]

1982 - Virginia Hall (b. 1906), American spy with the British Special Operations Executive during WWII and who worked as a radio operator and network manager, supporting the French Résistance in the Lyon and Haute-Loire regions, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

2008 - Sharon Batey, 41, collapses and dies in her cell at Bradford Custody Office. She had been arrested arrested for being drunk in a public place in charge of a child under seven years the day before and since then had been examined by two doctors and two nurses and at one stage sent to hospital. ||
 * = 9 || 1917 - Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are charged breaking conscription law, are sentenced today to serve two years in prison, to pay fines of $10,000 each, and quite likely deported to Russia at the expiration of their prison terms. US Marshal McCarthy states: "This marks the beginning of the end of Anarchism in New York."

[E] 1923 - Soviet GPU secret police raid Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin's apartment and they are again [see: Nov. 1] placed under arrest, charged with propagating anarchist ideas, in violation of Art. 60-63 of the Soviet Criminal Code. Sequestered from their fellow prisoners, Fleshin and Steimer again declared a hunger strike. Protests to Leon Trotsky by foreign anarcho-syndicalist delegates, including Emma Goldman, who wrote a personal letter of protest to a congress of the Red International of Trade Unions (Profintern) eventually brought about their release. This time, however, they were notified of their impending expulsion from the country, which was carried out on September 27, deported on board a ship bound for Germany. In a 1923 letter to a friend, Steimer had declared: "No, I am NOT happy to be out of Russia. I would rather be there helping the workers combat the tyrannical deeds of the hypocritical Communists." [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-avrich-mollie-steimer forgottenanarchism.wordpress.com/category/mollie-steimer/ www.waste.org/~roadrunner/ScarletLetterArchives/BlackRose/BR7/AnAnarchistLife.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollie_Steimer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senya_Fleshin spartacus-educational.com/USAsteimer.htm]

1953 - Annie Kenney (b. 1879), English cotton mill worker, Independent Labour Party member and suffragette, who became a leading figure in the Women's Social and Political Union, and was the only working class woman to become part of the senior hierarchy of the WSPU, dies. [see: Sep. 13]

1977 - Alice Paul (b. 1885), US suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist, and the main leader and strategist of the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote, dies three years after having suffered a debilitating stroke. [see: Jan. 11] || At the fall of the Commune, she was arrested and after three mock executions, was finally interned at Camp Satory. On October 13, 1871, a court martial sentenced her to deportation, which was later commuted to 10 years in prison, but "good behavior" led to her being released on September 26, 1878. She remained a life-long friend of Michel's, despite a sometimes stormy relationship, and became publisher (including works of Michel) and bookseller in Montmartre with her husband François Excoffon.
 * = 10 || [E] 1849 - B é atrix Excoffon (Julia B é atrice Oeuvrie; d. unknown), French Communard and militant anti-clericist, born. At the outbreak of the Paris Commune, she campaigned in the Comité de Vigilance des Femmes in the Montmartre quarter and was Vice President of the anti-clerical Club de la Boule Noire. On April 1, 1871, she found herself at the head of a women's demonstration whose target was to march on Versailles but, to prevent bloodshed, she convinced the crowd that was better to rescue the injured. Like her friend Louise Michel, she was an ambulance nurse, first in the fort of Issy and then at the barricade in the Place Blanche.

1872 - Belén de Sárraga Hernández (d. 1950), Spanish teacher, doctor, journalist, Freemason [member of the Orden Masónica Mixta El Derecho Humano, the only Spanish lodge to admit women], freethinker, Spiritist, anti-clerical feminist and anarchist propagandist, who toured and agitated extensively across Latin America, was involved in the Mexican Revolution and the establsihment of the Second Republic in Spain before going into exile in Mexico following Franco's victory, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belén_de_Sárraga www.estelnegre.org/documents/sarraga/sarraga.html polis.revues.org/7221?lang=en www.losandes.com.ar/article/belen-de-sarraga-la-obra-del-feminismo-en-mendoza madammayo.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/belen-de-sarraga-c-1872-1950.html historiamujeres.es/vidas/sarraga.html mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2010/06/siglo-xix-belen-de-sarraga.html virginia-vidal.com/publicados/ensayos/article_599.shtml]

1901 - Suzanne Masson (d. 1943), French industrial designer, trade unionist and communist activist, born. She joined the CGT in 1926, becoming a union official before joining the Communist Party in February 1934. After the banning of the Communist Party in September 1939, Suzanne Masson continued her communist activities in the Résistance (Organisation Spéciale/Front national de lutte pour l'indépendance de la France), distributing clandestine leaflets in occupied Paris, etc.. She was arrest on February 5, 1942 by the Vichy police, who found a revolver and leaflets in her home. Imprisoned in La Roquette and then La Santé, where she was tortured and held in solitary, where her health deteriorated. On May 18 1942, she was sent to Germany in a convoy that was enroute to Karlsruhe for a month. Transferred to Anrath in the Ruhr, she refused Nacht und Nebel forced labour and was transfered to Lübeck. Arriving on June 13, where she was tried by a court martial for possession of weapons, calling for resistance against the German occupiers and clandestine links with the PCF. She received two death sentences. On October 28 she was transferred to Hamburg, where on November 1, 1943, she was guillotined. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Masson_(résistante) maitron-fusilles-40-44.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article120949 familles-de-fusilles.com/suzanne-masson/ www.memoresist.org/resistant/suzanne-masson/ www.crpsmasson.org/le-centre/historique/]

1914 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragette Rhoda Fleming leaps on the footboard of the king and queen's limousine at Perth and tries to break its windows. Police saved her from an angry crowd who threatened her with a 'rough handling'. [suffragettes.nls.uk/sources/source-15]

1916 - [O.S. Jun. 27] A group of fifty to sixty soldatki in the Russian village of Morshansk (Морша́нск), Samara province, having received their government stipends, went to the dry goods shop of a local merchant and demanded that he sell them fabric at prewar prices. While he argued with them, the size of the crowd grew and the women became increasingly insistent. Eventually, one of the soldatki leaped up onto his counter and began to throw bolts of fabric onto the floor; others followed her example. The women carted off the goods and then proceeded to another shop where they repeated their actions. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1919 - A meeting to protest the three year sentence imposed on the anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi for an anti-war speech at an IWW union Hall in Portland, Oregan on June 27, 1918, is held at the premises of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA Hall) in Seattle, Washington. Marie Equi and the militant socialist Kate Sadler Greenhalgh are the speakers. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1007.html]

1980 - 16-year-old Gail Kinchin, who had been taken hostage by David Keith Pagett, the abusive, violent and controlling father of her unborn child, is shot three times by police as they try to end the siege. She died of her wounds four weeks later. ||
 * = 11 || 1907 - [N.S. Jul. 24] Fruma Morduhovna Frumkina (Фрума Мордуховна Фрумкина; b. 1873), Russian midwife and middle-class member of the Minsk Bund, who later joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров), is hung during the night in Moscow's Butyrka prison. [see: Jul. 24]

1951 - Yvonne Estassy (Yvonne Rhimboult; b. 1869), French teacher, journalist, poet and anarchist-individualist propagandist, dies. [see: Jul. 24]

1992 - Deng Yingchao [邓颖超] (Deng Wenshu [鄧文淑]; b. 1904), Chinese Communist revolutionary, who was a team leader in the Wusi Yundong (五四運動 / May Fourth Movement) anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement, and wife of Zhou Enlai (周恩来), dies. [see: Feb. 4]

[E] 1998 - Maria Soledad Rosas aka 'Sole' (b. 1974), Argentinian anarchist militant and member of the Italian squatter movement, who had been arrested in connection with the NO TAV campaign and faced absurd charges of "terrorist association" (as well as the State trying to link her and her comrades, Edoardo Massari aka 'Baleno' and Silvano Pelissero, with the fascist Grey Wolves), commits suicide, hanging herself this evening in Benevagienna, Italy, where she is living under house arrest in the Sotto i Ponti community, choosing the same weekday and time to die as her partner and comrade Eduardo had chosen for his self-inflicted death whilst in Turin's Vallette prison. Her body is taken to the hospital of Mondovì, as required by a magistrate, very upset because of this unexpected interruption of his fishing day. [see: May 23]

2002 - Irene Bernard (Irene Altpeter; b. 1908), German socialist and anti-fascist fighter in the French Résistance, dies. [see: May 2] || [NB Some sources give the year as 1781.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Azurduy_de_Padilla es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Azurduy es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_de_Chuquisaca www.heroinas.net/2013/07/juana-azurduy.html]
 * = 12 || [E] 1780 - Juana Azurduy de Padilla (Juana Azurduy Bermudez; d. 1862), South American Mestizo guerrilla leader, who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence for emancipation the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, born. She fought a guerrilla style war along side her husband, Manuel Ascencio Padilla, against the Spanish, beginning in 1809 and the Revolución de Chuquisaca, now known as the First Cry of Liberty in America, up to 1825, when she was awarded a pension by Simón Bolívar. Along the way, she lost her husband during the Battle of La Laguna and assumed the command of the 6,000 or so guerrillas who formed the then called Republiqueta of La Laguna. Later, she was appointed to the position of commander of patriotic Northern Army of the Revolutionary Government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. With this army she was able to establish an insurrection zone, until the Spanish forces withdrew from the area.

[B] 1874 - Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (born Else Hildegard Plötz; d. 1927), German self-proclaimed anarchist, walking Dadaist art work, artist model and poet, born. Her poetry was published posthumously in 2011 in '//Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven//'. [www.kanadazentrum.uni-saarland.de/projects/fpgrove/BElsa.htm www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/collections/EvFL-class/ girrlsoundblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/early-sound-girrls.html jacket2.org/search/apachesolr_search/Freytag-Loringhoven]

1935 - Xu Zihua (徐自华; b. 1873), Chinese poet, feminist and revolutionary, who was a close friend of Qiu Jin (秋瑾), with whom she started the magazine '//Chinese Women's News//' (中國女報館; 1907), dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zihua zh.wikipedia.org/zh/徐自華 baike.baidu.com/view/1083517.htm www.chinananxun.com/Culture/Detail/23]

2012 - An unknown woman dressed in a dress, leggings, and wearing a balaclava similar to those worn by members of Pussy Riot chains herself to a cross next to St. Petersburg's Church of Saviour on Blood. She spends approximately 40 minutes tied to a cross bearing the inscription, 'This could be your democracy', before being arrested for illegally installing a city fixture, an administrative offence, and being released. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday#Marat.27s_assassination www.history.com/this-day-in-history/charlotte-corday-assassinates-marat madameguillotine.org.uk/2011/07/17/charlotte-corday-17th-july-1793/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat]
 * = 13 || [E] 1793 - Girondist sympathiser Charlotte Corday assassinates Jean-Paul Marat, one of the chief architects of the September Massacres (September 2-7, 1792) and the Reign of Terror (September 6, 1793 - July 28, 1794), by plunging a knife into his chest, piercing his lung, aorta and left ventricle, as he sat in his bath.

1851* - Marie de Saint Rémy aka Marie Romanoff or 'La Voyante' (The Seerer) (Marie Andrieu; d. unknown), French anarchist propagandist, spiritualist, occultist, psychic and alternative therapist, born. [*Some sources give her d.o.b. as July 14, 1852] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5364 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1307.html]

1876 - Hilja Pärssinen (Hilja Lindgren; d. 1935), Finnish teacher, journalist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, writer and Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Työläisnaisliiton (Finnish Social Democratic Workers' Union) Chairwoman, born. She was the early Finnish radical feminist movement's main theoretician, advocated a strict class-based analysis. She was also later a Workers' Educational Association (Työväen Sivistysliiton) lecturer. [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilja_Pärssinen links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html]

1909 - [O.S. Jul. 1] In a unique event in the annals of the Russian prison system, thirteen female revolutionaries and political prisoners escape from the Moscow female penitentiary with the assistance of the prison matron, Alexandra Vasilyevna Tarasova (Александра Васильевна Тарасова; 1887-1971), who had brought them clothes (arranged by the mother and sister of Vladimir Mayakovsky). The duty overseer was drugged and two matrons tied up before Tarasova used her keys to open the gate and let them out. Ten of the escapees, including Natalia Sergeyevna Klimova (Наталья Сергеевна Климова) managed to make their way to Paris. The other three were caught the same day. Mayakovsky himself was sentenced to exile for three years in the Narym region under the supervision of the police, but was eventually released as he was a minor. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Побег_из_Московской_женской_каторжной_тюрьмы topos.memo.ru/novinskaya-zhenskaya-tyurma]

1942 - Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza (b. 1875), Mexican anarcha-feminist activist, typographer, journalist and poet, dies. [see: Jan. 27]

1954 - Frida Kahlo de Rivera (born Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón; b. 1907), painter, communist, and one of Mexico's greatest artists, dies. The official cause of death is given as a pulmonary embolism, although some suspected that she died from an overdose that may or may not have been accidental given her frail health - her right leg had been amputated at the knee the previous year and she had suffered from bronchopneumonia. [see: Jul. 6]

1952 - Dr. Marie Diana Equi (b. 1872), American medical doctor, lesbian anarchist, labour organiser and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Apr. 7]

[A] 1958 - Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Britain, is executed. Found guilty of killing her repeatedly abusive boyfriend, who caused her to miscarry by punching her in the stomach, it appears likely that she did not carry out the killing.

2006 - Marie Laffranque (b. 1921), French linguist, philological scholar, anti-militarist and libertarian, who was an expert on the life and works of Federico García Lorca, dies. [see: Nov. 29] ||
 * = 14 || 1817 - Germaine de Staël, Madame de Staël (Anne Louise Germaine Necker; b. 1766), French-Swiss woman of letters, philosopher, political propagandist, and scourge of Napoleon Bonaparte, dies. [see: Apr. 22]

1886 - Nakano Hatsuko (中野初子; d. 1983), Japanese editor and haiku poet of the Meiji and Showa eras, feminist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), born. [wikimatome.org/wiki/中野初子 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜 ebisu.revues.org/569?lang=en#bodyftn33]

1916 - [N.S. Jul. 27] A crowd comprised mainly of soldatki (soldiers' wives) rioted in the village of Losevo (Лосево) in the Voronezh (Воро́неж) province. About fifteen women entered a shop and one of them asked to buy a length of Chinese calico at fifteen kopeks an arshin (.71 meters). The shopkeeper replied that that was no longer the price of calico and when the woman insisted on paying the old price, he took her by the elbow and led her from the shop. Or at least that was what he claimed to have done. The woman, however, screamed that he had beaten her badly (thereby, presumably, violating the unwritten rule that permitted only a woman’s husband to lay hands on her). Her screams quickly drew a crowd of about three hundred, mainly women, who went about breaking into shops and stealing goods. The officer who described the events reported a rumor that soldiers at the front were sending letters to their wives urging them to riot (buntovat’) so that the soldiers would be sent home. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[E] 1917 - Sixteen women from the National Women’s Party are arrested whilst protesting outside the White House demanding universal women’s suffrage. They are charged with obstructing traffic.

1924 - Isabella Ormston Ford (b. 1855), British author, lecturer, suffragist and social reformer, member of the national administrative council of the Independent Labour Party and anti-war campaigner, dies. [see: May 23]

1976 - Zivia Luibetkin (Cywia Lubetkin) aka 'Celina' (b. 1914), Polish Jewish activist in the Warsaw ghetto underground, who was a member of the leadership of the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization) and participant of the Warsaw ghetto uprising, dies. [see: Nov. 9]

1989 - Cecilia García de Guilarte (b. 1915), Basque journalist, writer - novels, plays, narrative history, etc., university professor and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Dec. 20] || Released after the defeat of the uprising, she went into exile, first in Prague and then in Switzerland, finally in Paris. In Paris she survived by selling artificial flowers, teaching music, and raising children (her own and other people's). She also took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune as a nurse. For assisting the wounded while serving in ambulances in the Franco-Prussian War he was awarded the Cross of Merit. She also put the skill learnt during the January Uprising in defence of the Commune, fighting on the barricades. "Henryka Lewenhard (nee Pustawojtow) / Full of Courage, Energy & Dedication / in her Country and in Exile / on the Battlefield and in the Family / 1843 - 1881" - inscription on her tomb in Montparnasse Cemetery. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pustowójtówna ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пустовойтова,_Анна_Теофиловна]
 * = 15 || 1843 - [O.S. Jul. 3] Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna (Anna Teofilovna Pustovoytova [Анна Трофимовна Пустовойтова]; d. 1881), Polish nationalist and revolutionary, she actively participated in the January Uprising (Powstanie Styczniowe)[January 22, 1863 - October 1864] against the Russian Empire, for which she was arrested; and, whilst in self-imposed exile, took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune as a military nurse and, in the latter, fighting on the barricades, born. Convicted in 1861 of organising one of the may nationalist demonstrations thta she was an active participant, she fled abraod to escape punishment. At the outbreak of the January Uprising (Powstanie Styczniowe), she crossed back into Poland and, after disguising herself as a man and taking the name Michał Smok, she fought in a number of battle and was arrested along side General Mariana Langiewicza whilst crossing the Vistula into Galicia.

1858 - Emmeline Pankhurst (Emmeline Goulden; d. 1928), British suffragette leader and socialist, who was the mother of three other prominent suffragettes, Christabel, Sylvia, and Adela Pankhurst, born. Active in the women's suffrage movement from the age of 14, she founded and became involved with the Women's Franchise League in 1889 and late joined the Independent Labour Party, though not without initially being refused membership because she was a woman. While working as a Poor Law Guardian, she was shocked at the harsh conditions she encountered in Manchester's workhouses. In 1903, five years after her husband died, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union. However, her increasingly radical position with the WSPU, moving from its initially non-violent protests, via window-breaking and hunger strikes to arson, took an about-face, initially with the defections from within the ranks of the WSPU of those objecting to the increased radicalism (such as her daughter Adela, who would emigrate to Australia, never to see her mother again. Sylvia too would become estranged from Emmeline but for the opposite reason, the tactics of Sylvia's East London Federation of Suffragettes group being too radical) and then via the accomodation with the government in 1914, the abadnonment of the enfranchisment cam paign in favour of a pro-war and anti-German nationalism, eventually joining the Conservative Party in 1926 and, two years later, running as a candidate for Parliament in Whitechapel and St George's. She died in June 1928 in a nursing home following a period of ill heath. Three weeks after her death The Representation of the People Act 1928 was passed, extending the franchise to women aged over 21, regardless of property ownership. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst www.onthisdeity.com/14th-june-1928-–-the-death-of-emmeline-pankhurst/]

[E] 1907 - Qiu Jin (秋瑾; b. 1875), Chinese revolutionary, feminist, writer and poet, who is considered a national heroine in China, is publicly beheaded in her home village, Shanyin, at the age of 31 for her involvement in the Anqing Uprising (安慶起義), a plot to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. [see: Nov. 8]

1915 - Odette Ester, aka Odette Beilvert (Lucienne Marie Kervorc'h; D. 2010), French anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist resister, who was the long time partner of the Catalan anacho-syndicalist miltant Josep Ester Borràs (José Ester Borrás) aka 'Minga', born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1507.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8590]

1927 - Countess Constance Markievicz (Constance Georgine Gore-Booth; b. 1868), Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette, socialist and landscape painter, dies of complications related to appendicitis. [see: Feb. 4]

1971 - Police attempt to stop Petra Schelm and Werner Hoppe at a roadblock on a bridge in Hamburg. Having broken trough they are chased and corners. Both come out of the car shooting. Hoppe gets cornered by police, who arrest him but Schelm refuses to surrender when cornered and is shot dead, aged just 20 years old. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1971-timeline/]

1971 - Petra Schelm (d. 1971), German hairdresser, who joined the Rote Armee Fraktion in 1970 along with her partner Manfred Grashof, is killed by a single gunshot wound through the eye during a confrontation with the police in Hamburg – the first death in the battle of the RAF against the West German state.

[A] 1974 - News anchor Christine Chubbuck commits suicide live on air. She shot herself in the head, after saying "In keeping with Channel 40's policy of bringing you the latest in blood and guts, and in living colour, you are going to see another first — an attempted suicide." The channel faded to black and then showed Gentle Ben reruns.

[C] 1976 - Eva Schulze-Knabe (b. 1907), German painter and graphic artist, and resistance fighter against the Third Reich, dies. [see: May 11]

1986 - Grete Hoell (Margarete Hoell; b. 1909), German communist resistance fighter and member of the VVN-BdA (Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime – The Anti-Fascist Alliance), dies. [see: Oct. 18]

2010 - US Marxist revolutionary and feminist poet Marilyn Jean Buck (1947 - 2010), who was sentence to 80 years in prison for her participation in the 1979 prison escape of Assata Shakur, the 1981 Brink's robbery and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing, is released less than a month before her death at age 62 from cancer. [see: Dec. 13]

2014 - 27-year-old white suprematist Holly Grigsby, who pleaded guilty on March 11 to one count of racketeering and other offenses in connection with a September 26 to October 5, 2011 crime spree, is sentenced to life imprisonment. She appologises to her fellow white suprematists: "My actions have further damaged the reputation of a movement misunderstood... I deeply regret this. Although I had nothing but the best of intentions, the bridge to Valhalla is not paved with good intentions." [see: Sep. 26/Oct. 1 & 3] || [www.nostimonimar.gr/ηρώ-κωνσταντοπούλου-16-ιούλη-1927-5-σεπτέμ/ www.sansimera.gr/biographies/689 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Panhellenic_Organization_of_Youth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidari_concentration_camp]
 * = 16 || [EE] 1927 - Iro Konstantopoulou (Ηρώ Κωνσταντοπούλου; d. 1944), Greek teenage resistance heroine, born. Iro was just thirteen years old when the Germans invaded Greece. Despite her age, however, she got involved with the resistance, joining EPON (United Panhellenic Organisation of Youth / Ενιαία Πανελλαδική Οργάνωση Νέων), the youth wing of the liberation movement EAM, whilst still a schoolgirl. When she was arrested for the first time in early July 1944, when a group of the Security Battalions broke into her family home, her rich father managed to get her set free, and she fell in love with a young doctor who took care of her injuries following torture. A little before the withdrawal of the Germans, she participated in the blowing up of a train that was transporting ammunition, and she was arrested by the SS, but this time no one could save her. In the notorious Komantatour detention centre, she was tortured for three weeks in an attempt to get her to reveal details of her comrades, she did not break. On September 5, 1944, she was executed – shot with 17 bullets, one for every year of her short life – along side forty-nine other anti-fascist fighters at the Haidari concentration camp.

[B] 1928 - Carmen Bruna (Bruna Carmen Zucarelli; d. 2014), Argentinian poet, Surrealist, physician and anarchist agitator, born. Since 1955, she has worked for various newspapers and literary magazines, including '//Clepsidra//' and '//Sr. Neón//'. A trained medical doctor, from from 1956 to 1969 she practised her profession in the villages around Salta in the rural hinterland of north-west Argentina. Her first book, '//Bodas//' (Weddings; 1980), received the 1979 Premio Lorraine (Lorraine Award) for Argentinan Poetry. In 1982 she joined the Signo Ascendente surrealist group and has since published a number of books of her poetry, including 'Morgana o el Espejismo' (Morgana or the Mirage; 1983), '//La Diosa de las Trece Serpientes//' (The Goddess of Thirteen Snakes; 1986), '//Lilith//' (1987), '//La Luna Negra de Lilith//' (The Black Moon of Lilith; 1992), and '//Melusina o la búsqueda del amor extraviado//' (Melusine or finding lost love; 1993). She died on January 15, 2014, one of the last remaining Argentinian surrealists. "The world of Lautréamont and Rimbaud is my world, barbaric and amazing. My poetry is the poetry of the damned poets. My poetry is actually an invitation to insubordination and revolt. And that is why my motto is that of the anarchists: Neither God Nor Master." "Poetry does not sell. Perhaps that is because true poetry is, by definition, not for sale."

'//Jam Session//'

El sol ilumina los cantos rodados atraviesa las aguas hasta el fondo contempla la sombra de las truchas que son almas en pena al atardecer. El astro rojo se muere. Ellas también se mueren. En ríos extraños en manantiales ciegos. Los faros se apagaron, la nave se estrelló contra las rocas. Descalzos van los penitentes sus pies sangrando entre las piedras delgados son sus miembros de anacoretas. Las bellas jóvenes lloran cuando ellos pasan. Los olores alquímicos del azufre y el sabor del coriandro conjuran el perfume de las ruinas entre las tumbas anónimas de un viejo cementerio. Y sirven en bandejas de plata los mejores manjares a los sobrevivientes. El lamento de las diosas es poco audible. Thelonius Monk la revolución negra el brillante Mississippi la medianoche clandestina no confiable el piano que se vuelve loco a la luz de la lun y rompe todas las camisas de fuerza sólo un gigolo. Las arterias estallan la sangre borda los transparentes espejos viscosos de las teclas y el saxo. La lluvia pulveriza las estalactitas del corazón. Los bellos gatos juegan a perseguir a las mariposas con sus ojos hipnóticos. La quimera clava sus uñas y muerde con sus dientes agudos a los cuerpos enfermos. Se padece el suplicio se toleran todas las torturas en el reino de las pesadillas noche tras noche en esa hora sórdida de los aparecidos con sus órbitas vacías.

[www.carmenbruna.blogspot.co.uk/ www.jornaldepoesia.jor.br/bh15bruna.htm www.autorexus.com.ar/bruna_carmen/melusina_poemas.html]

[E] 1947 - Assata Olugbala Shakur (JoAnne Deborah Byron), African-American activist and escaped convict who was a member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army (BLA), born. Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes and made the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was involved in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike, during which New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster and BLA member Zayd Malik Shakur were killed and Shakur and Trooper James Harper were wounded. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was indicted in relation to six other alleged criminal incidents – charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping – resulting in three acquittals and three dismissals. In 1977, she was convicted of the first-degree murder of Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the shootout. Shakur was incarcerated in several prisons in the 70s. She escaped from prison in 1979 and has been living in Cuba in political asylum since 1984. Since May 2, 2005, the FBI has classified her as a domestic terrorist and offered a $1 million reward for assistance in her capture. On May 2, 2013, the FBI added her to the Most Wanted Terrorist list, making Shakur the first woman on this list, and increased the reward for her capture to $2 million. Attempts to extradite her have resulted in letters to the Pope and a Congressional resolution. Shakur is the step-aunt of the deceased hip-hop icon Tupac Shakur, the stepson of her brother Mutulu Shakur. Her life has been portrayed in literature, film and song. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assata_Shakur www.assatashakur.org/ libcom.org/files/assataauto.pdf www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/assata-shakur-civil-rights-activist-fbi-most-wanted www.counterpunch.org/2015/04/21/why-cuba-wont-extradite-assata-shakur/ www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/index-bec.html thewright.org/index.php/component/itsocial/event/826]

1947 - Catherine Baker, French journalist, writer, feminist and prison abolitionist, born. She has also written a critique of compulsory education, '//Insoumission à l'École Obligatoire//' (Noncompliance with Compulsory Education; 1985). [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Baker fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Catherine_Baker]

1953 - Ann Hansen, Canadian anarchist and former member of the urban guerrilla group Direct Action, born. She was one of the Squamish Five (or Vancouver Five), with Brent Taylor, Juliet Caroline Belmas, Doug Stewart and Gerry Hannah, who were tried for a number of actions including the October 14, 1982 bombing of a Litton Industries plant, which made guidance components for American cruise missiles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hansen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_Five]

1954 - Eva Sybille Haule-Frimpong, German social worker, photographer and former member of the 'third generation' Rote Armee Fraktion, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haule de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haule] ||
 * = 17 || 1793 - Charlotte Corday (Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont) (b. 1768), French Girondist sympathiser is executed by guillotine four days after assassinating Jean-Paul Marat, a leading actor in the Reign of Terror (September 6, 1793 - July 28, 1794) and the September Massacres (September 2-7, 1792) that proceeded it. [see: Jul. 27]

[E] 1884 - Louise Gavan Duffy (Luíse Ghabhánach Ní Dhufaigh; d. 1969), suffragist and Irish nationalist, who was present in the General Post Office, the main headquarters during the 1916 Easter Rising, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy]

1897 - Ida Scarselli (d. 1989), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist militant, born. Her father Eusebio aka 'Zoppo' was a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, as were her brothers and sister (Ferrucio, Egisto, Oscar, Tito and Ines Leda), and were collectively known to the police as the 'Banda dels Zoppo'. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/scarselli/scarselli.html]

[B] 1917 - Christiane Rochefort (d. 1998), French writer, novelist, essayist, translator, journalist, feminist and anarchist, born. She has also written novels under the pseudonym of Dominique Fejös. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Rochefort www.kirjasto.sci.fi/croche.htm] enotero.pagesperso-orange.fr/rochefort.htm]

1987 - Concha Estrig (Concepció Estrig; b. 1909), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, dies of complications relating to kidney disease. [see: Oct. 11] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1807.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Antonia_Maymón es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Maymón www.wikiwand.com/es/Antonia_Maymón mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.com/2015/07/julio-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html antoniamaymon.wordpress.com/antonia-maymon/]
 * = 18 || 1881 - Antonia Maymón (Antonia Rufina Maymón Giménez; July 18, 1881 - December 20, 1959), Spanish rationalist pedagogue, militant naturist, anarchist and anarcha-feminist, who published books on various topics. Maymón collaborated in numerous congresses and publications, such as '//Generación Consciente//', and was a founder of the FAI.

1898 - Eva Brandes (d. 1988), US anarchist, who lived at the Ferrer Center in New York and at Stelton Colony, and served on the Board at Mohegan colony, as well as working in for many years in the offices of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in New York, born.

[E] 1911 - Henriette Bie Lorentzen (d. 2001), Norwegian humanist, peace activist, feminist, editor and WWII resistance member, who survived torture by Gestapo at Arkivet, then periods in Grini concentration camp and the Nazi Ravensbrück concentration camp, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Bie_Lorentzen no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Bie_Lorentzen]

1929 - Franca Rame (d. 2013), Italian theatre actress, playwright and radical activist, who at onetime was a member of the PCI as well as the prisoners support group Soccorso Rosso (Red Aid) and, later, the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Refoundation Party), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Rame it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Rame www.francarame.it overland.org.au/2013/11/ill-report-them-tomorrow-the-rape-of-franca-rame/ www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/may/29/franca-rame www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/franca-rame-actress-activist-and-collaborator-with-her-husband-dario-fo-8641304.html]

1945 - Nathalie (Natalie) Wintsch-Maléef (Jeanne-Natalie Maléef; b. 1880), Russian-Swiss doctor, teacher, feminist and anarchist, dies. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1807.html]

1958 - Anna Götze (b. 1875), German bookbinder, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, who was the mother of FAUD members Irma and Ferdinand 'Nante' Götze, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

1969 - Fania Esiah Mindell (b. 1894), American theatre set and costume designer, feminist andactivist, who together with Margaret Sanger and her sister Ethel Byrne opened the Brownsville Clinic in Brooklyn, the first birth control clinic in the United States, dies in Mexico, a refugee from McCarthyism. [see: Dec. 15] ||
 * = 19 || 1692 - Salem 'Witch' Trials: Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe and Sarah Wildes are hung in the second of four sets of executions.

1848 - The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention in the United States, takes place [Jul. 19-20] in Seneca Falls, New York. Organised by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and female Quakers from the area, there Stanton presented her Declaration of Sentiments and advocated women's right to vote. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention www.history.com/this-day-in-history/seneca-falls-convention-begins]

1865 - Zelmira Peroni or Zelmira Binazzi (Carlotta Germina Peroni; d. 1936), Italian designer and anarchist propagandist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/binazzi/peroni.html]

1871 - [N.S. Jul. 31] Maria Isidine aka Maria Goldsmith or Maria Korn (Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith [Гольдсмит Мария Исидоровна]; d. 1933), Russian Jew, Socialist-Revolutionary, anarchist militant and biologist (animal psychology) at the Sorbonne préparatrice zoology laboratory, born. [see: Jul. 31]

1887 - [N.S. Jul. 31] Tatiana Ivanovna Lebedeva (Татьяна Ивановна Лебедева; b. 1850 or 1853), Russian revolutionary, member of the Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from scurvy and tuberculosis in Carian (Карийской) prison. [see: Jul. 31]

[E] 1889 - Clara Zetkin delivers her first speech on the problems of women, 'Für die Befreiung der Frau!' (For the liberation of women!), to the Founding Congress of the Second International in Paris. She advocates women's right to work and protection of mothers and children, as well as women's broad participation in national and international events. [www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/zetkin/1889/07/frauenbef.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin]

1908 - Emma Goldman's '//What I Believe//' is published in the '//New York World//' [jwa.org/thisweek/jul/19/1908/emma-goldman dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/whatibelieve.html]

1936 - The date on which the iconic photograph of 17-year-old communist militant Marina Ginestà i Coloma was taken by Juan Guzmán on the rooftop of Hotel Colón overlooking Barcelona. [see: Jan. 29] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà_i_Coloma es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Ginestà www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10559135/Marina-Ginesta-obituary.html elpais.com/m/elpais/2014/01/08/inenglish/1389196276_294270.html?rel=rosEP www.eldiario.es/politica/Marina-Ginesta-reconoce-EFE-imagen_0_215928753.html rarehistoricalphotos.com/marina-ginesta-17-year-old-communist-militant-overlooking-barcelona-spanish-civil-war-1936/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Guzmán_(photographer)]

1943 - Katya Budanova (Катя Буданова) (Yekaterina Vasylievna Budanova [Екатерина Васильевна Буданова]; b. 1916), WWII Soviet Air Force pilot and, along with Lydia Litvyak, one of the world's only two recognised fighter aces, is shot down during a dogfight with German fighter planes and killed. [see: Dec. 6]

1990 - Ruth 'Coucou' Bösiger (b. unknown), anarchist and companion of André Bösiger, dies. [expand] [www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=552 www.anarca-bolo.ch/cbach/biografie.php?id=28&PHPSESSID=761ef5f2311271bf92c9fb65dfb0be57]

1998 - Giliana Berneri (b. 1919), Franco-Italian anarchist activist, dies. Daughter of Camillo Berneri and Giovannina Caleffi and sister of Marie-Louise Berneri. [see: Oct. 5] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Watson]
 * = 20 || [EE] 1889 - Ellen Liddy Watson (b. 1860), pioneering female homesteader in Wyoming, who became erroneously known as Cattle Kate, is lynched after daring to take on the powerful cabal of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association, whose members falsely accused her of cattle rustling in order to sieze her land. Falsely labelled as being a prostitute and misidentified as cattle rustler 'Cattle Kate' Maxwell, the subsequent publicity surrounding the lynching was ruthlessly exploited by the cattle ranchers to repeatedly justify and glorify their violence.

1901 - [N.S. Aug. 2] Ida Mett [Ида Метт] (Ida Meyerovna Gilman [Ида Мееровна Гилман]; d. 1973) Belarusian-born anarchist, syndicalist and author, born. Member of the Dielo Truda group from 1925 to 1928. Author of 'The Kronstadt Uprising' (1921) and 'The Russian Peasant in the Revolution and Post Revolution' (1968) amongst others. [libcom.org/history/mett-ida-1901-1973 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2706.html www.ephemanar.net/juillet20.html#20 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ida-mett-the-kronstadt-commune]

[E] 1912 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Mary Leigh, Gladys Evans, Lizzie Baker and Mabel Capper attempted to set fire to the Theatre Royal in Dublin during a packed lunchtime meeting of 4,000 Irish Nationalists to be addressed by PM Herbert Asquith. They left a canister of gunpowder close to the stage and hurled petrol and lit matches into the projection booth, which contained highly combustible film reels. The previous day, Mary Leigh had hurled a hatchet (around which a text reading “This symbol of the extinction of the Liberal Party for evermore” was wrapped) into the carriage containing Asquith, which narrowly missed him and instead cut the Irish Nationalist MP John Redmond on the ear. Redmond's focus on the campaign for Home Rule had led to his refusal to insert a clause giving women the vote, assuring his status as a target. All four were remanded in prison during the trial and on August 7, Mary Leigh and Gladys Evans were sentenced to 5 years penal servitude, Jennie Baines (under the nom de guerre Lizzie Baker) was given seven months hard labour, and the charges against Mabel Capper were dropped. [comeheretome.com/2013/01/18/severity-for-suffragettes-dublin-1912/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Irish_suffragettes]

1939 - Judy Chicago, iconic US feminist artist, educator and author, known for large collaborative art installations, who coined the term "feminist art", born. Chicago's work '//The Dinner Party//' (1974-79), which celebrates the achievements of women throughout history, is considered to be her masterpiece, as well as being probably the most famous example of such a "feminist artwork" to date. [www.judychicago.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Chicago]

1972 - Salvadora Carmen Medina Onrubia de Botana aka 'La Venus Roja' (b. 1894), Argentine poet, novelist, playwright, anarchist and feminist of Spanish-Jewish origin, dies largely unknown in Buenos Aires, with barely a couple of female friends to follow her coffin. [see: Mar. 23] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment feminist.org/blog/index.php/2014/07/21/july-21-1923-national-womens-party-kicks-off-era-campaign/]
 * = 21 || 1923 - The National Women’s Party launches its campaign for a Constitutional amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women and men.

[E] 1972 - Salvadora Carmen Medina Onrubia de Botana (b. 1894), Argentine poet, novelist, playwright, anarchist and feminist of Spanish-Jewish origin, dies largely unknown in Buenos Aires, with barely a couple of female friends to follow her coffin. [see: Mar. 23] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella_Wuolijoki fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella_Wuolijoki]
 * = 22 || 1886 - Hella Wuolijoki (Ella Marie Murrik; d. 1954), Estonian-born Finnish feminist writer and playwright (under the pen name Juhani Tervapää), Marxist and Soviet spy, born. In the 1920s and 1930s, Wuolijoki had a literary and political salon that discussed culture and promoted left-wing ideas. She had secret connections with the Soviet intelligence and security structures. The Finnish police suspected her of being an illegal resident spy, but there was no solid proof until 1943, when she was arrested for hiding Kerttu Nuorteva, a Soviet paratrooper spy on a mission to acquire information about the political sentiment and the German troops in Finland, and sentenced to life imprisonment. She was released in 1944, after the ceasefire that ended the Continuation War.

[E] 1903 - Teresa Fabbrini (Teresa Maria Anna Carolina Fabbrini Ballerini; b. 1855), Italian feminist and anarchist, who from a young age was distinguished both as a tireless propagandist of anarchist ideas and as a lecturer and writer in favour of anarchism and women's rights, worn down by the constant persecution that she had suffered during her entire life, dies aged just 48, exhausted by her hardships and travails. [see: Sep. 1]

1913 - In the wake of Parliamentary approval of a military bill which strengthens German imperialism and increases the likelihood of war, Rosa Luxemburg gives a speech on the political mass strike. She argues that Parliamentarism is a dead end, and that it is necessary for the working class to rely on extra-parliamentary means to challenge militarism and capitalism. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-July-22.htm]

1992 - María Mateo Bruna (b. 1902), Spanish anarchist and Moviment Llibertari Espanyol militant, dies. [see: Jan. 12] ||
 * = 23 || 1859 - Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (b. 1786), French poet, actress, singer and cantatrice, dies. [see: Jun. 20]

1916 - Hélène Lecadieu (Hyacinthe Adolphine Lecadieu; b. 1853), French anarchist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Oct. 20]

[E] 1922 - Maria-Antonietta Macciocchi (d. 2007), Italian journalist, writer, feminist and politician, member of the Radical Party and member of the Italian and European Parliaments, born into a family of anti-fascists. She joined the underground Italian Communist Party (PCI) during the German occupation of Rome and participated in propaganda activities during the resistance. In 1950 she became editor of the party's women's magazine '//Vie Nuove//'. She joined '//l'Unità//', the paper founded by Antonio Gramsci, becoming their foreign correspondent in Algiers and Paris. [wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Antonietta_Macciocchi it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_Macciocchi www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/maria-antonietta-macciocchi/ www.claudinemonteil.com/2009/09/16/simone-de-simone-de-beauvoir-and-fascism-her-support-of-the-italian-writer-and-activist-maria-antonietta-macciocchi/]

1952 - Idania de Los Angeles Fernandez (d. 1979), prominent Sandanista militant, who was executed by the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua after the Comando Regional Occidental had been betrayed by an informer, becoming a martyr of the Revolution, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idania_Fernandez es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idania_Fernández]

1980 - Mollie Steimer (Marthe Alperine; b. 1897), Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist, labour agitator, anti-war activist and free-speech campaigner, dies. [see: Nov. 21]

1999 - Emma Tenayuca (b. 1916), fearless and largely unsung Mexican-American union organiser and activist, libertarian communist, and educator, who played a prominent role in the 1938 Texan Pecan Shellers Strike, dies. [see: Dec. 21] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women]
 * = 24 || 1793 - The Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires swear to raise an obelisk in memory of Jean-Paul Marat, who they much admired, who had been stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist. The obelisk took until August 18 to erect and distracts the group from any political activity. That night, they vowed to focus on the issue of national security.

1869 - Yvonne Estassy (Yvonne Rhimboult; d. 1951), French teacher, journalist, poet and anarchist-individualist propagandist, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article11923 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2407.html]

1903 - Mother Jones delivers her famed '//The Wail of the Children//' speech during the March of the Mill Children. [see: July 7]

1904 - Virginia Dantas (né Virginia Teixeira; d. 1990), Portuguese militant anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist and anarcha-feminist, born. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet24.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2407.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Virginia_Dantas]

[E] 1907 - [O.S. Jul. 11] Fruma Morduhovna Frumkina (Фрума Мордуховна Фрумкина; b. 1873), Russian midwife and middle-class member of the Minsk Bund, who later joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партии социалистов-революционеров), is hung during the night in Moscow's Butyrka prison. She was arrested on June 9, 1903, [O.S. May 27] at a clandestine printing-press, and during her interrogation she tried to cut the throat of the chief of the Kiev Gendarmerie General Basil Novitsky (Василий Новицкий) with a concealed knife, but only managed to graze his neck. She was sentenced to 11.5 years in prison. In 1906 she went sent into internal exile but escaped. On March 13 [O.S. Feb. 28], 1907, she was arrested in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theatre whilst holding a revolver and charged with the attempted assassination of Moscow's mayor, Anatoly Reinboth (Анатолий Рейнбота). In Butyrskaya prison on May 13 [April 30], 1907, she shot Bagretsova (Багрецова), the head of the prison, wounding him in the arm. Sentenced to death, she was hanged during the night of July 23-24 [10-11], 1907, in Butyrskaya prison. [www.memo.ru/nerczinsk/bio_20.htm starosti.ru/archive.php?m=5&y=1907 www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1005637/105/Budnickiy_-_Zhenschiny-terroristki_Rossii._Beskorystnye_ubiycy.html ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Новицкий,_Василий_Дементьевич]

1942 - Balbina Pi Sanllehy (b. 1896), Catalan textile worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist proagandist, dies of a heat attack in Perpignan. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2407.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbina_Pi_Sanllehy libcom.org/history/pi-sanllehy-balbina-1896-1973 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Balbina_Pi]

1983 - Women graffiti a US war plane at Greenham Common airbase, UK. || [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/w9gk7h en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Austin datab.us/i/Kate%20Austin leftcoastunitarian.blogspot.co.uk/2005/03/kate-cooper-austin-from-universalist.html]
 * = 25 || 1864 - Kate Cooper Austin (d. 1902), American anarchist, feminist and journalist who wrote for many working class and radical papers, born.

[B/E] 1908 - Luce Fabbri (d. 2000), Italian anarchist and anti-fascist writer, journalist, theorist, publisher, poet, teacher and daughter of Luigi Fabbri, born. Amongst her output was political writings: '//Camisas Negras: Estudio crítico histórico del origen y evolución del fascismo, sus hechos y sus ideas//' (Blackshirts: Historical critical study of the origin and evolution of fascism, its facts and ideas; 1935) and, under the pseudonym Luz de Alba, '19 de Julio Antología de la //Revolucíon Española//' (July 19. Anthology of Spanish Revolution; 1937); literary criticism: '//La Poesía de Leopardi//'; 1971); and her poetry: '//I Canti dell'Attesa//' (The Songs of Expectancy; 1932), and the unpublished '//Propinqua Libertas//'. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet25.html#lucefabbri es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_Fabbri ita.anarchopedia.org/Luce_Fabbri www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2507.html libcom.org/history/fabbri-luce-1908-2000]

1920 - Rosalind Elsie Franklin (d. 1958), English chemist and X-ray crystallographer, who was largely written out of the discovery of the structure of DNA in her lifetime, despite the fact that her research and expertise in X-ray diffraction techniques was essential to the determination of the structure of DNA, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html www.dnaftb.org/19/bio-3.html www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/Gender%20Discrimination%203.html]

1947 - Mary Dennett (Mary Coffin Ware; b. 1872), US artist, interior designer, women's rights activist, pacifist, and pioneer in the areas of birth control, sex education, and women's suffrage, whose 1929 landmark court case helped redefine the legal definition of obscenity, dies of myocarditis. [see: Apr. 4]

1980 - Kajsa Ekis Ekman, Swedish cultural journalist, commentator and writer, who is a member of the editorial board of the libertarian newspaper '//Brand//' (Fire), and a founder of the climate action group Klimax and Feministiskt Nej till Surrogatmödraskap (Feminist No to Surrogacy), born. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajsa_Ekis_Ekman en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajsa_Ekis_Ekman kajsaekisekman.blogspot.co.uk/]

1996 - Blanca Canales Torresola (b. 1906), Puerto Rican teacher and organiser of the Daughters of Freedom, the women's branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, she led the October 30, 1950, Jayuya Uprising against the Federal government of the United States, dies. [see: Feb. 17]

2001 - Phoolan Devi ( फूलन देवी; b. 1963), Indian bandit and later a Member of Parliament, is shot dead by three masked gunmen outside of her Delhi bungalow. [see: Aug. 10] || [* O.S. Dec. 19 1907 / N.S. Jan. 1 1908] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Liubatovich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Любатович,_Вера_Спиридоновна]
 * = 26 || 1855 - [N.S. Aug. 7] Vera Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Вера Спиридоновна Любатович; d. 1908*), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), born. She accompanied her sister Olga to Switzerland and was pursuaded by Olga to enrol in the Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich as well as joining the Fritsche circle of young Russian female radicals and worked on the journal 'Вперёд' (Forward). [see: Aug. 7]

1870 - Louise Hutteaux (Louise Clement; d. unkown), French midwife and individualist anarchist, who was the companion of the Bonnot Gang member Pierre Victorin Joseph Jourdan alias Pierre Clément, born. She was arrested and accused of harbouring him, but was not charged and was released. In August 1913, following a denunciation, she was sentenced, based upon little evidence, to 5 years in prison for "assisting in an abortion". [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article12317 www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_hutteaux.htm]

1876 - [N.S. Aug. 7] Yekaterina Peshkova [Екатерина Пешкова] (Yekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina [Екатерина Павловна Волжина]; d. 1965), Russian proofreader, revolutionary, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров / ПСР), and Soviet public figure and human rights activist, born. [see: Aug. 7]

1937 - Gerda Taro (Gerta Pohorylle; b. 1910), German photographer and anti-fascist, dies in a Spanish Republican field hospital in the aftermath of the Battle of Brunette - the first female photographer to be killed while reporting on war. [see: Aug. 1]

2000 - The premiere in San Francisco at the Castro Theatre of the documentary film '//Emma Goldman: The Anarchist Guest//', directed by sociologist and director Coleman Romalis, at the XX Jewish Film Festival. [ww.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2607.html]

2004 - Silvia Mistral (Hortensia Blanc(h) Pita; b. 1914), Cuban fim critic, writer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who lived in Spain and Cuba, dies. [see: Dec. 1]

[E] 2012 - FEMEN activist Yana Zhdanova [Яна Жданова] attacks the Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus', Kirill I of Moscow, while he is visiting Ukraine. Zhdanova has the words "Kill Kirill" painted on her back and screamed "Get Out!" to the Orthodox Christian leader. She was arrested and handed a 15-day administrative sentence for her actions. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/feminist-sentenced-for-baring-breasts-at-patriarch-kirill/462751.html www.rt.com/news/femen-topless-russian-patriarch-114/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday unsansculotte.wordpress.com/tag/charlotte-corday/ madameguillotine.org.uk/2011/07/17/charlotte-corday-17th-july-1793 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Massacres fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_de_Septembre]
 * = 27 || 1768 - Charlotte Corday (Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont) (d. 1793), French Girondist sympathiser who, outraged at the September Massacres of 1792 and fearing the outbreak of civil war during the Revolution, assassinated the leading actor in the Reign of Terror (September 6, 1793 - July 28, 1794), Jean-Paul Marat, born. [expand]

1849 - [N.S. Aug. 8] Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, anarchist and then a Marxist and Menshevik, born. [see: Aug. 8]

1882 - Poss. date [see also: Jan. 27] for the birth of Hélène Brion (d. 1962), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she is given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of 'La Voie Féministe' (1978), she never finished her monumental 'Encyclopédie Féministe', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time.

[E] 1884 - Zenzl Mühsam (Creszentia Elfinger; d. 1962), militant German anarchist and companion of Erich Mühsam, born. Having survived the life of a revolutionary activist during the Bavarian Soviet and Erich Mühsam's imprisonment (1919-24), she then had to face his 1933 arrest by the Nazis and murder in Oranienburg concentration camp the following year. Taking refuge in Prague, she is invited to the Soviet Union, where she publishes some of Erich's poems but falls foul of the Stalinist purges in 1936. Arrested in April, she spends the next 6 months in Butyrka prison. Upon her release, she is homeless and acquaintances refuse to help her for fear of arrest and she is forced to run the risk of being accused of anti-state contacts by relying on financial help from abroad. In November 1938, she requests an exit visa for the US and inevitably she is arrested and charged with "abuse of hospitality and participation in counter-revolutionary organisation and agitation". Sentenced to eight years' hard labour and sent to a Siberian gulag, she remains interned until 1947 despite an international campaign to try and free her. In 1955 she finally obtains permission to return to the GDR, where, with deteriorating health and forbidden to talk about her treatment in Russia, she lives under constant Stasi observation and is repeatedly asked to spy for the secret police, something she steadfastly refused to do. [www.ephemanar.net/mars10.html#zenslmuhsam www.syndikalismusforschung.info/zenzlm.htm www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERelfinger.htm]

1916 - [O.S. Jul. 14] A crowd comprised mainly of soldatki (soldiers' wives) rioted in the village of Losevo (Лосево) in the Voronezh (Воро́неж) province. About fifteen women entered a shop and one of them asked to buy a length of Chinese calico at fifteen kopeks an arshin (.71 meters). The shopkeeper replied that that was no longer the price of calico and when the woman insisted on paying the old price, he took her by the elbow and led her from the shop. Or at least that was what he claimed to have done. The woman, however, screamed that he had beaten her badly (thereby, presumably, violating the unwritten rule that permitted only a woman’s husband to lay hands on her). Her screams quickly drew a crowd of about three hundred, mainly women, who went about breaking into shops and stealing goods. The officer who described the events reported a rumor that soldiers at the front were sending letters to their wives urging them to riot (buntovat’) so that the soldiers would be sent home. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1918 - Ada Pavlovna Lebedev (Ада Павловна Лебедева; b. 1893), Russian revolutionary, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), and later a Bolshevik, is tortured to death by White Army troops. Exiled from St. Petersburg in 1915 for her S-R Party activities and following the February Revolution, she joined the left anti-war (Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, Internationalists [Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов] together with her partner Gregory Spiridonovich Weinbaum (Григорий Спиридонович Вейнбаум; 1891-1918). Elected a member of the Executive Committee of the Council of Krasnoyarsk (Красноярского Совета), she was a delegate to Central Siberian Congress of Soviets (Средне-Сибирского съезда Советов), and organiser of the rural Red Guards. Following the October Revolution, she was a member of the Provincial Executive Committee of the Yenisei Province (губернского исполнительного комитета Советов Енисейской губернии), Printing Commissioner and a member of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets in Siberia (ЦИК Советов Сибири). In 1918, she also joined the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP and edited the 'Workers' and Peasant Gazeta' (Рабоче-крестьянскую газету), the publication of Krasnoyarsk Council. Following the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion in May 1918, she and the other Bolshevik functionaries retreated and at Turukhansk the group she was with were arrested by White troops and returned to Krasnoyarsk and, on July 27, 1918, she was tortured to death. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лебедева,_Ада_Павловна]

1936 - Soledad Pastor Serrano (b. unknown), is murdered by the Falangists. Her son Rafael Cuesta Pastor, an active member of the local committee of the CNT and the Comité Revolucionario de Almodóvar had fled the town before the arrival of the Fascist army. Not finding her son, the Falangists beat her, forced her to drink caster oil and paraded her to the square with the village children foolowing and insulting her, before being shot. [mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/julio-anarkoefemerides-mujer-y-memoria.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2707.html]

1948 - Susan Keating Glaspell (b. 1876), US radical and feminist playwright, actress, director, novelist, biographer and poet, dies. [see: Jul. 1]

1956 - Birgit Hogefeld, German former member and leader of the 'third generation' Rote Armee Fraktion, who was the final RAF prisoner to be released on parole, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Hogefeld de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Hogefeld www.dw.com/en/germany-frees-last-convicted-member-of-red-army-faction/a-15180037]

1979 - Mozume Kazuko (物集和子) (Kazu Fujinami [藤浪和]; b. 1888), Japanese Taisho era novelist, feminist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), dies. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/物集和子 ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜 ebisu.revues.org/569?lang=en#bodyftn33] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Duer_Miller spartacus-educational.com/Palice_duer_miller.htm www.aliceduermiller.com]
 * = 28 || [E] 1874 - Alice Duer Miller (d. 1942), US writer and feminist, whose poetry on the subject of women's suffrage actively influenced political opinion, born. She was a member of the militant Congressional Union for Women Suffrage that had been formed by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns and was based upon the methods employed by the WSPU in Britian.

[EE] 1879 - Lucy Burns (d. 1966), US suffragist and women's rights advocate, born. Whilst living in England (1909-12) she joined the WSPU and met fellow US suffragist Alice Paul in a London police station, both women having been arrested during a WSPU demonstration. When they both returned home to the United States they formed the radical Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, a split from the National American Women Suffrage Association. In 1916, the pair formed the National Woman’s Party, which was committed to direct action in fighting for women's rights and particularly their right to vote. The NWP led dozens of women to picket the White House in Washington, D.C. as Silent Sentinels beginning in January 1917. She personally was arrested 6 times, organising her fellow prisoners and instigating hunger strikes despite the brutality she was subjected to. One one occasion in Occoquan Workhouse, what became known as the 'Night of Terror' on November 15, 1917, she was beaten and her arms were handcuffed above her head in her cell. Particularly brutal force-feeding soon followed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Burns spartacus-educational.com/USAWburns.htm www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/burns-lucy/]

1946 - Fahmida Riaz (فہمیدہ ریاض‎), Pakistani writer, Urdu poet, feminist, and human rights activist, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahmida_Riaz]

[AA] 1993 - Joy Gardner, a 40-year-old Jamaican woman, dies in her flat in Crouch End, north London, as police try to serve a deportation order on her. They forced her face down on to the floor, sat on her body so they could bind her hands to her side with a leather belt and manacles. They then strapped her legs together and wound 4m of surgical tape round her head. Joy Gardner suffocated and subsequently fell into a coma, later dying in hospital.

2004 - Rebecca Turner, 22, was found hanged in her cell at HMP Low Newton 50 minutes after she had been seen by a prison guard who had asked her if she had wanted breakfast. Rebecca has said: "Yes". || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Noce it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Noce www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/1648/teresa-noce]
 * = 29 || 1900 - Teresa Noce aka 'Estella' (d. 1980), Italian metal worker, journalist, labour leader, Communist activist, anti-fascist and feminist, born. The partner of the PCI functionary Luigi Longo, they worked in the Italian anti-fascist underground until 1926, when they emigrated, settling first in Moscow and then in Paris. From then on, she made numerous clandestine trips to Italy in pursuit of her anti-fascist activities. In Paris she became a leading political figure among the Italian exile community, becoming the editor of 'Il Grido del Popolo' and, in 1934, the editor of the anti-fascist periodical 'La voce della donne' . In 1936, she went to Spain the carry out propagnda work, editing the Italain section of the International Brigade's newspaper 'Il volontario della libertà'. Back in Paris the following year she co-founded the clandestine anti-fascist newspaper 'Noi Nonne' (We Women) with Xenia Silberberg. She also published the autobiographical novel dedicated to the story of his youth in Turin, 'Gioventù senza sole' (Sunless Youth; 1938). Interned in the Rieucros camp at the outbreak of WWII, she was released due to Soviet intervention and was due to rejoin her children in Moscow, when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Instead, she remained in Marseilles, where, on behalf of the PCF, directed the MOI (Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée) and, taking the nom de guerre 'Estella', engages in armed struggle waged against the Germans and their collaborators from within the ranks of the FTP (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans). Though she avoided arrest on a number of occasions, she was eventually arrested and deported to Ravensbrück, the German concentration camp for women. She was freed in the Spring of 1945 and returned to Italy. There she was one of 21 women elected to the Assemblea costituente italiana in 1946 and, though her alignment with the Unione Donne Italiane (Italian Women's Union), went on to help draft and pass some of the important post-War legislation designed to protect women.

1914 -The first female Social Democratic (Българска социалдемократическа) conference takes place in Sofia, with the aim of establishing a revolutionary social organisation of Bulgarian women.

1917 - Rayna Popgeorgieva Futekova [Райна Попгеоргиева Футекова], better known as Rayna Knyaginya [Райна Княгиня](b. 1856), Bulgarian teacher and revolutionary born in Panagyurishte who is famous for having sewn the flag of the April Uprising of 1876, dies. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayna_Knyaginya bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Райна_Княгиня]

[E] 1921 - Maria Occhipinti (d. 1996), Italian anarcha-feminist, born. In 1945 she was involved in the Non si parte! anti-draft revolt in Ragusa, for which she was imprisoned. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet29.html#occhipinti ita.anarchopedia.org/Maria_Occhipinti palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/03/26/news/storia_di_maria_occhipinti_una_donna_contro_la_guerra-55386264/ www.riff.it/en/finalisti-2013/con-quella-faccia-da-straniera-il-viaggio-di-maria-occhipinti/ www.estelnegre.org/documents/occhipinti/occhipinti.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wdbt02]

1953 - Rosa May Billinghurst (b. 1875), English suffragette and women's rights activist, dies. [see: May 31]

1979 - Émilie Carles (Émile Allais; b. 1900), French teacher, writer, peace activist and libertarian, who is more widely known as the author of the autobiographical '//Une soupe aux herbes sauvages//' (A soup with wild herbs; 1977), dies. [see: May 29]

2012 - Three US Ploughshares protesters - Megan Rice, an eighty-two-year-old nun, Gregory Boertje-Obed, a Christian pacifist in his late fifties, and Michael Walli, a Catholic in his early sixties - break into the Y-12 National Security Complex at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Cutting their way through 3 three security fences, they spray-painted peace messages on the plant's bomb-grade uranium storehouse exterior, draped banners and crime-scene tape, and poured human blood onto the concrete. [www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/09/break-in-at-y-12 www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/18/nun-nuke-protest-sentencing/5577947/] || When the protesters arrive at Villeneuve-St-Georges, with many wounded among them, the streets leading to the station are blocked by the army, making any return on Paris impossible. Protesters begin to build barricades and throw stones at the soldiers, but they open fire on the crowd, causing carnage - leaving four dead and over 200 injured on the side of the workers. On the army's side, 69 are wounded and 5 dead. Key CGT officials are arrested, including Yvetot, Griffuelhes, Pouget and Henri Dret (who had an arm amputated following the battle). Some activists go into hiding in Belgium and Switzerland to escape arrest. Other anarchists present at the event, such as Georges Durupt, are charged with "inciting military disobedience."
 * = 30 || 1908 - Grève de Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges: Following the June 2 shooting of two workers during the Société des Sablières strike in Vigneux Draveil, passions are still running high and the acts of sabotage continue. Despite the CGT claiming to be behind calls for a general strike, only the Fédération du Bâtiment (construction workers) strike for the day and hold a rally. After the meeting in Vigneux, they march to the cemetery at Villeneuve-St-Georges singing the Internationale. However, a regiment of Dragoons attack them with their sabres, seriously injuring many - __Rirette Maîtrejean__ receives a leg wound, whilst Albert Libertad is forced to jump into the river, narrowly escaping death.

[A/E] 1996 - Four female Ploughshares activists are acquitted in Liverpool of all charges on the basis of preventing a greater crime, after having extensively damaged an F-16 fighter jet set to be sold to the Indonesian government in its genocidal occupation of East Timor. [www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-15m-hawk-attack-women-freed-1331285.html] || [ita.anarchopedia.org/Adalgisa_Fochi www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/adalgisa.htm www.estelnegre.org/documents/berneri/fochi.html]
 * = 31 || 1865 - Adalgisa Fochi (d. 1957), Italian teacher, writer and socialist activist in feminist circles, born. The mother of Camillo Berneri and grandmother of Maria Luisa Berneri and Giliana Berneri.

1871 - [O.S. Jul. 19] Maria Isidine aka Maria Goldsmith or Maria Korn (Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith [Гольдсмит Мария Исидоровна]; d. 1933), Russian Jew, Socialist-Revolutionary, anarchist militant and biologist (animal psychology) at the Sorbonne préparatrice zoology laboratory, born. Following the death of her father Isidor, the publisher of the St. Petersburg positivist oriented review '//Znanie//', who had been deported to Siberia, she left Russia with her ​​mother, Sofia Ivanova Goldsmith, a disciple of the socialist-revolutionary, Pyotr Lavrov, in 1888. They settled in Zurich but, in 1890, moved to Paris where she enrolled in the Sorbonne gaining both undergraduate and masters degrees, and publishing numerous research papers, both individually and co-authored with her fellow biologist Yves Delage. Considered one of the leading theoreticians of anarcho-syndicalism in Russia, she is mostly remembered for her contribution to the debate around 'Organisation and Party', in which she shows the limits of both the Platform and the Synthesis positions then current in anarchism. She contributed many articles in Russian, English, French and Yiddish to anarchist publications. She also translated Kropotkin's '//Ethics//', carrying out a correspondence with him between 1897 and 1917, letters which have since been published. In 1928, she was the secretary of the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno, during his exile in France. She lived with her mother in a flat that became a regular meeting place for Russian anarchists in Paris. When her mother died, she committed suicide in January 1933. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2329 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Goldsmith libcom.org/history/goldsmith-marie-her-life-thought gufo.me/content_pol/goldsmit-[urozhdennaja-androsova]-marija-isidorovna-lit-psevdonimy-m-izidina-m-korn-2705.html]

1881 - Anna Mahé (Anna Marie-Rose Mahé; d. 1960), French teacher, accountant, militant anarchist individualist, anti-militarist and free-love advocate, born. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3524 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3107.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Mahé autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/normal-0-21-false-false-false-es-x-none_29.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Anna_Mahe]

[E] 1887 - [O.S. Jul. 19] Tatiana Ivanovna Lebedeva (Татьяна Ивановна Лебедева; b. 1850 or 1853), Russian revolutionary, member of the Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) and the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), dies from scurvy and tuberculosis in Carian (Карийской) prison. During the Trial of the 193 (процесс 193-х) she was setenced to preventive detention. In January 1880, she participated in an attempted robbery of the Chisinau Treasury and in March 1881 helped organise one of the attempts on Tsar Alexander II's life. Arrested on September 3, 1881, she was involved in the Trial of the 20 (процесс 20-ти) with ten other Narodnaya Volya executive committee members and nine party members. They found guilty of involvement in eight attempts on the Tsar's life and sentenced to death; commuted on March 17, 1882, following interntional pressure, to indefinite penal servitude (katorga). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лебедева,_Татьяна_Ивановна spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Tatiana_Lebedeva.htm]

1887 - Teiko Kiuchi (木内錠子; d. 1919), Japanese Taisho era novelist, femnist and one of the co-founders, along with Raichō Hiratsuka (平塚らいてう) and others, of the monthly feminist magazine '//Seitō//' (青鞜 / Bluestocking), born. [ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/青鞜 ebisu.revues.org/569?lang=en#bodyftn33]

1952 - Verena Becker, West German member of the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement) and later the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Faction) and later informant for the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verena_Becker de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesamt_für_Verfassungsschutz]

1976 - Susan Stern (Susan Ellen Tanenbaum; b. 1943), US political activist, who was a member of Students for a Democratic Society), the Weathermen (expelled after five months) and the radical anti-Vietnam War movement, Seattle Liberation Front, dies of heart and lung failure aged just 33. [see: Jan. 31]

1985 - Germaine Luise Krull (b. 1897), German-Dutch photographer, political activist, and hotel owner, dies after a period in a nursing home following a stroke. [see: Nov. 29] ||


 * = AUGUST ||
 * = 1 || 1855* - Alternative date for the birth of Teresa Fabbrini (Teresa Maria Anna Carolina Fabbrini Ballerini; b. 1855), Italian anarchist and feminist, who from a young age was distinguished both as a tireless propagandist of anarchist ideas and as a lecturer and writer in favour of anarchism and women's rights. [see: Oct. 1]

1857 - Ida C. Craddock (August 1 1857 - October 16 1902), US free speech and women's rights advocate, and student of 'religious eroticism' whose distribution of her own instructional tracts on human sexuality led to a series of jail sentences and her committing suicide rather than served a five-year prison term under the the federal Comstock law for distributing 'obscene materials', born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Craddock www.idacraddock.com/main.html]

1892 - Emma Goldman chairs a meeting of over three hundred anarchists to discuss Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. Other speakers include Autonomie group leader Josef Peukert, Dyer D. Lum, editor of the '//Alarm//', and Italian anarchist Saverio Merlino, an editor of '//Solidarity//'.

[E] 1902 - Lola Iturbe (Dolores Iturbe Arizcuren; d. 1990), Catalonian militant anarcho-syndicalist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. Wrote many of her Mujeres Libres article under the pseudonym Kyralina, in tribute to the famous novel by Panaït Istrati. Secretary of Sindicato del Vestido de Barcelona and editor of the collection '//La Mujer en la Lucha Social y en la Guerra Civil de España//' (Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 1974). [www.ephemanar.net/janvier05.html#iturbe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Iturbe militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6739 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0108.html www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/LIturbe.pdf]

1910 - Gerda Taro (Gerta Pohorylle; d. 1937), German photographer and anti-fascist, is born into a Jewish Polish family in Stuttgart. In 1929, the family moved to Leipzig and Pohorylle joined a young communist organisation and distributing anti-Nazi leaflets and fly-posting anti-Nazi propaganda under cover of darkness. She was arrested by the Nazis on March 19, 1933, and interrogated about a supposed Bolshevik plot to overthrow Hitler. Eventually, the entire Pohorylle household was forced to leave Nazi Germany toward different destinations, Gerta moving to Paris never to see her family again. In 1935, she met the photojournalist Endre Friedmann, a Hungarian Jew, becoming his personal assistant and learning photography, and they fell in love. Pohorylle began to work for Alliance Photo as a picture editor. However, she and Friedmann were unable to find any photography work and they came up with curious idea. They invented a character called Robert Capa, who was supposedly a reputed photographer having arrived from the United States to work in Europe. As he was so famous, he would only sell his photos through his representatives: Friedman and Pohorylle, and ar three times the price of those of a French photographer. This trick worked perfectly and soon they received lots of orders and finally began to make money. 1936 and the beginning of the Civil War in Spain would prove decisive for both of them. The pair went to Spain to cover the conflict, putting themselves on the front lines and taking enormous risks to capture images of the conflict. They took photographs side by side (often in the company of fellow photographer David 'Chim' Seymour), but always sold them under the pseudonym Robert Capa. For many years, it was not known which photos were taken by Robert and which ones by Gerda, but photographic historians eventually managed to differentiate between their early war photographs because they used distinctly different types of camera (Taro a Rollei camera, which gave square photographs, while Capa produced rectangular pictures with a Leica - she quickly abandoned the bulky Rollei for her own Leica). Also, as they both began to gain names for themselves and their work, they sometimes published their work jointly under the byline of Capa/Taro as well as visiting the front lines on their won. Taro, who was petite and attractive, and almost recklessly brave, quickly gained the nickname of '//la pequeña rubia//' (the little blonde) amongst the Republican soldiers. Though both were obviously socialists, Taro's commitment to Spain was always a more directly political i.e. anti-Fascist one than Capa's; and despite their continued close working relationship, she eventually refused his marriage proposal. In March 1937 launched her own 'photo taro' label for the work she carried out outside of their professional relationship, and she covered the Battle of Guadalajara (March 8-23), a Loyalist victory over Mussolini’s troops, producing the first major reportage to be published as photo taro (in 'Regards', April 8, 1937). On July 25, whilst covering the Battle of Brunette, Taro found herself trapped in a foxhole with her Canadian friend and lover Ted Allan. She continued photographing throughout the fighting and, as the Republican troops pulled out of the area, she and Allan jumped out of the foxhole and onto the running board of a car. In the chaos, an out-of-control Republican tank accidentally rammed the car, badly injuring Taro. She died the following morning at the age of 26. According to the nurse on duty at a field hospital of the 35th Division at El Escorial - the first female photographer to be killed while reporting on war. Taro's last words were: "Did they take care of my camera?" More than 10,000 people, including an inconsolable Robert Capa, attended her funeral in the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris on August 1, 1937. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Taro de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Taro ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Taro es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Taro www.utata.org/sundaysalon/gerda-taro/ museum.icp.org/mexican_suitcase/bio_taro.html www.cbc.ca/strombo/news/gerda-taro-pioneering-war-photographer.html www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=388 www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25108104 www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/may/13/robert-capa-gerda-taro-relationship www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/02/gerda-taro-inventing-robert-capa-review jewishquarterly.org/2008/12/out-of-the-shadows-a-life-of-gerda-taro/ oscarenfotos.com/2014/02/08/el-pasado-revelado-la-maleta-mexicana-exposicion-fotografica-resena]

1943 - Lydia Vladimirovna Litvyak (Лидия Владимировна Литвяк; b. 1921), pioneer WWII Soviet Air Force pilot and fighter ace, who was the first female fighter pilot to shoot down an enemy plane and remains the holder of the record for the greatest number of kills by a female fighter pilot, is shot down and killed as she attasks a large group of German bombers, her fourth sortie of the day. Litvyak was 21 years old. [see: Aug. 18]

1986 - Jeanne Humbert (Henriette Jeanne Rigaudin; b. 1890), French writer, journalist, pacifist and anarchist militant, who belonged to the néo-Malthusien movement, fighting for sexual freedom and for contraception and abortion rights, dies. She was sent to prison alongside her companion Eugène Humbert for spreading neo-Malthusian propaganda in 1921. [see: Jan. 24] ||
 * = 2 || 1848 - Amy Post, Sarah D. Fish, Sarah C. Owen, and Mary H. Hallowell convene a women's rights convention in Rochester, New York. Abigail Bush chairs the public meeting, a first for American women. [2nd US women's rights convention 2 weeks after the Seneca Falls Convention]

1888 - [N.S. Aug. 14] Xenia Alexandrovna Myshetskaya 'Roach' (Ксения Александровна Мышецкая 'Вобла'; d. 1957), Russian revolutionary, who was active in the movement from 1904 onwards, born.

[E] 1901 - [O.S. Jul. 20] Ida Mett [Ида Метт] (Ida Meyerovna Gilman [Ида Мееровна Гилман]; d. 1973) Belarusian-born anarchist, syndicalist and author, born. Member of the Dielo Truda (Дело Труда / Workers' Cause) group from 1925 to 1928. Author of '//The Kronstadt Uprising//' (1921) and '//The Russian Peasant in the Revolution and Post Revolution//' (1968) amongst others. [libcom.org/history/mett-ida-1901-1973 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2706.html www.ephemanar.net/juillet20.html#20 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ida-mett-the-kronstadt-commune]

1913 - A warrant is issued for the arrest of Kitty Marion for failing to return to Birmingham Prison following her release under the 'Cat and Mouse' Act. [www.lastchancetoread.com/docs/1914-01-02-police-gazette-1.aspx]

1922 - Mina Kruseman (Wilhelmina Jacoba Paulina Rudolphina Kruseman; b. 1839), Dutch actress, singer, writer, novelist and feminist, dies. [see: Sep. 25]

1982 - Carla Lonzi (b. 1931), Italian art critic, writer and radical feminist theorist, who founded the group Rivolta Femminile and was a proponent of the feminist theories of autocoscienza (self-awareness) and filosofia della differenza (sexual difference), dies in Milan. [see: Mar. 6] || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0308.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Vilà_i_Pujol www.revistadegirona.cat/recursos/2001/0205_032.pdf teclasala.net/utils/obreFitxer.ashx?Fw9EVw48XS7wurtc1J1NXfp011du2hrnNpLgn8qazCuPcqqIUoIZnMIpk41Xjy5Pa8E]
 * = 3 || 1843 - Isabel Vilà i Pujo (d. 1896), Catalan nurse, syndicalist, member of the International and rationalist educator, who is considered to have been a pioneer of syndicalism in Catalonia, born.

1916 - Adelita del Campo (nickname of Adela Carreras Taurà; d. 1999), Spanish dancer, actress, anarchist and later a communist, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelita_del_Campo www.estelnegre.org/documents/adelitadelcampo/adelitadelcampo.html lahistoriaenlamemoria.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/carreras-taura-adela-adelita-del-campo.html www.larevisteta.com/index.php?option=com_kunena&func=view&catid=15&id=9&Itemid=90 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Adela_del_Campo]

[E] 1943 - Frumka Płotnicka (b. 1914) Polish Jewish resistance fighter during WWII; activist of the Żydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej (Jewish Fighting Organisation), is killed defending a bunker in Podsiadły St. against the Germans during the Będzin Ghetto Uprising. She had been a member of the Zionist organisation Dror (Freedom) before the war and joined ŻOB as a courier, and was co-organiser of self-defence squads in the Warsaw Ghetto and in the Dabrowa Basin. She was also a participant in the military preparations for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and a co-organiser with Józef and Bolesław Kożuch and Cwi (Tzvi) Brandesem of the uprisings in the Sosnowiec and Będzin Ghettos. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumka_Płotnicka pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumka_Płotnicka]

1953 - Anna Laura Braghetti, former member of the Brigate Rosse group in Rome, whose apartment on the Via Montalcini was used to hold Aldo Moro, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Laura_Braghetti]

1954 - Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette; b. 1873), French novelist, mime, actress and journalist, dies. [see: Jan. 28]

1986 - Florence Reece (née Patton; b. 1900), American social activist, poet and folksong writer, dies. [see: Apr. 12]

2010 - Marilyn Jean Buck (b. 1947), US Marxist revolutionary and feminist poet, who was sentence to 80 years in prison for her participation in the 1979 prison escape of Assata Shakur [Nov. 2], the 1981 Brink's robbery [Oct. 20] and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing [Nov. 7], dies after a long battle against a rare and aggressive form of uterine cancer, just two weeks after being released on parole. [see: Dec. 13 & Jul. 15] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lacombe unsansculotte.wordpress.com/tag/claire-lacombe/ www.carmagnole-liberte.fr/revolution-francaise/claire-lacombe/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_des_républicaines_révolutionnaires]
 * = 4 || 1765 - Claire Lacombe aka Rose Lacombe (d. unkown), French actress, revolutionary and militant feminist, who was a founding member of the Société des Républicaines Révolutionnaires (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women), born. [expand]

1870 - Luisa Pavón Muñoz aka 'Ragon' (d. unknown), Spanish dancer and anarchist, born. She and her husband, Ramon Gabarró Julian, an electrical engineer from Manresa, were expelled (to France) from Spain for their libertarian activities, later returning to live in San Sebastián, Madrid and Cartagena. Gabarró was later arrested in Bayonne whilst attempting to cross the border in 1894. That same year Ragon's name appears on a border control monitoring list of anarchists established by the French railway police. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0408.html]

1914 - Hubertine Auclert aka 'Liberta' and Jeanne Voitout [penname] (Marie-Anne-Hubertine Auclert; b. 1848), French journalist, militant feminist, women's suffrage campaigner and militant anticlerical, dies. [see: Apr. 10]

[C] 1934 - The Rassemblement Mondial des Femmes contre la Guerre et le Fascisme (First Worldwide Meeting of Women against War and Fascism) [Aug 4-7] begins in Paris. [wasi.alexanderstreet.com/help/view/the_womens_international_democratic_federation_widf_history_main_agenda_and_contributions_19451991 encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Women%27s+Movement]

2007 - Inés Ajuria de la Torre (b. 1920), Basque militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 1]

[E] 2009 - **[ERROR]** || [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-August-05.htm]
 * = 5 || [E] 1914 - Rosa Luxemburg and a few other left-wing Marxists form the Gruppe Internationale (International Group) to oppose the German Social Democratic Party's betrayal of its stated principles in coming out in support for the Great War (World War I) that began on August 1.

1929 - Millicent Garrett Fawcett (b. 1847), English feminist, suffragist, author and intellectual, political and union leader, dies. [see: Jun. 11]

[EE] 1939 - Las Trece Rosas (the Thirteen Roses), a group of thirteen young women, half of them Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas members, are executed by a Francoist firing squad shortly after the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War. The thirteen were Carmen Barrero Aguado (20 years old, dressmaker, PCE), Martina Barroso García (24 years, dressmaker, JSU), Blanca Brisac Vázquez (29 years, pianist, PCE), Pilar Bueno Ibáñez (27 years, dressmaker, PCE), Julia Conesa Conesa (19 years, dressmaker, JSU), Adelina García Casillas (19 years old, JSU), Elena Gil Olaya (20, JSU), Virtudes González García (18 years, dressmaker, JSU), Ana López Gallego (21 years, dressmaker, JSU), Joaquina López Laffite (23 years, secretary, JSU), Dionisia Manzanero Salas (20 years, dressmaker, PCE), Victoria Muñoz García (18 years old, JSU) and Luisa Rodríguez de la Fuente (18 years, tailor, JSU). Victims of the post-war purges known as the 'saca de agosto' (August round-up), they were amongst 56 anti-fascists who had been betrayed by Roberto Conesa, a police infiltrator who later went on to become a commissoner in the Brigada Político-Social, Franco's secret police, they were tried by summary court-martial on August 4*, 1939, and shot against one of the walls of the Almudena cemetery in Madrid the following day. [* Some sources give August 3 as the trial date of some of the 56.] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Trece_Rosas es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Trece_Rosas www.mujeresenlahistoria.com/2014/06/las-flores-arrancadas-las-trece-rosas.html www.feandalucia.ccoo.es/docu/p5sd10334.pdf]

1943 - Cato Bontjes van Beek (b. 1920), German artist and member of the anti-Nazi resistance, who was a member of the so-called Rote Kapelle network, is guillotined at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin after being found guilty of "abetting a conspiracy to commit high treason". [see: Nov. 14]

1964 - Moa Martinson (Helga Maria Swarts; b. 1890), Swedish kitchen maid, pantry chef, journalist, novelist, syndicalist and feminist, who was one of Sweden's most noted authors of proletarian literature, dies. [see: Nov. 2] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Pitt www.takver.com/history/pitt_marie.htm www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/pitt-marie-e-j]
 * = 6 || 1869 - Marie Pitt (Marie Elizabeth Josephine Pitt; d. 1948), Australian poet, socialist, feminist, ecologist and anarchist, born.

[E] 1881 - The first issue of Benjamin Tucker's individualist anarchist newspaper '//Liberty//' is published in Boston. On its cover is a picture of Sofia Perovskaya, one of the assassins of Tsar Alexander II.

[B] 1934 - Diane di Prima, US Beat poet, playwright, photographer, collagist, teacher and anarchist, born. Her maternal grandfather, Domenico Mallozzi, was an active anarchist, and associate of Carlo Tresca and Emma Goldman. She began writing as a child and by the age of 19 was corresponding with fellow anarchist poet Kenneth Patchen. She lived and wrote in Manhattan for many years, where she became known as an important but neglected writer of the Beat movement. During that time she co-founded the New York Poets Theatre, and founded the Poets Press, which published the work of many new writers of the period. Together with Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) she edited the literary newsletter, 'The Floating Bear' (1961-69). Her work with the NY Poets Theatre and '//The Floating Bear//' resulted in several charges for obscenity, and in 1961 she was actually arrested by the FBI for publishing two poems in '//The Floating Bear//'. According to di Prima, police persistently harassed her due to the nature of her poetry. In the late 1960s, she moved permanently to California, where she has lived ever since. Here, di Prima became involved with the Diggers and maintained her radical social and poltical stance. She is also the mother of 5 children, about which she has said: “I wanted everything—very earnestly and totally—I wanted to have every experience I could have, I wanted everything that was possible to a person in a female body, and that meant that I wanted to be mother.… So my feeling was, ‘Well’—as I had many times had the feeling—‘Well, nobody’s done it quite this way before but fuck it, that’s what I’m doing, I’m going to risk it.’” In 2013 Diana was diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease. Amongst here published works are: '//This Kind of Bird Flies Backward//' (1958); '//Dinners and Nightmares//' (short stories; 1961); '//The New Handbook of Heaven//' (1963); '//Poets Vaudeville//' (1964); '//Seven Love Poems from the Middle Latin//' (translations; 1965); '//Poems for Freddie//' (1966); '//Earthsong: Poems 1957-1959//' (1968); '//Hotel Albert//' (1968); '//War Poems//' (editor; 1968); '//Memoirs of a Beatnik//' (fictionalised biography; 1969); '//L.A. Odyssey//' (1969); '//The Book of Hours//' (1970); '//Revolutionary Letters//' (1971); '//The Calculus of Variation//' (1972); '//Loba, Part I//' (1974); '//Freddie Poems//' (1974); '//Selected Poems: 1956-1975//' (1975); '//Brass Furnace Going Out: Song, After an Abortion//' (1975); '//Loba As Eve//' (1975); '//Loba, Part II//' (1976); '//Tribute to Kenneth Patchen//' (1977), with Lawrence Ferlinghetti, William Everson, Hugo Manning, Michael Horovitz et al; '//Loba, Parts I-VIII//' (1978); '//Pieces of a Song: Selected Poems//' (1990); '//Seminary Poems//' (1991); '//Recollections of My Life as a Woman The New York Years//' (2001); '//The Poetry Deal, City Lights//' (2014). Her theatre pieces include: '//Murder Cake//' (1960) and '//Paideuma//' (1960), both for the Living Theatre; '//The Discontentment of the Russian Prince//' (1961); '//Like//' (1964); '//Monuments//' (1968); '//Discovery of America//' (1972); and '//Whale Honey//' (1975). "Diane di Prima, revolutionary activist of the 1960s Beat literary renaissance, heroic in life and poetics: a learned humorous bohemian, classically educated and twentieth-century radical, her writing, informed by Buddhist equanimity, is exemplary in imagist, political and mystical modes. A great woman poet in second half of American century, she broke barriers of race-class identity, delivered a major body of verse brilliant in its particularity." - Allen Ginsberg

'//Rant//'

You cannot write a single line w/out a cosmology a cosmogony laid out, before all eyes

there is no part of yourself you can separate out saying, this is memory, this is sensation this is the work I care about, this is how I make a living

it is whole, it is a whole, it always was whole you do not “make” it so there is nothing to integrate, you are a presence you are an appendage of the work, the work stems from hangs from the heaven you create

every man / every woman carries a firmament inside & the stars in it are not the stars in the sky

w/out imagination there is no memory w/out imagination there is no sensation w/out imagination there is no will, desire

history is a living weapon in yr hand & you have imagined it, it is thus that you “find out for yourself” history is the dream of what can be, it is the relation between things in a continuum

of imagination what you find out for yourself is what you select out of an infinite sea of possibility no one can inhabit yr world

yet it is not lonely, the ground of imagination is fearlessness discourse is video tape of a movie of a shadow play but the puppets are in yr hand your counters in a multidimensional chess which is divination & strategy

the war that matters is the war against the imagination all other wars are subsumed in it.

the ultimate famine is the starvation of the imagination

it is death to be sure, but the undead seek to inhabit someone else’s world

the ultimate claustrophobia is the syllogism the ultimate claustrophobia is “it all adds up” nothing adds up & nothing stands in for anything else

THE ONLY WAR THAT MATTERS IS THE WAR AGAINST THE IMAGINATION

THE ONLY WAR THAT MATTERS IS THE WAR AGAINST THE IMAGINATION THE ONLY WAR THAT MATTERS IS THE WAR AGAINST THE IMAGINATION ALL OTHER WARS ARE SUBSUMED IN IT

There is no way out of a spiritual battle There is no way you can avoid taking sides There is no way you can not have a poetics no matter what you do: plumber, baker, teacher

you do it in the consciousness of making or not making yr world you have a poetics: you step into the world like a suit of readymade clothes

or you etch in light your firmament spills into the shape of your room the shape of the poem, of yr body, of yr loves

A woman’s life / a man’s life is an allegory

Dig it

There is no way out of the spiritual battle the war is the war against the imagination you can’t sign up as a conscientious objector

the war of the worlds hangs here, right now, in the balance it is a war for this world, to keep it a vale of soul-making

the taste in all our mouths is the taste of power and it is bitter as death

bring yr self home to yrself, enter the garden the guy at the gate w/ the flaming sword is yrself

the war is the war for the human imagination and no one can fight it but you/ & no one can fight it for you

The imagination is not only holy, it is precise it is not only fierce, it is practical men die everyday for the lack of it, it is vast & elegant

intellectus means “light of the mind” it is not discourse it is not even language the inner sun

the polis is constellated around the sun the fire is central

'//Revolutionary Letter # 49//'

Free Julian Beck Free Timothy Leary Free seven million starving in Pakistan Free all political prisoners Free Angela Davis Free Soledad brothers Free Martin Sobel Free Sacco & Vanzetti Free Big Bill Hayward Free Sitting Bull Free Crazy Horse Free all political prisoners Free Billy the Kid Free Jesse James Free all political prisoners Free Nathan Hale Free Joan of Arc Free Galileo & Bruno & Eckhart Free Jesus Christ Free Socrates Free all political prisoners Free all political prisoners All prisoners are political prisoners Every pot smoker a political prisoner Every holdup man a political prisoner Ever forger a political prisoner Every angry kid who smashed a window a political prisoner Every whore, pimp, murder, a political prisoner Every pederast, dealer, drunk driver, burglar preacher, striker, strike breaker, rapist Polar bear at the San Francisco zoo, political prisoner Ancient wise turtle at Detroit Aquarium, political prisoner Flamingoes dying in Phoenix tourist park, political prisoners Otters in Tucson Desert Museum, political prisoners Elk in Wyoming grazing behind barbed wire, political prisoners Prairie dogs poisoned in New Mexico, war casualties (Mass grave of Wyoming gold eagles, a battlefield) Every kid in school a political prisoner Every lawyer in his cubicle a political prisoner Every doctor brainwashed by AMA a political prisoner Every housewife a political prisoner Every teacher lying thru sad teeth a political prisoner Every indian on reservation a political prisoner Every black man a political prisoner Every faggot hiding in bar a political prisoner Every junkie shooting up in john a political prisoner Every woman a political prisoner Every woman a political prisoner You are political prisoner locked in tense body You are political prisoner locked in stiff mind You are political prisoner locked to your parents You are political prisoner locked to your past Free yourself Free yourself I am political prisoner locked in anger habit I am political prisoner locked in greed habit I am political prisoner locked in fear habit I am political prisoner locked in dull senses I am political prisoner locked in numb flesh Free me Free me  Help to free me  Free yourself Help to free me Free yourself Help to free me Free Barry Goldwater Help to free me Free Governor Wallace Free President Nixon Free J Edgar Hoover Free them Free yourself Free them Free yourself Free yourself Free them Free yourself Help to free me Free us  DANCE

[dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/poetry/diane_di_prima/bio.html dollsneerpiece.deviantart.com/journal/]

1941 - Alice Becker-Ho (Alice Debord), French Situationist and poet, born in China. [www.notbored.org/abh-interview.html www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/postsi/language.html cabinetmagazine.org/issues/29/galloway.php departuredelayed.wordpress.com/category/alice-becker-ho-guy-debord/] || [* O.S. Dec. 19 1907 / N.S. Jan. 1 1908] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Liubatovich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Любатович,_Вера_Спиридоновна]
 * = 7 || 1855 - [O.S. Jul. 26] Vera Spiridonovna Lyubatovich (Вера Спиридоновна Любатович; d. 1908*), Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya (Земля и воля / People's Will), born. She accompanied her sister Olga to Switzerland and was pursuaded by Olga to enrol in the Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich as well as joining the Fritsche circle of young Russian female radicals and worked on the journal 'Вперёд' (Forward). [expand]

1876 - [O.S. Jul. 26] Yekaterina Peshkova [Екатерина Пешкова] (Yekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina [Екатерина Павловна Волжина]; d. 1965), Russian proofreader, revolutionary, member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров / ПСР), and Soviet public figure and human rights activist, born. It was as a proofreader on the 'Samara Gazeta' (Самарская газета) that she met the writer Maxim Gorky [Макси́м Го́рький] (Alexei Peshkov [Алексеем Пешковым]). They married on September 11 [O.S. Aug. З0], 1896, parting in 1903 following the death of their daughter Katya from meningitis at the age of five. She joined the ПСР in 1905 and in 1908 she and her son Maxim went abroad, living mainly in Paris where she became a prominent and influential figure in the S-R group there. In 1909 she began working in Vera Figner's 'Paris circle' (Парижский кружок) organising, support for Russian political prisoners and those in exile, and in 1912 joined the Political Red Cross (политическом Красном Кресте) on an ongoing basis. Peshkova also worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross for a period (1913-14). She returned to Russia at the outbreak of WWI and in the autumn of 1914 became a member of the society Aid to the Victims of War (Помощь жертвам войны), heading its Children's Committee, whilst maintaining her ПСР activities. Following the February Revolution, the Political Red Cross reconstituted itself in Petrograd as the Society to Aid Released Political Prisoners (Общества помощи освобожденным политическим). That year she also became a member of the Central Committee of the ПСР. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Peshkova ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пешкова,_Екатерина_Павловна www.pseudology.org/people/Gorky/Volgina_EP.htm www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=6966 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Политический_Красный_Крест]

1890 - Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, 'The Rebel Girl', (d. 1964), US labour leader, activist, and feminist, who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage, born. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1936 and late in life, in 1961, became its first female leader. Influenced by her parents, she became a socialist and was only 16 when she gave her first speech, 'What Socialism Will Do for Women', at the Socialist Club in Harlem. As a result of her political activities, Flynn was expelled from high school and in 1907 she became a full-time organiser for the IWW. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn www.iww.org/history/library/Flynn/Sabotage spartacus-educational.com/USAflynn.htm dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/flynn/flynnbio.html www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/elizabeth-gurley-flynn/ joehill2015.org/elizabeth-gurley-flynn/]

1912 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Gladys Evans, Mary Leigh, Jennie Baines (under the //nom de guerre// Lizzie Baker) and Mabel Capper were sentenced at the Green Street Special Criminal Court in Dublin accused of "having committed serious outrages at the time of the visit of the British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith". The trial lasted several days during which police came under fire for initially refusing to allow admittance to women. Mary Leigh, who conducted her own defence, and Gladys Evans were sentenced to 5 years penal servitude and Jennie Baines (under the nom de guerre Lizzie Baker) to seven months hard labour. The charges against Mabel Capper were dropped. [comeheretome.com/2013/01/18/severity-for-suffragettes-dublin-1912/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Irish_suffragettes]

1915 - [N.S. Aug. 20] In Kolpino (Ко́лпино), an industrial suburb of Petrograd and the location of the Izhorsk (Ижорские) Works, one of the giant shipbuilding plants of the Naval Ministry, female shoppers, mainly workers’ and soldiers’ wives, outraged at escalating prices, find that their audience with the manager of the factory results in the usual empty promises. Dissatisfied with the outcome, the women took direct action, going about the city and forcibly closing shops. About two thousand men joined them when their shift ended, and at that point the crowd became genuinely violent. Members of the crowd attacked the shops and threw stones when police tried to restrain them. When the riot came to an end around 10 p.m. that same evening, fifteen shops had been wrecked, their contents stolen or destroyed. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[E] 1937 - Monika Ertl (d. 1973), German member of the armed political underground movement in Germany and Bolivia, born. The daughter of Hans Ertl, cameraman during the Nazi era for Leni Riefenstahl and Ernst Rommel, Monika moved to Bolivia in 1952 when her father brought the family over from Germany. After a brief marriage, she became involved with the survivors of Che Guevara's routed guerrilla movement, finally joining the underground with the Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia. In Germany, she became known as 'Che Guevara's avenger' following her assassination of Colonel Roberto 'Toto' Quintanilla Pereira in Hamburg, where he was the Bolivian consul (Quintanilla had been responsible for the cutting off of Guevara's hands for later gfingerprint identification). She was eventually ambushed and killed by Bolivian security forces on May 12, 1973 in El Alto (in La Paz) where she was reorganising the ELN. According to Régis Debray she was also preparing the abduction of the former Gestapo Chief of Lyon Klaus Barbie to bring him to Chile and consequently to justice in France where he was wanted as a Nazi war criminal. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Ertl guatemalachronicle.wordpress.com/2016/03/02/the-girl-who-avenged-the-honor-of-che-guevara/ it.cubadebate.cu/notizie/2014/05/16/monika-ertl-la-donna-che-giustizio-luomo-che-taglio-le-mani-al-che/]

1937 - Valentina Kolosova [Валентина Колосова] (Valentina Pavlovna Popova [Валентина Павловна Попова]; b. 1881), Russian revolutionary, member of the S-R Combat Organisation (Боева́я организа́ция), is executed by firing squad after being convicted by a Stalinist court of counter-revolutionary activities. [see: Jan. 7]

1950 - Adriana Faranda, Italian former member of the Brigate Rosse, who was involved in the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Faranda it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Faranda]

1985 - Blanca Luz Brum Elizalde (d. 1985), Uraguayan poet, writer and one-time communist fellow traveller, dies. [see: May 31] || [hoydensandfirebrands.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/leveller-women-and-english-revolution.html www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/external/content/schoolsanddepartments/aed/downloads/HM Read.pdf]
 * = 8 || [E] 1643 - The first of a series of women's peace demonstrations takes place outside Parliament, leading to clashes with male on-lookers. "[A] multitude of women described elsewhere" as two to three hundred oyster-wives, 'taking example by the unlawful and tumultuary proceedings of the former faction. . - came to the very doore of the House and there cryed . . . Peace, Peace, and interrupted divers of the members both as they went in and as they came out of the House,' and threatened violence to those members who were enemies to peace" - Sir Simonds D'Ewes.

1835 - Maria Maddalena De Lellis, aka 'la Padovella' (d. 1908), notorious Italian brigante, who was a member of Andrea Santaniello's gang, as well as his lover, born. She had a prominent role in the band, especially as she was its only literate member. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Maddalena_De_Lellis www.tiscrivodasassano.it/wp/brigantesse-maria-maddalena-de-lellis-la-padovella/ www.brigantaggio.net/Brigantaggio/Briganti/De_Lellis.htm www.bibenda.it/bibenda7/singolo-articolo.php?id=1657]

1849 - [O.S. Jul. 27] Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич; d. 1919), Russian revolutionary, anarchist and then a Marxist and Menshevik, born. Involved with radical politics as a student, she was arrested and imprisoned in May 1869 for her contacts with the nihilist Sergey Nechayev. Released in 1873, she joined the Kievan Insurgents, a revolutionary group of Mikhail Bakunin's anarchist supporters, becoming a respected leader of the movement. On Feb. 5 1878, Zasulich attempts to shoot General Trepov, prefect of police of St Petersburg, in revenge for his having ordered the flogging of Alexei Bogolyubov, a political prisoner who had refused to remove his cap in his presence. Trepov was wounded and Zasulich acquitted at her trial after having effectively put Trepov on trial. Zasulich fled to Switzerland to avoid further arrest and there converted to Marxism, later becoming involved in the founding of 'Iskra' and the Mensheviks, supporting the Russian war effort during WWI and opposing the October Revolution of 1917. '//Vera, or the Nihilists//' (1880) by Oscar Wilde is allegedly based upon the story of her life. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Zasulich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Засулич,_Вера_Ивановна www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0808.html www.ephemanar.net/mai08.html#8 spartacus-educational.com/RUSzasulich.htm www.online-literature.com/wilde/vera-or-the-nihilists/0/ republicancommunist.org/blog/tag/vera-zasulich/]

1876 - Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (d. 1948), English Sikh suffragette and feminist of Punjabi descent, who was a member of the Women's Social and Political Union and played a leading role in the Women's Tax Resistance League, born. Daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh and a one-time debutante, her godmother Queen Victoria granted to her a grace and favour apartment at Faraday House in Hampton Court, outside of which she often sold copies of 'The Suffragate'. Her status provided her with a great deal of protection and despite all her aggressive activism as a suffragette, she was never arrested but was fined on a number of occassions for not having dog licenses and refusing to pay previous fines. She also maintained contacts with the leaders of the Indian nationalist movement, including Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Sarala Devi Chaudhurani and Lala Lajpat Rai. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Duleep_Singh www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jan/11/sophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-radical-indian-royal]

1926 - Lizzie Holmes (Sarah Elizabeth Mary Hunt; b. 1850), American music teacher, seamstress, labour organiser, journalist, socialist and militant anarchist, dies. [see: Dec. 21]

[BB] 1936 - The supposed date of the death of the mysterious Renée Dunan (b. 1892) prolific French author of erotic historical, fantasy and science fiction novels and stories, critic, poet, Dadaist, Feminist, anarchist, naturiste and pacifist; used diverse pseudonyms: Louise Dormienne, Marcelle La Pompe, M. de Steinthal, Monsieur de Steinthal, Renée Camera, Chiquita, Ethel Mac Singh, Luce Borromée, Laure Héron, A. de Sainte-Henriette, Ky, Ky C [the pseudonyms Spaddy and Jean Spaddy once attributed to Dunan are actuually by Johannès Gros]. Collaborated in the magazines of '//Crapouillot//' and 'Le Sourire'. Book critic for '//Rouge et le Noir//' In the 1940s, a certain Georges Dunan claimed to be the author of books signed by Renée Dunan [confirmed by Jean-Pierre Weber], who is believed to have died in Nice in December 1944. However, the jury is still out on the verdict and the best evidence is that the works are a collaborative effort of a Renée and Georges Dunan of 86, Boulevard Voltaire in Paris. Another version of her biography would have it her her real name was Marcelle Lapompe, a one-time prostitute or madame. [NB: birth and death dates unknown] [artetanarchie.com/auteurs.htm cira.marseille.free.fr/includes/textes/bios.php?ordre=23 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renée_Dunan]www.la-presse-anarchiste.net/spip.php?article2735 lenaweb.voila.net/Renee_Dunan.htm www.lekti-ecriture.com/blogs/alamblog/index.php/post/2009/01/05/Renée-Dunan soleildanslatete.centerblog.net/6579464-Renee-Dunan-si-multiple- epheman.perso.neuf.fr/natdunan.html livrenblog.blogspot.co.uk/2009/08/renee-dunan-au-temps-de-lil-cacodylate.html]

1942 - María del Milagro Pérez Lacruz aka 'La Jabalina' (The Wild Sow)(b. 1917), Spanish anarchist and member of Juventudes Libertarias, who fought with the Iron Column, is shot by firing squad alongside six male comrades in Huerta Oeste, Valencia. Her life was the basus for the novel '//Si Me Llegas a Olvidar//' (If I Get to Forget; 2013) by Rosana Corral-Márquez. [see: May 3]

2015 - Ada Grossi (b. 1917), Italian socialist and anti-fascist broadcaster, dies in her home town of Naples. Persceuted, her family fled Italy in 1926 for Argentina and, with the fascist uprising in 1936, she went to Spain to support the Republican cause as a radio announcer in Barcelona on Union Radio Barcelona and Radio Spagna Libera, broacasting not just to the anti-fascist side but to the Nationalists too, encouraging the 80,000 Italian soldiers sent by Mussolini to desert, as well as serving as a nurse with her mother, the opera singer Maria Olandese. Following the fall of Barcelona, she fled to France and was interned in Argelers concentration camp and, upon her release, worked as a nurse. She returned to the airwave in 1944, when she helped found the clandestine anti-fascist radio station Radio Libertà in Italy, and on which she earned the name 'la voce del popolo', informing the partisans, as a non-military radio station, on the events of the war and, at the same time, raising awareness of the threats posed by fascism, both in Italy and in Spain. Despite the lack of personnel and equipment, and the statute that it would have to close immediately after the fall of Mussolini, it continued broadcasting beyond April 25. At the end of the was, she married a Spanish doctor, Enrique Guzman, and lived in Madrid until his death, and then returned to her native Naples. According to some historians, Ada Grossi was the inspiration for Article 21 of the Italian Constitution concerning freedom of expression. [www.agoravox.it/In-ricordo-di-Ada-Grossi.html www.diarioinformacion.com/blogs/aires-de-futuro/ada-grossi-que-nunca-se-olviden-sus-nombres.html opinioandreuenca.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/un-carrer-per-ada-grossi.html popoffquotidiano.it/2015/08/18/addio-ada-grossi-voce-dellantifascismo/] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelina_Haverfield spartacus-educational.com/Whaverfield.htm]
 * = 9 || [E] 1867 - Evelina Haverfield (Evilena Scarlett; d. 1920), Scottish nurse, militant suffragette in the WSPU, aid worker and founder Women’s Emergency Corps, born. Arrested for her WSPU activities on numerous occasions, on November 18, 1910, she was charged with assaulting a policeman by hitting him in the mouth. In court it was reported that Haverfield had said during the assault that she had not hit him hard enough and that "next time I will bring a revolver".

1913 - In Seattle Emma Goldman, Ben Reitman and another publicist are arrested while distributing leaflets in advance of a lecture and charged with "peddling bills without a license". They are released on five dollars bail.

[EE] 1956 - Approximately 20 000 women from all over the country take to the streets of Pretoria – many carrying the children of their white bosses on their backs – to stage a peaceful march to the Union Buildings to petition against the 'pass laws', a proposed amendments to the Urban Areas Act of 1950, legislation that required African persons to carry special identification documents, the 'pass', which curtailed their freedom of movement during the apartheid era. They left petitions containing more than 100,000 signatures at prime minister J.G. Strijdom's office door and stood silently outside his door for 30 minutes. The song 'Wathint'Abafazi Wathint'imbokodo!' (Now you have touched the women, you have struck a rock) was composed specially for the ocsasion, from which the phrase "you strike a woman, you strike a rock" has come to represent the strength of the women's struggle in South Africa. South Africa's National Women's Day, inaugurated in 1994, commemorates this protest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women's_Day www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africa-celebrates-first-national-womens-day]

1982 - Yekaterina Stanislavovna Samutsevich [Екатерина Станиславовна Самуцевич], Russian computer programmer, video director, political activist, and ex-member of the anti-Putinist punk rock group Pussy Riot [Пусси Райот] and the street art group Voina [Война](War), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Samutsevich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Самуцевич,_Екатерина_Станиславовна en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voina ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Война_(арт-группа) www.kandinsky-prize.ru/taisiya-krugovy-h/ www.svoboda.org/content/article/24615722.html] ||
 * = 10 || 1882 - [N.S. Aug. 22] Henrietta Karlovna Derman [Генрие́тта Ка́рловна Де́рман (ru.) / Henriete Matilde Dermane (lv.)] (nee Abel [Абеле (ru.) / Ābele (lv); d. 1954), Latvian librarian and one of the country's first revolutionaries, who spent the last 15 years of her life in Soviet gulags, born. [see: Aug. 20]

1889 - Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (d. 1968), Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter, who co-founded the wartime Polish organization Żegota, set up to assist Polish Jews to escape the Holocaust, born. In 1943 she was arrested by the Germans and sent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp, but survived the war. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka]

1916 - Elba Piñeyro (d. 2007), Argentine textile worker and anarchist militant, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1008.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_08_01_archive.html]

1948 - Emmy Hennings (born Emma Maria Cordsen; b. 1885), German cabaret performer, poet, chanteause, dancer, puppeteer, painter and 'mystical anarchist', dies. [see: Jan. 17]

[E] 1963 - Phoolan Devi ( फूलन देवी; d. 2001), Indian 'Bandit Queen' and later a Member of Parliament and assasssin's victim, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoolan_Devi]

2007 - Elba Piñeyro (b. 1916), Argentine tetxtile worker and anarchist militant, dies on her 91st birthday. ||
 * = 11 || [E] 1919 - Ukrainian anarchist partisan Maria Grigorevna Nikiforova [Марія Григорівна Никифорова (uk) / Мария Григорьевна Никифорова (ru)] or Nykyforovna [Никифоровна / Никифорова] aka Marusya, and her companion Witold Bzhostek (or Brzostek) are recognised on the street in Sébastopol and arrested by the Whites. Marusya's group, despairing of being able to rescue her, head for the Kuban region to return to the partisan fight in the rear of the Whites. They will be tried and executed before a field court-martial held on September 16, 1919. [see: Sep. 16]

1954 - Salut Borràs i Saperas (b. 1878), Catalan anarchist militant, who participated in the Mexican Revolution along side her partner Octave Jahn in Emiliano Zapata's ranks, dies. Daughter of anarchist members of the AIT, Martí(n) Borràs i Jover and Francesca Saperas i Miró, in the late 1880's and '90's, she assisted her mother in the distribution of subscription copies of the newspaper that her father had founded, 'Tierra y Libertad'. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1108.html mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2015_08_01_archive.html memoriallibertariadegracia.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/httpissuu.html] ||
 * = 12 || 1812 - Lady Ludd leads a riot over high bread prices in Nottingham. [source?]

[E] 1886 - Louise Michel is sentenced to four months in prison and a 100 franc fine for her part in the June 3 meeting at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre in Paris in support of the striking Decazeville miners. Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde and Dr. Paul Susini, who refused to appear at the trial, were sentenced in absentia to 4 to 6 months in prison and fined 100 francs each. [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]

1887 - María Cano (María de los Ángeles Cano Márquez; d. 1967), Colombian union militant, feminist and campaigner for basic civil rights, who was the first prominent female political leader in Colombia, as well as one of the founders of the Partido Socialista Revolucionario, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_Cano www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=cano-marquez-maria-de-los-angeles]

1894 - [N.S. Aug. 24] Varvara Nikolaevna Batiushkov (Варвара Николаевна Батюшкова; b. 1852), Russian revolutionary and narodnitsa member of the Moscow Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, and later a Socialist-Revolutionary, dies. [see: Aug. 24]

1900 - Dorvalina Martins Ribas (d. 1944), Brazilian teacher, lecturer and militant anarchist, who became a disciple of Francisco Ferrer and supporter of secular education whilst still a student, born. [expand] [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/2jm6zp www.anarkismo.net/article/7828?userlanguage=de&save_prefs=true dancasdasideias.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/dorvalina-martins-ribas-educadora-e.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theroigne_de_Mericourt fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Josèphe_Théroigne_de_Méricourt www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article464]
 * = 13 || 1762 - Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (Anne-Josèphe Terwagne; d. 1817), French singer, orator and prominent personality during the French Revolution for which the Parisian royalist press caricatured her as a "patriots' whore", born.

[E] 1880 - Mary Reid Macarthur (Mary Reid Anderson; d. 1921), Scottish suffragist and trades unionist, born. In 1903 she became the general secretary of the Women's Trade Union League and in 1906 formed the National Federation of Women Workers and assisted in the creation of the National Anti-Sweating League. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Reid_Macarthur spartacus-educational.com/TUmacarthur.htm www.bclm.co.uk/media/learning/library/witr_marymacarthur.pdf]

1994 - Zdzisława Bytnarowa aka 'Sławska', 'Sława', 'Sławka' (b. 1901), Polish teacher, who fought in the ranks of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) during the Warsaw Uprising, dies. [see: Mar. 12]

2000 - Ria Deeg (b. 1907), German socialist, communist, anti-fascist and resistance fighter against Nazism, who was imprisoned in 1935 for "preparing high treason", dies. [see: Oct. 2] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rirette_Maîtrejean www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_maitrejean.htm www.ephemanar.net/juin14.html#maitrejean militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7647 militants-anarchistes.info/culture/spip.php?article24 spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Rirette_Maitrejean.htm www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Rirette_Maitrejean]
 * = 14 || 1887 - Rirette Maîtrejean (Anna Henriette Estorges; d. 1968), French individualist anarchist activist and propagandist, born. Editor of the newspaper '//l'Anarchie//' after the death of Albert Libertad, companion to the anarchist Mauricius (Maurice Vandamme) and to Viktor Kibaltschin alias Victor Serge. Both were tried as members of the Bonnot Gang - both knew the gang members (Serge having grown up with a number of them), both were involved in pro-Bonnot propaganda and 2 revolvers linked to the gang were found in their house. She was acquitted but Serge received 5 years in solitary. She wrote for many anarchist publications, such as '//La Revue Anarchiste//', '//La Défense de l'Homme//' and '//La Liberté//' (founded by Louis Lecoin in 1959).[expand]

1888 - [O.S. Aug. 2] Xenia Alexandrovna Myshetskaya 'Roach' (Ксения Александровна Мышецкая 'Вобла'; d. 1957), Russian revolutionary, who was active in the movement from 1904 onwards, born. In 1905-1906 she joined the Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries Maximalists (союзу социалистов-революционеров максималистов), was part of the leadership of the 'opposition faction' within ПСР, the S-R Maximalist Combat Organisation, the Moscow Union of S-R Maximalists, propagandist and organiser of attentats. During the Russian Civil War (1917 - 1922/23) she was part of the organisation of the SRs-maximalists and Left SRs, and participated in the planning for the 1919 assassination attempt on General Anton Denikin (Анто́н Дени́кин) that never actually took place. From the 1930's onwards, she served more than 20 years in the camps and exile. [socialist-revolutionist.ru/component/content/article/34-people/517-mishetskia-k-a]

[E] 1901 - Mercedes Comaposada i Guillén (d. 1944), militant Catalan anarcha-feminist, teacher and lawyer, born into a militant household. She starts work at an early age and becomes an editor at a film production company and joins the CNT Public Performances in Barcelona. Later, after studying law, she became a women's educator and helped found the Mujeres Libres in April 1936 and started publishing the group's magazine, illustrated by her partner, the libertarian sculptor Baltasar Lobo. After the defeat of the Republic, she and Lobo move to Paris under the wing of Pablo Picasso, where she works as a secretary and translates the work of a number of Castilian writers, especially Lope de Vega. She also contributed to the '//Mujeres Libres//' magazine (and was also editor in chief), '//Ruta//', '//Tiempos Nuevos//' , '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Umbral//'. She was also author of '//Esquemas//' (Schemes; 1937, a book of poetry), '//Las Mujeres en Nuestra Revolución//' (Woment in Our Revolution; 1937), '//La Ciencia en la Mochila//' (Science in a Rucksack; 1938), '//Conversaciones Cono los Artistas Españoles de la Escuela de París//' (Coverstions with Spanish Artists of the Paris School; 1960, under the pseudonym Mercedes Guillén), '//Picasso//' (1973, as Mercedes Guillén) and an unpublished work '//Mujeres Libres//'. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercè_Comaposada_i_Guillén www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Mercedes_Comaposada_Guillen www.ciudaddemujeres.com/mujeres/Republica/ComaposadaGuillen.htm www.ephemanar.net/fevrier11.html#comaposada] militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article935]

1904 - [N.S. Aug. 28] Mariola Milkova Sirakov (Мариола Милкова Сиракова; d. 1925), Bulgarian actor and anarcho-communist revolutionary, born. [see: Aug. 28]

[B] 1926 - Lina Wertmüller (Arcangela Felice Assunta Wertmüller von Elgg Español von Braueich), Italian film writer and director, born. Her films depict her largely libertarian and feminist world view, none more expressly than '//Film d'amore e d'anarchia - Ovvero "Stamattina alle 10 in via dei Fiori nella nota casa di tolleranza..."//' (Film of Love and Anarchy - Or "This morning at 10 in via dei Fiori at the noted brothel ..."; 1973) aka '//Love and Anarchy//', about an anarchist who stays in a brothel while preparing to kill Mussolini. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Wertmüller en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Wertmüller www.linawertmuller.com/ www.imdb.com/name/nm0921631/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Anarchy]

1944 - Irma Bandiera aka 'Mimma' (b. 1915), Italian anti-fascist partisan courier and fighter in the VII Brigade 'Gianni Garibaldi' of GAP in Bologna, is murdered by the Nazis after 7 days of torture during which she refused to give up the names of her comrades. Her body was then dumped in the street outside her parent's house. [see: Apr. 8]

1975 - Joan Little, a 21-year-old female African-American petty criminal serving seven to ten years, who had stabbed to death a male prison guard at Beaufort County Jail in Washington, North Carolina, on August 27, 1974, is acquitted of first degree murder, having become the first woman in United States history to successfully use the defence that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault. [see: Aug. 27]

1996 - Eleonore 'Lore' Wolf (b. 1900), German stenographer, Communist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Mar. 11] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Femme_libre_(brochure) womhist.alexanderstreet.com/awrm/doc5.htm]
 * = 15 || 1832 - Presumed date for the first issue of '//La Femme Libre//', the first French feminist newspaper produced and published only by women. Founded by Désirée Gay and Marie-Reine Guindorff in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites. Subtitled '//Apostolat des femmes//', it carries a single article '//Appel aux femmes//', whose three sections are signed by Jeanne-Victoire (Jeanne Deroin), Jeanne Désirée (Gay) and Marie-Reine (Guindorff). It would subsequently go though a number of title changes, including to '//La Femme nouvelle//', '//L'Apostolat des femmes//' and '//La Tribune des femmes//'.

1887 - [N.S. Aug. 27] Irina Konstantinova Kakhovskaya (Ири́на Константи́новна Кахо́вская; d. 1960), Russian revolutionary, memoirist and translator, a member of the Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов) ca. 1906 and, after the October 1917 split, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries [The Party of the Left, Internationalist -Revolutionary-Socialists](Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов) and its combat organisation, born. [see: Aug. 27]

1907 - Carmen Conde Abellán aka Florentina (d. 1996), Spanish teacher, narrative writer, poet, children's author, militant anarcha-feminist and Mujeres Libres member, who worked on the group's magazine and undertook lecture tours, born. In 1931 she married the poet Antonio Oliver Belmar and had a long-term lesbian relationship with Amanda Junquera. A prolific author of prose, poetry, childrens stories, essays, biography, etc., some published under a series of pseudonyms, including Magdalena Noguera, Florentina Sea and others, whilst living clandestinely after the defeat of the Republic. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Conde www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0801.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Carmen_Conde www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib_autor/carmenconde/pcuartonivel.jsp?conten=bibliografia_autor escritoras.com/escritoras/Carmen-Conde elpais.com/diario/2007/08/11/babelia/1186789823_850215.html]

[E] 1930 - Selma James (Selma Deitch), US co-author of the women's movement classic '//The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community//' (1972), with Mariarosa Dalla Costa, co-founder of the International Wages for Housework Campaign and coordinator of the Global Women's Strike, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_James]

1940 - Gudrun Ensslin (d. 1977), German radical leftist urban guerrilla and founder, with Andreas Baader, and 'intellectual leader' of the Rote Armee Fraktion, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Ensslin de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Ensslin www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/gudrun-ensslin/ www.dieterwunderlich.de/Gudrun_Ensslin.htm www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/gudrun-ensslin.html www.raf.almanet.dk/Ensslin_Gudrun.html]

1940 - Dora Beatriz Barrancos, Argeninian university professor, sociologist and historian, dedicated to the development of feminism in Argentina, social movements of the early twentieth century, revolutions carried out by women, socialist and anarchist movements, and the role of education in history Argentina, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Barrancos www.lai.fu-berlin.de/es/e-learning/projekte/frauen_konzepte/projektseiten/frauenbereich/barrancos/index.html]

1951 - The first performance of the Living Theatre takes place in the house of Judith Malina and Julian Beck as the could find a room or the money to finance its hire. Four plays are performed: '//Childish Jokes//' by Paul Goodman, '//Ladies' Voices//' by Gertrude Stein, '//He Who Says Yes and He Who Says No//' by Bertolt Brecht, and Federico Garcia Lorca's '//The Dialogue of the Mannequin and the Young Man//'. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Modotti www.modotti.com/ www.swans.com/library/art12/pbyrne11.html www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/womphotoj/modottiessay.html www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=4039]
 * = 16 || [B] 1896 - Tina Modotti (Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini; d. 1942), Italian photographer, model, actress and revolutionary political activist, born. She appeared in several plays, operas, and silent movies in the late 1910s and early 1920s, and also worked as an artist's model. Her Hollywood movie career, which often involved her playing the femme fatale, culminated in the 1920 film 'The Tiger's Coat'. Her bohemian circle of friends included the photographer Edward Weston, who used her as a model, becoming her lover and helped her develop her photography skills. [expand]

1907 - Georgette Léontine Roberte Augustine Kokoczinski aka 'La Mimosa' (Georgette Léontine Brivadis-Ango; d. 1936), French anarchist, actress and nurse, born. At the age of 16, unable to get on with her parents any longer, she left for Paris where she was taken in by André Colomer and his partner Magdalena who introduced her to libertarian ideas. She frequented the cabarets in Montmartre and was attracted to show business and poetry. In 1928 she started using the stage name Mimosa as part of a theatre group that added colour to libertarian meetings and festivals in the area through singing, poetry readings and staging dramas. She disappeared on October 16 during the Battle of Perdiguera (Zaragoza) and died the same day (or on Oct. 17), possibly shot by firing squad, in circumstances that are not entirely clear. [www.ephemanar.net/aout16.html#mimosa militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2944 www.katesharpleylibrary.net/xwddbb autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/kokoczinski-georgette-leontine-mimosa.html]

1916 - Paquita Jolis Puig (d. 1982), Catalan militant anarcho-feminist and Mujeres Libres activist, born. Active in the FIJL in Premiá de Dalt, in 1936 she, her sister Assumpció and a group of two dozen other women, formed a local Agrupació Mujeres Libres. This group participated in the running of the town's Municipal Council and was the promoter of the creation of the Museu de Física i Ciències Naturals (Museum of Physics and Natural Sciences). With the victory of Franco in the Civil War, she was forced into exile in France, where she became active in the local federation of the CNT in exile in Marseille. Paquita Jolis Puig died on August 16, 1982, on her birthday, in Marseille. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquita_Jolis_Puig www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Paquita_Jolis_Puig]

[E] 1918 - The opening of the Centro Radical Femenino (Women’s Radical Centre), part of the anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial. The Centre brings out a newspaper '//El Iconoclasta//' that claims to be produced by “eager female fighters and designed to raise the consciousness of women enslaved by Roman vampirism” (a reference to Catholic clergy sucking on women’s life blood).

1919 - Conchita Guillén (born María de la Concepción Bertolín Pilar Guillén; d. 2008), Spanish militant anarcha-feminist and member of Mujeres Libres, born. Sister of the anarchist painter Jesús Guillén Bertolín. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/conchitaguillen/conchitaguillen.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3147-conchita-guillen-mujeres-libres.html www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Concha_Guillén_Bertolín]

1950 - Petra Schelm (d. 1971), German hairdresser, who joined the Rote Armee Fraktion in 1970 along with her partner Manfred Grashof, and was killed by a single gunshot wound through the eye during a confrontation with the police in Hamburg – the first death in the battle of the RAF against the West German state, born. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Red_Army_Faction#Petra_Schelm de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Schelm www.baader-meinhof.com/tag/petra-schelm/]

1957 - Adalgisa Fochi (b. 1865), Italian teacher, writer, anti-fascist, mother of Camillo Berneri and grandmother of Maria Luisa and Giliana Berneri, dies. [see: Jul. 31]

1982 - Paquita Jolis Puig (d. 1982), Catalan militant anarcho-feminist and Mujeres Libres activist, dies on her 66th birthday. [see: Aug. 16] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Deraismes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Deraismes www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article607 clio-cr.clionautes.org/maria-deraismes-journaliste-pontoisienne-une-feministe-et-libre.html freemasonsindia.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/first-female-freemason-maria-deraismes.html]
 * = 17 || 1828 - Maria Deraismes (Marie Adélaïde Deraismes; d. 1894), French author, orator, franc-maçonne, anti-clericalist and feminist, born. A major pioneering force for women's rights, who is said to be the first French woman to call herself a 'féministe'. She was also the first woman in France to be initiated in Masonism and she went on to found the Ordre maçonnique mixte international 'le Droit humain'.

1883 - Jeanne Françoise 'Jane' Morand (d. 1969), French militant individualist anarchist and anti-militarist activist, born. Jane Morand participated in the creation of a diction course for amateur actors at the libertarian Théâtre du Peuple collective and also participated in the creation of Armand Guerra's film co-operative, Cinéma du Peuple. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7246 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6168 www.non-fides.fr/?Souvenirs-sur-Libertad fra.anarchopedia.org/Jeanne_Morand]

1885 - Clara Gertrude Meijer-Wichmann (d. 1922), Dutch lawyer, philosopher, pacifist, anti-militarist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarcha-feminist, born. As a law student, she co-founded the Nederlandse Bond voor Vrouwenkiesrecht (Dutch League for Women's Suffrage), lecturing and writing articles on the emancipation of women is all areas of society. Appointed in 1914 as a researcher at the Central Department of the Ministry of Justice Statistics in The Hague, she declared: "Criminal law should be banned completely, because I proclaim that it is an act of retaliation and not a way to render justice." In 1919 she founded the anti-prison organsiation Comité van Actie Tegen de Bestaande Opvattingen Omtrent Misdaad en Straf (Action Committee Against the Existing Notions of Crime and Punishment). A member of 'De Dageraad' (The Dawn), an association of freethinkers based around the magazine of the same name, motto: 'Magna est veritas et praevalebit' (Mighty is the truth and it will prevail). An active anti-militarist, she married the conscientious objector Jo Meijer in 1921 and they co-founded the War Resistors International that year. Sadly Clara, aged 36, died giving birth to their daughter the following year. Jo Meijer went on help preserve his wife's intelectual heritage as well as continue their work in the WRI. The Clara Wichmann Institute (CLWI), a Dutch organisation dealing with the legal status of women, was established in her honour in 1987 but was forced to close in 2004 due to the withdrawal of government funding. Its work is continued via the Stichting Proefprocessenfonds Clara Wichmann (Trial Process Fund Foundation). Since 1988 there has also been a Clara Meijer-Wichmann medal awarded on Human Rights Day (December 10) in her honour, intially by the Dutch League of Human Rights but laterly by the J'Accuse foundation, recognising work in defence of humanity. [nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Wichmann en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Wichmann socialhistory.org/bwsa/biografie/wichmann www.clara-wichmann.nl/]

1893 - Mary Jane 'Mae' West (d. 1980), American actress, singer, playwright and screenwriter, the Queen of Sex, born. She fought the Hays Code and won. "Between two evils, I always pick the one I haven't tried before." [allaboutmae.com/ www.humorinhistory.com/Pages/west.html emol.org/film/archives/west/]

1894 - Emma Goldman released from prison after serving ten months for a speech at an unmemploymen rally on August 21, 1893. She sells a report about her prison experience for $150 to the '//New York World//', which publishes it the day after her release.

1896 - Lotte Jacobi (Johanna Alexandra Jacobi; d. 1990), German photographer and unaligned socialist, born. Jacobi began taking pictures as a young child, using a pinhole camera that her father constructed for her as a birthday present. The oldest of three children, she grew up in a family of photographers stretching back to her great-grandfather Samuel Jacobi, who learned his craft in 1839 from Louis Daguerre. Her family was also active in the leftist social and political movements during the Weimar period and she got to know and take photographs of Ernst Thalmann, Erwin Piscator and Erich Mühsam. Other visitors to the Jacobi studio included high-ranking German officials who, unaware that she was Jewish, often praised her work as "good examples of Aryan photography". From October 1932 to January 1933, she travelled to the Soviet Union, and in particular to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, taking photographs of all that she saw. Whilst she was away, the Nazis came to power and due to her Jewish ancestry and her Leftist sympathies (she had also worked for the communist Berlin Unionbild agency), Lotte was a prime target. However, altered by her mother that the Gestapo were looking for her, she bought a large fur coat shortly before her return to Berlin under which she hid her camera and walked right by the Gestapo waiting at customs, and who were looking for a photographer with a torn leather jacket. As the Nazi repression and persecution of Jews increased, during which many people she knew were being arrested and killed e.g. Thalmann and Mühsam, she decided it was time to leave Germany. In 1935, she rejected the Nazis’ offer to grant her honorary Aryan status and, shortly after her father's death [like many Jews of the period, he had decided that he was a German first, that he was safe and that he wanted to die in Germany, not some foreign country] fled with her son, first to London and then to the United States, arriving in September 1935 in New York City, where she opened a studio in Manhattan. In 1940, Jacobi married Erich Reiss, a distinguished German publisher and writer who had survived the concentration camps and immigrated to the US, a marriage that lasted until his death in 1951. Lotte also continued portrait photography at her studio, whilst also embarking upon various camera-less and manipulated photography experiments including that with the artist Leo Katz, later named photogenics: abstract black-and-white images produced by moving torches and candles over light-sensitive paper. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Jacobi de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Jacobi jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jacobi-lotte photographic.com/portrait-tips/804lotte/ www.photograms.org/Chapter-3.htm?m=83 www.jmberlin.de/main/EN/03-Collection-and-Research/00-LPdetails/jacobi-selbstportrait-content.php dantebea.com/category/photographes/lotte-jacobi/]

1896 - Bridget Driscoll becomes the first person in Britain to be knocked down by a car when she is hit as she walks in Crystal Palace, London.

1913 - A debate between the socialist intellectual Maynard Shipley (1872 - 1934), then director of '//The Commonwealth//', organ of the Socialist Party of Washington, and the anarcha-feminist activist Emma Goldman, in the Liberty Hall, Everett, Washington. The debate centres on whether voting and political parties were necessary or not for the emancipation of the working class. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html]

1935 - Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Charlotte Anna Perkins; b. 1860), US utopian feminist, socialist, prolific author (novels, short stories, poetry and non-fiction), publisher and lecturer for social reform, as well as an advocate of euthanasia for the terminally ill, puts her beliefs into practice and commits suicide by taking an overdose of chloroform after being diagnosed with incurable breast cancer. [see: Jul. 3]

2012 - Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, Maria Alyokhina and Yekaterina Samutsevich, the three Pussy Riot members arrested following the February 21 '//Punk Prayer: Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!//' [Панк-молебен: Богородица, Путина прогони!] event in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, are convicted of "hooliganism motivated by religious hatred", and each was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. Two other members of the group, who escaped arrest after the February protest, reportedly left Russia fearing prosecution. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot www.politzeky.ru/politzeki/drugie-dela/43518.html]

[E] 2012 - 'Pussy Riot Global Day': In support for the Russian group Pussy Riot, then on trial in connection with the February 21, 2012, '//Punk Prayer: Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!//' [Панк-молебен: Богородица, Путина прогони!] performance in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Inna Shevchenko and two other FEMEN activists cut down a 4m high wooden cross near Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev, erected in 2005 as a memorial to the victims of Stalinist repression and the famine of the 1930s, with a chainsaw. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inna_Shevchenko www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/17/us-russia-pussyriot-femen-idUSBRE87G08M20120817 www.colgate.edu/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pussy-riot-and-its-aftershocks-politics-and-performance-in-putins-russia.pdf?sfvrsn=0] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/18th-august-1812-food-riots-in-leeds.html]
 * = 18 || 1812 - Riot of women and boys led by ‘Lady Ludd’ at Corn Market in Leeds, also food shops threatened. Riots in Sheffield against flour and meal sellers. [Luddites]

[E] 1824 - André Léo (pen name of Victoire Léodile Béra; d. 1900), French novelist, journalist, militant feminist, Communard and Bakuninist, who is considered by many modern feminists to be one of the great writers of the nineteenth century, born. Member of the International who was also involved with the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded. After writing her first novel '//La Vieille Fille//' (1864), Béra took the pen name André Léo, she started the newspaper '//La Coopération//', advocating workers associations. Returning to Paris in 1860, she became involved with the Republicans and with the feminist activists Paule Minck and Louise Michel, and was arrested alongside Louise Michel at a protest put down by the army in Sept. 1870. She then founded a newspaper, '//La République des Travailleurs//', and joined the Paris Commune, publishing editorials in '//La Sociale//', which had a distribution of 100 000 copies, and for ' //Cri du Peuple//', and organising girl's eduction with Noémie Reclus and Anna Jaclard. She escaped the repression of the Bloody Week and went into exile in Switzerland and Italy, taking a prominent part in the publication of the journal '//Le Socialisme Progressif//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoire_Léodile_Béra fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Léo chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes%20femmes/gdes-femmes4-2.html www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/spip.php?article599 www.peintres-et-sculpteurs.com/biographie-325-bera-victoire-leodile.html www.lusignan.fr/spip.php?rubrique69&id_article=508]

1893 - The day after a riot of the unemployed, Emma Goldman addresses a public meeting, urging those in need to take bread if they are hungry. The next evening she helps lead a procession of several hundred anarchists to Union Square, where, among many other speakers, she addresses a crowd of the unemployed.

1921 - Lydia Vladimirovna Litvyak (Лидия Владимировна Литвяк; d. 1943), pioneer WWII Soviet Air Force pilot and fighter ace, one of only two worldwide, who was the first female fighter pilot to shoot down an enemy plane and remains the holder of the record for the greatest number of kills by a female fighter pilot, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Litvyak ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Литвяк,_Лидия_Владимировна]

[C] 1942 - Marianne Baum (b. 1912), German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, who led the Gruppe Baum, a largely Jewish resistance group, with her husband Herbert, is executed in Berlin-Plötzensee Prison. At the end of the 1920s, Marianne Cohn was a member of the Deutsch-Jüdischen Jugendgemeinschaft, where in 1928 she met Herbert Baum, whom she later married. In 1931 she joined the Kommunistischen Jugendverband (Communist Youth Federation; KJVD) and, after the Nazi seizure of power, he together with his wife Marianne Baum and their friends, Martin and Sala Kochmann, began to organise anti-Nazi meetings. The circle of friends, most of whom were Jewish, designated Herbert Baum as chair and up to 100 youths attended these meetings at various times, engaging in political debates and cultural discussions. The group openly distributed leaflets arguing against National Socialism. In 1940, she and Herbert were forced into slave labour in the Jewish department at the Siemens electric motors factory. By 1941, Herbert Baum was heading a group of Jewish slave labourers (including Marianne) at the plant, who, to escape deportation to concentration camps, went into the Berlin underground. There they organised semi-clandestine demonstrations, leafleting and propaganda poster campaigns and the printing of a 19-page document, 'Organisiert den revolutionären Massenkampf gegen Faschismus und imperialistischen Krieg' (Organize the mass revolutionary struggle against Fascism and the Imperialist War). In May 1942, the group decided to target the massive anti-communist and anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition 'Das Sowjetparadies' (The Soviet Paradise) that had been organised by Goebbels’ propaganda services at the Berlin Lustgarten. The Rote Kapelle (Red October) group had already targetted the exhibition [Liane Berkowitz and Otto Gollnow posted approx. 100 anti-Nazi posters in the vicinity of the Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstrasse whilst Harro Schulze-Boysen acted as a lookout] and the Baum Group also flypostered but, wanting to go further, decided to carry out a firebomb attack on it. Herbert and Marianne Baum, Hans Joachim, Gerd Meyer, Sala Kochmann, Suzanne Wesse and Irene Walter took part in the action, planting their miniature incendiary bombs at different points in the exhibition on May 18 (they had tried the day before but too many people were present). Within days of the event, the seven participants and most of the other members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo (the Baums on May 22). On July 16, 1942, Marianne was tried by a special court in Berlin and sentenced to death. She was executed in Berlin-Plötzensee Prison on August 18, 1942. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Baum www.gdw-berlin.de/nc/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/baum-1/ jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baum-gruppe-jewish-women]

1954 - Hermila Galindo Acosta aka Hermila Galindo de Topete (b. 1896), Mexican feminist and writer, who was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce, dies in Mexico City, the victim of a heart attack. [see: May 29]

1992 - Felicitas Casasín Bravo (b. ca. 1913), Aragonese militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, active in the FAI and FILJ, dies. Member of the Catalan CNT, she took part in the street fighting in Barcelona during the fascist uprising in July 1936. Her father, Bartolomé Casasín Pérez, also a CNT member, was shot by the Falangists alongside 36 others in Huesca on January 5, 1937. Following the libertation of Huesca, she returned there but went into exile in France in 1939 and was interned in the concentration camps at Casimira Sarvisse Sesé and Belle Isle. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article641] ||
 * = 19 || 1612 - Trial at Lancaster Assizes of the Pendle Witches ends.

1692 - Sale 'Witch' Trials: Martha Carrier along with George Burroughs, John Willard, George Jacobs, Sr. and John Proctor are hung in the third of four sets of executions.

1894 - A large anarchist gathering in New York welcomes Emma Goldman back. Among the speakers are Voltairine de Cleyre, English anarchist Charles Mowbray, and Italian anarchist Maria Roda.

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 7] A conference of women from the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party (Българска социалдемократическа партия) today marks the beginning of an organised women's movement in the country, whose aim is the take on fight against Bulgarian bourgeois social order and win political and civic rights for women in Bulgaria. Prominent in their ranks are the leadership of the Sofia БСДП organisation,: Tina Kirkova (Тина Киркова\), Ljubica Ivosevic (Любица Ивошевич) and Stefana Bakalova (Стефана Бакалова). [www.septemvri23.com/Uchastieto_na_bg_jeni_v_rev_dvijenie_1891-1944.htm]

1949 - Luisa Amanda Espinoza (d. 1970), Nicaraguan Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional member, who was the first female Sandanista to be killed in battle against the Somoza regime, born. The youngest in a family with 21 brothers, she joined the FSLN at the age of 14, she later left her abusive husband and became a courier between safe houses in Managua until she was killed after being betrayed by an informant. The Nicaraguan women's association, the Asociacion de Mujeres Nicaraguenses Luisa Amanda Espinosa, was alter named after her in commemoration of her role in the revolution.

[E] 1954 - Emilia Libera aka 'Nadia', Italian former Brigate Rosse militant, who played a key role in the kidnapping of General James Lee Dozier, born. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Libera]

1975 - The four main Rote Armee Fraktion prisoners are finally officially charged: Gudrun Ensslin, Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe are jointly charged with four murders, 54 attempted murders and a single count of forming a criminal association. [www.baader-meinhof.com/timeline/1975-timeline/]

2000 - Luce Fabbri (b. 1908), Italian anarchist writer, journalist, theorist, publisher, poet and daughter of Luigi Fabbri, dies in Montevideo. [see: Jul. 25]

2000 - Dachine Rainer (Sylvia Newman; b. 1921), US Anglophile writer, poet, essayist, anarchist and pacifist, dies aged 79. Her tombstone in Highgate Cemetery reads "Poet and Anarchist". [see: Jan. 13]

2006* - América Scarfò aka 'Fina' (América Josefina Scarfó; b. 1912), Argentinian teacher, anarchist and pioneer of the anarcha-feminist movement, who used the pseudonym of Josefina Rinaldi de Dionisi, dies in Buenos Aires. [see: Nov. 18] [* many sources erroneously cite Aug. 26] || Leichter was arrested by the Gestapo in Vienna on May 30 1938 and subsequently imprisoned. She was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp in 1940 and was murdered (gassed) in Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) as part of the so-called Aktion 14f13. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Leichter de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Leichter jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/leichter-kaethe]
 * = 20 || [E] 1895 - Käthe Leichter (Marianne Katharina Pick; August 20 1895 - February 1942), Austrian social scientist, socialist trade unionist, journalist, author, and founder and director of the Women's Unit of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (Frauenreferats der Wiener Arbeiterkammer), who was one of the most prominent socialist feminist in Rotes Wien (Red Vienna) during the interwar years, born. A member of the Parteischüler-Bildungsverein Karl Marx (Karl Marx Association for Party Scholars and Education), a Marxist group for the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs (Social Democratic Party of Austria) members who opposed the war. When the SDAPÖ was banned in Austria in February 1934, Leichter joined the Revolutionäre Sozialisten (Revolutionary Socialists), an underground socialist organisation that had been formed in response to the party ban.

[EE] 1914 - American anarchist Rebecca 'Becky' Edelsohn (ca. 1892 - 1973), who had been carrying out a hungers trike protest against her conviction and imprisonment following an anti-Rockefeller demonstration in Tarrytown, New York on May 31, 1914, is released from prison after her supporters had raised the $300 needed to post a bond for her release, a bond that she had refused herself to pay. According to a '//New York Times//' article the following day, "Invitations to the funeral of Becky Edelson, whose friends thought her hunger strike at the Workhouse on Blackwell's island would result in her death, were recalled tentatively yesterday when she was released..." [see: May 31] [query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9504E7D7113FE633A25752C2A96E9C946596D6CF]

1915 - [O.S. Aug. 7] In Kolpino (Ко́лпино), an industrial suburb of Petrograd and the location of the Izhorsk (Ижорские) Works, one of the giant shipbuilding plants of the Naval Ministry, female shoppers, mainly workers’ and soldiers’ wives, outraged at escalating prices, find that their audience with the manager of the factory results in the usual empty promises. Dissatisfied with the outcome, the women took direct action, going about the city and forcibly closing shops. About two thousand men joined them when their shift ended, and at that point the crowd became genuinely violent. Members of the crowd attacked the shops and threw stones when police tried to restrain them. When the riot came to an end around 10 p.m. that same evening, fifteen shops had been wrecked, their contents stolen or destroyed. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

[EEE] 1937 - Founding Congress of the anarchist women's group, Mujeres Libres, in Valencia. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html]

1976 - Grunwicks: A small number of Asian workers walk out "in protest at oppressive working conditions", sparking one of the longest strikes in British history, before it was eventually defeated in July 1978. [www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick/chronology www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/the-intersectional-politics-of-the-grunwick-strike/ libcom.org/library/the-grunwick-strike-a-sivanandan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwick_dispute www.striking-women.org/module/striking-out/grunwick-dispute www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/57/grunwick-strike-strikers-in-saris-unite.html]

1996 - Maria Occhipinti (b. 1921), Italian anarcha-feminist, dies from complications associated with Parkinson's Disease. [see: Jul. 29]

2010 - Nair Lazarine Dall'Oca (b. 1923), Brazilian seemstress and anarchist, dies of a heart attack having spent several years suffering from Alzheimer's disease. [see: Apr. 23] ||
 * = 21 || 1893 - Following a meeting three days earlier, Emma Goldman again leads a march of a thousand people to Union Square, where, speaking in German and English, she repeats her belief that workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry, and to demonstrate their needs "before the palaces of the rich"; about three thousand gather to listen. Goldman's speech is characterized by the press as "incendiary" and, over a week later, cited as the reason for her arrest.

[E] 1910 - Sara Estela Ramírez (b. ca. 1881), US-Mexican teacher, journalist, labour organiser, activist, feminist, essayist, and poet, who was a prominent supporter of the Partido Liberal Mexicano and close friend of Ricardo Flores Magón, dies after a long illness. Along with her collaborators Juana Gutiérrez Belén de Mendoza, Elisa Acuña y Rosetti and Dolores Jiménez y Muro, she was one of the founders of Mexican feminism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Estela_Ramírez es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Estela_Ramírez tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fra60]

1917 - Antonia Ugeda Fuentes (d. 2006), Spanish furniture worker, nurse and anarchist activist, born. Having worked in child care and as a maid, she joined a furniture factory as an apprentice varnisher. At the age of 14, with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, he joined the CNT and in early 1936 took part in a strike in solidarity with sacked varnish workers. Around this time she also joined the Iberian FIJL. During the war, after taking a nursing course, she worked as a nurse at the hospital that was created in Villena and became romantically involved with a comrade, Joaquín García. Following Franco's victory, she hid until 4 May 1939 in Villena, the date on which she was denounced, arrested and imprisoned spending one year in Redován and three in Alicante prison. Released in May 1943, she broke with Joaquín and moved to Barcelona, where she worked again as a varnisher and later became involved with Ginés Camarasa, a prominent activist. During these years they were active in the underground struggle and Antonia became responsible for the upkeep of the 'Tres Tombes' (of Ferrer Guàrdia, Durruti and Ascaso) in the Montjuïc cemetry. Between 1990 and 2004, she also worked on the anarchist journal 'Orto'. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/ugeda/ugeda.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article8321 mujeressinfonterasysinbozal.blogspot.co.uk/2013_11_01_archive.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/4190-antonia-ugeda-fuentes-anarquista-que-cuido-las-tumbas-de-ferrer-durruti-y-ascaso.html

1933 - Francesca Saperas i Miró (b. 1851), Catalan seamstress, and militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Feb. 12]

1971 - A house in Amhurst Road, London, is raided by Special Branch and CID. Jim Greenfield, Anna Mendelson, John Barker and Hilary Creek are arrested. The four are taken to the `Bomb Squad' HQ in Albany Street, London, where the two men are subjected to a brutal beating-up to extract a confession from them. [Angry Brigade chronology] || A prominent Soviet librarian with worldwide links, on January 8, 1938, she was arrested and three days later kicked out of the CPSU (b) as "an enemy of the people" and handed over to the NKVD. On May 8, 1939, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union handed down its decision in what was termed the "case of the librarians group" and condemns Henrietta Derman as a "terrorist, Trotskyite - nationalist, member of the anti-Soviet Latvian organisation, member of the subversive sabotage organisation, distribution of counter-revolutionary literature" and sentenced to "imprisonment in a corrective labour camp for 15 years, followed by the removal of her political rights for 5 years and with confiscation of privately owned property." [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дерман,_Генриетта_Карловна bessmertnybarak.ru/article/bibliotekar-terrorist_kak_eto_po-nashemu/ www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=10648 www.itl.rtu.lv/LVA/index3.php?id=8105]
 * = 22 || 1882 - [O.S. Aug. 10] Henrietta Karlovna Derman [Генрие́тта Ка́рловна Де́рман (ru.) / Henriete Matilde Dermane (lv.)] (nee Abel [Абеле (ru.) / Ābele (lv); d. 1954), Latvian librarian and one of the country's first revolutionaries, who spent the last 15 years of her life in Soviet gulags, born. In 1900, she came under the influence of the Baltic Latvian Social Democratic Workers' OrganiSation (Baltijas Latviešu Sociāldemokrātisko Strādnieku Organizāciju) and, durign a period of study in Moscow (1903-05), she became involved with the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP and, after graduating, returned to Riga. In the Autumn of 1905, she was sent to Europe (Switzerland, Germany and Belgium) on the instructions of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Latviešu Sociāldemokrātisko Strādnieku Partiju).

[E] 1893 - Dorothy Parker (d. 1967), US poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist, who became a vocal advocate of causes like civil liberties and civil rights, resulting in her being labelled a communist by the FBI, born. Best known for her writings in 'The New Yorker' and as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table, she later became an increasingly vocal advocate of causes like civil liberties and civil rights, and critic of those in authority, Her lifelong commitment to activism began in 1927 with the pending executions of Sacco and Vanzetti. Parker travelled to Boston to protest the proceedings, where she and fellow Round Tabler Ruth Hale were arrested, and Parker eventually pleaded guilty to a charge of "loitering and sauntering", paying a $5 fine. 1n 1936, she helped to found the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League as well as reporting on the Loyalist cause in Spain for the Communist magazine 'The New Masses' in 1937. Parker also served as chair of the Joint Anti-Fascist Rescue Committee. She organised Project Rescue Ship to transport Loyalist veterans to Mexico, headed Spanish Children's Relief, all activities that would alienate her from her old Algonquin Round Table friends and lead to her Hollywood blackisting as a suspected communist. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker www.dorothyparker.com/wordpress/biography www.dorothyparker.com/wordpress/2007/06/tribute-to-mrs-parkers-radical-life.html spartacus-educational.com/USAparker.htm www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/04/07/brilliant-troubled-dorothy-parker/]

1913 - Suffragette Direct Action Campaign: Suffragettes are blamed for two fires in Edinburgh at Fettes College and a mansion house at Grange in Moray, Scotland.

1941 - Hasegawa Shigure (長谷川 時雨) (Hasegawa Yasu [長谷川 ヤス]; b. 1879), Japanese writer, novelist, feminist, and the founder and editor of a literary journal '//Nyonin Geijutsu//' (Women's Arts), she was Japan's first woman playwright and acted as a mentor to those who came after her, dies of thrombocytopenia. [see: Oct. 1]

1942 - Alice Duer Miller (b. 1874), US writer and feminist, whose poetry on the subject of women's suffrage actively influenced political opinion, dies. [Jul. 28]

1948 - Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (b. 1876), English Sikh suffragette and feminist of Punjabi descent, who was a member of the Women's Social and Political Union and played a leading role in the Women's Tax Resistance League, dies in her sleep. [see: Aug. 8]

1972 - Ana Maria Villarreal aka 'Sayo' (b. 1935), Argentine artist and member of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Revolutionary Workers Party), who later became an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People 's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla, is among nineteen political prisoners to be woken at 03:30 and taken from their cells in the Almirante Zar Naval Base and summirarily executed (shot) in an event known as the Masacre de Trelew. [see: Oct. 9]

1972 - Clarisa Rosa Lea Place (b. 1948), Argentine student and member of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Revolutionary Workers Party), who later became an Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People 's Revolutionary Army) guerrilla, is among nineteen political prisoners to be woken at 03:30 and taken from their cells in the Almirante Zar Naval Base and summirarily executed (shot) in an event known as the Masacre de Trelew. [see: Dec. 23]

1972 - Susana Graciela Lesgart (b. 1949), Argentine Montoneros guerrilla, is among nineteen political prisoners to be woken at 03:30 and taken from their cells in the Almirante Zar Naval Base and summirarily executed (shot) in an event known as the Masacre de Trelew. [see: Oct. 13]

2007 - Grace Paley (b. 1922), American short story writer, poet, teacher, feminist and "somewhat combative pacifist and cooperative anarchist", dies. [see: Dec. 11] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/cuadrado/cuadrado.html barcelonaenfemeni.org/Les Corts/Aurea Cuadrado.htm www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Áurea_Cuadrado]
 * = 23 || 1894 - Áurea Cuadrado Castillón, also known as Áurea Cuadrado Alberola (d. 1969), Spanish militant anarcha-feminist and fashion designer, born. Member of the Sindicat del Vestit de la Confederació Nacional del Treball (Union of Dressmakers of the CNT) and participated in the foundation of the Grupo Cultural Femení (Women's Cultural Group) in 1934, the forerunner of the Mujeres Libres.

[E] 1919 - Emilia Avgustovna Alekseeva (Эмилия Августовна Алексеева; b. 1890), Finnish-born Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik, who was prominent in the organisation of the Russian women's movement in 1917, takes poison after being arrested Kolchak's counter-intelligence, fearing that she would not be able to stand up to torture and betray her comrades in the communist underground. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Алексеева,_Эмилия_Августовна]

1936 - Maria Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' (b. 1915), Spanish anarchist and popular hero of the Casas Viejas Uprising in Andalusia, is shot at dawn by the fascists. She was later immortalised by Federica Montseny in her book 'María Silva: la libertaria' (1951).

1936 - Concha Monrás Casas (María de la Concepción Monrás y Casas; b. 1898), Catalan Esperantist, life-long partner of Ramón Acín and mother of the artist Katia Acín Monràs, is shot along with a hundred other Republican prisoners, seventeen days after Ramón faced a firing squad himself.

1948 - Adrienne Montégudet (Victorine Valentine Augustine Amélie Valdant; b. 1885), French school teacher, militant communist, revolutionary syndicalist and ultimately a libertarian, dies. [see: Jun. 12]

1954 - Marina Petrella, Italian former member of the Brigate Rosse, who is currently living in exile in France, having been granted political asylum for "humanitarian reasons", born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Petrella it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Petrella]

[C] 2001 - Henriette Bie Lorentzen (Anna Henriette Wegner Hågå; b. 1911), Norwegian humanist, peace activist, feminist and WWII resistance member, who survived Ravensbrück concentration camp, dies. [see: Jul. 18] ||
 * = 24 || 1698 - Elspeth MacEwen is the last person burned for witchcraft in Scotland.

1753 - Bartolina Sisa (d. 1782), indigenous Aymara leader, who led a major indigenous revolt, along with her ​​husband, Julián Apasa Nina (Túpac Katari), and sister-in-law, Gregoria Apaza Nina, against Spanish colonial rule in Bolivia, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolina_Sisa www.executedtoday.com/2014/09/05/1782-bartolina-sisa-indigenous-rebel/]

1876 - Nesta Helen Webster (neé Bevan; d. 1960), British historian, fascist and conspiracy theorist, who belived that the French Revolution, the First World War and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 were a product of the Illuminati, a secret Judeo-Masonic conspiracy, born. Amongst the right-wing groups she was a member of were the British Fascists, the Anti-Socialist Union, The Link, and the British Union of Fascists, and she was also the leading writer of the anti-Semitic paper '//The Patriot//'. Amongst her works were: '//Britain's Call to Arms: An Appeal to Our Women//' (1914), '//The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy//' (1919), '//The French Terror and Russian Bolshevism//' (1920), '//World Revolution: The Plot Against Civilization//' (1921), '//The Need for Fascism in Britain//' (British Fascists Pamphlet No. 17, 1926), and '//The Surrender of an Empire//' (1931), amongst others. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_Helen_Webster]

1894 - [O.S. Aug. 12] Varvara Nikolaevna Batiushkov (Варвара Николаевна Батюшкова; b. 1852), Russian revolutionary and narodnitsa member of the Moscow Tchaikovsky (чайковцы) circle, and later a Socialist-Revolutionary, dies. Arrested on charges of attempting to disseminate banned books, she was indicted in the Trial of the 193 (процесс 193-х) but released before the trial. She later became involved with the Muscovites Circle (Кружок москвичей) of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийской социально-революционной организации) and was sentenced on March 26 [O.S. Mar. 14], 1877 during the 'Process of 50' (Процесс 50-ти) to the deprivation of rights and 9 years hard labour. This was later replaced, by imperial order, with exile to one of the less remote areas of Siberia. In the summer of 1889, she was granted permission to return to European Russia (whilst being kept under secret police surveillance), but banned from residence in Moscow and St. Petersburg. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Батюшкова,_Варвара_Николаевна]

[E] 1904 - Ida Cook (d. 1986), British romantic novelist and opera fanatic who, with her sister Mary Louise, used both the money earned from her Mills & Boon novels as funds and the cover of their pair's regular trips abroad to the opera to escape of Jews from Nazi occupied Europe, born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Burchell www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/real-mills-boon-heroines]

[EE] 1919 - Tosia (Taube) Altman (d. 1943), Polish Jewish member of the underground resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto and fighter in the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organisation) during the ghetto uprising, born. In the leadership of the Socialist-Zionist secular Jewish youth movement Ha-Shomer ha-Za’ir, she utilised her blonde hair to work as a courier, making contact with Jewish resistance groups in other ghettos outside of Warsaw, providing them with updates on resistance clashes, as well as providing educational material that was banned by the occupying German forces. Later, she was critical in helping to smuggle weapons and explosives into the Warsaw ghetto. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941), the ghetto was cut off and, amid rumours of the massacre of Jews in Ukraine, Serbia and Lithuania, Altman traveled to Vilna without contacts or information regarding current identity papers in order to make contact with the Ha-Shomer ha-Za’ir based there. She returned to Warsaw with the words of Abba Kovner ringing in her ears and the movement's decision that the Jews should not go to their deaths without a fight ("Let us not go like sheep to the slaughter"). On her route back to the capital, she spread the message of rsistance to the various ghettos along the way. With the first wave of mass deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka (July - September 1942), the Žydowska Organizacja Bojowa was established, and Altman, a member of the central leadership of Ha-Shomer ha-Za’ir, was sent to the Aryan side to make contact with the Polish underground Armia Krajowa (AK) and the Communist Armia Ludowa in order to obtain weapons and support. Their contribution was minimal, but Altman and other women managed to bring in hand grenades and additional arms obtained at great risk. She also visited Krakow to try and organise coopertation with the underground groups there. On January 18, 1943, an additional Aktion was carried out in the Warsaw Ghetto, just as Tosia was returning to the city, and ŽOB members took the opportunity to attack the Germans, mingled with the masses awaiting deportation and attacked German troops. Most of the ŽOB combattants were killed and Altman was captured during the ensuing round-up. Taken to the Umschlagplatz, Altman was rescued by a member of the Jewish police who was acting on behalf of Ha-Shomer ha-Za’ir. ŽOB now set to dividing the ghetto into sections, building bunkers, distributing weapons (sent in by AK, who were inpressed by the January resistance or via the black market) and creating separate fighting units. On April 18, 1943, the final Aktion began and the command of ŽOB moved to the bunker at 18 Mila Street, whilst Altman went out on rescue missions to retrieve fighters trapped in the burning sections of the ghetto. On the twentieth day of the fighting, May 8, 1943, the bunker was discovered by the Germans, who piped gas into it to force out those in hiding. Most of the 300 or so trapped in the bunker chose to take their own lives rather than surrender. Only six managed to escape via a concealed opening, amongst them was Tosia Altman. They were found that night by Zivia Lubetkin and Marek Edelman. Sick, wounded and exhausted, she escaped from Zivia Lubetkin’s bunker via the sewers together with a group of fighters. On the Aryan side, she was housed with several comrades in the attic of a celluloid factory. On May 24, 1943, as the result of a terrible accident, fire broke out in the attic and spread rapidly. A few comrades managed to escape. Altman, who was badly burned, tried to jump out but collapsed, her entire body in flames. The Polish police handed her over to the Germans, who transferred her to hospital. There she died untreated (apparently on May 26, 1943), wracked with pain and possibly tortured. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosia_Altman jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/altman-tosia histoire-et-devoir-de-memoire.com/tag/ha-shomer-hzair/]

1926 - Nancy Spero (d. 2009), US artist and feminist whose tough, exquisite figurative art addressed the realities of political violence, sexism, racism, social and political injustice, and the abuse of power, born. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spero lib.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/bio-nancy-spero]

1943 - Simone Weil (b. 1909), French philosopher and one time anarchist militant during the Spanish Civil War, dies. [see: Feb. 3]

2003 - Safiyah Bukhari (b. 1950), African-American community activist and former political prisoner, who was a founding member of the Jericho Amnesty Movement, dies from complications due to a prolonged illness. [see:Apr. 2]

2009 - The first instance of the signature bare breast FEMEN protest when Oksana Shachko [Оксана Шачко], a Ukrainian artist and founder member of the group, appears topless during a FEMEN demonstration on Ukrainian independence day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femen en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Shachko] || [partacus-educational.com/Warchdale.htm]
 * = 25 || 1876 - Helen Archdale (Helen Alexander Russel; d. 1949), English journalist, feminist and suffragette, who with her lover Margaret Haig Thomas, Lady Rhondda, together with whom she founded the Six Point Group of Great Britain, born. In October 1909, she was arrested with Adela Pankhurst and Maud Joachim in Dundee after interrupting a meeting being held by the local MP, Winston Churchill. On 20th October all three women went on hunger strike. They were all released after four days of imprisonment. In December 1911 she was sentenced to two months in Holloway Prison for breaking a window in a government building. On her release Archdale worked on the WSPU newspaper, '//The Suffragette//'.

1910 - Dorothea Margaret Tanning (d. 2012), American Surrealist painter, printmaker, sculptor, writer, poet, ballet set and costume designer, born. Tanning married Max Ernst in 1946, in a double wedding with Man Ray and Juliet Browner. [expand] [www.dorotheatanning.org/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning]

[E] 1936 - Felicia Mary Browne (b. 1904), English artist and communist, is the first British volunteer to die in the Spanish Civil War. [see: Feb. 18]

1941 - Carol Bolt ( 2000), Canadian playwright, author of the Emma Goldmann play '//Red Emma, Queen of the Anarchists//' (1974), born. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Bolt www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/carol-bolt] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=733]
 * = 26 || [E] 1827* - Nathalie Lemel (or Le Mel) (d. 1921), French bookbinder, militant anarchist in the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, feminist and Pétroleuse, who fought on the barricades at the Commune de Paris of 1871, born. She joined the First International in 1866 and, along with Eugène Varlin, helped found the La Ménagère food cooperative and the La Marmite cooperative resturant. An active participant on the barricades in the Paris Commune, she also organised food for the city's poor. Following the defeat of the Commune, she was deported to Nouvelle Calédonie alongside Louise Michel. Amnestied in 1880, she went on to be employed by the newspaper '//L'Intransigeant//' and continued her fight for women's rights. [*NB: Other dates given include Aug. 24 and the alternative year of 1826.]

1910 - The Second International Socialist Women's Conference, held on August 26-27, 1910 in Copenhagen, endorses the idea of an international day of concerted action to protest for female suffrage, on the model of the annual May Day celebrations. The Second International at its Eighth Congress, also in Copenhagen between Aug. 28 - Sept. 3, 1910, passes a motion submitted by the German socialist Clara Zetkin (Leader of the 'Women's Office' for the Social Democratic Party in Germany) in favour of establishing an annual International Woman's Day, though no date is set. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialist_Women's_Conferences#Copenhagen_1910 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International www.internationalwomensday.com www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/interwomen.html womenwatch.unwomen.org/international-womens-day-history www.womenaid.org/events/iwd/iwdeverywomen.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/mar/04.htm]

1982 - Ana María Cruzado Sánchez (b. 19??), Catalan anarcho-syndicalist militant and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Oct. 24]

1992 - Nguyễn Thị Định (b. 1920), Vietnamese communist revolutionary, who fought with the Viet Minh forces against the French and, as a founding member of the National Liberation Front (Việt Cộng), against the Americans during the Vietnam War, dies. [see: Mar. 15]

2004 - Silvia Mistral (Hortensia Blanc(h) Pita; b. 1914), Cuban film critic, writer, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who lived in Spain and Cuba, dies in Ciudad López Mateos, Mexico. [see: Dec. 1]

2006 - Date often erroneously given for the death of América Scarfò aka 'Fina' (América Josefina Scarfó; b. 1912), Argentinian teacher, anarchist and pioneer of the anarcha-feminist movement. [see: Aug. 19 & Nov. 18] || [www.teoriaedebate.org.br/materias/nacional/militancia-por-dever-de-consciencia storicamente.org/emigrazione-femminile-in-brasile#nt-1 www.anpuhsp.org.br/sp/downloads/CD%20XIX/PDF/Autores%20e%20Artigos/Ines%20M.%20Minardi.pdf]
 * = 27 || 1863 - Maria Teresa 'Teresina' Carini Rocchi (d. 1951), Italian anarcha-feminist and socialist, who became involved in the workers movement in São Paulo alongside fellow anarcha-feminists Ernestina Lesina, María Lopes and Tecla Fabbri (Teresa Fabri), born. Brought up in a bourgeois family, Maria Teresa Carini dutifully married a clarinetist Guido Rocchi when she was twenty-six and with him travelled to Brazil. There they settled in the country's capital, where her burgeoning social conscience led her to attend workers' meetings and protest actions. She was the co-author, with María Lopes and Tecla Fabbri, of the manifesto '//As Jovens costureiras de São Paulo//' (The Young Seamstresses of São Paul) published in the anarchist periodical '//A Terra Livre//' on July 28, 1906, which encouraged the capital's seamstresses to denounce their degrading living conditions, long hours and low wages.

[E] 1884 - Anna-Thérèse Dondon (Florence Trinquet; d. 1979), French anarchist illegalist, born. Moving to Pars as a young woman, she quickly became involved in libertarian circles (//'L'Anarchie//' and Libertad's Causeries Popularies) as well as a prisoners relief committee. Having married George Dondon, she became involved with his brother in passing counterfeit currency, for which she was convicted twice, the second in 1906 she was sentenced to five years in Rennes prison. Released in 1909, she returned to Paris and became involved with René Valet, secretary of the Jeunesse Révolutionnaire. The couple lived in the Romainville libertarian commune where they later met members of the Bonnot Gang. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/dondon/dondon.html www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_bonnot_dondon.htm militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1310]

1887 - [O.S. Aug. 15] Irina Konstantinova Kakhovskaya (Ири́на Константи́новна Кахо́вская; d. 1960), Russian revolutionary, memoirist and translator, a member of the Union of Revolutionary-Socialists-Maximalists (Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов) ca. 1906 and, after the October 1917 split, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries [The Party of the Left, Internationalist -Revolutionary-Socialists](Партия левых социалистов-революционеров-интернационалистов) and its combat organisation, born. She was the organiser of the murder of the commander of the occupation forces in Ukraine Field Marshal Hermann von Eichhorn in 1918. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каховская,_Ирина_Константиновна www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=822 cyberleninka.ru/article/n/irina-konstantinovna-kahovskaya]

1924 - Varvara Ivanovna Alexandrova (Варвара Ивановна Александрова; b. 1853), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), the Political Red Cross (политическом Красном Кресте), and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия социалистов-революционеров), dies of cancer in Moscow. Like many young women of the perios, she had to go abraod to study medicine, enrolling in the medical courses at the University of Zurich in 1872. There she joined the Fritsche circle of young Russian female emigrants, who included Sofia Bardina, Vera and Lydia Figner, and Olga and Vera Lyubatovich. It was this group that drew up the statutes of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organisation (Всероссийской социально-революционной организации) in 1874. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Александрова,_Варвара_Ивановна]

1974 - In the early hours of the morning, Joan Little, a 21-year-old female African-American petty criminal serving seven to ten years in Beaufort County Jail in Washington, North Carolina, stabs 62-year-old white male prison guard Clarence Alligood to death with an ice pick and, having secured Alligood's keys, escapes. Alligood's body is discovered naked from the waist down with eleven stab wounds to the temple and chest, and semen was found on his left leg as his body clutched the pick (a favouite tool of the all-male guard force). The 160cm (5'3") tall and 54kg (120lb) Little handed herself in just over a week later, claiming that she had killed 183cm (6') and 90kg (200lb) Alligood while defending herself against sexual assault. She was charged with first degree murder, which carried an automatic death sentence, in a case that became a cause célèbre for the civil rights, feminist, and anti-death penalty movements. At her trial on August 14, 1975, Joan Little was acquitted, the first to successfully use the defence of having to use deadly force to resist sexual assault. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Little newsone.com/2679256/joan-little-case/ www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/davis.asp] ||
 * = 28 || 1857 - [N.S. Sep. 9] Elizaveta Nikolaevna Olovennikova (Елизавета Николаевна Оловенникова; d. 1932), Russian revolutionary and Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) activist, who was the sister of fellow Narodnistas Maria [Мария] and Elizaveta [Наталья], born. [see: Sep. 9]

[E] 1904 - [O.S. Aug. 14] Mariola Milkova Sirakov (Мариола Милкова Сиракова; d. 1925), Bulgarian actor and anarcho-communist revolutionary, born. From a well-to-do family, she rebelled at an early age against her social background, joining the anarchist movement. She regularly attended secret anarchist meetings and eventually became Bulgarian anarchist Gueorgui Cheitanov's partner. In her spare time she was involved in the Orpheus theatrical troupe in Kilifarevo. In 1922-23 she studied in Pleven, with fellow anarchists Vasil Popov and Valko Shankov hiding out in her quarters. Following the coup of June 9, 1923 Sirakova was arrested, raped and brutally abused by the police. In June 1924, she returned to Kilifarevo and was soon again arrested, but soon released. In the town she was active supporting the local population as well as hiding and treating wounded rebels. Following the April 16, 1925 attack on the St Nedelya Church, Sofia and the country's political and military elite gathered there for the funeral of General Konstantin Georgiev (Константин Георгиев), the Cheitanov group split, going into hiding. After the split of the band she and George Sheytanov and Zhelyu Grozev (Желю Грозев) attempted to emigrate to Turkey. In Nova Zagora supporters provided them with food and false papers, but on May 26 Mariola Sirakova and Cheitanov were caught in an ambush and arrested. They were taken back to Nova Zagora, where they were put on a train to Sofia. On May 28, Sirakova and Cheitanov were shot at Belovo railway station along with 12 other anti-fascist prisoners. [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мариола_Сиракова ikonomov.a-bg.net/msirakova.html libcom.org/history/sirakova-mariola-1904-1925 bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Георги_Шейтанов_(анархист)]

1910 - Following the endorsing by the Second International Socialist Women's Conference, held on August 26-27, 1910 in Copenhagen, of the idea of an international day of concerted action to protest for female suffrage, on the model of the annual May Day celebrations, the Second International at its Eighth Congress, also in Copenhagen between Aug. 28 - Sept. 3, 1910, passes a motion submitted by the German socialist Clara Zetkin (Leader of the 'Women's Office' for the Social Democratic Party in Germany) in favour of establishing an annual International Woman's Day, though no date is set. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialist_Women's_Conferences#Copenhagen_1910 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International www.internationalwomensday.com www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/interwomen.html womenwatch.unwomen.org/international-womens-day-history www.womenaid.org/events/iwd/iwdeverywomen.htm www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/mar/04.htm]

1918 - Elizaveta 'Liza' Chaikina (Елизаве́та Ча́йкина; d. 1941), wartime Soviet partisan and guerrilla unit organiser, born. Liza Chaikina went on intelligence collecting missions into enemy-occupied towns and villages. In November 1941 Liza was spotted by a turncoat while on a guerrilla commander's mission and was caught by the Nazis in a safehouse Kuprovyh. The family sheltering her is shot. After terrible torture by the Nazis, who wanted her to disclose the location of the guerrilla unit, she revealed nothing and was shot on November 23, 1941 in Chaikin Peno. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чайкина,_Елизавета_Ивановна www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=296 www.m-necropol.ru/chaikina-liza.html]

1986 - Elvi Aulikki Sinervo-Ryömä (b. 1912), Finnish working-class writer, novelist, poet, dramatist, translator, translator, anti-fascist and post-war member of the Suomen Kommunistisessa Puolueessa (SKP; Communist Party of Finland), dies. [see: May 4]

2012 - Shulamith Firestone (b. 1945), Canadian-American writer and radical 'second generation' feminist, is found dead in her New York apartment, probably having starved to death – though the New York City Medical Examiner's Office recorded her as having died from natural causes (no autopsy was conducted, by preference of her Orthodox Jewish family). [see: Jan. 7] ||
 * = 29 || 1906 - [N.S. Sep. 11] Zinaida Vasilevna Konoplyannikova (Зинаида Васильевна Конопля́нникова; b. 1878), rural school teacher, member of the revolutionary movement in Russia, is hung in Schlisselburg fortress during the night of September 10-11 [Aug. 28-29], 1906, becoming the first woman to be hanged in Russia in the 20th century. [see: Nov. 26]

[E] 1946 - Augusta Deyanira la Torre Carrasco, aka 'Comrade Norah' (d. 1988), Peruvian Maoist and feminist, who was number two in command of Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) guerrilla organisation, born. The daughter of Communist party leader Carlos la Torre Córdova and Delia Carrasco, she joined the Partido Comunista Peruano in 1962 at the age of 17. The partner of Abimael Guzmán, a professor of philosophy, together they formed the Movimiento Popular Femenino del Perú in Ayacucho in 1965 and later, having gone into hiding together in 1978, the Maoist guerrilla organisation Sendero Luminoso (1980 - ca. 1999). She was also active in the Maoist organisation, Bandera Roja (Red Flag) and helped found the Socorro Popular del Peru (Popular Succour). She led the first offensive of the Shining Path on December 24, 1980 and died in November 1988 in mysterious circumstance, a possible suicide. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_La_Torre larepublica.pe/17-02-2008/los-misterios-de-norah]

1958 - Notting Hill Riots: During the summer of 1958, Notting Hill had become the centre of increasing racist violence as gangs of Teddy Boys began roaming the street attacking anyone who was black, as well as targetting Caribbean shops and businesses. Against that background, a minor incident took place - an argument between a husband and wife outside Latimer Road Tube Station - that would ultimately lead to a week of racially-motivated violence in the district. The argument was between a Swedish woman and ex-sex worker, Majbritt Morrison, and her husband, Raymond Morrison, a West Indian painter and pimp. There already had been some tension between the neighborhood and Ray, who had had his windows smashed recently, and when a white crowd began racially abusing Ray, obviously thinking they were defending Majbritt, she turned on the abusers, who then turned on her, calling her a "nigger lover". Some of Ray's West Indian friends then turned up and suffles broke out, though no one was seriously injured.

1985 - Lise Børsum (Milly Elise Børsum; b.1908), Norwegian resistance member during WWII and survivor of Ravensbrück concentration camp, best known for her books on her experiences as a prisoner and on the characteristics of concentration camps, both Nazi and Soviet, dies. [see: Sep. 18] ||
 * = 30 || 1797 - Mary Shelley (d. 1851), daughter of anarchist philosopher William Godwin and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, and author of Frankenstein, born.

[E] 1841 - Maria Oliverio aka Ciccilla - La brigantessa delle brigantesse (b. ca. 1879), one of the most notorious female Italian brigands of the Kingdom of Vittorio Emanuele II, born. She was a member of the band of her husband, Pietro Monaco, a former soldier with Garibaldi, who had been married to Ciccilla's sister Concetta, who Ciccilla killed — the reasons given for this vary from jealousy to revenging an insult. She fled, joining Monaco's gang and taking part in numerous kidnappings, violent armed robberies, arsons, murders, killings of pets, etc. Eventually, Monaco was killed on December 23, 1863 by his right-hand man Salvatore De Marco, aka Marchetta, and Ciccilla took over the leadership of the gang until her capture in February 1864. At her trial she faced 32 separate charges. She only admiited to the murder of her sister, claiming that she was forced to take part in the others. She was sentenced to death but this was later commuted to 'lavori forzati a vita' (hard labour for life). [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Oliverio digilander.libero.it/vittoria110/Storia/ciccilla.htm www.brigantaggio.net/Brigantaggio/Briganti/Olivieri_Maria.htm]

1868 - Michelina Di Cesare, the 'Leonessa del Sud' (b. 1841), Italian bandit and leader of a criminal guerilla group, is killed in an ambush alongside her partner Guerra. Their bullet-riddled bodies were then displayed, together with those of two other bandits (Francesco Orsi and Giacomo Ciccone) who died along with them, in the square in nearby Mignano. The photo of Michelina (and that of Orsi) shows definite signs of torture and it appears likely that she did not die during the ambush, but later after sustained abuse.

[C] 1958 - Notting Hill 'Riots: 300 to 400-strong mobs of white youths, many of them Teddy boys armed with iron bars, butcher's knives and weighted leather belts, and shouting "Keep Britain White", "Down with the niggers" and "Go home you black bastards", go "nigger-hunting" among the West Indian residents of Notting Hill and Notting Dale. By the end of the night, five black men have been left lying unconscious on the pavements of Notting Hill. Following yesterday evening's events, [see: Aug. 29] on Saturday night Majbritt Morrison is attacked as she leaves a blues dance. Recognised as haaving been involved in the previous night's incident, a crowd of drunken white men outside a nNotting Hill pub began abusing her, calling her a "Black man's trollop" amongst other insults. She is pelted with stones, glass and wood, and struck in the back with an iron bar as she tried to get home. The mob followed her home but she stood her ground, despite being wounded and police orders to go inside. She was then arrested and the crowd dicided to go off and attack a house party organised by one of Britian's first sound systems, Count Suckle. The police arrived just in time to prevent the attack but were unable to prevent mobs roaming the streets, breaking windows and attacking people in the street. Most of the Afro-Caribean residents stayed inside but some came out to fight the mobs. The 'riots' would continue for the rest of the coming week, with neo-fascist groups, such as Colin Jordan's White Defence League and John Bean's National Labour Party, taking the opportunity to exploit the situation. More than 140 people during the two weeks [Aug. 24 - Sep. 5] of the disturbances, mostly white youths but also many black people found carrying weapons to defend themselves with. 108 people were charged with crimes such as grievous bodily harm, affray and riot and possessing offensive weapons. 72 were white and 36 were black. Nine of the white youths were given "exemplary sentences", five years in prison and £500 fines. In January 1959, five months after the riot, a direct precursor of the Notting Hill Carnival, the Caribbean Carnival, was held indoors at St Pancras Town Hall in central London as an act of solidarity and defiant in response to the racist events. Majbritt Morrison would later write a book, '//Jungle West 11//' (1964), about her and Ray Morrison's involvement in the Notting Hill 'race riots'. [www.blackpast.org/gah/notting-hill-riots-1958 www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/notting-hill-riots-1958 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7571879.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majbritt_Morrison www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/24/artsandhumanities.nottinghillcarnival2002 www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/white-riot-the-week-notting-hill-exploded-912105.html]

1969 - Ethel Duffy Turner (b. 1885), American journalist and author who took an active part in the Mexican Revolution alongside the Magonistas, dies in Mexico at the age of 70. [see: Apr. 21]

1979 - Jean Dorothy Seberg (b. 1938), US actress, who was effectively blacklisted and became a major target for the FBI's COINTELPRO program for her support of the Black Panther Party, which included a number of large donations to the Panthers' various projects, commits suicide in the back of her car in Paris, never having recovered from the death of her second child, who died two days after being born prematurely, an event Seberg blamed on the fallout from the FBI-sponsored May 1970 '//Los Angeles Times//' article claiming that a BPP member was the father of her child. [see: Nov. 13] ||
 * = 31 || 1869 - Irish woman May Ward becomes the first person to be killed by a car when she is thrown from an experimental steam car and goes under the wheels.

1893 - Scheduled to speak to the unemployed, Emma Goldman is arrested in Philadelphia on New York warrants charging her with incitement to riot for her Aug. 21 speech.

[E] 1918 - Fanya Yefimovna Kaplan [Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н] (Feiga Haimovna Roytblat [Фейга Хаимовна Ройтблат]; b. 1890), a 28-year-old Socialist-Revolutionary Party member, attempts to assassinate Lenin at the ' Serp i Molot ' (Серп и Молот / Hammer and Sickle) factory [its name, not what it produced]. Of the 3 shots fired, one of the poisoned bullets passed through his coat but the other two hit him in the neck and left shoulder. Despite 4 days of Cheka torture, Kaplan refused to implicate anybody else and was executed on September 3, 1918 with a bullet to the back of the head. The incident, along with the killing of the Bolsheviks’ Petrograd security boss Moisei Uritsky the previous week, is used as a pretext to launch the 'Red Terror'.

1941 - Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева; b. 1892) Russian and Soviet symbolist poet, who lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it, hangs herself. [see: Oct. 8]

1944 - Maria Dimadi (Μαρία Δημάδη; 1907), Greek interpreter and heroine of the National Resistance (Εθνικής Αντίστασης), who worked in the German garrison headquarters and clandestinly passed information on German military movements on to the General Headquarters of ELAS, is executed by members of the Greek collaborationist (Tagmata Asfaleias) (Security Battalions). [www.agrinionews.gr/ποιος-σκότωσε-τη-μαρία-δημάδη/ www.kar.org.gr/2013/02/01/μαρία-δημάδη-η-ηρωίδα-της-εθνικής-αντί/]

1962 - Hélène Brion (b. 1882), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist, dies. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she was given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of '//La Voie Féministe//' (1978) who never finished her monumental '//Encyclopédie Féministe//', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time. [see: Jan. 27 or Jul. 27]

1967 - Tamara Bunke aka 'Tania' (Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider; b. 1937), East German communist revolutionary and spy [in Bolivia under the name Laura Gutiérrez Bauer], who played a prominent role in the Cuban government after the Cuban Revolution and in various Latin American revolutionary movements, is killed in an ambush by CIA-assisted Bolivian Army Rangers as the guerrilla column she was leading was crossing the Río Grande at Vado del Yeso. [see: Nov. 19]

1969 - Luisa Landová-Štychová (b. 1885), Czech journalist, populariser of science, pioneer feminist, atheist, anti-fascist, anarchist and then communist politician, dies. [see: Jan. 31]

1977 - Atala Apodaca Anaya de Ruiz Cabañas (b. 1884), Mexican teacher, feminist, anti-clericalist and anti-Diaz revolutionary propagandist, who was known as the 'conferencista de la Revolución' (speaker for the Revolution), dies of stomach cancer. [see: Apr. 9] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)