Labour+Movement+Jul-Aug


 * = JULY ||
 * = 1 || 1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: On behalf of the city council, Antonio Cuevas Jurado announces to the city a manifesto in which he claims that at such critical times, they had had to accept positions running the municipal offices, positions that they did not deserve but could also not refuse. They put at the disposal of the people their honesty and probity, with which they hoped to count on the support of all the social classes of the population, so that there would be public tranquillity, and attracted to it the visitors that the city always had in the past.

1876 - Mikhail Bakunin (b. 1814), Russian revolutionary and philosopher, theorist of collectivist anarchism, who was plagiarised mercilessly by Karl Marx (whilst at the same time being vehemently denouncing by him "a nonentity as a theoretician"), dies. [see: May 30]

1903 - [N.S. Jul. 14] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The first general strike of the proletariat of the city of Baku begins in the mechanical workshops in Bibi-Heybat. [see: Jul. 14]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 18] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Cossacks attacked several thousand workers returning from a demonstration in the Łagiewniki forest (Lesie Łagiewnickim) as they march between the chapel of St. Anthony toward Bałucki Market Square (Bałuckiego Rynku) in Łódź. Around 10 people are killed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 18] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Odessa is brought to a halt by a large strike.

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn takes the witness stand in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Passaic County addresses the jury during her trial. [expand]

[F] 1923 - __Bloody Sunday__: During a steelworkers' strike in the summer of 1923, a group of mounted provincial police rode down Victoria Road and into Whitney Pier. They charged a group of mostly women and children returning home from church. They galloped in, swinging bats and clubs. One group was followed by a mounted police officer into the lobby of a local hotel. Men, women, and children were trampled and beaten. The miners' union struck in protest. Federal troops were called in to break both strikes. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_coal_strike_of_1981 www.pressreader.com/canada/cape-breton-post/20170510/282312499987042 www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-strikes-1920s/ capebretonsmagazine.com/modules/publisher/item.php?itemid=835]

1933 - The first issue of the monthly literary magazine '//Prolétariat//' is published in Paris by Henry Poulaille and the Groupe Prolétarien.

1937 - In Barcelona the Via Laietana, main artery of the city passing the CNT HQ is renamed Via Durruti in tribute to Buenaventura Durruti and his revolutionary activities.

1951 - Anne Feeney, US feminist, IWW member and community activist, folk musician and singer-songwriter or "unionmaid, hellraiser and labour singer" as she herself puts it, born. [www.annefeeney.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Feeney] || At midday, workers in the Catalan textile industry in Bacelona, ​​Gracia, Badalona, ​​Sans and other towns on the outskirts and in Igualada come out on strike in defence of the freedom of association and improvements in working conditions, in what is considered to be the first general strike convened in the history of Spain. In Sans the president of the employers' association and Cortes deputy José Sol y Padrís is shot dead. Zapatero issues a proclamation banning all working class organisations that take part in supporting the strike movement. Industrial actions quickly extends to the main towns of the Principality, including Sabadell, Igualada, Vic, Reus, Vilanova i Geltrú, Sitges and the manufacturing areas of Ter and Cardener. The extent of the strike movement surprises both the authorities and the manufacturer, and they express concern about the high level of organisation amongst workers that it implied. Even the bishop of Vich joined the calls made by the authorities to return to work: "If in your laborious life you have to submit to some privations, religion teaches us resignation and suffering, religion comforts us, promising us more abundant happiness in a future life, the greater the privations in the present are." However, the strike continued under the motto written on a banner: "Viva Espartero! Asociación o muerte. Pan y trabajo." (Viva Espartero [the Spanish president]! Association or death. Bread and work.) Following negotiations between a government emissary, Colonel Saravia, and the Junta Central de Directors de la Classe Obrera, an agreement was reached on July 10 promising a new law for the recognition of workers' associations. The following day, after with General Espartero having issued a message to Catalonia's workers asking them to trust him, saying that he was "a son of the people who never deceived the people", the strike was called off. [*Its members were Pau Barba, Secretaries Joan Rovira and Joan Bertran, and members Joan Company, Ramon Maseras, Martomeu Arrons, Jerònim Alsina, Pau Folch, Manuel Escuder and Pere Puigventós] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1855 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_general_de_1855 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_générale_de_1855_en_Espagne www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.veuobrera.org/06crono.htm www.veuobrera.org/02organi.htm]
 * = 2 || [F] 1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: In the wake of the on-going repression of the labour movement in Catalonia, Spain's industrial heartland, the Junta Central de Directors de la Classe Obrera* (Central Board of Directors of the Working Class) in Barcelona call for a general strike in protest at the execution of the militant cotton spinner Josep Barceló Cassadó on June 6 and the June 21 order from the Military Governor of Catalonia, Capitán General Juan Zapatero y Navas, for the dissolution of all 'illegal' societats obreres.

1905 - [O.S. Jun 19] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Funerals of the victims of Jul. 1 [O.S. Jun. 18], which are attended by large crowds, are held today and tomorrow. They escalate into major demonstrations. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1909 - Albert Louis Aernoult (b. 1866), French syndicalist, union activist and libertarian roofer, dies a day after arriving at the military-style discipline camp at Djenan al-Dar, Algeria. Supposedly only serving a few days punishment there, at 5 a.m. in the morning he was subjected to 4 hours strenuous. He collapsed from heat stress and exhaustion, and was then beaten with sticks by a lieutenant and 2 sergeants. He was then put to the //crapaudine//: forced to lay face-down, the legs are bent up to the kidneys, where the ankles and wrists are then bound behind one's back by a cord. About 3 p.m. Aernoult was thrown into a cell and submitted to the //crapaudine// again. He died later that night, supposedly of "heat stroke" and "cerebral excitement" as a result of the African sun. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1409]

1923 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Harold B. Fiske, an organiser for the IWW's Agricultural Workers Industrial Union No. 110, is arrested in Geneseo, Kansas by Rice county authorities and put in the jail at the county seat in Lyons. He was described upon his arrest as "a regular walking roll top desk, his pockets serving for pigeon holes" for the abundance of IWW literature he was carrying. On the basis of this evidence and his alleged admission to the sheriff that he had taken two applications for membership, Fiske was charged with violating the Kansas' Criminal Syndicalism act, which prohibited the advocacy of force or violence as a means of political or industrial change. The evidence introduced at trial against Fiske consisted primarily of the following: membership applications, membership cards, and accounting records found in Fiske's possession; the bylaws and other records pertaining to the Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union No. 110, an IWW affiliate; the preamble of the IWW's constitution; and a copy of an IWW song, which Fiske was alleged to have sung while in jail. For his part, Fiske admitted his role as an organiser; stated that he understood the teachings and constitution of the IWW; and defended the IWW's program of social revolution, asserting that the IWW would "in time rule the labour situation and overpower the capitalists of the United States"; but denied that the IWW was committed to unlawful means of change, that he had advocated violence as a means of political or industrial change as prohibited by the criminal syndicalism act, or that he had recruited workers in the county in which he was charged. After deliberating for two hours, the jury found Fiske guilty of violating the criminal syndicalism act. On September 20, Judge C. R. Douglass of the Rice County district court sentenced him to serve from one to 10 years in the Kansas state prison. [www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1981spring_cortner.pdf scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=articles en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/380/]

[C] 1986 - In Chile a two-day General Strike to protest military rule begins.

1990 - In South Africa a General Strike involving up to 3 million participants takes place. || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_Uprising fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journées_de_Juin marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1848/06/28a.htm]
 * = 3 || 1848 - __Journées de Juin [June Days Uprising__]: The Ateliers Nationaux (National Workshops) are disbanded.

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: By its second day, the strike had spread to Vich, Roda and San Hipólito de Voltregá. The same day a large demonstration heads to Barcelona's city hall to demand the delivery of a red flag that had been requisitioned the previous day by a municipal policeman. By 22:00 that night, the flag had been returned and the demonstration dissolved with songs and acclamations." [see: Jul. 2]

1865 - Auguste Garnery (d. 1935), French jeweller, anarchist militant, revolutionary trade unionist and anti-militarist, born.

1866 - Bernardino Verro (d. 1915), Sicilain socialist and syndicalist, who helped found Fascio Contadino di Corleone (Peasant Fascio of Corleone) in 1892 and became the first Socialist mayor of Corleone in 1914, born. Having formed a strategic alliance with a Mafia clan in Corleone in order to protect the //fasci// strikers, during the Fasci Siciliani Uprising in September 1893 the Fratuzzi mobilised to boycott it. Verro quit the clan and became a staunch enemy of the //mafiosi//, and it was a Mafia assassin who killed him with 11 shots, while he was returning home on November 3, 1915. [ita.anarchopedia.org/Bernardino_Verro en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Verro vittimemafia.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=257:3-novembre-1915-corleone-pa-ucciso-bernardino-verro-sindaco-del-paese-uno-dei-principali-organizzatori-del-movimento-contadino&catid=35:scheda&Itemid=67]

1890 - Josep Gené Figueras (d. 1980), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. The son of a baker of advanced ideas, he was enrolled in the Ateneo Igualadino de la Clase Obrera (Igualada Ateneo for the Working Class), a cultural institution that opened in 1890 as a day school for children aged 8-15 years. Raised in that environment, at the age of eighteen José Gene joined the Partit Republicà Democràtic Federal (PRDF; Federal Democratic Republican Party). He also read much Catalan literature, especially theatre works. An asthma sufferer, he asked to be exempted from military service, but was denied the waiver and chose to flee into exile in France. He lived in Lyon, where in 1912 he frequented the local 'Causeries Populaires' (Popular Lectures), and in Paris, where he worked at a telephone company and came into contact with the libertarian ideas popular in France at this time: he joined the French Syndicalist Youth, he began a relationship with anarchists like Carlos Malate and Sebastian Faure, and in 1914 began collaboration 'El Obrero Moderno', the newspaper of the Igualada comarca run by Juan Ferrer, with whom he always maintained a close friendship. At this time he met Leon Trotsky and became good friends with Charles Malato and Sébastien Faure. As a result of his militant activism, the French government expelled from the country in 1919, but he managed to outwit the Guàrdia Civil and returned safely to Barcelona, coinciding with the period of //pistolerismo// and the strike agitated form by the Canadian employers. He joined the CNT and was soon part of the committee of the Sindicat Metallúrgic in Barcelona at the Ramón Achs company. In 1921 he was elected general secretary of the Regional Committee of the CNT of Catalonia following the murder of his friedn Ramon Archs, a position of maximum danger that tested his militant determination and organisational skills. In 1922 attended the secret Zaragoza Conference that ratified the reorganisation of anarcho-syndicalism within the CNT and, that same year, he spent a short time in the Modelo in Barcelona. He was released in October 1922, decided to return to his native Igualada and work as adjuster, keeping discreetly in the background during the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera. His union militancy resumed with the arrival of the Second Republic, but remained in his native Anoia, joining the CNT Regional Committee in 1931 and in 1932 he married Maria Serrarols. He also collaborated on '//Ateneo Porvenir//' and organised rallies in Capellades, Vallbona and Pobla de Claramunt. With the beginning the Civil War, he remained in Igualada, he collectivised the family's cattle herd, bought a poultry farm and undertook to supply milk to his town as part of his contribution to the Social Revolution. He also took part in various rallies in neighboring villages and, between 1937-38, worked on the Igualada '//Butlletí CNT-FAI//'. After the Civil War, he crossed the border into France with his partner Maria Serrarols and her daughter Aurora. They embarked on the steamer Mexique, which came into the Mexican port of Veracruz on July 27, 1939. In his long period in Mexico, he was a member of the CNT in exile and treasurer of the local federation in Mazamet. He also held a number of positions in the Mexican confederal organisation. He also worked in various jobs, finally opening a grocery store in Mexico City, where his partner, Mary Serrarols, died in 1972 never having wished to return to Spain. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0307.html exiliadosmexico.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/garcia-lago-luis.html]

[F] 1901 - __Telluride Miners' Strike__: On the morning of July 3, as the scabs of the night shift were leaving the mine in Telluride, Colorado, striking hard rock miners attacked them in an ambush. Several men dropped; others returned fire. A brother-in-law of Arthur L. Collins, superintendent of Smuggler-Union mines, was seriously wounded, as were two other scabs and another two strikebreakers were killed. The battle lasted several hours. Finally, the scabs at the mine, outnumbered and outclassed in arms, put up a white flag, whereupon a parley was arranged between the miners' union president, Vincent St. John, and the agents of the employers, just as in real war. In the negotiations, the union secured the possession of the mines on the condition that the scabs should be allowed to depart in peace with their wounded. But before the scabs finally left, there was another battle, in which a few more were wounded; whereupon "the rest of the gang," as miners’ union organiser Bill Haywood put it, "was escorted over the mountains." The strike was settled three days later when the mine owners agreed the miners' demands for $3 a day and an eight-hour day. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com libcom.org/history/battles-telluride-mines-1901-1903-louis-adamic www.telluridenews.com/the_watch/article_f86ca47e-5252-11e5-8886-2bd0ddba3b3a.html www.gjsentinel.com/outdoors/articles/first-draft-telluride-was-once-ruled-by-wealthy-sa www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article54e.htm cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19010706.2.97 www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=THD19010704-01.2.2# www.tellurideminersmemorial.coyotekiva.org/miners.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Springs_miners'_strike_of_1903]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 20] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Around 100 strikers return to work but are quickly persuaded by their fellow workers that they ahve made the wrong decision. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 20] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: The first armed workers uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire, and a key event during the 1905 Revolution, breaks out. Funerals of the victims of Jul. 1 [O.S. Jun. 18] continue. Rumours quickly spreads that one of the victims of Sunday's clashes was secretly buried by police. Outraged, within a few hours Łódź workers manage to get an estimated 50,000–70,000 people out on the streets. A demonstration forms and marches through the city centre. At the corner of Piotrkowska (ulica Piotrkowskiej) and Żwirki (ulica Żwirki) Streets they clash with Cossack cavalry, in what the demonstrators claim is a pre-prepared ambush. The crowd begins throwing stones, and the Russian cavalry returned fire, killing 25 people and wounding hundreds, many in the paniiced stampede that follows. As a result of the massacre, Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania / SDKPiL) called for a general strike on Jul. 6 [O.S. Jun. 23]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With cases against his fellow IWW defendants concluded at last, Pat Quinlan went before Judge Abram Klenert for sentencing. Klenert sentenced Quinlan to 2 to 7 years in Trenton State Prison and fined him $500 on the basis of his conviction. No release pending appeal was allowed and the following Monday Quinlan was taken to Trenton to begin serving what would be two years behind bars. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn's trial ends with a deadlocked jury. She will have to wait two further years before she is finalluy acquitted on November 30, 1915. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_L._Quinlan www.dailykos.com/story/2013/7/4/1221183/-Hellraisers-Journal-Hotel-Workers-Win-Right-to-Union-Recognition-after-Fight-Four-Years-Long]

1917 - [O.S. Jun. 20] At the All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions (Всероссийская конференция профсоюзов), the Provisional All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов) is elected. At the First All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions (I Всероссийском съезде профсоюзов) on Jan. 20-27 [Jan. 7-14], it would be replaced by the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ВЦСПС en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union]

[DD] 1917 - [N.S. Jul. 16] __July Days [Июльские дни__]: Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet take power. Sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front. [see: Jul. 16] ||
 * = 4 || 1866 - Marius Monfray (d. 1894), French anarchist trade unionist, plasterer and painter, born. In November 1886, he was sentenced to eight days in prison for organising an illegal lottery (providing support funds for Toussaint Bordat, a defendant in the Procès des 66). His shout in response – "Vive l'anarchie!". Such impudence, for "contempt of court," got him two years in prison tacked on to his eight days.

1868 - Michael Bakunin moves to Geneva, where he will join the Geneva section of the International Workingmen's Association.

1876 - Albert Parsons joins the Knights of Labor.

1888 - Spartaco Stagnetti (d. 1927), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/documents/spartacostagnetti/spartacostagnetti.html ita.anarchopedia.org/Spartaco_Stagnetti www.campifascisti.it/scheda_campo.php?id_campo=75]

1890 - First issue of the Yiddish '//Freie Arbeiter Stimme//' (Free Voice of Labour) appears, New York.

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: Frick formally requests that Sheriff William H. McCleary intervene to allow supervisors access to the plant. Carnegie corporation attorney Philander Knox gave the go-ahead to the sheriff on July 5, and McCleary dispatched 11 deputies to the town to post handbills ordering the strikers to stop interfering with the plant's operation. The strikers tore down the handbills and told the deputies that they would not turn over the plant to nonunion workers. Then they herded the deputies onto a boat and sent them downriver to Pittsburgh. [see: Jun. 30]

[C] 1906 - Emídio Santana (d. 1988), Portuguese militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. He attempts to assassinate the Portuguese dictator Salazar on this day in 1937. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emídio_Santana www.ephemanar.net/octobre16.html desenvolturasedesacatos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/emidio-santana-historia-do-atentado.html pt.indymedia.org/conteudo/newswire/1861 resistencia.centenariorepublica.pt/expo/index.php/bibliografias/38-santana-emidio pasrupccl.no.sapo.pt/bibliografias_emidio_santana.htm]

1909 - In Cairo's Eden Theatre, socialists and anarchists launch the International Federation for resistance Among Workers. Its aim, as stated in the manifesto drafted also in Greek and Arabic was "the emancipation of the workers and the immediate betterment of their conditions". The organisation the mainifesto stated "will stand outside of any political, national or religious camp." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/05qgtk]

1910 - The IWW newspaper '//Solidarity//' tackles the theme of "sabotage" in reference to a strike of 600 tailors, who obtain most of their demands thanks to the solidarity of others and their use of sabotage.

[F] 1914 - __Lexington Avenue Explosion__: The Lexington Avenue bomb incident takes place in the apartment of Louise Berger in New York City. A Latvian anarchist, Berger was an editor of Emma Goldman's '//Mother Earth News//' and her apartment was being used by fellow members of the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross Carl Hanson and Charles Berg, together with IWW member Arthur Caron to assemble the bomb that prematurely exploded. Their plan to bomb Kykuit, John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s massive mansion in Tarrytown, NY, in retaliation for the 1914 Ludlow Massacre in Colorado and police violent suppression of the ensuing protests outside Rockefeller's mansion, Rockefeller being the main owner of the Ludlow mine. Berg, Berger and Hanson, together with Marie Chavez, who had not been involved in the plot but had merely been renting a room in the apartment at the time, were killed. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_bombing en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Berger www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=120081968 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre]

1914 - Arthur Caron (b. 1883), French Canadian anarchist and a member of the Industrial Workers of the World, blows himself along with two members of the Lettish section of the Anarchist Black Cross, Carl Hanson, and Charles Berg, whilst building a bomb which they planned to plant at John D. Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown, New York. [see: Dec. 16]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 17] __July Days [Июльские дни__]: [see: Jul. 17]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: Amidst the widespread clashes during the general strike, the President of the Republic José Pardo y Barreda is deposed. Augusto B. Leguía takes advantage of the situation to seize power amid popular enthusiasm. The same day, the Comité Pro-Abaratamiento de las Subsistencias (Committee for the Lowering of Subsistence) occupies the premises of the Confederación de Artesanos "Unión Universal" (Confederation of Craftsmen "Universal Union"), transforming it into the headquarters of the second Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation, the Federación Obrera Regional Peruana, established on July 8, 1919, and based on the principles of the old Federación Obrera Regional del Perú. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf] ||
 * = 5 || 1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: Two delegations representing the workers and the employers' sides go to Madrid to lobby the head of the government, General Espartero. The Junta Central de Directors de la Classe Obrera (Central Board of Directors of the Working Class), made up of its President Pau Barba, Secretaries Joan Rovira and Joan Bertran, and members Joan Company, Ramon Maseras, Martomeu Arrons, Jerònim Alsina, Pau Folch, Manuel Escuder and Pere Puigventós, presents a manifesto (published the same day) calling for the recognition of the right of association and the 10-hour day amongst other demands. Esparero greets them coldly, saying to "the children of the people, my favourites" that their demands would be met if they ended the strike. [see: Jul. 2]

[A / FF] 1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: Outraged by Besant’s article, Bryant & May attempted to bully the matchworkers into denying its revelations but these heavy-handed tactics further enraged the match girls and, on July 5th, around 200 of them downed tools and marched to the offices of '//The Link//' in Fleet Street, their "spirit of revolt against cruel oppression" aroused by the dismissal of one of their colleagues in the box-filling department in Bryant and May's Victoria factory, wilfully disregarded the orders of her foreman. The action spread quickly, and soon abound 1,400 workers had walked out in sympathy. Over the following days many of the striking match girls paraded the streets in the neighbourhood of Bow to publicise their strike. The management quickly offered to reinstate the sacked employee but the women then demanded other concessions, particularly in relation to the unfair fines which were deducted from their wages. A deputation of women went to management but were not satisfied by their response. An appeal for donations was launched in '//The Link//' and other sympathetic newspapers, and money rolled in from all quarters. Even the London Trades Council – a body representing skilled craftsmen, which had traditionally rejected associations with the unskilled – pledged its support, donating £20 to the strike fund and offering to act as mediators between the strikers and the employer. At the same time, a battle was fought in the pages of the press, with managing director, Frederick Bryant, using his contacts to get his first statement into print: "His (sic) employees were liars. Relations with them were very friendly until they had been duped by socialist outsiders. He paid wages above the level of his competitors. He did not use fines. Working conditions were excellent... He would sue Mrs Besant for libel". Annie Besant called his bluff. Ranged against him were many prominemt figures including William Stead, the editor of the 'Pall Mall Gazette', Henry Hyde Champion of the' Labour Elector', Catharine Booth of the Salvation Army, Emmeline Pankhurst, George Bernard Shaw and various MPs. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/london/article_1.shtml www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/bryant-may-strike-bow-east-london/ www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php libcom.org/history/matchgirls-strike-1888-john-simkin www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/november-2015-print-of-the-match-girls-during-their-strike-1888/ spartacus-educational.com/TUmatchgirls.htm www.marxist.com/britain-matchgirls-strike.htm www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106451.html]

[F] 1889 - __Glasgow Dockers' Go-Slow aka The World's First Ca'canny Strike__: By July 5th the newly formed union had run out of strike funds and so agreed to go back to work at the old wage level. The dock employers throughout the strike said they were happy with the scabs work, even though cargo was being lost and dropped and in general was a full four times slower at unloading, ships were also being condemned as un-seaworthy due to dangerous loading. To break the strike the employers had had to keep up a false front and pretend everything was rosy. It was agreed by the dock workers when they returned that since the scabs work was seen as acceptable and paid at a higher rate, then it was only logical to keep the same level of incompetence and slowness as well as dropping as many packages in to the water as the scabs but there would be no need to fall in the water in the same manner as the scabs – and so the "ca’ canny" strike was born. Within a few months the employers had offered the dock labourers a pay increase if they went back to pre-strike work rate. Workers from Dundee, Tilbury and Leeds once they had found out that they had been brought in as strike breakers all refused to work, even though free tobacco, food and higher wages were all on offer from the hard done by employers! [see: Jun. 11]

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: Having been given the go-ahead by the Carnegie corporation's attorney Philander Knox to intervene to assist company supervisors in gaining access to the plant, Sheriff William H. McCleary dispatched 11 deputies to the town to post handbills ordering the strikers to stop interfering with the plant's operation. The strikers tore down the handbills and told the deputies that they would not turn over the plant to nonunion workers. Then they herded the deputies onto a boat and sent them downriver to Pittsburgh.

1905 - [O.S. Jun 22] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca]__: During the evening, an armed uprising breaks out. On Eastern Street (ul. Wschodniej), insurgents attack a company of infantry and 50 Cossacks. During the night (July 5-6 [Jun. 22-23]) the first of more than 100 barricades begin to appear in the streets of Łódź. Six regiments of infantry, two cavalry regiments and a regiment of Cossacks are hastily dispatched to the city to help put down the insurrection. In the area of ​​East street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on South Street was surrounded by the entire Russian Military Police unit. Located in several fires broke out as workers set fire to warehouses of alcohol. Soon after, government forces have made the first assault on the barricades, at first without a clear success. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 18] __July Days [Июльские дни__]: [see: Jul. 18]

1927 - Lesbia Harford (Lesbia Venner Keogh; b. 1891), Australian poet, novelist, free love advocate, member of the I.W.W. and state vice-president of the Federated Clothing and Allied Trades Union, dies of lung and heart failure, exacerbated no doubt by the tuberculosis that she had suffered from for many years. She was aged just 36 years old. [see: Apr. 9]

[D] 1934 - __San Francisco's 'Bloody Thursday'__: Police shoot down striking longshoremen and supporters at Rincon Hill, killing two and injuring over 100. [expand] ||
 * = 6 || 1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: In the town hall it is decided that, as the critical situation experienced by the city had already passed, and since the committee had legal status, it was necessary to inform the Provincial Government and the governor of the province that the Municipality was already operating within the legal system, and that it offered its total support to the Government and to the constituted authorities. Orders were also given to suspend the demolitions and the workers were to repair the streets of the city damaged during the uprising. The confiscated churches, convents and church property were to be returned and those properties was were still able to be used were to be guarded by the Volunteers of the Republic.

1881 - The sixth and last Congress of the Bakunist faction of AIT (International Workingman's Association, the first Communist International).

[A] 1890 - __Leeds Gasworkers' Victory Parade__: 25,000 people wound onto Hunslet Moor to celebrate the success of the strike. [expand] [secretlivesofobjects.blog/2016/01/14/leeds-gas-riots/ virtualvictorian.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/the-leeds-gas-strike-of-1890-guest-post_2.html www.johnhearfield.com/Gas/Gas_strike.htm leedssocialistparty.wordpress.com/2015/07/07/the-battle-of-leeds-the-victory-of-the-leeds-gas-workers-125-years-ago/]

[F] 1892 - __Homestead Massacre or Battle of Homestead__: With 'Fort Frick' surrounded by picketing strikers, 300 Pinkerton agents armed with Winchester rifles had assembled downstream the previous night ready to access the plant grounds from the river before dawn on July 6 and remove the strikers by force. However, the strikers were prepared for them. A small flotilla of union boats went downriver to meet the barges. Strikers on the steam launch fired a few random shots at the two specially outfitted barges towed by a tug, then withdrew, blowing the launch whistle to alert the plant. The strikers in turn blew the plant whistle at 02:30 and, alerted, thousands of workers and their families rushed to the river to keep them out. As the Pinkertons attempted to land under cover of darkness about 04:00, the assembled crowd tore down the barbed-wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds. Some in the crowd threw stones at the barges, but strike leaders shouted for restraint. Various attempts were made by the Pinkertons to land but, vastly outnumbered, they were driven back and those on shore used everything from a cannon, dynamite, a 'fire-ship' barge and setting alight an oil slick; all to no avail. A Pinkerton Guard named John W. Holway later recalled, "...there were cracks of rifles, and our men replied with a regular fusillade. It kept up for ten minutes, bullets flying around as thick as hail, and men coming in shot and covered with blood." In the end, around 17:00, 234 Pinkertons surrendered and came ashore, where they were beaten and cursed by the angry workers as they were forced to run the gauntlet. As the detained Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House (which served as a temporary jail), the townspeople continued to assault the agents. After negotiations between the strike committee met and the town council over the handover of the agents to McCleary, a special train arrived at 00:30 on July 7. McCleary, the international AA's lawyer and several town officials accompanied the Pinkerton agents to Pittsburgh. The final casualty toll was 14 dead and 24 wounded on the workers' side, whilst seven Pinkertons killed, with a further three missing, presumed dead, and 22 wounded. [see: Jul. 12] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-homestead-steel-workers-strike-protect-unions-and-wages-1892 libcom.org/history/1892-the-homestead-strike libcom.org/history/homestead-strike-1892-jeremy-brecher libcom.org/library/chapter-3-ragged-edge-anarchy www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/homestead.html www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/1892-Homestead-Strike battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/ dp.la/primary-source-sets/sets/the-homestead-strike/ scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/1019/2007PickardD.pdf?sequence=1 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html]

1902 - Alfons Tomasz Pilarski aka 'Janson', 'Jan Rylski', 'Kompardt', etc. (d. 1977), German anarcho-syndicalist who took part in the German and Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi movements, born in Upper Silesia. Before WWII one of the leading activists of anarchist movement in Poland. 1917-1921 draughtsman in agronomic office in city hall of Raciborz. In 1918 joined Upper Silesia Communist Party and in 1919 anarcho-syndicalist workers union Freie Arbeiter Union Deutchlands. Until 1933 he was an activist of the FAUD. Resistance organizer against Hitler. In 1929 initiated paramilitary anarchist organization Schwarze Scharen (Black Troop) 1928-1932 editor of '//Freiheit//' (Freedom) published in Wroclaw (Breslau) and Raciborz. Accused by Third Reich regime of high treason, fled to Berlin where he was hidden. With help of Polish diplomat he managed to flee to Poland where he got political refugee status. 1933-35 scholar in Institute for Ethnographic Research in Warsaw. He was active in the Związku Związków Zawodowych (ZZZ; Union of Workers Unions) as an anarcho-syndicalist. 1934-36 secretary of Union in Zaglebie Dabrowskie. He represented Polish anarcho-syndicalists during IWA congress in Paris in 1938. From 1939 in Central Section of ZZZ. Published in '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front) as Jan Rylski. From May 1939 he worked in a German-language anti-Nazi programme in Katowice radio station. From July 1939 member of ZZZ board. After September defeat went to Mozejki near Wilnus [Vilna]. He joined Zwiazek Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ: Association of Armed Struggle, precursor of Polish National Army [Home Army/ AK]). Worked in an office preparing fake documents for underground. In 1942 he came back to Warsaw as a Swedish citizen. Took part in so called 'N-action' (disinformation in press and leaflets for Eastern Front German soldiers). He joined the Syndykalistyczna Organizacja Wolność (SOW-a; Syndicalist Organisation Freedom), published in '//Walka Ludu//' (Peoples Struggle). Took part in Warsaw Uprising in the ranks of Polish Popular Army. August 8 1944 wounded. Joined Syndicalist Brigade. After defeat of Uprising, together with his wife and daughter, evacuated to Ojcow near Krakow. From January 1945 worked as secretary of propaganda section of District Committee of Workers Unions in Krakow. In June 1945 went to Silesia where he organized reconstruction of industry. After the war he maintained contact with German anarcho-syndicalists. In 1947 he joined Polska Partia Robotnicza (Polish Party of Workers) then Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (Polish United Party of Workers – communist regime party). 1948-50 worked in office in Ministry of Western Lands. In 1950 expelled from the Party for "anarchist aberration". In 1953 imprisoned for months without sentence. He worked in Warsaw in Dom Słowa Polskiego (Polish Word House) and Panstwowa Centrala Handlu Ksiazkami 'Dom Ksiazki' (State Central of Books Trade 'Book House'). He refused to receive decorations and honorable awards. Died February 3 1977 and was buried in Powazki Cemetery in Warsaw. [libcom.org/history/pilarski-alfons-1902-1977 www.estelnegre.org/documents/pilarski/pilarski.html pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Pilarski podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/ pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność"]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 23] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: A mass demonstration in memory of those who died on June 16th (O.S. Jun. 3). In the square in front of the city council, workers hold a sit-in and reiterate their demands. The area is surrounded by troops but, protected by armed members of the combat brigades and the workers' militia, the authorities dare not use force. During the evening the Govenor offers the factory owners opportunity to return to Ivanovo to conduct negotiations under his protection. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 23] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: Across Łódź all markets, workshops, shops and offices are closed and there was open clashes between workers and government forces. In the area of ​​Eastern Street workers opened fire on a group of Russian soldiers and cavalrymen, and on Southern Street another group of workers were surrounded by an entire Russian Military Police unit. Several large fires broke out as workers set fire to alcohol warehouses. The most bloody battles take place on the barricades erected in the New City (Nowe Miasto) district on the corner of Eastern Street (Ulica Wschodniej) and Southern Street (Ulica Południowej) [now Revolution of 1905 Street (Ulica Rewolucji 1905 roku)], and on Northern Street (Ulica Północnej), near the Rokicińska highway (Szosy Rokicińskiej) and Źródliska Park (Parku Źródliska). On the same day SDKPiL (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy / Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) orders a general strike throughout the Polish Kingdom and the Tsar signs a decree introducing martial law in the city. Six infantry regiments and several regiments of cavalry also arrived from Częstochowa, Warsaw and several summer training camps. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 19] __July Days [Июльские дни__]: [see: Jul. 19]

[D] 1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: The first CNT labour dispute since the proclamation of the Second Republic begins when the newly created [at the III Congress of the CNT, June 11-16, 1931] Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos calls out workers in the Telefónica Española telephone service, run by AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) under terms and conditions extremely favorable to the company and that were considered by many to be as a real abuse of power. The strike would end with 30 dead, more than 200 left wounded and 2,000 in prison, as the army and police try to suppress it. Following AT&T's refusal to negotiate with the CNT, 6,200 of Telefónica Española's 7,000 employees came out on strike. The intention was to stop the telephony service and for the demands to be heard. These include: · Recognition of the Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos; · Reinstatement of all those dismissed since 1925, 1,500 employees; · Review of employee records; · Inclusion in the workforce those temporary staff with over a year of service; · Creating the roster by order of seniority; · Voluntary retirement at 55 years of age and compulsory retirement at 60; · Right of female staff to marry and to grant the corresponding benefits for childbirth; and, · Wage equalisations. The strike is a success in Seville, Zaragoza and Barcelona, but has uneven results in the rest of Spain. The Socialists, in power, choose to try to alleviate its effects and send UGT members to provide services to cities like Madrid and Barcelona to try to restore 'normalcy' - protecting the interests of a foreign company and give a message of 'stability' to potential investors in the young republic. On July 7, members of the strike committee are arrested and its public meetings banned. The union fights back with a campaign of sabotage. The following day sees the Chief of Police order all Guardia Civil to lie in ambush and to shoot on sight anyone interfering with telegraph poles. On the 9th, international lines are cut, a bomb damages the Seville exchange and the antennas of the Amposta company are also damaged. July 17 sees strikers in Vizcaya arrested for sabotage and on July 18, a general strike is called in Seville in protest at the death of a striking brewery worker, resulting in further clashes that end with the murder of a worker from the Osborne factory. During his burial anarchists clash with the police, leaving four workers and three security guards dead. The next day another general strike is called in Seville. On July 22 the government belatedly declares the strike illegal as 10 days notice was not given. The Minister of the Interior orders the closure of all anarcho-syndicalist centres across Spain and the arrest of CNT leaders. Across Spain acts of sabotage continue and in Barcelona saboteurs hold up traffic in order to prevent injuries whilst they set off their explosives. July 22 also sees the declaring in Seville of a state of war and at dawn on the 23rd, in Maria Luisa Park, prisoners trying to escape from a police van are shot, leaving four dead. That same day, the Minister of the Interior orders an assault on the Casa Cornelio tavern, a rebel stronghold in the city. On August 9, a Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos member is also shot whilst playing cards in a bar. At the end of August, two months-worth of tension during the strike spill over in Zaragoza as itchy trigger-fingered Guardia Civil shoot 5 passersby, killing one, Isidro Floria Sánchez. [see: Aug. 31]. The CNT calls a 2-day strike that ends up lasting for four days, during which the army is deployed on the Zaragoza streets. Many are wounded on both sides as CNT militants continue to carry out numerous acts of sabotage. The strike ends on September 4 [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_la_Telefónica_de_1931 www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/a_los_75_anos_de_una_huelga_anarcosindic www.portaloaca.com/historia/ii-republica-y-guerra-civil/2304-la-huelga-de-telefonica-de-1931-el-primer-conflicto-de-la-cnt-en-la-republica.html www.zaragozamemoriahistorica.com/huelga-telefonos-septiembre-de-1931/]

1950 - Workers in the Walloon industrial belt go out on strike as part of the countrywide campaign to prevent King Leopold III from resuming the throne. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_royale en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question www.cairn.info/revue-courrier-hebdomadaire-du-crisp-1987-24-page-1.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgians-prevent-king-leopold-iii-resuming-throne-1950]

1989 - René Lochu (b. 1899), French journeyman tailor, anarchist, syndicalist union activist and pacifist, dies. His close friend Leo Ferre dedicated his song '//Les Etrangers//' to him. [see: Jul. 6] ||
 * = 7 || 1839 - Jules Thomas (d. 1892), French Icarien [follower of Étienne Cabet], Parisian communard, Blanquist, then a militant anarchist, born. Fled France following the fall of the Commune and took refuge in New York, founding the Société des Réfugiés de la Commune which, in addition to its solidarity actions, commemorated the anniversary of the March 18 Paris uprising.

1867 - Charlotte Anita Whitney (d. 1955), US women's rights activist, political activist, pacifist, socialist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organiser in California, born. She is best remembered as the defendant in a __landmark 1920 California criminal syndicalism trial, Whitney v. California__, and was prominent in the founding and early activities of the Communist Party in the United States. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Anita_Whitney]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: Antonio Cuevas Jurado acquired in Cadiz a thousand carbines, sabers and bayonets and 50,000 cartridges, in exchange for 50,000 pesetas. The revolution of the small town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda was now properly armed.

1873 - __Revolució del Petroli / Revolución del Petróleo [Petroleum Revolution__]: A revolutionary syndicalist uprising takes place in Alcoy, Valencia, an important textile centre that was known at the time as 'la petita Barcelona', both for the strength of its nascent labour movement and for the proliferation of its different industries. The name derives from the torches soaked in oil and other pertoleum products that the angry banner-carrying crowds brandished, which were used to set fire to buildings, and for a few days, according to sources, the whole city smelled of oil. A forerunner of the Revolución Cantonal that was to break out in Cartagena five days later and spread across many rgions of Spain, including, Valencia, Andalusia and Murcia, the Revolució del Petroli was formented by the Comissió Federal of the Spanish section of the IWA (FRE de la AIT), who had moved to Alcoy in January 1873 following the Congress of Cordoba. On July 7, 1873 the workers of Alcoy gathered in the plaça de Toros bullring to deamnd a reduction in the working day to eight hours and a wage increase from four to six reales per day. Rejected by the employers, a general strike was called for the following day, initially counting on the neutrality of the federal republican mayor Agustí Albors Blanes (Pelletes). However, the employers bribed him with 60,000 pesetas and Albors telegraphed the Civil Government of Alicante and asked him to come to the city with military reinforcement, whilst issuing an anti-worker ban. On July 9, a workers' committee made up of Vicente Fombuena, Tomàs Montava, Severiano Albarracín, Juan Chinchilla and Rafael Abad Seguí met with the mayor with the intention of demanding that the city council resign and that the workers take charge of the municipal government. Albors responded by ordering an attack against the more than two thousand workers who were gathered in the central square of the city, claiming the lives of two internationalists and leaving 20 workers wounded. During the following hours, four other workers were killed and 20 more wounded. Some houses neighbouring the town hall, where the authorities had taken refuge, and some factories are burned. Attempts at mediation proved fruitless and the security forces and employers began to run out of ammunition and finally, after 20 hours of fighting, the Guàrdia Civil surrendered to the crowd, who then occupied the city hall. Albors was shot dead and four guards and two of the employers were wounded. The people elected a Comitè de Salvació Pública, chaired by Severiano Albarracín, which governed Alcoy for the next three days, arresting 42 of the manufacturers who had fired on the crowd, releasing them three days later. On July 12, the news that a military column led by General Velarde was coming in Alcoy began circulating; the same day Josep Maria Morlius, governor of Alicante, and a commission from Madrid chaired by Deputy Cervera arrived in the city. That same night, the leaders of the uprising fled the city. Everything seemed to have calmed down after a mixed commission of workers and employers had taken charge of the municipal government, and the armed workers had stood down without any resistance following the promise of an amnesty. But there followed a media campaign, triggered by the minister of state Eleuterio Maisonave, who spoke of "chaos", murder and rape. Gradually normality returned with curfews between July 21-23 July put in place by the new Mayor Tomás Maestre. The employers, however, demanded venegence and on September 13, the Castelar government appointed a special judge and military commander. The city was occupied by the army two days later and 129 workers were arrested and taken to the castle of Alicante, where four years later they remained imprisoned without trial. Five years later, there were still 93 left, 80 prisoners finally having been released on bail; one of the detainees was only released 10 years after the events. A total of 700 workers stood trial, even minors aged between 12 and 17 years. The Revolució del Petroli marked a final break between the republicans and anarchists. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/petroli/petroli.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolució_del_Petroli es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolución_del_Petróleo es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Regional_Española_de_la_AIT es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelión_cantonal en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonal_Revolution www.lamarea.com/2012/12/23/la-ciudad-que-se-proclamo-independiente-en-1873-adelanto-del-no-1-de-la-marea/ es.wikisource.org/wiki/Revolución_Cantonal hystoryuv.webcindario.com/rev-petroli.pdf madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html www.veuobrera.org/00finest/873fre-l.htm www.llibertat.cat/2007/01/1873-esclata-la-revolucio-del-petroli-a-la-ciutat-d-alcoi-557 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/]

1886 - Manuel Buenacasa Tomeo (d. 1964), important Spanish anarchist, trade unionist and Confederación Nacional del Trabajo militant, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre06.html#buenacasa autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/manuel-buenacasa-tomeo-1886-1964.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/buenacasa/buenacasa.html www.acracia.org/Acracia/Libros_-_Manuel_Buenacasa_Tomeo.html]

1892 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Bernardino Verro, who had helped form one of the first Fasci in Corleone, and Giacomo Luciano, president of the Fascio di Palazzo Adriano, are arrested. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]

1903 - IWW co-founder Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones begins leading the 'March of the Mill Children' the 100 miles from Philadelphia to President Theodore Roosevelt's Long Island summer home in Oyster Bay, New York, to publicise the harsh conditions of child labour and to demand a 55-hour work week.

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 24] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The factory owners reiterate their refusal to make any concessions. When this is communicated to the strikers, they send a message to the Governor stating that the Workers' Council bears no responsibility for maintaining order in the city and its surroundings. That evening, the buring of manufacturers' houses, smashing of shops and stalls, and attacks on telegraph links reignites. Police arrested 64 people. The governor immediately leaves for St. Petersburg to report to the Government, which allocates additional troops. Having sustained heavy losses during the strike, some of the manufacturers make additional concessions: the industrialist Gryaznov (Грязнов) announces a 9-hour day, wage increases of 7%, a rent subsidy and the promise not to dismiss any strikers. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1905 - [O.S. Jun 24] __Łódź Insurrection [Powstanie Łódzkie] / June Days [Dni Czerwca__]: At dusk (some sources claim noon on the 8th [Jun. 24th]) the last of the barricades, on the Eastern Street and in Źródliska Park, fall to Tsarist troops - according to the sources. Over the following days there were many individual militant actions, such as attacks on police outposts or shooting at individual police patrols. In most cases, the Łódź insurgents were very poorly armed, fighting with a few revolvers, paving stones, boiling water and acid poured from the windows etc., and it was inevitable that they would succumbed to the overwhelmingly superior Tsarist police forces. They also had to combat the actions of the endecki [Narodowa Demokracja (National Democratic Party)] militias, as there was in effect a mini civil war during the June uprising between the workers associated with the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party) and the workers supporting the National Democracy movement, who resoundingly denounced the 1905 Revolution. The number of victims during the fighting is not known. Official reports claim 151 civilian deaths (55 Poles, 79 Jews and 17 Germans) and about 150 wounded, whilst historians estimate at least 200 dead and between 800 and 2,000 wounded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection_(1905) pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_łódzkie wolnemedia.net/historia/powstanie-lodzkie-1905-roku/ rewolucja1905.pl/tagi/powstanie-lodzkie/]

1916 - [O.S. Jun. 24] In the Russian town of Taganrog (Таганрог) in the Don region, a crowd of over one thousand people, identified as mainly soldatki (soldiers' wives), commandeered stores of sugar held by local merchants and distributed them among themselves. Then, when the supply ran out, they set about breaking into shops. The crowd dispersed only after troops were called in and ordered to fire. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1917 - [N.S. Jul. 20] __July Days [Июльские дни__]: [see: Jul. 20]

[F] 1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: Members of the Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos strike committee are arrested and the CNT's public meetings are banned. The union fights back by beginning a widespread campaign of sabotage. [see: Aug. 6]

1937 - Marguerite Aspès (b. 1901), French anarchist militant and revolutionary syndicalist, commits suicide upon hearing of her lover Leopold's death. [see: Jan. 26]

[A] 1945 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn sentenced in absentia to eight years in a labour camp in Russia.

[C] 1960 - __Reggio Emilia Massacre__: Five trade unionists, including three Italian Partisan veterans, are shot by police in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Following the announcement in June 1960 by the fascist MSI that its national conference will be held in Genoa, a city famous for its resistance to Fascism, workers in Genoa organised a series of wildcat strikes. In clashes with police, one anti-Fascist trade unionist is killed. In response, the Italian General Confederation of Labour calls a national strike. In the city of Reggio Emilia, 20,000 workers take to the streets. The only 'official' space allowed - the Verdi Hall which has 600 seats - is too small to contain the crowd, so a group of 300 workers from the Mechanical Workshops Reggiane gather in front of the War memorial, singing anti-Fascist songs. The police charge and attack the crowd with tear gas and water canon. Workers man barricades and fight back. Dejected by the resistance of the protesters, the police take out their guns and start shooting. Five are killed and sixteen are wounded. Those killed: · Lauro Farioli (b. 1938), aged 22, married father of one. · Ovid Franks (b. 1941), aged 22, the youngest of the fallen. · Marino Serri (b. 1919), aged 41, a veteran of the 76th Partisan Brigade. · Afro Tondelli (b. 1924), aged 36, also a veteran of the 76th Partisan Brigade. · Emilio Reverberi (b. 1921), aged 39 years, a veteran of the 144th Partisan Brigade. The dead were imortalised in the famous song by Fausto Amodei entitled 'To the Dead of Reggio Emilia'. [www.reti-invisibili.net/reggioemilia/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Reggio_Emilia]

1994 - Third International Anarcho-Syndicalist East-West Conference held in Prague. ||
 * = 8 || 1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: Some normality returns to Barcelona as office worker go back and the courts resume sitting. The repression of strikers continues, with the frigate Julia leaving for La Habana in Cuba with seventy of the workers detained so far on board. [see: Jul. 2]

1898 - May (Marie-Jeanne) Picqueray (d. 1983), French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, feminist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/novembre03.html#3 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0807.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Picqueray militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article8368]

1905 - The founding convention of the Industrial Workers of the World concludes in Chicago. Founder member William 'Big Bill' Haywood addressed the convention: "This is the Continental Congress of the working-class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working-class from the slave bondage of capitalism." [see: Jun. 27]

1919 - The Federación Obrera Regional Peruana (Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation) is founded, based on the principles of the old Federación Obrera Regional del Perú.

[D] 1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: All Guardia Civil are ordered to lie in ambush and shoot on sight anyone interfering with telegraph poles. [see: Aug. 6]

[F] 1932 - __Sucesos de La Villa de Don Fadrique__: In the Spanish town of La Villa de Don Fadrique, a strike taking place during harvest time ends up resulting in a communist-led peasant revolt, which included clashes and gun battles between the town's peasants and the Guardia Civil, plus the arson of eras (threshing areas) and agricultural machinery, the cutting of telephone and telegraph lines, and the blocking of road and rail routes. One policeman was left dead and five of his collegues wounded, one dead landlord, two peasants were also killed and twenty others injured, and more than sixty were arrested. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_La_Villa_de_Don_Fadrique]

1936 - __Grève Générale en Belgique__: The law on paid leave is approved by a vote in parliament. It applies to all sectors of commerce. ||
 * = 9 || 1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: Demonstrations take place on Las Ramblas and Army units take positions in the working-class neighbourhoods. Factories also reopen, but hardly any workers return to work. The liberal and conservative press printed today attacks the strikers and only the Democrats' newspaper 'La Soberanía Nacional' (National Sovereignty) defending their claims, especially through a series of articles written by the utopian socialist journalist Sixto Cámara. [see: Jul. 2]

1873 - __Revolució del Petroli / Revolución del Petróleo [Petroleum Revolution__]: Having had their demands rejected by the city's industrialists, the protesters create a workers' commission, made up of Vicente Fombuena, Tomás Montava, Severiano Albarracín, Juan Chinchilla and Rafael Abad Seguí, who now meet with the mayor with the intention that the City Council resign and that the workers take over the municipal government. Albores responded by ordering a discharge against the more than two thousand workers who were gathered in the central square of the city and claimed the lives of two internationalists, in addition to leaving 20 injured. During the following hours, there were four others dead and 20 wounded. During the following hours, four other workers were killed and 20 more wounded. Some houses neighbouring the town hall, where the authorities had taken refuge, and some factories are burned. Attempts at mediation proved fruitless and the security forces and employers began to run out of ammunition and finally, after 20 hours of fighting, the Guàrdia Civil surrendered to the crowd, who then occupied the city hall. Albors was shot dead and four guards and two of the employers were wounded. The people elected a Comitè de Salvació Pública, chaired by Severiano Albarracín, which governed Alcoy for the next three days, arresting 42 of the manufacturers who had fired on the crowd, releasing them three days later.

1906 - Gabriel-Constant Martin (b. 1839), French member of the Commune (elected as the teachers' delegate), the International, Blanquist and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 5] [www.ephemanar.net/avril05.html#5 recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MartinConstant.htm]

1913 - [O.S. Jul. 27] __Tikveš Uprising [Тиквешко въстание (Bul.) / Тиквешко востание (Mkd.)__]: Those remaining at the Uprising's HQ quietly return home and, despite assurances on their safety negotiated by the priest Grigor Hadzhiyordanov (Григор Хаджийорданов), they are subjected to bloody reprisals: in Moklishte (Моклище) 18 people are killed; in Koreshnitsa (Корешница) - 19, and in Ribartsi (Рибарци) - 16. In Kavadarci (Кавадарци) 150 people are tied to stakes left for 30 hours without water and finally killed and left unburied. According to other sources, 363 civilians were killed in Kavadarci, 230 in Negotino (Неготино), and 40 in Vatasha (Ваташа). [bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_въстание mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тиквешко_востание en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikveš_Uprising www.savanne.ch/svoboda/anarchy/history/IlindPreobr.html]

1917 - Antonio Martínez, a shoemaker and anarchist, is killed by the São Paulo cops at a demonstration during a textile strike. His killing precipitates a 3-day General Strike on the 13th.

[F] 1948 - The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948) No 87, an International Labour Organisation Convention, and one of eight conventions that form the core of international labour law, as interpreted by the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, is signed. It eventually came into force on July 4, 1950. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Association_and_Protection_of_the_Right_to_Organise_Convention] || At the fall of the Commune, she was arrested and after three mock executions, was finally interned at Camp Satory. On October 13, 1871, a court martial sentenced her to deportation, which was later commuted to 10 years in prison, but "good behavior" led to her being released on September 26, 1878. She remained a life-long friend of Michel's, despite a sometimes stormy relationship, and became publisher (including works of Michel) and bookseller in Montmartre with her husband François Excoffon.
 * = 10 || [E] 1849 - B é atrix Excoffon (Julia B é atrice Oeuvrie; d. unknown), French Communard and militant anti-clericist, born. At the outbreak of the Paris Commune, she campaigned in the Comité de Vigilance des Femmes in the Montmartre quarter and was Vice President of the anti-clerical Club de la Boule Noire. On April 1, 1871, she found herself at the head of a women's demonstration whose target was to march on Versailles but, to prevent bloodshed, she convinced the crowd that was better to rescue the injured. Like her friend Louise Michel, she was an ambulance nurse, first in the fort of Issy and then at the barricade in the Place Blanche.

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: Following the arrival of Colonel Sarabia, the envoy of General Espartero, an agreement is reached between the emissary and the Junta Central de Directors de la Classe Obrera, With the workers' side exhausted after more than a week out on strike and fearing that General Zapatero was preparing to unleash a bloodbath, an agreement is reached between Colonel Sarabia, the recently arrived envoy of General Espartero, and the Junta Central de Directors de la Classe Obrera. The agreement includes the maintenance of wages and the creation of a consultative body representing both workers and employers. [see: Jul. 2]

1881 - The fifty or so workers' societies in Catalonia, who had held a previous assembly in March, issue a manifesto, probably written by Farga Pellicer, in which they call for a labour congress of the Spanish Region in Barcelona by the end of September. Soon 'obreros colectivistas' from twenty-two localities across the rest of Spain had signed up to the proposal. [see: Feb. 6 & Sep. 4] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Región_Española es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Barcelona_de_1881 madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-de-trabajadores-region-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1875-1880-la-fre-en-la-clandestinidad.html brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1881-1883-de-la-ftre-los-sucesos-de-la.html]

1901 - Suzanne Masson (d. 1943), French industrial designer, trade unionist and communist activist, born. She joined the CGT in 1926, becoming a union official before joining the Communist Party in February 1934. After the banning of the Communist Party in September 1939, Suzanne Masson continued her communist activities in the Résistance (Organisation Spéciale/Front national de lutte pour l'indépendance de la France), distributing clandestine leaflets in occupied Paris, etc.. She was arrest on February 5, 1942 by the Vichy police, who found a revolver and leaflets in her home. Imprisoned in La Roquette and then La Santé, where she was tortured and held in solitary, where her health deteriorated. On May 18 1942, she was sent to Germany in a convoy that was enroute to Karlsruhe for a month. Transferred to Anrath in the Ruhr, she refused Nacht und Nebel forced labour and was transfered to Lübeck. Arriving on June 13, where she was tried by a court martial for possession of weapons, calling for resistance against the German occupiers and clandestine links with the PCF. She received two death sentences. On October 28 she was transferred to Hamburg, where on November 1, 1943, she was guillotined. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Masson_(résistante) maitron-fusilles-40-44.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article120949 familles-de-fusilles.com/suzanne-masson/ www.memoresist.org/resistant/suzanne-masson/ www.crpsmasson.org/le-centre/historique/]

1905 - [O.S. Jun. 27] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: With the declaration of martial law in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) and facing the inevitable use of force to restore order ordered, the Workers' Council adopted a resolution ending the strike on July 1 [N.S. Jul. 14]. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1917 - __Jerome Deportation__: The Jerome Loyalty League clears the Arizona town of Wobblies using force. Nearly a hundred miners in Jerome, Ariz., are taken from their homes early in the morning by the Loyalty League. They are loaded on cattle cars. The train headed towards California, but was turned back at the state line by the officials of that state. The men were then taken to Prescott, Ariz., where they were held in jail for three weeks before they were released. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation]

1917 - The funeral of former silk mill worker, socialist, life-long women’s rights activist, and anti-Boer War campaigner Harriet Ann Kidd (b. 1865) takes place at Golders Green Crematorium. The London-based Co-operative Women’s Guild mourns the death of Harriet Ann Kidd (b. 1865), donating a headstone for her unstinting work for women and working class issues over many years. Kidd began working at age 10 in the silk mills in Leek, Staffordshire, and was raped by a factory owner at the age of 17, giving birth to a son who she brought up as a lone parent. [pitsnpots.co.uk/2010/07/harriet-ann-kidd-dedicated-campaigner-women-and-trade-union-rights/]

1919 - A meeting to protest the three year sentence imposed on the anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist Dr. Marie D. Equi for an anti-war speech at an IWW union Hall in Portland, Oregan on June 27, 1918, is held at the premises of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA Hall) in Seattle, Washington. Marie Equi and the militant socialist Kate Sadler Greenhalgh are the speakers. [theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nancy-krieger-queen-of-the-bolsheviks www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1007.html]

1989 - __Mezhdurechensk / Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Междуреченска / Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: In the summer of 1989 in the USSR, as a direct consequence of the introduction of perestroika and a series of long-standing workers' grievances that had never been addressed by management, the Party, miners' unions or the government, a strike movements involving many hundreds of disputes arose. In July 1989, mass strikes began in the mining regions - the Pechersky (Печерском) Coal Basin [Komi ASSR], the Kuzbass (Кузбассе) in southwestern Siberia, the Donbass (Донбассе) in the Ukraine, and the Karaganda (Карагандинском) Basin in the Kazakh SSR. At the Shevyakova (Северная) mine in the Kuzbass region city of Mezhdurechensk (Междуреченска), miners had drawn up a list of 21 demands – the main ones were relating to pay in the evening and night, the establishment of a single day off, the provision of mines and miners with detergents and meals while working underground – that they had sent to the central committee of their trade union, Rosugleprof (Росуглепроф) on June 28, who merely passed the letter on to the ministry. The demands were also submitted to the mine director, V.L. Soroka, and the city Party committee, giving them a deadline of July 10 to addresss their grievences. With the deadline now past and their demands not having been met, 80 miners coming off the night shift at 09:00 refuse to hand in their lamps and are joined by the 200 miners arriving for the first shift. It was quickly decided that the collective mood was in favour of halting work and they took the unusual step and decide to hold their strike above ground, going against the well-established pattern that Soviet strikes had taken since the June 1962 events in Novocherkass, when strikers were dispersed by armed militia, leaving dozens of dead. Oppositie the mine was another reminder of the risks that they were taking, a wooded hill with the graves of those killed in a previous large strike in Mezhdurechensk, when the prison labourers rose up in the late 1940s. Everyone now taking part in the strike knew of the incident and the possibility of facing a similar end. The miners stayed at the mine, gathered around the administration building, organised food supplies, for which the union immediately offered to pay, and organised a maintenance rota without any reference to the administration. A strike committee was elected from the meeting, headed by Valerii Kokorin, one of the miners' foremen. Attempts by various local bureaucrats to address the strikers were rebuffed, with the miners demanding to talk to Minister for the Coal Industry Mikhail Shchadov, who alone had the power to resolve their problems. The mine's administration had initially not taken the workers seriously, but very quickly they and both union and the Labour Collective Council (Совет Трудового Коллектива) realised the way things were going, and rushed to align themselves with the workers. Meanwhile, delegates had been sent to neighbouring pits (Lenin, Tomskaya, Usinskaya and Raspadskaya) to explain their demands, with others also going to the local railway station where they blocked the railtracks while they discussed their demands with miners in a train taking them to other pits. Other delegates tour other pits via bus. By midday the four other local mines and other enterprises in the town had joined in, with 15,900 people on strike and the city at standstill. The strike would go on to spread like wildfire from Mezhdurechensk. The following day, with the Shevyakova miners having arranged for the mine's own buses and electric trains to take the workers to the city square, backed up by the city's buses run volunteers from the city bus drivers, 12,000 miners in their work clothes marched along the main street and sat down in the city square next to the party committee’s offices. Delegates from neighbouring towns had also come to find out what was happening – the delegates from Anzhero-Sudzhensk had arrived drunk and, by the unanimous decision of the mass meeting, they were put into the drying-out prison. Over the next two days, the workers held a continuous meeting discussing their situation and developing their demands. The discussions were relayed night and day not only over loudspeakers but also over the city radio. A city-wide strike committee was elected, again headed by Kokorin. They were given a set of rooms in the Komsomol building for their offices, from which they controlled the city, maintaining order in conjunction with the local head of the criminal police, setting up road blocks to control access to the city and enforcing a ban on alcohol. Two lorry loads of vodka mysteriously turned up on the first day of the strike, but were turned away! Whilst the strike committee held talks with local Party and city bureacrats, the square meeting drew up a list of 41 demands (the number and nature of the demands ramained quiet fluid throughout most of the strike). These included political, economic and ecological demands, including an end to work on a hydro-electric scheme which they said would cause pollution. Meanwhile, Mikhail Shchadov, who was already in Kuzbass, arrived in Mezhdurechensk. He spoke to the crodw in the square for three hours, explaining that the majority of their demands could be settled locally. The others he would deal with except those outside his juristriction. This was greeted badly and, clealry shaken, Shchadov suggested that he return to Moscow to try and sort out their demands. The crowd refused to let him leave and he was forced to negotiate face to face with Kokorin, whilst holding long phone converstions with Moscow. Moscow would allow him to offer a raise in local pay supplements but noy yeild on any of the other major demands. Shchadov went back to the square to explain that he could not meet all the workers’ demands, and in particular the demand for independence of the mines, which Shchadov insisted was a complicated matter and would take time to prepare, but the miners in the square angrily rejected his offer of a pay rise and decided to continue the strike. On July 12, Shchadov reported back to Moscow the workers' decision. In response the Council of Ministers (Сове́т мини́стров СССР) met and decided to cede to the demands from Mezhdurechensk, including the immediate provision of supplies of food and medical equipment, conscious no doubt of the spread of the strike movement to mines in Osinniki (Оси́нники), Novokuznetsk (Новокузнецк) and Prokopyevsk (Прокопьевск).... [expand]

Despite the growing tension in the Kuzbass mines and the increasingly frequent spontaneous strikes, there were few if any direct contacts between worker activists in the various pits, and little contact even between different shifts or sections within the same mine. Apart from the press and TV, which rarely reported strikes, the only sources of information were the official channels of meetings of the regional committee of the trade union, attended by mine trade union presidents, and the daily meetings of section chiefs within each mine. Nevertheless, small groups of workers in mines across the Kuzbass were discussing their grievances and beginning to formulate their demands. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2760 rebellyon.info/Toussaint-Bordat-un-acharne-contre.html]
 * = 11 || 1854 - Toussaint Bordat (d. unknown), Lyons anarchist, militant trades unionist and direct action advocate, born. Silk weaver and member of the Parti Ouvrier Socialiste, which he left in 1881 to start his own anarchist Parti d'Action Révolutionnaire. He was sentenced to a month's imprisonment following the violence that took place during a demonstration in memory of the bloody suppression of the miners at Ricamarie on June 18, 1882. He also worked on the Lyon anarchist newspapers '//Le Droit Social//' and '//L'Etendard Révolutionnaire//'. On October 14, 1882, he was arrested and charged with other activists "reconstruction of a revolutionary International" and tried during le Procès des 66.

1855 - __Primera Huelga General de España__: Following the drawing-up of an agreement between the government's representative, Colonel Sarabia, and the Junta de la Classe Obrera, workers begin to return to work following inclusion of a commitment to make a law authorising and regulating the companies working relations between employers and workers. [see: Jul. 2]

[F] 1892 - __Coeur d'Alene Miners' Strike__: Striking silver miners in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho blow up the Frisco Mill, a mine building filled with guards, after getting into a firefight with Pinkertons. Several men are killed, and about 60 mine guards surrender and are taken prisoner. Idaho Governor Steunenberg institutes martial law, and the National Guard is sent to restore order. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur_d'Alene,_Idaho_labor_strike_of_1892 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur_d'Alene_miners'_dispute www.ruralnorthwest.com/artman/publish/article_4805.shtml www.3rd1000.com/history3/events/cdamines/1892-1899.htm www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/cour.html www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2012/07/this-day-in-labor-history-july-11-1892 moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Coeur_d_Alene_1892_The_Overland_Monthly_1895.pdf]

1914 - The funeral demonstartion in Union Square, NY, of Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Red Cross members Carl Hanson and Charles Berg and IWW member Arthur Caron, the three anarchists killed in the Lexington Avenue bomb explosion of July 4, 1914. However, the authorities refused to allow a public funeral to take place for the Anarchists. Regardless, their friends were insistent that a funeral of their beloved comrades would take place. And on that day over twenty thousand supporters gathered in Union Square to mourn for Berg, Hanson, and Caron. The police refused to allow the funeral to continue, but instead of attempting to remove the crowd from Union Square, detectives arrived at Berkman's house in an attempt to seize the urn that contained the remains of Caron, Berg, and Hanson. One step ahead of the police, Berkman was able to slip out the back door where he had a red automobile waiting for him, just in case. He sped towards the demonstration in hopes of being able to make it to the speaking podium before being caught. As he approached the crowd, the police mistook Berkman's car to be that of the Fire Chief and eagerly cleared a lane for the car all the way up to the platform. By the time the police realized what had transpired, Berkman was already up on the platform. Any attempt to seize the urn at this point would have caused a riot. After the demonstration, the urn was placed in the offices of '//Mother Earth//', which had been decorated with wreaths and red and black banners. The urn, itself, took the shape of a pyramid with a clenched fist reaching out of its apex. The creator of the urn, Adolf Wolff, explained the meaning of the design, "It conveys three meanings. By the pyramid is indicated [sic] the present unjust gradation of society into classes, with the masses on the bottom and the privileged classes towering above them to the apex, where the clenched fist, symbolical [sic] of the social revolution, indicates the impending vengeance of those free spirits who refuse to be bound by the present social system and rise above it, threatening its destruction. The urn further symbolizes the strength and endurance of the revolution in so solid a base. A third suggestion is that of a mountain in course of eruption, the crude, misshapen stern fist indicating the lava of human indignation which is about to belch forth and carry destruction to the volcano which has given it birth." Thousands of mourners passed through the office to pay their last respects. After the funeral, the urn of the fallen comrades was taken from the Mother Earth offices to the Ferrer Center where it remained there until the school closed several years later. From there it was taken to the Stelton Colony where the ashes were released in the wind. Afterwards, the bronze fist and hollow pyramid of the urn was used by the Stelton Colony as a bell to call children and adults to meetings. [www.abcf.net/la/pdfs/layelensky.pdf]

1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: Arizona County Sheriff Wheeler, who had previously met with Phelps Dodge corporate executives to plan the deportation of striking miners, now sets in motion his carefully contrived conspiracy to remove IWW strikers from Bisbee. Some 2,200 men from Bisbee and the nearby town of Douglas had been recruited and deputised as a posse – one of the largest posses ever assembled. Phelps Dodge officials also met with executives of the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad, who agreed to provide rail transportation for any deportees. Phelps Dodge executives also planned to seize control of the telegraph and telephones to prevent news of the arrests and expulsion from being reported. Forty two IWW members who were involved in yesterday's failed deportation from Jerome, Arizona to California are released by Governor Campbell. Federal Troops stationed near Ellensburg, Washington also arrest fifty to sixty IWW members for allegedly interfering with crop harvesting and logging. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/history/overview.html www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/index.html azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/ccobisb bisbee.net/wp/bisbee-history/scenes-from-the-bisbee-deportation-1917-2 www.dailykos.com/story/2011/7/12/993651/-July-12-1917-The-Bisbee-Deportation zinnedproject.org/2016/07/the-bisbee-deportation/ geoalliance.asu.edu/sites/default/files/LessonFiles/GeoHistory/DeMasiBisbee_abbrev/deMasiBisbee_abbrevS.pdf www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/bisbee-deportation.htm]

1918 - Polish anarchist freedom fighter Simón Radowitzky (1891-1956), aka 'The Martyr of Ushuaia', escapes from the Ushuaia concentration camp on the island of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Radowitzky is serving a life sentence for assassinating the chief of Buenos Aires police, who had ordered the Red Week massacre of workers during a May Day demonstration in 1909. Captured after just 23 days freedom, he spent 21 years in prison until his pardon, fighting in the Spanish Revolution and, from 1940 until his death, lived in Mexico.

1925 - Today and tomorrow, the police in Illinois destroy by fire all records of correspondence, documents and books belonging to the IWW that had served as evidence in the trial of William D. Haywood in 1918, thereby destroying the records of a large part of the history of the IWW's revolutionary syndicalism.

1989 - __Mezhdurechensk / Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Междуреченска / Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: The following day, with the Shevyakova miners having arranged for the mine's own buses and electric trains to take the workers to the city square, backed up by the city's buses run volunteers from the city bus drivers, 12,000 miners in their work clothes marched along the main street and sat down in the city square next to the party committee’s offices. Delegates from neighbouring towns had also come to find out what was happening – the delegates from Anzhero-Sudzhensk had arrived drunk and, by the unanimous decision of the mass meeting, they were put into the drying-out prison. Over the next two days, the workers held a continuous meeting discussing their situation and developing their demands. The discussions were relayed night and day not only over loudspeakers but also over the city radio. A city-wide strike committee was elected, again headed by Kokorin. They were given a set of rooms in the Komsomol building for their offices, from which they controlled the city, maintaining order in conjunction with the local head of the criminal police, setting up road blocks to control access to the city and enforcing a ban on alcohol. Two lorry loads of vodka mysteriously turned up on the first day of the strike, but were turned away! Whilst the strike committee held talks with local Party and city bureacrats, the square meeting drew up a list of 41 demands (the number and nature of the demands ramained quiet fluid throughout most of the strike). These included political, economic and ecological demands, including an end to work on a hydro-electric scheme which they said would cause pollution. Meanwhile, Mikhail Shchadov, who was already in Kuzbass, arrived in Mezhdurechensk. He spoke to the crodw in the square for three hours, explaining that the majority of their demands could be settled locally. The others he would deal with except those outside his juristriction. This was greeted badly and, clealry shaken, Shchadov suggested that he return to Moscow to try and sort out their demands. The crowd refused to let him leave and he was forced to negotiate face to face with Kokorin, whilst holding long phone converstions with Moscow. Moscow would allow him to offer a raise in local pay supplements but noy yeild on any of the other major demands. Shchadov went back to the square to explain that he could not meet all the workers’ demands, and in particular the demand for independence of the mines, which Shchadov insisted was a complicated matter and would take time to prepare, but the miners in the square angrily rejected his offer of a pay rise and decided to continue the strike. [REWRITE] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] ||
 * = 12 || 1834 - Aristide Rey (d. 1901), militant French Blanquist, internationalist and Bakuninist Communard, born.

1850 - Oscar William Neebe I (d. 1916), US anarchist, labour activist and one of the defendants in the Haymarket bombing trial, born.

[DD] 1873 - __Revolució del Petroli / Revolución del Petróleo [Petroleum Revolution__]: News that a military column led by General Velarde was coming in Alcoy began circulating; the same day Josep Maria Morlius, governor of Alicante, and a commission from Madrid chaired by Deputy Cervera arrived in the city. That same night, the leaders of the uprising fled the city. Everything seemed to have calmed down after a mixed commission of workers and employers had taken charge of the municipal government, and the armed workers had stood down without any resistance following the promise of an amnesty. But there followed a media campaign, triggered by the minister of state Eleuterio Maisonave, who spoke of "chaos", murder and rape. Gradually normality returned with curfews between July 21-23 July put in place by the new Mayor Tomás Maestre. The employers, however, demanded venegence and on September 13, the Castelar government appointed a special judge and military commander. The city was occupied by the army two days later and 129 workers were arrested and taken to the castle of Alicante, where four years later they remained imprisoned without trial. Five years later, there were still 93 left, 80 prisoners finally having been released on bail; one of the detainees was only released 10 years after the events. A total of 700 workers stood trial, even minors aged between 12 and 17 years. The Revolució del Petroli marked a final break between the republicans and anarchists. [www.estelnegre.org/documents/petroli/petroli.html madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-regional-espanola/ brevehistoriadelmovimientoanarquista.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/1870-1873-la-fre-de-la-ait-del-congreso.html www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: A Fasci protest takes place in Belmonte Mezzagno that morning involving around fifty women, protesting for abolition of the //gabello// (Mafia sharecropping) system and the adoption of the Patti di Corleone. It should be noted that women were particularly prominent in many of the Fasci activities, especially the demonstrations. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: The morning of July 12, the 'Bisbee Daily Review' carried a notice announcing that: "...a Sheriff's posse of 1,200 men in Bisbee and 1,000 men in Douglas, all loyal Americans, [had formed] for the purpose of arresting on the charges of vagrancy, treason, and of being disturbers of the peace of Cochise County all those strange men who have congregated here from other parts and sections for the purpose of harassing and intimidating all men who desire to pursue their daily toil." A similar notice was posted throughout the town on fence posts, telephone poles and walls. At five o'clock in the morning, over 2,000 company officials, gunmen, businessmen, etc., armed with rifles and each wearing a white armband for identification, and carring a list of the men on strike, dispersed through the town. At 06:30, Sheriff Harry Wheeler gave orders to begin the roundup. Throughout Bisbee, men were dragged from their beds, their houses, and the streets. Though armed, the vigilantes were instructed to avoid violence, beatings, robberies, vandalism, and abuse of women took place. Many non-miners were rounded up, seemingly at random, including several local grocery store owners and in the process, the deputies took cash from the registers and all the goods they could carry. Two men died during the roundup. James H. Brew, a card-carrying IWW member shot Loyalty Leaguer, Orson McRae, after warning McRae he would shoot anyone who attempted to take him. Brew was in turn shot and killed by the three other deputies accompanying McRae. At 07:30, the 1,186 arrested men were assembled in front of the Bisbee Post Office and marched 3km / 2 miles to Warren Ballpark. There they were surrounded by armed Loyalty Leaguers and urged to quit the strike. Anyone willing to put on a white armband was released. At 11:00 a. m. an El Paso & Southwestern locomotive with 23 boxcars and cattle cars arrived, and 1,186 men were loaded aboard boxcars inches deep in manure. Also boarding were 186 armed guards; a machine gun was mounted on the top of the train. At noon the train pulled out of Warren en route to Columbus, New Mexico. It arrived at Columbus the next day, but was forced to leave the way it came when the town constable at Columbus told the deputies that the town could not accommodate the deportees, where it was turned back because there were no accommodations for so many men. On its return trip the train stopped 17 miles up the line from Columbus at the Sonoran Desert town Hermanas, New Mexico, where the men were abandoned without adequate supply of food and water and shelter for two days. An EP&S train brought water and food rations the next day, but the men were left without shelter until July 14 when U. S. troops arrived and escorted the men to facilities in Columbus where they were housed in a camp built earlier to house Mexicans fleeing Pancho Villa's forces. Many were detained for several months. According to an army census of the deported men, 199 were native born Americans, 468 were citizens, 472 were registered under the selective draft law, and 433 were married. --- Arizona Governor Campbell wired General Parker at Fort Sam Houston informing him of the deportations from Bisbee and asked for federal troops to be sent there at once. Federal mediators John McBride and G.W.P. Hunt in Globe, Arizona sent an appeal to the Department of Labor suggesting that President Wilson take action to stop further deportations of strikers from Bisbee and other Arizona towns in order to prevent sympathetic strikes and industrial paralysis. The Washington State Council of Defense announced the appointment of a Home Defense Committee to deal with the IWW in Seattle. The committee recommended the organization of at least one regiment of the state militia to fight against the IWW and protect the harvest and closing of industrial plants. Elsewhere, Thirty-three Wobblies were deported from Fairbury, Nebraska.

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: Detainees arrested during the past two months of general strike are released and popular demonstrations in celebration of the workers' victory take plave.[es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

[C] 1936 - An 'Against Fascism and War' demonstration, organised by the London Trades Council and the Labour Party takes place in heavy rain. As it passes through Bethnal Green near to the local BU HQ in Green Street, Blackshirts shower the marchers with eggs, bags of flour and soot. In Victoria Park, Herbert Morrison, Labour leader and head of the London County Council, addressed the crowd. [PR] [www.jta.org/1936/07/13/archive/blackshirts-obstruct-anti-fascist-parade-in-london]

1989 - __Mezhdurechensk / Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Междуреченска / Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: The Mezhdurechensk (Междуреченска) strike spreads to all the mines of the Kemerovo (Кемеровской) region of Kuzbass. The Minister for the Coal Industry Mikhail Shchadov, who had arrived in Mezhdurechensk from Moscow the previous day to a hostile reaction from the striking miners, and sent a telegram to all the mines in the Kuzbass region, promising to immediately meet the miners' demands. In Mezhdurechensk, up to twenty thousand workers held a continuous meeting in the city square as negotiations inside the local party headquarters proceeded through the night. At 15:00 next day, the strike committee announced that 36 of the now 42 demands had been met and recommended a return to work. The miners rejected this. That day the city strike committee sent an Open Letter to the Soviet government demanding improvement in the food supply to Siberia and the Far East, an end to official privileges and an immediate opening of a public discussion for a new draft constitution. The letter also called for a general strike in the Kuzbass and demanded that the leaders of the Party and government come to the Kuzbass. [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf]

[F] 2009 - Workers at collapsed French car parts maker New Fabris threaten to blow up their factory if they did not receive payouts by July 31 from auto groups Renault and Peugeot to compensate for their lost jobs. [www.reuters.com/article/france-factory-idUSLC42677020090712 www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/automobile/20090712trib000398858/des-salaries-menacent-de-faire-sauter-leur-usine.html www.lemonde.fr/la-crise-financiere/article/2009/07/14/a-chatellerault-les-fabris-menacent-de-faire-sauter-leur-usine-pour-30-000-euros_1218622_1101386.html] || [fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilja_Pärssinen links.org.au/node/4321 www.helsinki.fi/sukupuolentutkimus/aanioikeus/en/articles/workers.htm www.helsinki.fi/jarj/polho/polleIII/piiat.html]
 * = 13 || 1876 - Hilja Pärssinen (Hilja Lindgren; d. 1935), Finnish teacher, journalist, militant feminist, Social Democrat (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) MP, writer and Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Työläisnaisliiton (Finnish Social Democratic Workers' Union) Chairwoman, born. She was the early Finnish radical feminist movement's main theoretician, advocated a strict class-based analysis. She was also later a Workers' Educational Association (Työväen Sivistysliiton) lecturer.

1876 - Auguste Gabriel Durand (d. unknown), French anti-militarist, militant anarchist and Marseilles revolutionary syndicalist, born. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1396 www.ephemanar.net/juillet13.html]

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: Following yesterday's protests in Belmonte Mezzagno, a delegation of women goes to the police station to demand the abolition of the //gabello// 'duty', the dismissal of the Mayor and the dissolution of the City Council. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[F] 1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: Bill Haywood writes to President Wilson demanding that the refugees deported from Bisbee be sent back to their homes.Governors of California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Colorado, Oregon, and Wyoming adopted a common plan of action to control the Wobblies which they communicated to President Wilson. Meanwhile, an El Paso & Southwestern arrived in the desert at Columbus, New Mexico to deliver food and water to the Bisbee deportees stranded there.

1917 - __Greve Geral no Brasil__: A 3-day general strike erupts in São Paulo following the killing of the anarchist shoemaker, Antonio Martinez, three days ago. [expand] [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_geral_no_Brasil_em_1917 libcom.org/history/1918-brazilian-anarchist-uprising www.anarkismo.net/article/29031 www.anarkismo.net/article/5284 historiaeorganizacoesdostrabalhodores.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/comite-de-defesa-proletaria.html uniaoanarquista.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/greve-geral-estrategia-de-luta-contra-o-estado-e-o-capitalismo/ www.projetomemoria.art.br/RuiBarbosa/glossario/a/greve-1917.htm segall.ifch.unicamp.br/site_ael_antes_migracao/AEL/website-ael_pesquisatematica/e-album/website-ael_ed-traje-2-mp1917.htm netleland.net/politica/influencia-anarquista-e-bolchevique-na-greve-de-1917-e-ate-hoje.html]

[B] 1923 - Carlos Cortez (d. 2005), US anarcho-syndicalist, poet, graphic artist, photographer, muralist and political activist, born. The son of a Mexican-Indian Wobbly union organiser father and a German socialist pacifist mother, he was active for six decades in the Industrial Workers of the World. As an accomplished artist and a highly influential political artist, Cortez is perhaps best known for his wood and linoleum-cut graphics, and his cartoons for the union newspaper the '//Industrial Worker//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cortez libcom.org/library/carlos-cortez-1923-2005 www.iww.org/en/history/biography/CarlosCortez/1 www.politicalgraphics.org/exhibitions/Carlos Cortez/CarlosCortez.htm libcom.org/gallery/art-carlos-cortez www.rebelgraphics.org/carloscortez.html patrickmurfin.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/thinking-of-carlos-on-day-of-dead.html www.artscope.net/VAREVIEWS/cortez1299.shtml]

1952 - Dr. Marie Diana Equi (b. 1872), American medical doctor, lesbian anarchist, labour organiser and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Apr. 7]

1989 - __Mezhdurechensk / Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Междуреченска / Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: Having held discussion deep into the previous night, at dawn Shchadov spoke to the crowd offering the workers their demand of an independant association (union). However, in the meantime the strikers had been persuaded during a speech by Vyacheslav Golikov that there best option was not the creation of a new association, to which they would be beholden, but full financial independence of the mines. The crowd rejected Shchadov's offer and the strike committee now put forward a new demand, one that can only have been seen as an ominous sign for the government of the way the situation could develop if they did not settle fast. This was the demand that a new constitution be submitted for immediate discussion and adopted by November 7, 1990, and that the leaders of the Party and government should come to Kuzbass to negotiate on this issue, the committee calling for an All-Kuzbass strike to back the demand. With further reports of the spread of the strike, Shchadov backed down once more and conceded full independence, promising that all the mines in Mezhdurechensk the status of state enterprises, signing an agreement with the strike committee later that morning. The deal provoked a split in the strike committee, With a minority resisting the settlement on the grounds that many of the original demands had not been satisfied and that there were insufficient guarantees that Shchadov’s promises would be fulfilled. The strike committee issued a statement at 15:00 callijng on the workers to return to work at 08:00 the following morning and also appealed to the workers in the rest of the Kuzbass region to support their decision. Within an hour of the strike committee issuing their statement the city's square was empty. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] ||
 * = 14 || 1811 - __Luddite Timeline__: Luddite frame-breaking at Sutton-in-Ashfield.

[FF] 1854 - __Conflicte de les Selfactines__: Amid the euphoria of the victory of the Vicalvarada, the popular uprising against the Partido Moderado government of Luis José Sartorius y Tapia, Conde de San Luis, crowds of spinners directly effected by the new technology and other cotton workers in Barcelona set fire to several factories where they worked on the 'selfactines' cotton spinning machines. In one such fire a factory owner, his son and the factory's foreman were killed. Three worker arrested and accused of having participated in the fires, were shot. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_de_les_selfactines www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1407.html segledinou.cat/wp/temps-de-revolta-obrera-1854-1856/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-14-2-gobierno-espartero-en-1855/ www.comb.cat/Upload/Documents/4783.PDF www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicalvarada]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: 45kg of dynamite, 1.2kg of compressed powder and 210m of fuse are stolen from Perrecy.

[F] 1903 - [O.S. Jul. 1] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The first general strike of the proletariat of the city of Baku begins in the mechanical workshops in Bibi-Heybat. Under the leadership of the Baku Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, the strike became universal and by July 19 [O.S. Jul. 6] the city's industrial and mercantile life of the city reached a complete standstill, with even oil tanker crews joining the strike. A strike committee was formed and amongst the demands put forward by the strikers were the release of the arrested and hired workers of previous demonstrations and strikes, the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the termination of overtime, the increase of wages by 20-50%, the abolition of fines, the improvement of housing conditions. The employers refused to grant the demands of strikers. The factories and factories were occupied by the troops of the Baku garrison. Since Aug. 1 [Jul. 19] the strike began to decline, and on Aug.4 [Jul. 22] it stopped. The Baku strike of 1903, the first general strike in Transcaucasia, demonstrated the solidarity of workers in various professions, had a revolutionary influence on the proletariat of the Transcaucasus and Ukraine, and laid the foundation for a general strike in the south of Russia in 1903. [library.ua/m/articles/view/БАКИНСКАЯ-СТАЧКА-В-ИЮЛЕ-1903-ГОДА dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/es/69848/БАКИНСКАЯ encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Baku+Strikes]

1916 - [N.S. Jul. 27] A crowd comprised mainly of soldatki (soldiers' wives) rioted in the village of Losevo (Лосево) in the Voronezh (Воро́неж) province. About fifteen women entered a shop and one of them asked to buy a length of Chinese calico at fifteen kopeks an arshin (.71 meters). The shopkeeper replied that that was no longer the price of calico and when the woman insisted on paying the old price, he took her by the elbow and led her from the shop. Or at least that was what he claimed to have done. The woman, however, screamed that he had beaten her badly (thereby, presumably, violating the unwritten rule that permitted only a woman’s husband to lay hands on her). Her screams quickly drew a crowd of about three hundred, mainly women, who went about breaking into shops and stealing goods. The officer who described the events reported a rumor that soldiers at the front were sending letters to their wives urging them to riot (buntovat’) so that the soldiers would be sent home. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: The situation was brought to the attention of the War Department, and on July 14 the deportees were escorted by troops to Columbus, New Mexico, where they were maintained by the Government until the middle of September. Here they stayed for three months, being furnished army rations, waiting for the Government to give them protection in returning to Bisbee. This the government steadfastly refused to do, and finally, when the army rations were cut off, the camp broke up. Some of the men drifted back to Bisbee where they were promptly arrested. Others scattered to different parts of the country.

1948 - __Sciopero del 14 Luglio__: An anti-communist, student, Antonio Pallas tried to assassinate the leader of the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI), Palmiro Togliatti, shooting him 3 times. PCI militants reacted immediately and the whole country was the scene of riots: factories and public buildings were occupied, roadblocks were set up, strikes broke out, military vehicles requisition, the police attacked, leaving many dead and wounded. The Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (Italian General Confederation of Labour) immediately called for a general strike on the same day. According to some interpretations, this reaction was the sign of the activation of the paramilitary organisation of the PCI, which felt that the time had come to act. According to others, it was a popular reaction to what was considered a very serious political provocation. In hospital and alarmed by the possible social and political consequences, Togliatti sent a message to his party colleagues: "Be careful, do not lose your heads". The Communist leadership, which met that same evening, reiterated that it had no plans for an ​​armed insurrection. [www.resistenze.org/sito/ma/di/cp/mdcp5g14.htm it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparato_paramilitare_del_PCI cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/tabello/tabe1543.htm www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/ it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pallante it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti]

1970 - __Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt__]: A general strike is called in protest at the government decision to make Catanzaro, not Reggio, regional capital of Calabria. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

1989 - __Mezhdurechensk / Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Междуреченска / Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: The workers in Mezhdurechensk return to work. However, a single mine south of Novokuznetsk (Новокузнецк), the historic capital of Kuzbass and the nearest mining city to Mezhdurechensk, one mine refused to return to work. Within 12 hours, dozens of mines in the Kuzbass shut down and the strikes spread to Vorkuta, the Donbass and Kazakhstan. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] ||
 * = 15 || [D] 1381 - John Ball, one of the leaders of the Peasant's Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of Richard II.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: At dawn, the anarchist sector of the International, believing that the City Council, presided over by Antonio Cuevas Jurado was too moderate, especially in matters relating to the social terrain, mounted a coup attempt. They failed, and according to the Cadiz press: "[...] it is evident that the most intransigent group of the internationalist party that prevails in Sanlúcar has the purpose of destroying the one that is possessed of the city council. What is done up til now does not satisfy their desires; what is wanted is the social liquidation; death and extermination of certain capitalists."

1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: 600 peasants took to the streets of Belmonte Mezzagno. The town's mayor ordered this peaceful march broken up by forces. All women attending the event were arrested, and some men were transported to Misilmeri prison. [www.nuovabelmonte.com/2015/02/belmonte-e-la-chiesa-madre-verso-il.html ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani]

[F] 1959 - __U.S. Steel Strike__: 500,000 steelworkers go on strike over management's demand that the union give up a contract clause which limited management's ability to change the number of workers assigned to a task or to introduce new work rules or machinery which would result in reduced hours or numbers of employees. The strike's effects persuaded President Dwight D. Eisenhower to invoke the back-to-work provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act. The union sued to have the Act declared unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court upheld the law. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_strike_of_1959]

1970 - __Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt__]: In the city there is an air of guerrilla war. In the afternoon the barricades begin to burn. Clashes between protesters and security forces, the launch of tear gas, the repeated charges, the crowd respond with stone-throwing. First victim: Bruno Labate, a 46-year-old railway workers, is found in via Logoteta. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

1989 - __Kuzbass Miners' Strike [Кузбассе Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: the Palace of Culture in Novokuznetsk was overflowing with miners while the Minister and district First Secretary bargained with the strike committee delegates. But this time they were not dealing with five mines and 12,000 workers, but 158 mines and 177,000 workers. The miners demanded the presence of Gorbachev and Prime Minister Ryzhkov to guarantee that they would not be deceived again. [expand] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: on the evening of July 15, miners in Makeyevka, in the Donbass coal-field in the Ukraine, came out on strike. Despite government assurances that the Kuzbass agreement covered the entire industry, the miners insisted that top government officials talk directly to them. On July 18, the strike spread across the whole Donbass coal-field. On July 20, just as the Kuzbass miners were returning to work, the strike spread to the rest the Ukraine, and a regional strike committee was formed in Donetsk (Донецьку). In all, 220 mines struck in the Donbass with up to 90,000 miners out on one day. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf]

1998 - Vincent Ruiz (b. 1912), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who participated in the Spanish Civil War, dies after a long illness. [see: Aug. 1] || The cotton spinners and other workers effectively declared a 'ceasefire', vowing to continue to strike peacefully until the 'selfactines' were removed. With more than 50 factories now out on strike, the Captain General enters into talks with the workers' representative Josep Barceló Cassadó. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_de_les_selfactines www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1407.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-14-2-gobierno-espartero-en-1855/ www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.comb.cat/Upload/Documents/4783.PDF www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html]
 * = 16 || 1854 - __Conflicte de les Selfactines__: The capità general de Barcelona, Ramon de la Rocha, issues an order that all violations against property or against the security of the people would be executed by firing squad. The same day three cotton workers were shot at 19:00.

1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: Threatened by the bad publicity, Bryant & May’s directors eventual agree to a meeting with a deputation from the London Trades Council and the Match Girls Strike Committee. By the following day an agreement had been reached, whose terms "far exceeded the expectations", and included the abolition of all deductions and fines and the provision of a breakfast room. The agreement represented a resounding success for the match girls, who returned to work the next day, victorious. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/london/article_1.shtml www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/bryant-may-strike-bow-east-london/ www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/november-2015-print-of-the-match-girls-during-their-strike-1888/ spartacus-educational.com/TUmatchgirls.htm www.marxist.com/britain-matchgirls-strike.htm www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106451.html]

1905 - The first issue of the fortnightly paper '//L'Action Directe//' is published in Gilly, Belgium. Initailly the "Organe des travailleurs", then "Organe de la Confédération Générale du Travail" (Belge) and finally "Organe de Propagande Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire".

[F] 1934 - __San Francisco General Strike__: After the brutality of 'Bloody Thursday' [see: July 5], the Joint Marine Strike Committee calls for a general strike. The San Francisco Labor Council voted to support the call and on July 16, the city shut down as workers from all industries walked off the job. 127,000 workers participate. The four-day San Francisco General Strike ended with an agreement on arbitration in which most of the striking longshoremen’s demands were met. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike calisphere.org/exhibitions/31/san-francisco-general-strike/ newdeal.feri.org/survey/34405.htm]

1936 - In Barcelona members of the powerful Confederación Nacional del Trabajo urge, without success, Luis Companys, president of the Catalonian Generalitat (governing body), the distribution of weapons to the workers, to counter the imminent threat of a right-wing military coup d'etat.

1970 - __Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt__]: The mayor proclaimed a day of mourning. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio] ||
 * = 17 || [A] 1816 - Runaway slaves occupying a deserted British fort at Fort Gadsden on the Apalachicola river in Florida are besieged by US forces.

1834 - __Tolpuddle Martyrs__: Having set sail from Portsmouth on the Surry on April 7, 1834, James Loveless, Thomas and John Stanfield, James Hammett and James Brine arrive in Sydney, Australia. [see: Mar. 17 & 18]

[F] 1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: During the second day of talks between Bryant & May's directors and the deputation from the London Trades Council and the Match Girls Strike Committee, an agreement is reached, which includes the abolition of all deductions and fines and the provision of a breakfast room, terms "far exceeded the expectations". The agreement represented a resounding success for the match girls, who returned to work the next day, victorious. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/london/article_1.shtml www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/bryant-may-strike-bow-east-london/ www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/november-2015-print-of-the-match-girls-during-their-strike-1888/ libcom.org/history/matchgirls-strike-1888-john-simkin spartacus-educational.com/TUmatchgirls.htm www.marxist.com/britain-matchgirls-strike.htm www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106451.html]

1912 - __'//Los Angeles Times//' Bombing__: Clarence Darrow is found not guilty of bribing a juror during the McNamara trial.

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With the silk workers close to starvation and the IWW's organisers having been battling to try and persuade the different groups of strikers not to accept the bosses' shop-by-shop settlement, Big Bill Haywood announces that he will no longer be actively involved in the Paterson Silk Strike. This comes as another blow to the silk strikers who are battling on in spite of hunger, arrests, and fines. Fellow IWW organiser Joseph Ettor claims that Haywood is ill and unable to continue his active role in the strike. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn is in New York City at the home with her parents, reportedly ill with a severe sore throat. It appears that 3,500 dyers will go back to work this week. Many of the ribbon and broad silk workers have been going back to work during the past three weeks. ['//The Indianapolis News//', July 17, 1913]

1916 - Following the XII Congress of the CNT held in May 1916, which passed a resolution in favour of calling a general protest strike, limited in principle to one day, and contacts with the socialists PSOE and UGT, leads to the signing of the 'Pacto de Zaragoza'. A joint committee of Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí from the CNT and Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro and Vicente Barrio for the UGT is set up in order to organise the protest strike. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 historia-urbana-madrid.blogspot.com/2016/12/huelga-general-madrid-18-diciembre-1916.html historiadelmovimientoobrero.blogspot.com/2012/03/historia-de-las-huelgas-generales-1916.html]

1919 - Pau Sabater i Lliró aka 'el Tero' (b. 1884), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicato de Tintoreros of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, one of the most powerful unions in the textile industry, is kidnapped and killed by a band of employers' //pistoleros// led by Commissioner Manuel Bravo Portillo. Portillo will be killed in revenge on September 5. [see: Mar. 5]

1932 - José (or Josep) Prat (b. unknown), eminent Catalan anarchist anarcho-syndicalist and journalist, dies. In 1907 he participated in the organisation Solidaridad Obrera in Barcelona and became one of the progenitors of the CNT, touring Catalonia espousing a completely autonomous syndicalism that would not be subject to the direction of any political party and proletising in the pages of '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//El Obrero Moderno//'. Early advocate of women's liberation, arguing that the condition of women is their repression by men. "'Nature' has nothing to do with this.... If woman is backward, it is because in all times man has kept her inferior ..." (1903). He worked on the newspapers '//El Productor//' (1901-1906), '//Tierra y Libertad//' (1906-09), '//La Publicitat//', '//La Campana de Gràcia//', '//La Aurora Social//' (paper of the Federation of Workers of Zaragoza; 1910) and '//Solidaridad Obrera//' (1918). [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Prat_(anarquista) www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1707.html puertoreal.cnt.es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2268-jose-prat-anarquista-y-periodista.html]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: Having returned to work on May 25, but in a matter of weeks it became apparent that the employers were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Many union members were fired. Between May and July workers filed more than 700 cases of discrimination. The companies also refused to recognise their agreement to let the union organise inside workers. On July 17, the workers once again took up the strike. Three days later, the most violent episode of the strike took place. A large group of unarmed workers were fired on by more than 100 police officers. They had been were lured to a street corner by deputies in a scab truck. The incident became known as 'Bloody Friday'. [see: May 16 & 25]

[C] 1936 - Army uprising in Morocco as Rightist generals declare war on the Spanish Republic. In Barcelona workers of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, seize 200 rifles from the holds of 2 ships docked in the harbour and distribute them to union activists. The Spanish Revolution begins.

1951 - Charles Desplanques (b. 1877), French anarchist, trade unionist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Feb. 6]

1954 - The first issue of the newspaper '//El Libertario//' in Santiago, Chile: "The emancipation of the workers is the task of the workers themselves."

1970 - __Rivolta di Reggio [Reggio Revolt__]: Fourth day of general strike. Incidents continue. Antonio Coppola, a 17-year-old student, is hospitalised in a coma. Barricades and clashes in the suburbs. The Chamber of Labour is attacked. Twenty-one wounded among the police, 47 arrests. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Reggio it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_Fatti_di_Reggio]

1981 - __Cape Breton Coal Strike__: 3,500 miners in the Cape Breton Island coal fields in Nova Scotia, Canada, go on strike over wages. It was the first strike since nationalisation of the mines in 1967. The bitter strike was settled in October, with a tentative agreement that raised wages 50 percent over two years. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_coal_strike_of_1981] || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet18.html#18 militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article6486 libcom.org/history/sellenet-jules-1881-1941-aka-boudoux-francis-or-fran%C3%A7ois-or-js-also-jean-le-vieux]
 * = 18 || 1881 - Jules Sellenet, known as Francis or François Boudoux and as Jean Le Vieux (d. 1941), French militant, anti-militarist and anarcho-syndicalist secretary of the l'union des syndicats de Meurthe-et-Moselle, born. In 1907 during a peaceful demonstration by strikers in Raon-l'Etape, the forces of "order" opened fire on the procession, killing two workers. Boudoux deliveres a speech at the funeral services for the two workmen. [see: Jul. 28] A member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste, Boudoux was arrested numerous times for his anti-military activities and also for "offences related to industrial disputes". His own union denounced him as an agent provocateur, a charge that the Communists would revive following WWI. On January 11, 1924, he was wounded during a meeting that ended in a brawl between anarchist trade unionists and Communists (two anarchists were killed). In 1926, he served with Pierre Besnard, founder of the C.G.T- S.R (revolutionary syndicalist), as secretary of the Federation of Builders. He also fought in Spain in 1936 with the Durruti Column.

1887 - Ettore Mattei founds La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos, the first organised workers' resistance society, in Buenos-Aires. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina at the time, writes its statutes.

1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: The victorious Bryant & May match girls return to work having won a series on concessions from management is excess of their initial demands. [see: Jul. 17]

1892 - __Homestead Steel Strike__: Sixteen of the strike leaders are charged with conspiracy, riot and murder in connection wit the battle on July 6. Each man was jailed for one night and forced to post a $10,000 bond. The union retaliated by charging company executives with murder as well. The company men, too, had to post a $10,000 bond, but they were not forced to spend any time in jail. One judge issued treason charges against the Advisory Committee on August 30 for making itself the law. Most of the men could not raise the bail bond, and went to jail or into hiding. In the end, only four workers were ever tried on the actual charges filed on July 18. Three AA members were found innocent of all charges. Hugh Dempsey, the leader of the local Knights of Labor District Assembly, was found guilty of conspiring to poison nonunion workers at the plant – despite the state's star witness recanting his testimony on the stand. Dempsey served a seven-year prison term. In February 1893, Knox and the union agreed to drop the charges filed against one another, and no further prosecutions emerged from the events at Homestead.

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: A series of bloody confrontations breaks out between the Spanish army and the working classes of Barcelona and other Catalan cities, backed by anarchists, socialists and republicans. It was caused by the calling-up of reserve troops by Prime Minister Antonio Maura to be sent as reinforcements when Spain renewed military-colonial activity in Morocco on July 9, in what is known as the Second Rif War in Melilla. The transports had begun on July 11th without incident but on the 18th the first major flashpoint occurred when a party of conscripts, including the Batalló de Caçadors de Reus, integrated in the Brigada Mixta de Cataluña, boarded ships owned by the Marques de Comillas, a noted Catholic industrialist, en route for Morocco. The soldiers were accompanied by patriotic addresses, the Royal March, and religious medals distributed by pious well dressed ladies. Spain's narrow social construction was thus on display for all to see, an affluent Catholic oligarchy impervious to the rise of secular mass politics. The onlooking crowd, which contained a number of anarchist and socialist agitators, jeered and whistled, shouting: "¡Abajo la guerra! ¡Que vayan los ricos! ¡Todos o ninguno!" (Down with the war. They are the rich. All or nothing.) as the emblems of the Sacred Heart were thrown from the transport ship Cataluña into the sea. The police reacted by firing into the air and arrested several people. The protests increased in the following days, with street demonstrations, not only in Barcelona, ​​but also in Madrid and other locations, as news began to come in of the first deaths in combat of the reservists. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: Skilled ribbon weavers are the first to break ranks and accept the mill owners' terms, returning to work en masse. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1913 - During the Potlatch Riots in Seattle, Washington, sailors destroy the Industrial Workers of the World union hall and burning all the books they found there.

[A/F] 1917 - __Greve Geral no Brasil__: Beginning of city-wide General Strike in Rio de Janeiro, for an 8-hour day and 20% wage increase following a meeting at the headquarters of the Federação Operária do Rio de Janeiro the previous day. [expand] [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_geral_no_Brasil_em_1917 libcom.org/history/1918-brazilian-anarchist-uprising www.anarkismo.net/article/29031 www.anarkismo.net/article/5284 uniaoanarquista.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/greve-geral-estrategia-de-luta-contra-o-estado-e-o-capitalismo/ www.projetomemoria.art.br/RuiBarbosa/glossario/a/greve-1917.htm segall.ifch.unicamp.br/site_ael_antes_migracao/AEL/website-ael_pesquisatematica/e-album/website-ael_ed-traje-2-mp1917.htm netleland.net/politica/influencia-anarquista-e-bolchevique-na-greve-de-1917-e-ate-hoje.html]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: A general strike is called in Seville in protest at the death of a striking brewery worker, resulting in further clashes that end with the murder of a worker from the Osborne factory. During his burial anarchists clash with the police, leaving four workers and three security guards dead. [see: Aug. 6]

1958 - Anna Götze (b. 1875), German bookbinder, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, who was the mother of FAUD members Irma and Ferdinand 'Nante' Götze, dies. [see: Apr. 6]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: The strike that had begun in Mezhdurechensk (Междуреченска) and broken out in Makeyevka (Макеевка [ru] / Макіївц [uk]) now spreads across the entire Dombass region. At its height, the strike involved 220 mines in the Donbass with up to 90,000 miners out on strike in support of 37 demands (and a further four on behalf of Chervonohrad miners). [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantón_de_Cádiz es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermín_Salvochea cadizpedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Fermín_Salvochea_y_Álvarez cadiz.nueva-acropolis.es/cadiz-articulos/15022-historia-de-cadiz-6536]
 * = 19 || 1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar & Cádiz__: The Government of Spain decided to end the revolution in Sanlúcar. Meanwhile, the Cantón de Cádiz is declared, with the prominent Andalusian anarchist Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez elected Alcalde de Cádiz and Presidente del Cantón de Cádiz.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 6] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: With the manufacturers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) having begun to renege on their promises with an attempted lockout, the Workers' Council is reactivated and resumes rallies on the banks of the River Talka (Реки Талка). Despite the lack of funds to support the striking workers and their families, they decide that only hunger will manage to force them to accept the partial concessions offered by the entrepreneurs and resume work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1907 - __Belfast Lockout / Dockers & Carters’ Strike - Police Mutiny__: The police mutiny broke out when the Royal Irish Constabulary over their role in escoting the blackleg carters who had been recruited to drive the traction engines that had been sent to Belfast to deliver the goods which had been unable to leave the port due to the striking carters. The traction engines, equipped with makeshift armour, were regularly blocked en route by flying pickets and the blackleg carters attacked. In one incident in East Belfast, a crowd of shipyard workers threw a telegraph pole at a blackleg carter and his traction engine. The merchandise he had been transporting ended up in the nearby Connswater River. The policemen, however, received no extra pay for the hazardous duty which left them vulnerable to attack nor for the regular breaking up of strikers' pickets; both of which threatened to alienate them from their own communities, and in some cases their own families. On July 19, RIC Constable William Barrett refused to sit beside the blackleg driver of a traction engine who had been promised personal police protection by his employer. After flatly refusing to obey District Inspector Thomas Keaveney when the latter ordered him to accompany the driver, he was promptly suspended. In response, 300 angry policemen attended a meeting at Musgrave Street Barracks and declared their support for the strike. A brawl instantly broke out inside the barracks when Barrett resisted attempts by RIC officers to arrest him. This led to another 800 policemen (about 70 per cent of the police force) joining the mutiny. They refused to offer any protection to the blacklegs, made no further attempts to disperse the strikers' pickets and Larkin persuaded them to carry out their own strike for higher wages and better pensions. Having prevaricated for a month, the military now rushed thousands of troops including cavalry into the city. Warships arrived in Belfast lough. This was effectively the imposition of martial law, and by early August some transport was moving in the city. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Belfast_Dock_strike libcom.org/library/belfast-police-mutiny-1907-john-gray www.socialistworld.net/doc/2741 www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/1907-dock-strike]

1913 - Charles Keller (b. 1843), French poet, Paris Communard and Bakuninist, dies. [see: Apr. 30]

[F] 1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: Plans for the general strike have to be changed when a strike by UGT-affiliated Valencian railway workers in dispute with the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España (Northern Spanish Railyway Company) takes place to coincide with the Asamblea de Parlamentarios in Barcelona. During the negotiations the company had refused to readmit 36 workers who had been dismissed, an inflexible position that the Government supported, no doubt based upon the threat of the imminent general strike. On July 21 the Capitán General of Valencia declared a state of emergency. In response, and despite the understanding that no dispute should be triggered prior to the general strike, pressure from the rank and file forced the Federación Ferroviaria de UGT to announce that if the company did not give in, a strike across the whole sector would begin on August 10. The company did not back down, so the leadership of the Unión General was faced with a difficult choice – it did not want to abandon the rail workers but to precipitate a strike before the wider revolutionary movement was fully prepared would likely prove distaterous. Finally, the socialist strike committee – composed of Francisco Largo Caballero and Daniel Anguiano for the UGT and Julián Besteiro and Andrés Saborit for the PSOE – decided to declare the general strike for Monday, August 13, three days after the railway strike was due to begin on the 10th [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1917 www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: Another general strike is called in Seville following the previous day's clashes. [see: Aug. 6]

1947 - __Huelga de Brazos Caídos [Strike of Lowered Arms*__]: : Costa Ricans begin demonstrating in support of electoral reforms in the old capital of Cartago. The next day, government officers precipitated a clash with these protesters in Cartago, using gas and beating protesters; violence resulted, and multiple people, including some police officers, received bullet wounds from the clash. The following day, the 'Huelga de Brazos Caídos' began with an opposition-organised protest march. Angry at this violent response to demonstrations, the opposition issued a strike call and organised a march for the next day. At the same time, the federation of university students, who had their own grievances with the Picado government, voted to enter the protests. The marchers directly disobeyed a warning by Picado and a part of the electoral code that prohibited marches in the lead-up to the 1948 presidential election. They occupied the Plaza Soledad in San Jose, blocking and harassing official cars. By this time, five people, reportedly protesting students, had already been killed in violence relating to the protests. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_Brazos_Caídos elespiritudel48.org/la-huelga-de-brazos-caidos/ revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6283/5985 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/costa-rican-merchants-and-bankers-strike-electoral-reform-huelga-de-brazos-caidos-1947]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: 67 mines in the Donetsk region now on strike with 222,000 miners in total not working. Workers in the Pavlogradugol (Павлоградвугілля) miners association in the Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровської) region also come out on strike. Particularly angry that the mass media had not published all of the demands of the Kuzbass miners, the night shift [July 19-20] of miners in the Karaganda Basin in Kazakhstan, the country's third largest coalfield, go out on strike. They also have a number of local environmental demands such as the construction of a purification plant in Mezhdurechensk, and the stopping of the Krapivinskii hydro-electric project on the Tom River and the ending of atomic testing in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Work resumed with the night shift of July 22-23. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuné_Henry]
 * = 20 || 1821 - Fortuné Henry (d. 1882), French libertarian journalist and poet, who was one of the most influential figures in the Paris Commune, born. Father of Émile Henry (1821-1882) and Jean-Charles Fortuné Henry (1869-19??).

1868 - Georges Yvetot lives (d. 1942), French typesetter and corrector, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-patriot and pacifist, born. [www.pelloutier.net/glossaire/detail.php?id=30 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2007.html www.ephemanar.net/mai11.html#yvetot]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: With hunger and the losses from not earning money for six months, 5000 workers attend a meeting called by the bosses at which they are promised that if they go back to the mills, workers will be able to have a conversation about wages and hours with bosses. Many refuse to believe the bosses' empty promises. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1920 - The militant anarcho-syndicalist Spartaco Stagnetti, secretary of the Syndicat des Traminots de Rome is attacked and wounded by a bunch of nationalists and fascists, setting off a General Strike.

[F] 1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: On July 20, a truck accompanied by fifty police armed with shotguns drove to the central market and made a small delivery. A second truck with ten pickets arrived and cut across the convoy's path (rumour had it that they had been lured there deliberately by the deputies). The police opened fire on the vehicle with shotguns, then turned their guns on the strikers filling the surrounding streets. Within ten minutes sixty-seven persons, including thirteen bystanders, were wounded, two fatally. A commission appointed by the Governor to investigate the 'riot' later concluded that: "Police took direct aim at the pickets and fired to kill. Physical safety of police was at no time endangered... At no time did pickets attack the police... The truck movement in question was not a serious attempt to move merchandise, but a "plant" arranged by the police. The police department did not act as an impartial police force to enforce law and order, but rather became an agency to break the strike. Police actions have been to discredit the strike and the Truck Drivers' Union so that public sentiment would be against the strikers." These actions were hardly accidental. As the secretary of the Citizens Alliance, whose leaders met with the Police Chief just before the attack, stated later, "Nobody likes to see bloodshed, but I tell you after the police had used their guns on July 20 we felt that the strike was breaking. . . . There are very few men who will stand up in a strike when there is a question of they themselves getting killed." That night an enormous protest meeting ended in a march on City Hall to lynch the Mayor and Police Chief. The march was headed off by National Guard troops. This, together with a huge mass funeral for one of the killed pickets – attended by an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 – revealed that whatever its intentions, the massacre had strengthened rather than undermined the workers' determination and solidarity. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934 libcom.org/history/1934-minneapolis-teamsters-strike libcom.org/history/minneapolis-teamsters-strike-1934-jeremy-brecher teamster.org/about/teamster-history/1934 www.laborstandard.org/MN_Teamster_Festival/Dave_R_on_1934.htm www.marxists.org/history/usa/date/1934/1934-mpls/index.htm]

1962 - André Renard (b. 1911 ), Belgian socialist, anti-fascist résistant, syndicalist and Wallonian activist, who was prominent in the 1960-61 Grève Générale de l'Hiver and founded the political ideology Renardisme, which combined elements of syndicalism with Walloon nationalism, dies. [see: May 25]

[1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: 88 mines now closed involving over 43,000 workers on strike, including 15,000 face workers. The government delegation headed by Deputy Prime Minister L.D. Ryabev arrived in Donetsk.] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/articles/us-rail-strikes-1877 libcom.org/history/articles/us-rail-strikes-187 www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]
 * = 21 || [F] 1877 - __Pittsburgh Railway Riots / Great Railroad Strike__: The Great Railway Strike of 1877 is underway across several states. In Pittsburgh, militia bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29 others. The workers responded by forcing the militia to take refuge in a railroad roundhouse, and then set fires that razed 39 buildings and destroyed 104 locomotives and 1,245 freight and passenger cars. [EXPAND]

[FF] 1899 - __New York Newsboys' Strike__: Large numbers of New York City newsboys refuse to distribute the papers of Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of '//The Evening World//', and William Randolph Hearst, publisher of the '//New York Evening Journal'// following the fall in newspaper circulation at the end of the Spanish–American War. With the advent of the war the previous year bringing an increase in newspaper sales, several publishers had taken the opportunity to raise the cost of a newsboy bundle of 100 newspapers from 50¢ to 60¢, a price increase that at the time was offset by the increased sales. After the war many papers reduced the cost back to previous levels, with the notable exceptions of the '//World//' and the '//Journal//'. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys'_strike_of_1899]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: As the protests grow against the war in Morocco (Second Rif War), Solidaridad Obrera held a rally in Terrassa at which a proclamation by the socialist journalist Antoni Fabra i Ribas is read calling for a general strike throughout Spain on Monday July 26th. The 4,000 workers present approved the resolution in favour of the strike. There was now enormous pressure on the UGT to call a general strike throughout the State on August 2, which they would eventually bow to but too late for the workers in Catalonia. Their strike eventually took place on August 2 but with little support, due to the repressive measures taken by the government, which included the arrest in Madrid on July 28 Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the socialist party leadership. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: William Brueckmann, the Socialist mayor of Haledon is indicted for malfeasance in office. [see: May 18] [fultonhistory.com/Newspaper 14/New York NY Evening Call/New York NY]

1930 - 24-hour general strike in Montevideo, Uruguay, protesting Uruguay protesting imprisonment of anarchists.

1947 - __Huelga de Brazos Caídos [Strike of Lowered Arms*__]: The strike was part of a strategy organised by the opposition to the Calderónist government of Teodoro Picado Michalski, and the strike focused on labour and economic activities; with closures of shops and even educational centres, mainly in the Universidad de Costa Rica which also joined the strike. By this time the motto "No le compre, no le venda" (Do not buy, do not sell) had been coined in reference to the Calderonists. The strike was characterised by conflicts in the opposition ranks, particularly in the student and youth ranks and amongst young communists and social democrats, which became very violent. Finally, after negotiations between government and opposition, the strike was called off on August 3, 1947 after the government agreed to create a Tribunal Nacional Electoral that would be left in the hands of the opposition. This, however, did not prevent the outbreak of the civil war in 1948 when, after the elections, the Constitutional Congress annulled the results alleging electoral fraud. [rewrite] [*or "strike with arms at our sides"] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_de_Brazos_Caídos elespiritudel48.org/la-huelga-de-brazos-caidos/ revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6283/5985 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/costa-rican-merchants-and-bankers-strike-electoral-reform-huelga-de-brazos-caidos-1947]

1967 - Francois Mayoux (b. 1882), French teacher, syndicalist, pacifist and companion of Marie Mayoux, dies. [see: Jun. 24]

1978 - __Postal Workers Wildcat Strike__: A wildcat strike begins by postal workers at the New Jersey Bulk and Foreign Mail Center in an attempt to nullify the tentative national contract agreement between the postal unions and the United States Postal Service. The conflict spread until eventually 4,750 postal workers were on strike nationwide. After the strike was broken, 125 workers were fired, 130 were temporarily suspended, 2,500 received letters of warning, the union memberships did not ratify the proposed settlement, and an arbitrated contract settlement was imposed. [firemtn.blogspot.co.uk/2007/11/dave-cline-rebel-worker-i.html www.jeffreybperry.net/blog.htm?post=964257]

[1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: All 12 mines in the Ukrainian city of Chervonograd (Червонограда) are closed by strikes. The 43 Requirements of the Interdepartmental Strike Committee of the Miners of the City of Vorkuta (Требования межшахтного забастовочного комитета шахтёров города Воркуты), drawn up at the Vorgashorskaya (Воргашорская) mine in Vorkuta are read out to a mass meeting of strikers.] [traditio.wiki/Требования_межшахтного_забастовочного_комитета_шахтёров_города_Воркуты] ||
 * = 22 || 1788 - James Granger, a 38-year-old married weaver with six children, who had been the leader of the 1787 Calton Weavers Strike, stands trial accused of "forming illegal combinations". He was found guilty on July 22 and sentenced three days later on Friday 25th. The sentence was that he be carried to the Tollbooth, to remain there until August 13, on which day he would be publicly whipped through the streets of the city at the hands of the Common Executioner; that he should then be set at liberty and allowed till the October 15 to settle his affairs, after which he is to banish himself from Scotland for seven years, under the usual certifications, in case of his again returning during that term. A severe price to pay for trying to prevent a wage cut. James Granger returned and took part in the 1811-1812 strike and lived to the age of 75. [see: Jun. 30]

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Sanlúcar__: The Sanluqueño Comité de Salud Pública now preparesr the defence of the city, ordering the collect all kinds of ammunition to make available to volunteers. Unrest and fear are becoming unsustainable, with many Sanluquenians seeking shelter in safer places. Gradually the canton began to fall apart. The secretary of the town hall resigned, followe by members of the secretariat, and the popular masses began to manifest symptoms of decay and fatigue.

1877 - __Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: In anticpation of the coming strike, communist organisations release a statement: "In the desperate struggle for existence now being maintained by the workingmen of the great railroads throughout the land, we expect that every member will render all possible moral and substantial assistance to our brethren, and support all reasonable measures which may be found necessary by them." Throughout the day closed meetings were held by the men of the Michigan Southern, Rock Island, Chicago, & Northwestern and the Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads. The decision was made to suspend movement on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago line until the strike atmosphere had passed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_railroad_strike_of_1877 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/great-upheaval-1877-jeremy-brecher www.ranknfile-ue.org/uen_1877.html www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm]

1886 - In San Francisco a brewery workers union (formed last month among mostly socialist German workers to resist the prevailing 16-18 hour workday) win all it's demands as breweries admit defeat. The demands include free beer, the closed shop, freedom to live anywhere for brewery workers (who had, until now, typically lived in the brewery itself), a 10-hour day, six-day week and a board of arbitration.

1903 - [N.S. Aug. 4] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The first general strike of the proletariat of the city of Baku grinds to a halt.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 9] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: St. Petersburg workers strike to commemorate Bloody Sunday.

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: The dyers’ helpers in the large dyeing shops and the broad-silk weavers have begun returning to work in large numbers. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1913 - André Bösiger (d. 2005), Swiss anarchist and militant trades unionist, born. A member of the Ligue d'Action du Bâtiment, and associated with Luigi Bertoni and '//Le// //Réveil Anarchiste//' (The Anarchist Alarmclock) and Lucien Tronchet. A founder of the CIRA (Centre International de Recherches sur l’Anarchisme). [www.ephemanar.net/juillet22.html#22 www.swissfilms.ch/en/information_publications/festival_search/festivaldetails/-/id_film/2146534897]

1914 - Charles Maurin (b. 1856), French painter, engraver, anti-clerical and anarchist, dies. [see: Apr. 1]

1916 - A bomb explodes during a Preparedness Day parade [a demonstration demanding the entry of the United States in the global confict] in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring 40. Unsurprisingly, the authorities immediately suspect anarchist involvement in the bombing. Two radical labour organisers Tom Mooney and Warren K. Billings, are framed through perjured testimony and convicted -Mooney to hang and Billings to life (both were pardoned by Roosevelt in 1939). A few days after the bombing, the offices of '//The Blast//' are searched by police and material aseized. Alexander Berkman (founder/editor) and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald are threaten to arrest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_Day_Bombing time.com/4411324/san-francisco-1916-bombing-preparedness-day-parade-anniversary-centennial/ www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Centennial-of-1916-SF-bombing-that-led-to-8381615.php www.sfmuseum.org/loc/prepday.html intheshadowofpaulbunyan.tumblr.com/post/88886682406/the-bemidji-daily-pioneer-from-july-26th-1917 depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1917.shtml]

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Lumberjack and secretary of the Beinidji branch of the IWW, Jesse J. Dunning, is arrested at the union's downtown headquarters by the city's chief of police, Frank Ripple. Dunning is charged with the possession of two books in violation of the state criminal syndicalism statute, enacted on April 13, 1917, which made it a felony for an individual to display any book or material that advocated or taught sabotage. The two books were both entitled 'Sabotage', one by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the other by Emil Pouget. At his trial in September, he was sentenced to two years in the state penitentiary. [collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/49/v49i02p065-075.pdf scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/5046/853white.pdf?sequence=1]

1919 - __Peru General Strike for the 8-hour Work Day__: The Federación Obrera Regional Peruana (Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation) is officially constituted, based on the principles of the old Federación Obrera Regional del Perú. In its 'Declaration of Principles', FORP considered that the capitalists monopolise the profits, monopolise the market and reduce wages, that there is an absolute lack of morality and justice in the society, and that this social injustice forces Workers to seek ways to achieve a better social status of integral freedom and economic equality. The Federation states that it is international, shelters all workers without distinction of race, sex, religion and nationality; commemorates May 1 as a day of high protest by the international proletariat and states that "The emancipation of workers must be the work of the workers themselves." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Peruana anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/09/08/la-conquista-de-las-8-horas-en-1919-es-merito-obrero/ anarquismoperu.noblogs.org/post/2010/10/29/federacion-obrera-regional-peruana/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/peru-workers-use-general-strike-gain-8-hour-work-day-1919 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/peru/Movimiento.html dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/peru/peruASHirsch.pdf archivofopep.webcindario.com/elanarcosindicalismoenelperu.pdf]

[F] 1919 - __Fort Leavenworth Prison Strikes__: In the first week of July, prison guards learned of 21 sticks of dynamite within the prison, that were to be detonated on the 4th of July. An ex-prisoner tipped the guards off, and the event was avoided. 72 prisoners escaped Fort Leavenworth in the beginning of July. On July 21 1919, Leavenworth prison officials transferred a prisoner referred to as “Goldie” and another prisoner called “Frankie the Wop” to Alcatraz Prison without explanation. There was talk of another labor strike among the prisoners, but the Prisoners’ Committee opposed. On July 22 1919, the new population of prisoners organised a labour strike with the goals of: 1. Immediate general amnesty for prisoners and a statement of their request be given to President Wilson; 2. Better food conditions; 3. Return of “Goldie” and “Frankie the Wop” to Fort Leavenworth. The prison officials responded differently to the second strike, and labeled the action a mutiny. The prison officials placed all prisoners, even those who did participate in the strike, in solitary confinement for three days, and fed inmates only bread and water. The prison called in soldiers from Fort Riley, from Camp Dodge, the Second Battalion of the 46th Infantry, and Camp Grant to increase Fort Leavenworth security. Prisoners were released from their cells only for prison officials to search prison cells, and frisk each prisoner. The guards confiscated any belongings that did not originate from the prison. The prison officials placed the inmates back in their cells and kept them on bread and water for another three days. Afterward, the guards released the prisoners for work, and the inmates complied. In response to the strike, prison officials abolished the General Conference Prisoners’ Committee. The discipline by the prison guards also increased, and gun platforms were built and armed on top of buildings in the yard. [libcom.org/history/1919-prison-strikes-fort-leavenworth aintmarching.net/tag/strike-at-fort-leavenworth/]

1929 - __Australian Timber Workers' Strike__: Seven union leaders - John Smith 'Jock' Garden (secretary of the Trades and Labour Council), John Kavanagh (chairman of the Disputes Committee of the Trades and Labour Council). Charles Reeve, Michael Patrick Ryan, Edward Wallace Paton, William Terry, and John Culbert, M.L.C. (members of the Disputes Committee of the Trades and Labour Council) - are arrested in police raids and charged with three counts of "unlawful conspiracy by violence and threats of violence" in order to prevent timber workers from working. At the end of October a jury acquitted them all those charged. [see: Jan. 3; Oct. 17 & 30] [trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51608706]

1931 - The Republican government belatedly declares the strike illegal as 10 days notice had not been not given. The Minister of the Interior orders the closure of all anarcho-syndicalist centres across Spain and the arrest of CNT leaders. Across Spain acts of sabotage continue and in Barcelona saboteurs hold up traffic in order to prevent injuries whilst they set off their explosives. July 22 also sees the declaring in Seville of a state of war. [see: Aug. 6]

1946 - A strike by members of the International Typographical Union had shut the '//Vancouver Daily Province//' down on June 5, 1946. When the '//Province//' resumed publication on July 22, newspaper delivery trucks leaving the loading docks were confronted by a large crowd of about 50 pickets and 1,000 onlookers at the protest. A couple of trucks loaded with papers left the Province to a chorus of boos, then protesters surrounded a '//Province//' van and overturned it. Copies of the paper were strewn about the street and set on fire. Eight people were arrested. The violence failed to stop the paper from publishing, but many unionised workers in Vancouver switched their allegiance to the '//Vancouver Sun//'. [www.unifor780g.org/day-history-june-5-1946/ www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20120724/281543698049488]

1971 - During a dispute between Ford management and the militant shop steward John Dillon, in the Ford Liverpool plant, the Angry Brigade blow up the home of Ford's managing director, William Batty, in Essex. The same night a bomb damages a transformer at the Dagenham plant of the Ford Motor Company.

[D] 1983 - Martial law in Poland, declared in December 1981 in an effort to destroy the Solidarność trade union workers' movement, formally ends.

[1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: Donetsk: an accord is signed on July 22, and Gorbachev and Ryzhkov called on the miners to return to work. Work resumed in mines in the Karaganda Basin in Kazakhstan with the night shift of July 22-23.] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesos_de_Alcoy_de_1821]
 * = 23 || 1823 - A renewed attempt by about 500 armed men to destroy spinning machines in Alcoy is prevented by troops deployed by the mayor. One of the ringleaders of the insurgents met with him demanding that the machines be taken outside the city to destroy them, but the mayor refused. Then exchanges of shots occurred and the assailants, some of them wounded, fled towards Cocentaina. The troops came after them and arrested five peasants. [see: Mar. 2]

1870 - At the outbreak of war between France and Prussia, the International Working Men’s Association issues a statement (written by Karl Marx) condemning the war, and warning that victory as well as defeat could prove disastrous for working people. It approvingly quotes a declaration adopted by an assembly of workers’ delegates in Chemnitz, which states: "In the name of German Democracy, and especially of the workmen forming the Democratic Socialist Party, we declare the present war to be exclusively dynastic.... We are happy to grasp the fraternal hand stretched out to us by the workmen of France.... Mindful of the watchword of the International Working Men’s Association: Proletarians of all countries, unite, we shall never forget that the workmen of all countries are our friends and the despots of all countries our enemies." [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm]

1877 - __Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: City authorities prepared for potential unrest in earnest, deploying muskets to police stations and equipping a newly created artillery company with three cannons. The governor ordered local militia to the ready to assist civil authorities if called upon to do so. There were multiple confrontations between crowds and police, forcing the police to retire. That night a meeting of as many as 10,000 occurred on Market Street. Speakers impressed on the crowd the need to join the strikes taking place elsewhere. They carried banners reading "We want work, not charity" and" Life by work, or death by fight". The crowd retired by 23:30, but resolved to meet again at 10:00 the following morning. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_railroad_strike_of_1877 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/great-upheaval-1877-jeremy-brecher www.ranknfile-ue.org/uen_1877.html www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm]

1877 - __San Francisco Anti-Chinese Riot__: Anti-Chinese nativist agitators at a huge outdoor rally in San Francisco about the economic depression and unemployment organised by the Workingmen’s Party of the United States incite a two-day riot of ethnic violence against Chinese workers, resulting in four deaths and the destruction of property. Five years later, President Chester Arthur signed the federal Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting immigration of Chinese labourers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877]

[A] 1892 - In Pittsburgh, Alexander Berkman attempts and fails to assassinate the despised industrialist Henry Clay Frick, responsible for the deaths of nine miners killed by Pinkerton thugs on July 6, during Homestead Strike.

1895 - Adémar Schwitzguebel (b. 1844), Swiss anarchist and member of the Bakuninist Fédération Jurassienne (Jura Federation) in the l'Internationale, dies. [www.ephemanar.net/juillet23.html de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhémar_Schwitzguébel anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Schwitzguebel.html]

[F] 1902 - [O.S. Jul. 10] __Buchachchyni Farmers' Strike [Хліборобський страйк на Бучаччині__]: A series of grain strikes, where the peasants demanded not only increased wages, lower rents and also the right to keep back a higher percentage of what they grew for the landowners, breaks out in the Buchach (Бучацький) district of Galicia. On July 30 [17], a meeting of the various peasant strike committees was held in Buchach, where aa general strike across the region was proclaimed. During the strike, about 4,000 peasants were arrested, several dozen were wounded [til Aug. 12] [During the strike, about 4,000 peasants were arrested, several dozen were wounded, but in the eyes of the peasants, it was a small victim compared to the achievements. Strike in different counties had a different chronological framework. But in general it lasted from the beginning of June to the end of August. The results of the strike were rather controversial. They did not testify to the complete victory of the strikers, but did not mean their defeat. In particular, in 375 villages where the strike took place was increased by 50-100% of wages for agricultural workers. In only 25 communities, strikers did not meet any requirements. In 100 estates, the landlords incurred significant economic losses, since their harvest of grain has never been collected [30, p. 154]. But the strikers did not achieve the main thing - lower prices for land, as well as the right to free use of easements] [uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хліборобський_страйк_на_Бучаччині_1902 uahistory.info/2012/03/04/seljanskijj_strajjk_1902_r_v_galichin_ta_polskoukransk_vzamini.html]

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: At dawn in Maria Luisa Park, prisoners allegedly trying to escape from a police van are shot [cf. ley de fugas], leaving four dead. The Minister of the Interior also orders an assault on the Casa Cornelio tavern, a rebel stronghold in the city. [see: Aug. 6]

[D] 1967 - __Detroit or 12th Street Riot__: The people of Detroit, angry at the disappearance of jobs and, especially, at the abusive and virtually all-white police department, erupt following a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar. Six days of rioting, finally put down by the National Guard, leave 43 dead, at least 347 injured, and 3,800 in jail. During the riots, 1,300 buildings are burned to the ground and 2,700 businesses are looted. [www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/SeedsofFire-07-July.htm wn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-12th-street-riot www.blackpast.org/aah/detroit-race-riot-1967 solidarity-us.org/node/824 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/13_detroit.html dlxs.lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?type=bbaglist;view=bbthumbnail;bbdbid=405]

[1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: Mikhail Gorbachev broadcast on TV about the crisis.] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopédie]
 * = 24 || 1749 - Denis Diderot is arrested in Paris during a government crackdown on writers and publishers of subversive books - for writing his '//Encyclopedie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers//' (Encyclopaedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts).

1877 - __Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: The next morning a committee of workers met with officer of the Michigan Central Railroad, and demanded a restoration of recent wage cuts. The company refused, and the work was swiftly stopped. At 09:00 165 workers of the Illinois Central Railroad joined those of the Michigan Central and quietly stopped work. A combined group of 500 then began a procession through the various rail yards. They made their way through the Baltimore & Ohio, Rock Island, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and Chicago & Alton, and as they went the strike spread with them. By noon only a single railroad, the Chicago and Northwestern, had any traffic in or out of the city, but it too would be forced to close by the end of the day. Soon, other railroads throughout the state were brought to a standstill, with demonstrators shutting down railroad traffic in Bloomington, Aurora, Peoria, Decatur, Urbana and other rail centers throughout Illinois. In sympathy, coal miners in the pits at Braidwood, LaSalle, Springfield, and Carbondale went on strike as well. In Chicago, the Workingmen's Party organised demonstrations that drew crowds of 20,000 people. Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled the "strike or other unlawful interference with the trains will be a violation of the United States law", telling federal marshals to protect the railroads, and asked for federal troops to enforce his decision: he subsequently had strikers arrested and tried them for contempt of court. The mayor of Chicago, Monroe Heath, also recruited 5,000 men as volunteer militia to help in restoring order. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_railroad_strike_of_1877 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/great-upheaval-1877-jeremy-brecher www.ranknfile-ue.org/uen_1877.html www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm]

1877 - __St. Louis General Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: The first general strike in U.S. history is underway in St. Louis. Led by members of the Workingmen’s Party, it began as an outgrowth of the railroad strike sweeping the country. Workers – skilled and unskilled, black and white – shut down the city for a week until thousands of federal troops and special deputised police arrived, killing at least eighteen people and arresting the strike leaders. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/articles/us-rail-strikes-1877 libcom.org/history/1877-the-great-railroad-strike zcomm.org/znetarticle/celebrating-a-history-of-workers-struggle-st-louis-remembers-general-strike-of-1877-by-paul-poposky/ www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/look-back-class-conflict-erupts-on-st-louis-streets-in/article_10ecf069-5795-5664-a745-4057509378af.html]

1893 - Ammon Ashford Hennacy (d. 1970), Irish American pacifist, Christian, anarchist, social activist, member of the Catholic Worker Movement and IWW, born.

1903 - Mother Jones delivers her famed '//The Wail of the Children//' speech during the March of the Mill Children. [see: July 7]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: News arrived from Morocco that the Spanish army had been defeated by the Rif in Ait Aixa. 26 soldiers were dead and another 230 were wounded. The masses could not wait until August 2nd to begin their fight. The leaders of Solidaridad Obrera were forced to form a central strike committee and begin mobilising for the general strike on Monday 26th. The strike committee was formed composed of the Socialist Antoni Fabra i Ribas (who tried unsuccessfully to postpone the Barcelona mobilisation so it would coincide with a general strike that the PSOE and UGT planned to call across Spain, and which eventually took place on August 2 with little support, due to the repressive measures taken by the government, which included the arrest in Madrid on July 28 Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the socialist party leadership), the anarcho-syndicalists, and the bricklayer, and later police informer, Miguel Villalobos Moreno. None were then prominent within the Catalan workers movement. Workers began touring the city collecting money for the fund of resistance for what was planned to be an insurrectionary general strike. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1942 - Balbina Pi Sanllehy (b. 1896), Catalan textile worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist proagandist, dies of a heat attack in Perpignan. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2407.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbina_Pi_Sanllehy libcom.org/history/pi-sanllehy-balbina-1896-1973 www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php?title=Balbina_Pi]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: By the morning of July 24, 73 mines in Donetsk district had ended their strike, but 50 were still out, insisting on legislative guarantees. A delegation of Donetsk strike committee members and People’s Deputies from the Donbass flew out to Moscow and met with Ryzhkov on July 24 in the Kremlin. A concrete programme of action for the whole industry, which the government estimated would cost 2 billion rubles, was outlined. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] ||
 * = 25 || [F] 1788 - James Granger, leader of the 1787 Calton Weavers Strike, is found guilty of "forming illegal combinations" and sentenced to be carried to the Tollbooth, to remain there until August 13, on which day he would be publicly whipped through the streets of the city at the hands of the Common Executioner; that he should then be set at liberty and allowed till the October 15 to settle his affairs, after which he is to banish himself from Scotland for seven years, under the usual certifications, in case of his again returning during that term. A severe price to pay for trying to prevent a wage cut.

1854 - __Conflicte de les Selfactines__: Following protracted talks with Josep Barceló Cassadó, one of the main leaders of the cotton workers, the capità general de Barcelona, Ramon de La Rocha, issues a ban prohibiting the use of 'selfactines' cotton spinning machines. At the same time the main workers' leaders, Ramon Maseras, Miquel Guilleuma, Antoni Gual, Josep Nogué and Josep Barceló, sign and publish a document laying out for de la Rocha their greavences against the 'selfactines'. The conflict however dragged on following an appeal by the manufacturer to the government of Madrid against the prohibition order, whilst the workers continued their strike. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_de_les_selfactines www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1407.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España www.historiadeespananivelmedio.com/19-14-2-gobierno-espartero-en-1855/ www.aurorafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/La_Clase_Obrera_hace_Historia.pdf www.comb.cat/Upload/Documents/4783.PDF www.estelnegre.org/documents/barcelo/barcelo.html]

1867 - '//Das Kapital//' first appears in Germany.

1877 - __Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: On the morning of Wednesday the 25th it was announced that the Union Stock Rolling Mills and the Malleable Iron works had both closed. Crowds gathered and forced the Phoenix Distillery to do the same. The mayor issued a recommendation that citizens organise themselves into safety guards for their neighborhoods. Meetings of local businessmen and merchants were held, and the city counsel voted to give the mayor plenary powers. Crowds of 25,000 and 40,000 gathered at the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy roundhouse and extinguished the fires in the engines there. When police arrived they were assailed by stones. They fired into the crowd over ten minutes, killing three, and wounding 16. The crowd retreated up Halstead street and attacked streetcars in the viaduct there. On South Halstead Street some broke into a gun shop and looted 200 shotguns and revolvers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_railroad_strike_of_1877 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/great-upheaval-1877-jeremy-brecher www.ranknfile-ue.org/uen_1877.html www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: Yesterday's decision to hold the general strike tomorrow is ratified at a meeting with delegates from 250 factories throughout the region of Barcelona, despite the civil governor of Barcelona, Ángel Ossorio i Gallardo, having officiall banned the holding of the meeting. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1917 - In Bemidji, Minnesota, thirty IWW men and women are corralled by 150 armed citizens led by the mayor, forced to salute the flag and packed onto a train bound for Foston. 1,000 people gather at the station to see them off. . [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/49/v49i02p065-075.pdf intheshadowofpaulbunyan.tumblr.com/post/88886682406/the-bemidji-daily-pioneer-from-july-26th-1917]

1967 - President Johnson orders federal troops into Detroit under the Insurrection Act to put down the 12th Street Riot.

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: July 25 it was decided to return to work. A majority of those still out returned, but in Donetsk they held out for two more days. Workers’ Committees were set up to monitor progress in implementation of the promises. The strike in the Ukraine and Southern Russia did not completely end until July 27. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || Additional regular soldiers arrived from the west on Thursday July 26, bringing the total number of federal troops in the city to 12 companies. Orders came down from President Rutherford B. Hayes placing these in under the command of the governor. With the ploice attempting to disperse groups of people wherever they gathered, a crowd of around 10,000 men, women, and children assembled at Vorwärts Turner Hall, on West 12th Street (modern day Roosevelt Road) at 09:00 for a meeting organised there by the Chicago German Furniture Workers Union, when a large body of police arrived to disperse them. Some missiles were thrown but the main body of the crowd broke and fled south down Halsted Street to the other side of the viaduct (railway bridge) at 16th Street towards East Pilsen and the Chicago River, pursued by the police, who fired at them as they ran. At 10:00 a group of 25 police arrived at Turner Hall and were assailed by stones and other missiles. Another group of 20 officers joined and a fight ensued, first on the street, and then in the hall when the police forced their way into it. One police officer was injured. Meanwhile, the main body of the crowd on Halsted Street had turned around and began pursuing the police north, angered at the fact that they were shot at as they had tried to retreat. A firefight ensued, with the police doing most of the shooting, which lasted half an hour. Low on ammunition and fearing they were about to be overran, their sergeant gave orders to fire off all their remaining ammunition and at the same time withdraw under the viaduct back towards the police station. The massive crowd, still just as big as before and now even angrier, ran after the police in hot pursuit. The mob headed north up Halsted Street past the viaduct at 16th Street towards 15th Street, where they met by the U.S. Army’s Second Cavalry Regiment and police reinforcements. It took the full force of the police, the cavalry and units of the 22nd U.S. Infantry, to put down the angry mob. The latter were fresh from suppressing Native American tribes out West, and now they turned their guns on the working class of Chicago. Uncounted numbers of rioters – and some innocent bystanders – were injured (uncounted, in part, because local women took the injured into their homes and hid them). It was estimated that at the Battle's end between 14 and 30 workers were left dead or dying, and up to 100 wounded; no police officers or soldiers died, but at least 13 were seriously wounded. Elsewhere, bloody encounters between police and enraged workers continued at nearby 16th Street, at Halsted and 12th, and on Canal Street for much of the rest of the day. The following day the less-than-sympathetic '//New York Times//' described the scene that day: By 10:30 in the morning, the '//New York Times//' reported, "there were not less than 10,000 men present. The undecided peacefulness of the horde had vanished. Their numbers seemed to inspire them with the valor of savages. They were bent on violence and hesitated at nothing. The north approach of the Halsted Street Viaduct" -- the point from which the accompanying picture was taken -- "and the structure itself was blocked with a mass of rioters". The '//Times//' described charges and counter-charges with rocks flying from the workers' side and police swinging clubs and firing rifles. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Viaduct en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 libcom.org/history/1877-the-great-railroad-strike libcom.org/history/great-upheaval-1877-jeremy-brecher interactive.wttw.com/timemachine/red-bridge pilsenprole.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/1877-2011-134-years-of-social-struggle.html uri-eichen.com/PILSEN_labor_walk.pdf www.earthwander.com/Roots/Swanson/Docs/Map/2014Map-Washburne.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873 www.nysl.nysed.gov/teacherguides/strike/background.htm www.museum.state.il.us/RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/Archives/vignettes/economy/RR_20Strike_20of_201877.html]
 * = 26 || 1877 - __Battle of the Halsted Street Viaduct / Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: The headline in the '//Chicago Times//' that morning expressed the anxious outrage of the city's capitalists following the previous day's events: "Terrors Reign, The Streets of Chicago Given Over to Howling Mobs of Thieves and Cutthroats." But worse was yet to come.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 13] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: According to a report of the provincial gendarmerie chief, only 3 mills and 4 factories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) are currently operating, the rest of them stand idle. The regional governor sends the troops back into the city, where they occupy businesses and schools. Troops are als sent to Kohma (Кохму) and Shuya (Шую) where spontaneous workers protests have also broken out. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

[F] 1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: The July Revolution (Revolució de Juliol (Cat.) / Revolución de Julio (Sp.) or the Glorious Week (Setmana Gloriosa / Semana Gloriosa) [more commonly known by the name given to it by the Catalan bourgeoisie, Setmana Tràgica (Semana Trágica (Sp.) / Tragic Week) begins in Barcelona. Although the civil governor Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo had received ample warning of the growing discontent, little had been planned in advance of the general strike to prevent serious civil disorder. So, when the strike in Barcelona began in the suburbs, where most of the factories were located, little was done to halt the burning of the booths where the hated consumos (consumption) tax was collected. The strike spread like wildfire from the suburbs to downtown. By midmorning the whole Catalan economy was paralysed. Many employers, for fear of the workers, decided to close their businesses directly what added more space to the protest. Small businesses, some for fear of the pickets, others sympathetic to the reasons for the strike, closed their doors. Workers began began to forcibly stop trams which, as a key economic sector of the city life, the government tried to protect, but after several clashes between the Guardia Civil and the protesters, they had to abandon their efforts. By the afternoon the city was in working hands. Workers had managed to secure weapons and began clashing with the Guardia Civil and the police, and attacking Guardia Civil barracks and police stations (military barracks initially went unnoticed), freeing political prisoners. To prevent the arrival of reinforcements rail lines were dynamited, cutting the city off from Madrid, while in the working class neighborhoods rose hundreds of barricades. The police had dispersed unable to stop the move. The state apparatus was divided between those who wanted the strike suppress immediately (the Minister of the Interior) by bringing in the army, and those like Governor Ossorio who did not want to use troops, fearing that they would fraternise with the workers. That same afternoon, the Madrid government finally forced Ossorio to resign and, unable to stop the workers, the Capitán General de Cataluña, Luis de Santiago, declared martial law in Barcelona. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1912 - __Paint Creek-Cabin Creek Miners' Strike__: Striking miners attack Mucklow, present-day Gallagher, leaving at least twelve strikers and four guards dead. The county sheriff then made a request for troops to be sent in, which now allowed the governor William E. Glasscock to intervene officially.

1917 - __Criminal Syndicalism__: Following the burning down of the Crookston lumber mill in Bemidji, Minnesota on July 21, which was immediately blamed on the IWW, and the 'discovery' of pamphlets on sabotage in Bemidji's IWW hall, further 'proof' in many's eyes, and for which three Wobblies including Jesse Dunning, the local IWW secretary, were arrested, a mob led by the mayor rounds up 24 Wobblies, including Dunning. They are then forced to salute the flag and packed onto a train bound for Foston. 1,000 people see them off. Dunning later became the first person convicted under Minnesota's new criminal syndicalism legislation. [intheshadowofpaulbunyan.tumblr.com/post/88886682406/the-bemidji-daily-pioneer-from-july-26th-1917 depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1917.shtml]

1917 - __IWW & Espionage Act__: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety led by ex-governor Lind summoned the chief of Chicago branch of the Bureau of Investigation to Minneapolis for a conference on the IWW situation. Lind suggested that the federal government prosecute the IWW leaders on charges of conspiring to violate the Espionage Act. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/]

1966 - Henri Quesnel (b. 1883), French libertarian trades union activist, dies. [see: Dec. 2]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: Soviet media povidmlyaly that "all the strikers West Donbass mines started to work. We started to work all 12 mines Chervonograd. The majority of miners in Voroshylovhradschyny started to work. Without exception mine and mine Donetsk reopened. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] ||
 * = 27 || 1877 - __Chicago Railroad Strike / Great Railroad Strike__: On the morning of Friday July 27, five companies were dispatched to disperse crowds gathered at the corner of Archer Avenue and South Halstead Street, where they were joined by 300 additional cavalry and infantry. Mayor Heath issued a proclamation: "The city authorities, having dispersed all lawlessness in the city, and law and order being restored, I now urge and request all business men and employers generally to resume work, and give as much employment to their workmen as possible." From that point onward the city was quiet. The railroad workers, returned to work at their previous wages, demoralised by the failure of similar strikes throughout the country.

1882 - Poss. date [see also: Jan. 27] for the birth of Hélène Brion (d. 1962), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she is given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of '//La Voie Féministe//' (1978) who never finished her monumental 'Encyclopédie Féministe', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time. [expand]

1885 - __Congreso Cosmopolita__: Held in Barcelona [Jul. 27-29] after having been previously suspended because of a cholera epidemic. It received the name of Congreso Cosmopolita or Congreso lntenaciona. Those attending: the Comisión Federal (with three delegates), comarcales of Andalucía del Sur y Castilla la Vieja, Alcoy, Palencia, San Roque, Tarrasa, Valencia and Valladohd, Unions of transportes, calzados (footwear), manufactureros, hierro y metales (iron and metals), sombrereros (hatters), marineros (sailors), fulistas (felt workers) and panaderos (bakers), as well as anarchist groups of various strands and from different places (Anárquico de Pintores, Círculo de Estudios y Acción Social de Barcelona, Los Desheredados, Grupo Anarcocomunista Italiano de Barcelona, Unión del Pueblo di Marsella, others from Algiers, Bastia, Cairo, Cesenon, Clarence, Gracia, London, Martigues, New York, San Martín de Provensals and Torino). According to a manifesto of Los Desheredados (The Disinherited) there was the split between federalists, communists and desheredados. It was agreed to advise all anarchists to harmonise their propaganda and revolutionary action, without being able to be more specific because of the atmosphere of police harassment in which the congress was being held. ['Enciclopedia del Anarquismo Espanol'] [madrid.cnt.es/historia/la-federacion-de-trabajadores-region-espanola/ serhistorico.net/2016/10/03/pioneros-anarcocomunistas-en-barcelona-1882-1885/ contramadriz.espivblogs.net/files/2016/02/bibliotecalibrolosdosanarquismos.pdf]

1888 - __London Match Girls' Strike__: In the wake of their successful strike, the inaugural meeting of the Union of Women Match Makers is held. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888 www.unionhistory.info/matchworkers/matchworkers.php socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6tk3m0q www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/members-matchmakers-union-1888-ce]

1893 - __Great Lock-out of 1893__: Throughout 1893 the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire miners were on a 3-day week. On May 22 at an International Congress of Miners held in Brussels, the president of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain Ben Pickard, representing 530,000 British miners had made a call for miners to take on the battle for a "living wage", a phrase that quickly became popular. Shortly after on June 23, the mine owners issued a demand a cut in wages of at least 15% due to the downturn in the industry, thereby taking miners' wages back to 1888 levels. This was rejected by the Miners' Federation. On July 27, men downed their tools and walked out, launching a general stoppage that would last 16 weeks and affect all British pits. The owners, who wanted a reduction of 25% in coal getting rates, locked out the men. The men were locked out at all pits from June 30 to November 17. On August 22 it was reported that practically all the men employed in the Cheshire, Midlands, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire pits were out. On August 16, Northumberland miners voted not to go on strike and the votes of Durham miners did not reach the neccesary two-thirds majority to endorse the strike call. [expand] [libcom.org/history/bullets-bread-featherstone-massacre www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0305E3CA64B014225C77AD89E3BDCCE5/S0020859000005290a.pdf/the-yorkshire-miners-and-the-1893-lockout-the-featherstone-massacre.pdf www.theguardian.com/news/1893/sep/09/mainsection.fromthearchive deceasedonlineblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/1893-featherstone-massacre.html www.healeyhero.co.uk/rescue/individual/Bob_Bradley/Bk-2/Bk2-1893-P1.html www.farnhill.co.uk/History_Docs/1893 - miner's strike.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners'_Federation_of_Great_Britain]

[F] 1896 - The International Socialist Workers' and Trades Union Congress (July 27-Aug. 1) is held in London. Both delegations include a number of well-known anarchists including Errico Malatesta, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Pietro Gori, Gustav Landauer, Bernhard Kampffmeyer, Rudolf Rocker, Fernand Pelloutier and Paul Delesalle, Louise Michel, Peter Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus and Jean Grave. The Marxists pass a motion requiring the recognition and the need for "political action" (in legislative and parliamentary voting), and finish by totally excluding anarchists and all anti-parliamentary Socialists from any future congresses (The latter convene their own anti-authoritarian Congress on the 29th).

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: In Barcelona hundreds of barricades were erected and several armouries were looted for their pistols and rifles. Attacks were directed against churches and church properties, especially the convents, schools and boards of religious orders. In the space of a few hours many religious buildings were set on fire. In some cases the friars and nuns and property were respected, but in most cases arsonists rushed to plunder and pillage and burned furniture and fixtures. The parish priest of Poblenou died of asphyxiation in the basement of his church where he had taken refuge. Some cemeteries are also desecrated convents. The highlight of the anticlerical violence occurred during the so-called noche trágica from Tuesday to Wednesday in which twenty buildings in the city centre and eight convents on the outskirts were burned down, and many Catholics suffered insults and taunts, such as the elderly nun who was forced to strip to ensure that she hid nothing bunderneath her habit. Prominent in the carrying out of these acts of vandalism were the violently anticlerical jóvenes bárbaros (young barbarians), associated with the Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party) of Alejandro Lerroux, who at the time was in exile. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1911 - Władysław Głuchowski (d. 1941), Polish teacher, anarcho-syndicalist activist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. 1931-1932 editor of '//Życie Uniwersyteckie//' (University Life) in Poznan, activist of Zwiazek Polskiej Mlodziezy Demokratycznej (ZPMD; Union of Polish Democratic Youth), graduated from the History Faculty. After his studies he worked as a teacher in Belorussian secondary school in Wilnus [Vilna]. 1934-1939 anarcho-syndicalist activist in ZZZ (Union of Workers Unions). At the same time member of Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski (AFP: Anarchist Federation of Poland). Published in '//Front Robotniczy//' (Workers’ Front, newspaper of ZZZ). In 1935 became a section secretary of ZZZ in Krakow. Arrested January 10, 1937, after rally in Chrzanow, accused of calling for overthrow of the state. In October 1937 acquitted by the court after police and workers’ testimony. 1937-1939 secretary of section of ZZZ in Czestochowa. Strike organiser. Initiator of many workers common-rooms in Upper Silesia and people’s house in Czestochowa. With the lawyer Zygmunt Choldyk was an initiator of underground Polski Związek Wolności (PZW: Polish Association of Freedom). In 1940 joined Syndykalistyczna Organizacja 'Wolnosc' (Syndicalist Organization 'Freedom'). June 12, 1940, arrested by the Gestapo and send to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. January 12, 1941, died of infected wounds as prisoner no.17710. He left a daughter, Helen. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Władysław_Głuchowski www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 podziemiezbrojne.wordpress.com/ www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Wladyslaw_Gluchowski]

1918 - Albert 'Ginger' Godwin (b. 1887), Anglo-Canadian coal miner, union militant, socialist and conscientious objector, is killed by a disgraced former British Columbia cop who had been kicked off the B.C. provincial police force for trying to extort money, but later hired as a special constable hunting down draft evaders. Goodwin, unarmed, was shot through the neck, severing his spinal cord. Although he had been ruled unfit for military service during World War I because he had lung disease, the conscription board reversed its decision just days after Goodwin led a smelter workers’ strike for the eight-hour day. Opposed to the war, Goodwin fled and for months avoided capture by the authorities. Two undertakers refused a police request to bury Goodwin on the spot where he was shot. Instead, they hauled his body back to Cumberland using a fabric sling, where he was buried on August 2 in the Municipal Cemetery, his coffin having been followed by a mile-long cortege. His death inspired Canada’s first general strike in Vancouver on the day of his burial. [see: May 10]

1933 - __Revolución del 33 / Cuban General Strike__: During the long running campaign and violent struggle to oust the dictator Gerardo Machado, on July 27 Havana bus drivers went on strike for their own demands, and two days later intercity drivers struck in solidarity. Soldiers fired on demonstrators in Havana on August 1, killing two, and on the same day in Santa Clara, shops and theatres closed. When police attacked a group of striking teachers, more transportation workers went on strike. In Pinar del Rio drivers, tobacco workers, and journalists also went on strike. In the meantime, the sugar workers’ union organised demonstrations and hunger marches throughout the country. In the following days more groups joined the campaign. In Havana, many storekeepers closed and garages refused to sell gas. Typographers and journalists struck and the longshoremen/dockers walked out. The Cuban Communist party not only supported workers’ demands but also called for an end to the Machado regime. There were reports of many strikes in the interior of the country, and a central strike committee was organised. The Confederación Nacional de Obreros de Cuba (Cuban Confederation of Labour) called for a general strike to begin August 5th. The regime responded by arresting more than one hundred labour leaders and other campaign supporters, and tried to round up telegraph operators to force them to go to work. Police fired on a crowd, killing twenty and wounding over one hundred. Leaders of the campaign broadcast appeals to the people to stay off the streets to reduce the chance of escalating repressive violence. By August 6 more groups joined the strike: railway workers, hotel and restaurant workers, physicians, bakers, cigarmakers. The campaign escalated when government employees went on strike in Sanitation, Communications, and the Treasury Department. Electric and telephone utilities even locked their employees inside to prevent them from striking. At that point the U.S. ambassador pressured Machado to leave office; the dictator took to the radio to announce his determination to resist U.S. intervention. Machado also tried to divide the opposition by making a separate deal with labour. Recognizing, the severity of the threat to his regime, Machado called a meeting with the CNOC and offered them legal recognition as well as official government support if they ended the strike. CNOC leaders were in favor of the agreement as was the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Cuba. The workers, however, rejected their leaders’ agreement and remained on strike. Soon after the failed agreement with CNOC, an underground radio station controlled by the ABC, a staunch anti-Machado resistance group, falsely claimed that Machado had resigned and called for a huge public demonstration. Despite frantic retractions by other radio stations, a mob still emerged and began to march on the presidential palace. Police began to fire on the crowd before the marchers could reach the palace, killing twenty protestors. Nonetheless, seeing the campaign’s broad support, the military decided to switch to the side of the people and placed Havana under military control on August 9. Without even the army to support him, Machado resigned on August 11 and left the country. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/cubans-general-strike-overthrow-president-1933 www.cubamilitar.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1933 www.ecured.cu/Revolución_del_33 www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/blackwell/1933/08/cuba2.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_Obrera_de_Cuba]

1970 - Albert de Jong (b. 1891), militant Dutch anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, dies. [see: Apr. 29]

[1989 - Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году]: The strike in the Ukraine and Southern Russia did not completely end until July 27.] || [* The word "huelga" did not come into common used in Spanish until the late C19th and the workers of Real del Monte never used it.]
 * = 28 || [FF] 1766 - __Huelga de Real del Monte [Real del Monte Strike__]: A barra of pikemen met secretly on July 28 1766. They persuaded a scribe to draft a petition, on the advice of their priest. They got 70 signatures and presented their grievances to the officials of the royal treasury at Pachuca. Upon their return to Real de Monte, management set the recogedores on them. Several were forced to work an extra night in dry diggings. [see: Jul. 30]

1889 - __London Gasworkers' Strike__: The National Union of Gas Workers & General Labourers hold a "day of our emancipation" celebration in Hyde Park following the winning of the 8 hour day for gas workers in the capital. 12,000 heard Will Thorne, and John Bums – with local leader Mark Hutchins, and MP Mark Beaufoy (the vinegar magnate whose Kennington Liberal Party branch had just called on him to support the gasworkers). [greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-strike-in-south-london/ greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/the-gas-workers-of-south-london-the-co-partnership-scheme/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgas.htm marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/george-livesey-and-profit-sharing.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-1889-strike-part-1.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-exciting-bit-of-strike.html marysgasbook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/south-met-gas-co-partnership-scheme.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/george-livesey-and-gasworkers.html transpont.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/gasworkers-strike-188990.html]

[F] 1907 - In Raon-l'Etape during a peaceful demonstration by French strikers, police open fire on the procession, killing two workers. Barricades appear in the streets and the black flag is raised. Francis Boudoux (Jules Sellenet), anarchist and secretary of the l'Union des Syndicats de Meurthe-et-Moselle, delivers a speech at the funeral services for the two workmen.

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: Dawn saw Barcelona shrouded by the smoke plumes coming from numerous burning religious buildings. Throughout the day anti-clerical violence and shootings between insurgents and the forces of law and order continues, with the most serious incidents occurring in the district of San Andrés de Palomar, where rebels armed with rifles captured casetas de consumos (consumption tax booths) guards, whilst members of the Militia built barricades and set fire to the parish church. However the same day the first military reinforcements arrived from Zaragoza and Valencia, believing that they would be suppressing a "separatist" movement. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.revistasculturales.com/articulos/75/ayer/464/1/ni-tan-jovenes-ni-tan-barbaros-juventudes-en-el-republicanismo-lerrouxista-barcelones.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1909 - In Madrid, Pablo Iglesias Posse and the rest of the leadership of the PSOE is arrested ahead of the planned countrywide general strike... [expand] [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: The vast majority of striking workers have now returned to work. The srike is effectively over and had resulteed in a partial victory for the workers. Although the dyer’s helpers did not gain the 8-hour day, the weavers did protect the two-loom system and preserve the right of free speech, both on the streets and in the factory. In 1919, Paterson silk workers won the 8-hour day, but by that time Paterson’s silk industry was already in decline. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1920 - Pasquale Binazzi, Italian trade union militant and director of the anarchist magazine '//Il Libertario//', is arrested in Spezio and charged with forming an armed gang during social disturbances in the city last month. In response to his arrest workers initiate a General Strike. || [www.ephemanar.net/juillet29.html#29 anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Delesalle.html acontretemps.org/spip.php?article289]
 * = 29 || 1870 - Paul Delesalle (d. 1948), French mechanic, anarchist and syndicalist, born. One of the most influential figures of pre-WWI anarcho-syndicalism in France.

1900 - Teresa Noce aka 'Estella' (d. 1980), Italian metal worker, journalist, labour leader, Communist activist, anti-fascist and feminist, born. The partner of the PCI functionary Luigi Longo, they worked in the Italian anti-fascist underground until 1926, when they emigrated, settling first in Moscow and then in Paris. From then on, she made numerous clandestine trips to Italy in pursuit of her anti-fascist activities. In Paris she became a leading political figure among the Italian exile community, becoming the editor of '//Il Grido del Popolo//' and, in 1934, the editor of the anti-fascist periodical '//La voce della donne//'. In 1936, she went to Spain the carry out propagnda work, editing the Italain section of the International Brigade's newspaper '//Il volontario della libertà//'. Back in Paris the following year she co-founded the clandestine anti-fascist newspaper '//Noi Nonne//' (We Women) with Xenia Silberberg. She also published the autobiographical novel dedicated to the story of his youth in Turin, '//Gioventù senza sole//' (Sunless Youth; 1938). Interned in the Rieucros camp at the outbreak of WWII, she was released due to Soviet intervention and was due to rejoin her children in Moscow, when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Instead, she remained in Marseilles, where, on behalf of the PCF, directed the MOI (Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée) and, taking the nom de guerre 'Estella', engages in armed struggle waged against the Germans and their collaborators from within the ranks of the FTP (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans). Though she avoided arrest on a number of occasions, she was eventually arrested and deported to Ravensbrück, the German concentration camp for women. She was freed in the Spring of 1945 and returned to Italy. There she was one of 21 women elected to the Assemblea costituente italiana in 1946 and, though her alignment with the Unione Donne Italiane (Italian Women's Union), went on to help draft and pass some of the important post-War legislation designed to protect women. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Noce it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Noce www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/1648/teresa-noce]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: Starting with the area of ​​the Ramblas and the port, about 10,000 soldiers were occupying the city of Barcelona, ​​while the morale of the insurgents was falling as they were aware that their rebellion was not being supported in the rest of Spain. Between Friday and Saturday the city was gradually regaining normal except in the districts of San Andrés and Horta, where they continued the shootings occurred and where the last burning and looting of monasteries and religious schools. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

[F] 1970 - __1965-70 Delano Grape Strike & Boycott__: After five years of strikes and boycotts, table grape growers in California sign their first collective bargaining agreement with the United Farm Workers of America. The contract – which covered over 10,000 workers – ended labour contracting and established seniority and hiring rights; included an immediate wage increase; and provided for fresh water and toilets in the fields, and a medical plan. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano_grape_strike ufw.org/1965-1970-delano-grape-strike-boycott/ ufw.org/el-malcriado-special-edition-stories-1965-1970-delano-grape-strike-3/ www.si.edu/exhibitions/la-causa-the-delano-grape-strike-of-1965-1970-2677 nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-farmworkers-california-campaign-economic-justice-grape-strike-1965-70 mattjgarcia.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/brown-jerald-dissertation-1972.pdf libcom.org/library/review-cesar-chavez-united-farm-workers-question-unions-contemporary-capitalism]

1989 - __Donbass Miners' Strike [Донбасса Шахтерский забастовка] / 1989 Soviet Miners' Strikes [Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году__]: Soviet media report that the State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions had considered the demands of the miners' strike committees from the Donetsk and Voroshilovgrad regions and signed protocols on agreed measures. One result was the adoption on August 3 by the Supreme Council of USSR of the law 'On the economic independence of the Ukrainian SSR', which caused major problems and difficulties in the economy, the collapse of production management, and the decline of many industries. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_Донбасса_(1989—1990-е_годы) uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Страйки_шахтарів_Донбасу_(1989—1990-ті_роки) ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забастовки_шахтёров_СССР_в_1989_году rs21.org.uk/2014/04/16/ukraine-russia-and-the-miners-of-the-donbass/ pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr195/jenkins.htm www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1989 www.marxists.org/subject/stalinism/origins-future/ch5-1.htm magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/tu19.html web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/WCBOOK.pdf web.warwick.ac.uk/russia/vadimphd.pdf] || Production at the silver mines was geared towards making the quota of ore-laden rock containing silver and other valuable minerals. Payment system was based on daily wages and the partido, any extra ore over the quota which they could sell themselves. The basic unit in the labour process was the barra or work gang of five or six men – pikemen, peons and the gang captain. While the pikemen attacked the rock face with explosives and mallets, peons carried sacksup precarious ladders. The miners worked 12 hour shifts because of the shortage of labour. Legally the crown authorities allowed the use of forced 'Indian' labour and, unusually, at Real del Monte, African slave labour. Racism was not a significant issue in this dispute however. The mine owners were also allowed to organise a recogedores, a private army which rounded up extra workers and terrorised existing workers should they disobey or dissent. Straining beneath long hours, dangerous conditions and persistent coercion, the miners were welded together by common experience, shared feelings and aspirations and when the spark was lit, a knowledge of their own collective power. The strike started after Pedro Romero de Terreros tried to cut costs and increase profits. This followed enormous expenditure on draining water from and rehabilitating one of the seams in the mine. In June 1765, peons’ wages were cut from 4 reales per shift to 3. Sacks became larger, making it impossible to met the quota and the partido. The traditional process of dividing the partido was changed. Bags of ore, of both quota and partido, were "mixed" so that workers received less of the high quality ore in their partido. The partido was the only thing enabling the workers to keep body and soul intact. n July 1766 management started renting (instead of loaning) partido sacks. They increased the quota and undertook the process of "mixing" behind closed doors. Even more of the high quality ore went to the owner. The charity sack – traditionally a voluntary contribution to two local convents (as a hospital and burial provision) – had become compulsory and much larger. The workers’ action began when a barra of pikemen met secretly on July 28 1766. They persuaded a scribe to draft a petition, on the advice of their priest. They got 70 signatures and presented their grievances to the officials of the royal treasury at Pachuca. Upon their return to Real de Monte, management set the recogedores on them. Several were forced to work an extra night in dry diggings. By July 30 workers and their families were converging on Pachuca. Only 10 barras had reported for work. The strike had begun. On August 1 a new petition had been drafted and a mass meeting decided that it should be sent to the highest authority in the land, the Viceroy of New Spain, in Mexico City. The new petition was eloquently sore against the “mixing” and the loss of partido. It stood for four reales for peons, against the mineowner’s violence and the use of scabs. It squarely blamed Terreros, not the foremen for the trouble, and demanded a fair share of the profits for 1200 men. [* The word "huelga" did not come into common used in Spanish until the late C19th and the workers of Real del Monte never used it.] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_1766 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_del_Monte_1766_strike libcom.org/files/1766 The Real del Monte miners' strike.pdf realdelmonte.com.mx/real/patrimonio/historia/la-primera-huelga-en-america-1766 enfoquerojo.wordpress.com/2013/11/22/72/]
 * = 30 || [FF] 1766 - __Huelga* de Real del Monte [Real del Monte Strike__]: In the summer of 1766 Mexican silver miners of Real del Monte, about one hundred kilometres north of Mexico city, stopped work in order to change their labour contract, an act that developed into a major industrial strike, one that took place without a trade union or a political ideology to sustain them. It was the first strike in the history of Mexican labour and the first strike in North America

1898 - As a wave of anti-worker and anti-anarchist repression intensifies following riots in Milan, Amilcare Cipriani and five other libertarians are sent to prison with sentences ranging from 1-5 years.

1898 - Juan Puig Elías (d. 1972), Spanish teacher and militant anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juillet30.html#puigelias www.estelnegre.org/documents/puigielias/puigielias.html]

1908 - __Grève de Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges__: Following the June 2 shooting of two workers during the Société des Sablières strike in Vigneux Draveil, passions are still running high and the acts of sabotage continue. Despite the CGT claiming to be behind calls for a general strike, only the Fédération du Bâtiment (construction workers) strike for the day and hold a rally. After the meeting in Vigneux, they march to the cemetery at Villeneuve-St-Georges singing the Internationale. However, a regiment of Dragoons attack them with their sabres, seriously injuring many - Rirette Maîtrejean receives a leg wound, whilst Albert Libertad is forced to jump into the river, narrowly escaping death. When the protesters arrive at Villeneuve-St-Georges, with many wounded among them, the streets leading to the station are blocked by the army, making any return on Paris impossible. Protesters begin to build barricades and throw stones at the soldiers, but they open fire on the crowd, causing carnage - leaving four dead and over 200 injured on the side of the workers. On the army's side, 69 are wounded and 5 dead. Key CGT officials are arrested, including Yvetot, Griffuelhes, Pouget and Henri Dret (who had an arm amputated following the battle). Some activists go into hiding in Belgium and Switzerland to escape arrest. Other anarchists present at the event, such as Georges Durupt, are charged with "inciting military disobedience." [see: Nov. 18 & Jun. 2] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_de_Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges rebellion-sre.fr/syndicalisme-revolutionnaire-a-pied-doeuvre-greves-de-draveil-meru/ www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1969_num_24_2_422071_t1_0538_0000_2 www.vigneuxhistoire.com/greve.html vindrisi.free.fr/VIGNEUX/GREVES/1908/PDF/GREVES_D.PDF www.alternativelibertaire.org/?Juillet-1908-Draveil-Villeneuve-la aujourdhui.pagesperso-orange.fr/draveil/pages/pagesgreves/chronologie.html]

1917 - __Bisbee Deporation__: Having already written to President Wilson on July 13 demanding the return of those deported from Bisbee, Bill Haywood now telegraphs Wilson to threaten a general strike of metal miners and harvest workers if the government did not return the Bisbee deportees to their homes and families. [editorsnotes.org/projects/emma/notes/98/ www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/docs/tc731iww.html]

1928 - The Nazi trade union, the Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation (National Socialist Factory Cell Organisation), is formed when a number of organisations formed the previous year by NSDAP members in large factories, located mostly in the Berlin area, as an alternative to democratic and Christian labour unions, form an official structure. On January 15, 1931, the NSBO was declared a 'Reichsbetriebszellenabteilung' (German Reich Factory Cell Organisation) of the Nazi Party and it began a series of aggressive recruitment campaigns, which included both propaganda and violence, under the war-cry: "Hinein in die Betriebe!" (Into the Factories!). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Factory_Cell_Organization de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Betriebszellenorganisation]

1950 - __Fusillade de Grâce-Berleur / Belgian General Strike__: During the general strike, part of the ongoing countrywide campaign to prevent King Leopold III from resuming the throne, police open fire on crowds in Grâce-Berleur near Liège, killing four protesters. In reaction, the Socialists and the General Federation of Belgian Labour threatened to form a provisional government declaring Wallonia's independence. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Grâce-Berleur fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_royale en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question www.cairn.info/revue-courrier-hebdomadaire-du-crisp-1987-24-page-1.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/belgians-prevent-king-leopold-iii-resuming-throne-1950]

[F] 1975 - Jimmy Hoffa (James Riddle Hoffa; b. 1913), U.S. labour activist, Mafia frontman and author, who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters from 1958 until 1971 (the last four and a half years whilst serving part of a 13-year sentence for the attempted bribery of a grand juror, disappears from a parking lot in Bloomfield Township, an affluent suburb of Detroit, never to be seen again dead or alive. The presumed target of a Mafia hit, he "sleeps with the fishes". [see: Feb. 14] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa www.prairieghosts.com/hoffa.html the-line-up.com/what-really-happened-to-jimmy-hoffa/] || According to the press, the Corleone Fasci now have 50,000 people involved in them - the true figure is probably double or triple that number. [ita.anarchopedia.org/fasci_siciliani en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani mnemonia.altervista.org/antimafia/fasci.php www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?page=article&id_article=976 www.controlacrisi.org/notizia/Politica/2013/6/17/34570-il-movimento-dei-fasci-siciliani-una-verita-messa-a-tacere/ www.ilportaledelsud.org/fasci_siciliani.htm www.centroimpastato.it/publ/online/fasci.php3]
 * = 31 || 1893 - __Fasci Siciliani Uprising__: At the Fascio congress in Corleone, the Patti di Corleone (Corleone Covenants), model agrarian contracts for labourers, sharecroppers and tenants, are drafted and readied to present to the local land owners. The Patti di Corleone are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy.

[1905 - [O.S. Jul. 18] __Ivanovo Soviet / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The Ivanovo strike collapses. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: The uprising in Barcelona had been more or less fully suppressed and the Maura government, through its Minister of the Interior Juan de la Cierva i Peñafiel, immediately began to exact a harsh and arbitrary repression. In the city, more than 2,500 people were arrested (had to enable ships to store the prisoners because it exceeded the capacity of the Barcelona jails) of which 1,725 ​​were prosecuted. 175 were sentenced to exile, 59 to life imprisonment, 18 to temporary detention, 13 to 'rigorous imprisonment' (prisión mayor), 39 to correctional prison and 5 were given death sentences. In addition, unions were closed down, including Solidaridad Obrera, and the closure of secular schools was also ordered. The five people sentenced to death and executed by the government were: Josep Miquel Baró, a Republican nationalist was executed on August 17, 1909 in Montjuic Prison; Antonio Pujol Malet a Lerroux Republican, executed on September 13; Clemente Garcia, a young man with Down syndrome accused of dancing with the body of a nun in the streets of Barcelona, ​​executed on October 4; Eugenio del Hoyo, a former policeman and security guard; and best known of all, Francisco Ferrer Guardia, the anarchist educationalist and co-founder of Escuela Moderna, executed by firing squad on October 13, the govenment having used the pretext of his supposedly been the instigator of the uprising to rid itself of a prominent opponent. His murder cause worldwide protests. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: With the arrival of IWW organiser and speaker James Rowan in Everett, the town became the latest site for the IWW's free speech fight campaign. In Everett, it was legal to speak at a number of sites but the IWW chose one where it was not for their campaign, the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore. Rowan drew a large crowd but the Snohomish County Sheriff Donald McRae (a former shingle who had been elected with union support!) pulled Rowan down from the speaker's platform, took him to the county jail, and then released him with a warning. Rowan returned to his soapbox and this time was carted off to the city jail and released again, after which he returned to Seattle. The Seattle Wobbly office then sent a one-armed, 37-year old organiser, Levi Remick, to set up an IWW office in Everett on the west end of Hewitt Avenue. Remick was a skillful organiser and speaker, and his office distributed copies of the 'Industrial Worker', a Wobbly daily newspaper that published in-depth coverage of the shingle-weavers' strike. At first, the IWW's free speech fight speakers were merely arrested and released. But then they started to be given jail sentences and, as in Spokane and elsewhere, there were no shortages of volunteers. The Everett jail was kept busy, and Sheriff McRae quickly became frustrated. His next solution was to arrest the speakers, and upon their release, send them to Seattle, instructing them not to return to Everett. But things would get much more violent. [see: May 1 & Aug. 19]

1919 - __Second British Police Strike__: Having been caught unawares by the first National Union of Police and Prison Officers strike in 1918, the authorities swiftly began preparing for round two. General Cecil Macready was appointed Metropolitan Commissioner and he used the ensuing months to get ready. Militants were isolated, moderates won over, and a number of partial reforms introduced, and when everything was ready the authorities introduced a new Police Bill which, apart from wages, nullified the men's gains and outlawed the NUPPO, establishing the Police Federation as the force's 'company union'. The second police strike started on July 31, 1919 and it was an unmitigated disaster. At the beginning of June 1919, over 90% of union members had voted in favour of a strike in support of union recognition. Yet, when the strike came at the end of the month, only 1,156 out of a force of 18,200 men in the Metropolitan Police participated in the strike, all of whom were instantly dismissed, and although a bitter struggle continued for some time – for example, strikers broke into the Islington section house to force the inmates to join them, eventually being forcibly ejected – the strike was absolutely crushed, and along with it the Police Union. There were numerous arrests during the strike, and there were even a couple of sympathetic stoppages - of railwaymen at Nine Elms, and the tube motor men. One other interesting feature of the dispute was when Inspector Dessent of Stoke Newington Station – the only Inspector to strike – formed his men up in a body and marched them to the main strike meeting at Tower Hill. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.html www.oldpolicecellsmuseum.org.uk/page/police_strike_1918-1919 libcom.org/history/1919-liverpool-police-strike-pat-omara libcom.org/history/short-history-police-strikes-1918-1919 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/police-strike-1919/4552230277 dialectical-delinquents.com/articles/class-struggle-histories-2/the-1919-police-strike/]

[C] 1922 - __Sciopero Legalitario [Strike for Legality__]: A General Strike against Fascism is called in Italy in protest against fascist violence. It collapses on the August 2nd and the Fascists respond by attacking the last outposts of resistance to their rule. [it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero_legalitario]

[F] 1925 - __Red Friday__: In 1925 when employers attempted to impose yet another round of wage cuts and a lengthening of hours, they were faced with more formidable opposition from a re-grouped Triple Alliance of mine, railway and transport unions and the unofficial National Minority Movement formed in 1924. Strike action was threatened and on the day the strike would have started, Friday July 31, 1925, the Government announced that it would grant a subsidy to the coal industry for nine months while a Royal Commission conducted an inquiry. This victory, accomplished without strike action, was hailed in banner headlines in the '//Daily Herald//' as 'Red Friday' (a union defeat four years earlier had been called 'Black Friday' [April 15, 1921]), although subsequent events proved it to be more of a truce than a victory. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Friday www.unionhistory.info/generalstrike/buildup.php www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/gs/timeline/before/ spartacus-educational.com/TUgeneral.htm] ||

Soviet-style official holiday for those in the mining industry that originated in 1947 (and first celebrated on August 29, 1948) based on the date (the night shift of Aug. 30-31) in 1935 when Russian miner Alexei Stakhanov (Алексе́й Стаха́нов) set a production record (he extracted 102 tons of coal at a rate of 7 tons per hour), which effectively signalled the beginning of the Stakhanovite movement. ||
 * = **AUGUST** ||
 * __Miner's Day__ [День шахтера]: Celebrated in Russia, Belarus, Estonia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Ukraine on the last Sunday in August.
 * = 1 || 1834 - Britain finally abolishes slavery despite having outlawed the trading of slaves through out the Empire as far back as 1807 (it had been illegal since 1772 in England and made a punishable offence though out the Empire in 1881).

1869 - The first issue of the weekly '//La Federación//', "Organo de la Federacion Barcelonesa de la Asociacion Internacional de los Trabajadore", is published in Barcelona.

1884 - The first issue of '//L'Ami des Ouvriers//', "Organe des travailleurs de langue française aux Etats-Unis", is published in Hastings, Pennsylvania.

1892 - Emma Goldman chairs a meeting of over three hundred anarchists to discuss Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. Other speakers include Autonomie group leader Josef Peukert, Dyer D. Lum, editor of the '//Alarm//', and Italian anarchist Saverio Merlino, an editor of '//Solidarity//'.

1892 - The first issue of the satirical weekly newspaper '//De Roode Duivel//' (The Red Devil) is published in Amsterdam by Louis M. Hermans, who is also the paper's editor and illustrator.

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 19] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: Faced with further repression, the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers' Deputies (Иваново-Вознесенский Общегородской Совет Рабочих Депутатов) hold its final meeting at which the deputies decide to resume work. Hunger has indeed forced the workers to be satisfied with only partial concessions and return to work. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1909 - __Revolució de Juliol / Setmana Gloriosa__: With employers promising that Barcelona workers would receive a full weeks salary, if they returned to work as if nothing had happened, most did. In many other Catalan towns, full normality did not return until Thursday August 5. In Barcelona the casualty list for the week's upheavals was 75 dead workers, most killed by police and government installed snipers on rooftops or in battle defending the barricades (some sources put the figure at more than 104). Three soldiers also dies. More than 500 workers were injured, some of whom went on to die subsequently, conscious of the fact that if they went to the authorities for healthcare would end up in prison. Also, one hundred and fifteen buildings (of these, 80 were religious buildings) were destroyed through arson. [ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setmana_Tràgica es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia) jeandegoudin.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/historias-de-la-historia-de-espana-capitulo-1-erase-una-semana-un-pelin-tragica/ www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=89856 www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/semana tragica.html www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/542-la-revolucion-de-1909-en-barcelona-semana-tragica-para-unos-gloriosa-para-otros.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38 www.ephemanar.net/galanar/semainetragique/index.html]

1909 - A general strike called across Spain by the PSOE in protest against Prime Minister Antonio Maura's call-up of the reservists to fight in the Second Rif War, passes off almsot unnoticed following the pre-emptibve arrest of the party's leadership in Madrid on Jul. 28th.

1912 - Vincent Ruiz Gutiérrez (d. 1998), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, who participated in the Spanish Civil War, born [expand]. [flag.blackened.net/vrf/biog.htm www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0108.html]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: The strike ends officially and the Paterson children who were sent to New York City on May 1 return home. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1916 - __Revolución Mexicana__: Venustiano Carranza calls out troops to break up a strike in México City.

[F] 1917 - Frank H. Little (b. 1879), US labour leader, IWW organiser and executive board member, and anti-war protester, is taken forcibly from his boarding house in Butte, Montana, and lynched – his body left dangling from a railway trestle with a sign around his neck as a warning to potential victims. In the summer of 1917, Frank had been helping to organise copper workers in a strike against the Anaconda Copper Company, but it was most likely his stand against WWI that so infuriated his assassins. He argued that all working men should refuse to join the army and fight on behalf of their capitalist oppressors. As he said in the last speech before his death, "I stand for the solidarity of labour." Frank understood that his stand against the war might get him killed, but even this prospect did not deter him. He was a true revolutionary. Not much is known about the early life of Frank Little. He was born in 1879 and before joining the IWW in 1906 had been an organiser for the Western Federation of Miners. Disabled, with a heavy limp and blind in one eye from an industrial accident, he was active in the 1913 free speech campaigns in Missoula, Fresno, Spokane, Peoria, and elsewhere. Frank was also active in organising lumberjacks, mineworkers and oilfield workers into the union. By 1916, Frank was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World General Executive Board. He was also a strong opponent of the War, a minority position within the IWW, but Little refused to back down on this issue and argued that: "...the IWW is opposed to all wars, and we must use all our power to prevent the workers from joining the army." In June, 1917 a major accident killed over 168 Butte miners and sparked a spontaneous walk-out. The strike was crippling copper production just as America was entering the First World War, and tensions between strikers and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company – whose domination over Butte and, indeed, the entire state of Montana has been described by one historian as "the ultimate example of economic colonialism in the American West" – were at a breaking point. When Little arrived the strike was already a month old. Hobbling on crutches, the result of a beating at the hands of union-busters a few weeks earlier, he proceeded to make a series of inflammatory speeches designed to emboldened the strikers and shake the company's resolve. In one of those speeches he had also said that soldiers serving in Europe were "Uncle Sam's scabs in uniform." Something that was sure to get a few 'patriots'' backs up. In the early hours of August 1, six masked men broke into Nora Bryan's boardinghouse where Little was staying. The men initially kicked in the wrong door in the boardinghouse, and when confronted by Bryan claimed to be law officers. Terrified, she directed them to room 32. They kicked in the door. Little was beaten in his room and abducted while still in his underwear, giving him no time to dress or grab his crutches. He was bundled into a car which sped away. Little was later tied to the car's rear bumper and dragged over the granite blocks of the street. Photographs of his body clearly show that his knee-caps had been scraped off. Little was taken to Milwaukee Bridge at the edge of town where was then hanged from the railroad trestle. The coroner found that Little died of asphyxiation. It was also found that his skull had been fractured by a blow to the back of the head caused by a rifle butt. "Cause of death: strangulation by hanging", said the coroner’s report. A note with the words "First and last warning" was pinned to his thigh. The note also included the numbers 3-7-77 (a sign of Vigilantes active in the 19th century in Virginia City, Montana, some people thought referred to grave measurements), and the initials of other union leaders, suggesting they were next to be killed. No serious attempt was made by the police to catch Little's murderers but various culprits have been identified, including Billy Oates, a notorious hired thug employed by Anaconda, and Peter Prlja, a motorcycle officer in the Butte police department and like Oates had worked as a security-guard for Anaconda. [www.iww.org/history/biography/FrankLittle/1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist) spartacus-educational.com/USAlittleF.htm www.willsworld.org/little.html www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/21/mysterious-lynching-of-frank-little-equality-activist]

1919 - The Police Act of 1919, which bars police from belonging to a trade union or affiliating with any other trade union body, whilst establishing the Police Federation of England and Wales as the sole representative body for the police, passes into law with only token opposition from a minority of Labour MPs in Parliament. This Act, drafted and passed into law in response to the formation of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers and the police strikes in 1918 (starting on August 30) and another strike in July 1919 (starting on July 31) led to the suppression of the union by the government. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.html www.oldpolicecellsmuseum.org.uk/page/police_strike_1918-1919 libcom.org/history/short-history-police-strikes-1918-1919 libcom.org/library/13-police-strikes www.communistpartyarchive.org.uk/group.php?cid=CP-IND-MISC&pid=CP-IND-MISC-16]

[FF] 1919 - __Liverpool Police Strike__: In Liverpool, the National Union of Police and Prison Officers strike is much better observed that in London. Of the 1,874 members of the Liverpool City Police, 954 went on strike. The Bootle police union claimed that 69 out of 70 officers had joined the strike (approximately 40% of those who joined the strike were ex-service men). The grievances of police in Liverpool were for many years ignored by a local Watch Committee noted for its disciplinarian attitude, which helped foster the propensity for collective action. The poor conditions in the Liverpool Police were well-known amongst other forces in England. On the day the strike started in Liverpool, strikers formed into ranks and decided to march on police stations around the city in an attempt to persuade those not on strike to join them. Police strikers found themselves confronting fellow officers that had not joined the strike, some of whom were union members. With the strength of the Liverpool Police cut by a half, the opportunity for widespread looting was seized by hundreds of the impoverished slum-dwellers, resulting in what the 'Liverpool Daily Post' called "an orgy of looting and rioting". A second newspaper claimed: "central Liverpool ... represents a war zone", while another account described it as "rather reminiscent of early occupation days in some of the Cologne districts". The first mass attempt at looting in Liverpool was on the night of Friday 1st, when a crowd of men, women and kids smashed their way into Sandon Dock, battering down the gates. There were just 11 cops hidden inside, but armed with staves and given the order to beat the shit out of the 'mob'. Most of these had been hastily recruited demobbed soldiers who’d been brutalised by the trenches of the war and far from having qualms about cracking skulls and breaking limbs, were enthusiastically into it. In the minds of ruling class ideology, the justification for the use of the brute force of the cops, this 'mob' were "Dock rats reeling like ships in a storm from the drunken spite within them, and brandishing a weaponry of axes, sticks and crowbars…a pack of wild women, hair streaming over shawled shoulders, ready to back them with their talons, grasping bricks and broken bottles…rodents, bloody rodents every one of them" [A.V.Sellwood - 'Police Strike, 1919' (1978)]. Another group of rioters broke into O'Brien's beer bottling store in Vauxhall Road and looted it. They continued to a bonded store in Love Lane and started to loot whisky. Two lorry loads of men from 3 Sherwood Foresters arrived to deal with the situation. During the course of a mass attempt to free prisoners taken by the troops, one of the looters Cuthbert Thomas Howlett was shot by a L/Cpl Seymour. Howlett died 12 hours later in hospital and Seymour was fo8und not guilty at trial, having pleaded justifiable homicide. Elsewhere, under cover of darkness windows were smashed and premises looted in the Scotland Road, Byrom Street and Great Homer Street. Police Officers from Hatton Garden and Rose Hill were quickly on the scene, though whilst they were at one location elsewhere similar events were taking place. Clothes and shoe shops were the obvious targets but the areas also had jewellers and of course pawn brokers that also fell victim to looters. First light on Saturday morning saw the extent of the mob's work the previous night; glass littered the street and the odd shoe and discard clothing a reflection of the night's events. This continued for three or four days before the military, aided by non-striking police, brought the situation under control as Liverpool was put under effective military occupation as tanks patrolled the streets and three thousand soldiers seized key public buildings and brutally restored order. Many were injured by baton-charges, one looter [see above] was shot dead and more than 200 people were arrested for looting. Demonstrating the extent of Government fears, a battleship and two destroyers were sent to Liverpool. Public declarations by trade unionists that looting simply played into the hands of the State fell on deaf ears, underlining the lack of influence wielded by organised labour over the city’s lumpen elements. As in London, all striking policemen were dismissed and replaced within days. As local branches throughout the country dissolved themselves within days of the strike, and the Police Bill was passed by Parliament despite the half-hearted opposition of the Labour Party, it was evident that the Union was utterly defeated. The final outcome of the strike was that every man who had gone on strike throughout the country was dismissed from his respective force. Not one striker was reinstated anywhere and all lost their pension entitlements. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 libcom.org/history/1919-liverpool-police-strike-pat-omara whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.pdf liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/police-strike-1919/4552230277 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/police-strike-gallery-1919/4552230405]

1921 - William Sidney 'Sid' Hatfield (b. 1891*), a staunch supporter of the United Mine Workers of America and the Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan, is assassinated along side his deputy Ed Chambers by Baldwin-Felts detectives on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse located in Welch, West Virginia. [* some sources give the year as 1893]

1933 - __Revolución del 33 / Cuban General Strike__: During a strike of bus and truck drivers, soldiers fire on demonstrators in Havana on August 1, killing two. In Santa Clara the same day, shops and theatres were closed. [libcom.org/history/1933-cuban-general-strike www.cubamilitar.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1933 www.ecured.cu/Revolución_del_33 www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/blackwell/1933/08/cuba2.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_Obrera_de_Cuba]

1944 - __Warsaw Uprising__: The 104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich (Company 104 of the Union of Polish Syndicalists) is formed in Warsaw district of Old Town on August 1, 1944, on the first day of the Uprising, as part of Company Róg (Horn) of the Northern Group (Grupa 'Północ') of the Armia Krajowa (AK; Home Army). It fought throughout the Uprising and amongst the last armed group left defending the barricades from the advancing Nazis - many argue that the AK deliberately exposed the fighters to almost certain capture or death after they had withdrawn from the Old Town. However, the last 70-80 fighters managed to withdraw from the area in late August, escaping through the sewage canals to the Warszawa-Śródmieście. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/104_Kompania_Syndykalistów en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Company_of_Syndicalists zsp.net.pl/conference-syndicalists-warsaw-uprising] || [www.estelnegre.org/documents/borda/borda.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7232]
 * = 2 || 1901 - Ángel Borda (d. 1980), Argentinian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, trades union organiser, popular library founder, autodidact, sculptor, story and song (chamarritas and coplas) writer, born. [expand]

1917 - __Australian General Strike / 'The Great Strike'__: Railway and tramway employees in Sydney, Australia, go on strike to protest the introduction of a card system to record what each employee was doing and how fast the job was completed. Workers were not allowed to view or modify the cards. The strike spread from the railways to other industries until about 100,000 workers were on strike, mostly in NSW and Victoria. With the exception of the railways, which were officially called out on 6 August, the strikes all began with rank and file walkouts and were only afterwards made official. Even on the railways, significant sections had walked out before August 6. The strike then spread to the coal mines in NSW, the waterfront and the seamen. Groups of workers would continue to join the strike right up until September on the principle of refusing to work with a delivery of coal or of goods from the waterfront. When the Melbourne waterfront joined the strike on August 11 a similar spread occurred throughout Melbourne. Other significant additions to the ranks of strikers were the Broken Hill mines, the Wonthaggi coal mine in Victoria, sugar refineries, timber workers, meat workers and gas workers in Sydney. When waterside workers in Port Pirie refused to unload a delivery of NSW coal, this threatened the operation of the refinery which provided the majority of the lead used for munitions on the Western Front. The Prime Minister, W.M. Hughes, declared Port Pirie a military zone to ensure its continued operation. The strike was accompanied by scenes of mass protest. There were daily demonstrations in Sydney and Melbourne. At one point Adela Pankhurst led a crowd of 20,000 to confront the police outside federal parliament in Melbourne. In Sydney, the daily rallies peaked every Sunday with crowds of up to 150,000. On September 9, 1917 the Defence Committee, an ad hoc committee of trade union officials based in the NSW Trades and Labour Council,declared the strike over on terms which amounted to a complete capitulation. The decision was denounced as a sellout in a series of furious mass meetings and, when it was clear that hundreds would be victimised, many groups of railway workers resumed strike action. But without official support, the strikers drifted back to work and, after two weeks, the railway strike had ended. The miners and waterside workers, the two groups most affected by strikebreakers remained on strike till November, in a vain attempt to remove the scabs. In the case of the Melbourne waterfront, the strike continued until December. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_general_strike,_1917 www.solidarity.net.au/unions/the-1917-general-strike/ scratchingsydneyssurface.wordpress.com/2013/08/02/2-august-2013-great-strike-of-1917/]

[F] 1918 - __Vancouver General Strike__: The first general strike in Canadian history, is held in protest at the killing of draft evader and labour activist Albert 'Ginger' Goodwin, who himself had called for a general strike in the event that any worker was drafted to fight in WWI against their will. The strike was overwhelmingly supported by organised workers in Vancouver, with 5600 workers striking and only two small unions opposed. In opposition to the strike, around 300 returned soldiers were given vehicles by the state, and sent to attack the Labour Temple on Dunsmuir Street in Vancouver. After storming the building, the soldiers attempted to throw Vancouver Trades and Labour Council secretary Victor Midgley out of the window. Despite the opposition the workers remained unphased; all of the strike leaders resigned their positions after the strike, and in a show of support, nearly all were re-elected. The strike took place in the context of an upsurge in labour radicalism in Western Canada, that culminated in the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919. It also tapped into the anti-war sentiment increasingly felt by Canadian workers as WWI dragged on; newly drafted soldiers would mutiny in Victoria in December of 1918, in solidarity with the revolutionary government in Russia. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Vancouver_general_strike radhistories.com/location/the-1918-vancouver-general-strike/ www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/viewFile/4711/5584 www.carpentersunionbc.com/Pages/gingergoodwin.html]

[FF] 1919 - __Liverpool Police Strike__: On the Saturday morning an uneasy peace extended over the city. Caught by surprsie the previous day, senior officers now deployed a strategy that the policing experiences gained during the 1911 Liverpool general transport strike. Officers were driven in lorries to disturbances. Immediately they arrived at a scene of disorder they quickly organised themselves into a baton charge and ran at the rioters, who in turn ran into alleyways were other policemen would often greet them. This tactic had a good success rate, though injuries to the rioters were high. Meanwhile, the Mayor of Liverpool had enlisted 700 troops from the local garrison to guard the key points of the town – docks, railways, power plant, post offices and banks, but he was wary of exacerbating things by giving them any right to fire, and with the cops that remained loyal to the state (under half of the total), he was clear that the rules of property in the city as a whole couldn’t be upheld. On Saturday night, when the cops turned up at a large department store – Sturla’s in Great Homer Street – they found the store totally stripped of everything that couldn’t be nailed down, and the rest – light fittings, show cases and dummies – had been trashed; even the window frames and the store’s carpeting had been nicked. The cops had expected a battle between the different religious factions of the Irish, of which Great Homer Street was the dividing line – but it appeared that proletarian unity had won over. In nearby Birkenhead, a pawnshop was stripped of its contents, and passers-by were encouraged to join in to share the good fortune of the looters. 3 more local shops were looted that night. Most of the Birkenhead looters received 2 to 3 months in prison (compare that with the almost 18th century-style draconian sentences handed out to the August 2011 rioters). In Scotland Road in Liverpool itself, a jewellers was broken into by a gang and then everyone else was invited to join in: the shop was empty within minutes, followed by the tobacconist’s, the tailor’s and a furniture store. "The women went for the clothes shops, the men for the pubs and whisky stores. The children went for the sweetshops", said an eyewitness. A distillery was broken into and the booze shared out. "Some men with iron bars were smashing shop windows and doors without even bothering to enter the premises, content to wage destruction for destruction’s sake" [A.V.Sellwood - 'Police Strike, 1919' (1978)]. The scab cops batoned left, right and centre. "Hooligans…looking for a fight…ripped cobblestones from the alleys to bombard the police as they re-formed. On three occasions [a particular cop]’s helmet was knocked off, such was the force behind this hail of missiles – and each time he manoeuvred dazedly through the crush to pick it up again. He felt protected, almost naked, without his headgear: besides, he did not want the enemy to sport it as a trophy". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 libcom.org/history/1919-liverpool-police-strike-pat-omara whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.pdf liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/police-strike-1919/4552230277 www.dppf.org/police_strike.html liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/#/police-strike-gallery-1919/4552230405]

2009 - Food packages to Vestas wind turbine factory occupiers cut off by management. || [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0308.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Vilà_i_Pujol www.revistadegirona.cat/recursos/2001/0205_032.pdf teclasala.net/utils/obreFitxer.ashx?Fw9EVw48XS7wurtc1J1NXfp011du2hrnNpLgn8qazCuPcqqIUoIZnMIpk41Xjy5Pa8E]
 * = 3 || 1843 - Isabel Vilà i Pujo (d. 1896), Catalan nurse, syndicalist, member of the International and rationalist educator, who is considered to have been a pioneer of syndicalism in Catalonia, born.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantona in Sanlúcar__: With the troops commanded by Brigadier José Soria Santa Cruz massed outside the city, the canton collapses before any force could be used against them. When the troops finaly entred Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Brigadier Santa Cruz appointed Mayor Joaquin Leonar Trapero, ordered the collection of all firearms, fired the radicalised Republic Volunteers and recruited new ones, returned all confiscated goods to the Church, prohibited public disorder, and arrested Antonio Cuevas and about 200 other revolutionaries, who were imprisoned or sent to Ceuta, to the shipyards of La Carraca, or to the Philippines. Most of them were eventually pardoned in 1877.

[F] 1913 - __Wheatland Hop Riot__: Striking hop pickers near the Northern California town of Wheatland gather to hear Industrial Workers of the World organisers, among them Richard 'Blackie' Ford. Fighting broke out when sheriff’s deputies attempted to arrest Ford while he was speaking. Four people died, including the local district attorney, a deputy, and two workers. Despite a lack of evidence, Ford and another strike leader, Herman Suhr, not even present on the day, were found guilty of murder by a 12-member jury that included 8 farmers. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_hop_riot]

1917 - __Green Corn Rebellion__: Members of the Working Class Union [an organsiation set up by the IWW-affiliated Brotherhood of Timber Workers in western Louisiana and eastern Texas to get around the Wobblies ban the membership of farmers, who they considered not to be true wageworkers] gathered at a Pontotoc County farm in Oklahoma in preparation for a march on Washington to force President Wilson to end the draft. A posse attacked the farm and three men were killed and four hundred and fifty were arrested. The day before WCU members had ambushed a Seminole County Sheriff and his deputy in Oklahoma. Within hours raiding parties cut telegraph and telephone lines, burned railroad bridges, and allegedly dynamited oil pipelines. The revolt fueled antiradical sentiment in Oklahoma and the WCU were tarred with the same brush as the IWW. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion libcom.org/files/US Green Corn rebellion 1917.pdf www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=WO021 monthlyreview.org/2010/11/01/dreams-of-revolution-oklahoma-1917/]

[D / FF] 1919 - __Liverpool Police Strike__: The third day of riots and looting during Liverpool police strike. In Everton a Magistrate read the Riot Act proclamation, from the safety of an armoured car. It ordered, in the name of the King, the citizens to disperse within one hour and gave the authorities the right to clear the street by why what ever means after the hour's grace. An hour later the Army fired a volley over the heads of rioters. [whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.pdf libcom.org/history/1919-liverpool-police-strike-pat-omara en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 liverpoolcitypolice.co.uk/police-strike-1919/4552230277 www.dppf.org/police_strike.html]

1942 - Francesco Ghezzi (b. 1893), Italian individualist anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in a Soviet gulag. [see: Oct. 4] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Peur en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fear]
 * = 4 || 1789 - __La Grande Peur [The Great Fear__]: In an effort to appease the peasants and to forestall further rural disorders, the National Assembly formally abolished the feudal regime, including seigneurial rights and privileges and the sale of offices, signalling the impending end to the Ancien Régime.

1842 - Parliamentary Chartist petition.

1872 - National Conference brings together the Italian sections of the AIT (Aug. 2-4). Delegates representing 21 cities, including Cafiero, Costa, Fanelli, Malatesta, etc., meet. An Italian Federation, allied to the First International, (Federazione delle Sezioni Italiane dell'Internazionale) is founded. It opposes the Marxist General Council in London, presaging the split of the First International between authoritarian (Marxist/statist) and anti-authoritarian (anarchist/antistatist) wings.

1873 - __Rebelión Cantonal / Revolución Cantonal in Cadiz__: The military forces of General Pavia, entered with their troops in the city of Cadiz.

1901 - Juan Manuel Molina Mateo aka 'Juanelo' (d. 1984), important Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout04.html#molinamateo www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0408.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article5212 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/2341-juan-manuel-molina-mateo.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Molina_Mateo]

1903 - [O.S. Jul. 17] __Baku Strike [Бакинская Cтачка__]: The first general strike of the proletariat of the city of Baku grinds to a halt.

1906 - [O.S. Jul. 22] __Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The St. Petersburg Soviet authorised the strike but later during the day news of the suppression of the uprising by the authorities in the Baltic Sea begins to spread. In an effort to try and maintain momentum in the strike (and save face), Lenin offers to drop the pro-mutiny slogans calling for solidarity with the strikers in Sveaborg, Helsingfors and Kronstadt, and holding a general political strike instead. The same day the government arrests the St. Petersburg committee of the RSDRP. By August 7th the strike has almost completely fizzled out. [cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus04.htm leninism.su/books/4213-lenin-i-revolyucziya-1905-god.html?showall=&start=23 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Петербургский_совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet]

[FF] 1919 - __Liverpool Police Strike__: By the Monday a state of near normality was created. 350 people appeared before the Liverpool Police Court charged with looting and rioting. 3,000 soldiers would be in the city and the police had taken on 200 new recruits. For 954 officers of the Liverpool City Police who had failed to parade for duty. The punishment extracted by the watch committee was severe; every one of those men was sacked, loosing their pension rights, and no one was reinstated.

1920 - Count de Salvatierra, ex-governor of Barcelona (the 'Pacifier of Barcelona', responsible for the repression of the CNT, and the //ley de fugas// (law of escape - where arrested prisoners are 'allowed' to escape so that they can be shot) murders of 30 trade unionists) is shot down by several anarchists.

[A] 1972 - Preservation of the Rights of Prisoners organise a 24-hour general strike involving 10,000 prisoners in 33 prisons across the UK in support of the demands in the PROP charter.

1977 - Ernst Bloch (b. 1885), German Marxist philosopher, utopian, pacifist and one-time anarchist, dies. [see: Jul. 8]

2007 - Inés Ajuria de la Torre (b. 1920), Basque militant anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Oct. 1] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 5 || [AA] 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: The Plug Plot riots (also known as the 1842 General Strike) begin in Ashton-under-Lyne in response to high unemployment, high food prices and declining wages. There was a spontaneous strike wave of weavers, spinners and miners culminating in a general strike. The riot got its name when the plugs were pulled out of factory boilers. The strikers were influenced by the Chartist movement.

1846 - Emilio Covelli (d. 1915), Italian anarchist organiser involved in the Matese insurrection of 1877, member of the Fédération Italienne de l'AIT, born. [www.ephemanar.net/novembre02.html#covelli]

[A] 1882 - During the night tonight, the Bande Noire of anarchist miners makes one of its first attacks against clericalism by throwing the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne to the bottom of the mine in Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) igorsevitch.kif.fr/la-bande-noire-de-montceau-les-mines-c701642]

1905 - [O.S. Jul. 23] __Ivanovo Soviet [Иваново-Вознесенский Депутатов] / Russian Revolution of 1905-07__: The last striking workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (Иваново-Вознесенский) have returned to their jobs. The deputies continued their work in the factories and when attempts were later made to dismiss the strike leader or of the deputies, the immediate response of the workers was protest. [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенский_общегородской_совет_рабочих_депутатов ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иваново-Вознесенские_стачки wiki.ivanovoweb.ru/index.php/Первый_общегородской_Совет_рабочих_депутатов en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1905#Ivanovo_Soviet libcom.org/library/soviets-their-origin-development-functions-andreu-nin www.johndclare.net/Rempel_Soviet.htm en.internationalism.org/ir/123_1905 cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus02.htm]

1910 - Constant Marie aka Le Père Lapurge (b. 1838), French anarchist militant, Communard, singer and songwriter, dies. [see: Aug. 27]

[F] 1911 - Benito Mussolini, then a socialist, publishes an article in '//Lotta di Classe//', the Forli newspaper he edits, calling for a general strike against any Italian military adventures (with reference to a possible Italian invasion of Libya). "Se la patria, menzognera finzione che ormai ha fatto il suo tempo, chiederà nuovi sacrifici di denaro e di sangue, il proletariato che segue le direttive socialiste risponderà collo sciopero generale. La guerra fra le nazioni diventerà allora una guerra alle guerre." (If the Homeland, mendacious fiction that has now run its course, ask for new sacrifices of money and blood, the socialist proletariat will respond to the directive with a general strike. The war between nations will then become a war on wars.) [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini www.hubertlerch.com/modules/European_Dictatorship/Mussolini_the_Socialist.html alfonsinemonamour.racine.ra.it/alfonsine/Alfonsine/mussolini_settimana_rossa.htm www.superstoria.it/explorer/visualizza.asp?id=493]

1929 - __Greva Minerilor din Lupeni [Lupeni Miners' Strike__]: Depite having been a member of the ILO since 1919, it was only in 1925 that Romania introduced Sunday rest and public holiday legislation and not til 1928 that, responding to international pressure, it had also adopted new laws that regulates the protection of minors and women, as well as an 8-hour working day. The independant union of miners in Lupeni, which was linked to the Partidul Național-Țărănesc (National Peasant Party) sought to claim those new 'rights' through a strike, having had no success through the courts. The strike started on the morning of August 5, 1929, after the Lupeni Mining Company opposed the union's intention to pay each employee a day's wages from their own funds, some 200 workers met and decided to strike. About 3,000 men from the Elena and Victoria mines went on strike, going together to the Carolina and Ștefan mines. The situation quickly spun out of control, and the union leaders told the Deva authorities that they were no longer responsible for their members' actions. The first day of the strike produced little response for the forces of law and order as there were only 18 gendarmes in the area, and strikers were able to occupy the power station controlling the mines' pumping machinery. A radical group went inside, forcing the men there to stop their work and shutting down the generators, threatening to flood the galleries and cutting off ventilation to 200 miners who had refused to come out on strike and still remained underground. [ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva_minerilor_din_Lupeni_din_1929 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupeni_strike_of_1929 romanialibera.ro/special/documentare/masacrul-de-la-lupeni--soldatii-romÂni-au-impuscat-peste-60-de-mineri--de-ce-au-deschis-focul-in-1929-388324?c=q2561 adevarul.ro/locale/hunedoara/masacrul-minerilor-lupeni-1929-the-new-york-times-scene-sfasietoare-20-cadavre-fost-puse-balegar-duse-graba-groapa-1_57a491fe5ab6550cb880d701/index.html]

1933 - __Revolución del 33 / Cuban General Strike__: Following the wave of strike that had begun with the Havana bus drivers on July 27, which were accompanies by demonstrations, such as the one on August 1, when two protesters had been killed by the military, and the sugar workers’ union's hunger marches, the general strike called for by the Confederación Nacional de Obreros de Cuba (Cuban Confederation of Labour) begins. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/cubans-general-strike-overthrow-president-1933 www.cubamilitar.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1933 www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/blackwell/1933/08/cuba2.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_Obrera_de_Cuba www.ecured.cu/Revolución_del_33] || [s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orígenes_del_movimiento_obrero_en_España es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fábrica_Bonaplata es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asonada]
 * = 6 || 1835 - Against the backdrop of the series of anticlerical riots, known as bullangas, that took place in Barcelona in July and August of 1835, during the night [Aug. 5-6] the Bonaplata factory aka 'El Vapor' is burned by the mutineers, "convinced that machine-made looms diminished the production of manual labour", according to the governed military, General Pastor. Four workers were shot as alleged perpetrators and many others were sentenced to prison terms. In addition, the civil governor established a basis of work that included a factory inspection committee to which the workers had to address their complaints, suffering the "la pena de ocho días de arresto" (the penalty of eight-day arrest) for any workers who does not comply with the system, raising the issue anywhere other than in the committee. Upon a second offense "he will be expelled from this city as a disgraceful man and harmful to society, will circulate notice to all manufacturers so as not to admit him in their factories, and if by his acts they give rise to tumult or asonada (a tumultuous and violent meeting to achieve some purpose, usually political") will be sent before a competent court for disturbing the public order."

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: During the nights of the early summer of 1882, numerous attacks on religious symbols took place: dynamite attacks on various rural crosses; on the chapel of a religious school; against the school for nuns at a hamlet near Montceau-les-Mines, as well as against the church of Bois-du-Verne. The first dynamite attack was on the mission cross of the Bois du Verne takes place during the night on August 5-6. [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

[FF] 1929 - __Masacrul Minerilor din Lupeni [Lupeni Miners' Massacre__]: On the morning of August 6, the leading authorities of Hunedoara County came to Lupeni, accompanied by 80 troops from the 4th frontier guards regiment and some 20 gendarmes. The mining company attempted to start the power station with strike-breakers in order to prevent the mines from being flooded and those underground from being asphyxiated, but the strikers maintained a cordon around the works. The public prosecutor made a final demand that the strikers withdraw from the power station; but the strikers remained defiant. 40 gendarmes then advanced, trying to intimidate the strikers, who responded by throwing objects toward the gendarmes, wounding some of those in the front rank. The 80 troops fired warning shots into the air and then opened fre on the crowd (without orders, as established by an enquiry). When the firing ceased, dozens of men lay on the ground; the rest, panic-stricken, fled quickly. Work at the station resumed immediately; troops and gendarmes guarded the station and all mine buildings. Different sources give different numbers of dead and wounded, but official data suggests that more than 60 people were killed (many shot in the back) and about 200 wounded. The Lupeni shooting gave rise to solidarity strikes in Bucharest, Galaţi, Cluj, and elsewhere.

1945 - Ingemar Johansson (d. 2014), Swedish writer, translator, editor, chess player and historian, anarchist and Sveriges Arbeter Centralorganisation militant, who specialised in translationg and writing on Dada and Situationism, born. [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson_(författare) www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0608.html skkamraterna.se/oldsite/tavling/sasong1314/Ingemar/Ingemar Johansson a.pdf bloggar.expressen.se/radiobloggen/2014/04/29/ingemar-johansson-in-memoriam/ anarchyisorder.wordpress.com/2014/07/29/ingemar-johansson-om-dada/]

[F] 1997 - A 12-hour civic strike convened by the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela in protest of a 27% increase in the price of petrol, noncompliance with the salary increase by employers and the massive dismissal of employees as tolerated by the government of President Rafael Caldera. According to the CTV, the strike was supported by 95% of the country's eight million workers, the biggest labour action in the past eight years. [www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/southamerica/venezuela.html elpais.com/diario/1997/08/07/internacional/870904811_850215.html] || Although trade unionism was illegal in Britain, unions were well-established in many locations and frequently clashed with the government. The unionists constituted one of two powerful populist movements. The other was known as Chartism, named after the People’s Charter which demanded universal male suffrage, the eligibility of all classes to be Members of Parliament, and other political reforms. Broadly popular among laborers, Chartism also drew support from the disaffected lower-middle-class, who felt shut out of the political process. The ongoing depression led factory owners to cut wages two or three times between 1840 and June 1842. Each occasion prompted scattered strikes and protestations, but the tide of cuts continued. Two mass meetings of workers attended by between 8,000 and 10,000 from Ashton and Staleybridge were held on Mottram Moor on Sunday August 7, 1842 against the threatened reduction in wages, and support was given for a 'Grand National Turn-Out' to begin the next day. Support for the Charter was incorporated into the resolutions passed: "that all labour should cease until the People's Charter became the law of the land". [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 7 || 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: The Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain’s upper classes and in the process created a new industrial working class. Far from sharing in the newfound industrial wealth of their employers, workers endured abysmal working conditions, unpredictable wages, and no job security. The constant advancement of technology in the cotton mills frequently made large numbers of employees obsolete. A country-wide depression beginning in 1837 made the workers’ situation even more difficult. All of these factors added up to great hardship for working class families, who, as a rule, struggled to obtain basic necessities.

[F] 1890 - Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, 'The Rebel Girl', (d. 1964), US labour leader, activist, and feminist, who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage, born. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1936 and late in life, in 1961, became its first female leader. Influenced by her parents, she became a socialist and was only 16 when she gave her first speech, 'What Socialism Will Do for Women', at the Socialist Club in Harlem. As a result of her political activities, Flynn was expelled from high school and in 1907 she became a full-time organiser for the IWW. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn www.iww.org/history/library/Flynn/Sabotage spartacus-educational.com/USAflynn.htm dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/flynn/flynnbio.html www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/elizabeth-gurley-flynn/ joehill2015.org/elizabeth-gurley-flynn/]

1898 - The Landsorganisationen i Sverige (Swedish Trade Union Confederation), an umbrella organisation for fourteen Swedish trade unions that organise mainly 'blue-collar' workers, is founded following the January 1 conference in Stockholm called on the initiative of the 1897 Scandinavian Labour Congress and the Swedish Social Democratic Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti). [sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsorganisationen_i_Sverige en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation]

1915 - [N.S. Aug. 20] In Kolpino (Ко́лпино), an industrial suburb of Petrograd and the location of the Izhorsk (Ижорские) Works, one of the giant shipbuilding plants of the Naval Ministry, female shoppers, mainly workers’ and soldiers’ wives, outraged at escalating prices, find that their audience with the manager of the factory results in the usual empty promises. Dissatisfied with the outcome, the women took direct action, going about the city and forcibly closing shops. About two thousand men joined them when their shift ended, and at that point the crowd became genuinely violent. Members of the crowd attacked the shops and threw stones when police tried to restrain them. When the riot came to an end around 10 p.m. that same evening, fifteen shops had been wrecked, their contents stolen or destroyed. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1919 - A month-long U.S. actors' strike closes all theatres.

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: With feeling running high after the murder of the Matewan Chief of Police Sid Hatfield by Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency detectives on August 1, the leaders of the United Mine Workers District 17, Frank Keeney and Fred Mooney, hold a rally at the state capitol in Charleston. Keeney and Mooney met with Governor Ephraim Morgan, and presented him with the miners' demands. Morgan rejected the demands and the miners became more restless and began to talk of a march on Mingo to free the confined miners, end martial law, and organise the county. At the rally, 'Mother' Jones called on the miners not to march into Logan and Mingo counties and set up the union by force, fearing a bloodbath in any battle between lightly armed union forces and the more heavily armed deputies from the coal company stronghold of Logan County, which stood between the miners and their destination. The miners ignored her and on August 20 armed men began gathering at Lens Creek Mountain, near Marmet, West Virginia. As the estimated 13,000 union miners marched south to the border of Boone and Logan counties or travelled on a commandeered freight train, Chafin's private army of 3,000 state police, the state militia, and coal company employees had assembled and dug trenches and set up machine gun nests to stop the miners from entering Logan County. [see: Aug. 31] || [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_1766 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_del_Monte_1766_strike realdelmonte.com.mx/real/patrimonio/historia/la-primera-huelga-en-america-1766]
 * = 8 || 1766 - __Huelga* de Real del Monte [Real del Monte Strike__]: Three Mexican silver miners, organisers of a petition to the Viceroy of New Spain requesting improvements in their working conditions and 'partido' payments are arrested and imprisoned by Royal authorities, who proclaimed that they would be held until the strike was ended. [expand]

[DD/F] 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: The 'Grand National Turn-Out' begins as workers left their factories and began to move from workplace to workplace, "turning out" other workers to join them. In all of these actions, women and child workers marched alongside men. Marchers were for the most part orderly and serious, although mild fighting did occur when police and managers attempted to guard factory gates. This trend continued throughout the campaign - workers typically did not seek violence in their demonstrations, but did not hesitate to fight when provoked by soldiers or police. The derogatory name often given to these events - the "plug plot" in fact derives from this time; as the workers closed down a factory they would frequently remove the boiler plug to prevent it restarting. As the strike went on, the workers took control. Factories were permitted to operate only with the permission of "committees of public safety" that now began to emerge to co-ordinate action. These committees gave permission, for example, for work to be completed so that goods would not spoil or for humanitarian reasons. In one case, permission was granted to keep water pumps operating without which coal mines would have flooded. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1854 - __Conflicte de les Selfactines__: The newly appointed Captain General of Barcelona, Manuel Concha, held a meeting with the leaders of the Societats Obreres, out of which came a workers' manifesto (signed by 19 of them) calling an end to the strike, and suaranteeing pardons for all workers convicted during the strike and the opening of a period for negotiation between the manufacturers and workers. The following day the Madrid government quietly revoked the order banning 'selfactines' but, out of fear of the reaction amongst the workers, did not make the ban public until May 1855. [see: Jul. 2]

[D] 1870 - Failed attempt at insurrection in Marseille: 40,000 people, including Gaston Crémieux, Charles Alérini, Combes, Naquet, Brochier, Rouvier, Matheron, etc., demonstrate outside the prefecture. The arrest of Alfred Naquet causes a surge of anger and immediately forms a central revolutionary Action Committee, the crowd soon occupies the mayor and members of the Committee are brought to power by popular acclaim. The Committee, consisting mainly of members of the International and some radical Republicans, and chaired by Gaston Cremieux, express the desire of the people to proclaim a Republic and establish a revolutionary Commune. Unfortunately, a squad of police dispersing the crowd and, after a brief exchange of gunfire, capture the Committee members. The prisoners, numbering about thirty, are locked in Fort St. John and crammed into a stinking dungeon. They later face a council of war and are imprisoned. [www.increvables-anarchistes.org/articles/date/1871-et-avant/1871-la-commune-de-marseille]

1890 - The trial of those arrested during the May Day events in Vienna opens in Grenoble. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout08.html#procesgrenoble]

1920 - Workers throughout Britain stage demonstrations against planned intervention in Russia; trade union leaders threaten a General Strike.

1926 - Lizzie Holmes (Sarah Elizabeth Mary Hunt; b. 1850), American music teacher, seamstress, labour organiser, journalist, socialist and militant anarchist, dies. [see: Dec. 21]

1940 - Romania introduces anti-Jewish measures restricting education and employment. [www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/timeline/timelinetab1940.html] || [www.alternativelibertaire.org/?1792-La-premiere-Commune fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris_(Révolution_française) wikirouge.net/Commune_de_Paris_(1789-1795) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution) www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/aug-10-1792.htm fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journée_du_10_août_1792 www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1911_num_72_1_460970_t1_0633_0000_002]
 * = 9 || [D] 1792 - Delegates from all quarters of Paris assemble at the Hôtel de Ville during the last hours of August 9th to form a new insurrectionary Commune. [expand]

1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: The strike reached Manchester, the epicenter of the industrial region. 20,000 workers marched through the streets in a peaceful demonstration of strength. The Commissioner of Police, Sir Charles Shaw, strongly desired to disperse the ‘mob’ violently, but the city magistrate apprehended the political danger of the situation and convinced Shaw not to take action. Once the strike reached Manchester, workers rapidly spread unrest to the rest of the region. Within days, the strikers shut down every factory within fifty miles of Manchester. Workers from each industry set up “trade conferences” in each city to decide what, exactly, they wanted out of the strike. Each conference debated the crucial question of whether to steer the strike firmly in the Chartist direction or to remain narrowly focused on wage issues. Local-level strike leaders formed strike committees to negotiate arrangements between shop-owners and hungry laborers. Despite some success in procuring bread for the strikers, food stress remained a huge problem throughout the strike. Workers respected the sanctity of private property and refused to raid farms to feed themselves. Strike committees actually permitted some factories to temporarily reopen in order to make use of perishable materials. Once the materials were expended, workers walked out again. All of these measures demonstrate that, although the Charter contained elements of class warfare, the strikers were conscious of public relations and strove to present a respectable face, the best to remedy their miserable situation. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1853 - Michael Schwab (d. 1898), German-American labour organiser, born. Served over six years in prison for charges relating to the anarchist Haymarket affair before he was pardoned in 1893. However, he was to die from tuberculosis contracted whilst in prison. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/juin29.html#schwab]

[F] 1920 - The British Trades Union Congress appoint a Council of Action to arrange a General Strike if Britain declares war on the USSR.

1927 - __Sacco & Vanzetti Case__: Protests and strikes against the imminent execution of Sacco and Vanzetti scheduled for August 10 continue around the world. [www.ephemanar.net/aout08.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/0908.html]

1929 - __Greva Minerilor din Lupeni [Lupeni Miners' Strike__]: On August 9, 1929, the coffins with the bodies of those killed were taken to the cemetery in carts usually used at the dung truck. During the burial, the crowd of locals were forced back from the cemetery by several hundred yards and only close family were allowed to attend. Four hours after the burial, an infantry company still guarded the cemetery with its guns in firing position. Twenty five strikers, some of them seriously injured, were declared missing. The law enforcement officers felt they had fled to the mountains and searched for a few days. Until Aug. 9, arrests continued, and troop trains continued to arrive in the region.

1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: A Sindicato Nacional de Teléfonos member is shot dead whilst playing cards in a bar.

1933 - __Revolución del 33 / Cuban General Strike__: Following the wave of strikes and protests that had begun on July 27th and had garnered widespread support across the country, Cuba's military decides to switch to the side of the people and placed Havana under military control on August 9. Without even the army to support him, the dictator Gerardo Machado resigned on August 11 and left the country. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/cubans-general-strike-overthrow-president-1933 www.cubamilitar.org/wiki/Revolución_de_1933 www.ecured.cu/Revolución_del_33 www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/blackwell/1933/08/cuba2.htm es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederación_Nacional_Obrera_de_Cuba]

[EE] 1956 - Approximately 20 000 women from all over the country take to the streets of Pretoria – many carrying the children of their white bosses on their backs – to stage a peaceful march to the Union Buildings to petition against the 'pass laws', a proposed amendments to the Urban Areas Act of 1950, legislation that required African persons to carry special identification documents, the 'pass', which curtailed their freedom of movement during the apartheid era. They left petitions containing more than 100,000 signatures at prime minister J.G. Strijdom's office door and stood silently outside his door for 30 minutes. The song 'Wathint'Abafazi Wathint'imbokodo!' (Now you have touched the women, you have struck a rock) was composed specially for the ocsasion, from which the phrase "you strike a woman, you strike a rock" has come to represent the strength of the women's struggle in South Africa. South Africa's National Women's Day, inaugurated in 1994, commemorates this protest. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women's_Day www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africa-celebrates-first-national-womens-day] || '//The Derby Mercury//', Wednesday, August 24, 1842.
 * = 10 || 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: "On Wednesday, the 10th instant, a body of men and women, computed at six and seven thousand, made their appearance in New Mills, Derbyshire, and turned out all the hands from the mills; from there they proceeded to Mr. Walsh's print-works, at Furnis, and ordered all hands out. Mr. Walsh entreated them to let him work one day more, to complete an order, but they refused, drew the fire from under the boilers, let off the steam, and forced him to stop his works; from there they proceeded to Messrs. Wright and Hodgson's cotton mills, at Bugsworth, and turned all the hands out; from there to Bugsworth Basin, where they turned out all the lime-burners and stone-getters at Christ quarry, belonging to the Peak Forest Canal Company; from there they proceeded to the paper-works at Whitehall, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, belonging to Messrs. Ingam, Barnes, and Hughes. Mr. Ingam wished to know their object. One of the turn-outs explained that they would have the same rate of wages as they received in 1840, and that they would have it before they went to work again. By this time night had approached, and they returned by the same route to New Mills. Early on Thursday morning they re-assembled, and proceeded to Bridgham-green Mills, belonging to Mr. Riley, and turned the hands out; from there to Chapel-en-le-Frith, where, also, they stopped all kinds of works, and also stopped the carts on the road; from there they went to Mr. Kirk's iron-works, and compelled all his men to leave work; from there they proceeded to Blackhole limestone quarries, and stopped all the men at work belonging to Peak Forest Canal Company; and from there to Doveholes limekilns, which they stopped also. On Friday, the mob having heard that Mr. Walsh's works were resumed, proceeded to the Furnis print-works with all haste, let his reservoir off, and did a great deal of damage. All the collieries have been stopped."

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike]__: Despite the agreements made with the CNT contained in the 'Pacto de Zaragoza' and the the 'Manifiesto Conjunto de la UGT y la CNT' / 'Manifest Conjunt de la UGT i la CNT' (Joint Manifesto of the UGT and the CNT), the latter setting out the joint plan by the two organisations to call for a general strike, a countrywide strike on the railways begins, called by UGT and PSOE's joint strike committee. The socialist strike committee had also agreed to independantly call a general strike for three days later on August 13, days before the planned date by the joint strike committee. The strike spreads rapidly over the following days, as workers in many areas joined the strike movement in advance of August 13, quickly taking on the guise of the planned for revolutionary general strike in many areas of the country. Activities in almost all major industrial, urban and mining areas: Vizcaya, Madrid, Valencia, Zaragoza, La Coruña, Asturias, León, Rio Tinto, etc., ground to a halt. In Catalonia, the move was widely supported in Badalona, Terrassa, Manresa, Mataró and other Catalan cities. In Barcelona street clashes took and barricaded were constructed, and in Sabadell a Republic was proclaimed and savagely repressed. The Socialists had believed that, as in Russia in February 1917, that they could make common cause with the military, whose clandestine Juntas de Defensa (Defence Boards) – a sort of military pressure group who in 1916 had demanded reforms of the civil power, including wage rises – had been repressed by the government of Manuel García Prieto in June that year. However, the Juntas de Defensa proved to still be part of the established order, and not only did the soldiers not form Soviets with the workers, but in general obeyed their bosses, mounting a bloody repression against the workers. The unofficial Assemblea de Parlamentaris (Parliamentary Assembly), which had been set up to try and get the Cortes reopened and had in June affirmed its support of the independence of Catalonia, denounced the strike, intially by disregarding it and later openly condemning it. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_española_de_1917 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_espanyola_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntas_de_Defensa es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_de_Parlamentarios ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblea_de_Parlamentaris www.isabadell.cat/sabadell/historia-de-sabadell-la-vaga-general-revolucionaria-1917/ www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

1923 - __Krwawego Piątku [Bloody Friday] / Strajk Robotników w Raciborzu [Racibórz Workers' Strike__]: Workers' protests against hyperinflation and lack of basic food items result in riots in Raciborz, four people were killed and many others were injured. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_robotników_w_Raciborzu_(1923)]

1937 - The Council of Aragon's agricultural self-management is forcibly disbanded by the Republican government.

[F] 1946 - __Strajk Dokerów w Porcie Gdańskim [Port of Gdańsk Dockers' Strike__]: Around 2000 dock workers protesting poor working conditions outside the employment offices at Gdansk's Nowym Porcie (New Port) were confronted by three Public Security (Urzędy Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) officers. One of them, fearing for his safety, fires on the crowd, killing one of the workers, Roman Hersztek. In retaliation, the workers caputured the senior officer and beat him to death. The other two UB men escaped with a severe beating. After the protests, the security forces threw up a cordon around the port but the protests continued until August 14. After the protests were suppressed, more than 500 dock workers were arrested and many others sacked in reprisals. On August 31, the District Court in Gdańsk handed down one life sentence, one 15 years imprisonment and two to 10 years of imprisonment, and at least a dozen port workers were deported. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk_dokerów_w_Porcie_Gdańskim www.gedanopedia.pl/?title=STRAJK_DOKERÓW_W_PORCIE_GDAŃSKIM_W_1946] ||
 * = 11 || 1917 - [N.S. Aug. 24] The first issue of '//Golos Truda//' (The Voice of Labour) appears in Petrograd under banner of the Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda, published by Voline upon his return from America. Edited by G.P. Maximov, it is shut down by the government in May 1918 and its successor '//Volny Golos Truda//' (The Free Voice of Labour) is closed down after its fourth issue (September 16, 1918). [see: Aug. 24]

[F] 1923 - __Cuno-Streiks__: On January 11 1923, French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr area. The reason was that Germany had only partially delivered the war reparations to which it was obliged after the defeat in WWI. The real reason was that French imperialism, under Prime Minister Poincaré, wanted to consolidate its supremacy in Europe, which he had acquired through the Versailles Treaty of Peace in 1919. The German government under Wilhelm Cuno, the former director of the shipping company HAPAG, opted for a campaign of "passive resistance": Any cooperation with the French occupiers was forbidden, the reparation payments halted, production and transport remained largely silent. There were terrorist acts of right-wing extremists, some with official support. The French responded with expulsions, arrests, executions. All parties in the German Reichstag supported the government, with the exception of the KPD, and the French communists were the main ally. "Schlagt Poincaré an der Ruhr und Cuno an der Spree!/Battre Cuno sur la Spree et Poincaré sur le Rhin" (Beat Poincaré on the Ruhr and Cuno on the Spree!) A labour dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered a wildcat strike. Instigated by the KPD, the Reichsdruckerei (Reich printing plant) was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (transport companies) joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the Cuno government. Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, head of the SPD was able to forestall a general strike. Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on August 10, 1923 rejected a call for a general strike favoured by the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting this defeat, the next day held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in greater Berlin. They called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government, but were hindered from publicising the call widely because 'Die Rote Fahne' (The Red Flag) had been banned. Nevertheless, the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread out from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province, as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia. Factories were occupied by Communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD. In total, three and a half million workers went on strike indirectly forcing Cuno and his cabinet to resign on August 11th. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuno-Streiks en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuno_strikes www.sozialismus.info/2013/11/1923-deutschland-vor-der-revolution/]

1937 - The membership of the Pacific Coast district of the International Longshoremen’s Association – with the exception of three locals in the Northwest – votes to disaffiliate and forms the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union. The ILWU today represents over 59,000 workers primarily on the West Coast of the United States, Hawaii, and Alaska. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Strike_of_1842 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 12 || 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: A mass meeting of around 3,000 cotton workers took place at Chadwick’s Orchard in Preston. They pledged to "strike work until they had a fair days wages for that work, guaranteeing its continuance with the Charter", the Chartist newspaper 'The Northern Star' reported that "Before night every cotton mill was turned out without resistance - all done chiefly by boys and girls".

1861 - Luigi Galleani (d. 1931), influential Italian anarchist militant, born. [expand] "//When we talk about property, State, masters, government, laws, courts, and police, we say only that we don't want any of them.//" - '//The End of Anarchism?//' (1925). [www.ephemanar.net/aout12.html#12 dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/galleani/biography.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/galleani/galleani.html recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GalleaniLuigi.htm www.katesharpleylibrary.net/d51cvp www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ngf2s6]

1874 - Oreste Ristori (d. 1943), Italian journalist, militant individualist anarchist, anarcho-communist and anti-fascist, born. [pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Ristori it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Ristori www.oresteristori.it/ www.dellastoriadempoli.it/archives/17817 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1208.html autogestionacrata.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/oreste-ristori-un-incorregible.html www.transfinito.eu/spip.php?article1367]

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: Anarchist miners from Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, continue their attacks against clericalism by destroying the cross at Alouettes in an attack during the night on August 11-12. [see: Aug. 6]

[E] 1886 - Louise Michel is sentenced to four months in prison and a 100 franc fine for her part in the June 3 meeting at the Chateau d’Eau Theatre in Paris in support of the striking Decazeville miners. Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde and Dr. Paul Susini, who refused to appear at the trial, were sentenced in absentia to 4 to 6 months in prison and fined 100 francs each. [socialhistory.org/en/collections/words-i-used-were-worse fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel enjolras.free.fr/chrono.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/biographies/guesde-1847-1922/ www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/michel-louise/1886/memories-commune.htm]

1887 - María Cano (María de los Ángeles Cano Márquez; d. 1967), Colombian union militant, feminist and campaigner for basic civil rights, who was the first prominent female political leader in Colombia, as well as one of the founders of the Partido Socialista Revolucionario, born. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_Cano www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=cano-marquez-maria-de-los-angeles]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: At 7.30am, Will Thorne, fresh from his victory at the Beckton Gasworks spoke at the South Dock gates of the West India Docks in a meeting organised by Will Harris who worked on the tugs at the Albert Docks. Ben Tillett joined Thorne on the platform and they appealed for the men to form a union and then refuse to go to work unless their pay was raised by 1d an hour to 6d – the 'Dockers Tanner' – with overtime raised to 8d (3.5p) an hour. In addition the dockers demanded that no one should be employed for less than four hours. As was the tradition of the period – and for many years afterwards – the dockers agreed to the resolutions by a show of hands, which on this occasion was unanimous. When Ben Tillett took these demands to the dock directors they refused to listen; he returned to tell the men the strike had begun. Despite the obvious hardships ahead there was enthusiasm. [see: Aug. 14] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Dock_strike_of_1889 libcom.org/history/articles/great-london-dock-strike-1889 www.unitetheunion.org/uploaded/documents/The Great Dock Strike of 1889 - web booklet11-23272.pdf spartacus-educational.com/TUdockers.htm www.unionancestors.co.uk/great-london-dock-strike-1889/ www.solfed.org.uk/da/the-great-dock-strike-of-1889 anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/london-dock-strike-1889]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: The socialist strike committee publishes the '//A los obreros ya la opinión pública//' (To the workers and to the public opinion) manifesto, which stated that the strike would not stop "until it has obtained the sufficient guarantees of initiation of the regime change", and called upon the Juntas de Defensa (Defence Boards) to support the workers.

[F] 1919 - Learning that their boss, Florenz Ziegfeld, was joining the Producing Managers’ Association during the strike by the Actors' Equity Association [Aug. 7 - Sep. 6, 1919], the chorus girls in his Ziegfeld Follies form their own union, the Chorus Equity Association. Marie Dressler, a former chorus girl, was elected its first president. The union’s first action was to march down Broadway in solidarity with the Actors’ Equity Association strike. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Equity_Association en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Actors'_Equity_Association_strike www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/timeline/timeline_1919.html]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: The United Farm Workers of America holds its convention in Salinas, California, after seven months of its so far unsuccessful strike against major California vegetable growers. Delegates approve a resolution to expand the dispute into a general strike in a new attempt to pressure growers through consumer boycotts. In response West Coast Farms and Sun Harvest eventually settled. Cal Coastal did not and eventually went out of business in 1985. [libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/MillerArchive/062 The 1979 Lettuce Strike.pdf archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/02/25/page/8/article/bloody-fight-in-lettuce-fields/index.html libcom.org/library/account-conditions-leading-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/violence-1979-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike libcom.org/library/lettuce-strike-apparently-succeeding-despite-odds libcom.org/library/feb-26th-1979-report-imperial-valley-lettuce-strike www.lettucewars.net/p/in-lettuce-fields-timeline.html www.chavezfoundation.org/_cms.php?mode=view&b_code=001008000000000&b_no=15&page=1&field=&key=&n=7 ww.nytimes.com/1979/08/11/archives/chavez-acts-to-rekindle-flickering-farm-strike-began-with-selective.html?mcubz=1 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=130&page=2 libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/ufwarchives/foodjustice/01_Dec84_001.pdf] || The strikers moved into the centre of town to Messrs Paley’s Mill where they met Preston officials accompanied by about 30 soldiers from the 72nd Highlanders and members of the County and Borough police. Their final confrontation was on the bottom of Lune Street outside the Preston Corn Exchange. Members of the crowd including men, women and boys gathered stones from near the canal and began throwing them at the police and military. The Mayor Samuel Horrocks read the Riot Act. This gave local authorities the right to use force if necessary to disperse unlawful assemblies and stop riots. When the violence escalated and the crowd did not disperse the military then fired, shooting at least eight men, four of whom - John Mercer, William Lancaster, George Sowerbutts and Bernard McNamara - where killed. The rioters then fled in shock and the injured men were taken to the House of Recovery. Accounts vary as to who exactly gave the order and how shots were fired, but, at the later trial of chartist leader Feargus O’Connor, the police officer Mr Bannister stated that it was Samuel Horrocks who had given the order, but that he had not heard the order himself. Whatever the case, public discontent for the shooting was quickly directed at the Mayor Samuel Horrocks. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Strike_of_1842 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 13 || [FF] 1842 - __Lune Street Riot / 1842 General Strike__: Following yesterday's strike meeting in Preston, news spread that some mills had resumed work. The remaining strikers met in Chadwick’s Orchard on Saturday around 06:00 and went to Messrs. Sledden’s machine shop on North Road and compelled workers there to turn out, "after several windows were broken and a few slight wounds inflicted on both sides." They then started moving through Preston from factory to factory. The Mayor Samuel Horrocks, officials and the police were called upon to deal with the unrest and protect property. They enlisted the help of soldiers stationed in the town from the 72nd Highlanders to help stop the riot.

1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: In London, Home Secretary Sir James Graham dispatched artillery and troops toward Lancashire. On this same date, Queen Victoria issued an edict declaring the illegality of the strikes and offering a £50 reward for turning in a fellow striker. Although some laborers earned only £5 per month, few chose to desert the campaign. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1871 - Karl Liebknecht (d. 1919), German socialist and co-founder, with Rosa Luxemburg, of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany, born. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERliebknecht.htm www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LiebknechtKarl/]

[E] 1880 - Mary Reid Macarthur (Mary Reid Anderson; d. 1921), Scottish suffragist and trades unionist, born. In 1903 she became the general secretary of the Women's Trade Union League and in 1906 formed the National Federation of Women Workers and assisted in the creation of the National Anti-Sweating League. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Reid_Macarthur spartacus-educational.com/TUmacarthur.htm www.bclm.co.uk/media/learning/library/witr_marymacarthur.pdf]

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: Destruction of the cross in Bois Roulot in an attack during the night on August 12-13. [see: Aug. 6]

1883 - __La Bande Noire__: It is the turn of the engineer Chevalier to see his house dynamited but this time the anarchists again missed their target, receiving some minor scratches and bruises from the projectile material.

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: A small strike beaks out in the South West India Dock in response to Ben Tillett's statement the previous day. The spreads spontaneously and rapidly across the whole of London’s docks. [see: Aug. 14]

1908 - __Corruganza Boxmakers' Strike__: factory picketed and as a result seven women, who were taken on that morning refused to return to work the following morning. [www.alphabetthreat.co.uk/pasttense/pdf/corruganza.pdf www.unionhistory.info/timeline/Tl_Display.php?irn=100302]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: Despite the Socialists having taken strike action independantly of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT, anarchist workers came out on strike across Catalonia and elsewhere. From August 13 to 17, a large part of the country was paralyzed, but transport and especially the railways, a key sector and the one that precipitated the strike, remained largely uneffected by strike action. Even so, at the beginning of the strike, activities in all major industrial zones (Vizcaya and Barcelona, including some smaller ones such as Yecla and Villena), urban (Madrid, Valencia, Zaragoza, La Coruña) and mining (Jaén, Asturias and León) were shut down. However, the strike action only remained effective for a few days, and at the most a week in activist strongholds. In small towns and rural areas it had little impact. The government declare a state of war and order the security forces to act with its full might and without hesitation. [www.isabadell.cat/sabadell/historia-de-sabadell-la-vaga-general-revolucionaria-1917/]

[B] 1923 - Carlos Cortez (d. 2005), US anarcho-syndicalist, poet, graphic artist, photographer, muralist and political activist, born. The son of a Mexican-Indian Wobbly union organiser father and a German socialist pacifist mother, he was active for six decades in the Industrial Workers of the World. As an accomplished artist and a highly influential political artist, Cortez is perhaps best known for his wood and linoleum-cut graphics, and his cartoons for the union newspaper the '//Industrial Worker//'. [libcom.org/library/carlos-cortez-1923-2005 www.iww.org/en/history/biography/CarlosCortez/1 www.politicalgraphics.org/exhibitions/Carlos Cortez/CarlosCortez.htm libcom.org/gallery/art-carlos-cortez www.rebelgraphics.org/carloscortez.html patrickmurfin.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/thinking-of-carlos-on-day-of-dead.html www.artscope.net/VAREVIEWS/cortez1299.shtml]

[F] 1936 - 35 journalists at the William Randolph Hearst-owned '//Seattle Post-Intelligencer//' walk off the job to protest the firing of two colleagues for joining the American Newspaper Guild. The '//Post-Intelligencer//' was forced to suspend publication during the 105 day strike and the striking employees began publishing their own newspaper, '//The Guild Daily//', which reached a circulation of 60,000 copies a day. The strike was one of the first significant and successful strikes by white collar workers in the U.S. ended in a victory in late November when the newspaper settled with the Guild. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Seattle_Post-Intelligencer_strike www.historylink.org/File/2495]

1945 - Tom Wayman, Canadian worker-poet, essayist, academic and co-founder of the Vancouver Industrial Writers' Union (IWW), a work-writing circle and participant in a number of labour arts ventures, born. [www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=285 www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/wayman/ www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1308.html] ||
 * = 14 || 1883 - __La Bande Noire__: The house of the mayor of Sanvignes, Grelin, is targeted by a bottle containing explosives thrown through a glass door.

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: In 1889 only 5% of the labour force were members of trade unions and those who were, tended to be skilled craftsman and workers in the textile and mining industries. The success of the Bryant & May amtchgirls' strike encouraged other unskilled workers in Britain to consider the possibility of forming unions. Amongst the dock workers in the Port of London, apart from the Thames Watermen and Lightermen and the Stevedores, the vast majority of workers were both ununionised and casual labourers who competed daily for a limited number of jobs, living from hand to mouth never knowing if they had work tomorrow or the money for a doss-house bed for the night. Ben Tillett, General Secretary of the Tea Operatives & General Labourers' Association, described what a degrading business searching for work and food was: "To tramp hour after hour round the dock; to see men picking the rubbish heaps....of refuse, the furtive search for any kind of food,... ...this was at times the only means of living and of hope to many. No wonder the contractors called the casuals dock rats.......The dock labourer came in for the foulest contempt......the submerged being a term of respect for the casual labourer. All of us who were dock labourers concealed the nature of our occupation from our families as well as our friend." The dock strike began over a dispute about 'plus' money during the unloading of the Lady Armstrong in the West India Docks. 'Plus' money was a bonus paid for completing work quickly. The East and West India Dock Company had cut their 'plus' rates to attract ships into their own docks rather than others. A trade depression and an oversupply of docks and warehousing led to fierce competition between the rival companies. The cut in payments provided the opportunity for long-held grievances among the workforce to surface. Led by Ben Tillet, the men across the three West India Docks struck on August 14 and immediately started persuading other dockers to join them. The Tea Operatives & General Labourers' Association (renamed after the strike as the Dockers' Union Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union, or more commonly Dockers' Union) had no funds and needed help. The support they needed came when the Amalgamated Stevedores Union, under Tom McCarthy, joined the strike. Not only did they carry high status in the port but their work was essential to the running of the docks. The stevedores' union and dock labourers issued a joint manifesto, entitled '//To the Trade Unionists and People of London//'. This called on other workers to support the dockers: "Friends and Fellow Workmen. The dock labourers are on strike and asking for an advance in wages ... 6d per hour daytime and 8d per hour overtime. The work is of the most precarious nature, three hours being the average amount per day obtained by the docker. We, the Union of the Stevedores of London, knowing the condition of the dock labourers, have determined to support their movement by every lawful means in our power... We now appeal to members of all trade unions for joint action with us, and especially those whose work is in connection with shipping - engineers and fitters, boiler makers, ships' carpenters, etc. and also the coal heavers, ballast men and lightermen. We also appeal to the public at large for contributions and support on behalf of the dock labourers." Other workers followed the lead of the stevedores, including the seamen, firemen, lightermen, watermen, ropemakers, fish porters and carmen. Strikes broke out daily in factories and workshops throughout the East End. [expand] The strike resulted in a victory for the 100,000 strikers and established strong trade unions amongst London dockers, one of which became the nationally important Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union. The strike is widely considered a milestone in the development of the British labour movement, symbolising the growth of the New Unions of casual, unskilled and poorly paid workers, in contrast to the craft unions already in existence; as well as helping draw attention to the problem of poverty in Victorian Britain and the dockers' cause attracted considerable public sympathy. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Dock_strike_of_1889 libcom.org/history/1889-the-great-london-dock-strike anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/london-dock-strike-1889 spartacus-educational.com/TUdockers.htm www.unitetheunion.org/uploaded/documents/The%20Great%20Dock%20Strike%20of%201889%20-%20web%20booklet11-23272.pdf www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.77/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html www.unionancestors.co.uk/great-london-dock-strike-1889/ blog.museumoflondon.org.uk/great-dock-strike-125-years/?_ga=1.251633285.2016386019.1426099108 www.solfed.org.uk/da/the-great-dock-strike-of-1889 www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-exhibitions-dock-strike www.historicaleye.com/other-features/top-of-the-docks.html www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.77/chapterId/1857/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock,_Wharf,_Riverside_and_General_Labourers'_Union en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Tillett en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Docks unionbadges.wordpress.com/2008/10/31/dock-wharf-riverside-and-general-labourers-union/]

1890 - Rafael Farga i Pellicer (b. 1844), Catalan typesetter, political cartoonist, journalist, painter, syndicalist, member of the International and anarchist, also known as Justo Pastor de Pellico, dies. [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Farga www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1408.html www.ephemanar.net/aout14.html#14]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: In Catalonia the repression of the labour movement started with the imprisonment of the strike committee (among others, Francisco Miranda, Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí) and spread over many union leaders; the Strike Committee was arrested by the police and a mutiny that broke out in the model prison was repressed with great harshness, resulting in the death of several prisoners, including seven prominent socialist militants. In Sadabell, the first clashes between anarcho-syndicalists and Guàrdia Civil at 08:00 on the Gurugú tavern frequented by workers when mounted guards carrying out a raid are fired on, killing one. Captain Tegido and 14 guàrdies civil returned but the strikers resisted and beat a tactical retreat, leaving two passersby killed in the crossfire and the tavern owner, his son and a waiter under arrest. Events at the Gurugú caused outrage amongst the striking workers and at 09:30, the seals on the Obrera union offices in carrer de l'Estrella 110 were broken, a red and black flag hoisted and the building barricaded. The surrounding streets (carrers Corominas and Jovellanos) were alo barricaded with bails of wool and the neighbours warned to leave. Around noon, guards tried to attack but overwhelming fire from the barricades on the carrers Calderón and Colón forced them to retreat. Two syndicalists were killed and Tegido was nearly killed when a bomb blew up under the legs of his horse. After around 16 hours of fighting, the workers withdrew from the barricades and the Obrera building pursued by the Guàrdia Civil, leaving three or four dead workers behind. The Red Cross set up three field hospitals and made continuous trips to collect the dead and wounded. At 23:00, three companies of the Regimiento de Vergara arrived from Barcelona with two artillery pieces, setting up at the Guàrdia Civil barracks. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_española_de_1917 www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

[F] 1980 - __Sierpień 1980 [August 1980__]: After two months of labour unrest, 16,000 Polish workers seize the Lenin Shipyard, Gdansk. [expand] [news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_2802000/2802553.stm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solidarity www.history.com/this-day-in-history/massive-labor-strikes-hit-poland] || [* The word "huelga" did not come into common used in Spanish until the late C19th and the workers of Real del Monte never used it.] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_de_1766 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_del_Monte_1766_strike realdelmonte.com.mx/real/patrimonio/historia/la-primera-huelga-en-america-1766]
 * = 15 || [F] 1766 - __Huelga* de Real del Monte [Real del Monte Strike__]: The strike turned violent as workers stoned a district magistrate, Miguel Ramon de Coca, and the overseer of the La Joya mine, Manuel Barbosa, to death after pay had been doled out. For most workers, wages and partido were paid in full by the overseers, but known strike leaders, including those who had been held hostage a week earlier, were forced to mix their partidos with quota bags and therefore receive the same, lower grade partido they had been striking against. A local priest attempted to quell the angry workers and give them a lunch break, but that afternoon the anger boiled over.

1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: In Blackburn five men - named Ingham, Walmsley, Rawlinson, Hartley and Proctor - plot to pull the plugs out of the boilers of the factories along Darwen Street and extinguish the flames thereby stopping production. They thought they could then demand better pay and conditions. They hoped the textile workers would follow them from factory to factory. A very brave plan, but if it failed it could mean death to them all. However their plot is overheard and the local magistrate infomred. He in turn called for a platoon of Highland Infantry Red Coats to be called in. Meanwhile, the five had broken in to the first factory, pulled out the plugs from the boilers with great success and had been joined by the textile workers from the factory. Making their way to the next factory they were intercepted by the Red Coats. The Riot Act was read and the Infantry opened fire on the unarmed textile workers. Arrested, the five were brought before the Magistrate the following day and sentenced to death. The 5 lads pleaded their case and their sentences were commuted to transportation. They never saw their families or walked the streets of Blackburn again and all five had died of exhaustion within five weeks of arriving in Tasmania. [www.bbc.co.uk/lancashire/content/articles/2008/05/30/darwen_st_plaque_feature.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

[D] 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: Great Delegate Trades Conference is held in Manchester, with each local trade conference sending a representative. Each delegate stood and voiced the concerns of his local tradespeople; then, the conference overwhelmingly voted to endorse both the Charter and a return to 1840 wage rates. That evening, city magistrates entered to disperse the meeting. The delegates left, but agreed to meet the next day at a different location. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: Today and tomorrow, soldiers fired on demonstrators in several cities, killing approximately eight and wounding many more. Despite this violence, the fact remained that the government simply did not have sufficient law enforcement manpower to forcibly remove all the strikers. City governments conscripted special constables from among the middle class, but many of these constables empathized with the workers and refused to fight them. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

[B] 1845 - Walter Crane (d. 1915), English artist, book illustrator and libertarian socialist, born. Influenced both politically and artistically by William Morris, he produced illustrations and cartoons for the Socialist papers '//Justice//', '//The Commonweal//' and '//The Clarion//', and was part of the Arts and Crafts movement and produced an array of paintings, illustrations, children's books, ceramic tiles and other decorative arts. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcrane.htm]

1849 - Pavlos Argyriadis (Παύλος Αργυριάδης; d. 1901), Greek journalist, writer and member of the Paris Commune, born. [ngnm.vrahokipos.net/index.php/apend02]

1882 - __La Bande Noire__: During the night of August 14-15, an armory is looted by a group from the Bois-du-Verne Bande Noire, headed by a certain Devillard, and twenty-two hours later a series of dynamite and ax attacks against the hamlet's chapel began. The seized weapons are handed out to a gathering of 2-300 sympathisers and Bande Noire members, who then move off towards the chapel of the Bois-du-Verne, which is attacked with axes, ransacked, set on fire and the entrance is destroyed by a bomb. About two hundred protesters then marched off to the neighbouring villages, led by a red flag, to the cries of "Vive la sociale! Mort aux bourgeois!" [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bande_noire_(Montceau-les-Mines) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montceau-les-mines revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1838&format=print raforum.info/dissertations/spip.php?rubrique71]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: There are clashes in Asturias and Bilbao and in Sabadell the troops fired on the barricades causing 32 deaths. In Madrid a clash took place in Cuatro Caminos where there were barricades. Demonstrators are joined by women and children carrying placards, however their presence did not prevent a cavalry charge. In Sabadell troops of the Regiment de Vergara and the Guàrdia Civil lay siege to the locals of the Federació Obrera de Sabadell (FOS), of the Obrera a Sabadell at carrer de l'Estrella 110, which was affiliated to the CNT, and of the Fraternidad Republicana Radical at Via Massagué 55. [expand] In Madrid, the Socialist strike committee organisers are arrested on the carrer Desengano, where the Committee headquarters is located. [www.isabadell.cat/sabadell/historia-de-sabadell-la-vaga-general-revolucionaria-1917/ mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm/ref/collection/afceccf/id/24958]

1920 - __Occupazioni delle Fabbriche__: A national meeting of Italian anarchists is held in Florence to plan increased solidarity and agitation in supportr of victims of political repression. Present are Errico Malatesta and Bonazzi Clodoveo for the UAI; Gigi Damiani for the newspaper '//Umanità Nova//'; Diego Guadagnini for the Committee for Libertarian Defence; Dante Pagliai and Emilio Spinaci the Committee for Political Victims in Milan; Giuseppe Sartini for the USI; Domenico Giulietti for Federation of Maritime Workers; Andrea Pedrini and Cesare Stazzi for the Ancône Bourse du Travail; Camillo Berneri for the Federation of Revolutionary Youth and Andrea Viglongo for the Committee of Turin Factory Workers.

1927 - Spartaco Stagnetti (b. 1888), Italian militant anarcho-syndicalist, is murdered whilst exiled by the Fascist regime on the island of Ustica, near Palermo [NB. Year often incorrectly given as 1928.] [see: Jul. 4] [www.campifascisti.it/scheda_campo.php?id_campo=75] || [www.peterloomassacre.org/history.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre spartacus-educational.com/PRpeterloo.htm spartacus-educational.com/peterloo.html]
 * = 16 || [A/D] __1819 - Peterloo Massacre__: In Manchester a crowd of 60,000–80,000 had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation at an event organised by the Manchester Patriotic Union Society. The key speaker was to be famed orator Henry Hunt, the platform consisted of a simple cart, located in the front of what's now the Gmex centre, and the space was filled with banners - REFORM, UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE, EQUAL REPRESENTATION and, touchingly, LOVE. Many of the banner poles where topped with the red cap of liberty - a powerful symbol at the time. Shortly after the meeting began local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest Hunt and several others on the hustings with him, and to disperse the crowd. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn as the crowd lined arms to try and prevent arrests being made. An estimated 18 people, including a woman and a child, died from saber cuts and trampling. Over 700 men, women and children received extremely serious injuries. All in the name of liberty and freedom from poverty.

1842 - 1__842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: Following yesterday's 'dispersal' of the Great Delegate Trades Conference by the city magistrates, the chairman, Alexander Hutchinson, defiantly declared that the conference had not been broken up the previous evening, but had finished its agenda and dispersed. With the region around Manchester paralyzed, the National Charter Association (NCA) officially endorsed the campaign and the strike movemnt becomes a truly national event. The NCA’s nationwide organisational network immediately helped spread the strikes further. Parts of South Wales, Scotland, Dorset, and Somerset now joined the strike. Workers also spread unrest in London, but proper strikes never developed there due to intense police attention. The strike was now at its high-water mark, the moment where the threat to the national government was greatest with the campaign having immense authority and dangerously close to becoming a revolutionary counter-government. The momentum did not last, however. Following the close of the Great Delegate Conference, delegates returned to their hometowns and left a void in central leadership. The NCA leaders also dispersed, and, although they continued to work locally, the Charter was a national-level political document which required top-down inception. With the campaign once again decentralised, more achievable wage demands began to dominate the discourse. Meanwhile, Home Secretary Graham forged local police and soldiers into a unified force of repression, ready to harass and disband marchers wherever they should turn up. By August 20, Chairman Alexander Hutchinson and many other union and Chartist leaders had been arrested. Others filled in, but the national strike organisation became less robust. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]

1872 - The first issue of the weekly anarchist '//La Revista Social//', "Organo de la Union de los Obreros Manufactureros de España.", is published in Manresa (near Barcelona). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html www.ephemanar.net/aout16.html]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: Ben Tillett again informs Dock House that he requires a satisfactory reply to his demands. When this was not forthcoming he carried out his threat to lead 10,000 men in the first of the mammoth colourful processions that raised the profile of the dispute locally, nationally and internationally. [see: Aug. 14]

1893 - __Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes__: Fighting breaks out in Aigues-Mortes, France, between French and Italian seasalt harvesters working for the Compagnie des Salins du Midi. It escalates and tomorrow sees the death of a number of Italian workers. In the summer of 1893, the seasonal recruitment of workers for threshing and lifting the salt in the evaporation ponds (salines) was under pressure being reduced because of the economic crisis in Europe, but the prospect of finding a seasonal job had attracted a greater number of workers than usual. These fell into three categories: local 'Ardéchois' peasants, 'Piémontais' from northern Italy prepared to work at cut-rate wages, and 'trimards' (tramps and vagabonds). The company policy was for foremen to form teams comprising both French and Italians, which led to friction and fighting. A brawl between the two communities rapidly escalated into a battle of honour and, despite the intervention of a justice of the peace and gendarmes, the situation rapidly deteriorated. Rumours spread that the Italians had killed some local Aiguemortais, bringing villagers into the fray and the troops that préfet had summonsed did not arrive til later on in the day. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Italians_at_Aigues-Mortes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_des_Italiens_d'Aigues-Mortes it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Aigues-Mortes]

1902 - Paweł Lew Marek (born Melajach Lew; d. 1971), Polish journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist, co-founder of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski during the Second Republic, born. He participant defense of Warsaw in 1939, and then fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising and the Warsaw Uprising itself. After 1945, he became as trade union activist. His autobiography covering the war years, '//Na krawedzi zycia. Wspomnienia anarchisty (1943-1944)//' (After a life. Memoirs of an Anarchist (1943-1944)), was published posthumously in 2005. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paweł_Lew_Marek militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3928 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1608.html www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4qrg5n www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9]

1902 - Jean Frédéric Henry Barrué (d. 1989), French Professor of Mathematics, communist militant and revolutionary syndicalist and later an anarchist, born. During the Spanish Civil War, he worked on Aristide Lapeyre's '//L'Espagne Antifasciste//' in Bordeaux and became an important figure in the Groupe Sébastien Faure. [www.ephemanar.net/aout16.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1796]

1943 - __Krychow Slave-Labour Camp Uprising__: Armed resistance by Jewish prisoners during the liquidation of the Krychów labour camp, a satelitte camp to Sobibor built before World War II as a detention camp for Polish prisoners. [www.holocaustchronicle.org]

1996 - Robert 'Bobby' Lynn (b. 1924), Scottish Stirnerite anarchist and militant trade unionist, dies. [libcom.org/library/the-wee-man-is-dead-an-obituary-of-robert-lynn radicalglasgow.me.uk/strugglepedia/index.php?title=Robert_%28Bobby%29_Lynn.&ModPagespeed=noscript libcom.org/history/not-life-story-just-leaf-it-robert-lynn]

[F] 2012 - __Marikana Massacre__: South African police open fire on a large crowd of men who had walked out on strike at the British-owned Lonmin platinum mine at Marikana, killing 34 workers. The miners – who earned roughly $400 a month – were on strike over wages. In contrast, Lonmin’s annual profits for shareholders in 2011 was $273 million, and its CEO was paid nearly $2 million a year. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/marikana-massacre-16-august-2012 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikana_killings fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grève_des_mineurs_à_Marikana] || Despite this, with regular troops now on the streets with fixed bayonets and many of the strike's leaders now under arrest, the tide had turned against the strikers. The turn-outs ran on through August, and in many cases into September, with the Manchester weavers holding out to the last at the end of September. In many cases, mill workers went back with some element of their demand for a return to earlier wage levels met - or, at the very least, employers' demands for wage cuts abandoned. But all hope of achieving the Charter was now lost. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_General_Strike www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842.htm spartacus-educational.com/CHplug.htm www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/plug-plot.htm nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842 undergroundhistories.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/1842-general-strike-in-huddersfield/ www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/plugplot.htm]
 * = 17 || 1842 - __1842 General Strike / Plug Plot (or Plug Drawing) Riots__: Mass meetings took place in London between August 17-20, and both the police and military were sent to disperse them. In Preston, troops fired on an unarmed crowd, killing four; soldiers also charged and fired on crowds at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Halifax and Skipton. But some elements of the state's response proved less than solid - in Manchester, a troop of Chelsea Pensioners refused to confront a crowd of strikers; shopkeepers and others called up to act as special constables declined to act against the workers, and there were reports of soldiers being taken away in chains for refusing to fight.

1868 - Józef Edward Abramowski (d. 1918), Polish political thinker, philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, militant libertarian, and theorist of co-operativism and anarcho-syndicalism, born. Abramowski is considered to be a spiritual father of Anarchism in Poland. [expand] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abramowski pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abramowski www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html www.libertarianizm.pl/mac_pariadka/edward_abramowski_-_wolnosciowy_kooperatysta]

1876 - Georges Gustave Gillet (d. 1951), French militant syndicalist, anti-militarist and anarchist propagandist, born. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html]

1883 - Jeanne Françoise 'Jane' Morand (d. 1969), French militant individualist anarchist and anti-militarist activist, born. Jane Morand participated in the creation of a diction course for amateur actors at the libertarian Théâtre du Peuple collective and also participated in the creation of Armand Guerra's film co-operative, Cinéma du Peuple. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article7246 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html raforum.info/spip.php?article6168 www.non-fides.fr/?Souvenirs-sur-Libertad fra.anarchopedia.org/Jeanne_Morand]

[F] 1893 - __Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes__: Tensions from yesterday's unrest flared up and the rioters went into the Peccais salines, where the largest number of Italians were. Whilst these Italians were being escorted by gendarmes to the railway station in Aigues-Mortes, they were attacked by the rioters and massacred by a crowd that the gendarmes were unable to contain. Estimates range from the official number of eight deaths up to 150 (claimed in the Italian press at the time). Those killed were victims of lynchings, beatings with clubs, drowning and rifle shots, as well as many casualties. When the news of the massacre reached Italy, anti-French riots erupted in many cities. The testimonies of the injured Italians as well as inaccurate news agency dispatches (there was a talk of hundreds of deaths, children impaled and carried around victoriously, etc.) contributed to a growing wave of indignation, which in turn led to widespread rioting through out Italy. In Genoa and Naples trams owned by a French company were set on fire, and in Rome the windows of the French Embassy were smashed by an angry mob. Seventeen people were charged with the deaths but all were acquitted, much to the delight of the audience in the court. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Italians_at_Aigues-Mortes fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_des_Italiens_d'Aigues-Mortes it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Aigues-Mortes]

1895 - Nicolas Lazarevitch (d. 1975), militant Russian anarcho-syndicalist, born into a Russian exile family in Belgium. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/decembre24.html fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Lazarévitch militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3167 anarlivres.free.fr/pages/biographies/bio_Lazarevitch.html www.estelnegre.org/documents/lazarevitx/lazarevitx.html raforum.info/spip.php?article3773]

1902 - Julián Guijarro Priego (d. 1987), Spanish foundry worker and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, born. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera he participated actively in all the workers and social struggles. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he participated in the street fighting and joined a Revolutionary Committee. With the triumph of Franco, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned at the concentration camp at Vernet. He later enlisted in the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE). During the occupation was registered on a list of "dangerous anarchists" and sent to work in Germany as part of the Service du Travail Obligatoire. He later joined the Maquis. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2551 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html]

1909* - Josep (José) Sabaté i Llopart aka Pepe (d. 1949), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militant, guerrilla fighter against Franco, and older brother of Francesc (Francisco) 'El Quico' Sabaté and Manuel aka Manolo, born into a strongly anarchist family. He joined the CNT in 1931, writing articles for its paper 'Solidaridad Obrera' and later joined the 'Los Novatos' action group alongside Fransesc. With the fascist uprising, he enlisted with the 'Los Aguiluchos' (Young Eagles) column, which was organised by anarchist Juan Garcia Oliver, and fought on the Aragon front where he headed a centúria. He later fought in a number of other units but was taken prisoner in April 1939 and sent to Alicante, where he ended up in the Albatera concentration camp. Following periods in the concentration camps at Cartagena and València, he was paroled (ransomed after paying a 'deposit') in 1946 [some sources incorrectly give the dtae as 1948] and crossed the border to fight alongside El Quico in the libertarian action groups. The pair were soon joined by their younger brother Monolo but later split to go their own ways. [expand] [*NB: some sources give the year of birth as 1910] [www.diagonalperiodico.net/blogs/imanol/grupo-jose-sabate.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article7434 libcom.org/history/llopart-jose-sabate-1910-1949 www.ephemanar.net/octobre17.html#josesabate www.portaloaca.com/historia/biografias/556-francesc-sabate-i-llopart-qquicoq-la-leyenda-de-un-maquis.html raforum.info/spip.php?article5693 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Sabaté_i_Llopart]

1909 - Josep Miquel i Baró (b. 1865), Catalan Republican is shot at 7 a.m. in the Santa Amàlia battery of the Montjuïc fortress in Barcelona. He was one of five (the others being the anarchists Francesc Ferrer Guàrdia, Antoni Malet Pujol, Eugenio del Hoyo and Ramon Clemente García) tried and executed in the aftermath of the Setmana Tràgica. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1708.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana_Trágica_(España) ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Miquel_i_Baró eixida.wordpress.com/2009/07/19/100-anys-de-la-setmana-tragica-que-va-passar-a-sant-andreu/ www.bcn.cat/setmanatragica/ca/index.php/Slide/index/category/3a.html]

1918 - 95 Wobblies are sent to prison for up to 20 years for conspiring to hinder the draft, encourage desertion, and intimidate others in connection with labour disputes, under the new Espionage Act.

1980 - __Birth of Solidarity [Solidarność__]: The 21 demands of MKS (21 postulatów MKS), which eventually led to the August Agreement (Porozumienia sierpniowe) [sometimes called the Gdańsk Agreement] and creation of Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność” ( Independent Self-governing Trade Union 'Solidarity'), is issued by the Interfactory Strike Committee (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy) at the Stoczni Gdańskiej im. Lenina (Lenin Shipyard, Gdańsk) in Poland. [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_postulatów_MKS en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/45-4-393.shtml pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Międzyzakładowy_Komitet_Strajkowy en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Enterprise_Strike_Committee pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porozumienia_sierpniowe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdańsk_Agreement pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niezależny_Samorządny_Związek_Zawodowy_„Solidarność” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union) nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/polish-workers-general-strike-economic-rights-1980 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrzej-tymowski-who-are-the-workers-in-polish-solidarity-and-what-do-they-want]

1987 - Julián Guijarro Priego (b. 1902), Spanish foundry worker and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, dies. [see: Aug. 17] || [ludditebicentenary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/18th-august-1812-food-riots-in-leeds.html]
 * = 18 || 1812 - __Luddite Timeline__: Riot of women and boys led by ‘Lady Ludd’ at Corn Market in Leeds, also food shops threatened. Riots in Sheffield against flour and meal sellers.

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: The Union of the Stevedores of London and the Tea Operatives & General Labourers' Association issue a joint manifesto, entitled '//To the Trade Unionists and People of London//', which calls on other workers to support the dockers: "Friends and Fellow Workmen. The dock labourers are on strike and asking for an advance in wages ... 6d per hour daytime and 8d per hour overtime. The work is of the most precarious nature, three hours being the average amount per day obtained by the docker. We, the Union of the Stevedores of London, knowing the condition of the dock labourers, have determined to support their movement by every lawful means in our power... We now appeal to members of all trade unions for joint action with us, and especially those whose work is in connection with shipping - engineers and fitters, boiler makers, ships' carpenters, etc. and also the coal heavers, ballast men and lightermen. We also appeal to the public at large for contributions and support on behalf of the dock labourers." [see: Aug. 14]

1889 - The first issue of the Italian language anarchist newspaper '//Il Socialista//', "redatto da lavoratori" (written by workers, is published in Montevideo. Its subtitle "Periodico Irreligioso, Antipatriottico" is changed to "organo Comunista-Anarchico" from issue 3 onwards. "Padrone Nè Dio" - "Parlate di liberta Chi è povero è schiavo?". (Neither God nor Master - You speak of freedom Who is poor and a slave?)

1893 - The day after a riot of the unemployed, Emma Goldman addresses a public meeting, urging those in need to take bread if they are hungry. The next evening she helps lead a procession of several hundred anarchists to Union Square, where, among many other speakers, she addresses a crowd of the unemployed.

1908 - Jan Paweł Rogalski (d. 1993), Polish anarchist and anti-Nazi fighter, born. Before the war, employee newspaper '//Ostatnie Wiadomości//' (Last News), a member of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski (AFP; Polish Anarchist Federation). In 1924, one of the editors of the socialist magazine '//Nowy Zew//' (New Call). Since 1926, a student of the Faculty of Politics and Social Sciences at the Polish Free University. In the same year he began to act in self-education anarchist group organised by Benjamin Wolman, then in 1927 he was on the organising committee of the Anarchistycznej Federacji Polski (Polish Anarchist Federation), a comrade of Jerzy Borejsza. Worked in the clandestine AFP newspaper '//Walka//' (Struggle). In 1929, in Warsaw, arrested in connection with the Akademią Kropotkinowską (Kropotkin Academy). During this time, he served as Secretary of the Organisation of the Warsaw AFP. In 1930 he went to France, where he worked as a labourer and studied at the Sorbonne. In 1932, he returned to Poland. During the occupation, went into hiding and helped hide others. In October 1939 together with Roman Jablonowski (before the war member of Communist Party of Poland, then close to syndicalists, activist and last leader of ‘Zegota’ (Council for Aid to Jews) initiated a socialist resistance group. In August 1942, escaping from the Warsaw ghetto. During the Warsaw Uprising, he was arrested along with his ​​family by the SS Division Galicia, but they manage to escape. By the end of the occupation, they were hiding in Nadarzyn. In January 1947 invited by Rose Pesotta (union activist and member of anarchist group publishing Freie Arbeiter Shtimme Yiddish language paper, who visited Poland in 1946) Rogalski went to the USA, where he held a series of lectures on Poland and the Warsaw Uprising. After his return, he was interrogated by Urzad Bezpieczenstwa (Public Security – secret police). In 1946, together with other anarchists and Roman Jabłonowski found the Spoldzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy 'Słowo' ('Word' Cooperative Publishers Institute) in Lodz, becoming its chairman. As part of its activities, among others, issued Kropotkin's books. Rogalski also lectured extensively, including in America, on the Warsaw Uprising. The Cooperative was persecuted by Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (Polish United Workers Party) and was forced to close in 1949. From mid-1949 until his retirement he worked in the ‘Ksiazka i Wiedza’ (Book and Knowledge) publishing house. [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 www.przeglad-anarchistyczny.org/biogramy/17-jan-pawel-rogalski www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article5381]

[F] 1911 - __National Railway Strike__: With industrial unrest among railway workers due to high prices, long hours and dissatisfaction with the slow moving conciliation system, an unofficial strike that had started in Liverpool had already spread to other cities, prompting sympathetic action from dockers, carters and other transport workers. On August 18, 1911 the four rail unions – the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF), The Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS), the General Railway Workers' Union (GRWU) and the United Pointsmen and Signalmen's Society (UPSS) – made the strike official, by which time an estimated 70,000 workers (including 20,000 railway workers) were on strike and troops were mobilised. After Government mediation, the unions' grievances were brought forward to a Royal Commission called to discuss industrial relations in the railways. In 1913, three of the rail unions combined to form the National Union of Railwaymen. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_strike_of_1911 turniprail.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/forgotten-national-railway-strike-1911.html turniprail.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/forgotten-national-railway-strike-1911_02.html turniprail.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/forgotten-national-railway-strike-1911_05.html thebrightonbranchofaslef.yolasite.com/the-1911-railway-strike.php]

1917 - __Huelga General Revolucionaria [Revolutionary General Strike] / Vaga General Espanyola [Spanish General Strike__]: The governement proclaims that it had restored order and that the strike is over. However, it took several days more to crush the last redoubt of the revolutionary in the Asturian mining areas, where the army applied its repressive measures with great harshness. The official figure of casualties sstood at 71 dead - 37 of them in Catalonia, 200 injured and 2000 detained. The failure of the strike, in part due to the behaviour of their supposed allies, the socialists of the UGT and PSOE, and confirmed the CNT in its 'apolitical' position and its confidence in the use of direct action tactics against employers. The strike was also discussed during the XIII UGT Congress held in October 1918. Indalecio Prieto affirmed that "the strike failed at the moment when the committee decreed that it be peaceful", and that it would not become "revolutionary" as it should have been. Largo Caballero, a member of the strike committee, replied: "We are accused of not properly preparing a revolutionary movement when what we were asked to prepare was a general strike." [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_revolucionaria_en_España_de_1917 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general_en_España_de_1917 ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_general_espanyola_de_1917 www.xn--momentosespaoles-iub.es/contenido.php?recordID=332 www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/383-1917-la-primera-huelga-general.html elcarburantedelahistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/la-huelga-general-revolucionaria-de-1917.html]

1936 - Celestino Alvarado Quirós (b. 1903), Andalusian anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, secretary of the Sindicat del Metall of the CNT, member of the Germinal group of the FAI and Freemason, is murdered by Falangists. [see: Aug. 18]

1944 - Miquel Bueno Gil (b. ca. 1882), Spanish miner, member of the CNT, MLE and a well known FAI activist, born. He was active participation in the uprising in January 1932 leading to a spell in prison. During the Civil War he was a militiaman in the Durruti Column. Exiled in France following Franco's victory, during WWII he participated directly in the resistance along with his son-in-law as part of the network organised by Pat O'Leary and Francisco Ponzan Vidal to smuggle allied pilots out of France via Spain. In October 1943, was stopped by the Gestapo and arrested, under the pseudonym Miguel Solano García, along with his son Josep Bueno Vela and both were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp. On 18 August 1944, he was killed in the gas chamber at Mauthausen following a protest against the brutalities committed by the SS guards. His daughter Alfonsa Bueno Vela participated in resistance activities along with her ​​husband Josep Ester Borràs, who was himself arrested and deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where he was experimented on by Nazi 'doctors', the consequnces of which affected him for the rest of his life. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article567]

1992 - Felicitas Casasín Bravo (b. ca. 1913), Aragonese militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, active in the FAI and FILJ, dies. Member of the Catalan CNT, she took part in the street fighting in Barcelona during the fascist uprising in July 1936. Her father, Bartolomé Casasín Pérez, also a CNT member, was shot by the Falangists alongside 36 others in Huesca on January 5, 1937. Following the libertation of Huesca, she returned there but went into exile in France in 1939 and was interned in the concentration camps at Casimira Sarvisse Sesé and Belle Isle. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1808.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article641] || [www.peoplesworld.org/article/today-in-labor-history-first-edition-of-iww-little-red-songbook/ www.wolfsonian.org/explore/collections/song-workers-road-jungles-and-shops-i-w-w-songs-fan-flames-discontent digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/pioneerlife/id/9753 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Songbook]
 * = 19 || [F] 1909 - The '//Little Red Songbook//' (originally called '//Songs of the Workers, on the Road, in the Jungles, and in the Shops: Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent//') is first published by a committee of Spokane, Washington IWW local.

1911 - During the 'Great Unrest' sweeping South Wales (the riots and strikes that started in July with Cardiff dockers and culminated in October with copper workers in Swansea), a series of (what have sometimes been labelled anti-Semetic) incidents starts when a handful of alcohol-fueled miners leaving a Tredegar pub on Saturday night, began attacking Jewish-owned businesses, unpopular for their perceived high prices and sharp practices, scapegoating them for their distress at the poverty caused by the year-long Cambrian Combine strike. Windows of Jewish shops and homes were smashed and 20 Jewish businesses looted as the crowd rose to over 200 rioters. Police were unable to prevent the riot spreading beyond Tredegar to nearby towns like Caerphilly, Ebbw Vale and Bargoed. [www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14582378 www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/The-Tredegar-anti-Jewish-Riots-of-1911 www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/val1_tredegar/history_riots.htm]

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: At the start of the shift at Jamison Mill, the only mill in town still on strike, seventeen striking workers on the picketline were attacked by seventy "mill guards" i.e. blacklegs within view of several Everett police who did nothing because they claimed that the incident happened just outside the line delineating the city limits. The picketers were beaten badly. Ten hours later at the end of the shift when the thugs tried it again, there were more picketers and as soon as the picketers started to gain the advantage the city police stepped in, city limits or no, fired several shots to gain control, shot one picketer in the hip, and arrested the union men, once again, for defending themselves. A few days later Sheriff McRae closed the Everett IWW office, hoping this would drive the Wobblies out of town, but this only served to further intensify the free speech fight. Now the police switched tactics and began began beating the speakers the arrested. They ran Wobblies out of town, and banned their entry into town, merely for being members. The IWW began bringing members to town in groups, but the police and local citizen-deputy vigilantes beat these groups as well. [see: May 1 & Aug. 22]

1917 - The Spokane office of the Industrial Workers of the World is raided, leaders are arrested, and martial law is declared. The military authority is the National Guard, controlled by the U.S. War Department. This occurs in reaction to a demand by IWW leader James Rowan that all prisoners of the "class war" – Wobbly strikers and strike leaders involved in a statewide lumber strike – be released or Spokane would face a general strike. [historylink.org/File/7363 spokanehistorical.org/items/show/291 depts.washington.edu/iww/persecution.shtml www.iww.org/history/library/Rowan/lumberindustry/5 collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/42/v42i05p162-174.pdf]

1961 - Emili Vivas Blanco (b. unknown), Catalan journalist, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. Prosecuted along with 5 collegues for their part in the La Candadenca strike in 1919, he emigrated to the U.S. in the mid '20s with his companion Aurora. During the campaign in defence of Sacco and Vanzetti they were both imprisoned. Returning to Spain, he became active in the trentistes section of the Confederació Nacional del Treball (CNT) in Catalonia, was appointed secretary of the Ateneu Sindicalista Llibertari in Barcelona in June 1932 and at the beginning of 1933 he became active in the Federació Sindicalista Llibertària (FSL), an organition created within the CNT in opposition to the Federació Anarquista Ibèrica (FAI). During this period he worked on the trentistes newspaper 'Cultura Llibertària' (1931-1933). In the War, he was secretary of the Sindicat de Periodistes in València and editorial secretary of the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper 'Fragua Social'. In August 1937 he was arrested on charges of having published an anonymous article in 'Fragua Social' critical of the Director General of Security. Afetr the war, he crossed into France and was one of the first to join the Résistance in the Roussillon area in the ​​Languedoc. Arrested by the Vichy authorities, he was jailed for a few months in Toulouse. In the summer of 1943, he was arrested by the Gestapo in Perpignan and in 1944 ended up in the Fresnes prison in Paris (Ile de France). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/1908.html]

2008 - Maximino Nardo Imbernón Cano (b. 1937), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: May 29] ||
 * = 20 || 1886 - Sentences are handed down against the Haymarket Trial defendants, with George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Albert Parsons, Michael Schwab and August Spies sentenced to death. Oscar Neebe is meanwhile sentenced to fifteen years in prison.

[E] 1895 - Käthe Leichter (Marianne Katharina Pick; August 20 1895 - February 1942), Austrian social scientist, socialist trade unionist, journalist, author, and founder and director of the Women's Unit of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (Frauenreferats der Wiener Arbeiterkammer), who was one of the most prominent socialist feminist in Rotes Wien (Red Vienna) during the interwar years, born. A member of the Parteischüler-Bildungsverein Karl Marx (Karl Marx Association for Party Scholars and Education), a Marxist group for the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs (Social Democratic Party of Austria) members who opposed the war. When the SDAPÖ was banned in Austria in February 1934, Leichter joined the Revolutionäre Sozialisten (Revolutionary Socialists), an underground socialist organisation that had been formed in response to the party ban. Leichter was arrested by the Gestapo in Vienna on May 30 1938 and subsequently imprisoned. She was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp in 1940 and was murdered (gassed) in Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) as part of the so-called Aktion 14f13. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Leichter de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Käthe_Leichter jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/leichter-kaethe]

1915 - [O.S. Aug. 7] In Kolpino (Ко́лпино), an industrial suburb of Petrograd and the location of the Izhorsk (Ижорские) Works, one of the giant shipbuilding plants of the Naval Ministry, female shoppers, mainly workers’ and soldiers’ wives, outraged at escalating prices, find that their audience with the manager of the factory results in the usual empty promises. Dissatisfied with the outcome, the women took direct action, going about the city and forcibly closing shops. About two thousand men joined them when their shift ended, and at that point the crowd became genuinely violent. Members of the crowd attacked the shops and threw stones when police tried to restrain them. When the riot came to an end around 10 p.m. that same evening, fifteen shops had been wrecked, their contents stolen or destroyed. [libcom.org/history/subsistence-riots-russia-during-world-war-i-barbara-engel]

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: Having decided to march on Logan and Mingo counties to free the confined miners, end martial law, and organise the counties, an estimated 13,000 armed miners begin gathering at Lens Creek Mountain, near Marmet, West Virginia before their march south. Meanwhile, Sheriff Chafin's private army of 3,000 state police, the state militia, and coal company employees had assembled and dug trenches and set up machine gun nests to stop the miners from entering Logan County. [see: Aug. 31]

1922 - __Sciopero Legalitario [Strike for Legality__]: Tram 948 in Milan is hijacked and driven by the Blackshirts, in an attempt to break the general strike called "against fascist lawlessness'". [pic] It is driven by Aldo Finzi. With his Jewish ancestry, Finzi fell out of favour in 1938, he was sent into internal exile and expelled from the PNF. In 1943 he went to the resistance in Roma. Captured by the Germans, he was murdered at the Ardeatine. [www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/?p=17162]

1922 - Bernard Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Aniela' & 'Kondek' (d. 2002), Polish journalist, libertarian and a key figure in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, born. Inspired by the involvement of his father, Konrad Świerczyński aka 'Wicek', in the anarchist movement, he was active during the Nazi occupation, helping Jews to escape from the Warsaw ghetto and organising hideouts for them, including in his own family's house. He also played an important role, liaising between the inside and outside of the ghetto, and organising and directly participating in the smuggling of food, clothing and letters into the Ghetto. During Warsaw Uprising a soldier of Syndicalist Brigade (104 Kompania Związku Syndykalistów Polskich), as was his father. After WWII, he was awarded the title ‘Righteous Among the Nations’. Journalist in the cooperative movement press and member of the Polish Journalists Association. In the Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (ŻIH; Jewish Historical Insitute) in Warsaw, there are many examples of that activity. He placed many of his charges, which escaped from the ghetto, in the apartment of his parents and later in other shelters relatively more secure. Among others, the following benefited from his help: Bronka Frydman, Fryda Hofman, Halina Horowic, Pawel Lew Marek and his wife and mother, Roza Rozenberg, Mr. Szlamowicz and his wife and sister, Dr. Aleksander Wolberg, Dr. Zelikson. Bernard obtained from his neighbour a room in the loft for the ghetto escapees. After the fall of the Warsaw Uprising he helped to build a bunker where 40 Jews hid. Among them were two Greek Jews from the ca. 400 Jews from Greece, France and Belgium, liberated by the Polish scouting battalion ZOSKA from Gesiowka (a central camp in the Warsaw ghetto) on Aug. 5, 1944. Pawel Lew Marek underlined his noble attitude to the people helped. The latter in his long account written in July 1966 says: "With his lightheartedness, and his disrespect for danger, he kept up the spirit of all of us and never showed to anyone that he is his benefactor. All this lasted for four years, and especially the last two years, in which every minute decided about life and death. In every one of them 'Kondek', as they called him, and his deceased father showed the most beautiful humanitarian attitude, of which the Polish nation may be proud." Fryda Zgodzinski wrote a similarly glowing homage in July 1966. She relates how he brought her to the ghetto letters from her betrothed from a Stalag (POW camp for soldiers). She describes also how he received her, staying himself at a neighbour's, after she jumped from the train transporting Jews to extermination, wounded and half living, and later how many services he rendered with total disinterestedness and with the greatest warm-heartedness. "He was for them a treasure beyond value and the memory of him will remain as the only shining point in those terrible years." [www.katesharpleylibrary.net/wwq0p9 db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017749 www.savingjews.org/righteous/sv.htm pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndykalistyczna_Organizacja_"Wolność" www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos28010.html]

1941 - Francisco Mares Sánchez (b. ca. 1895), Spanish construction worker, anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist member of the MLE and CNT, is executed by firing squad in Paterna. He began working as a construction labourer at 10 whilst attending night school. He soon joined the construction section of the CNT in Valencia. At the beginning of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, he emigrated to Cuba, returning in 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. He later became associated with the Sindicats d'Oposició of the trentista tendency of the CNT. In November 1933, he was one of those arrested in connection with the death of Francesc Puchades Xulià, president of the Torrent polling station, and a member of the Valencian Regional Rights party during the elections on November 19 that year. When the fascist coup of July 1936 occured, he was living in Barcelona and was a member of the local Comitè Executiu Popular (Popular Executive Committee) plus one of the organisers of the Iron Column. After militarisation, the column became the 83rd Mixed Brigade of the Republican Army and he was appointed commander of the Second Battalion of the Brigade (73 Division) and Brigade Commander, replacing the wounded Josep Pellicer Gandia, fighting on the Teruel and Extremadura fronts. In 1939, with the triumph of Franco, he was taken prisoner at the port of Alicante and was interned in the Albatera and Los Almendros concentration camps, but escaped and joined the first National Committee of the CNT in Valencia. In late 1939, on his way to France after completing a mission in Barcelona, ​​he was arrested by the police and sent to the Modelo prison in Barcelona, though the Francoist press did not announce his capture until May 5, 1940. After a time in the Modelo prison in Valencia, he was sentenced to death in an emergency summary trial by the Military Court in Valencia. On August 20, 1941, he was shot by firing squad at the Camp de Tir in Paterna alongside Francisco Cano Alcaraz, director of the EA5A.D Radio Torrente republican radio station. [losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4621 puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3870-francisco-mares-sanchez-fusilado-en-valencia.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2008.html]

[F] 1976 - __Grunwick Dispute__: A small number of Asian workers walk out "in protest at oppressive working conditions", sparking one of the longest strikes in British history, before it was eventually defeated in July 1978. During the afternoon, Devshi Bhudia was sacked from the Grunwick mail order department in Chapter Road and three other young men walk out in protest. They were followed in the early evening by Jayaben Desai and her son Sunil. [expand] [www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick/chronology www.leeds.ac.uk/strikingwomen/grunwick hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/the-intersectional-politics-of-the-grunwick-strike/ libcom.org/library/the-grunwick-strike-a-sivanandan en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwick_dispute www.striking-women.org/module/striking-out/grunwick-dispute www.runnymedetrust.org/histories/race-equality/57/grunwick-strike-strikers-in-saris-unite.html]

2007 - José Palacios Rojas aka 'Piruli' (b. 1914), Spanish farm labourer, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and Civil War combatant, dies. [see: Apr. 14]

2010 - Nair Lazarine Dall'Oca (b. 1923), Brazilian seamstress and anarchist, dies of a heart attack having spent several years suffering from Alzheimer's disease. [see: Apr. 23] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]
 * = 21 || 1848 - The working-class population of Vienna take to the the streets to protest high unemployment and the government's decree to reduce wages.

1893 - Following a meeting three days earlier, Emma Goldman again leads a march of a thousand people to Union Square, where, speaking in German and English, she repeats her belief that workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry, and to demonstrate their needs "before the palaces of the rich"; about three thousand gather to listen. Goldman's speech is characterized by the press as "incendiary" and, over a week later, cited as the reason for her arrest.

[E] 1910 - Sara Estela Ramírez (b. ca. 1881), US-Mexican teacher, journalist, labour organiser, activist, feminist, essayist, and poet, who was a prominent supporter of the Partido Liberal Mexicano and close friend of Ricardo Flores Magón, dies after a long illness. Along with her collaborators Juana Gutiérrez Belén de Mendoza, Elisa Acuña y Rosetti and Dolores Jiménez y Muro, she was one of the founders of Mexican feminism. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Estela_Ramírez es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Estela_Ramírez tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fra60]

[F] 1913 - __Dublin Lock-Out__: Nearly 200 men and boys in the parcels office of the Tramway Company in Dublin receive the following notice: "As the directors understand that you are a member of the Irish Transport Union, whose methods are disorganising the trade & business of the city, they do not further require your services. The parcels traffic will be temporarily suspended. If you are not a member of the union when traffic is resumed your application for re-employment will be favourably considered." This act precipitates the 1913 Lock-Out in Dublin which begins August 26, when tram drivers took out their union badges, pinned them in their buttonholes and walked off their trams.

1922 - As part of its efforts to set up the Federación de Trabajadores Regional Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Regional Federation Of Workers), the Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' (Cosmopolitan Society Of Cacao Workers 'Tomás Briones') issues a call to other organisations and workers' unions to unify on the basis of anarcho-syndicalism, the main revolutionary tendency at that time in the Ecuadorian working class. The 'Principios y Finalidades' (Principles and Purposes) section of its manifesto, is in effect a direct copy of Errico Malatesta's 'Il Programma Anarchico' (1920): "WE WANT to radically abolish the domination and exploitation of man by man, WE WANT men united as brothers by a conscious and desired solidarity, all cooperating voluntarily for the well-being of all, WE WANT human society be constituted in order to provide for all human beings, with the means for achieving the maximum well-being, both moral and material, WE WANT this for everyone: BREAD, FREEDOM, LOVE AND SCIENCE." [Sociedad Cosmopolita de Cacahueros 'Tomás Briones' manifesto, August 21, 1922] [www.anarkismo.net/article/14992]

1933 - Francesca Saperas i Miró (b. 1851), Catalan seamstress, and militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Feb. 12]

1934 - __Minneapolis General Strike__: On August 21, a federal mediator got acceptance of a settlement proposal from A. W. Strong, head of the Citizens Alliance, incorporating the union’s major demands. The settlement was ratified and the back of employer resistance to unionisation in Minneapolis was broken.

1938 - The Italian government bars Jewish teachers from the public schools.

1973 - Juan Portales Casamar (b. 1922), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: May. 24]

2007 - Jacinto Pérez Merino aka 'Pinilla' (b. 1915), Basque metalworker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, and anti-Francoist and Résistance fighter, dies. [see: Sep. 21] ||
 * = 22 || 1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: An estimated 100,000 men are now on strike. [see: Aug. 14]

1890 - Juan José Luque Argenti (d. 1957), Spanish civil engineer and anarcho-syndicalist, born. He held numerous government infrastructure jobs and became the chief engineer of the Board of Works for the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. For his activities against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he was deported to Cap Juby (now part of Western Sahara). He was part of the CNT group took part in the plot of 'Sanjuanada', the attempted military uprising on the eveniong of 24 June, 1926 that attempted to overthrow Primo de Rivera. Arrested, he was finally acquitted by a court martial in 1927. He was also dismissed as chief engineer of the Board of Works for the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. During the Civil War he was a member of the National Committee of the CNT and participated in important meetings of the political section of the anarcho-syndicalist union. He was also one of the leaders of the Associació Nacional de Tècnics d'Espanya (ANTE), attached to the CNT. In 1938 he worked in the newspaper '//CNT Marítima//' and was a member of the Consell Econòmic Confederal. When fascist troops reached the capital, he was one of the few members of the National Committee who had not abandoned Madrid. Following Franco's triumph, he was arrested and remained in jail, where he met Cipriano Mera Sanz, until at least 1944. Following his release, he joined several clandestine CNT committees, representing the Canary Islands. He became a member of the Provisional National Committee of the CNT formed in November 1945 and later was appointed the CNT representative on the Alliance Nationale des Forces Démocratiques (ANFD), tasked with forging links with anti-Franco monarchists. In April 1946 the whole National Committee was arrested with the exception of Luque, who flee abroad. The talks with the monarchists continued until August 1948 when Juan Borbon, the pretender to the throne, came to an arrangement with Franco. He returned to Spain in August 1951 under safe-conduct agreement that fixed his residence in Madrid, where he remained on probation. A few months after he was arrested during a raid which also was detained Tierno Galvan. Juan José Luque Argenti died August 29, 1957 at the Los Alamos clinic in Madrid. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html losdelasierra.info/spip.php?article4463 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjuanada_de_1926 www.interior.gob.es/archivos-56/galeria-de-imagenes-y-documentos-la-sanjuanada-de-1926-un-relato-en-primera-persona-del-intento-de-golpe-de-estado-contra-la-dictadura-de-primo-de-rivera-1729?locale=es enciclopedia_universal.esacademic.com/23883/Sanjuanada_de_1926]

[F] 1908 - __Corruganza Boxmakers' Strike__: The strikers, together with the Federation of Women Workers, held a demonstration at Trafalgar Square. The women came from Earlsfield Station carrying banners with the words 'Box Makers At Bay'. They marched in a downpour from Waterloo Station via the Embankment to Trafalgar Square where they were met by a crowd of between five and seven hundred supporters. Mary MacArthur opened the proceedings and the crowd heard speeches from the women themselves, from Frank Smith of the London County Council and from Victor Grayson MP. The '//Woman Worker//' of August 28th gives the following account of the demonstration: "When we got to Waterloo it was raining. My word, it did rain. We marched three a line over Waterloo Bridge and along the Embankment. The rain soaked through and through us. It got into your bones, so to speak - as Polly said. "And the mud. It was slush up to our ankles, but we felt real gay all the same. 'We waited for a bit under the archway, till all at one it cleared. Polly started to sing, 'If you can't do no good, don't do no harm', the women's strike song. We were all still singing when we marched into the Square, and all at once the sun started shining, and the big crowd started cheering." "Miss MacArthur told the people all about the goings-on at the Corruganza works. Then she asked Alice to speak up and tell the people all about everything. Alice is what they call a fine girl. She's the big dark one what does the heavy work. Her as Mr Stevenson calls the 'Battersea Bruiser'. She told 'em how we had been cut down so as we couldn't earn nothing, and how she stood up to Mr Stevenson and the Galloping Major (what Miss MacArthur says is a commissionaire) and how she got the sack. Then Polly up and spoke. She told the folk how heavy the work was, and what hard times we had been having before the prices were cut down. Then it was Annie's turn. She has always kept respectable, has Annie, though she has had an awful struggle." "Annie told them as how she had lost her mother before she was a year old, and her father when she was seven. "I have always kept strite up to now" Annie said. "Gawd 'elping me, 1 will still". All the speeches were fine. Miss Margaret Bondfield and Mr Frank Smith spoke up for us grand, and Mr Victor Grayson, who looked a very young boy to be a member of Parlyment, was spiffin'. When the speaking came to an end the crowd flung no end of money up to us. Not only pennies, but crowns and half-sovereigns too." Support continued to pour in after the demonstration in the form of money and letters. A group of box-makers from Manchester wrote to the 'Woman Worker' saying: "We know how hard it is to make a living wage, and we realise that it is our battle the girls are fighting as well as theirs. So we made a collection amongst us, because we think it is our duty to help one another as much as lies in our power." [www.alphabetthreat.co.uk/pasttense/pdf/corruganza.pdf www.unionhistory.info/timeline/Tl_Display.php?irn=100302]

1916 - __Everett Shingle Weavers' Strike__: The IWW responded by sending their best speaker to Everett, James P. Thompson, who had led the successful free-speech fight in Spokane. On the evening of August 22, 1916, he measured off the required 50 feet from Hewitt Avenue, set up his speaker's platform, mounted it, and for the next 20 minutes spoke to the crowd in support of the Everett shingle weavers. When Sheriff McCrae pulled Thompson down from the soapbox and dragged him away, James Rowan took his place. He was also arrested, and was followed by other Wobbly orators. Then Letelsia Fye of Everett mounted the platform and began reading the Declaration of Independence. She too was hauled away, followed by Jake Michel, who was arrested and released. As the repression worsened, trades unionists and many Everett citizens who disagreed philosophically with the Wobblies began supporting the Wobblies right of free speech and protesting the violent tactics of the sheriff.

1917 - In Italy, police open fire on protesters against the war and the lack of food. The majority of the protesters are women. Tomorrow a General Strike is declared, insurrectionist barricades rise high and cops occupy the labour halls. On the 24th a state of siege is proclaimed, but confrontations continue until the 26th. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html]

1921* - Piotr Petrenko-Platonov, Makhnovist guerrilla, elected member of the Revolutionary Military Council of Guliaipolé and commander of a detachment of troops in the Ukrainian insurrectionary army of Sýmon Petliüra, dies in the last major battle against the Red Army, having successful helped in securing Nestor Makhno's flight abroad. [* some sources cite Aug. 26] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2208.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4605]

1929 - __Sacco & Vanzetti Case__: A 'Gran Mitin Anarquista', called called for by the Verbo Rojo group and the '//La Anarquia//' newspaper, takes place in Ciudad Juárez to mark the second anniversary of the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. The poster advertising the event also calls for workers to make this day a protest against all injustices, to demand the release of Simón Radowitzky imprisoned for 20 years in Usuhaia prison in Argentina, as well as prisoners in Russia and other countries. "Luchemos por las completa Libertad de los Pueblos!"

1936 - Diego Rodríguez Barbosa (b. 1885), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant, anarcho-naturalist propagandist, writer, poet and novelist, is arrested whilst in hiding following the July Fascist uprising, and is tortured and killed by Phalangists. The fascists cut off his head and play football with it. [see: Nov. 5]

1936 - Robert Rizal Ballester (b. 1915), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies at the Gusen concentration camp in Austria. [see: Oct. 12]

1950 - Antonio Ejarque Pina aka 'Jarque' (b. 1905), Aragonese metalworker, militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. [see: Mar. 25] || [www.ephemanar.net/aout23.html www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2308.html]
 * = 23 || 1837 - Étienne Faure aka 'Cou Tordu' or 'Cou Tors' (d. 1911), French member of the Commune de Saint-Étienne, militant anarchist and propagandist, born. [expand]

1848 - Austrian troops open fire on unarmed demonstrators following 3 days of protests. [see: Aug. 21] [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire]

1891 - Agostino Gazzei (d. unknown), Italian blast furnace worker and anarchist, born. Member of the Gruppo Pietro Gori. In 1911, he took an active role in the great strike of the Piombino and Elba Island steel workers, that proved to be a protracted and dramatic struggle between the proletariat and the local steel industry trust. In 1922, after the violent death of the fascist Salvestrini, Agostino emigrated to Belgium to escape the beatings and the purges by the Blackshirts, later marrying Emilie Camille Goffre. After working again in the steel industry, the late '20s saw him in a cement factory, where he and a number of comrades were seen by the fascists in the local emigre community as dangerous. Through the '30s he continued his anti-fascist activities and in 1943, whilst living in Charleroi, he was still reported as "hostile to the Mussolini regime". [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2093 www.radiomaremmarossa.it/?page_id=3450]

1909 - A group of IWW strikers board a streetcar in McKees Rock, Pennsylvania looking for scabs. A deputy sheriff shoots at them and dies in the return fire. The ensuing battle leaves 11 people dead but, despite the battle, the striker remains solid and on September 8, 1909, the company gives in to their demands.

1936 - Maria Silva Cruz aka 'La Libertaria' (b. 1915), Spanish anarchist and popular hero of the Casas Viejas Uprising in Andalusia, is shot at dawn by the fascists. She was later immortalised by Federica Montseny in her book 'María Silva: la libertaria' (1951).

1948 - Adrienne Montégudet (Victorine Valentine Augustine Amélie Valdant; b. 1885), French school teacher, militant communist, revolutionary syndicalist and ultimately a libertarian, dies. [see: Jun. 12]

[F] 1966 - __Wave Hill Walk-off / Gurindji Strike__: A walk-off and strike by 200 Gurindji stockmen, house servants and their families begins at the Wave Hill cattle station, south of Darwin, Australia, where they worked for the British pastoral company Vestey. It was a strike over workers’ rights and land rights that would last seven years and was instrumental in the passage of the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act of 1976. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off]

2003 - Helmut Kirschey (b. 1913), German construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Jan. 22] || A banner from one of the striker’s wives had as its slogan: ‘Our husbands are on strike For us wives it is not honey And we think it’s right Not to give the landlords any money.’ Huge floats followed with cartloads of men, some in fancy dress depicting dock scenes, Britannia in a Union Jack skirt with Father Neptune alongside a scene depicting a director’s huge dinner compared to that of a docker. The march was a magnificent success. '//The Star//' reported: "The excitement along Commercial Road was intense...Over the entrance to Star Street was suspended the inscription 'No Rent paid in the East End till the docker gets his tanner'. The fireman at Commercial Road came out later on the roof of the station and cheered. The big hotels later on had throngs on their balconies and along the embankments at De Keyser’s Hotel and the Savoy, opera glasses were much in request, and rich men and women waved their handkerchiefs as token of sympathy with their poor brothers marching below.....the men on the river steamers blew their boats’ whistles in invitation of three cheers. The show of sympathy reached its climax when the strike army passed the barracks in Birdcage Walk. Here the soldiers from the windows and in groups about the place responded to the cheers of the strikers........" It was one of the largest movements ever seen and showed that the dockers were not going back without their tanner. Speaking at the Hyde Park rally that ended the demonstration, Ben Tillett noted that working men had done the organising themselves and by doing so had demonstrated the need for the labouring man to get their own representatives in the House of Commons. [see: Aug. 14]
 * = 24 || [FF] 1889 - __Great London Dock Strike Great March__: '//The Star//' newspaper backed the strikers stating on the day itself: "STAND FIRM STRIKERS! This is the critical day for the dock labourers. We do not for a moment believe that Mr Norwood’s brutally cynical expectation that the pinch of hunger would be too much for the men the end of the week will be fulfilled; but everyone in sympathy with this gallant army who are 'out of principle' should do his utmost to help them." The march started after breakfast at Poplar Town Hall. Thousands of dockers, headed by a group of police, advanced towards the City. Leading the march was the strike committee. Then came the brass bands, followed by mass rows of marching men, all carrying their trade banners festooned with hundreds of slogans.

1896 - Pere Massoni Rotger aka 'Mazoni' or 'Massoni Viva' (d. 1933), Catalan roofer and anarcho-syndicalist, born. In 1915 he joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and became a delegate of the Sindicat d'Obrers Rajolers del Ram de la Construcció (Tilers Branch of the Construction Workers Union). This was an era where gunmen hired by employers regualrly attacked unionist and union organisers and, on 23 April 1919, he suffered an attack at the hands of a squad of pistolers and was seriously injured. He failed to recover from all his injuries and a progressive paralysis in the leg limited his abilty to worker as a tile, and he ended up as the caretaker at the Tilers Union offices in the Carrer de l'Om in Barcelona. He continued to work within the CNT, helping organise strikes, was a member of the defence committee for fellow tiler Enric Guiot i Climent, sentenced to death for robbery, and helped reorganise the sindicats de Treballadores de l'agulla (Needleworkers union), de Construcció (Construction) and de Constructors de Persianes (Blindmakers). During this period, he also became a good friend of Josep Peirats Valls. In 1924, he was jailed for taking part in the conspiracy against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, accused of being one of the organisers of the December 1924 Bera insurgency. In 1928, he joined the Solidaridad group and published a pamphlet '//Los ladrilleros a través de las luchas sociales//' (Bricklayers across the social struggle). In April 1928, he attended the Assemblea de Cooperatives Catalanes and, in June, represented the CNT on the first Comitè Revolucionari de Catalunya, which plotted against the dictatorship. [expand] [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html gipuzkoa.cnt.es/spip.php?article385]

1905 - [O.S. Aug. 11] __October All-Russian Political Strike__: Workers from all of the shops of the Sytin plant in Moscow meet and present management with a list of demands, which includes a nine-hour workday (eight on Saturdays and before holidays), graduated pay raises that would decrease pay differentials among workers, sick pay, maternity leave (of interest to female binding workers), and no retribution against workers who participate in negotiations. Although the Sytin workers ask for an answer in two days, they are not in fact especially impatient. After managers explain that some of the directors are out of town and that their answer to workers would in any case depend on the results of sales at the Nizhnii Novgorod fair, workers agree to wait an entire month for an answer to their demands. [publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4r29p0nh;chunk.id=d0e11151;doc.view=print]

1905 - Ramón Lafragueta (d. 1981), Spanish railway worker, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, born. Particiapnt in the libertarian movement from a young age, he joined the Sindicat Ferroviari, part of the Federació Nacional d'Indústries Ferroviàries (FNIF) of the CNT, and held a number of union positions. During the Civil War, he fought on the Aragon front. After the war, he went to France and was interned in various concentration camps (Argelés, St Cyprien, Bram and Vernet). On his return from exile, he participated in 1945 in a tour throughout France in order to reorganize the Spanish libertarian movement. He then moved to Grenoble, where for 15 years he was the treasurer of the FL-CNT and held various positions of responsibility at departmental level. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3040 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html]

1917 - [O.S. Aug. 11] The first issue of anarcho-syndicalist newspaper '//Golos Truda//' (The Voice of Labour), appears in Petrograd under banner of the Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda, published by Voline upon his return from America, where the paper had first appeared in New York in 1911. Edited by G.P. Maximov, it is shut down by the government in May 1918 and its successor '//Volny Golos Truda//' (The Free Voice of Labour) is closed down after its fourth issue (September 16, 1918). [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golos_Truda ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Голос_труда_(анархистская_газета)]

1935 - Fifth Congress of the International Workers Association is held in Paris (24-32 August). [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2408.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congresses]

1954 - Pierre Marie Le Meillour (b. 1884), French boilermaker, printworker, anarchist, anti-militarist and revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 24]

1974 - Following their woeful attempts at organising against the Imperial Typewriters strike (despite throwing large amounts of money at creating a NF union presence) and the fear of loosing any further confrontations with anti-fascists following Red Lion Square, the NF turnout was less than 600. Also, in lieu of Red Lion Square, the police banned the Front from going anywhere near the main Asian Communities. 5-6,000 anti-fascist take part in the Inter Racial Solidarity Campaign Committee's counter- demonstration. The march organisrs have problems with the International Socialists, who turn up with their own loudspeaker van and steward their own section of the march. Many anti-fascist militants ignore the counter-demonstration and subject the Front demo to continous heckling and abuse. Matin Webster is attacked. [marxists.catbull.com/history/etol/newspape/isj/1976/no093/leicester.htm kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/here-to-stay-here-to-fight/ libcom.org/files/The struggle of Asian workers in Britain.pdf www.macearchive.org/Archive/Title/atv-today-26051976-national-front-in-leicester/MediaEntry/1586.html www.macearchive.org/Results.html?County=Leicestershire&Keywords=Imperial+typewriter cdm16445.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/searchterm/ Imperial Typewriter Company/order/nosort cdm16445.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16445coll2/id/4567/rec/2]

[F] 2011 - Today and tomorrow, the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores de Chile (Workers' United Centre of Chile) organise a nationwide two-day strike. Four separate marches take place in Santiago today, as well as additional protests across the country. According to union officials, a total of about 600,000 people were involved in protests. Upwards of three hundred people are arrested, with six police officers wounded in Santiago, where protesters construct roadblocks and damage cars and buildings. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile#August_24.E2.80.9425_protests es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Unitaria_de_Trabajadores_de_Chile www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=153881 www.facebook.com/notes/biblioteca-virtual-salvador-allende-gossens/la-cut-chile/363799060398601/ www.archivochile.com/Mov_sociales/CUT/MScut0003.pdf] || [www.billhunterweb.org.uk/articles/seamens_revolt1775.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775_Liverpool_Seamen's_Revolt www.catalystmedia.org.uk/archive/issues/nerve9/sailors_revolt.php modeducation.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/today-in-labor-historyaugust-25.html]
 * = 25 || [A] 1775 - __Liverpool Seamen's Revolt__: Sailors in Liverpool de-arrest nine comrades imprisoned for wrecking a ship when paid short wages. They then disable their ships and tax local merchants. When several demonstrators are killed at the Liverpool Exchange, the sailors raid warehouses and gunsmiths for arms and seize two cannon from a whaling vessel. On the 30th they "//hoist the bloody flag//", attack the houses of merchants and other "//obnoxious persons//" and bombard the Exchange.

1873 - Charles Gogumus (d. 1915), French shopworker, revolutionary syndicalist militant, anarchist and anti-militarist, born. [expand] [www.ephemanar.net/aout25.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2302]

1905 - The Congreso Constituyente marks the founding of the Federación Obrera Regional Uruguaya. All the participating organizations were societies of resistance, of clear anarchist imprint: "picapedreros y graniteros, obreros albañiles caldereros y anexos, panaderos, conductores de carruajes, obreros del puerto, aserradores y anexos, ferrocarrileros, pintores y obreros varaleros, peones de barracas, calafates y carpinteros de ribera y artes gráficas (Zubillaga)." "El congreso obrero, al inaugurar sus sesiones, envía un saludo fraternal a todos los proletarios del universo en lucha por su emancipación económica y social, haciendo votos porque la solidaridad internacional sobrepase las fronteras, estableciendo la armonía sobre la tierra. Hace extensivo este saludo a los compañeros que gimen en las cárceles victimas de la prepotencia capitalista. Al mismo tiempo, acuerda un voto de censura contra la ‘ley de residencia’ de la Republica Argentina que coarta la libertad de pensamiento." ["The Workers' Congress, when inaugurating its sessions, sends a fraternal greeting to all the proletarians of the universe in struggle for their economic and social emancipation, hoping that international solidarity will surpass the frontiers, establishing harmony on earth. It extends this greeting to the companions who moan in the prisons victims of the capitalist arrogance. At the same time, it agrees to a vote of censure against the 'law of residence' of the Argentine Republic that restricts freedom of thought "] [formacion.sutel.com.uy/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2015/11/Manual-Historia-Guía-Didáctica.pdf www.mro.nuevaradio.org/?p=1482 wold.fder.edu.uy/material/zapirain-hector-zubillaga-ignacio-salsamendi-gabriel_historia-movimiento-sindical.pdf www.republica.com.uy/uruguay-una-sola-central-sindical-desde-hace-47-anos/392822/ www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=42&t=47940 www.unionferroviaria.uy/nosotros/]

1912 - [O.S. Aug. 12] __Lena Goldfields Strike [Приисках Ленского Забастовка]__: Despite the mass shooting of workers on April 17 [4], the strike at the mines continued until August 25 [12], after which over 80% of the workers (4738 working men, 2109 women, and 1993 children) quit the mines. In their place, new workers were hired. Meanwhile, the shares Lena Goldfields Co. Ltd. held in the Lena Gold Industrial Association (Lenzoloto) fell from 66% to 17%, and, as another result of the strike, the owners of mines suffered losses of about 6 million rubles. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_massacre ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ленский_расстрел hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1912lena.php www.prlib.ru/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=1020 libcom.org/history/1912-lena-massacre www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/02/x01.htm]

1913 - __Paterson Silk Strike__: The last few hold-out strikers finally give up and return to work. [see: Jan. 27 & Feb. 24]

1918 - __First British Police Strike__: PC Tommy Thiel, a prominent member of the force and an organiser for the National Union of Police and Prison Officers, is dismissed for his union activities. This, NUPPO stated, was "the straw that broke the camel’s back" in a force resentful of its impoverishment, lack of representation and its autocratic regime. Two days later the union issued a list of demands to the Government, which included the increase of the war bonus from 12s. to £1 and its conversion to permanent wages, and a new war bonus of 12.5% (as had been granted to other workers) inevitably appealed to the rank-and-file.

1918 - The first All-Russian Conference of Anarcho-syndicalists is held in Moscow [Aug. 25-Sept. 1].

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: The first skirmishes take place, with the bulk of the miners were still 15 ml (24 km) away. The following day, President Warren Harding threatened to send in federal troops and Army Martin MB-1 bombers and, after a long meeting in the town of Madison, agreements were made convincing the miners to return home. Within hours of the Madison decision, rumors abounded that Chafin's men had shot union sympathisers in the town of Sharples, and that families had been caught in crossfire during the skirmishes. Infuriated, the miners turned back towards Blair Mountain, many traveling in other commandeered trains. [see: Aug. 31]

1922 - Returning from a lecture tour, Ángel Pestaña, militant anarcho-syndicalist and CNT reformist, is ambushed by a right-wing death squad in the industrial town of Manresa, Catalonia, and seriously wounded. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2508.html]

[F] 1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: With the banning of all public gatherings and the summonng of the army into Le Harve in an attempt to break the steelworkers' strike, a general strike breaks out in the city. It will continue until September 1, 1922. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1925 - Pullman porters – fed up with working long hours for little pay and no job security – form the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in New York City. It would be another twelve years before the union signed its first collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Company. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters]

1990 - Julián Arrondo (b. 1917), Spanish anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist combatant, dies. Born in Villafranca, Navarra, as a young man he moved to Barcelona, where he joined the Bonanova Joventuts Llibertàries. During the Civil War, he was a militiaman in the Durruti Column on the Aragon front. Escaping to France in February 1939, he was interned in various camps and joined one of the Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers. After his release, he became a forester on the Côte d'Or, settling in Dijon where he became the treasurer of the local fedeartion of the MLE/CNT in exile, as well as treasurer of the Dijon-Nevers region. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2508.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2542]

2011 - During the 2-day strike in Chile, another 450 people are arrested and several dozen reported injured. In Santiago, police forces use tear gas and water cannons on protesters at the end of the demonstrations; earlier, some protesters had thrown stones and started fires. One person, 16-year-old Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, later dies from gunshot wounds to the chest; witnesses claim that he was shot by a police officer. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile#August_24.E2.80.9425_protests] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html chipluvrio.free.fr/gdes femmes/gdes-femmes4.html www.autogestion.asso.fr/?p=733]
 * = 26 || [E] 1827* - Nathalie Lemel (or Le Mel) (d. 1921), French bookbinder, militant anarchist in the Association Internationale des Travailleurs, feminist and Pétroleuse, who fought on the barricades at the Commune de Paris of 1871, born. She joined the First International in 1866 and, along with Eugène Varlin, helped found the La Ménagère food cooperative and the La Marmite cooperative resturant. An active participant on the barricades in the Paris Commune, she also organised food for the city's poor. Following the defeat of the Commune, she was deported to Nouvelle Calédonie alongside Louise Michel. Amnestied in 1880, she went on to be employed by the newspaper '//L'Intransigeant//' and continued her fight for women's rights. [*NB: Other dates given include Aug. 24 and the alternative year of 1826.]

[DD] 1855 - __Insurrection de la Marianne__: Hundreds of Trélazé slate workers, many of them members of the Marianne secret society, dedicated to the overthrow of the regime of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and the restoration of democracy, revolt in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, plundering the gendarmerie to seize weapons. The numbers involved grows during the night and early next morning to more than 600 men. They then march on Angers with, at their head, François Attibert, a marianniste quarry worker, singing 'La Marseillaise' in defiance against Napoleon III and the Second Empire. Alerted, armed police are waiting for them. There are no casualties, but hundreds are arrested. The leaders Jean-Marie Secrétain, Joseph Pasquier and François Attibert are deported to Cayenne. [www.trelaze.fr/Une-tradition-de-luttes-sociales.html www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1997_num_104_3_3951 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trélazé]

1885 - Tomás González Morago aka 'Paulo' (b. unknown), Spanish writer and Bakunist member of the First International, dies of cholera in Granada prison. Member of the federal council of the Internacional Española (1870-1871) and the Alianza Internacional de la Democracia Socialista. His magazine '//El Condenado//' (1872-73) defended the ideas of Bakunin against Marx. He also worker for the newspaper '//La Federación//' and was associate editor of '//La Solidaridad//' and '//El Orden//', newspapers from which he challenged the pro-Marxist of the Madrid Federation. On December 30 1883, he was expelled from the Federation for "immoral conduct detrimental to the organisation", terms that concealed the fact that he had been printing counterfeit currency at the official Mint, where he worked as a recorder. He then found himself denounced and arrested. Abandoned by everyone, including the Federal Commission, he was jailed in Madrid for this crime. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomás_González_Morago]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: "Dockmen, lightermen, bargemen, cement workers, carmen, ironworkers and even factory girls are coming out. If it goes on a few days longer, all London will be on holiday. The great machine by which five millions of people are fed and clothed will come to a dead stop, and what is to be the end of it all? The proverbial small spark has kindled a great fire which threatens to envelop the whole metropolis." ['//Evening News & Post//', August 26. 1889] [see: Aug. 14]

1894 - __Australian Shearers' Strike__: Striking sheep shearers in New South Wales, Australia, burn and scuttle the paddle steamer Rodney, which had been transporting scab labour. Later that day, Billy McClean, a union shearer, was shot and wounded in an altercation with scabs. He and five others were charged with rioting and sentenced to three years’ hard labour. McClean was released after eighteen months because he was dying from the bullet wound and died on March 22, 1896. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1905 - __V Congreso de la Federación Obrera Regional Argentina__: In a climate of governmental and police repression against the working class: a state of siege, arrests, strikes and demonstrations repressed with much loss of blood (seee: May 21, 1905 ), the Fifth Congress of the FORA (Federación Obrera Regional Argentina) held in Buenos Aires, states: "The 5th Argentine Regional Workers Congress, consistent with the philosophical principles that have given the raison d'être for the organization of labour federations, declares: We approve and recommend to all its members the [organisation's] propaganda and its vast knowledge, with the aim of teaching the workers the economic and philosophic principles of the anarchistic communism." [expand] [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federación_Obrera_Regional_Argentina_del_V_Congreso www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html www.ephemanar.net/aout26.html]

1905 - Severino Campos Campos (d. 2006), Spanish militant anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, born. A member of the CNT since 1918 and a well-known FAI militant, he collaborated on the Valencian newspaper '//Solidaridad Obrera//' and was one of its most important writers. He worked for thirty years in various rationalist schools of Catalonia, especially at the Rationalist School in the Torrassa district, run by the family Ocaña, one of whose members Igualdad, was his companion. Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Catalan FAI in June 1937, he was also a member of the group that drew up the paper adopted in plenary CNT-FAI in Catalonia of 14 March 1937 opening up particiaption in the Generalitat and helped create a political council within the unified Regional Committee of the CNT-FAI-FIJL. In 1936-37, along with Peirats and others, fought against CNT participation in the Generalitat and suffered threats from Garcia Oliver. During the Civil War he collaborated with the magazine '//Ideas//', porgan of the Moviment Llibertari del Baix Llobregat, which denounced the degeneration of the revolution. After the war he went into exile in Mexico, returning to Spain after Franco's death of Franco returned to Spain, he lived in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat. In 1979 he was appointed director of Solidaridad Obrera and was editor between 1982 and 1983. In the nineties he returned to Mexico, leaving his personal archive to the Fundació Anselmo Lorenzo (FAL). He died aged 100 years and was buried with a red and black flag that covered his coffin. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html cnt-hospi.blogspot.co.uk/2007/12/desde-este-pequeo-apartado-de-nuestra.html barricadalibertaria.blogspot.co.uk/2006/03/fallece-severino-campos.html noticiasdelarebelion.info/?p=202]

1913 - __Dublin Lock-Out__: Members of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union in Dublin, Ireland, go on strike for union recognition in what was the most significant industrial dispute in Irish history. A concerted effort by hundreds of the city’s employers resulted in a lockout of over 20,000 workers. For months, picketing workers and their Irish Citizen Army battled scabs and the police in what would become known as the Dublin Lockout. [Aug. 26 1913 - Jan. 18 1914] At 09:40, Dublin tram car men (drivers) and conductors pinned the Red Hand badge of the Irish Transport and General Workers‚ Union to their lapels and abandoned their vehicles. The strike was on. The demands were reinstatement of the parcels staff, equality of hours and wages with the tramway workers of Belfast. However, within forty minutes most of the trams were moving again. The Dublin United Tramway Company chairman William Martin Murphy had contingency plans in place to use inspectors and office staff (many of them former car men) to replace the strikers. Trams would still not venture out at night, for fear of stoning, and crews would often carry revolvers for protection, but within a few days daytime services would operate relatively normally. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_lock-out libcom.org/history/dublin-lockout-1913-john-dorney www.wsm.ie/c/1913-dublin-lockout nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/irish-workers-general-strike-dublin-1913 www.theirishstory.com/2010/06/07/class-war-in-dublin-the-lockout-of-1913/ www.marxists.org/archive/connolly/1913/08/lckoutev.htm struggle.ws/ws88_89/ws29_1913.html www.irishcentral.com/roots/the-story-of-the-dublin-lock-out www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/prelude/pr05.shtml www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-dublin-1913-lockout/ www.siptu.ie/aboutsiptu/history/the1913lock-out/ www.nli.ie/lockout/]

1922 - __La Grève du Havre__: The Salle Franklin - the traditional seat of the Bourse du Travail and the trade unions - is ordered closed. As protesters gather outside the building, mounted police charge into crowds. The strikers respond by throwing stones and troops are ordered fix bayonets and load their rifles. The mounted police charge results in the death of three demonstrators aged 18, 21 and 22. A fourth died of his injuries a few days later. Many others are left injured. The following day many of the strike organisers are arrested and the city is placed in state of siege. With the closure of the Salle Franklin, steelworkers are forced to hold their meetings in the Forêt de Montgeon, the 'trou des métallos' (steelworkers hole), a grassed arena able to accomodate up to 20,000 people, and now a municipal park. [www.ephemanar.net/decembre02.html bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/la-greve-du-havre-monatte-1922/ revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1444 www.cnt-f.org/nautreecole/?Le-Havre-1922-la-grande-greve-de]

1929 - The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) of the Soviet Union (Sovnarkom) declared "it essential that the systematically prepared transition of undertakings and institutions to continuous production should begin during the economic year 1929–1930". Introducing the concept of 'Nepreryvka' (non-interruption), the five-day week.

1930 - Louis Eugène Jakmin (aka Jacquemin) (b. 1876), French blacksmith, anarchist propagandist, anti-militarist and militant syndicalist, dies. [see: May 12]

1970 - Women in more than ninety cities across the U.S. participate in the Women’s Strike for Equality, organised by the National Organization for Women. Among other things, the action called for women to stop working for a day to draw attention to the issue of unequal pay for women’s work. [todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com]

1972 - Juan López Sánchez (b. 1900), Spanish construction worker, anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist theorist, minister in the Generalitat and one of the founders of the 'treintistas' Federación Sindicalista Libertaria, dies. [see: Jan. 16]

1978 - José Expósito Leiva (b. 1918), Andalusian journalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies. [see: Jan. 4]

1987 - Domingo Díaz Ferrer (b. c.1908), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and railway worker, dies. Member of the Federació Nacional de la Indústria Ferroviària (FNIF; National Federation of Railway Industry) of the CNT. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he represented the CNT on the Comissió d'Ordre Públic (Public Order Commission) of Alicante. Shortly after he voluntered for the militia and became an organiser of the medical corps of the Iron Column. On November 20, 1936, he was one of the witnesses at the execution of the Falangist José Antonio Primo de Rivera. From February 1937 he represented the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), was a member of the Provincial Council of Valencia and was later appointed Commissioner of Health of Valencia hospitals. At the end of the war he managed to reach Algeria and in 1945 became a pastry maker in Oran. At that time he was appointed head of the Interim Regional Committee of the FNIF in North Africa and political secretary of the Departmental Committee for North Africa of the CNT in exile. After Algerian independence, he settled in Nice (Provence, Aquitaine), where he worked remained active in the CNT and worked on the Parisian newspaper 'Frente Libertario' (Libertarian Front). [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1270 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2608.html]

1989 - Jean Frédéric Henry Barrué (b. 1902), French Professor of Mathematics, communist militant and revolutionary syndicalist and later an anarchist, dies. [see: Aug. 16]

[2018 - __Miner's Day [День шахтера__]: Soviet-style official holiday for those in the mining industry that originated in 1947 (and first celebrated on August 29, 1948) based on the date (the night shift of Aug. 30-31) in 1935 when Russian miner Alexei Stakhanov (Алексе́й Стаха́нов) set a production record (he extracted 102 tons of coal at a rate of 7 tons per hour), which effectively signalled the beginning of the Stakhanovite movement. Miner's Day is still celebrated in Russia, Belarus, Estonia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Ukraine on the last Sunday in August.] [ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/День_шахтера] || [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3671 www.estelnegre.org/documents/constantmarie/constantmarie.html]
 * = 27 || 1838 - Constant Marie aka Le Père Lapurge (d. 1910), French anarchist militant, Communard, singer and songwriter, born. Author of the revolutionary songs '//Dame Dynamite//', 'l//e Père Lapurge//' and '//la Muse Rouge//'.

1855 - __Insurrection de la Marianne__: Following yesterday's uprising by hundreds of Trélazé slate workers, many of them members of the Marianne secret society, dedicated to the overthrow of the regime of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and the restoration of democracy, and their raid for arms on the gendarmerie in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, they march on Angers. Singing '//La Marseillaise//' in defiance against Napoleon III and the Second Empire, the rebels now number more than 600 men with, at their head, François Attibert, a marianniste quarry worker. Alerted, armed police are waiting for them. The insurrection is quickly over. There are no casualties, but hundreds are arrested. The leaders Jean-Marie Secrétain, Joseph Pasquier and François Attibert are deported to Cayenne. [www.trelaze.fr/Une-tradition-de-luttes-sociales.html www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1997_num_104_3_3951 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trélazé]

1863 - Maria Teresa 'Teresina' Carini Rocchi (d. 1951), Italian anarcha-feminist and socialist, who became involved in the workers movement in São Paulo alongside fellow anarcha-feminists Ernestina Lesina, María Lopes and Tecla Fabbri (Teresa Fabri), born. Brought up in a bourgeois family, Maria Teresa Carini dutifully married a clarinetist Guido Rocchi when she was twenty-six and with him travelled to Brazil. There they settled in the country's capital, where her burgeoning social conscience led her to attend workers' meetings and protest actions. She was the co-author, with María Lopes and Tecla Fabbri, of the manifesto '//As Jovens costureiras de São Paulo//' (The Young Seamstresses of São Paul) published in the anarchist periodical '//A Terra Livre//' on July 28, 1906, which encouraged the capital's seamstresses to denounce their degrading living conditions, long hours and low wages. [www.teoriaedebate.org.br/materias/nacional/militancia-por-dever-de-consciencia storicamente.org/emigrazione-femminile-in-brasile#nt-1 www.anpuhsp.org.br/sp/downloads/CD%20XIX/PDF/Autores%20e%20Artigos/Ines%20M.%20Minardi.pdf]

1889 - __Great London Dock Strike__: An estimated 130,000 men are now on strike. [see: Aug. 14]

1906 - Julien Francois Gabriel Toublet (d. 1991), French jewellry worker and militant anarcho-syndicalist, as was his son Jacky Toublet, born. Active during the Spanish Revolution recruiting volunteers to fight, fundraising, coordinating the purchase and supply of arms, etc. In 1939, he was commissioned by the CNT-FAI to organise a Rescue Committee that visited the refugee camps. [expand] [militants-anarchistes.info/?article5977 www.estelnegre.org/documents/toublet/toublet.html]

[C] 1906 - Bjarne Dalland (d. 1943), Norwegian trade unionist, politician and communist resistance member, born. Bergen dock worker, steward of the local trade union, leader of the Young Communist League of Norway (1929-30), and a member of the central committee of the Communist Party. During the Nazi occupation, he was in charge of organising the illegal activities of the Communist Party in Western Norway. Arrested by the Nazis in 1940, and imprisoned for six months at the Ulven concentration camp, he was arrested for the second time on September 8, 1942, and imprisoned in the Grini concentration camp and Møllergata 19. He was sentenced to death in a trial on 27 February 1943, along with eight prisoners from Odda. In the same trial his brother Hans was sentenced to ten years imprisonment in Germany. On March 1, 1943 he was executed at Trandum. An SS police press release, titled 'Dødsdom over 17 nordmenn', appeared in Norwegian newspapers. Dalland's name was included on the list among seventeen persons who had been sentenced to death and executed. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Dalland no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Dalland]

[A] 1917 - In Australia the IWW is made illegal and its membership rolls are made available to employers. Despite widespread repression, the IWW helps lead the General Strike of 1917 [2 Aug. - 8 Sept.].

1918 - __First British Police Strike__: Following the dismissal of union organiser PC Tommy Thiel, the National Union of Police and Prison Officers issues a list of demands and presented to the govenrment, with a deadline of midnight on the 29th for a response. In addition to the reinstatement of Tommy Thiel, these include a pay increase, the increase of the war bonus from 12s. to £1 and its conversion to permanent wages, and a new war bonus of 12.5% (as had been granted to other workers), extension of pension rights to include policemen's widows, a shortening of the pension entitlement period, and an allowance for school-aged children. The most significant issue was that NUPPO be officially recognised as the representative of the police workers. With no response forthcoming, 12,00 officers went on strike on August 30. Prime Minister Lloyd George, who had been in France when the strike started, called a meeting on the 31st with the executive of NUPPO, and the strike was settled that same day. [see: Aug. 30]

[F] 1974 - __Lei da Greve__: The new democratic government in Portugal enacts the anti-worker Lei da Greve (Strike Law) for the express purpose of stopping strikes against the Government and the newly liberated workers movement, which had helped put them in place, from continuing to press for improvements in their employment conditions and rights. [raquelcardeiravarela.wordpress.com/2013/03/26/a-revolucao-de-abril-e-a-lei-da-greve/ nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/portuguese-workers-campaign-societal-change-ongoing-revolutionary-process-1974-1976]

1976 - Ángel Continente Saura (b. 1901), Spanish anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist, dies in Saint-Paul-de-Jarrat. Born in Velilla de Ebro, Zaragoza, he moved to Barcelona at a young age, working in the port handling coal cargoes and joined the Transport section of the CNT. On December 17, 1931, he was arrested, along with comrades Antoni Anglès, Ismael Montoliu, Josep Balaguer Salvador and Felip Cano Pallarès, for the possession of a gun during a shootout between guards and workers during a transport strike at the western dock in Barcelona, in which the worker Luis Menéndez García was killed. On March 10, 1932 whilst still in Barcelona prison, he ​​signed a manifesto against Ángel Pestaña and the trentiste strategy. In July 1937 he was elected member of the Board of the Secció del Carbó Mineral del Sindicat de les Indústries d'Aigua, Gas, Electricitat i Combustibles (Coal Mineral Section of the Union of Industries of Water, Gas, Electricity and Fuels) in the Catalan CNT. In 1939 and the Fascist victory, he crossed the Pyrenees and was interned in various concentration camps. After WWII, he lived in Paris, where he was an active member of the Local Federation of the CNT, and between 1959 and 1960, he worked in the Parisian magazine '//Nervio//'. He was also a member of the FAI group 'Los sin pasaporte' along with José Pascual Palacios, Jesús Imbernón, Bernabé Esteban, Olavarri, Josep Rossell, J. Martínez, etc. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html]

1976 - Raymond Lachèvre (b. 1894), French militant anti-militarist, anarchist and syndicalist, dies. [see: Apr. 30]

1979 - __Imperial Valley Lettuce Strike__: West Coast Farms signs new contract agreeing to UFW strike demands.

2001 - Juan Gómez Casas (b. 1921), Spanish militant anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist, underground militant, writer and historian, who was the first post-Franco Secretary General of the CNT, dies. Born in Bordeaux into a family of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, who had emigrated for economic reasons, with proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931, his family returned to the Iberian Peninsula. After college, he joined his father as a member of the CNT (Chemical Industry section of Miscellaneous Crafts Guild) and, from 1936, the Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries (FIJL) in Madrid. During the civil war, he was appointed secretary of the FIJL in the Retiro district and had articles published in the CNT paper '//Castilla Libre//'. In April 1938, he joined the 39th Mixed Brigade of the Republican Army and fought on the Teruel front for three months. With the triumph of Franco, he was arrested in the port of Alicante and interned in the Albatera concentration camp, but managed to escape from a juvenile prison. Returning to Madrid, he took up the clandestine struggle with the FIJL. Member of the Sindicat de la Construcció in the CNT and was an anti-collaborationist. In 1947, he was elected as the Secretary General of the Juventudes Libertarias del Centro in Toulouse, France. Upon his return to Spain, he was arrested with his partner (María del Carmen Martínez Herranz) and his sons. In a search of his home they discovered the printing press used for the clandestine publishing of '//Tierra y Libertad//' and '//Juventud Libre//'. In July 1948, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison for "membership in illegal organization". On February 6 1956, he made a failed escape attempt and was finally freed from prison in 1962 and went on to work as an antiques painter, a trade he learned in prison, and was an accountant for a Madrid hotel. Despite having no formal education, he wrote many books, including '//Historia del anarcosindicalismo español//' (The history of Spanish Anarcho-syndicalism; 1968), '//Historia de la FAI//' (The history of the FAI; 1977) and other historical books that are still considered classical texts. He even translated the classic book '//Moby Dick//' into Spanish. He also wrote under the pseudonyms of Jacques de Gaulle (for dectective novels, etc.) and Benjamín. During the late 1960s, he was a member of the Grup Anselmo Lorenzo in Madrid, alongside Mariano Trapero, Pedro Amijeiras, Florentino Rodríguez and Pedro Barrios, and, among other things, published in Paris in 1969 the anti-Marxist dicussion document '//Manifest Llibertari//' and the pamphlet '//Problemas presentes y futuros del sindicalismo revolucionario en España//' (Present and Future Problems of Revolutionary Unionism in Spain; 1969). In the seventies, he became one of the leading representatives of the CNT during its reorganisation and its first post-Franco secretary, from August 1976 to April 1978. [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gómez_Casas www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2708.html archivo-periodico.cnt.es/272oct2001/sindical/archivos/gs19.htm libcom.org/history/casas-juan-gomez-1921-2001 www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/11/guardianobituaries2 historiadejuventudes-libertarias.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/juan-gomez-casas.html] || [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riots www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ruralife/swing.htm www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/45n1a3.pdf www.swingriotsriotersblacksheepsearch.com/index.php?p=1_6_The-Riots]
 * = 28 || [D] 1830 - __Swing Riots__: In a period where rural workers were facing particular hardship stemming not just from a series of poor harvests but from social factors including the tithe system, the Poor Law guardians, and the rich tenant farmers who had been progressively lowering wages while introducing agricultural machinery, protests by the workers had been patchy. These had mostly been limited to arson attacks on farm building in Kent, England but the Swing protests (so named after the fictitious Captain Swing whose signature that was often appended to the threatening letters sent to farmers, magistrates, parsons, and others, and who was regarded as the mythical figurehead of the movement) take on a new phase with the first destruction of threshing machines in Kent.

1891 - __Affaire de Clichy__: At the trial of the three anarchists arrested and severly beaten on May Day when attacked by police, the Advocate General Bulot demands the death sentence for Henri Louis Decamps. He fails to secure that but the verdicts on two of the three are still severe: Decamps is sentenced to five years in prison and Charles Auguste Dardare to three years. Louis Leveillé is acquitted. [see: May. 1] [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_de_Clichy lanterne-ouvriere.57.overblog.com/1891-l-affaire-de-clichy dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly6.html www.jesuismort.com/biographie_celebrite_chercher/biographie-ravachol-3864.php]

1892 - Augustin Souchy (d. 1984), German journalist, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-militarist, born. He became an anarchist at a very young age after reading Gustav Landauer and, in 1911, he went to Berlin, where the 19 year old Souchy met Karl Liebknecht, Clara Zetkin, Gustav Landauer, and other revolutionaries. At the outbreak of war in 1914, Souchy was in Vienna where he was arrested and deported to Germany. At the top of his arrest warrant were the words: "Beware! Anarchist!", which would become the title of his 1977 autobiography. From Germany he went to Sweden to escape conscription. There he was arrested for problems with his passport but managed to escape and cross over into Denmark and Norway clandestinely. Back in Sweden, in 1917, he took the opportunity of the fact that sick and wounded German soldiers on their way home from the Russian front having to change trains in Stockholm, handing out an anti-war pamphlet, '//Warum?//', which he had written to the soldiers. Arrested and expelled from the country, only to return with the aid of a false passport. However, he is arrested whilst traveling to Copenhagen in 1919 and imprisoned for 6 months, time he uses to learn Swedish and to write the first book in that language about the recently assassinated Gustav Landauer. Returning to Germany in late 1919, he joined the Freien Arbeiter Union Deutschland (FAUD), becoming the editor of its journal, '//Der Syndicalist//' (from 1922-33). In 1920, he traveled to Russia for the Congress of the Third International, meeting Victor Serge, Zinoviev and Lenin. "I had expected from the social revolution more than a mere replacement of the tsarist autocracy by an authoritarian party dictatorship." During his stay, he spent 6 months visiting Kropotkin, who was then still at liberty, who warned him against the use of an authoritarian political party as an instrument with which to gain power. Six months later, in March 1921 came the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, and followed by a wave of terror which compelled many SRs, syndicalists and anarchists to leave the "mother country of the world revolution." On his return, he wrote a highly critical book, '//Reise nach Russland 1920//' (Travel to Russia 1920), about the Soviet regime. In 1922, he helped form the International Workers' Association (IWA/AIT) and, along with Rudolph Rocker and Alexander Schapiro, was one of three secretaries of the new organisation, which was set up to counter the Bolshevik Profintern (Red International of Labour Unions). Between 1924 and 1926, he was responsible for writing much of '//Die Internationale//', the FAUD theoreical journal, and went on to write a number of important books including '//Sacco und Vanzetti//' and '//Schreckensherrschaft in Amerika//' (Reign of terror in America), both 1927. As a representative of the IWA, he went to Argentina in 1929 to take part in a Congress of Latin American anarcho-syndicalists in Buenos Aires. During his stay, he also undertook a lecture tour in Uruguay. In this period he also met Durruti for the first time and began to pay regualr visits to Spain on IWA business. On his return from South America, he became involved in the burgeoning anti-fascist movement but, following the Reichstag fire, which was immediately followed by the arrest of Erich Mühsam, life for Souchy and other radicals became increasingly dangerous. Shortly after the fire, he was attacked by three young men in front of his house in Wilmersdorf. He managed to break free and, heeding the warning, escaped to France. "When I was on the train taking me to Paris, people were glued to the Berlin newspaper columns with pictures of wanted anti-Nazis, including my own ... on Germany a bloody curtain had fallen. My second emigration would last longer than the first." He settled in Paris, earning a living as a freelance journalist, working mainly for the foreign press and especially for Swedish newspapers, for one of whom he wrote the anti-Nazi polemic '//Die braune Pest//' (The Brown Palgue). Just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he was invited by the CNT to speak at a mass meeting in Barcelona against the impending war. Instead of the rally, he arrived in time for the military coup and ended up staying in Spain for 3 years. Handed a weapon, he waved it around, claiming not to know what to do with it: "Only for the present, the word is also a weapon, soon there will be other tasks to perform." On the evening of the third day of fighting, Augustin took to the airwaves on Radio Barcelona to announce the victory of the revolutionaries. He was soo appointed head of external relations (Information in Foreign Languages) and political advisor of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and tried to organise getting money and arms from France for the CNT-FAI including an unsuccessful trip on behalf of the CNT to Paris at the end of August 1936 to negotiate with Léon Blum, the former Socialist Prime Minister. Later, he wrote his most influential books on collectivization in Anarchist Catalonia - '//Die Bauern von Aragon//' (The Peasants of Aragon; 1937) and '//Nacht über Spanien: Anarcho-Syndikalisten in Revolution und Bürgerkrieg 1936–39. Ein Tatsachenbericht; 1955//' (Night over Spain: Anarcho syndicalism in revolution and civil war 1936-39. A factual report; 1955). He also wrote '//The Tragic Week in May//', one the few firsthand accounts of the Barcelona May Days of 1937 available. After the defeat of the Spanish Revolution in 1939, Souchy attempted to return to France. On the trip north, his refugee column was strafed by enemy aircraft and he broke his arm saving a small girl from falling under the wheels of a car. A doctor requisioned him a car and he managed to make it to Paris without being interned. War was yet to break out and he spent times working as a correspondent for various Swedish and American newspapers again. At the start of WWII, German citizens were interned, being sent to a prison camp in the interior but, having a French wife, was released. This provision was eventually repealed and he ended up in a warehouse on the Brittany coast. The Wehrmacht took Paris and proceeded to the Channel coast. When they were in sight of the camp, Augustin managed to persuade the camp commander to give him and other political or Jewish camp inmates the opportunity to escape. He had spent nearly two years in various prison camps and now made his way by bicycle to Marseilles, hoping to escape the country. From there he manage to make it to Mexico. "Mexico meant the end of insecurity, persecution and threats., I took the opportunity offered." Mexico in 1942 was now one of the main centres for Spanish Civil War exiles, and there Augustine found a trade union organisation that was very close to the anarcho-syndicalist ideals. During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40), hundreds of farms, factories, mines and service companies had been taken over by the workers and were still run as cooperatives. For some of these he advised on agricultural iniatives. He also traveled as a lecturer throughout the country and help the unions in educational work. In Loma Bonita, in the house of an old friend, who had also fought in Spain, he found for more than ten years of a new home. Invited by the Movimento Libertario Cubano, he travelled in February 1948 to Havana, where he attended its Congress and used the opportunity to study and went on a lecture tour of the inland, returning after four months to Mexico. This was the beginning of an extensive period of travels, his "student revolution", as he often called the next 20 years: to Germany, Sweden, ,the United States, ,all countries of Latin America, from Mexico to Chile, as representative of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions to Madagascar, to Yugoslavia, Israel (studying the kibbutzim), Italy, studying and lecturing. "The direct study of economic innovations in revolutionary countries and their practical functioning, so to speak, I had made my specialty." In May 1951, the exile organisation of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in Toulouse organised an international congress of the IWA. Augustine attended as delegate of the Föderation Freiheitlicher Sozialisten Deutschlands (German Federation of Libertarian Socialists Deutschalnds), a successor FAUD and in which Rudolf Rocker and Helmut Rüdiger were also involved. In 1963, he was commissioned by the International Labour Office in Geneva as an educational expert to travel round Jamaica, Honduras, Venezuela, Chile, Uruquay and Ethiopia for 3 years as an educational expert. In 1966, at the ripe old age of 74, he returned to Germany. - "When I had crossed the threshold of the biblical age, I had to remember to make me settle down." He went on to write extensively (both jouranlsim and numerous books), appeared regularly on the radio, attended conferences and workshops and appeared in the documentary '//Kleinen Fernsehspiel//', broadcast a month after his death from Pneumonia aged 91 on January 1, 1984. There was no funeral and no grave - Augustin had bequeathed his body to science. [deu.anarchopedia.org/Augustin_Souchy de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Souchy www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html www.anarchismus.at/anarchistische-klassiker/augustin-souchy www.waste.org/~roadrunner/ScarletLetterArchives/BlackRose/BR5/AugustinSouchy.htm libcom.org/tags/augustin-souchy aitrus.info/node/1059 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sam-dolgoff-editor-the-anarchist-collectives]

1918 - Ramón Liarte Viu (d. 2004), Spanish anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist militant, autodictat, journalist and writer, born. Born in Almudébar, Huesca, his poor working class family moved to Barcelona whilst he was a child. During the Second Spanish Republic to become the general secretary of the Juventudes Libertarias of Catalonia. During the fascist uprising of July 1936, he was caught working in Jaca as a waiter and crossed the Pyrenees into Catalonia via Seu d'Urgell. He fought at the front in the Durruti Column and later in the 26th Division, becoming the editor of its newspaper '//El Frente//'. In February 1937, at the Second Congress of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) held in Valencia, was appointed secretary of the organisation. Also in June of that year, following the plenary session of the Cataln Regional Committee of the CNT, he was appointed as its secretary, a position he held until September of that year. On July 21, 1927, he participated in the CNT-organised rally held at the Olympia in Barcelona, along with Federica Montseny, Francisco Isgleas and Joaquim Cortes, to protest against the events of the Hecho de Mayo 1937 and the the repression that followed, and defending the FIJL's opposition to the Stalinist counter-revolution. In February 1938, following the Second Congress, he was appointed Secretary of the Organización del Comité Peninsular of the FIJL and later made secretary of the Organización del Comité Peninsular of the FAI. In March 1939, he joined the Comité de Coordinación y Defensa (Defence Coordination Committee) in opposition to the Consejo General del Movimiento Libertario Español (General Council of the Spanish Libertarian Movement; MLE). With the fascist victory, he crossed into France and was held in various prisons (El Templo, Fresnes, Roland Corvejones, etc.) and concentration camps (Vernet, etc.). In 1942, he managed to escape the Algeria camp at Djelfa. He then fought in the French résistance and participated in a failed attempt to invade the mainland via the Basque Country. He was also arrested during a clandestine crossing into Spain and held in Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería and Granada prisons. Once freed, he returned to France, where he helped rebuild the MLE whilst hodling various post in the moderate i.e. collaborationist wing of the movement. In 1951 he was delegate to the Congress of the International Workers Association (IWA), was secretary of the Subcomité pro España and was proposed as a potential minister in a possible Republican coalition goverment. In 1955 he replaced Miguel Sebastián Vallejo as Secretary General of the collaborationist wing of the CNT. In 1957, he was appointed chair of the Alianza Sindical de España designed to unite the anti-Francoist activities of the CNT, Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and Sindicato de Trabajadores Vascos (STB). In 1962, he was made the Cultural Secretary of the CNT in Toulouse and went on to direct '//Solidaridad Obrera//' between 1980 and 1982, following on from his editorship of '//España Libre//', '//Esfuerzo//', '//Estudios//' and '//El Frente//' at various times. A prolific author, also writing under the pseudonyms 'Rotaeche' and 'Rali', he wrote for various newspaper and magazine, contributed to and wrote numerous pamphlets and books, including: '//AIT: La Internacional del sindicalismo revolucionario//' (AIT: The International of revolutionary syndicalism); '//Estudio de la revolución española//' (A Study of the Spanish Revolution); '//Voces juveniles: Interpretación àcrata de nuestra revolución//' (The Voice of Youth: Our Interpretation of the anarchist revolution; 1937, with others); '//La CNT y los pueblos de España//' (CNT and the people of Spain); '//La revolución social española//' (The Spanish social revolution; 1975); '//La CNT y el federalismo de los pueblos de España//' (CNT and the federalism of the peoples of Spain; 1977); '//La lucha del hombre: Anarcosindicalismo//' (The struggle of man: Anarchosyndicalism; 1977); '//La CNT al servicio del pueblo//' (CNT in the Service of the People; 1978); '//Marxismo, socialismo y anarquismo//' (Marxism, Socialism and Anarchism; 1978); 'La sociedad federal' (Federal Society; 1989); '//Fermín Salvochea "El libertador"//' (Fermín Salvochea "The Liberator"; 1991); and '//Bakunin, la emancipación del pueblo//' (Bakunin, the emancipation of the people; 1995), etc. However, his most famous works are probably the '//Los pasos del tiempo//' (The steps of time) trilogy - '//El camino de la libertad//' (The Road to Freedom; 1983), '//¡Ay de los vencedores!//' (Woe to the winners!; 1985) and '//Entre la revolucion y la guerra//' (Between Revolution and War; 1986) - a largely autobiographical account of the Civil War in which this fictional protagonist, Ramiro Rueda, travels the winding paths of Spanish history from the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera to exile. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2808.html ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Liarte_Viu puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3082-ramon-liarte-anarquista-autodidacta.html www.alasbarricadas.org/antigua/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3290 www.foroporlamemoria.info/noticias/cnt_huesca_10012004.htm]

[F] 1918 - At the end of the 5-month long trial of 101 prominent IWW members, all were found guilty on August 17, 1918 of criminal conspiracy to obstruct the war effort, advocating draft refusal and military desertion under the Espionage Act of 1917. At the sentencing hearing eleven days later, they were sentenced to terms of ten to twenty years and fines of $10,000 to $20,000 each. Big Bill Haywood and 14 other Wobblies received the 'full wack' of twenty years and $20,000. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haywood griid.org/2012/08/28/this-day-in-resistance-history-iww-members-sentenced-to-20-years-in-1918-for-obstructing-the-war/ www.3rd1000.com/history3/events/cdamines/Haywood_Trial.htm depts.washington.edu/iww/justice_dept.shtml parallelnarratives.com/big-bill-haywood-1869-1928/ www.nndb.com/people/585/000160105/]

1936 - Michele Centrone (b. 1879), Italain carpenter, anarchist propagandist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, is shot in the head and dies during the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon front, between Huesca and Almudébar (Aragon, Spain), one of the first Italians to fall there. [see: Dec. 30]

1936 - Fosco Falaschi (b. 1899), Italian brickmaker, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, is shot in the stomach and dies during the Battle of Monte Pelado on the Aragon front, between Huesca and Almudébar (Aragon, Spain), one of the first Italians to fall there. [see: Nov. 21]

1937 - François Béranger (d. 2003), French libertarian singer, born. After working in a Renault factory, then as an itinerant street artist, he returned from an eighteen month stint as a conscript in Algeria disgusted by France's war there. He returned to the Renault factory, but also got some work in radio and cinema. In 1968 the social revolt encouraged him to write and pursue a career in music, becoming known for his French folk songs, and notorious during the 1970s for the controversial themes that he addressed through his music. Amongst his more famous works are the albums '//Tranche de Vie//' (1970), '//L'Alternative//' (1975) and '//Participe Présent//' (1978).

1940 - Lucien Louis Guérineau aka 'Fleury' (b. 1857), French carpenter, cabinetmaker, anarchist propagandist and revolutionary syndicalist, dies. [see: Dec. 15]

1941 - Joan Dalmau Ferran aka Joan de la Castanyola (b. 1907), Catalan farmer, Master builder and anarcho-syndicalsit militant, born. Member of the CNT, dies in the Gusen concentration camp (aka Mauthausen II) in Austria. [see: Jan. 11]

1943 - Following a wave of sabotage, strikes and other acts of resistance, the Germans provided the Danish government with an ultimatum: prohibit strikes, public meetings of 5 or more persons, and any private meetings in closed rooms or the open air; impose a night curfew; collect all weapons; turn censorship over to the Germans; establish summary courts to deal with any infractions of these rules; and impose the death penalty for sabotage, defiance of the German military, and weapons possession. The Danish government refused and the following day the German troops occupied key facilities and arrested influential figures of the resistance, such as professors and newspaper editors. There was a complete military takeover by the Germans. [nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/danish-citizens-resist-nazis-1940-1945 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustrevolte_(Dänemark)]

1957 - Ramon Plarromaní Mas aka 'Romaní' (b. 1892), Catalan textile worker and anarcho-syndicalist, dies from problems associated with his poorly healed chest (lung) wound sustained in the 1920s. [see: Jun. 13]

1972 - Louis Montgon aka 'Vérité' (b. 1885), French labourer, artisan watchmaker, anarchist propagandist, militant anarcho-syndicalist in the CGTU, dies. [see: Mar. 26]

2012 - Isidre Guàrdia Abella aka Leopoldo Arribas, 'Codine', Juan Lorenzo, 'Viriato', Juan Ibérico, 'Isigual', etc. (b. 1921), Spanish writer, autodictat, anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-fascist fighter, dies. [see: Jun. 15] || [fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_haïtienne en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léger-Félicité_Sonthonax]
 * = 29 || [D] 1793 - Slavery is abolished (with severe limits on this freedom) in the north province of the French colony of Santo-Domingo (Haiti).

[F] 1921 - __Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike__: During a six-month long strike by the workers of Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in the city of Madras (now called Chennai), India, over a disputed wage claim, against which the managing company, Binny and Co., had instigated a caste war to try and break the strike in a dispute, the authorities had adopted a ruthless policy to suppress the workers. On August 29, 1921, police opened fire on strikers near the Mills’ premises in Perambur, killing seven people. During their funeral procession, some agitators threw stones, leading to another round of caste violence. Two more uses of live fire by the police – on September 19 and October 21 – followed. After six months, the strike came to an end, failing to meet any of its objectives. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Buckingham_and_Carnatic_Mills_strike www.marxists.org/archive/glading/1930/07/x01.htm]

1953 - Juan Naranjo (b. unknown), Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. Active in the Sindicat del Vidre (Glassworkers Union) of the CNT in Gijón, Asturias and, from 1937, in the group Solidaridad, part of the FAI. During the Civil War he was an alternate on behalf of the FAI on the Tribunal Popular (People's Court) and was part of the local committee of anarchist organisation. When Asturias was occupied by fascist troops, the boat he was escaping was intercepted at sea by the Fascist battleship Cervera and he was interned in a concentration camp. After many years of imprisonment, he settled in Barcelona. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2908.html]

1957 - Juan José Luque Argenti (b. 1890), Spanish civil engineer and anarcho-syndicalist, dies. [see: Aug. 22]

1999 - Juan Andrés Álvarez Ferreras aka Íbero Galo (b. 1916), Catalan anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, Civil War and Résistance fighter, dies in Los Angeles. Born in France, the son of an emigrant anarchist who, in 1931, with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, returned with his family to Spain and settled in Tolosa in the Basque Country. In this city he worked as a hairdresser and various members of his family were active libertarians and during the Republican years he actively participated in anarchist agitation. Following the revolutionary events of October 1934, it was imprisoned for a few months in Ondarreta and Irun. Also as a result of the transport strike in the Basque Country, he was jailed for three months in Ondarreta prison. Following the fascist uprising in July 1936, he fought in San Sebastian, Bilbao, Irun and Santander in the Batalló Malatesta, until he was captured by Italian forces when they occupied Santander. After passing through several workers battalions (working on the reconstruction of Belchite, etc.), in 1941 he was repatriated to France, where he was born and imprisoned in Fort Montluc in Lyon on charges of deserting from the French Army. Then he was sent as a forced labourer to Germany, where he remained until the end of WWII. Once freed in 1945, he collaborated in the reorganisation of the Local Federation of the CNT in Exile in Montlucon (Aquitaine) and was an activist in the Cultura y Acción group of the FAI, with his brother Félix and Salvador Fernández Canto. From 1952 he lived in Canada, first in Quebec, where he worked at Lake St. John, and then in Calgary. In 1962, he moved to Los Angeles and remained active in the American libertarian movement. He also collaborated, under his pseudonym, on numerous anarchist periodicals, such as '//Centi//', '//Le Combat Syndicaliste//', '//La Escuela Moderna//', '//L'Espoir//', etc.. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/2908.html] || Its strike started on August 30, 1918. There were two issues: the dismissal of PC Tommy Thiel on August 25 for union membership, which was the NUPPO stated, "the straw that broke the camel’s back", and the demand for a wage increase (including the increase of the war bonus from 12s. to £1 and its conversion to permanent wages, enhanced pension entitlements, and a new war bonus of 12.5% – something had been granted to other workers). Encompased within both those issues was that NUPPO be officially recognised as the representative of the police workers. NUPPO informed the authorities that unless their demands were met by midnight on the August 29, they would call a strike. The strike of 1918 caught the government off guard at a time when class unrest had already been spreading through different cadres of workers, and here were the government's disciplinarians joining in, becoming "Bolshevik bobbies" in the words of the 'Guardian' newspaper. One of the first stations to be affected was Kings Cross Road, where meetings were held in the station yard, the men then forming a procession and marching to Whitehall. The strike spread like wildfire. Over half the men at Upper Street Station joined in immediately, and within a few hours 6,000 men throughout London were out, and with more joining all the time; even the Special Branch was affected. Later that day around 12,000 marched on Whitehall. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919 www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Latest/Police.html www.oldpolicecellsmuseum.org.uk/page/police_strike_1918-1919 libcom.org/history/short-history-police-strikes-1918-1919 libcom.org/library/13-police-strikes www.communistpartyarchive.org.uk/group.php?cid=CP-IND-MISC&pid=CP-IND-MISC-16]
 * = 30 || [F] 1918 - __First British Police Strike__: The National Union of Police and Prison Officers had been founded in 1913 by ex-inspector John Syme. Syme, a notable figure in radical circles, who had been victimised in 1909 for 'undue familiarity' with his men, had been waging a campaign for his re-instatement ever since. The union had a largely underground existence until 1918, although five union members had been sacked in December 1916. In February 1917 there were a further 17 dismissals following a raid by the military police on a meeting of the London Branch of the Union.

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: With the arrival of the main body of the miners the previous day, the first clashes between them and the 3,000 dug in state police, the state militia, and coal company employees in Sheriff Chafin's private army begin.

1936 - Teodoro Mora (b. unknown), Spanish communist and then anarchist, is killed in action at Casavieja. A construction worker, whose militancy began at 14 in the Unió General de Treballadors (UGT), the main trades union on the Peninsular. He was expelled from the Partit Comunista d'Espanya (PCE) for refusing to criticise anarchists. In the early '30s, and under the influence of his friend Cipriano Mera, he joined the CNT and was activie in the organisation in the Madrid region. With Mera, Miguel Gonzalez and Feliciano Inestal Benito Anaya one of the architects of the exclusion of the union of its Bolshevik elements. During the great construction strike in Nouvelle Castille launched by the CNT in spring 1936, he defended the position of the Alianza Obrera. Arrested in June 1936 as a member of the strike committee, on 17 July 1936 he was released due to popular demonstrations demanding the release of prisoners. On July 19 of that year he presided in Madrid, along with Mera, the general assembly of members. He participated in the assault of the Montaña barracks and was one of the first organisers of the confederal militias in places such as Alcalá, Vicálvaro and Guadalajara. In August he led, with iron discipline, the Battalion Mora, part of the framed Colonne Del Rosal, which fought Buitrago and Serradag. Teodoro Mora was killed in action on August 30, 1936 at Casavieja (Avila, Castile, Spain). Other sources cite the September 12, 1936 in Mijares, Castile, and still others believe he was captured by the fascists in Gavilanes, also in Avila, being put in a cage and eventually murder. [militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article4056 www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3008.html puertoreal.cnt.es/es/bilbiografias-anarquistas/3896-teodoro-mora-asesinado-en-avila-por-los-fascistas.html]

1936 - An East London Trades Council organised anti-fascist march through the East End of London and rally in Victoria Park, is attacked along its route by Blackshirts throwing stones as well as bags of flour and soot. At the head of the parade was a contingent of war veterans wearing their medals and parade marshals prevented them from joining in the melee that followed the attack. Brawling began as the march entered Victoria Park and jeering Blackshirts rampaged up and down Green street attacking anyone they thought was Jewish. Two boys aged eight ad nine were badly beaten and the YCL offices were broken into and wrecked. After speeches in the park, the returning procession was again attacked as it was leaving the district, the BU fascists ambushing the head of the march in a narrow street. Police and parade marshals energetically prevented reinforcements from the ranks that sought to join the battle. One of those injured by fascist stoes was Sylvia Pankhurst, who was also one of the speakers at the rally. [PR] [www.jta.org/1936/08/31/archive/mosleyites-stone-anti-fascist-parade-sylvia-pankhurst-hurt]

1980 - Josep Gené Figueras (b. 1890), Catalan anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist, dies in Mexico City. [see: Jul. 3] ||
 * = 31 || 1818 - __Luddite Timeline__: Weavers strike in Bolton, Manchester and across the north-east of England.

1872 - The resolutions of the Rimini Conference (A.I.T.), held August 4-6, 1872, are printed in the '//Bollettino dei Lavoratori//' and then secretly issued in Naples. No detailed report exists of the Conference, which declares itself anarchist, opposed to the Marxist authoritarians, only he resolutions themselves. [recollectionbooks.com/bleed/08ref.htm#04/1872]

1901 - Ramón Domingo (d. 1995), Spanish anarchist propagandist and Civil War combatant, born. When he was 17, he emigrated to Barcelona in search of work, where he joined the anarchist movement. As a CNT member, in 1919 he participated in the La Canadiense strike, for which he was imprisoned in the Modelo prison in Barcelona. In 1923, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he went to France, where he worked picking grapes. In 1933 he returned to El Ordial to work on family land and opened a library, which was later burned by Franco's troops during the war. In 1936 he joined the CNT militia that marched to Aragón, fighting at Cogolludo and Cifuentes and later joining the 43rd Battalion. With the fascist victory, went into exile in France and suffered in the concentration camps of Argelès and Barcarès. Later he became a Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers (CTE) worker in the Brest arsenal, from which he escaped and fled to Tours. From January 5, 1942 he was a member of the Local Federation of the CNT in Exile in Tours. He then went to live in the Paris region. An active anarchist propagandist - he sold the movemnet's newspapers on the streets and markets - and became a self-taught and cultivated reader - from '//l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste//' to Sébastien Faure, and '//L'homme et la Terre//' to Élisée Reclus. Ramon died on Sunday June 16, 1995 in Montreuil and was cremated on 23 June in the Parisian cemetery of Père Lachaise. [www.estelnegre.org/anarcoefemerides/3108.html militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article2449]

[F] 1913 - __Bloody Sunday / Dublin Lock-Out__: Inflamed by the failure of the strike to stop the tram service, workers had begun rioting in Ringsend on Saturday August 30. By nightfall the disturbances had spread to most of the city’s working class districts. A meeting by James Larkin and the Transport Union planned for the following day on Sackville (now O’Connell) Street had been banned by Dublin Castle the workers were holding a rally in Croyden Park Fairview, north of the city. Larkin himself was evading arrest, he had been charged with incitement to breach the peace. Around half-past one on Sackville Street, the wide boulevard right in the heart of Dublin city, all was peaceful amongst the normal Sunday crowds, swollen with workers expectant to see if Larking would show up. Suddenly, on a balcony of the Imperial Hotel overlooking the street, a bearded man appeared. It was Larkin in disguise, and when he ripped the beard off and began to speak, the crowd went wild with cheering. Scarcely had Larkin begun to speak when he was arrested and all hell broke loose on the street below him. The police on O’Connell Street, roughly 300 strong, both the Dublin Metropolitan Police and detachments of the Royal Irish Constabulary, drafted into the city for the strike, had been nervously awaiting an outbreak of disorder. One sergeant mistook a surge in the crowd for an attack on the police. Now they charged the crowd, mostly of curious onlookers. Next day, due in part to the lack of control exercised by senior officers, members of the Dublin Metropolitan Police and Royal Irish Constabulary injured between 400 and 600 people in ferocious baton charges on O’Connell Street, wildly striking with their truncheons at everyone within reach, who turned out to mostly be, in the words of watching MP Handel Booth, "respectable people left their hats and crawled away with bleeding heads." Delegates to the British Trades Union Congress meeting in Manchester on Monday were outraged at the press reports. Much of their anger was directed at Dublin’s employers because they assumed that the local corporation, as in British cities, controlled the police force. Responsibility for policing rested in fact with the British authorities in Dublin Castle. The TUC committed massive support to the Dublin workers and over the next seven months more than £106,000 was donated in food, fuel, cash and clothing. [see: Aug. 26] [www.theirishstory.com/2013/08/31/today-in-irish-history-august-31-1913-labours-bloody-sunday/ praoh.org/first-bloody-sunday-jim-larkin-dublin-lockout-1913/]

1918 - __First British Police Strike__: The second day of the strike began with a mass meeting of nearly 1,000 strikers at the Finsbury Park Empire. These then marched to Whitehall where they joined up with contingents from other parts of London. The officers then marched down Downing Street, a street the police had blocked to marching suffragettes. A Scotland Yard official watching the protest said the police were "mutinying in the face of the enemy". The men's delegates negotiated directly with Jan Smuts and David Lloyd George, freshly returned from France. The authorities caved in; the wage demands were conceded and Tommy Thiel was reinstated. The men returned to work triumphant. [see: Aug. 30]

1921 - __Battle of Blair Mountain__: Coalminers in the West Virginia coalfields had attempted to unionise for decades in order to better their working conditions and pay, but they were constantly blocked by a corrupt political system, where the coal companies wielded a great deal of political power. In the absence of a National Guard in West Virginia, the coal companies effectively paid for and controlled local law enforcement, enabling widespread use of violence against miners, their families, and any union organisers foolish enough to stray into their coalfields. Union sympathisers were also blacklisted and barred from working in the region. The West Virginia coal wars, which had included the Cabin Creek and Paint Creek strike of 1912-13, were becoming evermore confrontational. The previous year on May 19, 1920, a clash between agents of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency detectives and armed miners in Matewan in southern West Virginia had left seven detectives, including the brothers Albert and Lee Felts, dead together with two miners and the Matewan mayor, Cabell Testerman. The Matewan Chief of Police Sid Hatfield was indicted for the murder of Albert Felts but was acquitted by the jury. In revenge for the Battle of Matewan, Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers on August 1, 1921, on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse. This enraged many of West Virginia's miners, who saw Hatfield as a hero who had been willing to protect them from the coalmen's hired thugs, the very same thugs that had murdered him in cold blood. The miners sought to fight back, and the miners along the Little Coal River were among the first to arm and organise themselves, patrolling and guarding the area. The fiercely anti-union Sheriff Don Chafin sent Logan County troopers to Little Coal River area, where armed miners captured the troopers, disarmed them, and sent them fleeing. On August 7, 1921, the leaders of the United Mine Workers District 17, Frank Keeney and Fred Mooney, called a rally at the state capitol in Charleston. Keeney and Mooney met with Governor Ephraim Morgan, and presented him with the miners' demands. Morgan rejected the demands and the miners became more restless and began to talk of a march on Mingo to free the confined miners, end martial law, and organise the county. At the August 7 rally, 'Mother' Jones called on the miners not to march into Logan and Mingo counties and set up the union by force, fearing a bloodbath in any battle between lightly armed union forces and the more heavily armed deputies from the coal company stronghold of Logan County, which stood between the miners and their destination. The miners ignored her and on August 20 armed men began gathering at Lens Creek Mountain, near Marmet, West Virginia. As the estimated 13,000 union miners marched south to the border of Boone and Logan counties or travelled on a commandeered freight train, Chafin's private army of 3,000 state police, the state militia, and coal company employees had assembled and dug trenches and set up machine gun nests to stop the miners from entering Logan County. The first skirmishes took place on the morning of August 25, when the bulk of the miners were still 15 ml (24 km) away. The following day, President Warren Harding threatened to send in federal troops and Army Martin MB-1 bombers and, after a long meeting in the town of Madison, agreements were made convincing the miners to return home. Within hours of the Madison decision, rumors abounded that Chafin's men had shot union sympathisers in the town of Sharples, and that families had been caught in crossfire during the skirmishes. Infuriated, the miners turned back towards Blair Mountain, many traveling in other commandeered trains. The miners reached Blair Mountain on August 29, and the first fighting started in earnest on August 31, when a group of around 75 miners led by Reverend Wilburn stumbled across some of Chafin’s 'Logan Defenders' on a wooded ridge. Each side asked the other for a password and received the wrong answer, prompting a shootout that killed three deputies and one miner. That same day, the main army of miners commenced a two-pronged assault on Chafin’s trenches and breastworks. Scores of union men streamed up the mountainside, but despite their superior numbers, they were repeatedly driven back by the defenders, who riddled them with machine gun fire from the high ground. Chafin had also hired three private biplanes and equipped them with teargas and pipe bombs loaded with nuts and bolts for shrapnel. The planes dropped the homemade explosives, bleach bombs, and gas and explosive bombs left over from WWI. In the end, the miners’ siege of Blair Mountain was only ended by the arrival of federal troops. A squadron of Army Air Service reconnaissance planes began patrolling the skies on September 1, and by the following day, General Bandholtz arrived with 2,500 army troops on the orders of President Warren G. Harding. Scattered fighting continued between the miners and the Logan Defenders until September 4, but in the face of overwhelming force, the pro-union miners decided to lay down their arms and surrender. Roughly 1,000 exhausted miners eventually surrendered to the army, while the rest scattered and returned home. The exact number of casualties is not known but up to 30 deaths were reported by Chafin's side and over a hundred on the union miners' side, with hundreds more injured or wounded. The miners’ leaders were tried for insurrection and treason, legal fees all but bankrupted the union, and organizing in the coalfields halted until 1933. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars www.history.com/news/americas-largest-labor-uprising-the-battle-of-blair-mountain zinnedproject.org/2015/09/battle-of-blair-mountain-ends/ www.pawv.org/news/blairhist.htm libcom.org/gallery/battle-blair-mountain-1921-photo-gallery]

[FF] 1931 - __Huelga de Telefónica de 1931__: At 16:00 a group of workers from the telephone company had just repaired lines on the Paseo de la Independencia in Zaragoza. Escorted by two pairs of the Guardia Civil, they had just gotten into their truck when several shots rang out. The Guardia Civil responded, opening fire on the passersby who had surrounded the vehicle, with the result of several serious injuries; Serafín Rodríguez, Tomás López Gascón, Enrique Moret and Felipe Zarzuela. Isidro Floria Sánchez suffered fatal wounds. Only one of them, Seraphim, is a telephone worker; the rest are civilians. Witnesses claimed that the shots from the Guardia Civil caused most of the victims, something the governor confirmed to the minister, by telegram, stating the he could not ensure that the victim was not shot by the police. The UGT called for a one-day strike for the following day, an act supported by the governor. The CNT called a meeting and, raising the stakes, called a two-day strike that in fact lasted for four and was accompanied by widespread sabotage and protest. The goverment responded by sending the army in to guard government buildings, banks, Telefónica premises and the Central Market. Cavalry units also patrolled the centre of Zaragoza. The Guardia Civil was strengthened by sending in 200 reinforcements. Strikes and sabotage spread across the country to town and cities including Cadiz, Huelva, Teruel, San Sebastián, Pozoblanco, Zamora, and Criptana. Telephone lines were pulled down and cable and ducts ripped up and burnt. Sabotage was repeated in the Plaza de Sas and in the Calles Democracia, San Pablo and San Blas. Telephone communication with Barcelona was broken and the trams were attacked and stopped as tram lines were lifted in the Calle Espartero. Many on both sides were shot and wounded on both sides, the first being two passersby, Manuel Ortín Sebastián and José Catón Ara, shot by a Guardia Civil near the Arco de San Roque. The authorities subsequently claimed that they fired first despite neither being armed. On the 3rd and 4th, the clashes increased especially in the Paseo Independencia and the Plaza San Miguel; in the Paseo María Agustín a Guardia Civil sergeant was injured in one shootout and in the Calle Alfonso a ticket collector on a tram was wounded. [see also: Aug. 6] [www.academia.edu/8706574/Diario_de_una_ciudad_libertaria www.zaragozamemoriahistorica.com/huelga-telefonos-septiembre-de-1931/]

1933 - Italian labour organiser, Giovanni Pippan (b. 1894), is murdered during his campaign to organise the Italian bread wagon drivers of Chicago. The well-known activist is shot and killed by unknown assailants on a street corner in Cicero, Illinois. During his short career, Pippan did a great deal to promote the plight of workers in his homeland of Italy as well as in the US. At the age of 25 he became the secretary of the Italian Federation of Coal Miners in the Albona region of Italy. However, Pippan fled his native country during the 1920s with the rise of fascism. Pippan was also active in the campaign for Sacco & Vanzetti and the struggle against pro-fascist forces in the Italian immigrant community in the US, and, shortly before his death, he organised the Italian Bread Drivers' League.

1962 - Hélène Brion (b. 1882), French teacher, feminist, syndicalist and pacifist, dies. The first French woman to be tried before a military tribunal (for publishing defeatist propaganda), she was given a 3 year suspended sentence. Author of '//La Voie Féministe//' (1978) who never finished her monumental '//Encyclopédie Féministe//', covering biographical information on all the foremost women of her time. [see: Jan. 27 or Jul. 27]

1980 - __Birth of Solidarity [Solidarność__]: Grasping a comically large pen decorated with a picture of the Pope John Paul II (issued for his first papal trip to Poland in 1979), Lech Walesa signs the August Agreement (Porozumienia Sierpniowe), aka the Gdańsk Agreement, in the Lenin Shipyard (Stoczni Gdańskiej im. Lenina) in Gdańsk. Mieczyslaw Jagielski signs the document on behalf of the government. This is the second of four signings that ratify the August Agreement: August 30 in Szczecin; September 3 in Jastrzębie-Zdrój; and September 11 in Huta Katowice (Dabrowa Gornicza). [pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porozumienia_sierpniowe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdańsk_Agreement pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_postulatów_MKS en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/45-4-393.shtml pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Międzyzakładowy_Komitet_Strajkowy en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Enterprise_Strike_Committee www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-pole-apart-1070767.html www.fountainpennetwork.com/forum/topic/304948-lech-walesas-pen/ pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niezależny_Samorządny_Związek_Zawodowy_„Solidarność” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union) nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/polish-workers-general-strike-economic-rights-1980 theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrzej-tymowski-who-are-the-workers-in-polish-solidarity-and-what-do-they-want]

1980 - Hipólito Marivela Torres aka Germán Marivela (b. 1917), Castillian carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist and fighter with the Durruti Column, dies. [see: Oct. 11] || Key: Daily pick: 2013 [A] 2014 [B] 2015 [C] 2016 [D] 2017 [E] 2018 [F] Weekly highlight: 2013 [AA] 2014 [BB] 2015 [CC] 2016 [DD] 2017 [EE] 2018 [FF] Monthly features: 2013 [AAA] 2014 [BBB] 2015 [CCC] 2016 [DDD] 2017 [EEE] 2018 [FFF] PR: '//Physical Resistance. A Hundred Years of Anti-Fascism//' - Dave Hann (2012)